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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (7)
A general registe r shall be established at the Ministry to record veterinarians and allied
veterinary medical professionals whom the Ministry has decided to license to practise the profession. This register shall be divided into the following sub -registers:
1. A register of veterinarians working in veterinary hospitals and clinics.
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 5
2. A register of veterinarians working in veterinary laboratories.
3. A register of veterinarians working in veterinary pharmacies and veterinary drug
warehouses.
4. A register of veterin arians working in veterinary scientific advisory offices.
5. A register of veterinarians working in productive commercial farms.
6. A register of veterinarians working in artificial insemination centres.
7. A register of veterinarians working in the federal and local authorities.
8. A register of allied veterinary medical professionals.
Entry in the Register shall be made after paying the prescribed fees. National veterinarians
and allied veterinary medical professionals, and employees of federal and local authorities,
shall be excluded from the payment of fees. The Minister shall issue a resolution organising the register and specifying the data to be included therein.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (8)
The decision of licensing for practicing the profession shall be handed over to the registered veterinarians and the Ministry shall periodically publish a list of their names and the
amendments occurring thereto.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (9)
If the veterinarian has been infected with a disease or handicap that hinder him completely
or partially to practice the profession, he may continue to practice the profession upon the
approval of the Minister in view of the report of the competent medical committee.
Chapter Two
Lice nsing for Establishments
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (10)
1. The initial approval for licensing the facility shall be issued by a decision of the Minister. The final license shall be obtained from the entity concerned in accordance with its laws
and regulations.
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 6
2. The Ex ecutive Regulations hereof shall set the conditions and controls for granting
veterinary facilities licenses.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (11)
Health and technical specifications of establishments shall be determined through a
ministerial decree and the Ministry shall coord inate with the competent authority in the
Emirate to close the establishment if found after inspection not complying with the health and technical specifications.
The provisions herein shall be applied in case that the establishment changed its location.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (12)
Each licensed veterinarian desired to join work with veterinary establishment shall inform
the Ministry about the address of the establishment before starting the work and this
obligation shall be applied to the new owner of the establishment . If the veterinarian is
absent or left the work in the establishment for any reason, the owner of the establishment has to close it and inform the ministry and the concerned authority in the Emirate unless he
has already informed them that an alterative licensed veterinarian is available to replace him.
The Ministry and the competent authority in the Emirate shall decide within thirty days as from the date of receiving the notification from the owner of the establishment and it shall not be permissible for the veterinarian to join the work with other establishments at the
same time.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (13)
The Minister shall issue the general rules related to the measures on establishments and
shall instruct to ascertain that the performance of work is not valuating the provisions of this
law and the decisions issued in execution thereof.
Article (13) BIS
The Executive Regulations hereof shall determine the classification and conditions of
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 7
practicing veterinary assistant professions.
Chapter Three
Duties and Responsibilities of the veterinarian
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (14)
Each lic ensed veterinarian shall be honest, sincere and shall keep to the behaviors and the
principles of the profession.
He has to cooperate with other health and veterinarian establishments in the country in
order to maintain the health of man and animals agains t the Zoonotic diseases.
Article (14) BIS (1)
Sick animals may not be admitted in the veterinary hospital or clinic unless they are equipped and licensed to do so according to the conditions set out in the Executive
Regulations hereof.
Article (14) BIS (2)
The veterinary physician may conduct experiments or research on animals only after
obtaining the approval of the Ministry.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (15)
If the veterinarian suspected the infection of an animal with epidemic or contagious disease
he shall have the right to r etain it and inform the competent department or the concerned
authority in the Emirate immediately to take the necessary precautionary measures within 24 hours and he has to investigate the correct address of the owner of the animal.
Article (15) BIS
The veterinary physician shall explain to the owner of the animal the expected medical results of the veterinary medical practices to be carried out by him. The animal owner shall
have the option either to accept or decline treatment unless the animal has an infectious or
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 8
epidemic disease. In case of surgery, the veterinary physician shall be required to obtain a
written declaration from the animal owner indicating his consent that the animal undergoes
such surgery.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (16)
The veterinarian shall be considered responsible if he committed a mistake due to lack of experience, knowledge, diagnosis and treatment of disease which was the cause of injury to
the animal.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (17)
It is impermissible to prepare, prescribe or change veterinary prescriptio ns except by
specialized veterinarian and the concerned establishment shall keep the prescriptions for
one year as from the date of its issuance and shall be registered in its official records to be
subject to the medicinal control.
Article 17 BIS (1)
The veterinary facility in which the animal is treated shall maintain a register containing the
names and addresses of the owner of the animal, type of the animal, its medical history as
well as identification numbers, if any, its medical condition, all veterinary practices, their
respective dates, and final results of every case.
Article (17) BIS (2)
Animal samples may not be sent outside the State without a prior permission from the Ministry.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (18)
The veterinarian and the establishment shall abide by the decisions issued by competent
authorities for pricing the veterinary medications.
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 9
Chapter Four
Penalties
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (19)
Without prejudice to any more severe penalty provided for in any other law, a penalty of not
less than one year of imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than AED (10,000) ten
thousand dirhams and not exceeding AED (200,000) two hundred thousand dirhams sh all
be imposed on:
1. Those who practice the veterinary medicine profession or veterinary assistant professions without a license.
2. Those who submit incorrect documents or data, or used illegal methods to obtain the license to practice veterinary me dicine professions or veterinary assistant professions.
3. Those who used newsletters, signage, banners, or any other promotional materials to induce others to wrongfully believe that they have the right to practice the veterinary medicine profession or veterinary assistant professions.
The Court may order that the veterinary facility be closed and that its equipment and supplies related to the practice of the veterinary medicine profession be confiscated.
The license issued for the veterinary physician o r those who practice veterinary assistant
professions shall be deemed to have expired, and his name shall be removed from the general register for veterinary physicians and veterinary assistant professions as of the date on which the judgment becomes final.
Article (19) BIS (1)
A penalty of one year of imprisonment and a fine of not less than AED (10,000) AED ten thousand dirhams and not exceeding AED (200,000) two hundred thousand dirhams shall
be imposed on every veterinary physician violates the provisions of Article 16 hereof.
Article (19) BIS (2)
A fine of not less than AED (10,000) ten thousand dirhams and not exceeding AED
(100,000) one hundred thousand dirhams shall be imposed against every veterinary
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 10
physician who examined an animal, found out symptoms of one of diseases that should be
reported , and failed to report the same to the Ministry or the entity concerned.
Article (19) BIS (3)
Imprisonment sentence and / or a fine of not less than AED (50,000) fifty thousand dirhams and not exceeding AED (500,000) five hundred thousand dirhams, shall be imposed against
every veterinary physician who conducts experiments or research on animals without
obtaining the approval of the Ministry.
Article (19) BIS (4)
Imprisonment sentence and / or a fine of not less than AED (50,000) fifty thousand dirhams
and not exceeding AED (100,000,000) one million dirhams, shall be imposed against
whoever sends Animal samples outside the State without prior permission from the
Ministry.
Article (19) BIS (5)
Imprisonment sentence and / or a fine of not less than AED (20,000) twen ty thousand
dirhams and not exceeding AED (200,000) two hundred thousand dirhams, shall be
imposed against those who establish a veterinary facility without license.
Article (19) BIS (6)
Without prejudice to any more severe penalty provided for in any other law, the facility's
owner shall pay a fine of not less than AED (10,000) ten thousand dirhams and not exceeding AED (200,000) two hundred thousand dirhams in the following cases:
1. If the owner employs a veterinary physician or any occupier of a veterinary assistant
profession without obtaining the required license.
2. If the facility's owner of the establishment has knowledge that the license obtained by
the veterinary physician or the worker of veterinary assistant professions has been
granted on fr audulent grounds or deception on the part of the licensee.
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 11
Article (19) BIS (7)
A fine of not less than AED (10,000) ten thousand dirhams and not exceeding AED
(150,000) one hundred fifty thousand dirhams shall be imposed against those who admit
sick animals in the veterinary hospital or clinic if the same is not equipped and licensed to do
so.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (20)
Whoever is legally authorized to practice the profession and practiced it prior obtaining the
license shall be levied a fine not less than Dh. 1000 and shall not exceeding DH 5000 and
the court shall adjudge to close the establishment until he obtains the license.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (21)
1. Criminal proceedings shall be initiated against the crimes st ipulated in this Law, which
are penalized by fine only, only by a written request issued by the Ministry or the entity concerned.
2. The crimes referred to in the preceding Item of this Article may be subject to conciliation
before the lawsuit is referre d to the competent court, subject to the payment of an
amount not exceeding half of the maximum fine prescribed for each relevant crime.
3. A de cision shall be issued by the Cabinet determining the rules of the conciliation and
the compensation for each crime referred to in Item No. 1 of this Article.
4. The Minister, the head of the entity concerned, or whomsoever assigned by any of them shall be entitled to impose any of the following disciplinary penalties against the
veterinary physician or whoever provides veterinary assistant professions in case any of
the provisions of this Law or its executive regulation have been violated:
a. Notice
b. Warning
c. Suspension from practicing the profession of veterinary medicine or veterinary assistant professions for not more than one year.
d. Withdrawal of the license and removing the name from the register of veterinary
physicians or from the reg ister of veterinary assistant professions.
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 12
5. The Minister, the head of the Entity concerned, or whomsoever assigned by any of them
may impose any of the following administrative penalties against the facility in case any
of the provisions of this Law or its executive regulation have been violated:
a. Notice
b. Closing the facility for not more than six months.
c. Closing the facility permanently.
d. Revoking the license.
Chapter Five
General provisions
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (22)
The Employees designated under a decision by the Minister of Justice, in agreement with the
Minister or the head of the Entity concerned, shall have the Law Enforcement Officers capacity for detecting the violations of the provisions of this law and decisions issued in
implementation thereof.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (23)
The Cabinet shall is sue a resolution on the due fees according to the provisions of this Law
and its executive regulation.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (24)
All the existing establishments in the country shall adapt their situation with the provisions of this law within six months as from the d ate of its issuance.
Veterinary clinics which were existed before the issuance of this law shall be exempted from the condition stipulated in item (1) of article (10) of this law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (25)
The Minister shall issue the executive by -law of this law.
Federal Law No. (10) of 20 02 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession 13
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (26)
All other laws or regulations may contradict the provisions of this law shall be considered
cancelled.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (10) of 2002 on Practicing the Veterinary Medicine Profession | Article (27)
This Law shall be published in the official Gazette and shall come into effect 30 days after its publishing.
Zayed Bin Sult an Al Nahyan
President of the United Arab Emirates
Issued at the presidential palace in Abu Dhabi on:
September 29, 2002 AD.
On 21st of Rajab 1423 H.
Corresponding to Rajab 21st, 1423 H.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (1)
Definitions
The definitions mentioned in Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 shall apply to the present
Resolution. Otherwise, the following words and expressions shall bear the meanings
assigned thereto respectively, unless the context requires otherwise:
Fellowship Certifi cate : The fellowship certificate approved by the Ministry.
Register : Any register of auditors set forth in article (2) of the
present Resolution and created in the Ministry for
recording auditors in accordance with the provisions
of the Law and the present Resolution. Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 2
Electronic Auditor Program : An information system in the information network
created by the Ministry to process, manage and store
electronic information on auditors’ services.
Law : Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing
Profession, as amended.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (2)
Registers of Auditors
Electronic registers shall be created in the Ministry for registering auditors, as follows:
1. Register of Auditors of Natural Persons Who Practice the Profession ;
2. Register of Auditors of Natural Persons Who Do Not Practice the Profession ;
3. Register of trainee auditors;
4. Register of Auditors of Legal Persons That Practice the Profession , including:
a. Local audit firms and companies ;
b. Branches of foreign audit firms and companies; and
c. Natural persons working for an auditor.
5. Register of Auditors of Natural and Legal Persons Practicing Activities Related to The
Profession , such as preparation of statutory financial reports , financial and administrative
accounting, tax accounting, internal auditing and forensic audit ( accounting expert) ; and
6. Any other registers required by work.
Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 3
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (3)
Data for Entry into the Registers of Auditors
The registers referred to in article (2) of the present Resolution shall include the following
data and information:
1. Register of auditors of natural persons who practice the profession and who do not
practice the profession and trainee auditors shall include the following data and
information:
a. Personal information of an auditor, provided that it includes his name, date of birth,
date of obtaining the academic qualification, practical experience, address, phone
numbers, e -mail and regular mail;
b. An auditor’s registration number in the register an d the date of obtaining the same;
and
c. An auditor’s authorized official signature form
2. Register of auditors of legal person s: The data and information entered therein shall be
kept and classified in two files, one of which shall be dedicated for companies a nd firms
established inside the state and the other for branches of foreign audit companies licensed
to operate inside the state , in accordance with the provisions of the Law and the relevant
legislation, provided that both files include the following data :
a. Data of the company, including its name, type and address inside the state, number of
its branches, phone numbers, e -mail and regular mail;
b. Number of registration in the register and the date of obtaining the same;
c. Names of partners and the share of each partner;
d. Name of its representatives and authorized signatory; and
e. Nationality of the company in respect of branches of the foreign companies.
Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 4
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (4)
Requi rements for Registration in the Register of Auditors of Natural Persons
Who Practice the Profession
1. The following requirements shall be met by any person who is registered in the register of
auditors of natural persons who practice the profession :
a. He shall be fully competent.
b. He shall have a valid ID.
c. He shall be of good conduct and has not been convicted of a felony or a misdemeanor
against honor or trust, under a final judgment, unless he has been rehabilitated.
Moreover, he has not been subject to a disciplinary penalty for reasons affecting the
integrity and honor of the profession or the position he occupied, unless three years
has passed since the issuance of the final judgment.
d. He shall at least hold a bachelor's degree recognized in the state in accounting or any
other discipline, provided that he has studied an equivalent of at least fifteen (15)
hours in accounting curricula approved by the Ministry.
e. He shall hold a valid fell owship certificate.
f. He shall have practical experience in the area of auditing of at least five (5) years after
obtaining the academic qualification.
2. In addition to the requirements set out in Clause (1) of this article , the following
requirements shall be met upon registering natural persons who are not nationals of the
state in the register of auditors who practice the profession:
a. He shall have a practical experience in auditing in the state as follows:
1. One year if he has experience of more than ten (10) years from abroad;
2. Two years if he has experience of five (5) to ten (10) years from abroad; and
3. Three years if he has experience of two (2) to five (5) years from abroad. Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 5
4. Subject to the preceding clause of this article , the Minister shall approve the
fellowship certificate program, the continuing vocational education programs , the
controls and the accredited authorities in this regard.
5. Subject to the provision of article (19) of the present Resolution, natural persons
who are registered in the register of auditors before the date of iss uance of the
present Resolution shall, if they do not hold a foreign fellowship certificate
recognized by the Ministry, adjust their statuses by holding a fellowship certificate
within two years from the date of i ssuance of the present Resolution. Those who
hold a foreign fellowship certificate shall continue the hours of continuing
vocational education that enable them to equate their certificates and obtain a
fellowship certificate within the said period.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (5)
Documents for Registration in the Register of Auditors of Natural Persons
Who Practice the Profession
The application for registration in the register of auditors of natural persons who practice the
profession shall be submitted through the electronic means on the form designated by the
Ministry , accompanied by the following documents :
1. Valid fellowship certificate;
2. Valid ID;
3. Certificate of good conduct;
4. A copy of the academic degree certified or equated by the competent authority;
5. A copy of the experience certificate;
6. A colored and recent personal photograph;
7. A specimen of the auditor’s authorized signature; and Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 6
8. Any other documents required for completing the registration requirements by the
applicant under the requirements set forth in Claus e (2) of article (4) of the present
Resolution if the registration applicant is a non -national of the state.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (6)
Documents for Transfer of Registration in the Register of Auditors of
Natural Persons Who Do Not Practice the Profession
The auditor shall submit an application for transfer of his registration to the register of
auditors of natural persons who do not practice the profession within no more than thirty
(30) days from the date of occurrence of any reason preventing him from pr acticing the
profession through the means designated by the Ministry on the form designated for such
purpose, accompanied by the following documents:
1. A letter from the applicant, indicating the reasons for applying for transfer to the register
of auditors of natural persons who do not practice the profession; and
2. The certificate of registration or renewal of registration in the register of auditors of
natural persons who practice the profession in the form approved by the Ministry.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (7)
Re-registration in the Register of Auditors of Natural Persons Who Practice
the Profession
The registration in the register of auditors of natural persons who do not practice the
profession shall be transferred to the register of auditors of natural persons who practice the
profession in accordance with the following controls:
1. An application for re -registration in the register of auditors of natural persons who
practice the profession shall be submitted.
2. The requirements for registration in the register of auditors of natural persons who
practice the profession set forth in the Law and the present Resolution shall be met. Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 7
3. The documents required by the Ministry shall be updated and the requirements set out in
articles (4) and (5) of the present Resolution shall be met.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (8)
Documents for Registration in the Register of Auditors of Legal Person s that
Practice the Profession
The application for registration in the register of auditors of legal person s that practice the
profession shall be submitted through the means designated by the Ministry on the form
designated for such purpose , accompanied by the following documents:
1. A co py of the certificates of registration of all natural partners in the company in the
register of auditors of natural persons who practice the profession. If one of the partners
is a legal person established outside the state, a certificate from the competent authority
in its state of nationality , indicating that it obtains a valid license to practice the profession
for at least five (5) years shall be submitted.
2. A copy of the partners’ IDs .
3. A copy of the company’s duly certified articles of associati on in Arabic.
4. A valid copy of the license issued for the company by the competent authority.
5. A valid copy of the documents of the professional liability insurance contract concluded
with one of the insurers operating in the state.
6. Specimens of the auditors ’ authorized signatures.
7. Any other requirements set out in the present Resolution.
Subject as aforesaid the sole proprietorship of auditors shall be treated as a legal person with
regard to the above -mentioned requirements to the extent necessary to be con sistent with its
nature.
Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 8
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (9)
Submission of an Application for Registration of Branches of Foreign
Companies in the Register
The application for registration of branches of foreign companies in the register of auditors of
legal person s that practice the profession shall be submitted through the means designated
by the Ministry on the form designated for such purpose, accompanied by the following
documents:
1. A letter indicating that the commercial registration department concerned does not object
to the conduct of the registration procedures;
2. A copy of the memorandum and articles of association of the foreign parent audit
company, translated into Arabic and duly certified;
3. A certificate that the parent company practices the auditing profession in its home country
in accordance with the period set forth in the Law;
4. A copy of the certificates of registration of the branches of the foreign audit company ,
provide d that they are valid and issued by the register of foreign companies;
5. A letter from the parent company, designating the names of representatives of the
branches to be registered , its signatories and their places of business in the state;
6. A copy of valid c ertificates of registration of the representatives of the company’s branches
in the register of auditors of natural persons who practice the profession;
7. A copy of the valid license issued by the competent authorities for all branches of the
company;
8. A vali d copy of the documents of the professional liability insurance contract concluded
with one of the insurers operating in the state.
9. Specimens of the authorized signatures of the auditors representing the branches of the
foreign audit company.
Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 9
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (10)
Approval of the Application for Registration of an Auditor in the Register
1. In case of approval of an auditor’s application for registration of his name in the register,
the following procedures shall apply:
a. The applicant shall be notified of the appr oval of his registration.
b. The applicant shall be notified of the necessity to pay the registration fees.
c. The applicant’s signature on the undertaking, set forth in article (12) of the Law, shall
be ensured.
d. An electronic certificate shall be issued by the Ministry to indicate the registration of
the auditor’s name in the register. Such certificate shall include the data set forth in
article (13) of the Law and any other detailed data.
2. Registration in the registers set forth in the present Resolution shall b e valid for three (3)
years from the date of written approval of the registration application, unless the
registered auditor is no longer meets the requirements set forth in the Law and the present
Resolution.
3. The registration a pplicant may file a complain t to the Ministry within fifteen (15) days
from the date of being informed of the rejection of the registration application.
4. Subject to the preceding clause of this article, the registration applicant may resort to the
competent courts to file a challenge against the Ministry’s decision on the complaint
within thirty (30) days from the date of the resolution of the Ministry.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (11)
Renewal of Registration in the Registers of Auditors
1. An applica tion for renewal of registration in the registers of auditors who practice the
profession shall be submitted to the Ministry on the form designated for such purpose
within sixty (60) days preceding the expiry of the valid registration. The application shal l
be accompanied by the following documents: Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 10
a. A copy of the valid ID of natural auditors;
b. A valid copy of the documents of the professional liability insurance contract
concluded with one of the insurers operating in the state ;
c. A valid fellowship certificate;
d. A copy of the license issued by the competent authorities as for legal persons;
e. Implanting training programs concerning audit firms and companies; and
f. Any other requirements set forth in the present Resolution.
2. Registration in the register of auditors shall be renewed for a period of not less than one
(1) year and not more than three (3) years at the request of the registration applicant.
3. The auditor’s registration shall be cancelled if the auditor fails to renew his registration for
ten months from the date of expiry thereof, provided that a new application shall be
submitted to renew his registration in accordance with the provisions of the present
Resolution.
4. Subject to the preceding paragraph, the auditor may file a complaint about the
cancellation of registration as set forth in Clause (3) of this article if the delay in renewing
the registration is justifiabl e. The Minister may, if the compliant appears well founded,
cancel the decision according about which the complaint has been file d with regard to the
continuation of registration.
5. The cancellation of the decision about which the complaint is filed shall not prevent the
imposition of a fine for the delay in renewal of registration. The auditor shall pay such fine.
6. Subject to the prec eding clauses of this article, auditors shall adhere to the continuing
vocational education programs as a condition and requirement for renewal of
registration.
Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 11
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (12)
Notice of Modification or Change
The auditor whose registration data or accompanying documents have been modified or
changed shall access his personal account in the electronic auditor program through the
website of the Ministry to submit a notice of modification, subject to the following
requirements:
1. The notice shall be submitted during the term of his registration in the registers of the
Ministry.
2. The notice shall be submitted by marking the data of the electronic program referred to in
this article within a period not exceeding thirty (30) days from the date of occurrence of
modification or change.
3. The duly certified documents and papers which confirm the occurrence of the
modification or change shall be accompanied.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (13)
Registration of Natural Persons in the Training Register
Natural persons shall be registered in the register of trainee auditors in accordance with the
requirements set forth in article (4) of the present resolution, except for the requirement of
practical experience.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (14)
Method and Requirements of Training
Audit firms and companies shall, upon implementing the training programs developed or
approved by the Ministry for those who desire to be registered in the register of trainees ,
comply with the controls and standards set by the Ministry for the tr aining programs with
regard to diversifying the s ources and methods of training to include the following fields:
1. Financial and administrative accounting; Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 12
2. Tax accounting;
3. External auditing;
4. Internal auditing; and
5. Forensic audit,
Aiming at achieving knowledg e and awareness of the following:
1. The economic and commercial legislation in force in the state;
2. Financial, cost and government accounting;
3. Accounting and auditing standards;
4. Rules and ethics of the profession;
5. Preparation of financial statements and reports;
6. Quality controls standards for accounting and auditing firms; and
7. Any other programs required for training and work in the profession.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (15)
Register of Natural and Legal Persons Practicing Activities Related to the
Profession
The provisio ns of articles (3) and (4) of the present Resolution shall apply to the register of
natural and legal persons practicing activities related to the profession to extent necessary to
be consistent with the nature of such register, provided that the provision s of such register
shall apply as determined by the Ministry in this regard.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (16)
Controls for Professional Liability Insurance
A professional liability insurance policy shall be issued for the auditor by an insurer licensed
in the state. The insurance policy shall meet the following requirements:
1. It shall be issued in the name of the firm or company practicing the profession. Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 13
2. It shall cover civil liability and professional errors with regard to damage caused by
practicing the profession, unint entional errors and accidental omission, including liability
arising from workers of the auditor, whether firms, companies or branches of foreign
companies.
3. It shall be valid throughout the period of registration of the firm or company in the register.
4. The insurance coverage amount shall not be less than a percentage of the total annual
fees of the firm or company practicing the profession, depending on the segments
determined by the Ministry.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (17)
Controls for Keeping Records, Files and Data
The auditor shall take the necessary procedures that enable him to keep his clients’ records ,
files and data. To this end, he shall:
1. Notify persons and entities whose accounts are audited by him that the period during
which records are kept , referred to in the Law and the present resolution, is not less than
five (5) years, commencing from the end of the last financial year during which he audits
their accounts;
2. Maintain the confidentiality of the information mentioned in the records;
3. Continue to respect th e obligation of keeping records and files in accordance with the
provisions of the Law and the present Resolution in case of his suspension, termination
or retirement;
4. Notify the Ministry of any data, information or records lost or damaged due to any reason
and submit an official statement indicating the reason for loss or damage;
5. Keep an electronic copy of the records, files and data audited by him ;
6. Submit an application to the Ministry for transfer of clients’ records to another auditor if
he is writ ten off from the register in which he was registered, provided that he informs
them of the same within no more than fifteen (15) days; Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 14
7. Deliver the records to the respective clients or deliver the same to another auditor if he is
written off from the regist ers of the Ministry, provided that the clients’ records are
transferred in accordance with the provisions of Clause (6) of this article; and
8. Deliver the documents to the respective clients or destroy such records by punching or
shredding by using machines that prevent leakage of information contained therein or
disclosure of the same in any way after the expiry of the five (5) years prescribed for
record -keeping.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (18)
Disciplinary Board and its Working System
1. The Auditor s Disciplinary Board formed in accordance with the provisions of article (28)
of the Law shall convene whenever necessary at the call of the Chairman of the Board and
at least three members.
2. The quorum of the Board’s meetings shall be valid in the presence of the Chairman and at
least two members . The Board’s decisions shall be issued by the majority of votes of the
attending members. In case of a tie, the Chairman shall have the casting vote.
3. The Board’s rapporteur shall develop a record to write the minute s, work,
recommendations and decisions of the Board.
4. The Board shall issue its decision s within no more than fifteen (15) days from the date of
its meeting . The decisions shall be written and reasoned.
5. The Board’s rapporteur shall provide the auditor with a copy of the Board’s decision by
registered mail within no more than ten (10) days from the date of issuance thereof or by
one of the means set out in article (31) of the Law.
Cabinet Resolution of 202 2 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law of 201 4 Regulating the
Auditing Profession 15
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (19)
Repeals
Cabinet Resolution No. (21) of 2016 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law
No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession is hereby repealed. Moreover, any
resolution or provision contradicting or inconsistent with the present Resolution is hereby
repealed.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (48) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Law No. (12) of 2014 Regulating the Auditing Profession | Article (20)
Publishing and Entry into Force of the Resolution
The present Resolution shall be published in the Official Gazette and shall enter into force
after four (4) days from the date of i ts publishing.
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
Prime Minister
Issued by Us:
On: 10 Shawwal 1443 AH.
Corresponding to: 11 May 2022 AD. |
labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (1) Definitions
In applying the provisions of this Decree Law, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings ascribed thereto respectively, unless the context otherwise requires:
State:
United Arab Emirates.
TDRA:
Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory
Authority.
Board:
Board of Directors of TDRA.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 3
Chairman:
Chairman of the Board of Directors of TDRA.
Government
Authorities:
Federal and local government authorities.
Competent
Authorities:
Government Authorities responsible for matters related to
data protection and electronic security in the State, and the
Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship, as the case may
be.
Federal Authority
for Identity and
Citizenship:
The Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and
Port Security.
Electronic:
Electromagnetic, photoelectric, digital, optical, or the like.
Electronic
Transactions:
Any transaction that is made, executed, provided or issued in
whole or in part in electronic form, including contracts,
agreements and other transactions and services.
Electronic Dealing:
Creating, signing, sending, receiving, storing or retrieving
Electronic Documents.
Information Any electronic tool for performing logic and arithmetic
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 4
Technology Means:
operations or for storing, sending and receiving data.
Electronic
Document:
An electronic record or message, or an information statement
that is created, stored, extracted, copied, sent, communicated
or received by Information Technology Means, on any
medium, and is retrievable in a readable manner.
Data:
A set of facts, measurements and observations in the form of
numbers, letters, symbo ls, or special shapes that are collected
to be used.
Electronic
Information:
Any data or information that can be stored, processed,
generated and transmitted by Information Technology Means
in the form of text, images, audio, video, numbers, letters,
symbols, signs and else.
Electronic
Information System:
A set of Information Programs and Information Technology
Means designed to create, process, manage, store and
exchange Electronic Information or the like.
Originator:
A person, by whom, or on w hose behalf, the Electronic
Document is created or sent, whatever the case may be, but
does not include a person who provides services related to
processing, sending or storing such Electronic Document or
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 5
other relevant services.
Addressee:
A person wh o is intended by the Originator to receive the
Electronic Document, but does not include a person who
provides services related to receiving, processing or storing
Electronic Documents or other relevant services.
Information
Program:
A set of data, ins tructions and commands processable by
Information Technology Means, intended to perform a certain
task.
Automated
Electronic Medium:
An Electronic Information System that operates automatically
and independently, in whole or in part, without interventi on
by any natural person at the time of operation or response.
Automated
Electronic
Transactions:
Transactions made or executed in whole or in part by an
Automated Electronic Medium.
Authentication
Procedures:
Electronic procedures that aim to veri fy the identity of a person
or his/her legal representative or the authenticity and integrity
of the data received in any electronic form, including any
procedure that uses algorithms, symbols, words, identification
numbers, encryption and other data prote ction measures.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 6
Electronic
Identification
System:
Technical and organizational measures that use a person's
data to verify his/her identity and capacity for the purpose of
issuing his/her Electronic Identifiers.
Electronic Identifier:
Any material or immaterial identifier issued through the
Electronic Identification System that includes personal
identification elements or data for the purpose of verifying a
person's identity.
Digital Identity:
A special Electronic Identifier that gives a person access to
carry out Electronic Transactions, signatures and seals with
government or non -government authorities that adopt such
an identifier to provide their services.
Trust Services:
The electronic services specified under Clause (1) of article
(17) hereof which a Trust Service Provider is licensed to
provide according to the License issued thereto.
Qualified Trust
Services:
The electronic services specified under Clause (2) of article
(17) hereof which a Qualified Trust Service Provider is licens ed
to provide according to the License issued thereto.
Electronic Signature
Authentication A document issued in electronic form by a Trust Service
Provider that links between the verification data of the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 7
Certificate:
Electronic Signature and a specific person and attributes it to
his/her Electronic Signature, confirming the name and identity
of such person or his/her pseudonym.
Qualified Electronic
Signature
Authentication
Certificate:
An electronic signature authentication document issued by a
Qual ified Trust Service Provider based on the Electronic
Identification System and Authentication Procedures that
meets the conditions approved by TDRA in this regard.
Electronic Signature:
A signature consisting of letters, numbers, symbols, sound,
finger print, or an electronic form processing system, attached
to, or logically associated with an Electronic Document,
verifying the identity of the Signatory and his/her approval of
the information contained in such document.
Reliable Electronic
Signature:
An electronic signature that meets the conditions specified in
article (19) hereof.
Qualified Electronic
Signature:
A Reliable Electronic Signature that is created by a qualified
electronic signature device, and is issued based on a Qualified
Electron ic Signature Authentication Certificate.
Electronic Seal:
Data in electronic form that is attached to or logically
associated with an Electronic Document, used to verify the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 8
identity of the relevant person and the authenticity and
integrity of the data source in such document.
Reliable Electronic
Seal:
An electronic seal that meets the conditions specified in article
(19) hereof.
Qualified Electronic
Seal:
A Reliable Electronic Seal that is created by a qualified
electronic seal device, and is i ssued based on a Qualified
Electronic Seal Authentication Certificate.
Electronic Seal
Authentication
Certificate :
A document issued in electronic form by a Trust Service
Provider that links between the verification data of the
electronic seal and a sp ecific legal person, confirming the
name and identity of such person.
Qualified Electronic
Seal Authentication
Certificate:
An electronic seal authentication document that meets the
conditions approved by TDRA in this regard and is issued by a
Qualifie d Trust Service Provider based on the Electronic
Identification System and Authentication Procedures.
Electronic Signature
or Seal Creation
Data:
Unique electronic data that is owned, supervised and
controlled by the Signatory and used to create an ele ctronic
signature or seal.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 9
Signatory:
A person who creates an electronic signature or seal.
Electronic Signature
or Seal Device:
Systems, software or devices that are used to create an
electronic signature or seal of its various levels in accord ance
with this Decree Law.
Qualified Electronic
Time Stamp:
Data in electronic form which binds an Electronic Document
to a particular time establishing evidence that its content
existed at that time.
Qualified Electronic
Delivery Service:
A servic e for the transmission of data between persons by
electronic means that provides evidence of sending and
receiving the data, protects transmitted data against the risk of
loss, theft, damage or any unauthorized alterations, and
confirms the identity of suc h persons.
Person:
A natural or legal person.
Relying Party:
A person who relies on electronic Trust Services to provide
services or transactions or to perform any other act.
Qualified Trust
Mark:
A mark or logo that proves that the Trust Servi ce Provider is
qualified by TDRA to provide qualified electronic Trust
Services.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 10
Trust Service
Provider:
A person who is licensed by TDRA, in accordance with the
provisions of this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations
thereof, to provide one or mor e Trust Services.
Qualified Trust
Service Provider:
A Trust Service Provider who is granted the qualified status by
TDRA to provide Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services,
according to the status granted thereto.
Licensee:
A legal person who i s licensed by TDRA in accordance with the
provisions of this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations
thereof.
License:
An authorization issued pursuant to the provisions of this
Decree Law and the Executive Regulations thereof allowing
the Licensee to proceed with any Trust Services or Qualified
Trust Services.
UAE Trust List:
A list prepared and published by TDRA that determines Trust
Service Providers, Qualified Trust Service Providers, the
services and data related thereto, the status of license and their
compliance with this Decree Law, the Executive Regulations
thereof, and the decisions issued by TDRA in implementation
thereof.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 11
Compliance
Assessment:
An assessment made by TDRA, or any other entity authorized
thereby, to ascertain whether t he license applicants and
Licensees comply with the conditions, controls and standards
approved under this Decree Law and the decisions issued in
implementation thereof.
Coordinated
Universal Time
(UTC ):
The time scale, based on the standard second, as defined by
the international standards.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (2) Applicability of the Decree Law
1. The provisions of this Decree Law shall apply to:
a. Persons who adopt Electronic Transactions , Trust Services and Qualified Trust
Services specified in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law.
b. Electronic Transactions, Electronic Documents, Trust Services, Qualified Trust
Services, and the necessary procedures for completion thereof.
2. The Cabinet may add, delete or exclude any transaction, document, service or procedure
mentioned in Paragraph (B) of Clause (1) of this article, and may exclude any entity from
all or some of the provisions of this Decree Law.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 12
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (3) Objectives of the Decree Law
This Decree Law aims to:
1. Enhance trust, encourage and facilitate Electronic Transactions of all kinds, and protect
the rights of customers.
2. Keep pace with technological development to enhance Electronic Transactions in all sectors.
3. Promote digital transformation, investment, and provide electronic services to the
public.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (4) Competencies of TDRA
For the purposes of applying the provisions of this Decree Law, TDRA shall have the
following competencies:
1. Regulating the work and activities of the Licensees, including issuing, renewing, amending, suspending and canceling Licenses, exempting from licensing or some or all
of its conditions, and granting or withdrawing the qualified status, after ensuring that the
Licensees comply with the controls, standards and requirements agreed upon with the
Competent Authorities.
2. Issuing controls, procedures and standards related to the Electronic Identification
System, Authentication Procedures and Digital Ident ity, after coordination with the
Competent Authorities.
3. Issuing controls, procedures and standards related to Trust Services and Qualified Trust
Services, in particular the mechanism for creating, saving and validating Electronic
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 13
Signatures, Electronic Seals, Electronic Documents electronically signed or sealed, and
Qualified Trust Mark specifications, after coordination with the Competent Authorities.
4. Assessing license applicants or those licensed thereby or by the compliance assessment
body and setting controls and conditions for regulating the work of compliance
assessment bodies.
5. Preparing, publishing and updating the UAE Trust List of Licensees, Trust Services and
Qualified Trust Services.
6. Supervising, controlling and inspecting Licensees, provided that coordination is made with the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates regarding the inspection of the
financial institutions licensed thereby.
7. Receiving and adjudicating complaints and taking the necessary procedures and
measures with respect thereto.
8. Any other competencies assigned thereto by the Cabinet.
Chapter Two Electronic Transactions
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (5) Electronic Documents
1. An Electronic Document shall not lose its legal force or enforceability for being in
electronic form.
2. The data contained in Electronic Documents shall not lose its legal force for being
received, whenever the details of such data are accessible, within the Electronic
Information System of its Originator, with the Electronic Documents indicating the way
of such access.
3. Nothing in this Decree Law requires a person to use an Electronic Document without the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 14
consent thereof.
4. A person's consent to the use of the Electronic Document may be inferred from any
conduct that indicates such consent.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (6) Storage of Electronic Documents
1. If any legislatio n in force in the State requires the storage of a document, record or
information, for any reason, this requirement shall be fulfilled if that document, record
or information is stored in the form of an Electronic Document, while observing the
following:
a. Storing the Electronic Document in the form in which it is created, sent or received,
or in any form that may prove that it accurately represents the information originally
created, sent or received.
b. Keeping the information stored in a way that allows it to be used and referenced
later.
c. Storing such information, if any, that enables identification of the Originator of the
Electronic Document, the destination thereof, and the date and time of sending and
receiving same.
2. The obligation to store d ocuments, records or information in accordance with Paragraph
(C) of Clause (1) of this article shall not extend to include any information that is necessarily and automatically created merely to enable the sending or receiving of the
document.
3. Any pe rson may fulfill the requirements stipulated in Clause (1) of this article by using
the services of any other person, as long as such person complies with the conditions
stipulated in that Clause.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 15
4. Government Authorities may set any additional requirem ents, that do not conflict with
the provisions of this Decree Law, for maintaining Electronic Documents that fall under
their jurisdiction.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (7) Writing
If any legislation in force in the State requires any information, statement, document, record, transaction or evidence to be in writing, or stipulates certain consequences in the event of
no writing, this requirement shall be considered met by the Electro nic Document if the
information contained therein is stored in a way that allows it to be used and referenced.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (8) Signatures and Seals on Electronic Documents
1. If any legislation in force in the State requires the affixation of a signature or seal on a document or record, or stipulates certain consequences in the event of not signing or
sealing a document or record, this requirement shall be considered met in the following
cases:
a. Using a means of identifying a pe rson and indicating the intention of such person
with respect to the information contained in the Electronic Document.
b. If the means used meets either of the following two conditions:
1) To be qualified for the purpose for which the Electronic Document is created or sent.
2) To meet the requirements set forth in Paragraph (A) of Clause (1) of this article, either alone or with any other evidence.
2. Any person may use any form of electronic authentication unless the law provides
otherwise.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 16
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (9) Original Document
If any legislation in force in the State requires the submission or storage of any document,
record, information or message in its original form, this requirement shall be considered met
by the Electronic Document in the following cases:
1. If there is technical evidence confirming the integrity of the information contained in the Electronic Document since the time when the document, record or information is
created for the first time in its final form as an Electronic Document.
2. If the Electronic Document allows presenting the information required to be submitted
whenever requested.
3. If there are any additional conditions related to the submission or storage of Electronic
Documents as determined by the Government Authority that supervises the submission
or storage of such records or information.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (10) Creation and Validity of Contracts
1. For contracting purposes, offer and acceptance may be expressed electronically.
2. A contract shall not lose its validity, evidential weight or enforceability merely because it is made in the form of one or more Electronic Documents.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (11) Automated Electronic Transactions
1. A contract may be made between Automated Electronic Mediums that include one or
more Electronic Information Systems that are prepared and programmed in advance for
this purpose. Such contract shall be valid, enforceable and legally effective even in the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 17
absence of personal or direct interference by any nat ural person in the process of making
the contract in these systems.
2. A contract may be made between an automated Electronic Information System in the
possession of a particular person and another person if the latter knows, or is supposed
to know, that such system will make or execute the contract automatically.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (12) Attribution
1. An Electronic Document is considered issued by the Originator if he has issued it
himself.
2. In the relationship between the Originator and Addressee, an Electronic Document shall
be considered issued by the Originator in the following cases:
a. If it is sent by a person who has the authority to act on behalf of the Originator.
b. If it is sent by an electronic medium automated and programmed to operate
automatically by or on behalf of the Originator.
3. In the relationship between the Originator and Addressee, the Addressee shall have the
right to consider the Electronic Document as issued by th e Originator and to act on this
basis in the following cases:
a. If the Addressee correctly applies a procedure previously approved by the
Originator for the purpose of ensuring that the Electronic Document has been
issued by the Originator for this purpose.
b. If the Electronic Document received by the Addressee has resulted from the actions of a person who, based on his relationship with the Originator or any
agent of the Originator, can access a method used by the Originator to prove that
the Electronic Document is issued thereby.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 18
4. The provisions of Clause (3) of this article shall not apply in the following cases:
a. If the Addressee receives a notification from the Originator that the Electronic
Document has not been issued thereby, provided that the Addressee has been
given reasonable time to act according to the notification.
b. If the Addressee has known, or should have known, that the Electronic
Document is not issued by the Originator.
c. If it is unreasonable for the Addressee to consider the Electronic Document to be issued by the Originator or to act on this basis.
5. If an Electronic Document is issued or considered to be issued by the Originator or if the Addressee has the right to act on this basis in accordance with Clauses (1), (2) and (3) of
this article, the Addressee may, within the framework of its relationship with the Originator, consider the Electronic Document received as the document that the
Originator has inten ded to send and to act on this basis.
6. The Addressee may consider every Electronic Document received thereby as a separate
document and to act on this basis. Clause (7) of this article shall not apply if the
Addressee has known, or should have known, t hat the Electronic Document is a second
copy.
7. The provisions of Clauses (5) and (6) of this article shall not apply if the Addressee has known, or should have known, that an error has occurred in the Electronic Document as
a result of a technical failure during transmission.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (13) Acknowledgment of Receipt
1. If the Originator has not agreed with the Addressee that the acknowledgment of receipt
shall be in a certain form or manner, the acknowledgment of receipt may be made by the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 19
following:
a. Any message from the Addressee, whether by electronic, automated or any other
means.
b. Any conduct on the part of the Addressee which shall be sufficient to notify the
Originator of receipt of the Electronic Document.
2. If the Originator has stated that the Electronic Document is conditional on receiving an
acknowledgment of receipt, it shall not have any legal effect until the Originator receives
the acknowledgment.
3. Without prejudice to the provision of Clause (2) of this article, if the Originator requests an acknowledgment of receipt without specifying a date for receiving the
acknowledgment within a reasonable period, and unless a particular time has been specified or agreed upon, the Originator may send a notification to the Addressee statin g
that it has not received any acknowledgment of receipt and specifying a reasonable period during which the acknowledgment must be received. If the acknowledgment of
receipt is not received within the specified period, then it may deal with the Electronic
Document as if it has not been sent.
4. The provisions of Clauses (1), (2) and (3) of this article shall apply in cases where the
Originator has requested or agreed with the Addressee, before or when sending the
Electronic Document or through the Electronic Document, to send an acknowledgment
of receipt of the Electronic Document.
5. If the Originator receives an acknowledgment of receipt from the Addressee, the
Addressee shall be deemed to have received the relevant Electronic Document, unless
proven otherwise, and an acknowledgment of receipt does not mean acknowledgment
of the c ontent of the Electronic Document.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 20
6. If the acknowledgment of receipt received by the Originator states that the relevant
Electronic Document has met the technical conditions, whether agreed upon or specified in the applicable standards, those condition s shall be considered met, unless proven
otherwise.
7. The provisions of this article shall not apply if there is an agreement between the
Originator of the Electronic Document and the Addressee to the contrary.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (14) Time and Place of Sending a nd Receiving Electronic Documents
1. Unless an agreement is made between the Originator and Addressee on the place and
time of sending and receiving the Electronic Document, the following shall apply:
a. The Electronic Document shall be considered sent w hen it enters an information
system that is not under the control of the Originator or the person who has sent
the document on behalf of the Originator.
b. The time of receiving the Electronic Document shall be determined according to the following:
1) If the Addressee has designated an information system for the purpose of
receiving the Electronic Document, the Electronic Document shall be
considered received at the time it enters the designated information system or at the time the Addressee extracts the Electronic Document, if it is sent to
an information system belonging thereto, other than the information system
designated to receive the document.
2) If the Addressee has not designated an information system, the Electronic
Document shall be considered d elivered when it enters an information
system belonging to the Addressee, regardless of the difference between the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 21
place where the information system is located and the place where the
Electronic Document is considered to have been received in accordance w ith
Clause (2) of this article.
2. Unless otherwise agreed between the Originator and Addressee, the Electronic
Document shall be considered to have been sent from the place where the Originator
has its place of business and received at the place where t he Addressee has its place of
business.
3. In applying the provisions of this article:
a. If the Originator or Addressee has more than one place of business, the place of
business shall be the one that is most closely connected with the relevant
transact ion or the principal place of business if there is no such transaction.
b. If the Originator or Addressee does not have a place of business, it shall be
considered their respective habitual residences.
c. The habitual residence of a legal person shall be the headquarters or the place
where it is incorporated.
Chapter Three Service Provider Licensing
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (15)
1. No person may provide Trust Services except after obtaining a license from TDRA in
accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations
thereof.
2. No person may provide Qualified Trust Services except after obtaining a license from TDRA and the qualified status in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law and
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 22
the Executive Regulations thereof.
3. The Executive Regulations of this Decree Law shall set the conditions, controls,
standards and procedures for the licensing referred to in this article.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (16)
1. The Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship shall set the controls, standards, and
requirements that must be met by the license applicant, service provider, or Qualified
Service Provider in the following two cases:
a. Trust Services or Qualified Tru st Services directed to the government sector.
b. Trust Services or Qualified Trust Services that depend on the data or services of the Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship.
2. TDRA shall verify that the license applicant, service provider or Q ualified Service
Provider complies with the controls, standards and requirements stipulated in Clause (1)
of this article.
3. TDRA shall suspend or cancel the License granted to a Trust Service Provider or a Qualified Trust Service Provider in the event of a violation of or non -compliance with
the controls, standards and requirements stipulated in Clause (1) of this article.
4. TDRA shall coordinate with the Federal Authority for Identity and Citizenship in all cases
stipulated in this article.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (17) Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services
Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services shall be determined according to the following:
1. Trust Services, including the following:
a. Creating an Electronic Signature and a Reliable Electronic Signature.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 23
b. Issuing an Authentication Certificate for the Reliable Electronic Signature.
c. Creating an Electronic Seal and a Reliable Electronic Seal.
d. Issuing an Authentication Certificate for the Reliable Electronic Seal.
e. Issuing an Authentication Certificate for the website.
2. Qualified Trust Services, including the following:
a. Qualified Electronic Signature creation services, including the following:
1) Issuing an Authentication Certificate for the Qualified Electronic Signature.
2) Issuing the Electronic Signature Device.
3) Managing the Qualified Electronic Signature Device remotely.
4) Storing data of the Qualified Electronic Signature.
5) Validating the Qualified Electronic Signature.
b. Qualified Electronic Seal creation service s, including the following:
1) Issuing an Authentication Certificate for the Qualified Electronic Seal.
2) Issuing the Qualified Electronic Seal Device.
3) Managing the Qualified Electronic Seal Device remotely.
4) Storing data of the Qualified Electronic Seal.
5) Validating the Qualified Electronic Seal.
c. Qualified Electronic Time Stamp creation service.
d. Qualified Electronic Delivery Service.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (18) Admissibility and Authenticity of Electronic Evidence and Trust
Services
1. The admissibility of an Electronic Document, Electronic Signature, Electronic Seal or
Electronic Transactions as evidence in any legal proceeding shall not be precluded by the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 24
mere fact that it is received in electronic form and processed through Trust Servic es and
Qualified Trust Services.
2. A hard copy of an official Electronic Document shall be considered conclusive evidence
to the extent that it is identical to the original of such document.
3. A Qualified Electronic Signature shall be considered equal in its authenticity to a manual signature and shall have the same legal effect so long as it meets the conditions
stipulated in this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations thereof.
4. A Qualified Electronic Seal of a legal person shall be considered evidence of the validity
and integrity of the original information to which the Electronic Seal is linked.
5. A qualified date and time shall be verified through the Qualified Electronic Time Stamp whenever it is linked to correct data.
6. The Qualified Electronic Delivery Service shall be considered valid and legally effective if
it meets the conditions stipulated in this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations
thereof.
7. The Reliable Electronic Signature and the Reliable Electronic Seal shall be considered valid and legally effective if the conditions stipulated in this Decree Law and the
Executive Regulations thereof are met.
8. Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services shall meet the conditions stipulated in this
Decree Law and the Executive Regulations thereof.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (19) Reliable Electronic Signature and Reliable Electronic Seal
An Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal shall be reliable if the following conditions are
met:
1. Be linked to, and fall under the full and exclusive control of, the Signatory.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 25
2. Be capable of identifying the Signatory.
3. Be linked to the signed data in a way that can detect any alteration to such data.
4. Be created using technical and security techniques in accordance with the technical
requirements specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
5. Any other conditions specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (20) Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Electronic Seal
1. A Qualified Electronic Signature or Qualified Electronic Seal shall be valid if the
following conditions are met:
a. The Electronic Signature and Electronic Seal are created based on a valid and
qualified Authentication Certificate in accordance with the provisions of this
Decree Law.
b. The Electronic Signature and Electronic Seal are created using a Qualified Electronic Signature or Seal Device.
c. The data proving the validity of the Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Electronic Seal is identical to the data submitted to the Relying Party.
d. The data identifying the Signatory in the qualified Authentication Certificate is
properly submitted to the Relying Party, and in case of using pseudonymization
techniques, the Relying Party must be informed.
e. It is created using technical and security techniques in accordance with the
requirements specified by the Exec utive Regulations of this Decree Law.
f. Any other conditions specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
2. The Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Electronic Seal validation service shall
be provided by the Qualified Trust Service Provider in accordance with the controls
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 26
specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
3. The Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Electronic Seal validation service shall
provide the Relying Party with the correct result to valid ate the signature and seal in an
automated, effective and reliable manner, and ensure the absence of any hacks.
4. The validation result of the Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Electronic Seal
shall be signed with a Reliable Electronic Signat ure or Reliable Electronic Seal by a
Qualified Service Provider or by any other method specified by the Executive
Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (21) Conditions for the Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified
Electronic Seal Device
The Qualified Electronic Signature or Qualified Electronic Seal Device shall meet the following conditions:
1. Ensuring the confidentiality of the Electronic Signature or Seal Creation Data used.
2. Protecting the Electronic Signature or Seal Creation Data against any use by third parties
or forgery using the available technology.
3. The Electronic Signature or Seal shall be created once only.
4. The data to be signed shall not be modified or withheld from the Signatory before the signing or sealing process.
5. The Electronic Signature Creation Data shall be managed or created on behalf of the Signatory by the Qualified Trust Service Provider in accordance with the conditions,
standards and procedures specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
6. Complying with the approved controls and procedures for the security and protection of
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 27
information.
7. Any other conditions specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (22) Storing the Data of Qualified Electronic Signatures and
Qualified Electronic Seals
A Qualified Trust Service Provider shall, when providing a data storage service for Qualified
Electronic Signatures and Qualified Electronic Seals, comply with the procedur es and
techniques that maintain the continuity of Trust Services and ensure the continued validity of the Qualified Electronic Signature in accordance with the conditions and period specified
by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (23) Qualified Electronic Time Stamp
The Qualified Electronic Time Stamp shall meet the following conditions:
1. The date and time are linked to the data in a way that prevents undetectable alteration of
the data.
2. Relying on an acc urate time source linked to UTC.
3. To be signed or sealed using a Reliable Electronic Signature or a Reliable Electronic Seal
by a Qualified Trust Service Provider, or by any other method specified by the Executive
Regulations of this Decree Law.
4. Any other conditions specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (24) Qualified Electronic Delivery Service
The Qualified Electronic Delivery Service shall meet the following conditions:
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 28
1. To be provided by one or more Qualified Trust Service Providers.
2. Ensuring the identification of the sender based on a high level of security and trust, as
specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
3. Ensuring the identification of the Addressee before the data is delivered.
4. Signing or sealing the sent data with a Reliable Electronic Signature or a Reliable
Electronic Seal by a Qualified Trust Service Provider or by any other method specified by
the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
5. Notifying both the sender and recipient of any necessary change in the sent data as
required by the service.
6. Stamping the time of sending and receiving data and any alterations thereto with a Qualified Electronic Time Stamp.
7. Any other conditions specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (25) Authentication Certificates
1. An Authentication Certificate shall no longer be valid from the date of its cancellation. Such cancellation shall not apply retroactively to any Electronic Signature or Electronic
Seal made based on such certificate prior to that date.
2. No person may publish an Authentication Certificate if he knows that it is invalid or
cancelled, or if the p erson to whom it is addressed has refused to receive it.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (26) Qualified Trust Mark
A Qualified Trust Service Provider shall, when using a Qualified Trust Mark, comply with the
following requirements:
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 29
1. Indicating the Qualified Trust Services it is licensed to provide.
2. Linking the mark to an electronic link available to the public through its website that
leads to the UAE Trust Services List published by TDRA.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (27) UAE Trust List
1. TDRA shall create a list of the Licensees and their services and a list of the Electronic Identification System and the Qualified Electronic Signature and Seal Devices, include
them in the UAE Trust List and publish them by any means it deems appropriate.
2. The two lists referred to in Clause (1) of this article must include the basic information
about the Qualified Trust Service Providers, the Qualified Trust Services provided
thereby, and the details of the Qualified Electronic Signature and Qualified Electronic
Seal Devices.
3. The Executive Regulations shall set the controls and conditions for the inclusion of
Licensees, Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services in the UAE Trust List.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (28) Acceptance of Electronic Dealing and Trust Services
1. Nothing in this Decree Law requires a person to use or accept Electronic Dealing.
However, a person's consent to Electronic Dealing may be inferred from any conduct
that indicates such consent.
2. A person may use any form of Electronic Signatures or Electronic Seals, unless the
legislation in force provides otherwise.
3. The Digital Identity issued in accordance with the requirements of the Electronic
Identification System approved by TDRA, in coordination with the Federal Authority for
Identity and Citizenship, shall be adopted as a means of accessing the electronic services
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 30
and transactions provided by Government Authorities.
4. The use of the Digital Identity issued through the Electronic I dentification System to
access government electronic services shall be considered to meet the requirements for
identification and personal presence if the Digital Identity provides the level of trust and
security required for dealing with those services in accordance with the provisions of this
Decree Law.
5. Government Authorities shall accept the use of Electronic Signatures, Electronic Seals,
Digital Identities of persons or Electronic Documents in the electronic services provided
thereby, by other Government Authorities or by whoever is delegated thereby, in
accordance with the form, standards and levels of trust and security determined by
TDRA.
6. Government Authorities may, according to their respective areas of competence
esta blished in the legislation in force, make Electronic Transactions, which will have the
same legal effect, in the following cases:
a. Accepting the filing, submission, creation or storage of documents in the form of
electronic records.
b. Issuing any docume nt, permit, license, decision or approval in the form of
electronic records.
c. Collecting fees or paying any other money in electronic form.
d. Tendering and receiving and awarding bids related to government procurement
electronically.
7. If the Governm ent Authority decides to carry out any of the acts mentioned in Clause (6)
of this article, it may specify the following:
a. The way or form in which such Electronic Documents shall be created, filed,
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 31
stored, submitted or issued.
b. The controls, conditions, and procedures for tendering, receiving and awarding
bids and concluding government procurements.
c. The form of the Electronic Signature and Seal, and the level of security required.
d. The way and form in which such signature or seal shall be affixed to the
Electronic Document and the technical criteria that must be met by the Trust Service Provider to whom the document is submitted for storage and filing.
e. Processes, controls and procedures of monito ring related to the safety, security
and confidentiality of Electronic Documents, payments or fees.
f. Terms and conditions related to sending paper documents, if required in relation to the Electronic Documents for payments and fees.
8. Government Autho rities shall archive Electronic Documents affixed with a Reliable or
Qualified Electronic Signature or with a Reliable or Qualified Electronic Seal in accordance with the controls specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (29) Responsibilities of the Relying Party
1. A Relying Party shall be held responsible for the consequences of the failure thereof to take the necessary measures to ensure the validity and enforceability of an Authentication Certificate and to observe any rest rictions thereon.
2. A Relying Party shall be held responsible for the consequences of the failure thereof to take the necessary measures to ensure the validity and enforceability of a Digital Identity
when using it.
3. A Relying Party, in order to tru st and rely on an Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal,
shall observe the following:
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 32
a. Determining the security level of the Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal
according to the nature, value or importance of the transaction that is intended to be confirmed by the Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal.
b. Taking the necessary measures to verify the identity of the Signatory and the
validity of the Authentication Certificate.
c. Taking the necessary measures to verify that the Electronic Signature or
Electronic Seal used meets the requirements.
d. Whether it knows, or is supposed to know , that the Electronic Signature,
Electronic Seal or Electronic Authentication Certificate has been breached or
cancelled.
e. Any previous agreement or transaction between the Signatory and the Relying
Party that has relied on the Electronic Signature, Elec tronic Seal or Authentication
Certificate.
f. Any other relevant factors.
4. If the reliance on the Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal is not acceptable, according to Clause (3) of this article, the party who has relied on them shall bear the risk o f
invalidity of such signature or seal and shall be responsible for any damage caused to the owner of the Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal or third parties.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (30) Responsibilities of the Signatory
A Signatory shall be held responsible for t he consequences of the failure thereof if the
following measures are not observed:
1. Exercising due diligence to avoid any unauthorized use of the Electronic Signature or
Seal Creation Data.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 33
2. Notifying the concerned L icensee if it becomes known that there are doubts about
the level of security or validity of the Electronic Signature or Seal Creation Data
thereof that is used to create such signature or seal.
3. Ensuring the accuracy and integrity of any material data provided thereby in relation
to the Authentication Certificate throughout its validity period, in cases where the
use of this certificate is required.
4. Reporting any changes to, or lack of confidentiality of, the information contained in the Authentic ation Certificate.
5. Using valid Authentication Certificates.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (31) Responsibilities of the Digital Identity Owner
The owner of the Digital Identity shall be held responsible for the consequences of the failure thereof if the following measures are not taken:
1. Exercising due diligence to avoid any unauthorized use of the Digital Identity.
2. Notifying the concern ed parties and persons immediately if it becomes known that
there are doubts about the level of security of the Digital Identity used in an electronic service or transaction.
3. Ensuring the accuracy and integrity of any material data provided thereby in relation
to the Digital Identity throughout its validity period.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (32) Availability of Trust Services for People with Disabilities
Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services shall, whenever possible, be made available to
natural persons with d isabilities, in accordance with the procedures and techniques that suit
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 34
their needs or the nature of their special situation.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (33) Electronic Identification System Security Levels
1. The levels of security and trust of the Electronic Identification System and the Digital
Identity issued thereby are three: low, medium and high, according to the following
general classifications:
a. Low level: means a low level of security and trust in t he Electronic Identification
System that provides a limited degree of trust and acceptability of the alleged
identity of a person, and refers to technical and administrative standards and
procedures aimed at reducing the risks of misuse or manipulation of that identity.
b. Medium level: means a medium level of security and trust in the Electronic
Identification System that provides a medium degree of trust and acceptability of
the alleged identity of a person, and refers to technical and administrative
stan dards and procedures aimed at minimizing the risks of misuse or
manipulation of that identity.
c. High level: means a high level of security and trust in the Electronic Identification
System that provides a high degree of trust and acceptability of the alleged
identity of a person, and refers to technical and administrative standards and
procedures aimed at eliminating any risks and preventing misuse or
manipulation of that identity.
2. A Licensee shall observe the following:
a. Indicating to the Relying Party the levels of security and trust of the Digital
Identity issued under the Electronic Identification System.
b. Ensuring compliance with the technical specifications, standards and procedures
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 35
for the relevant level of security in the Electronic Identification System and Digital
Identity as approved by TDRA.
3. The Digital Identity used in Qualified Trust Services shall meet a high level of security
and trust.
4. TDRA shall, after coordination with the Competent Authorities, set the technical
conditions and standards that must be met in terms of security and trust levels, provided
that the following are observed:
a. Setting criteria for differentiating between the levels of security and trust according to the degree of trust and acceptability.
b. Authentication Procedures for the person requesting the issuance of the Digital
Identity.
c. The technical and security specifications of the Digital Identity, the procedures
for its issuance, and its issuing entity.
d. Authentication Procedures to confirm th e identity of any person to the Relying
Party.
e. Types of transactions and services provided by public or private entities.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (34) Issuance of Authentication Certificates
A Qualified Trust Service Provider shall, when issuing a Qualified Authentication Certificate,
verify the identity and capacity of the person to whom the certificate will be issued, by any
of the following means:
1. Ensuring the presence of the person or the legal representative of the legal person.
2. Using a Digital Identity that meets the conditions stipulated in this Decree Law
regarding high levels of security.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 36
3. A Qualified Electronic Signature Authentication Certificate or a Qualified Electronic
Seal Authentication Certificate issued by another Qualified Trust Service Provider.
4. Any procedure applicable in the State that is equivalent to the person's presence, in
accordance with the conditions and procedures specified by the Executive Regulations of
this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (35) Obligations of Licensees
The Licensees shall have the following obligations:
1. Notifying TDRA, the Competent Authorities and the concerned person of any violation
or breach of the security and integrity of the data, immediately upon becoming aware of
such violatio n or within the period specified by the decisions issued by TDRA.
2. Indicating to the Relying Party the levels of security and trust of the Digital Identity
issued under the Electronic Identification System.
3. Ensuring compliance with the technical and security specifications, standards and procedures for the level of security required in the Electronic Identification System as
approved by TDRA.
4. Submitting a biennial report issued by the compliance assessme nt body to TDRA
regarding compliance with the terms of the License issued thereto and the decisions
issued thereby.
5. Protecting personal data and implementing controls and procedures in accordance with
the requirements of the competent authorities and the legislation in force.
6. Taking all necessary measures to manage any risks that may arise to ensure the security and safety of electronic Trust Services and Qualified Trust Services in a way that
prevents the occurrence of any security incidents or b reaches or minimizes their effects if
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 37
they occur.
7. Preparing a service termination plan in accordance with the requirements specified by
the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
8. Any other obligations specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law or other
legislation in force in the State.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (36) Obligations of Qualified Trust Service Providers
Qualified Trus t Service Providers shall have the following obligations:
1. Complying with the terms of Licenses issued thereto.
2. Ensuring the accuracy of the material data in electronic Authentication Certificates
throughout their validity period.
3. Providing an appropriate means for the Signatories that enables them to report any
facts that raise doubts about any of the services provided thereby in accordance with
the Licenses issued thereto.
4. Providing Authentication Certificate cancellation service.
5. Notifying TDRA of any amendment to the data contained in the license application
or of their desire to suspend submission thereof in accordance with the conditions
and procedures specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
6. Using technic ally reliable systems and products that ensure technical security and
are protected against any changes, modifications or hacks, as determined by TDRA and as approved by the Competent Authorities in this regard.
7. Keeping Electronic Documents, Electronic Signatures and Seals, and evidence related to identification for the period specified by TDRA.
8. Processing personal data in accordance with the legislation in force and the
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 38
provisions of this Decree Law.
9. Creating and maintaining an updated datab ase of Authentication Certificates, in case
the Authentication Certificate service is provided by the Qualified Trust Service
Provider.
10. Developing an updated plan to terminate the provision of the electronic Trust Service to ensure the continuity of the service.
11. Refraining from providing the services in case of doubt about the accuracy of the
data or the validity of the document sub mitted to verify the information provided for
identification or establishment of the right to representation, or if there is a security impediment or risk.
12. Relying on official data sources of persons in the State to provide any of the
Qualified Trus t Services specified in the Licenses issued thereto.
13. Any other obligations specified by the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law or other legislation in force in the State.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (37) International Trust Services
Qualified Trust Services pro vided by Qualified Trust Service Providers outside the State shall
be recognized if they are similar to the level of services provided by Qualified Trust Service Providers in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law and the decisions issued by
TDR A.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (38) Civil Liability
Trust Service Providers shall bear civil liability for any damages incurred by any person as a
result of breach of the obligations stipulated in this De cree Law, the Executive Regulations
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 39
thereof and decisions issued by TDRA.
Chapter Four Penalties
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (39)
Shall be punished by imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than one hundred thousand
(100,000) Dirhams and not more than three hundred thousand (300,000) Dirhams
whoever forges or participates in the forgery of an Electronic Document, Electronic
Signature, Electronic Seal, Authentication Certificate, Trust Services and other Qualified
Trust Services.
Shall be punished by temporary imprisonment and a fine of not less than one hundred and
fifty thousand (150,000) Dirhams and not more than seven hundred and fifty thousand
(750,000) Dirhams whoever forges or participates in the forgery of an Electronic Document,
Electronic Signature, Electronic Seal, Authentication Certificate, Trust Services and other
Qualified Trust Services of the federal or local government or federal or local public authorities or institutions.
Whoever knowingly uses the forged Electronic Document shall be punished with the same
penalty prescribed for the crime of forgery, as the case may be.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (40)
Shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of not more than one year and/or a fine of not less than one hundred thousand (100,000) Dirhams and not more than one million (1,000,000) Dirhams whoever:
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 40
1. Unlawfully exploits any Trust Services or Qualified Trust Services.
2. Uses fraudulent methods or takes a false name or an incorrect capacity to obtain any
Qualified Trust Services.
If any of the foregoing acts are carried out with the intention of committing a crime, this shall
be considered an aggravating circumstance.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (41)
Shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of not more than one year and/or a fine of
not less than fifty thousand (50,000) Dirhams and not more than five hundred thousand (500,000) Dirhams whoever creates, publishes or provides another person with an
Authentication Certificate, while being aware of any of the following:
1. The certificate is not issued by the Licensee whose name appears thereon.
2. The certificate is rejected by the Signatory whose name appears thereon.
3. The certificate i s cancelled, unless the purpose of publication is to confirm any
Electronic Signature or Electronic Seal used prior to such cancellation.
4. The certificate contains incorrect data.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (42)
1. Shall be punished by temporary imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than five
hundred thousand (500,000) Dirhams any person who, by any authority granted thereto
hereunder, has access to confidential information of a sensitive nature in electronic
record s, documents or correspondence, and intentionally discloses any of such
information in violation of the provisions of this Decree Law.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 41
2. The penalty shall be imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than two hundred and fifty
thousand (250,000) Dirhams an d not more than five hundred thousand (500,000)
Dirhams, if the confidential information is not of a sensitive nature.The penalty shall be
imprisonment and/or a fine of not more than five hundred thousand (500,000)
Dirhams, if the negligence of the violato r causes the disclosure of any sensitive or
non -sensitive confidential information. The cases where information is disclosed for the
purposes of implementing the provisions of this Decree Law or any judicial procedure
shall be excluded from the provisions of Clause (1) of this article.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (43)
Shall be punished by imprisonment for a period of not more than six months and/or a fine
of not less than twenty thousand (20,000) Dirhams and not more than one hundred
thousand (100,000) Dirhams whoever intent ionally submits incorrect data to the Licensee
in order to issue or cancel an Authentication Certificate.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (44)
Shall be punished by a fine of not less than fifty thousand (50,000) Dirhams and not more than two hundred and fifty thousand (250,000) Dirhams whoever:
1. Is licensed to provide Trust Services or Qualified Trust Services and has violated the provisions stipulated in this Decree Law, the Executive Regulations thereof and the
decisions issued in implementation thereof w ith respect to these services.
2. Refuses to have its systems and operations from Trust Service Providers or Qualified
Trust Service Providers audited by compliance assessment bodies in accordance with
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 42
the provisions of this Decree Law, the Executive Reg ulations thereof and the
decisions issued in implementation thereof.
3. Publishes an announcement or provides a description regarding the Trust Services,
Qualified Trust Services, or Qualified Trust Mark, with the intention of promoting or
misleading, in contradiction with the decisions issued by TDRA.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (45)
Shall be punished by imprisonment and/or a fine of not less than five hundred thousand
(500,000) Dirhams and not more than one million (1,000,000) Dirhams whoever:
1. Proceeds with any of the Trust Services or Qualified Trust Services without being
licensed or exempted from obtaining a license in accordance with the provisions of
this Decree Law, whether for the benefit of himself or others, or for the facilitation for
others.
2. Deliberately alters, destroys or conceals any document or information requested by TDRA in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (46)
Without prejudice to the rights of bona fide third parties, the court shall order the
confiscation of tools and devices used in committing any of the crimes provided for in this
Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (47)
Imposition of the penalties stipulated in this Decr ee Law shall not prejudice any more severe
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 43
penalty stipulated in any other law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (48) Violations and Administrative Penalties
The Cabinet shall issue a decision specifying the acts that constitute a violation of the
provisions of this Decree Law, the Executive Regulations thereof and the decisions issued in
implementation thereof, as well as the administrative penalties to be imposed.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (49) Law Enforcement Capacity
The TDRA's employees who are designated by a resolution of the Minister of Justice, in
agreement with the Chairman, shall act as law enforcement officers to identify the violations of the provisions of this Decree Law, the Executive Regulations thereof and the decisions
issued in implementation thereof, within their respective co mpetencies.
Chapter Five Final Provisions
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (50) Transitional Provisions
Those who are subject to the provisions hereof shall regularize their status in accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law and the Executive Regulations thereof within a period not exceeding one year from the date of enforcement. Such period may be extended
for another period or periods by a decisi on issued by the Cabinet based on a proposal of the
Chairman.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (51) Fees
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 44
The Cabinet shall issue a decision determining the fees required for the implementation of
the provisions of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (52) Executive Regulations
The Cabinet shall, based on a proposal of the Chairman and after coordination with the
Competent Authorities, issue the Executive Regulations of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (53) Repeals
1. Federal Law No. (1) of 2006 on Electronic Commerce and Transactions shall be repealed.
2. Any provision contrary to or in conflict with the provisions of this Decree Law shall be
repealed.
3. The decisions and regulations applicable prior to the enforcement of the provisions of this Decree Law shall remain applicable, without prejudice to the provisions of this
Decree Law, until superseded by other decisions and regulations to be issued in
accordance with the provisions of this Decree Law.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Decree by Law No. (22) of 2022 Regulating the Translation Profession | Article (54) Publication and Entry into force of the Decree Law
This Decree Law shall be published in the Official Gazette and shall enter into force as of 2
January 2022.
Federal Decree Law of 2021 on Electronic Transactions and Trust Services 45
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
President of the United Arab Emirates
Issued by us, at the Presidential Palace in Abu Dhabi:
On: 13 Safar 1443 AH
Corresponding to: 20 September 2021 AD |
labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (7) of 2001 Concerning the Appointment of Convicted Nationals | Article (1)
The convicted nationals shall be exempted from the rehabilitation condition upon their
appointment in government or private entities after the penalty has been executed or
pardoned, or after its forfeiture for prescription.
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (7) of 2001 Concerning the Appointment of Convicted Nationals | Article (2)
Any provision that violates or contradicts the provisions of this Law shall be repealed.
Federal Law No. ( 7) of 2001 Concerning the Appointment of Convicted Nationals 2
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Federal Law No. (7) of 2001 Concerning the Appointment of Convicted Nationals | Article (3)
This Law shall be published in the Official Gazette and shall enter into force as of the date it
is published.
Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan
President of the United Arab Emirates
Issued by Us at the Palace of the Presidency in Abu Dhabi:
On 11 Safar 1422 H.
Corresponding to 5 May 2001 AD
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (1) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulation of Federal Decree-Law No. (33) of 2021 Regulating Labour Relations | Article (1)
Definitions
The definitions stipulated in the Federal Decree -Law shall be applicable to this Resolution with
the exception of the following terms whose meanings assigned to each of them, unless the
context otherwise requires:
Decree -Law : Federal Decree -Law No. (33) of 2021, Regulating Labour
Relations
Legislation : Collection of Resolutions, Guides and Circulars in relation to
employment at the Ministry of Human Resources and
Emiratization
Cabinet Resolution of 20 22 Concerning the Executive Regulations of Federal Decree -Law of 20 21 Regulating Labour
Relations 2
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labour, residency and leberal professions | Cabinet Resolution No. (1) of 2022 Concerning the Executive Regulation of Federal Decree-Law No. (33) of 2021 Regulating Labour Relations | Article (2)
Classification of Establishments
Subject to the provisions of clause (1) of article (70) of the Decree -Law :
1. Establishments shall be classified in accordance with criteria that include economic activity,
volume of manpower, manpower’s cultural and demographic diversity and compliance with
legal regulations and support in implementing government directives with respect to
Emiratization, training, and development of skills.
2. The Cabinet shall issue, upon the Minister’s proposal , the resolutions necessary for the
classification of establishments and the privileges provided for each category of these
establishments to ensure the promotion of competitiveness within the labour market.
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