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4043211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20D.%20Nicholson | Samuel D. Nicholson | Samuel Danford Nicholson (February 22, 1859March 24, 1923) was a United States senator from Colorado.
Born in Springfield, Prince Edward Island, Canada, he attended the public schools there and moved to Michigan and then to Nebraska and later, in 1881, to Leadville, Colorado.
Nicholson became interested in mining, and advanced from miner to foreman, superintendent, manager, and then president of the Western Mining Company. He discovered the zinc ore that bears his name, Nicholsonite.
From 1893 to 1897, Nicholson was the Populist mayor of Leadville; he moved to Denver in 1902. In 1914 and 1916, he was an unsuccessful candidate for governor. During the First World War, he served as State chairman of the Liberty Loan and Victory loan campaigns, and was a member of the United States Fuel Administration. He was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate and served from March 4, 1921, until his death in Denver on March 24, 1923. His interment was in Fairmount Cemetery in Denver.
See also
List of United States senators born outside the United States
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)
References
External links
1859 births
1921 deaths
People from Queens County, Prince Edward Island
Mayors of places in Colorado
Republican Party United States senators from Colorado
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Colorado Republicans
People from Leadville, Colorado |
4043216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.723 | G.723 | G.723 is an ITU-T standard speech codec using extensions of G.721 providing voice quality covering 300 Hz to 3400 Hz using Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment (DCME) applications. The standard G.723 is obsolete and has been superseded by G.726.
Note that this is a completely different codec from G.723.1.
See also
List of codecs
G.723 [withdrawn] – Extensions of Recommendation G.721 adaptive differential pulse code modulation to 24 and 40 kbit/s for digital circuit multiplication equipment application. The content of the 1988 edition of ITU-T G.723 is now covered by ITU-T G.726.
G.723.1 – Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s
G.726 – 40, 32, 24, 16 kbit/s Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM). Corresponding ANSI-C code is available in the G.726 module of the ITU-T G.191 Software Tools Library.
External links
ITU-T page of G.723
References
Audio codecs
Speech codecs
ITU-T recommendations
ITU-T G Series Recommendations |
4043218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood%20College%2C%20Surrey | Collingwood College, Surrey | Collingwood College is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Camberley, Surrey, England.
Admissions
Collingwood is the largest secondary school in Surrey, with over 2,000 pupils, including more than 400 in the sixth form. It occupies a campus and is divided in the three main areas 'Kingston' (Years 10 & 11) and 'Barossa' (Years 7–9), and the new, purpose-built, sixth form centre. This was funded by the sale of land, on which the college's previous sixth form centre (named 'Ballard') was situated. Collingwood College is a DfE designated high-performing specialist academy, specialising in technology and vocational-education.
It is situated just north of the A30, near the Jolly Farmer roundabout on the Old Dean Estate, Camberley.
History
Earlier school
The school derives itself from the Frimley and Camberley County Grammar School, the Bagshot County Secondary School, and the Barossa County Secondary School. In July 1970, Surrey County Council wavered over whether to go ahead with the comprehensive plan.
Comprehensive
The first Headmaster in 1971 was Mr. Leonard Roe, who had previously been Headmaster of the grammar school. He was followed by Peter Halls-Dickerson, who was a major advocate of the idea of direct grant schools. Collingwood was one of the earliest direct grant schools to be created after the passage of the legislation by the then Conservative government. The headmaster from 1974 until the 1990s was Peter Halls-Dickerson.
Grant-maintained and Foundation school
On 1 September 1991, Collingwood School became Collingwood College – a grant-maintained school. This change of status was overwhelmingly supported by the parents. In 1999, under the new schools' framework, the school adopted foundation status.
In September 1994, Collingwood College became a self-governing technology college. Following the new funding, the school built the Halls-Dickerson Technology Centre, also one of the first of its kind. As of 1 April 2008, the college was granted high-performing specialist school status. The school also specialises in vocational education, which provides education for working life; such as hairdressing, building and other manual labour based jobs.
Collingwood is a founding member of the Surrey Heath Area Partnership for Education (SHAPE), Surrey's 14–19 network. SHAPE runs diploma courses in IT, for which Collingwood is the lead school and also Society Health and Development. Diplomas are also offered in business and finance and creative media.
Academy
Previously a foundation school administered by Surrey County Council, in July 2011 Collingwood College converted to academy status.
Catchment
Its catchment area encompasses much of the Surrey Heath area of Camberley, Bagshot, Lightwater, Ascot, Egham, Windlesham, Bisley, Chobham and West End.
Stabbing incidents
The school appeared in the national press following a November 2005 incident in which a student was repeatedly stabbed with a pair of scissors, including one wound above the eye.
The school was also featured on a special programme called "School of Hard Knocks" on ITV that was aired on 6 November 2006. It examined the assault in some detail. It featured an interview with Natashia and her parents, as well as stories from other victims of bullying. The programme publicly criticised the Principal for denying that there was a bullying problem at Collingwood. However, an OFSTED report in 2007 showed that there were no serious problems with bullying at Collingwood College.
A separate stabbing took place at the school by Sharon Carr in 1994 when she was just 14 years old. Carr used a knife to stab fellow pupil Ann-Marie Clifford, who survived. However, it later came to light that Carr was responsible for the murder of a local hairdresser two years before. Carr is the youngest female to be convicted of murder in the UK.
Collingwood College Productions
Every year Collingwood Productions stage their annual musical. The productions are auditioned in the first two weeks of December, allowing the principals to get to grips with their parts over the holidays. They then return in January to begin the rehearsal process. After the two and a half-month period the shows are staged around the last week of March and normally run for four nights, Wednesday to Saturday.
As of 2020 due to Coronavirus, the annual productions have been paused just a week before Legally Blonde was due to hit the stage.
Teaching
Due to the huge number of students at Collingwood, the school is very organised in its hierarchy of staff. Each year has a Head of Year and Pastoral Assistant, who move up with the students through their years at the school. Also, each assistant principal is assigned to a year, to take care of other pastoral issues.
All subjects that are taught at the school are assigned a faculty, where the faculty head assists with the running of the subjects, and provides behavioural support to the teachers in their faculty.
Sixth Form Centre
The sixth form was originally housed in the "Ballard" building. Before becoming part of Collingwood School, it had been built for Cordwalles/Cordwallis Boys School, then taken over during the Second World War as Cordwallis MT [Motor Transport] Training Centre for the Auxiliary Territorial Service. It was at this site that Princess Elizabeth trained to drive an Austin K2/Y ambulance as a subaltern. After the war, the building was taken over by the independent Great Ballard School, who occupied it until the 1960s.
In 2005, a new Sixth Form Centre was officially opened by the Countess of Wessex. The Ballard building and its surrounding land was sold, and it was subsequently demolished to be replaced by housing.
The Sixth Form Centre features an extremely modernised architecture, a series of seven small IT classrooms plus one large computer suite on the top floor. The centre provides facilities for sixth form students such as a common room and private study area.
Academic performance
Collingwood performs consistently above both the LEA (Surrey) and national average at both GCSE and A-Level.
Notable alumni
Steve Backshall, climber and naturalist.
Clare Burrage, particle physicist
Sharon Carr, youngest female killer in Britain, stabbed a fellow pupil at the school in June 1994.
Dan Frazier, professional rugby player for Newcastle Falcons in RFU Premiership.
Matt Goss, part of the 1980s pop band, Bros
Luke Goss, part of the 1980s pop band, Bros
Jessica Henwick, actress
Jamie Lenman, guitarist and singer of British alternative rock trio Reuben
Craig Logan, part of the 1980s pop band, Bros
George Saville, footballer
Notes
External links
School website
Academies in Surrey
Educational institutions established in 1971
Camberley
Secondary schools in Surrey
1971 establishments in England
Specialist applied learning colleges in England
Specialist technology colleges in England |
4043225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking%20Child | Viking Child | Mainly titled Prophecy I - The Viking Child is a game created by Imagitec Design Limited on Amiga, Atari ST, Atari Lynx, Game Boy and DOS in 1991. 18 months later, the game was planned to be released on the Sega Game Gear by Autumn and the Sega Master System by Winter as well as a planned release for the Commodore 64. Also there was a planned sequel titled "Viking Child 2". However all planned releases were cancelled in their early stages along with the sequel.
Programming of the Lead version (Atari ST version) was done by Mark Fisher (a.k.a. Fish, Mr Fish)
Original graphics were created by Anthony Rosbottom (a.k.a. Bliz, Blizzard) Music was written by Barry Leitch & Ian Howe.
Plot
This video game was based on a Viking Child called Brian who must enter the Halls of Valhalla and do battle against the evil god Loki and his minions.
Gameplay
The game closely resembled Sega's Wonder Boy in Monster Land, as certain elements like collecting hidden gold, upgrading the character's weapons and visiting shops were practically identical, despite the difference in release times.
There is no save game feature but passwords can be earned and used to allow access to later levels.
Reception
Robert A. Jung reviewed the Atari Lynx version of the game which was posted to IGN. In his final verdict he wrote "While Viking Child is a pleasant diversion, it is missing the refinements needed for greatness. The biggest appeal is in exploring the land and just trying to survive, but it should not be mistaken for an adventure game. Still, if you're looking for something that's a little more than the typical run-and-jump title, Viking Child is worth a try." Giving a final score of 7 out of 10.
Raze Magazine reviewed the Amiga and Atari ST versions of the game in December 1990.
References
External links
1991 video games
Amiga games
Atari games
Atari ST games
Atari Lynx games
Game Boy games
DOS games
Cancelled Commodore 64 games
Cancelled Game Gear games
Cancelled Master System games
Imagitec Design games
Piko Interactive games
Video games based on Norse mythology
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games set in the Viking Age |
4043235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie%20Dennis | Willie Dennis | Willie Dennis (née William DeBerardinis, January 10, 1926 – July 8, 1965) was an American jazz trombonist known as a big band musician but who was also an excellent bebop soloist.
Career
After working with Elliot Lawrence, Claude Thornhill, and Sam Donahue, Dennis also performed with Charles Mingus, appearing on two of Mingus's albums in 1959, Blues & Roots and Mingus Ah Um. In 1953, Dennis recorded Four Trombones (released in 1957) for Mingus's Debut Records. The other three trombones were J. J. Johnson, Kai Winding and Bennie Green.
In 1951, Dennis began studying with Lennie Tristano. To make ends meet, he worked as an attendant at the Museum of Modern Art. The fullest recorded example of Dennis's solo work is on a little-known 1956 Savoy disc by English pianist Ronnie Ball (also a student of Tristano), All About Ronnie, in the company of Ted Brown and Kenny Clarke.
Dennis toured with Mingus in 1956. He published an essay, "The History of the Trombone," in Metronome. In the late 1950s Dennis returned to his big band roots, joining Buddy Rich in 1959 after stints with Benny Goodman (with whom he travelled to the Soviet Union in 1962) and Woody Herman. In the 1960s, Dennis often performed with Gerry Mulligan.
Dennis was known for his extremely fast articulation on the trombone, obtained by means of varying the natural harmonics of the instrument with minimal recourse to the slide (a technique known as "crossing the grain"), for instance, during his improvised solo on a performance of "Chuggin'" with the Gerry Mulligan Concert Band.
Personal life
Dennis married singer Morgana King in 1961; the couple had no children. He died in 1965 in an automobile accident in Central Park, New York City.
Discography
Four Trombones (Debut, 1957) - with J. J. Johnson, Kai Winding and Bennie Green
With Cannonball Adderley
Domination (Capitol, 1965)
With Manny Albam
Jazz Goes to the Movies (Impulse!, 1962)
With Al Cohn
Jazz Mission to Moscow (Colpix, 1962)
With Mundell Lowe
Themes from Mr. Lucky, the Untouchables and Other TV Action Jazz (RCA Camden, 1960)
With Gary McFarland
The Jazz Version of "How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying" (Verve, 1962)
Point of Departure (Impulse!, 1963)
With Charles Mingus
Jazz Workshop – Autobiography in Jazz (Debut, 1953)
Blues & Roots (Atlantic, 1959)
Mingus Ah Um (Columbia, 1959)
The Complete Town Hall Concert (Blue Note, 1962 [1994])
With Gerry Mulligan
Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band on Tour (Verve, 1960 [1962])
Gerry Mulligan and the Concert Jazz Band at the Village Vanguard (Verve, 1960 [1961])
Gerry Mulligan Presents a Concert in Jazz (Verve, 1961)
Gerry Mulligan '63 (Verve, 1963)
With Oliver Nelson
Full Nelson (Verve, 1963)
With Anita O'Day
All the Sad Young Men (Verve, 1962)
With Buddy Rich
Richcraft (Mercury, 1959)
Rich Versus Roach (Mercury, 1959)
The Driver (EmArcy, 1960)
With Shirley Scott
Great Scott!! (Impulse!, 1964)
With Zoot Sims
Lost Tapes-Baden Baden 1958 (SWR, 2014)
With Lennie Tristano
Chicago April 1951 (Uptown, 2014)
With Phil Woods
Rights of Swing (Candid, 1961)
References
External links
[ Willie Dennis at Allmusic]
Willie Dennis at Discogs
Willie Dennis at Napster
1926 births
1965 deaths
American jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Road incident deaths in New York City
Musicians from Philadelphia
20th-century American musicians
20th-century trombonists
Jazz musicians from Pennsylvania
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Tonight Show Band members |
4043237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delair%20Bridge | Delair Bridge | The Delair Bridge (officially the Delair Memorial Railroad Bridge) is a railroad bridge with a vertical-lift section that crosses the Delaware River between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Pennsauken Township, New Jersey, just south of the Betsy Ross Bridge. The two-track bridge is part of Conrail Shared Assets Operations and is jointly used by Norfolk Southern Railway and CSX Transportation freight trains, as well as by the New Jersey Transit Atlantic City Line service.
History
The Delair Bridge, built by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) in 1895–1896, was the first bridge of any sort between Philadelphia and New Jersey. The steel span connected PRR tracks in North Philadelphia to southern New Jersey. It consisted of three fixed Pennsylvania truss spans and a through-truss swing-span drawbridge totaling . Approach trestles of on the Pennsylvania side and on the New Jersey side bring its total length to .
Starting in 1958, the PRR converted the bridge into a vertical-lift span to increase clearance for river traffic. The movable link was floated into place in one piece to facilitate installation and minimize delay. Work was completed in 1960. The Delair Bridge was the longest and heaviest double-track lift bridge in the world at the time. Note that the single-track Cape Cod Canal Railroad Bridge is longer.
The bridge was also electrified in the late 1930s, allowing freight trains hauled by electric locomotives to access the Pavonia Yard in Camden, New Jersey, from the Northeast Corridor. Electrification was removed by January, 1967 but was restored in May 1973. However, Conrail ceased electric freight operations in 1981 and removed the wires several years later.
Passenger train traffic on the bridge ceased in 1969 when Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines service was cut to Lindenwold station after the completion of the PATCO Speedline, but was restored in 1989 when Amtrak began the Atlantic City Express service. Amtrak service ended in 1995, but New Jersey Transit Atlantic City Line service has used the bridge continuously since 1993.
The bridge's southern track was formerly reserved for freight traffic, and the northern track only used for the Atlantic City Line. As part of the Pennsauken Transit Center project, a station complex where the River LINE passes under the Delair Bridge's eastern approach, platforms were built on both tracks. Both tracks are now used by both passenger and freight trains.
21st century rehabilitation
In December 2011, an $18.5 million Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) grant was awarded to South Jersey Port Corporation by the United States Department of Transportation, partially for rehabilitation of the bridge. The improvements were completed.
See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania
List of crossings of the Delaware River
References
External links
Delair Bridge at "Workshop of the World"
Video of rebuilding by Michael Froio 2015
Railroad bridges in New Jersey
Vertical lift bridges in the United States
Vertical lift bridges in New Jersey
Bridges completed in 1896
Railroad bridges in Pennsylvania
Bridges in Philadelphia
Bridges in Camden County, New Jersey
Bridges over the Delaware River
Pennsylvania Railroad bridges
NJ Transit bridges
Pennsauken Township, New Jersey
Historic American Engineering Record in Philadelphia
Towers in Pennsylvania
Steel bridges in the United States
Pennsylvania truss bridges in the United States
Interstate railroad bridges in the United States
South Jersey Port Corporation |
4043258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata%20and%20Fugue%20in%20F%20major%2C%20BWV%20540 | Toccata and Fugue in F major, BWV 540 | The Toccata and Fugue in F major, BWV 540, is an organ work written by Johann Sebastian Bach, potentially dating from the composer's time in Weimar, or in Leipzig.
History
No firm date can be established for the composition, and it has even been conjectured that the 2 parts were composed separately, with the toccata being a potentially more mature piece. Williams however describes that the differing Affekt of the two parts does not pose any problem to the hypothesis that the whole work was composed at the same period. This conception of "complementary movements" was even a favourite of Bach's, and the dramatic nature of the toccata as contrasted to the counterpoint of the fugue should, as one author writes, "not be misunderstood as mere discrepancy". Because of the range of the pedal parts, the toccata may have been written for a performance, around 1713, at the Weißenfels organ, with its pedal going up to F.
Music
Toccata
The toccata starts with a large linear canon (first 6 bars shown above) over a pedal point in F major. It is then followed by a pedal solo based upon material from the canon. The canon is reiterated with some variations in the dominant in C major. This time the hands are switched, and the left hand leads the right. This is again followed by a long pedal solo. The two large canon flourishes cover 108 measures of the composition. The pedal solos cover 60 measures. The concerto movement exhibits a seven-part structure. The canons and pedal solos effect the departure from the home key of F to the dominant C, and the rest of the movement, with its concertante 3-part imitation and "proto-waltzes", constitute the harmonic return. This formal pattern is unique within all of Bach's works.
The Toccata (as a prelude) is proportionally the largest of all Bach's works in the format of prelude-fugue. It is often treated as a show piece, with the ensuing fugue omitted. The Toccata's rhythmic signature suggests a passepied or a musette, although the large scale of the movement does not support these characterizations.
Nor does the harmonic complexity of the composition; 45 measures after the second pedal solo there is a dominant chord which resolves deceptively to the third-inversion secondary dominant of the Neapolitan chord. In particular, the doubled root is found to move outward in contrary chromatic motion to a major 9th; in the bass by a descending half tone, far from the expected fifth. Bach implements this deceptive cadence three times in the piece; it would not become idiomatic until Chopin and Tchaikovsky.
Fugue
The first subject (entries in the tenor, alto and soprano voices shown above) of the fugue is chromatic and ornamental. The second subject has many modulation shifts and is sometimes initially presented as the counter-subject of the first. The Fugue is Bach's only thorough-going double fugue, where two subjects are exposed in separate sections and then combined. The effect is enhanced by the increasing rhythmic activity of the second subject and by the more frequent use of modulation in the final section of the fugue.
The bravura of the F major toccata, with its pedal solos and manual virtuosity, contrasts with the sober opening of the Fugue. Both represent two diverse aspects of Italian influence: the motoric rhythms and sequential passagework of the Toccata, and the traditional alla breve counterpoint of the Fugue, with its chromaticism, harmonic suspensions, and uninterrupted succession of subjects and answers. These techniques are very similar to those used in the "Dorian" Toccata and Fugue in D minor, BWV 538.
See also
Other Toccata and Fugues
Notes
Sources
External links
A Study of J.S. Bach’s Toccata in F Major
The form and symbolic significance of Bach's Toccata in F
Free download of BWV 540 recorded by James Kibbie on the 1755 Gottfried Silbermann/Zacharias Hildebrandt organ in the Katholische Hofkirche, Dresden, Germany
Fugues by Johann Sebastian Bach
Compositions for organ
Compositions for keyboard
Bach
Compositions in F major |
4043272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gong%20Show%20Movie | The Gong Show Movie | The Gong Show Movie is a 1980 American slapstick film starring, co-written and directed by Chuck Barris, the host and creator of the popular game show with the same name.
Plot
The film shows a fictional week in the life of Chuck Barris as the host and creator of The Gong Show, through a series of outrageous competitors, stressful situations, a nervous breakdown (which compels him to run away and hide in the Moroccan desert) and other comic hijinks in his life and work on the TV show. Among the highlights included a group of men dressed as a Roman Catholic priest and three nuns lip-synching Tom Lehrer's song "The Vatican Rag", a man blowing out a candle with flatulence, and the uncensored version of Jaye P. Morgan's infamous breast-baring incident.
Reception
The film premiered in May 1980 alongside The Empire Strikes Back and The Shining, beating the latter at the box office in its opening weekend but losing to the former. The film received uniformly negative reviews and was withdrawn from theaters shortly after its release.
Among the many bad reviews at the time was one from George Burns, who, after seeing the movie, went on the record and said, "For the first time in 65 years, I wanted to get out of show business."
Home media
The movie was occasionally seen on a few cable movie channels during the 1980s but had never been available on home video in any format until a Blu-ray release from Shout! Factory on March 29, 2016.
References
External links
1980 films
1980 comedy films
American comedy films
Films about television
Quizzes and game shows in popular culture
Films based on television series
Films with screenplays by Robert Downey Sr.
Universal Pictures films
1980 directorial debut films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films |
4043275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late%20modernity | Late modernity | Late modernity (or liquid modernity) is the characterization of today's highly developed global societies as the continuation (or development) of modernity rather than as an element of the succeeding era known as postmodernity, or the postmodern. Introduced as "liquid" modernity by the Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman, late modernity is marked by the global capitalist economies with their increasing privatization of services and by the information revolution.
Versus postmodernity
Social theorists and sociologists such as Scott Lash, Ulrich Beck, Zygmunt Bauman, and Anthony Giddens maintain (against postmodernists) that modernization continues into the contemporary era, which is thus better conceived as a radical state of late modernity. On technological and social changes since the 1960s, the concept of "late modernity" proposes that contemporary societies are a clear continuation of modern institutional transitions and cultural developments. Such authors talk about a reflexive modernization as post-traditional order which impact day-to-day social life and personal activities. Modernity now tends to be self-referring, instead of being defined largely in opposition to traditionalism, as with classical modernity.
Giddens does not dispute that important changes have occurred since "high" modernity, but he argues that we have not truly abandoned modernity. Rather, the modernity of contemporary society is a developed, radicalized, "late" modernity—but still modernity, not postmodernity. In such a perspective, postmodernism appears only as a hyper-technological version of modernity.
Subjects
The subject is constructed in late modernity against the backdrop of a fragmented world of competing and contrasting identities and lifestyle cultures. The framing matrix of the late modern personality is the ambiguous way the fluid social relations of late modernity impinge on the individual, producing a reflexive and multiple self.
Characteristics
Zygmunt Bauman, who introduced the idea of liquid modernity, wrote that its characteristics are about the individual, namely increasing feelings of uncertainty and the privatization of ambivalence. It is a kind of chaotic continuation of modernity, where a person can shift from one social position to another in a fluid manner. Nomadism becomes a general trait of the "liquid modern" person as they flow through their own life like a tourist, changing places, jobs, spouses, values, and sometimes moresuch as political or sexual orientationexcluding themselves from traditional networks of support, while also freeing themselves from the restrictions or requirements those networks impose.
Bauman stressed the new burden of responsibility that fluid modernism placed on the individualtraditional patterns would be replaced by self-chosen ones. Entry into the globalized society was open to anyone with their own stance and the ability to fund it, in a similar way as was the reception of travellers at the old-fashioned caravanserai. The result is a normative mindset with emphasis on shifting rather than on stayingon provisional in lieu of permanent (or "solid") commitmentwhich (the new style) can lead a person astray towards a prison of their own existential creation.
See also
Information society
Neoliberalism
Network society
Post-industrial society
Second modernity
Late capitalism
Space of flows
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
Further reading
Modernity |
4043289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff%20Rose | Biff Rose | Paul "Biff" Rose (born October 15, 1937) is an American comedian and singer-songwriter.
Biography
Born in New Orleans, Rose moved to Hollywood where he found a job working as a comedy sketch writer with George Carlin working sometimes on the Mort Sahl show. Eventually, Rose moved to songwriting.
Following the release of 1968's The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side, Rose made several appearances on Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show from 1968 to 1970. Rose performed on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, American Bandstand, and Hugh Hefner's Playboy After Dark. He emceed the Atlantic City Pop Festival of 1969 and the Atlanta Pop Festival of 1970.
Music
Rose recorded his first two records for Tetragrammaton Records. Following the release of 1968's The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side, which contained his hit single "Buzz the Fuzz", Rose made 12 appearances on Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show from 1968 to 1970. He performed his songs ("Gentle People" and "Myrtle's Pies") on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, and appeared on American Bandstand, the Merv Griffin Show, the David Frost Show, and Hugh Hefner's Playboy After Dark.
The song "Fill Your Heart", is Rose's best-known compositions. Co-written with Paul Williams, the song was adopted by Tiny Tim as the B-side of his 1968 hit single "Tiptoe through the Tulips" before Rose's own release. Most famously, it was recorded by David Bowie on his album Hunky Dory (1971).Rick Wakeman worked as a session musician on that album and commented that Rose's version had "obviously influenced David" in the recording.
Racism
In October 2017, Indy Week pointed out that Rose's website contained "blatantly racist and anti-semitic material". Rose has since taken down one website but operates several others along with several social media accounts where he continues to express himself with racist and anti-semitic language and ideas. He continues to make drawings on his social media pages that utilize visual ethnic stereotypes, like Stereotypes of African Americans and Jewish nose along with graphic depictions of homophobia and misogyny.
Full-length releases
The Thorn in Mrs. Rose's Side (1968, Tetragrammaton, re-released on Buddha)
Children of Light (1969, Tetragrammaton, re-released on Buddha)
Biff Rose [some copies titled Ride On] (1970, Buddha)
Half Live at the Bitter End (1971, Buddah)
Uncle Jesus, Aunty Christ (1972, United Artists)
Roast Beef (1978, Pacific Arts)
Thee Messiah Album/Live at Gatsby's (1979, Pacific Arts)
References
Further reading
Stevenson, Salli. "An Outasight Rap with Biff Rose; Far Out! (or 'Marching Through Georgia')". UCLA Daily Bruin. February 4, 1970.
Dawson, Jim. "Biff Rose back at the piano after some burned-out years". The Baltimore Sun. May 29, 1978.
External links
http://www.biffrose.com
1937 births
American male singers
Songwriters from Louisiana
American comedy musicians
Living people
Musicians from New Orleans
American male songwriters |
4043300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clitheroe%20railway%20station | Clitheroe railway station | Clitheroe railway station serves the town of Clitheroe in Lancashire, England. The station is the northern terminus of the Ribble Valley Line / Clitheroe Line operated by Northern Trains and is north of Blackburn. The station forms part of Clitheroe Interchange, which has won a number of awards.
History
The original station opened on 22 June 1850. It was replaced in 1893–4 by another approximately to the north. The station closed to normal services on 10 September 1962 (that is, before the Beeching cuts) but remained in use for special services until 7 February 1971. The special services resumed on 14 May 1990, and the station was fully reopened on 29 May 1994, when passenger services began again from Blackburn.
The line from here continues northwards towards , but this section is normally used only by freight and engineering trains on weekdays; passenger services are limited to a pair of Sundays only Dalesrail charter trains and occasional railtours. The line also forms part of a valuable strategic diversionary route between and , which is utilised if planned engineering work blocks the West Coast Main Line over Shap. It has also been used in emergency for unplanned work between these locations. Terminating trains from the Blackburn direction run empty up to Horrocksford Junction to the north (where the former Ribble Cement (now Hansons) factory branch diverges from the main line) and use the crossover there to reverse and change lines prior to returning to the station.
The station has since become an award-winning bus and train transport interchange. The bus station, known as the Clitheroe Interchange, is the terminus for bus connections bringing passengers from towns and villages in the Ribble Valley area to the train service to and Manchester. The Ribble Valley Line is a community railway line and is supervised by the Ribble Valley Rail group, which includes the train operator Northern.
Facilities
The station had a ticket office, which was next to the old station building (which is used as an art gallery). The ticket office, operated by Lancashire County Council rather than operator Northern permanently closed from February 2020. It was staffed Monday to Friday. All tickets must now be purchased via mobile device or from the ticket machine on Platform 1. There are waiting shelters on both platforms (which are offset from each other) and train running details are provided via digital screens, signage, customer help points and automatic announcements. Step-free access is available on both sides.
Services
All train services are operated by Northern Trains. There is generally an hourly service daily from Clitheroe to via Blackburn and Manchester Victoria with some extra trains during weekday peak hours.
Northern used to operate a variety of train types on the route, including Class 142 units but now Northern only operate a variety of Sprinter trains, including Class 150, Class 153, Class 156, Class 158 units.
For much of 2017 and 2018, Saturday and Sunday services to Manchester have either been partially replaced by buses south of Bolton or diverted via and due to the Manchester to Preston Line being closed for electrification work.
On Sundays, one or two trains operate from Preston along the Ribble Valley Line via Clitheroe to Hellifield and onwards towards via the Settle-Carlisle Line. This improves on the previous service that only ran in the summer.
Due to overcrowding at certain times, there are plans from the Department for Transport to increase services from 1 tph to 2 tph; however, the funding for this may not be available.
Notes
References
Welch, M.S. (2004) Lancashire Steam Finale, Runpast Publishing, Cheltenham,
External links
Clitheroe Interchange - Lancashire County Council Environmental Directorate
Ribble Valley Rail official website
Video of Clitheroe Railway Station
Clitheroe
Railway stations in Ribble Valley
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1994
Reopened railway stations in Great Britain
Northern franchise railway stations |
4043311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20110 | British Rail Class 110 | The Class 110 diesel multiple units were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company in conjunction with the Drewry Car Co. to operate services on the former Lancashire and Yorkshire main line. They originally entered service uniquely in this region, which earned them the name of the 'Calder Valley' sets. They were an updated version of the Class 104, with more powerful engines, a revised cab design and raised bodyside window frames.
Description
The fact that they were primarily intended for services on the arduous Calder Valley route meant that Class 110 needed more power than other first generation DMUs, so they were fitted with Rolls-Royce C6NFLH engines, and when delivered they had the highest hp/ton of any of the first generation DMUs, including the lightweights. With a set weighing 87½ tons (tare), this gave a power-to-weight ratio of 8.3 hp / ton, which was appreciably higher than any other DMU in use at the time using normally aspirated engines.
Performance tests included a standing start against a ruling gradient of 1 in 261 and a set in tare condition achieved a speed of in 45 seconds, in 2 minutes 4 seconds, and in 4 minutes 6 seconds. From a standing start on a 1 in 45 gradient a speed of in third gear was reached in 42 seconds. Each set had 24 first class and 159 second class seats.
Timeline
The first twenty sets, for the NER, were ordered in March 1959 and were allocated to Bradford Hammerton Street depot. The second batch were allocated to the LMR in January 1961, based at Newton Heath in Manchester. Deliveries of the two batches was concurrent, starting in 1961, and these were the penultimate class of first generation sets to be built.
All sets were concentrated at Hammerton Street by 1976.
Refurbishment of the class took place in 1979 - 1980, with fluorescent lighting, new seat covers, new internal panelling and mechanical modifications to reduce the occurrence of the fires in the exhaust system which were common on many classes of first generation DMU.
During refurbishment the class was repainted, first in the white livery with a blue stripe below the windows that was standard for refurbished DMUs and later in the standard British Rail blue and Grey livery. All sets that were turned out in the white livery were later repainted in blue and Grey.
The TSLs were removed from most sets and scrapped in 1982 to reduce maintenance costs and to allow a higher performance for an accelerated timetable on the Calder Valley line. At 11.2 hp/ton these sets now had by far the highest power/weight ratio of any first generation DMU, but with a significantly reduced capacity of just 111 seats.
At the same time all First Class seats were declassified to Second although the seats were not replaced.
The reduced capacity caused a problem with the upturn in traffic of the mid 1980s and some sets were supplemented in 1984–85 with centre cars from withdrawn Class 111 units.
Bradford Hammerton Street depot closed in 1984, and all remaining Class 110 units were transferred to Neville Hill in Leeds.
The small fleet size together with maintenance costs of the non-standard Rolls Royce engines ensured their early withdrawal. The engines were mounted with cylinder heads facing inwards, unlike all other DMU classes, and this required specialised facilities for engine removal which were only available at their home depot. Class 150/2 'Sprinters' were introduced on the Calder Valley route in 1987.
Most displaced units continued in traffic until October 1989, but were no longer common in the Calder Valley.
Orders
Preservation
Five vehicles are preserved:
Lakeside & Haverthwaite Railway two-car set (52071 & 52077)
East Lancashire Railway three-car set (51813 & 51842)
Model railways
In 1982 Hornby Railways launched its first version of the BR Class 110 in OO gauge.
References
Motive Power Recognition: 3 DMUs. Colin J. Marsden
British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs. Kevin Robertson
British Rail Fleet Survey 8: Diesel Multiple Units- The First Generation. Brian Haresnape
A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units. Brian Golding
External links
History of the Class 110s
110
BRCW multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1961 |
4043313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noweb | Noweb | Noweb, stylised in lowercase as noweb, is a literate programming tool, created in 1989–1999 by Norman Ramsey, and designed to be simple, easily extensible and language independent.
As in WEB and CWEB, the main components of Noweb are two programs: "notangle", which extracts 'machine' source code from the source texts, and "noweave", which produces nicely-formatted printable documentation.
Noweb supports TeX, LaTeX, HTML, and troff back ends and works with any programming language. Besides simplicity this is the main advantage over WEB, which needs different versions to support programming languages other than Pascal. (Thus the necessity of CWEB, which supports C and similar languages.)
Noweb's input
A Noweb input text contains program source code interleaved with documentation. It consists of so-called chunks that are either documentation chunks or code chunks.
A documentation chunk begins with a line that starts with an at sign (@) followed by a space or newline. A documentation chunk has no name. Documentation chunks normally contain LaTeX, but Noweb is also used with HTML, plain TeX, and with troff.
Code chunks are named. A code chunk begins with
<<chunk name>>=
on a line by itself. The double left angle bracket (<<) must be in the first column.
Each chunk is terminated by the beginning of another chunk. If the first line in the file does not mark the beginning of a chunk, it is assumed to be the first line of a documentation chunk.
Code chunks aren't treated specially by Noweb's tools—they may be placed in any order and, when needed, they are just concatenated. Chunk references in code are dereferenced and the whole requested source code is extracted.
Example of a simple Noweb program
This is an example of a "hello world" program with documentation:
\section{Hello world}
Today I awoke and decided to write
some code, so I started to write Hello World in \textsf C.
<<hello.c>>=
/*
<<license>>
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
printf("Hello World!\n");
return 0;
}
@
\noindent \ldots then I did the same in PHP.
<<hello.php>>=
<?php
/*
<<license>>
*/
echo "Hello world!\n";
?>
@
\section{License}
Later the same day some lawyer reminded me about licenses.
So, here it is:
<<license>>=
This work is placed in the public domain.
Assuming that the above code is placed in a file named 'hello.nw', the command to extract the human-readable document in HTML format is:
noweave -filter l2h -index -html hello.nw | htmltoc > hello.html
... and in LaTeX format:
noweave -index -latex hello.nw > hello.tex
To extract machine source code:
notangle -Rhello.c hello.nw > hello.c
notangle -Rhello.php hello.nw > hello.php
Compatibility
Noweb defines a specific file format and a file is likely to interleave three different formats (Noweb, LaTeX and the language used for the software). This is not recognised by other software development tools and consequently using Noweb excludes the use of UML or code documentation tools.
See also
WEB
CWEB
Notes
External links
Norman Ramsey's home page
notangle online man page
noweb.py – an open-source noweb clone written in Python
noweb.php – noweb clone in PHP
Free documentation generators
Literate programming
Troff |
4043318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative%20poetry | Speculative poetry | Speculative poetry is a genre of poetry that focusses on fantastic, science fictional and mythological themes. It is also known as science fiction poetry or fantastic poetry. It is distinguished from other poetic genres by being categorized by its subject matter, rather than by the poetry's form. Suzette Haden Elgin defined the genre as "about a reality that is in some way different from the existing reality."
Due to the similarity of subject matter, it is often published by the same markets that publish short stories and novellas of science fiction, fantasy and horror, and many authors write both in speculative fiction and speculative poetry. The field has one major award, the Rhysling Award, given annually to a poem of more than fifty lines and to a sub-fifty lines poem by the US-based Science Fiction Poetry Association.
History
Much of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century used techniques seen in modern fantasy literature: retellings of classical mythology and European folklore, both to show alternative angles in the stories and to explore social issues. Many distinguished poets here were women, and many used folktales as an acceptable social camouflage with which to explore feminist concerns. One of the most celebrated of these poems, Christina Rossetti's 1862 "Goblin Market", remains a source of critical debate.
Andrew Joron wrote in 1981, that over the past decade in the United States "it was possible to create a tradition, that established and defined the genre" of science fiction poetry.
In common with the gradual recognition of science fiction and fantasy as distinct literary genres in the 1930s, science-fictional poetry began publication as a distinct genre in the pulp magazines of the United States. Fantasy-specific Weird Tales (1923–1954) and its brief compatriot Unknown (1939–43) were the only major publishers. They were succeeded by more serious venues including the US-based The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction (F&SF) (1949–), the UK-based flagship of the New Wave movement New Worlds while it was under the editorship of Michael Moorcock between 1964 and 1970, and the annual reprint anthologies of F&SF and The Year's Best Science Fiction edited by Judith Merril. These anthologies drew much of their content from mainstream or literary sources.
In the 1960s, anthologies of original speculative material began to be published. F&SF ceased accepting poetry in 1977, a gap in the market taken up by the newly established Asimov's. The Science Fiction Poetry Association (SFPA) was founded by Suzette Haden Elgin the following year. In the 1970s, Elgin's colleague Frederick J. Mayer for some time awarded an annual Clark Ashton Smith Award for best fantastic poetry.
By 1990, Asimov's remained the major news-stand market, but a diverse array of predominantly US-based small press markets had developed, many lasting several decades, and many choosing purely electronic publication post-2000. This is in common with mainstream written poetry in the US over this time.
SFPA (now called the Science Fiction and Fantasy Poetry Association) awards the Rhysling for short- and long-form SF and fantasy poetry awards annually; most winners have been either science fiction or science-themed rather than fantasy or horror. Most Rhysling nominees have been from the small-press poetry journals Dreams & Nightmares, The Magazine of Speculative Poetry, and the SFPA's own journal, Star*Line. Winners are reprinted in the Nebula Awards anthology.
The Horror Writers Association has a separate recognition for single-author collections of horror poetry, the Bram Stoker Award, though there is no facility in the Bram Stoker Award to honour anthologies of horror/weird poetry.
Subgenres and themes
Science fiction
Science fiction poetry's main sources are the sciences and the literary movement of science fiction prose.
Scientifically-informed verse, sometimes termed poetry of science, is a branch that has either scientists and their work or scientific phenomena as its primary focus; it may also use scientific jargon as metaphor. Important collections in this area include the 1985 anthology of predominantly Science-published poems Songs from Distant Worlds. This area often sees work by mainstream poets, and works on these themes dominated the early years of the Rhysling awards.
Mythic
Mythic poetry deals with myth and folklore, with a particular focus on reinterpreting and retelling traditional stories.
Horror
Horror poetry is a subset which, in the same way as horror fiction, concentrates on ghostly, macabre, spectral, supernatural themes. Modern horror poetry may also introduce themes of sadism, violence, gore, and the like.
Weird
Weird poetry is a subset. It differs in several important ways from straightforward modern horror poetry. It arises from the early 20th century literary tradition of 'the weird' also known as weird fiction, in which certain groups of authors collectively attempted to move beyond tired old stories of haunted castles, graveyard ghosts, and suave vampires. It tends to be concerned with the subtly uncanny, and is expressed in macabre and serious tones. The atmospheres of a certain place may be evoked, and the narrator may discover certain weird details of that place which arouse a sense of unexplainable dread. Some weird poetry will describe timeless geological forces or the night sky, trying to harness the feeling of dread to a wider and sublime 'cosmic awe' about mankind's insignificance in the universe. Yet the narrators of such poetry tend to be unreliable, and may perhaps be on the edge of madness. They may describe or hint at unreal nature-defying events which occur in otherwise normal places - although without the overt technical explanation found in science fiction, and without the violence and sadism common to modern post-1970 horror. S. T. Joshi's short book of essays Emperors of Dreams: Some Notes on Weird Poetry (2008) examines a number of key weird poets. While weird poetry has appeared in a vast array of anthologies and journals (both professional and small-press), perhaps the first journal devoted exclusively to this form is Spectral Realms, founded in 2013 by editor S.T. Joshi and published by Hippocampus Press.
Noted poets
See also
New Weird
Scifaiku
Slipstream (genre)
Speculative art
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
The Year's Best Science Fiction, edited by Harry Harrison and Brian Aldiss, a nine volume anthology series which included a poetry section in every volume.
August Derleth ed. Dark of the Moon: Poems of Fantasy and the Macabre. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1947. Crucial anthology of 65 poets ranging from border balladeers to moderns.
August Derleth ed. Fire and Sleet and Candlelight: New Poems of the Macabre. Sauk City, WI: Arkham House, 1961. Anthology of 93 poets, mainly moderns.
Elgin, Suzette Haden, The Science Fiction Poetry Handbook, 2005. Sam's Dot Publishing
Frazier, Robert, ed. Burning with a Vision: Poetry of Science and the Fantastic. Philadelphia: Owlswick press, 1984. Fantastic poetry by moderns from Diane Ackerman to Al Zolynas.
Lovecraft, Charles. "Echoes in the Wilderness: Weird Poetry in Australia". Futurian Observer No 1 (new series) (April 2010), pp. 15–16. Pioneering checklist of weird and fantastic poems by Australian writers.
Scott E. Green. Contemporary Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Poetry: A Resource Guide and Biographical Directory (Greenwood Press, 1989)
S.T. Joshi and Steven J. Mariconda, eds. Dreams of fear: Poetry of Terror and the Supernatural. Comprehensive anthology of weird poetry from Homer through to moderns such as Gary William Crawford, Ann K. Schwader, Bruce Boston, G. Sutton Brieding, W.H. Pugmire and Leigh Blackmore.
S.T. Joshi Emperors of Dreams: Some Notes on Weird Poetry. P'rea Press, 2008.
External links
Speculative Poetry: A Symposium, Part 1 of 2 (Strange Horizons)
Speculative Poetry: A Symposium, Part 2 of 2 (Strange Horizons)
The Failure of Genre Poetry by Bruce Boston at the Fortean Bureau
Dialogues by Starlight: Three Approaches to Writing SF Poetry by Michael Collings
Online venues
Abyss & Apex
Eye To The Telescope
Goblin Fruit
Ideomancer
inkscrawl
Journal of Mythic Arts
Niteblade
Mithila Review
Mythic Delirium
Star*Line
Stone Telling
Strange Horizons
Through the Gate
Genres of poetry
Science fiction genres
Fantasy genres |
4043321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strode%27s%20College | Strode's College | Strode's College is a sixth form college located in Egham, Surrey. Its history began in 1704 when Henry Strode bequeathed £6,000 to set up a free school in his native parish of Egham. In the twentieth century Strode's became a boys' grammar school before being designated a sixth form college in 1975. At present it has a roll of 1100 students aged 16 to 18. It achieved an overall pass rate of 98% at A Level and 100% success in 28 A Level subjects, with over a third of its A Level students achieving either one or more A* or A grades. The college also provides a wide range of day and evening Adult Education courses.
In September 2016, the college announced its intention to merge with East Berkshire College in February 2017. Alumni of the college are sometimes referred to as Old Strodians .
History
The college traces its origins to the free school founded by Henry Strode. This school and the Almshouses were built on the same site in Egham in 1706. The original buildings were pulled down. Of their replacements, built in 1828, two ranges of almshouses remain. Listed as historic buildings, they are still in use by the college. The present main college building dates from 1915. The school has been known previously as Strode's School and as Strode's Grammar School from 1919 until 1975, when it became Strode's College.
The Worshipful Company of Coopers
From the time of its foundation the Coopers' Company was the Trustee of Henry Strode's Charity which administered the School but in 1912 the Charity Commissioners drafted a new Scheme which gave the School its own Board of Governors, changed it from an elementary to a secondary school and brought it into the Surrey education system. Under further changes introduced following the 1944 Education Act, the School was granted Voluntary Controlled status as a Boys' Grammar School and the composition of its Governing Body set to include four Foundation Trustees, one of whom, at least, was to be a representative of the company.
The Company continues to provide funds administered by the Foundation Trustees for the benefit of the college.
Notable former students
Susie Amy, actress
Paul Casey, professional golfer
Kirsty Capes, author
Colin Cramphorn, policeman
Sir Roy Gardner, businessman
Adrian Genziani, Olympic rower
Gavin Greenaway, composer and conductor
Hard-Fi band members
Steve Lillywhite CBE, record producer (U2 etc.)
Doon Mackichan, actor and comedian
Aubrey Manning, zoologist and broadcaster
Dennis Pacey, footballer
Elyes Gabel, actor
Mark Stephens, CBE, lawyer and broadcaster
Timothy J. G. Harris, historian
External links
Strode's College Website
The Worshipful Company of Coopers
References
Sixth form colleges in Surrey |
4043325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Toronto%20Blue%20Jays%20broadcasters | List of Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters | This page details the broadcasters for the Toronto Blue Jays Major League Baseball team.
Television
Sportsnet
Buck Martinez, play-by-play announcer, colour commentator (2010–present) (former colour commentator on TSN 1987–2000)
Dan Shulman, play-by-play announcer (2016–present) (50 games per season; formerly on TSN 1995–2001)
Pat Tabler, colour commentator (2001–present)
Jamie Campbell, studio host (2010-present) (former play-by-play announcer on Rogers Sportsnet (2005–2009)
Joe Siddall, studio analyst (2018–present)
Hazel Mae, field-level reporter (2015-present)
TVA Sports (French)
Jacques Doucet, play-by-play announcer (2011–present)
Rodger Brulotte, colour commentator (2011–present)
Radio
Sportsnet 590 the Fan / Toronto Blue Jays Radio Network
Ben Wagner, play-by-play announcer (2018–2020, August 2021–present)
Simulcast of Sportsnet TV audio (April–July 2021)
Former
Radio
Alan Ashby, play-by-play and colour commentator (2007–2012)
Kevin Barker, occasional colour commentator (2018–2020)
Tom Cheek, play-by-play announcer (1977–2004) (deceased; 2013 Ford C. Frick Award winner)
Dirk Hayhurst, substitute colour commentator (2013)
Jerry Howarth, play-by-play announcer (1981–2017)
Gary Matthews, colour commentator (2000–2001)
Jack Morris, colour commentator (2013)
Warren Sawkiw, colour commentator (2005–2006)
Joe Siddall, colour commentator (2014–2017)
Duane Ward, substitute colour commentator (2014–2017)
Mike Wilner, secondary play-by-play announcer (2002–2020) and studio host
Early Wynn, colour commentator (1977–1981) (deceased)
Television
Alan Ashby, substitute play-by-play and colour commentator (2007–2012)
Jesse Barfield, colour commentator (2007–2008)
Rod Black, play-by-play announcer (1999–2009)
Tom Candiotti, colour commentator (2005–2006)
Joe Carter, colour commentator (1999–2000)
John Cerutti, colour commentator (1997–2004) (deceased)
Don Chevrier, play-by-play announcer (1977–1996) (deceased)
Matt Devlin, occasional play-by-play announcer (2013–present)
Rob Faulds, play-by-play announcer (2001–2004), occasional play-by-play announcer (2012-15)
Darrin Fletcher, colour commentator (2005–2009)
Whitey Ford, colour commentator (1977) (deceased)
Elliotte Friedman, play-by-play announcer (2007–2008)
Jim Hughson, play-by-play announcer (1990–1994, 2007–2008) (then lead play-by-play announcer with Hockey Night in Canada)
Tommy Hutton, colour commentator (1990–1996)
Tony Kubek, colour commentator (1977–1989) (2009 Ford C. Frick Award winner)
Tom McKee, Host, field reporter, Producer of Blue Jays Baseball (1977–1992) (2013 George Gross Career Achievement Award)
Rance Mulliniks, colour commentator (2005–2010)
Fergie Olver, play-by-play announcer, field reporter, and host (1981–1996)
Ken Singleton, colour commentator (1985–1986)
Brian Williams, play-by-play announcer (1993–2002)
Gregg Zaun, studio analyst (2011–2017)
Chronology
Television
1990s
1980s
Radio
1990s
See also
MLB on TSN
List of current Major League Baseball announcers
List of Toronto Maple Leafs broadcasters
List of Toronto Raptors broadcasters
References
External links
Bluejays.com: Broadcasters
Toronto Blue Jays
Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters
Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters
Broadcasters
Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters
Toronto Blue Jays broadcasters |
4043348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive%20at%20the%20Ladybug%20House | Alive at the Ladybug House | Alive at the Ladybug House is the second solo, acoustic album from The Slackers' keyboardist/lead singer, Vic Ruggiero. It was released in 2004. Recorded live at The Ladybug House in Pasadena, CA USA
Track listing
"Mean + Nasty" (2:45)
"Vic's Lament" (2:36)
"'Til the Early Morning" (4:12)
"International War Criminal" (2:58)
"American Psychopath" (2:53)
"20 Flight Rock" (2:45)
"Parking Lot" (3:06)
"Yes It's True" (4:00)
"Animales" (5:44)
"86 The Mayo" (3:06)
References
2004 live albums
Vic Ruggiero albums |
4043364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20in%20Indiana | List of newspapers in Indiana | This is a list of newspapers in Indiana.
Daily newspapersThis is a list of daily newspapers in Indiana. For weekly, monthly or university newspapers, see List of newspapers in Indiana.
List is in order of place of publication
Indiana Republic Times
Anderson Herald Bulletin – Anderson
The Herald Republican – Angola
The Star – Auburn
The Herald Tribune – Batesville
Bedford Times-Mail – Bedford
The Herald-Times – Bloomington
Bluffton News Banner – Bluffton
The Brazil Times – Brazil
Jackson County Banner – Brownstown
Chesterton Tribune – Chesterton
Hoosier Topics – Cloverdale
The daily Clintonian – Clinton
The Post & Mail – Columbia City
The Republic – Columbus
News Examiner – Connersville
The Corydon Democrat – Corydon
Journal Review – Crawfordsville
The Paper of Montgomery County – Crawfordsville
Decatur Daily Democrat – Decatur
News Sun & Evening Star – DeKalb County
Carroll County Comet - Delphi
The Dubois County Herald – Dubois County
The Elkhart Truth – Elkhart
Evansville Courier & Press – Evansville
News 4U – Evansville
The Journal Gazette – Fort Wayne
The News-Sentinel – Fort Wayne
The Times – Frankfort
Daily Journal of Johnson County – Franklin
Goshen News – Goshen
Banner-Graphic – Greencastle
Daily Reporter – Greenfield
Greensburg Daily News – Greensburg
Hartford City News-Times – Hartford City
Herald-Press – Huntington
Indianapolis Business Journal – Indianapolis
Indianapolis Daily Evening Gazette
The Indianapolis Recorder – Indianapolis
The Indianapolis Star – Indianapolis
The Indianapolis Times - Indianapolis
The Indy Outlook – Indianapolis
The Herald – Jasper / Dubois County
Evening News and Tribune – Jeffersonville
The News Sun – Kendallville
Kokomo Tribune – Kokomo
Herald-Argus – La Porte
Journal & Courier – Lafayette
The Daily Sun – Lebanon
Lebanon Reporter – Lebanon
Greene County Daily World – Linton
Pharos-Tribune – Logansport
Madison Courier Online – Madison
Chronicle-Tribune – Marion
Reporter Times – Martinsville
Post-Tribune – Merrillville
The News-Dispatch – Michigan City
The Paper of Montgomery County – Montgomery County
Herald Journal – Monticello
The Star Press – Muncie
Muncie Voice – Muncie
The Times of Northwest Indiana – Munster
The Courier-Times – New Castle
The Farmer's Exchange – New Paris
Newburgh Chandler Register – Newburgh
Noblesville Daily Times – Noblesville
Sagamore News Media – Noblesville
Plain Dealer & Sun – North Vernon
Paoli News-Republican – Paoli
Peru Tribune – Peru
The Flyer Group Newspapers – Plainfield
Shelbyville News – Plainfield
The Pilot News – Plymouth
Commercial Review – Portland
Princeton Daily Clarion – Princeton
Palladium-Item – Richmond
The Rochester Sentinel – Rochester
Rushville Republican – Rushville
Seymour Tribune – Seymour
Shelbyville News – Shelbyville
South Bend Tribune – South Bend
Spencer Evening World – Spencer
Journal of Business – Terre Haute
Tribune-Star – Terre Haute
Osgood Journal – Versailles
Versailles Republican – Versailles
Vincennes Sun-Commercial – Vincennes
Wabash Plain Dealer – Wabash
Times-Union – Warsaw
Washington Times-Herald – Washington
Times Sentinel – ZionsvilleWeekly newspapers
El Tribuna de Indianapolis – Indianapolis
The Fountain County Neighbor – Attica
AvilLaOtto NooZ – Avilla, Indiana's first email newspaper
Hendricks County Flyer – Avon
Journal-Press – Aurora
Times - Crothersville}
Frost Illustrated – Fort Wayne
Ink newspaper – Fort Wayne
The Waynedale News – Fort Wayne
The Neighbor – Fountain and Warren Counties
The Benton Review – Fowler
Gary Crusader – Gary
The Franklin Township Informer – Indianapolis
National Jewish Post and Opinion – Indianapolis
NUVO – Indianapolis
The Southside Times – Indianapolis
Kendallville Mall – Kendallville
Newton County Enterprise – Kentland
Parke County Sentinel – Rockville
Kokomo Perspective – Kokomo
Dearborn County Register – Lawrenceburg
Mt. Vernon Democrat – Mt. Vernon
Brown County Democrat – Nashville
Posey County News – New Harmony
The News-Journal – North Manchester
Spencer County Journal Democrat – Rockport
The Sheridan News – Sheridan
Perry County News – Tell City
The Review Republican – Williamsport
The Regional News – LaCrosse
Westville Indicator – Westville
West Side Community News, Indianapolis, Indiana
West Indianapolis Community News, Indianapolis, Indiana
Biweekly newspapers
The Indiana Weekender – Indianapolis
Mooresville Times – Mooresville
The News-Gazette – Winchester
The AD Paper – Columbia City
Monthly newspapers
Aboite & About – Fort Wayne and Roanoke
Special Edition – Greenfield
Our Hometown News – Avilla & Noble County
The Muncie Times – Muncie (bi-monthly)
The Beacon – Southeastern Indiana
The Village Sampler – Broad Ripple Village, Indianapolis, Published June 1987 - December 1998
Newspapers in languages other than English
Makedonska Tribuna (Macedonian Tribune) – Fort Wayne (Macedonian)
La Voz de Indiana – Indianapolis (bilingual – English and Spanish)
Magyarsag – South Bend (Hungarian)
El Tribuna de Indianapolis – Indianapolis (bilingual – English and Spanish)
El Tribuna de Lafayette – Lafayette (bilingual – English and Spanish)
El Tribuna de Fort Wayne – Fort Wayne (bilingual – English and Spanish)
University newspapers
The Andersonian – Anderson University
The Ball State Daily News – Ball State University
The Butler Collegian – Butler University
Earlham College Word – Earlham College
The Franklin - Franklin College
Goshen College Record – Goshen College
Indiana Daily Student – Indiana University Bloomington
The Campus Citizen – Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI)
The Communicator – Indiana University Purdue University at Fort Wayne (IPFW)
The Preface – Indiana University South Bend
The Horizon – Indiana University Southeast
Indiana Statesman – Indiana State University
The Phoenix – Marian University
Purdue Exponent – Purdue University
The Chronicle – Purdue University Calumet
The Irish Rover – University of Notre Dame
The Observer – University of Notre Dame
The Shield – University of Southern Indiana
The Torch – Valparaiso University
The Bachelor – Wabash College
The Reflector – University of Indianapolis
See also
References |
4043368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalley%20railway%20station | Whalley railway station | Whalley railway station serves the village of Whalley in Lancashire, England. The station lies on the Ribble Valley Line north of Blackburn. The station has two platforms, slightly offset from each other. It is unstaffed, with shelters on each platform. Immediately beyond its eastern end, the line crosses the River Calder on a long, brick viaduct of 48 arches.
History
The station was opened on 22 June 1850 by the Bolton, Blackburn, Clitheroe and West Yorkshire Railway when it opened the line from , near Blackburn to Hellifield Junction, just south of . The station was host to a LMS caravan from 1934 to 1936.
It was closed on 10 September 1962 by the British Transport Commission and reopened with the rest of the line on 29 May 1994.
Facilities
There is a Ticket Vending Machine on the Manchester platform. However, there are customer help points on both platforms, automated train running announcements and timetable information posters are provided. Step free access is only available on the Manchester bound platform.
Services
There is generally an hourly service daily (including Sundays) northbound to Clitheroe and southbound to Blackburn, and Manchester Victoria and on to Rochdale, with extra trains during peak hours.
On Sundays in the summer, one or two 'Dalesrail' trains operate from Preston or Blackpool North along the Ribble Valley Line via Clitheroe to Hellifield, and onwards towards Settle and Carlisle. These also run in winter but terminate at Hellifield, where connections for stations to Carlisle can be made.
References
External links
The history of Whalley Railway Station - Ribble Valley Railway
Railway stations in Ribble Valley
Former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1850
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1962
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1994
Reopened railway stations in Great Britain
Northern franchise railway stations |
4043371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rascalz | Rascalz | Rascalz are a Canadian hip-hop group from Vancouver, British Columbia, who played a crucial role in the artistic and commercial development of Canadian hip hop as well as specifically for the Westcoast scene in Vancouver popularizing the term “Van City”. The group consists of emcees Red1 and Misfit, and record producer DJ Kemo. Breakdancers Zebroc and Dedos were also part of the group.
History
Formed in 1991, the group released an independent album for Calabash Records in 1992. The album, Really Livin, was recorded under the name of Ragga Muffin Rascals, and a reworked major label recording was released the following year in 1993 by Sony Music Canada. Both versions of the album received Juno Award nominations for Best Rap Recording, the Calabash Records version at the Juno Awards of 1993 and the Sony version at the Juno Awards of 1995. In 1994, the group started Figure IV Records. The Rascalz are not Vancouver's first rap group, and have quoted acts such as EQ, Craig Crush and Mike D'Zire as influences.
The group moved to BMG Canada in 1997 to record Cash Crop.
Juno Award protest
Cash Crop was nominated for Best Rap Recording at the Juno Awards of 1998. Due to Canadian hip hop's limited commercial visibility in the era, however, the rap award had never been presented during the main Juno ceremony, instead being relegated to the untelevised technical awards ceremony during the previous evening. This fact had previously been criticized for creating a barrier to the commercial visibility of Canadian hip hop.
The band won the award, but alleged that racism was a factor in the award's disadvantageous scheduling, explicitly declined the award on that basis. The band had not yet arrived at the ceremony when the award was announced—when they did arrive, they were simply pulled aside and told that they had won the award.
Their move sparked considerable media debate about the state of Canadian hip hop. As a result of the controversy, the Juno Awards moved the rap category to the main ceremony the following year.
"Northern Touch"
Also in 1998, Rascalz wrote a special one-off single called "Northern Touch", which they recorded with guest rappers Checkmate, Kardinal Offishall, Thrust and Choclair. The music video was directed by Little X and featured Melyssa Ford. Although not on the original pressing of Cash Crop, the song was released as a single, and was quickly adopted as an anthem for Canadian hip hop's resilience and determination. The song broke the odds to become the first Canadian hip hop hit since 1991.
At the Juno Awards of 1999, the first time the rap award was presented during the televised ceremony, Rascalz won the award for "Northern Touch", and performed the song live at the ceremony in Hamilton. This represented the first time that a hip hop band had ever performed on the Juno Awards stage.
Later releases
Rascalz released Global Warning in 1999. The album contained the hit single "Priceless" (a collaboration with Esthero).
In 2001 the group performed in Charlottetown, PEI, with Kardinal Offishall, IRS and Jelleestone.
The hit song "Crazy World" (featuring Notch and Sazon Diamante) appeared on 2002's album Reloaded. They also recorded a song called "Top of the World" from the Global Warning album, and it featured K-os and Barrington Levy.
Red1 released a solo album, Beg For Nothing on March 6, 2007, through his own Killawatt Records.
The original release of Really Livin was pressed for first time on limited release vinyl in 2019 on Smoke In Records.
The Rascalz have officially retired from producing new music for over a decade, however still perform occasionally.
In 2021, the Rascalz were credited with their first guest appearance for a Canadian artist in over a decade on the track 'Note To The City' by Boslen. The song appeared on his album album 'Dusk to Dawn' and was released by Chaos Club Digital/ Capitol Music Group. The actual segment is a sample of Red1's verse on Blind Wid Da Science off their 1997 Cash Crop album.
Discography
Independent albums
Really Livin''' (1992)
Studio albums
Really Livin (1993) (reworked major label re-release)
Cash Crop (1997)
Global Warning (1999)
Reloaded (2002)
Solo projects
Red1 – Beg for Nothing'' (2007)
See also
Canadian hip hop
Music of Canada
References
External links
Rascalz
Red1
Canadian hip hop groups
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Vancouver
1991 establishments in British Columbia
Juno Award for Rap Recording of the Year winners |
4043387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science%20Fiction%20Poetry%20Association | Science Fiction Poetry Association | The Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association (SFPA) is a society based in the United States with the aim of fostering an international community of writers and readers interested in poetry pertaining to the genres of science fiction, fantasy, and/or horror. The SFPA oversees the quarterly production of literary journals dedicated to speculative poetry and the annual publication of anthologies associated with awards administered by the organization, i.e. the Rhysling Awards for year's best speculative poems in two length categories and the Dwarf Stars Award for year's best very short speculative poem. Every year since 2013, the SFPA has additionally administered the Elgin Awards for best full-length speculative poetry collection and best speculative chapbook.
History
The SFPA was established as the Science Fiction Poetry Association in 1978 by author and linguist Suzette Haden Elgin.
Elizabeth Chater served as the first president of the SFPA, followed by Gene Wolf. Other SFPA presidents have included Deborah P Kolodji, David C. Kopaska-Merkel, Bryan D. Dietrich, and, most recently, Bryan Thao Worra.
In 2017, members of the SFPA voted to rename the organization the "Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association," while maintaining the acronym "SFPA."
Since 1978, the organization has overseen the production of the speculative poetry journal Star*Line, currently edited by Jean-Paul Garnier. In addition to publishing poetry and reviews of books released in the relevant genres, Star*Line provides SFPA members and other subscribers with market listings and industry news bulletins. Past editors include Vince Gotera, F. J. Bergmann, Marge Simon, and founder Suzette Haden Elgin.
Since 2011, the SFPA has additionally published the online poetry magazine Eye to the Telescope. In order to broaden the scope of the organization's literary footprint, Eye to the Telescope has a rotating editorship, with a different editor responsible for selecting the theme and contents of each issue of the journal.
Publications
Journals
Star*Line (1978- )
Eye to the Telescope (2011- )
Annual anthologies
Rhysling Anthology (1981- )
Dwarf Stars (2006- )
Books
The Science Fiction Poetry Handbook by Suzette Haden Elgin (2005, Sam's Dot Publishing)
The Alchemy of Stars, ed. Roger Dutcher and Mike Allen (2005, Prime Books)
The Alchemy of Stars II, ed. Sandra J. Lindow (2019, SFPA)
Awards
Since its inception in 1978, the organization has administered the Rhysling Award for best science fiction poetry of the year. The award is given in two categories: "Best Long Poem" for works of 50 or more lines and "Best Short Poem" for works of 49 or fewer lines. The SFPA also bestows the Dwarf Stars Award for short poem (up to ten lines). Since the 1980s the Rhysling-winning poems are included in the Nebula Awards anthology published by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, along with (since 2008) the Dwarf Stars winning poems. The two awards involve the publication of annual anthologies of nominated works.
In 2013, SFPA inaugurated the Elgin Awards for poetry collections, named after SFPA founder Suzette Haden Elgin. Two awards are given annually, for best speculative chapbook and best full-length speculative poetry collection.
Since 1999, the SFPA has intermittently conferred Grand Master status on select poets who "for a period of no fewer than 20 years" have been actively publishing speculative poetry deemed "exceptional in merit, scope, vision and innovation." Poets must be living to be considered for the honor. Recipients of the award include Ray Bradbury in 2008 and Jane Yolen in 2010.
See also
Speculative poetry
List of speculative poets
References
External links
Science fiction organizations
Poetry organizations
Arts organizations established in 1978
American writers' organizations |
4043405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluicing | Sluicing | In syntax, sluicing is a type of ellipsis that occurs in both direct and indirect interrogative clauses. The ellipsis is introduced by a wh-expression, whereby in most cases, everything except the wh-expression is elided from the clause. Sluicing has been studied in detail in the early 21st century and it is therefore a relatively well-understood type of ellipsis. Sluicing occurs in many languages.
Basic examples
Sluicing is illustrated with the following examples. In each case, an embedded question is understood though only a question word or phrase is pronounced. (The intended interpretations of the question-denoting elliptical clause are given in parentheses; parts of these are anaphoric to the boldface material in the antecedent.)
Phoebe ate something, but she doesn't know what. (=what she ate)
Jon doesn't like the lentils, but he doesn't know why. (=why he doesn't like the lentils)
Someone has eaten the soup. Unfortunately, I don't know who. (=who has eaten the soup)
Sluicing in these examples occurs in indirect questions. It is also frequent in direct questions across speakers, e.g.
Somebody is coming for dinner tonight. - Who? (=Who is coming for dinner tonight)?
They put something in the mailbox. - What? (=What did they put in the mailbox)?
The examples of sluicing above have the sluiced material following its antecedent. This material can also precede its antecedent, e.g.
I don't know why, but the pictures have been moved. (=why the pictures have been moved)
When and how is unclear, but somebody should say something. (=when and how somebody should say something)
Jason Merchant (2001) states that these and other examples of sluicing can be organized into four categories of sluicing constructions. These types include sluices with adjunct wh-phrases, sluices with overt correlates, sluices with implicit arguments and contrast sluices. The first type refers to when the wh-phrase does not have an elided copy of the antecedent but is an adjunct. The following example from Ali Algryani (2019) shows this:
Zayd rāḥ, lakǝn ma-adri mita /wein.
Zayd left.3MS but NEG-know.1S when/where
‘Zayd left, but I don’t know when/where.’
The second type refers to a correlate in the antecedent clause that is indefinite. This is shown in the above example about someone eating the soup, with ‘someone’ being the indefinite correlate of ‘who’. The third type of sluicing construction refers to when the wh-word is not referring to a term in the antecedent but is referring to an object that corresponds to the preceding verb. The following example from Algryani (2019) shows this:
Fatema təqra, lakǝn ma-ʕaraf eiš.
Fatema read.3FS but NEG-know.1S what
‘Fatema is reading, but I don’t know what.’
The final type of sluicing construction occurs when the elided material correspondent contrasts that of what is in the antecedent. The following example from Algryani (2019) shows this:
Zayd ʕand-ah walad, lakǝn ma-adri kam bent.
Zayd has.3MS son but NEG-know.1S how many daughter
‘Zayd has a son, but I don’t know how many daughters.’
Theoretical approaches to sluicing
There are two theoretical approaches that have been proposed for how sluicing occurs in languages. Ross (1969) is the first examination of sluicing; he argued that sluicing involves regular wh-fronting followed by deletion of the sister constituent of the wh-phrase. This analysis has been expanded in greater detail in Merchant (2001), the most comprehensive treatise on sluicing to date. A second kind of analysis is represented by Ginzburg and Sag (2000) and Culicover and Jackendoff (2005), both of which present nonstructural analyses of ellipsis, and do not posit unpronounced elliptical material. Yet another account of sluicing builds on the catena unit; the elided material is a catena.
Movement approach
The movement approach states that sluicing is a product of the syntactic derivation in which an embedded clause is built in the syntax and then the wh-phrase within the embedded clause moves outside of the constituent to the position of SpecCP (specifier to the complementizer phrase). These steps are then followed by the deletion (and therefore non-pronunciation) of the tense phrase node that contains the rest of the clause. Evidence for this approach is seen in the connectivity effects of case marking, binding and preposition stranding as outlined in Merchant (2001).
Case-marking in sluicing
Interrogative phrases in languages with morphological case-marking show the case appropriate to the understood verb as Ross, (1969) and Merchant, (2001), illustrated here with the German verb "schmeicheln" (to flatter), which governs the dative case on its object.
Er hat jemandem geschmeichelt, aber ich weiß nicht, wem.
he has someone.DAT flattered but I know not who.DAT
"He flattered someone, but I don't know who."
The sluiced wh-phrase must bear the same case that its counterpart in a non-elided structure would bear Merchant, (2001).
Preposition-stranding in sluicing
It has been concluded that languages that forbid preposition-stranding in question formation also forbid it in sluicing Merchant (2001), Stjepanovic, (2008), as in the following example from German:
Er hat mit jemandem gesprochen, aber ich weiß nicht, *(mit) wem.
he has with someone spoken but I know not with who
"He spoke with someone, but I don't know (with) who."
Examples of languages where p-stranding does not occur are Greek, German, and Russian.
Much research has been done to determine if sluicing can allow for preposition-stranding in a non-preposition-stranding language. Stjepanović, (2008) conducted research on whether this is possible in the non-preposition-stranding language, Serbo-Croatian. She concluded that there is not enough evidence to contradict the initial claim made by Ross. However, she did find that a preposition may be lost or removed from a sentence under sluicing in Serbo-Croatian. More research is to be conducted to confirm the official cause of this preposition-loss.
An example of the preposition-loss shown by Stjepanović, (2008) is displayed below.
Petar je sakrio igradku ispod jedne stolice i pored jednog zida, ali ne znam (ispod) koje stolice i (pored) kojeg zida.
Gloss Petar is hidden toy under one chair.GEN and beside one wall. gen but not I.know under which chair.GEN and beside which wall.GEN 4
Translation Petar hid the toy under a chair and beside a wall, but I don't know which chair and which wall.'
Binding
Merchant (2003) demonstrates that binding supports the movement approach using the following sentence:
Every linguist1 criticized some of his1 work, but I’m not sure how much of his1 work [every linguist1 criticized t]
In order for the second “his work” to refer to “every linguist” in the above example, it must be c-commanded by its antecedent within its local domain. Here, “his work” could not be coreferential with the subject: “every linguist” at the beginning of the sentence because it is outside of its local domain. This provides evidence that “his work” originally started off in the elided constituent where it could be c-commanded and in the local domain of that “every linguist” before it moved out of the clause.
Non-movement approach
There are also several theoretical approaches to sluicing that do not involve the movement of the wh-phrase out of the embedded clause. These approaches include PF deletion and LF copying. PF deletion as proposed in Lasnik (2007) states that the TP within the embedded clause is null and has syntactic structure within it that is elided following a wh-movement operation. The other approach, LF copying, is a process proposed by Lobeck (1995) in which the original structure of a sluicing phrase is one in which the wh-word originates in the SpecCP position of the embedded clause and a null phrase marker (marked e) occupies the position of the tense phrase of the embedded clause. This is the extent of the syntactic derivation. After this structure is derived, it is sent off for semantic interpretation, to logical form, in which the implied material in the tense phrase is then present for our full understanding of the sentence. The evidence for this approach is that it is able to account for islands in sluicing as is discussed below.
Islands in sluicing
Sluicing has garnered considerable attention because it appears, as Ross (1969) first discussed, to allow wh-fronting to violate the island conditions he discovered:
They want to hire someone who speaks a Balkan language, but I don't remember which one. (=*which one they want to hire someone who speaks)
Sluicing allows a sentence that contains an island to retain its meaning and remain grammatical. As mentioned by Abels, (2018), there is an ongoing debate on whether this can happen in all situations or if it is island dependent.
A biography of one of the Marx brothers will be published later this year, guess which (of the Marx brothers) [a biography of which of the Marx brothers] will be published later this year.
A biography of one of the Marx brothers will be published later this year, guess which.
The first example is ungrammatical because the island prevents us from moving anything out of the subject constituent (shown in square brackets). The second example is saved through sluicing as the island is sluiced and the meaning can be inferred from the context of the sentence, therefore maintaining the meaning and remaining grammatical.
Multiple sluicing
In some languages, sluicing can leave behind more than one wh-phrase (multiple remnant sluicing):
Someone wants to eat something. ?I wish I knew who what. (=who wants to eat what)
?Something is causing someone big problems, although it's not clear what who. (=what is causing who big problems)
Sentences like these are considered acceptable in languages like German, Japanese, Chinese, Turkish, Russian, and others, although in English, their acceptability seems marginal (but see Bolinger 1978, Merchant 2001, and Richards 2010 for examples). Lasnik 2014 discusses the fact that the wh-phrase remnants in multiple sluicing must be clausemates:
*Someone told me that something broke, but I don't remember who what. (≠who told me that what broke)
Issues with different approaches to sluicing
Only the catena-based approach handles multiple sluicing without further elaboration. The structural movement analysis must rely on some other type of movement to evacuate the noninitial wh-phrase from the ellipsis site; proposals for this additional movement include extraposition or shifting and need to be able to account for islands in sluicing. The nonstructural analysis must add phrase-structure rules to allow an interrogative clause to consist of multiple wh-phrases and be able to account for connectivity effects. The catena-based approach, however, does not account for the locality facts; since catenae can span multiple clauses, the fact that multiply-sluiced wh-phrases must be clausemates is a mystery.
Sluicing in other languages
Omani Arabic
Sluicing has also been analyzed in Omani Arabi as is shown in Algryani (2019). All four of the above stated sluicing constructions outlined by Merchant (2001) are accounted for in Omani Arabic.
Algryani (2019) displays the different constructions in the following examples:
Sluices with Adjunct Wh-Phrases
Zayd rāḥ, lakǝn ma-adri mita /wein.
Zayd left.3MS but NEG-know.1S when/where
‘Zayd left, but I don’t know when/where.’
Sluices with Overt Correlates
Zaid qabǝl ḥad, lakǝn ma-aʕraf mi:n.
Zaid met.3MS someone but NEG-know.1S. who
‘Zaid met someone, but I don’t know who.’
Sluices with Implicit Arguments
Fatema təqra, lakǝn ma-ʕaraf eiš.
Fatema read.3FS but NEG-know.1S what
‘Fatema is reading, but I don’t know what.’
Contrast Sluices
Zayd ʕand-ah walad, lakǝn ma-adri kam bent.
Zayd has.3MS son but NEG-know.1S how many daughter
‘Zayd has a son, but I don’t know how many daughters.’
Danish
The following example from Merchant, (2003) displays sluicing in Danish:
Peter har snakket med en eller anden, men jeg ved ikke hvem.
Peter has talked with one or another but I know not who.
Peter has talked with someone, but I don't know who.
German
The following example from Abels, (2018) displays sluicing in German:
Hans will jemandem helfen, aber ich weiß nicht wem.
Hans wants someone help but I know not whom.
Hans wants to help someone, but I don't know whom.
Japanese
The following example from Merchant (2003) displays sluicing in Japanese:
Abby-ga dareka-o mi-ta ga, watashi-wa dare ka wakaranai.
Abby-NOM someone-ACC see-PAST but I-TOP who Q know.not
‘Abby saw someone, but I don’t know who.’
Korean
The following example from Kim & Sells (2013) displays sluicing in Korean:
Mimi-ka khu-n cha-lul sa-ss-nuntey, elmana khu-nci molukeyssta
Mimi-NOM big-MOD car-ACC buy-PAST-but how big-QCOMP not.know
‘Mimi bought a big car, but I don’t know how big.’
See also
Ellipsis (linguistics)
Verb phrase ellipsis
Notes
References
Abels, K. 2018. Movement and Islands. The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis, 16, 1-43.
Bolinger, Dwight. 1978. Asking more than one thing at a time. In Henry Hiz (ed.), Questions, 107–150. Reidel: Dordrecht.
Chiu, Liching. 2007. A Focus Movement Account on Multiple Sluicing in Mandarin Chinese Nanzan Linguistics. Special Issue Vol. 1. P.23-31.
Chung, Sandra, William Ladusaw, and James McCloskey. 1995. Sluicing and Logical Form. Natural Language Semantics 3, 239–282.
Culicover, Peter and Ray Jackendoff. 2005. Simpler Syntax. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Ginzburg, Jonathan and Ivan Sag. 2000. Interrogative Investigations. CSLI Publications: Stanford, Calif.
Kim, J. B., & Sells, P. (2013). Sluicing in Korean. Talk Presented at Structure and Evidence in Linguistics. Sanford University, CA.
Lasnik, Howard. 2007. On Ellipsis: The PF approach to missing constituents. In A. Conroy, C. Jing, C. Nakao & E. Takahashi (Eds.), Working Papers in Linguistics 15 (pp. 143–153). University of Maryland, College Park.
Lasnik, Howard. 2014. Multiple sluicing in English? Syntax 17, 1, 1-20.
Lobeck, Anne. 1995. Ellipsis: Functional heads, licensing, and identification. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Merchant, Jason. 2001. The syntax of silence: Sluicing, identity, and the theory of ellipsis. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
Merchant, J. (2003). SynCom Case 98 Sluicing
Osborne, Timothy, Michael Putnam, and Thomas Groß 2013. Catenae: Introducing a novel unit of syntactic analysis. Syntax 15, 4, 354–396.
Osborne, Timothy (to appear). Dependency grammar. In The Oxford Handbook of Ellipsis. Oxford University Press.
Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees. MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass.
Ross, John R. 1969. Guess who? in CLS 5: Papers from the fifth regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, eds. Robert Binnick, Alice Davison, Georgia Green, and Jerry Morgan, 252–286. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Stjepanović, S. 2008. P-stranding under Sluicing in a Non-P-Stranding Language? Linguistic Inquiry, 39(1), 179–190.
Syntactic entities
Syntactic transformation |
4043407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware%20River%E2%80%93Turnpike%20Toll%20Bridge | Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge | The Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge is a four-lane, steel through arch bridge crossing the Delaware River between Burlington Township, Burlington County, New Jersey and Bristol Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. As a part of Interstate 95, it is a major highway link between Philadelphia and New York City. The bridge also connects the Pennsylvania Turnpike's east-west mainline with the main trunk of the New Jersey Turnpike, via the Pearl Harbor Memorial Turnpike Extension (formerly known as the Pennsylvania Extension). Tolls are collected only in the west/southbound direction via electronic toll collection.
History
The bridge was built by both the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission (PTC) and the New Jersey Turnpike Authority (NJTA) when the PTC completed the "Delaware River Extension" of the Pennsylvania Turnpike between Valley Forge and Bristol Township in 1955, while the NJTA built the NJ Turnpike between Penns Grove and Ridgefield Park between 1950 and 1952. While the Pennsylvania Turnpike itself predates its New Jersey counterpart by over 10 years (the original Irwin-Carlisle section opened in 1940), the expansion of the Pennsylvania Turnpike to a cross-state highway was put on hold for the duration of World War II.
Starting with the upsurge of automobile traffic in 1946, the Pennsylvania Turnpike expanded from the original highway west from Irwin to the Ohio border and east from Carlisle to Valley Forge. At the same time, New Jersey, lacking a high-speed corridor, undertook the building of the New Jersey Turnpike under the auspices of then-Governor of New Jersey Alfred E. Driscoll. In order to provide a high-speed, low-interruption route from New York City to the Midwest, both the PTC and the NJTA undertook the building of the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge (known locally as the "Turnpike Connector Bridge") to connect the two highways. A local AAA chapter spearheaded a failed effort to have the bridge named after William Penn.
To maintain the "high-speed, low-interruption" characteristics ("low interruption" referring to the few stops needed to pay tolls or fuel up at the numerous full-service plazas on both routes), the new bridge was designed from the beginning as a high-level crossing. This sharply contrasts with the Tacony–Palmyra Bridge and the Burlington–Bristol Bridge located downstream as they are both drawbridges, and are subject to frequent openings to allow large ships up and down stream (all other bridges downstream from the Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge are high level crossings).
On January 3, 2016, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission implemented cashless tolling via either E-ZPass or TOLL BY PLATE, which uses automatic license plate recognition to take a photo of the vehicle's license plate and mail a bill to the vehicle owner. The toll is collected only from traffic crossing into Pennsylvania, as with the other bridges across the Delaware River.
On January 20, 2017, the bridge was closed after a fracture was discovered in a steel component. On February 3, 2017, Pennsylvania Turnpike officials announced that the bridge would remain closed until at least April 2017. The failure was located in an I-beam located approximately above ground on the Pennsylvania side and caused the bridge to drop by about . Steel plates were installed as a temporary patch to stabilize the bridge and prevent further movement. The Assistant Chief Engineer for the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission stated that ..."the crack likely was caused by a combination of factors, including age and plug welds that were commonly used in the 1950s to fill mistakenly drilled holes." The bridge reopened to traffic on March 9, 2017, with unseasonably warm weather helping speed up work in repairing the bridge.
On September 22, 2018, the bridge became part of Interstate 95 when the Pennsylvania Turnpike/Interstate 95 Interchange Project's first components of construction were completed. Previously, the Pennsylvania side of the bridge was considered part of Interstate 276.
Maintenance
The Turnpike Connector bridge is operated jointly by the PTC and the NJTA, neither of which is subject to the interstate rules and regulations of the other dual-state authorities — Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA); Burlington County Bridge Commission (BCBC); Delaware River and Bay Authority (DRBA); and the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission (DRJTBC) — which operate nearly all other bridges across the Delaware River (except for the Dingman's Ferry Bridge, which is privately owned). Each state is responsible for its half of the bridge up to the state line (as evident in a recent redecking project in which the PTC redecked its half of the bridge with fresh concrete first, with the NJTA following later in a separate project).
In 2011, the NJTA and PTC undertook an investigation of the existing suspender system on the main span. Based on destructive testing of suspenders from the similar Newark Bay Bridge, consultants HNTB determined that the Delaware River bridge's suspenders had limited remaining service life and needed to be replaced. At each suspender location, the load from each original wire rope was transferred into a set of four new wire ropes, after which the original suspender was cut. The project was completed in August 2013.
Future construction
The final component of the direct interchange project between the Pennsylvania Turnpike and Interstate 95 in Bristol Township is the replacement of the Delaware River Bridge. As originally planned, a second, parallel span of the bridge identical in appearance to the original 1956 span was to be constructed. However, in March 2020 the New Jersey Turnpike Authority announced in their capital improvement plan that the 1956 span will be replaced and a new study will be formed to determine the design of the new roadways. The new bridge is not planned to begin construction until at least 2025.
See also
List of crossings of the Delaware River
References
External links
PhillyRoads.com: Delaware River–Turnpike Toll Bridge
Through arch bridges in the United States
Continuous truss bridges in the United States
Toll bridges in New Jersey
Toll bridges in Pennsylvania
Bridges over the Delaware River
Interstate 95
Bridges completed in 1956
Bridges in Burlington County, New Jersey
Bridges in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Tolled sections of Interstate Highways
Road bridges in New Jersey
Road bridges in Pennsylvania
New Jersey Turnpike
Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Steel bridges in the United States
Interstate vehicle bridges in the United States |
4043418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kruj%C3%AB | Siege of Krujë | The siege of Krujë refers to four attempts of the Ottoman Empire to capture Krujë in Albania during the 15th century.
First Siege of Krujë, 1450
Second Siege of Krujë, 1466
Third Siege of Krujë, 1467
Fourth Siege of Krujë, 1478 |
4043426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UST%20Angelicum%20College | UST Angelicum College | The UST Angelicum College is a private Catholic basic and higher education institution run by the Philippine Dominican Province of the Order of Preachers located in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines. It was founded in July 1972 by the Dominican priest Rev. Fr. Rogelio B. Alarcon, OP who became its first rector. UST Angelicum is an official member of the Dominican Network. It attained Level II Primary Accreditation conducted by PAASCU
Integration with University of Santo Tomas
In academic year 2018-19, Angelicum College was renamed University of Santo Tomas – Angelicum College as per a memorandum of agreement signed on June 29, 2017. The renaming was part of plans to oversee and integrate with other Dominican educational institutions in the Philippines.
The existing Board of Trustees of Angelicum was dissolved and a new one was formed composed of 12 members, 9 from UST Manila and 3 from Angelicum College but retained its independence in handling its own administrative and financial affairs. UST Rector Fr. Herminio Dagohoy, O.P. became Chief Executive Officer and College Rector while former Angelicum College Rector Fr. Ferdinand Bautista, O.P. became Chief Operating Officer. As part of the integration process, Rev. Fr. Herminio Dagohoy, O.P. planned to implement new policies and programs to improve Angelicum College's approach to education.
Notable alumni
Sarah Christophers, actress
Dianne dela Fuente, actress and singer
Sarah Geronimo, singer, actress, television personality, and record producer
Nicole Kim Donesa, actress, singer, and beauty queen
Yasmien Kurdi, singer-songwriter, actor, and commercial model
Derrick Monasterio, actor and singer
Kurt Perez, child actor
Julie Anne San Jose, singer, songwriter, actress, and television personality
Empress Schuck, actress
Bernadette Sembrano, reporter, newscaster, and television host
Antonio Trillanes, politician
Lauren Young, actress and model
See also
University of Santo Tomas
University of Santo Tomas - Legazpi
References
External links
Angelicum School official website
Universities and colleges in Quezon City
Catholic universities and colleges in Metro Manila
Dominican educational institutions in the Philippines
Liberal arts colleges in the Philippines
Educational institutions established in 1972
1972 establishments in the Philippines |
4043443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine%20Mann | Kristine Mann | Kristine Mann (August 29, 1873 – 1945) was an American educator and physician, with a particular interest in working women's health. She was an early practitioner of psychoanalysis in North America.
Early life and education
Kristine Mann was born August 29, 1873 in Orange, New Jersey. In 1885 Kristine and her family began spending summers at Bailey Island (Maine), a location that was reminiscent of her mother's native Denmark. Summering at Bailey Island would prove to be a lifelong ritual for Kristine.
Kristine's education began at age four at the Dearborn Morgan School in Orange which she graduated from at age eighteen. In 1891 she entered Smith College receiving an A.B. in 1895. From there she returned to Orange where she helped her father as editor of the New Church Messenger, the official organ of the Swedenborgian General Convention. However, her father's conflicts with the New Church were deepening to the point that in 1897 ties were severed and Mann founded a new society in Elkhart, Indiana and a new periodical called The Secular Church. Mann was a follower of Henry James Sr., whose anti-ecclesiastical approach had brought him into conflict with the New Church in Chicago, resulting in the family moving to Orange. Thus Kristine grew up in a somewhat unorthodox New Church family setting.
She began the study of anatomy at Women's Medical School in 1907 she entered Cornell Medical School receiving her medical degree in 1913. At Cornell she met Eleanor Bertine who would become a lifelong friend and colleague.
Teaching career and interest in women's health
Kristine Mann remained in Orange, teaching science at the Dearborn Morgan School. In 1899 she went to Berlin, Germany to teach English and ancient history in the Willard School for American Girls. She became proficient in German there and attended lectures in science and literature at the Berlin University. On her return home in 1900 she went to the University of Michigan where she received a Master of Arts degree. From there she went on to teach English for four years at Vassar College then several years in New York, New York teaching at the Brearley School while pursuing graduate studies in education, philosophy, and psychology at Columbia University.
At this point in her career she became very concerned about women's health issues and came to believe strongly in better health education for women. She taught in the Physical Education Training School of Wellesley College, having charge of corrective exercises and freshman hygiene.
In 1911 Mann had returned to New York to begin a two-year investigation of health conditions of saleswomen for the New York Department Store Education Association, and after the beginning of World War I joined the United States Army Ordnance Department supervising the health of women in munition plants. After the Armistice she joined the Work Council of the Y.W.C.A. where she traveled the United States lecturing and putting on health demonstrations at educational institutions. In 1920 she went on to become director of the Health Center for Business and Industrial Women in New York.
Jungian Psychology
At Vassar College Mann developed lifelong friendships with three of her students, Cary Fink, Elizabeth Goodrich and Eleanor Bertine, who like Mann, all played major roles in the early history of analytical psychology. In 1920 Bertine traveled to London, England to begin analysis with Constance Long, the first British psychoanalyst to follow Jung's methods. Long had studied with Jung at his home in Kusnacht, and this encounter lead Mann and Bertine to travel to Zürich from 1921-1922. They then returned to New York, New York where they established their own practices, becoming the second and third Jungians to treat patients in the United States. They became staunch allies of Jung and regularly traveled to Europe to attend his lectures and to continue their analysis with him. A small determined band of Jungians emerged in New York, and in 1924 Mary Esther Harding, a distinguished disciple of Jung, emigrated from England to join them.
Beginning around 1918 Jung wrote that Christianity had suppressed the animal element in the human psyche, and as a result when it broke out it was uncontrolled and unregulated. This inevitably lead to catastrophe, such as with World War I. In 1923 after his interactions with Mann (1921–1922), Jung spoke of the historical effects of Ecclesiastical Christianity upon the unconscious mind. Jung's critique of Christianity was now limited to Ecclesiastical Christianity, which he now approached with greater scrutiny.
Mann, Harding and Bertine spent summers at Mann's ancestral summer community at Bailey Island (Maine) where they established their practices in the summer and saw patients from all parts of the United States. In 1936 Jung traveled to Bailey Island to present his Bailey Island Seminar, the first of his two part American seminar Dream Symbols. The second part, known as his New York Seminar was held in New York one year later. The Dreamer in this seminar has been identified as the prominent physicist Wolfgang Pauli, and the seminars were published in volume 12 of Jung's Collected Works as Individual Dream Symbolism in Relation to Alchemy.
The three women doctors created a powerful trio. In 1936 they created the Analytical Psychology Club of New York and actively lead the educational programs there. At her death in 1945 Mann left her personal library to the Club, the beginning of the Kristine Mann Library that is now the most extensive collection in analytical psychology in the world.
Publications
Kristine Mann, "Thousands of 'Well' Women Pay for Training Health Center", New York Times, Section 8, Page 15 (April 1, 1923)
Kristine Mann, "The Shadow of Death", Papers of the Analytical Psychology Club of New York, 4 (1940)
Kristine Mann, "The Self-Analysis of Emanuel Swedenborg", Papers of the Analytical Psychology Club of New York, 4 (1940)
References
C.G. Jung "A Study in the Process of Individuation" (1934/1950)
C.G. Jung, Gerhard Adler, R. F.C. Hull, "The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious (Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9 Part 1)", Bollingen; 2nd edition (August 1, 1981)
Carl G. Jung, Joseph Campbell (Editor), R. F. C. Hull (Translator), "The Portable Jung ", Penguin (Non-Classics); Reprint edition (December 9, 1976)
"Catalog of the Kristine Mann Library of the Analytical Psychology Club of New York, Inc.", G K Hall (June 1, 1978)
Sonu Shamdasani, "Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology", Cambridge University Press (Dec 11, 2003)
1873 births
1945 deaths
American Swedenborgians
Jungian psychologists
Smith College alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Columbia University alumni
Weill Cornell Medical College alumni
Vassar College faculty
Wellesley College faculty |
4043447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet%20of%20Ernesto%20Zedillo | Cabinet of Ernesto Zedillo | Members of the cabinet of the President Ernesto Zedillo (1994–2000).
List
Sources
Cabinet of Mexico
1994 establishments in Mexico
2000 disestablishments in Mexico
Cabinets established in 1994
Cabinets disestablished in 2000 |
4043467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Samurai%20%28horse%29 | First Samurai (horse) | First Samurai is a thoroughbred race horse born February 2, 2003. He was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006, but a starting gate incident contributed to his defeat in the Blue Grass Stakes. Two weeks after the race, First Samurai was diagnosed with two broken ribs following an ultrasound. He was not entered in the Kentucky Derby, with his injury cited as the reason. The Blue Grass ultimately proved to be his final race.
Connections
First Samurai is owned by Bruce Lunsford Tom Hansen, Tom Morris & Raymond Coudriet and is trained by Frank Brothers. He has been ridden by Pat Day and Jerry Bailey, both jockeys now retired, and the still racing Edgar Prado. First Samurai was bred in Kentucky by John D. Gunther.
Races
In his career, cut short by injury, he started 8 times, winning 5, placing in 1, showing in 1, with total earnings of $915,075
Stud career
First Samurai stands at stud at the Hancock Family's Claiborne Farm near Paris, Kentucky. His starting fee in 2007 was $40,000 and stood alongside Claiborne's other stallions, which included Pulpit, Seeking the Gold, During, Eddington, and Strong Hope.
First Samurai's descendants include:
c = colt, f = filly
Pedigree
References
External links
First Samurai's pedigree
National Thoroughbred Racing Association bio
2003 racehorse births
Racehorses trained in the United States
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Thoroughbred family 13 |
4043491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Rail%20Class%20111 | British Rail Class 111 | The Class 111 DMUs were based on Class 101/2s, but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character headcode box was fitted above the front cab windows, with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window.
History
The first cars built, part of an order for 339 Metro-Camm cars, were 4 power/trailer sets for the LMR Manchester area built in early 1957. One of these was equipped with supercharged Rolls-Royce C6SFLH 230 hp 6-cylinder engines. This was followed by ten 3-car sets comprising DMBS/TSL/DMCL for the NER at Bradford, then a further twenty 3-car sets. The type lasted in service until 1989 when the class was withdrawn.
Technical details
Coupling Code: Blue Square
Transmission: Standard mechanical
Preservation
One car survives, buffet 59575 currently operational at the Great Central Railway. It operates as the centre car between two Class 101 power cars.
Fleet
References
The Railcar Association
Motive Power Recognition: 3 DMUs. Colin J. Marsden
British Railway Pictorial: First Generation DMUs. Kevin Robertson
British Rail Fleet Survey 8: Diesel Multiple Units- The First Generation. Brian Haresnape
A Pictorial Record of British Railways Diesel Multiple Units. Brian Golding
111
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1957 |
4043496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernadette%20Castro | Bernadette Castro | Bernadette Castro (born July 10, 1944 in Manhattan) is an American businesswoman and former New York politician who served in the Cabinet of former New York Governor George Pataki. She is a partner with her family in Castro Properties.
In the early 1960s, she pursued a singing career with mild success. Castro recorded several singles, the 1964 "His Lips Get in the Way" among others.
After earning her master's degree at the University of Florida, Bernadette worked in the advertising and promotions department of Castro Convertibles. While raising her four children, Bernadette worked in the business on a limited basis and later moved into her role as the company CEO when they were grown. In 2009 Bernadette bought back the Castro Convertibles furniture business with her family.
Early life and Education
Bernadette became involved with the Castro Convertibles business at a very early age. As a 4-year-old child, Castro starred in the brand's iconic television commercials that ran over 40,000 times, earning her the distinction of being the most televised child in America. With these commercials, and subsequent parodies of the commercials on shows such as The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Jackie Gleason Show, and Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theatre, Bernadette catapulted her father Bernard's innovative convertible couch to national fame by illustrating how the convertibles were "So easy to open, even a child can do it!" At the age of twelve, Bernadette starred in the first live, color television commercial.
Bernadette graduated from the University of Florida with a Bachelors of Science in 1966 in Broadcast Journalism. She earned a Masters in Education in Secondary School Administration in 1978 from the same institution and became the first woman ever to receive the University's College of Journalism Distinguished Alumnus and was later inducted into the College of Journalism's Hall of Fame. Castro holds honorary degrees from the following institutions: St. Joseph's College – Honorary Doctor of Law (1993); Dowling College – Honorary Doctor of Law (1996) and Daemon College – Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters (2001).
Career
Singing career
Bernadette recorded several singles in the 1960s for Columbia Pictures' recording subsidiary Colpix Records, including a girl group–style record which hit the national charts, "His Lips Get in the Way". Bernadette's singles have been compared to top girls groups of the era like the Shangri-Las and The Ronettes. She released additional singles on Colpix including "A Girl In Love Forgives" and "Sports Car Sally," popular among many girl group collectors for its hot-rod theme.
Real estate
While Bernadette sold the furniture division of the family's company in 1993 to Krause Furniture, she retained ownership of the real estate and remained active in the family's commercial real estate business with properties along the East Coast. Terri Keogh, Bernadette's daughter, is CEO of Castro Properties. Castro Properties' flagship property is The Castro Building, which is located in Manhattan's Flatiron District at 43 West 23rd Street. Bernard Castro, founder of Castro Convertibles, purchased the property in 1972 and all eight floors were the well-known flagship showroom for Castro Convertibles.
New York State Parks Commissioner
In 1995, Bernadette was appointed Commissioner of the New York Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation by Governor George E. Pataki, a cabinet post she held for twelve years. During her tenure from 1995 to 2006, New York State preserved over one million acres of land through acquisition for state parks and conservation easements. Much of this was funded by a $1.75 billion environmental bond, which was authorized in 1996.
Among her many accomplishments as Commissioner, Bernadette worked with Speaker Newt Gingrich and the Trust for Public Land in 1996 to acquire the 18,000 acre Sterling Forest property for $55 million. The property protects approximately 25% of New Jersey's drinking water. Sterling Forest II, an additional 1,065 acres, was purchased later in Castro's term for $8 million. In 2001, President George W. Bush appointed Bernadette the Vice Chair of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.
In 2006, Castro established and strongly advocated an agreement by which Donald J Trump would construct a $40 million seaside dining and banquet hall at Jones Beach. Hailed by Castro as “like a gift from God”, this plan to install a private facility with public access at the heart of the Jones Beach boardwalk, which was controversial and widely opposed by members of the public. Trump's subsequent efforts to expand his facility proposal, coupled with increased opposition led to the project's cancellation. This Jones Beach site has since been occupied by a new public concession facility.
At the direction of Governor George Pataki, Bernadette and her agency brought the United States Open Golf Championship to Bethpage State Park, the first time the Open was held at a public golf course. In accordance with the deal Castro struck with the U.S. Open, the Golf Championship returned to Bethpage State Park in 2009.
In 2003, the National Recreation and Park Association awarded New York State Parks, the National Gold Medal, designating them as the country's best state parks system. Also in 2003, the agency was recognized for its comprehensive efforts to save Governor's Island in New York City which was transferred from the federal government back to the people of New York.
United States Senate run
In 1994, Bernadette decided to pursue her passion for politics, running for the U.S. Senate and winning 42% of the votes against four-term Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan.
1994 NYS Republican ticket
Governor: George Pataki
Lieutenant Governor: Elizabeth McCaughey
Comptroller: Herbert London
Attorney General: Dennis Vacco
U.S. Senate: Bernadette Castro
Awards
Bernadette has been honored with a number of awards for her work in conservation, parks, business in including the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Advancement of Commerce, Industry and Technology (ACIT) in 2009, the Lifetime Achievement Award from Long Island Business News in 2008, the Service Award for Land and Water Conservation Fund from the National Park Service in 2006, the Governor's Parks & Preservation Award, presented by Governor George Pataki in 2005, the Women in Conservation Award from the National Audubon Society in 2005, the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for Conservation from The History Channel in 2003, the Cornelius Amory Pugsley Award, from the American Academy for Park and Recreation Administration in association with The National Park Foundation in 2002, the Theodore Roosevelt Legacy of Conservation Award in 2001, the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in 1999, as well as being inducted into the Long Island Hall of Fame in 1990. In 2017, Bernadette was honored by the Franciscan Friars of the Atonement at their annual Sharing Hope Celebration Dinner with the Graymoor Award.
Community and charity work
Bernadette offers her support to a number of community organizations and charitable causes. Bernadette acts as fundraising auctioneer for a number organizations, as well as the Master of Ceremonies for New York Presbyterian Hospital. Bernadette also lends her support to organizations such as Tomorrow's Hope Foundation, The INN (Interfaith Nutrition Network), and the Ocala Royal Dames for Cancer Research, and the Fort Lauderdale Royal Dames of Cancer Research. The Ocala Royal Dames for Cancer Research and the Fort Lauderdale Royal Dames of Cancer Research, where both founded by Bernadette's mother, Theresa Castro. Bernadette serves on the Board of the Catholic Faith Network, is a member of the Advisory Board of Volunteers for Wildlife and a member of the Advisory Board of The New York Landmarks Conservancy. Bernadette served on the Executive Committee of the 2019 PGA Championship at the Bethpage Black Course on Long Island. She is an active member of the Columbus Citizens Foundation, an organization her father, Bernard Castro, co-founded.
Personal life
Bernadette has four children: Terri Keogh, David Austin, Jonathan Austin and Bernard Austin, as well as nine grandchildren. Bernadette's son Jonathan Austin is also in the family real estate business. Her son David Austin is a drummer, who lives in Jupiter, Florida. Her son Bernard Austin is an architect, and lives in Wilmington, North Carolina.
References
1944 births
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
Candidates in the 1994 United States elections
Colpix Records artists
Living people
New York (state) Republicans
People from Lloyd Harbor, New York
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
University of Florida alumni
Women in New York (state) politics
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics |
4043503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM%20Transactions%20on%20Graphics | ACM Transactions on Graphics | ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the field of computer graphics. It was established in 1982 and is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. TOG publishes two special issues for ACM SIGGRAPH's conference proceedings. Starting in 2003, all papers accepted for presentation at the annual SIGGRAPH conference are printed in a special summer issue of the journal. Beginning in 2008, papers presented at SIGGRAPH Asia are printed in a special November/December issue.
The editor-in-chief is Carol O'Sullivan (Trinity College Dublin). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 5.414. The journal ranks 1st in computer graphics publications, according to Google Scholar Metrics.
References
External links
Computer graphics
Computer science journals
Transactions on Graphics
Bimonthly journals |
4043506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei%20Tikhonov | Alexei Tikhonov | Alexei Vladimirovich Tikhonov (; born 1 November 1971) is a Russian pair skater. With partner Maria Petrova, he is the 2000 World champion and a two-time (1999, 2000) European champion.
Career
Tikhonov began skating in his hometown, Samara. Initially a singles skater, he switched to pairs at 15 and a half.
Tikhonov first competed with partner Irina Saifutdinova for the Soviet Union and, after the dissolution, for Russia. They won the bronze medal at the 1989 World Junior Figure Skating Championships for the Soviet Union. Their partnership ended when she decided to get married and leave the sport.
He teamed up with Japanese pair skater Yukiko Kawasaki and competed with her representing Japan. Kawasaki and Tikhonov were two-time Japanese national champions. They competed internationally together, winning the bronze medal at the 1993 NHK Trophy and placing 15th at the 1994 World Championships. He said, "I stayed [in Japan] for two years, but I was alone in my apartment. I used to go to the Russian Embassy just to talk to people. I tried to learn some Japanese but it was very hard."
Tikhonov spent the next five years skating in various ice shows in the U.K. and Florida, including shows led by Tatiana Tarasova and Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean. He started to miss competitive skating and when Maria Petrova's coach called, he agreed to compete with her. They teamed up in the summer of 1998. Petrova was a former World Junior champion with Anton Sikharulidze.
Petrova and Tikhonov won the World Championship in 2000. They placed 6th at the 2002 Winter Olympics and 5th at the 2006 Games. They won a silver medal at the 2005 Worlds, and a bronze in 2006.
Petrova and Tikhonov announced they would retire after the 2006 Worlds, but at the request of the Russian Skating Federation they later agreed to remain eligible for another year. During their final season, they finished 6th at the Grand Prix Final, and withdrew from the World Championships due to injury.
Petrova and Tikhonov trained in Saint Petersburg with Ludmila Velikova. After retiring from competition, they performed in ice shows, including Russian television projects.
Personal life
Tikhonov was born to parents Vladimir and Larisa. In addition to skating together, Petrova and Tikhonov are also an off-ice couple. On 1 February 2010, she gave birth to their first child, a daughter named Polina. The family lives in Moscow region.
Tikhonov is godfather to Alexei Urmanov's twins.
Programs
(with Petrova)
Competitive highlights
With Saifutdinova for the Soviet Union
With Kawasaki for Japan
With Petrova for Russia
References
External links
Official website of Maria Petrova and Alexei Tikhonov
1971 births
Living people
Russian male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of Russia
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Japanese male pair skaters
Soviet male pair skaters
Russian expatriates in Japan
Sportspeople from Samara, Russia
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Goodwill Games medalists in figure skating
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games |
4043518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slackness%20%28album%29 | Slackness (album) | Slackness is a collaborative album between acoustic ska vocalist Chris Murray and the New York City ska band The Slackers. Two songs (Running From Safety, Rastaman Rock) also appear on The Slackers and Friends, as different versions. "Rastaman Rock" is renamed to "I Am a Rasta Man" on The Slackers and Friends. The track "Janie Jones" is a cover of a Clash song.
Track listing
"Janie Jones" – 3:21
"Running from Safety" – 2:46
"The Real Ska" – 2:06
"Dangerous Hearts" – 3:28
"The World's About Me" – 2:07
"Rastaman Rock" – 2:14
"The Promise" – 5:01
"Home" – 2:54
"One Everything" – 3:30
"Rastaman Reggae" – 2:31
"Mountain of Sorrows" – 3:34
"Why We Go to War" - 3:11
2005 albums
The Slackers albums
Collaborative albums |
4043519 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladue%20School%20District | Ladue School District | The Ladue School District is a public school district in Ladue, Missouri, with four elementary, one middle, and one high school, with a special Fifth Grade Center. The district serves 4,180 total students, and employs 280 full-time classroom teachers. The total operating revenue is $49.9 mil. with $50.2 mil. operating expenses. Ladue spends $11,903 per student, and pays an average of $62,697 per teacher ($41,000-$101,542). According to Newsweek (June 19, 2011 issue), Ladue ranks in the top 2% of public schools in the nation. It serves an area encompassing 19 sq. mi. with more than 27,000 residents. It includes all or part of 10 communities including Ladue, Creve Coeur, Crystal Lake Park, Frontenac, Huntleigh, Olivette, Richmond Heights, Town and Country, Unincorporated St. Louis County, and Westwood.
History
As the City of Ladue was incorporated in 1936, Spoede Elementary and Ross Elementary were built in the 1930s. The Ladue School District was first organized in 1939.
In U.S. v Ladue School District, a case the U.S. Department of Justice brought in 1978, the federal government charged Ladue with discrimination in hiring of faculty and staff. In 1999, Ladue exited the Voluntary Interdistrict Choice Corporation (VICC), a city-county school desegregation program.
Ladue High School
Ladue High School had 1,306 students in the 2013–14 school year. Ladue High School has a 99% graduation rate, of which 92% continue on to higher education in 2-4 year institutions. In standardized testing, Ladue scores above both the state and national average. Newsweek in 2013, ranked the public school 166th best in the nation (up from 188th in 2011-12), and first in Missouri (up from fourth).
Administration
Superintendent: Dr. Jim Wipke
Principal: Brad Griffith (effective July 1, 2013)
Ladue Middle School
Originally called "East Ladue Junior High School," Ladue Middle School teaches children from sixth through eighth grades, total of 976 students in 2013–14. In May 2014 it was named National School of Character.
Ladue Fifth Grade Center
Built on property bought by the district in 1959 and used as a secondary middle school until 1980, when it was sold to the Westminster Christian Academy. In 2010, the property was re-purchased by the district to construct the Fifth Grade Center. Construction ended in time for its first semester in Fall 2013. In the 2015–2016 school year, there were 342 students enrolled.
Elementary schools
All four Ladue Elementary Schools teach children in kindergarten through fourth grades.
Conway Elementary
Conway Elementary is located in Ladue, MO, at 9900 Conway Road. In 2013–14 Conway Elementary had 339 students. This school has the smallest number of students throughout the district. Conway enrolled its first black students in 1965; those students were subjected to racial slurs by several other children.
Old Bonhomme Elementary
Old Bonhomme School is an elementary school in Olivette, Missouri, with a total of 383 students in 2013–14.
Reed Elementary
Located in the middle of Ladue near the intersection of Ladue Road and McKnight Road, with a total of 421 students in 2013–14.
Spoede Elementary
Spoede Elementary is located in Creve Coeur, on the west side of Spoede Road, with a total of 430 students in 2013–14. This school's mascot is a turtle.
References
External links
Ladue Schools
Ladue High School
Ladue School District
Ladue High School Alumni Association
Ladue Schools - Overview
2012 Ladue Schools Annual Report
School districts in Missouri
Education in St. Louis County, Missouri
School districts established in 1939 |
4043539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert%20Patch | Hubert Patch | Air Chief Marshal Sir Hubert Leonard Patch, (16 December 1904 – 18 November 1987) was a senior Royal Air Force commander.
RAF career
Patch joined the Royal Air Force as a flight cadet in 1923 and served in the Second World War. After the war he became Director of Armament Requirements and then Air Officer Commanding No. 44 Group in 1946. He went on to be Commandant of the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment in 1948, Air Officer for Administration at Headquarters Far East Air Force in 1951 and Senior Air Staff Officer, Far East Air Force in 1952. After that he was made Air Officer Commanding No. 11 Group in 1953, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Fighter Command in January 1956 and Commander-in-Chief of the RAF Middle East Air Force in September 1956.
His final appointments were as Air Member for Personnel in April 1959 and as Commander, British Forces Arabian Peninsula in September 1959, where he established a unified tri-service command in Aden, before he retired in May 1961. From 1961 to 1963 he was the BAC Representative to NATO Countries.
References
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1904 births
1987 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Royal Air Force air marshals
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing |
4043540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Silverado%20Squatters | The Silverado Squatters | The Silverado Squatters (1883) is a travel memoir by Robert Louis Stevenson of his two-month honeymoon trip with Fanny Vandegrift (and her son Lloyd Osbourne) to Napa Valley, California, in 1880.
Background
In July 1879, Stevenson received word that his future American wife's divorce was almost complete, but that she was seriously ill. He left Scotland right away and travelled to meet her in Monterey, California, (his trip detailed in The Amateur Emigrant (1894) and Across the Plains (1892)). Broken financially, suffering from a lifelong fibrinous bronchitis condition, and with his writing career at a dead end, he was nursed back to health by his doctor, his nurse, and his future wife, while living briefly in Monterey, San Francisco, and Oakland. His father having provided money to help, on May 19, 1880, he married the Indianapolis native, whom he had first met in France in 1875, soon after the events of An Inland Voyage. Still too weak to undertake the journey back to Scotland, friends suggested Calistoga, in the upper Napa Valley, with its healthy mountain air.
Summary
The couple first went to the Hot Springs Hotel in Calistoga, but unable to afford the 10 dollars a week fee, they spent an unconventional honeymoon in an abandoned three-story bunkhouse at a derelict mining camp called "Silverado" on the shoulder of Mount Saint Helena in the Mayacamas Mountains. There they squatted for two months during summer, putting up makeshift cloth windows and hauling water in by hand from a nearby stream while dodging rattlesnakes and the occasional fog banks so detrimental to Stevenson's health.
The Silverado Squatters provides some views of California during the late 19th century. Stevenson uses the first telephone of his life. He meets a number of wine growers in Napa Valley, an enterprise he deems "experimental", with growers sometimes even mislabeling the bottles as originating from Spain in order to sell their product to skeptical Americans. He visits the oldest wine grower in the valley, Jacob Schram, who had been experimenting for 18 years at his Schramsberg Winery, and had recently expanded the wine cellar in his backyard. Stevenson also visits a petrified forest owned by an old Swedish ex-sailor who had stumbled upon it while clearing farmland—the precise nature of the petrified forest remained for everyone a source of curiosity. Stevenson also details his encounters with a local Jewish merchant, whom he compares to a character in a Charles Dickens novel (probably Fagin from Oliver Twist), and portrays as happy-go-lucky but always scheming to earn a dollar. Like Dickens in American Notes (1842), Stevenson found the American habit of spitting on the floor hard to get used to.
His experiences at Silverado were recorded in a journal he called "Silverado Sketches", parts of which he incorporated into Silverado Squatters in 1883 while living in Bournemouth, England, with other tales appearing in "Essays of Travel" and "Across the Plains". Many of his notes on the scenery around him later provided much of the descriptive detail for Treasure Island (1883).
Legacy
The Robert Louis Stevenson State Park now encompasses the area where the Stevensons stayed. The entrance to the park is at the summit of State Route 29. A new trail has been constructed in recent years. The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum in St. Helena, California, is dedicated to Stevenson.
Resources and editions
Editions
Full text at Project Gutenberg
HTML version from the University of Virginia.
HTML version with scanned images, from the Library of Congress
Version from William Ernest Henley's The Novels and Tales of Robert Louis Stevenson, volume 15. Published by Scriber's and Sons in 1905. Scanned online via Google Books.
Version published by Scribner's and Sons in 1905 with a preface by Fanny Stevenson. Scanned online via Google Books.
The Silverado Squatters (New York: Scribner's, 1923) Limited edition of 380 copies printed by John Henry Nash with portrait and decorated headbands by Howard Whitford Willard
The Silverado Squatters, audiobook, Blue Pylon Creative (2005).
The Silverado Squatters, reprint, Tauris Parke Paperbacks (2009).
Resources
Silverado Museum in St. Helena, California, devoted to Robert Louis Stevenson.
1883 non-fiction books
American travel books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
History of Napa County, California
History of California
Chatto & Windus books |
4043545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Fergus | Saint Fergus | Saint Fergus (also Fergustian) (died c. 730 AD) was a bishop who worked in Scotland as a missionary.
Life
Ten saints of this name are mentioned in the martyrology of Donegal.
No one knows for certain when Fergus was born or where. He was a contemporary of St. Drostan and St. Donevaldus. The name is of Pictish origin and he is recorded as Fergus, a Pictish bishop, so it is generally considered he was from the north east of what is now called Scotland. In the Aberdeen Breviary he is called Fergustian and "he occupied himself in converting the barbarous people." He is thought to have trained in Ireland or the south of Scotland, possibly both.
Known in the Irish martyrologies as St. Fergus Cruithneach, or the Pict, the Breviary of Aberdeen states that he had been a bishop for many years in Ireland when he went on a mission to Alba with some chosen priests and other clerics. He settled first near Strageath, in Upper Strathearn, in Upper Perth, and erected three churches in that district. The churches of Strageath, Blackford, and Dolpatrick are found there dedicated to St. Patrick. He next evangelized Caithness and established there the churches of Wick and Halkirk.
The church Fergus built at Glamis would have been in the Celtic "mud and wattle" style, not far from the present kirk. He may have been the Fergustus Pictus who went to Rome in 721, but such a contention relies solely on the similarity of a common name. He died about 730 and was buried at Glamis, Angus, where the recently restored St Fergus' Well can be visited. The village church at Eassie is dedicated to Saint Fergus; the noted Pictish Eassie Stone has been moved to that church.
Veneration
During the time of James IV, the Abbot of Scone removed his head to Scone church and build an expensive shrine for it. Aberdeen was able to obtain an arm of the saint.
Saint Fergus is the patron saint of Glamis and Wick.
The Martyrology of Tallaght mentions his festival on 8 September, but in Scotland it was previously on 18 November.
See also
Eassie Stone
References
730 deaths
Medieval Scottish saints
Pictish people
8th-century Christian saints
Medieval Irish saints
8th-century Irish bishops
Year of birth unknown |
4043546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20retroactive%20continuities | List of retroactive continuities | The following are examples of retroactive continuities (or retcons).
Film
The live-action Transformers film series, directed by Michael Bay, see on how the Autobots have been caught within the laws of humanity, in the second film USN security advisor Theodore Galloway wants the Autobots off the face of the Earth due to them, including their leader Optimus Prime, bringing the attention of the Decepticons. On the fourth installment, a secret task force named Cemetery Wind joins with bounty hunter Lockdown to seek and destroy the Autobots due to their involvement of the destruction of Chicago in the third film and falsely portrayed as Decepticons by Harold Attinger, who desiress the purity of the human race and exploiting Cybertronian technology for profit. In the fifth film, an advanced human military called the Transformers Reaction Force ("TRF" for short) were recruited to exterminate every Cybertronian being on sight, whether they are Autobots or Decepticons. This was Bay's final directing role of the series, due to him thinking that he is wasting his career.
The series also has some ongoing charges, for starters Bumblebee still cannot speak within the four sequels despite regaining it after the end of the first film, in Dark of the Moon Sam Witwickey later dates with Carly Spencer after Mikaela dumps him, in the Age of Extinction Sam's role was replaced by Cade Yeager after he was presumed to be killed by Cemetery Wind along with some of the previous Autobot troops to make way for the new team.
Creed (2015), the seventh entry of the Rocky film series which serves as a sequel and spin-off to 2006's Rocky Balboa (the sixth film), contains a major change into the continuity of the previous films. Creed establishes that during the events of Rocky IV, Rocky's friend and rival Apollo Creed had an affair that resulted in a woman's pregnancy shortly before his boxing match against Ivan Drago during which Apollo dies on the ring. Months after the fight, the woman gives birth to Adonis "Donnie" Creed, the illegitimate son of Apollo Creed. Donnie never meets his father and is the protagonist of the film Creed; furthermore the film reveals Apollo won the fight at the end of Rocky III implying that that is the reason why Apollo agreed to fight Ivan Drago.
Alien vs. Predator (2004), a crossover film between the Alien and Predator franchises, which serves as a bridge between both franchises' original films from 1979 to 1997. The film introduces Charles Bishop Weyland, the founder of Weyland Corporation before he leads in an expedition in Antarctica with experts to explore a buried pyramid, until he was killed by Predator creature named Scar. Since the film was later ignored by the events of the Alien prequel Prometheus (2012) and the Predator sequel Predators (2010). However, The Predator (2018), would follow the events of Alien vs. Predator and its sequel Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007), with the former film includes Lex's Alien tail spear in the film. A Predator prequel film Prey (2022) is set before the events of the Predator films and the Alien vs. Predator films are canon in the Predator timeline, which was separated from the Alien timeline for existence with prequel films Prometheus and Alien: Covenant (2017).
In the Heisei and Millennium eras of the Godzilla film series, the events of the Showa era after the original film never happened. In particular, each film in the Millennium series – except for Godzilla: Tokyo S.O.S., which serves as the direct sequel to Godzilla Against Mechagodzilla – serves as a direct sequel to the original 1954 film.
In Iron Man 2, Jon Favreau's son Max appears as a child wearing an Iron Man mask whom Stark saves from a drone. This was retroactively made the introduction of a young Peter Parker to the MCU, as confirmed in June 2017 by eventual Spider-Man actor Tom Holland, Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige and Spider-Man: Homecoming director Jon Watts.
In a flashback scene of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales it is revealed that Jack Sparrow's compass was given to him by the former captain of Wicked Wench. However, in the second installment of the franchise Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest Tia Dalma said that the compass was bartered by Jack from her. Moreover, the majority of the plotlines of the previous movie Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides were totally dismissed, leaving only the Black Pearl in the bottle. The fleet in the bottles of Blackbeard stolen by Mr. Gibbs never appears nor be mentioned in the movie. Will Turner's being as a captain of the Flying Dutchman is never previously referred as a curse, but a kind of a work. Originally, it has been planned that Will Turner will serve on a Dutchman only 10 years, after which he returns to Elizabeth, as it is seen the post-credit scene of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. This has been changed due to the introduction of the son of Will Turner, Henry, who wants to break the curse. The daughter of Hector Barbossa Carina Smyth could not exist in the continuity of the franchise. Carina's age is approximately that of Henry's, who is 21. Despite this, during the events of the third installment, there was no mention of the lover of Barbossa named Margaret. It is shown in the movie that Jack Sparrow knows her name, which could not happen, because Jack doesn't see Barbossa until the events of the fourth movie, which is set in 1750, while the following movie is set only five years after this.
In the Resident Evil film series (based on the videogame franchise), an incident at the Umbrella Corporation caused a zombie outbreak in Raccoon City which the President ordered to launch missiles to prevent further infection, inadvertently causing the apocalypse to the world rather than just the city alone. However it's revealed in The Final Chapter that the "incident" was actually staged by Umbrella so they can create a new future for humanity which the wealthy survive in Earth.
The film series also introduces a new character name Alice, a woman who has the power of telekinesis. The original characters from the games appear as supporting cast, however when the final film release only Albert Wesker and Claire Redfield remain while the others are implied to be killed off. Despite being adapted from a horror action game, the series have also taken drastic measures to focus more on the action rather than the horror elements.
Star Wars
Star Wars (1977) features Obi-Wan Kenobi telling Luke Skywalker that Anakin Skywalker (Luke's father) was betrayed and killed by Darth Vader. The sequel film The Empire Strikes Back (1980) has Vader reveal himself as Anakin Skywalker. George Lucas decided to merge the two characters while writing The Empire Strikes Back. The following film Return of the Jedi (1983) has Obi-Wan justifying his original description of Vader having 'murdered' Anakin as being truth "from a certain point of view": from his point of view, when Anakin became Vader, he destroyed everything that was good about his former friend and apprentice. Similarly Princess Leia had been previously set as an upper-class romantic interest for the farm boy Luke, but in Empire Strikes Back Leia falls in love with Han Solo. In order to avoid a possible love triangle, Return of the Jedi reveals Leia as Luke Skywalker's twin sister (and therefore, daughter of Darth Vader). Lucas had originally planned Luke's sister to be a separate character, before deciding to accommodate her into the already established Leia.
Rogue One (2016) explains the improbable vulnerability of the Death Star in A New Hope to small rebel ships as a consequence of deliberate sabotage on the part of Galen Erso, the key Death Star architect. The retcon was positively received.
Boba Fett and Darth Maul returned to life to positive reception, after both dying in previous films.
Star Wars IX: Rise of Skywalker: In the sequel trilogy 30 years after Darth Sidious death in Return of the Jedi. In the final film, Rise of Skywalker, it is revealed that the smuggler turned Jedi Rey is the granddaughter of Darth Sidious, who is revealed alive on the planet Exegol who was secretly building a new Empire with the help of the Sith cultist. Though the means of Palatine's return to life were never revealed in the movie itself, only in a tie-in book he is described as having transferred his essence into an imperfect clone of himself, leading to a negative reception towards the retcon due to not being explained in the film itself.
In addition to the many perceived retcon plot-holes on that scene, Episode IX is perceived to also have many other retcon plot-holes outside of it, among them is Darth Sidious return to life (which is never explained on-screen), Rey using Luke Skywalker's X-wing (which was clearly broken in the previous film), and also on the fact that Tie Fighters had no hyperdrives on the previous Original Trilogy films. Thus Kylo Ren could never had reached the fight with Darth Sidious on time, because Rey had taken away his ship.
Specially controversial was a scene in which Rey hears some Jedi voices in her head before killing Darth Sidious. Attempting to defend the theatrical cut's "conscious choice" of not showing ghosts, and instead only showing the voices, the VFX-editor Roger Guyett said he perceived the idea of hearing them, made them "almost more powerful than the idea of actually visually seeing them". He also said, "What I liked about that idea as it developed, was that you feel like you're with Rey and you're inside her head" (very clearly noting that Rey hears the voices inside of her head). The controversy led to fan-edits adding the Force ghosts with footage from the previous films. The scene also got inadvertently compared to the beginning of the movie, which establishes Darth Sidious has the new Force ability of imitating voices in people's heads, by imitating Snoke and Darth Vader in Kylo Ren's head, this led some viewers to interpret evil Palpatine was all those voices, and won the final battle. In addition to conspiracy theories about the film's production and perceived failures on Reddit, another plot related popular fan theory supported by website Esquire, spawned due to the film's plot-holes, and in regard to the same previously mentioned scene of the "ghosts". The fan theory claims that the villain Darth Sidious won at the end of the last film and possesses Rey's body by making her kill him (which he stated, as his evil plan in the film). Due to a plot-hole that leaves open ended that Darth Sidious was possibly imitating "the voices of the Jedi that Rey hears in her head", before defeating Darth Sidious. Since the scene inadvertently got compared to the beginning of the movie, which establishes Darth Sidious has the new Force ability of imitating voices in people's heads, when Darth Sidious imitates Snoke and Darth Vader in Kylo Ren's head. Esquire noted the fan theory, states that in his initial meeting with Kylo Ren, Darth Sidious reveals that he has the ability to imitate voices into people's heads, by imitating the voices of Darth Vader and Snoke. This creates a plot-hole were some people perceive all of the Jedi voices that Rey hears could be perceived as mere imitations by Darth Sidious done in Rey's head, by using the same ability Darth Sidious had revealed he had earlier in the film. Since those voices also help Rey to kill Darth Sidious, something that the former Emperor stated he wanted Rey to do in order to merge his soul into her body (while the film does not mention the possibility of the voices being imitations by Darth Sidious, noting in the film prevents the possibility). The film makes it impossible to determine if the voices were truly the past Jedi or imitations by Darth Sidious. Without mentioning the unconfirmed origin of the voices, some websites like Digital Spy argue that Darth Sidious death due to Rey deflecting Darth Sidious own Force lighting bolt back at him, could make the cause of death a suicide (thus preventing Darth Sidious from merging his soul to her body). However, Esquire argued that it could still count as Rey murdering him (which would mean Darth Sidious won and fulfilled his plan of merging his soul into Rey's body, and that even if it was not the original intention, it could be very easily rewritten such). Time magazine, called the film and its retcons "problematic", perceiving Abrams' choices as having been made to appease the complaints leveled by a toxic contingent of online fandom angered by The Last Jedi, in particular online trolls who harassed Johnson and several cast members, most notably Tran. Time also called the plot point of who won "unclear". Website Syfy.com reviewed the theory, stating that it seemed plausible except nothing Rey does later suggest that Rey got possessed by Darth Sidious, that Disney would not permit "the devil to win", and that the theory attempts to retcon the events of the film instead of predicting something that could happen later or move the narrative forward. However it called the fan-theory somewhat of a genuine attempt at "narrative salvation" by filling the narrative voids left by the Rise of Skywalker, which it described as "half-baked and ridden with actual plot-holes". Many Reddit conspiracy theories centering on the production of the film led to false rumors about the existence of multiple director's cuts of the film, including one that supposedly included visual appearances of the (blue colored) ghosts of Obi-wan, Anakin Skywalker, and Yoda, instead of only their voices (the rumor, being completely unrelated to IX: Duel of the Fates). Although it was argued that most fans do not believe in the existence of the alternate cut by Abrams, it is believed they rather supported it as the means towards asking for a better cut of the negatively received film, as well as for a better end towards the franchise. Others, however, saw it as a parody of the movement in which fans lobbied for the Snyder Cut of the poorly received Justice League movie (the Snyder Cut proving to be true somewhat fueled credibility on to those fake Abrams alternate cut conspiracy theories). The petitions asking for a better version of the film started in January 2020, shortly after the film's release. Abrams' friend Greg Grunberg, who had cameos on the films, called the Abrams cut conspiracy fake. Website Vox was negative towards the theories, and called them fake. The Abrams cut conspiracy theories are considered to all be fake, but the unmade and unfilmed script Star Wars: Duel of the Fates by Trevorow has been confirmed as real. The parallel existence of both, led some people to confuse it as part of the conspiracy theories. According to the website The Ringer, unjustified rumors of a better version of Episode IX persisted 15 months after the film's release (this not being based on the IX: Duel of the Fates draft which was never filmed), mostly fueled by dissatisfaction with the Abrams film that got released, and noted the hashtag asking for another version of the film resurfaced due to the success of the Snyder Cut of Justice League being better than the theatrical cut directed by Joss Whedon whose changes to Zack Snyder's movie, have been compared to the ones that Abrams made to the never filmed Colin Trevorow's script of Star Wars IX titled Duel of the Fates, and also that a lot of unreleased footage from the film exists, even if there is no proof it could improve the film at all. A Forbes writer stated conspiracy theories originated due to "the film being so bad", and that to a degree the film seemed a typical case of studio interference, comparing it to the Snyder Cut and noting actor Dominic Monaghan, who appeared on the film backed the idea of a "Special Edition" of the film. Despite that a never released deleted scene where Kylo Ren called Palpatine a clone is also known to exist, Forbes noted the supposed Abrams cut rumors did not mention it, and stated the deleted scene would not be enough to fix the film. No deleted scenes have been released yet. Another never released deleted scene of Kylo Ren torturing Chewbacca is known to exist. Regardless of their lack of validity those conspiracy theories led fan editors attempting to fix the film by employing archive footage to visually incorporate the (blue colored) ghosts of Anakin Skywalker, Obi-wan, Luke, and Yoda, into a fan-made version of the scene, which was positively received for its technical execution. Website Inverse argued that the scene, especially on the part featuring Anakin interacting with Rey was better than the scene in the original film, and called for Lucasfilm to include it in a future Special Edition re-release of the film, regardless of the authenticity of the rumors that spawned it. Digital Spy said it was up to fans to choose which they liked more, in regards to seeing the ghosts or only hearing them. Website Techradar compared the scene to The Phantom Edit fan-edit of the prequel trilogy, saying it was the sequel trilogy's equivalent to that fan-edit. Abrams however affirmed his dedication not to retroactively release alternate versions of the films, saying, "I feel like [when] you're done with a thing...that's what it is." Cinema Blend argued it made a world difference and that it would have helped to better bridge the continuity between prequels and sequels. GamesRadar+ noted the fans dissatisfaction with the film that led to such fan edits, of which it added there were multiple fan-edits beyond the most popular one, and that some even toyed with replacing the Jedi voices with Sith voices. Screenrant was positive towards the fan made scene, but noted it should had also included Ahsoka Tano, and that the author was a YouTube account named "Jon H".
Screenrant noted that Darth Sidious should have been able to stop shooting the deflected lighting that was killing him, since his former apprentice Count Dooku was able in Attack of the Clones, and that Darth Sidious should have been aware of the dangers of a lightsaber deflecting his Force lighting back at him, due to it being how Mace Windu deformed his face in Revenge of the Sith.
Episode III: Revenge of the Sith established that the ability to become a Force ghost required special training in life. Since Qui-Gon only revealed the ability to return as a Force ghost along the required training, long after the death of Mace Windu and various of the other voices Rey hears in her head in Episode IX before killing Palpatine. As noted by website Screenrant, the return as a Force ghost of some of those voices clearly contradicts how Force ghosts worked in the previous films, and brings into question where were those voices during the events of the Original Trilogy (such plot-hole would not exist if the voices were imitations by Darth Sidious, which arguably would be more consistent to the previous films). Qui-Gon is shown starting the training of Yoda to become a Force ghost, which required a complicated set of special trials, in the Season 6 finale of The Clone Wars animated series. According to website Gizmodo, the technique took years to learn, and no one knew the ability other than the Force priestesses that originally taught the technique to Qui-Gon. The only characters to learn the technique from Qui-Gon were Yoda, Obi-wan, and it is assumed Luke learned it from them. While Anakin was the only one who naturally achieved it without training.
According to The Ringer the reception towards the J. J. Abrams´s directed Star Wars IX: Rise of Skywalker was so controversial, that the film (and its tie-ins), kept generating negative or controversial headlines in regards to the film's plot holes and retcon attempts to fix them for almost 10 months after its release. While contrasting how most of the other Star Wars projects released during that time span were better received. Including Dave Filoni projects like The Mandalorian and the finale of The Clone Wars animated series. Though articles criticizing the retcon attempts to fix the plot-holes of Star Wars IX existed even almost 2 years after. Scott Mendelson for Forbes described the film as "possibly worse" compared to the previous Skywalker saga films while ending the main saga and "denying this new trilogy its artistic reason for existence", and criticized the film for retconning The Last Jedi and for its conventional plot twists; saying that "patronizing reversals in the name of mollifying the fans who merely want to be reminded of the first three movies." Two other Forbes writers criticized the movie containing a number of plot holes (Palpatine's return and his relationship to Rey being the most prominent). According to IGN, the plot points and unanswered questions in The Rise of Skywalker were addressed by tie-in books and comics that would "require fans a total of $150, that would be better spent on Baby Yoda merchandise."
Literature
When Sir Arthur Conan Doyle killed off his character Sherlock Holmes by plunging him to his death over the Reichenbach Falls with his nemesis Professor Moriarty, the public's demand for Holmes was so great that Doyle was compelled to bring him back to life in a subsequent story, where he details that Holmes had merely faked his death.
Though the term "retcon" did not yet exist when George Orwell wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four, the totalitarian regime depicted in that book is involved in a constant, large-scale retconning of records. For example, when it is suddenly announced that "Oceania was not after all in war with Eurasia. Oceania was at war with Eastasia and Eurasia was an ally" (Part Two, Ch. 9), there is an immediate intensive effort to change "all reports and records, newspapers, books, pamphlets, films, sound-tracks and photographs" and make them all record a war with Eastasia rather than one with Eurasia. "Often it was enough to merely substitute one name for another, but any detailed report of events demanded care and imagination. Even the geographical knowledge needed in transferring the war from one part of the world to another was considerable." See historical revisionism (negationism)
Ian Malcolm: Although he is declared dead in "Jurassic Park" he returns in "The Lost World." Malcolm was the most popular character in the first novel and Michael Crichton decided that he needed the character for the sequel.
Television
In 2004, Coronation Street retconned the Baldwin family after Mike Baldwin's nephew Danny and wife Frankie moved to the area from Essex, with their two sons Jamie and Warren. Mike had been portrayed as an only child prior to this moment, with his father appearing in the program between 1980 and 1982 to confirm the notion.
First of the Summer Wine, the prequel to the long-running British sitcom Last of the Summer Wine, retconned the character Seymour Utterthwaite as a pre-World War II friend of the other central characters. Seymour had been introduced into later series of Last of the Summer Wine and was previously unknown to the stalwart characters, Compo and Clegg.
The revived series of British science fiction television program Doctor Who and its television spin-offs use retroactive continuity as a plot device.
Show runner Steven Moffat's fifth series finale depicted the Doctor rebooting the universe. In answer to a fan's question, Moffat tweeted: "The whole universe came exactly as it was. Except for any continuity errors I need to explain away."
In the sixth series, Moffat introduces new aliens the Silence, who erase your memory of them the moment you look away. Commenting on this device, writer MaryAnn Johanson writes, "That could be happening throughout this story... indeed, through the entire history of Doctor Who. Moffat has just created a pretty much unassailable narratively sound reason for inserting retcons anywhere throughout the half-century history of the show."
In the seventh series finale, Moffat creates an antihero unknown incarnation of the Doctor known as the War Doctor in the run-up to the show's 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor". He is shown in the mini-episode "The Night of the Doctor" retroactively inserted into the show's fictional chronology between the Eighth and Ninth Doctors, although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the Doctors.
In the 50th anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor", Moffat revealed, that at the last instant of the Time War, the Doctor hid his war-torn home planet in time, rather than destroy it.
In the Doctor Who spin-off Torchwood, created by Russell T Davies, a drug used to erase the memory of characters is called "retcon"; the use of the drug is often referred to by characters as "retconning".
In the animated series Code Lyoko, the Lyoko Warriors finally put a end of the evil virus X.A.N.A., however it's live-action sequel Code Lyoko: Evolution, X.A.N.A. survived it's destruction by hiding in a Replika created by Franz Hopper's former colleague who kidnapped Aelita's mother to steal his research from her, X.A.N.A. had also passed his code into the four Warriors so his Specters can retrieve them to regain power. Because of the Supercomputer was reactivated for so long, the Forest and Ice Sector had been removed. This was Moonscoop Group's final project before the company rebranded as Splash Entertainment with no revival being planned.
Video games
The chronology of The Legend of Zelda series was to much debate among fans until an official timeline was printed in the collector's book Hyrule Historia, released in Japan on December 21, 2011. Hyrule Historia contains a timeline that explains how each game fits within the storyline. This includes introducing a three-way split after Ocarina of Time. The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword helps explain the appearance of multiple Zelda, Link and Ganondorf characters across hundreds of years.
The original Ninja Gaiden trilogy for the NES was followed years later by a new series of sequels produced by Team Ninja beginning with Ninja Gaiden for the Xbox in 2004. However, the second generation of Ninja Gaiden video games, being prequels to original series has many differences from the NES trilogy. The character design of Ryu Hayabusa in the new games is now based on the Dead or Alive incarnation of the character with long hair and green eyes, the character design of Ryu's father, Ken Hayabusa, has been updated as well, the character now being addressed in the English versions by his original name in the Japanese versions (Jo Hayabusa), and producer Tomonobu Itagaki hints at the possibility that Sonia, a character from the new games, might be Irene Lew from the original series. With the release of Dead or Alive: Dimensions in 2011, it has been revealed that Sonia is indeed Irene Lew.
In Metal Gear, the character Big Boss serves as Solid Snake's commanding officer and is apparently revealed near the end of the game to also be the main antagonist. However, Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain establishes the antagonist character to actually be a body double of the real Big Boss, called Venom Snake, who is killed by Solid Snake during this encounter. The original Big Boss later becomes the antagonist in the series' second entry, Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake.
In the ending of 2006's Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic and Elise blow out the flame of Solaris, undoing all changes made by Iblis and causing the entire story to never happen; thus undoing all the inconsistencies the game's plot caused.
American McGee's Alice reconstructs Lewis Carroll's beloved book into a grim adventure where Alice Liddell went insane after her family tragically died in a house fire which leaves her the only survivor and sent to Rutledge Asylum. Because of her damaged mind she imagines Wonderland in a twisted environment under the tyrannical rule of the Queen of Hearts and that some of her friends became more mad such as the Mad Hatter turning the populace into automatons and the Duchess becoming a cannibal. Now Alice must venture forward in Wonderland to both defeat the Queen of Hearts and restore her sanity.
Alice: Madness Returns reveals that her families death wasn't an accident but was caused by Alice's father's old colleague Dr. Angus Bumby, a renowned psychiatrist and secret child trafficker who started the fire to destroy evidence that he raped and killed Alice's oldest sister Lizzie. Taking advantage of Alice's sanity he uses hypnosis to both erase her memories and turn her into one of his prostitutes, his influence manifest in Alice's mind as the Dollmaker who conducts the Infernal Train to corrupt Wonderland in Ruin.
The main premise of American McGee's Grimm is controlling a nasty dwarf name Grimm, who's main purpose is to revert happy fairy tales to there original dark folklore (with a few "adjustments"), reconning the stories to be more gritty, demonic and violent.
There were many changes to both the Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor and Shadow of War games which takes place before Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings (however they aren't canon to the films), Gollum knowing and seeing Celebrimbor's spirit, Shelob can turn herself into a human, and Sauron having different armor as well as a different design of Barad-dûr. In the end of Shadow of War, both Sauron and Celebrimbor are trapped together in Barad-dûr (making both the Eye of Sauron and the One Ring glow white and red) while the protagonist Talion joins with the nine Nazgûls, ending the campaign Decades later in The Return of the King.
Ignored sequels in various media
The film Superman Returns continues the storylines of Superman and Superman II, and ignoring the events of Superman III and Superman IV: The Quest for Peace.
Halloween III: Season of the Witch (1982) is the only entry in the series that does not feature the series antagonist Michael Myers, nor does it include story elements from either Halloween (1978) or Halloween II (1981). In fact, it treats the first film and, apparently, its sequel as fictional films, as one of the characters watches a trailer for the original during the film; additionally, the film's tagline is a reference to the tagline from the original as well. The film Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998) is a direct sequel to Halloween and Halloween II, dismissing the events that take place in the sequels Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers (1988), Halloween 5: The Revenge of Michael Myers (1989) and Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers (1995). The subsequent film Halloween: Resurrection (2002) follows the new continuity of Halloween H20, but it retcons that film's ending in order to do so. The 2018 film Halloween is a direct sequel to the original film while disregarding the other sequels, and retconning the ending of the first film.
The Exorcist III is a sequel to The Exorcist, and ignores the events of Exorcist II: The Heretic.
Highlander II: The Quickening is a sequel to the first film, but its events are ignored by later films in the series. Similarly, Highlander: Endgame ignores the events of both Highlander II and Highlander III: The Sorcerer and only follows the events of the TV series and the first film.
Doom 3 is a first reboot of the Doom series, and ignores the events the previous games.
Return to Sleepaway Camp is a direct sequel to Sleepaway Camp, and ignores the events of Sleepaway Camp II: Unhappy Campers and Sleepaway Camp III: Teenage Wasteland.
Texas Chainsaw 3D and its prequel Leatherface follow the continuity of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, ignoring the events of the other sequels.
Rings is a direct sequel to the 2002's The Ring, and ignores the events of The Ring Two.
The fifth film in the Terminator series, Terminator Genisys (2015), completely disregards the events of the third and fourth Terminator films, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and Terminator Salvation (2009). Terminator: Dark Fate (2019) disregards the third, fourth, and fifth films, with only the original 1984 film and the first sequel Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) considered canon. However, all the sequels after Judgment Day contradict a deleted scene epilogue of that film.
Universal Soldier: Regeneration is an alternative sequel to Universal Soldier, and ignores the events of Universal Soldier: The Return.
Jaws: The Revenge, the fourth film in the Jaws franchise, is a direct sequel to Jaws 2 and ignores the events of Jaws 3-D.
Blair Witch is a direct sequel to The Blair Witch Project, and ignores the events of Book of Shadows: Blair Witch 2.
A Christmas Story 2 is a direct sequel to A Christmas Story, and ignores the events of My Summer Story.
Herbie: Fully Loaded is a direct sequel to the previous films, ignores the events of The Love Bug.
Zeta Gundam: A New Translation, a film compilation retelling of the TV series, while having a similar ending, includes elements that intentionally leave no plausible room for the events of ZZ Gundam.
Twisted Metal: Head-On is a direct sequel to Twisted Metal 2, and ignores the events of Twisted Metal III and Twisted Metal 4
Batman '89 is an alternate continuation of Batman and Batman Returns, and ignores the events of Batman Forever and Batman & Robin.
Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time, the eighth main installment in the Crash Bandicoot series, is a direct sequel to Crash Bandicoot: Warped and ignores the events of every post-Naughty Dog game.
Masters of the Universe: Revelation is a sequel to Filmation's He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and ignores the events of The New Adventures of He-Man.
Lightyear is a spin-off of the Toy Story film series, and ignores the events of Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command.
Yoshi's New Island is a direct sequel to Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's New Island, and ignores the events of Yoshi's Island DS.
References
Continuity (fiction)
retroactive |
4043548 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Talbot%2C%201st%20Viscount%20Lisle | John Talbot, 1st Viscount Lisle | John Talbot, 1st Baron Lisle and 1st Viscount Lisle ( 1426 – 17 July 1453), English nobleman and medieval soldier, was the son of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, and his second wife Margaret Beauchamp.
Titles
Talbot was already a knight when, on 26 July 1444, he was created Lord and Baron Lisle of Kingston Lisle in Berkshire by Henry VI, his mother being one of the co-heirs to the previous creation of the barony. He stood to inherit much of her estates in Wales on the Welsh Marches, and in Gloucestershire at Painswick. She had fought long and hard to enfranchise her son for the duration of the Berkeley feud, in which the young nobleman's manor house was raided by Lord Berkeley's brothers. After 1449, his mother was one of three co-heiresses to her father, and through her, he possessed a claim on Berkeley Castle. In 1451, already a veteran of the fight at St Barnets Green, he was created Viscount Lisle.
In prosecution of the claim against James Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley, the heir-male, he stormed Berkeley Castle in 1452 and took the Baron and his sons prisoner.
Ordered to recruit reinforcements for the English army in France, he found 2325 men at Dartmouth and Plymouth before embarkation on 5 March 1453. He was joined by the Lords Moleyns and Camoys, as he led troops into Guyenne to reinforce his father. They sailed to Bordeaux but still the English army numbered only 8,000, facing an enemy force of 10,000. They were still awaiting reinforcements when they marched out, capturing an outpost at St Laurent on 17 July 1453. That day they fought the last pitched battle of the Hundred Years' War at Castillon. Both father and son were killed during the battle. Some chroniclers assert that when his wounded and unhorsed father begged him to quit the field and save himself, he refused, preferring death to dishonour; a scene memorialized by William Shakespeare in Henry VI, Part I, Act IV, Scene VI.
Marriage and issue
He married Joan Cheddar (b. c. 1425), the daughter of Thomas Chedder, Esquire and the widow of Richard Stafford in 1443 and had three children:
Elizabeth Talbot (d. 1487), married Edward Grey, Baron Ferrers of Groby. Grey later inherited the title of Baron Lisle, through Elizabeth.
Thomas Talbot, 2nd Viscount Lisle (c. 1449–1470)
Margaret Talbot (d. 1475), 1st wife of Sir George Vere (d. 1503), son of John de Vere, 12th Earl of Oxford
Ancestry
References
History of Berkeley
1426 births
1453 deaths
People of the Hundred Years' War
English soldiers
Talbot, John
English military personnel killed in action
John
1
Barons Lisle (Peerage of England) |
4043549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena%20Salsoul | Cadena Salsoul | Cadena Salsoul is an entertainment-focused salsa radio network in Puerto Rico.
The SalSoul Network, made up of two simulcast FM facilities, has been top rated in every significant demographic since 1986. In the important age groups, the network often doubled the audience of the number two station in this market of 125 stations and 3.5 million persons.
The WPRM-FM and WIVA-FM network made up the first instance in the U.S. of using two FM signals to cover all of a large market. WPRM covers San Juan and Ponce; WIVA covers Mayagüez and Arecibo. They also added WRIO Ponce to the network. Together, they cover the "consolidated" market favored by advertising agencies. In a survey conducted in 2015, listeners ranked them the third best station, after KQ 105 FM and Z-93 FM. Through use of parallel clustering, spots could be sold locally on either signal for smaller retail accounts.
Since June 24, 2013 and after 58 years broadcasting on the frequency of 98.5 FM, the radio station, with the approval of the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, has changed to 99.1 FM for the best coverage.
Programming
La Perrera
Móntala con Salsoul
El Show de Jesse y Bebe
El Bollete
SalSoul en la Noche
References
External links
Propulsor de una radio revolucionaria (Spanish)
Radio stations in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Radio stations in Ponce, Puerto Rico
Radio stations established in 1959
1959 establishments in Puerto Rico |
4043551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Macdonough | Thomas Macdonough | Thomas Macdonough, Jr. (December 31, 1783 – November 10, 1825) was an early-19th-century Irish-American naval officer noted for his roles in the first Barbary War and the War of 1812. He was the son of a revolutionary officer, Thomas Macdonough, Sr. who lived near Middletown, Delaware. He was the sixth child from a family of ten siblings and was raised in the countryside. He entered naval life at an early age, receiving a midshipman's commission at the age of sixteen. Serving with Stephen Decatur at Tripoli, he was a member of "Preble's Boys", a select group of U.S. naval officers who served under the command of Commodore Preble during the First Barbary War. Macdonough achieved fame during the War of 1812, commanding the American naval forces that defeated the British navy at the Battle of Lake Champlain, part of the larger Battle of Plattsburgh, which helped lead to an end to that war.
Early life
Major Thomas Macdonough Senior, Captain Thomas Macdonough's father, lived at a farm referred to as "The Trap" (also spelled 'Trapp'), in the county of New Castle, Delaware. He received a contemporary education here but it remains uncertain if he attended any sort of formal schools or was taught by family members or a tutor. He was a major in the Continental Army. Macdonough's great-grandfather, also named Thomas Macdonough, lived in Ireland in the Salmon Leap district not far from Dublin. He was of the Protestant faith and succeeding generations were connected with the Episcopal Church in the United States,
Thomas Macdonough Jr. was born in a small town near Odessa, which later was named MacDonough, Delaware, in his honor. He was employed in Middletown as a clerk upon the return of his brother James, who lost a leg in a naval battle with a French vessel in 1799 during the Quasi-War with France. Shortly after, Macdonough requested a commission with the United States Navy with the assistance of Senator Latimer from the state of Delaware.
Macdonough was a tall, dignified man with a commanding character which suited him well for military service. He was a devoutly religious man of Episcopal faith, as were his parents and greater family. He was known to adhere to a set of steadfast principles in his personal and military life.
Before joining the Navy, Thomas, Jr., for unknown reasons, changed the spelling of his last name from "McDonough" to "Macdonough.
On May 27, 1800, at the age of sixteen, Macdonough secured a warrant and served as a midshipman aboard the 24-gun , a corvette class ship, converted over from a merchantman vessel and outfitted as a man-of-war.
Under the command of Captain John Mullowny, Ganges then set sail for the West Indies. During operations there she captured three French merchant ships between May and September. When hostilities between the United States and France had finally ended the following year on October 20, 1801, Macdonough was assigned to , a 38-gun frigate. Commanded by Alexander Murray, Constellation was about to embark on its mission in the Mediterranean sea. While serving aboard Constellation he received a thorough education from Murray in seamanship, navigation, gunnery, and other nautical sciences towards improving his service as a junior officer.
First Barbary War
Aboard Constellation in January 1802, Macdonough served with distinction in naval operations against Tripoli during the First Barbary War. This was the same ship that his brother James had served on a few years earlier.
In 1803, Navy Secretary Robert Smith selected Macdonough to serve aboard , a 38-gun frigate, commanded by William Bainbridge. Macdonough was aboard this ship when it captured the Moroccan ship Mirboka on August 26, 1803. Shortly before Philadelphia ran aground and was consequently captured by the Tripolitans, Macdonough had gone ashore on leave. He was reassigned on October 31 to the 12-gun sloop under the command of Lieutenant Stephen Decatur. Macdonough volunteered to join Decatur's successful raid into the harbor of Tripoli. On February 6, 1804, they succeeded in burning and destroying Philadelphia. Having just served on Philadelphia, Macdonough's familiarity made his role in the operation a crucial one. For his heroic actions he was promoted to acting lieutenant.
Macdonough also accompanied Decatur when they hunted down the murderer of Decatur's brother, James Decatur, who was killed by the commander when he boarded a Tripolitan ship that had pretended to be surrendering. After catching up with and pulling alongside the ship involved, Decatur was the first to board the enemy vessel with Midshipman Macdonough at his heels along with nine volunteer crew members. Decatur, Macdonough and the rest of the crew were outnumbered 5 to 1 but were determined, organized and kept their form, fighting furiously side by side, killing the commander and most of the crew along with capturing the Tripolitan ship.
Other service
After winning promotion to Lieutenant for his participation in the raid on Philadelphia, Macdonough served aboard the 18-gun brig , the same vessel assisting at Tripoli. Assisting Isaac Hull, he then supervised the construction of several gunboats in Middletown, Connecticut. In January 1806, Macdonough was promoted to a commission of Lieutenant.
As commander of the 18-gun , Macdonough served patrolling waters near Great Britain and various points in the Mediterranean. He returned to America and enforced the Embargo Act, and the Atlantic blockade, from 1807 and 1808.
In 1809, he served with Captain Smith aboard , but later requested reassignment. Macdonough returned to Middletown, Connecticut, and was placed in charge of the several gunboats there. In Middletown Macdonough met his future wife, Ann Shaler.
With the repeal of the Embargo Act, the role of the navy became less active, with a fifth of its officers away on furlough at half pay. Macdonough remained in Middleton for only eight months before requesting a furlough in June 1810. From 1810 to 1812, Macdonough took a leave of absence for two years as the captain of a British merchantman that was en route to India.
War of 1812
At the beginning of the War of 1812 American naval forces were very small, allowing the British to make many advances into the Great Lakes and northern New York waterways. The roles played by commanders like Oliver Hazard Perry at Lake Erie and Isaac Chauncey at Lake Ontario and Thomas Macdonough at Lake Champlain all proved vital to the naval effort on the lakes that was largely responsible for preserving American territory during that war.
Assigned to USS Constellation, as First Lieutenant, Macdonough returned to active service just prior to the outbreak of the war in June 1812. The ship at this time was being outfitted and supplied in Washington, DC, for its next mission, but was still months away from being ready. Moreover, it did not escape from the British blockade at the Chesapeake Bay until 1814.
Requesting transfer to a more active front, Macdonough was assigned the command of a squadron of gunboats defending Portland, Maine. His stay there was brief when he received new orders from Secretary of the Navy Hamilton. Macdonough was reassigned to Burlington, Vermont to command U.S. naval forces in Lake Champlain in October 1812.
Taking leave from his assignment at Lake Champlain Macdonough married Lucy Anne Shaler on December 12, 1812, at the Christ Church in Middletown by Bishop Abraham Jarvis.
On June 2, 1813, Macdonough sent Lieutenant Sidney Smith with , along with Sailing Master Loomis with , to guard against British advances at the Canada–US border at the Richelieu River. The impatient Smith sailed into British waters, an action which was contrary to his orders, and at once found himself overpowered by the British squadron. After enduring four hours of battle, Smith was finally forced into surrendering.
Lake Champlain Campaign
On July 24, 1813, Macdonough was promoted to the rank of master commandant.
When the war began in 1812, there were only two American naval vessels on Lake Champlain, and , each carrying ten guns with a crew of fifty. On June 3, 1813, the two vessels were pursuing a British gunboat but were caught up in a strong current that prevented them from maintaining their heading and position, giving the advantage to British forces, resulting in their capture. The loss of the two and only American vessels on the lake gave undisputed control of this strategic waterway to the British. This prompted Macdonough to begin the construction of the corvette and new sloop and several gunboats at the shipyard in Otter Creek at Vergennes, Vermont. While construction was underway, , a schooner, was being converted to a warship carrying seventeen guns.
In 1814 the ice covering Lake Champlain, which usually lasted well into May, began melting and breaking up early in April. Macdonough feared that the British, who he assumed by now knew of the ship construction going on there, would use the opportunity to capture or destroy the vessels being built. Having learned of Macdonough's ship building activity, the British constructed a heavily armed brig and five large gunboats at 'Isle Aux Noix' over the winter. As Macdonough had predicted, British forces attempted to navigate the lake. Because of unfavorable winds, the British commander Daniel Pring, whose forces were based at Isle Aux Noix in upper Lake Champlain, didn't complete the 65-mile journey to Otter Creek until May 14. Upon arrival, Pring situated his squadron in the lake just off Otter Creek with eight galleys and a bomb sloop, preventing the American forces' passage north and to the sea. For one hour, Commander Pring maintained a heavy fire. However, Macdonough had learned of the attack beforehand from his observers on land and had prepared a defense in anticipation of this likely event. Using the guns of his ships, he had them landed on shore at the mouth of Otter Creek. Macdonough constructed an artillery battery with which he repelled the attack and drove the Royal Navy back to Isle Aux Noix in Canadian waters by autumn. With the way now clear, Macdonough's squadron sailed out of Otter Creek and made its way to Plattsburgh, New York, where it anchored just off shore in anticipation of the next and inevitable British advance.
Battle of Plattsburgh
By late August 1814, approximately 10,000 British troops under the command of George Prevost had assembled near Montreal at the Canada–US border. Many of these soldiers were well-trained, regular troops who served under Wellington, already battle hardened from their recent defeat of Napoleon in Europe. Macdonough had little naval combat experience. His service in the Barbary wars was limited to gunboat actions and the capture and destruction of Philadelphia. He had yet to experience a ship-to-ship action, being on a vessel that was receiving broadsides, surrounded by dead and wounded men. Regardless of this lack in experience, Macdonough well understood that defending and holding Plattsburgh, thus not allowing General Macomb's troops to be surrounded by British forces on land and water, was vital to winning the war.
On September 3, Prevost's army crossed the border and marched into northern New York State, advancing on Plattsburgh. The city was held by General Macomb with less than 2,000 regular troops, with the support of the New York militia, under the command of General Mooers and the Vermont volunteers, under the command of General Strong. However, Prevost who had arrived in earnest was yet aware of enemy strength and positions and refused to march on the city itself without adequate naval support to divert the American forces. A squadron under the command of Commodore George Downie sailed southward into the open lake to engage the American fleet commanded by Macdonough. In anticipation of the British fleet, Macdonough strategically positioned and anchored his fleet a short distance off shore from Plattsburgh and made further preparations for Downie's advance.
On September 11, Downie's forces departed from Isle-aux-Noix and sailed southward along the Richelieu River into Lake Champlain. Upon encountering Macdonough's fleet waiting in Plattsburgh harbor, Downie immediately attacked, achieving the upper hand early in the battle, largely because of the great firepower of the 36-gun British flagship . As the battle unfolded, the British squadron incurred considerable damage from close-range cannon fire. In the process an American cannon shot blasted a British cannon off its mount, crushing and killing Downie. Through use of anchor and cable tactics, Macdonough in command of was able to swing his ship around the undamaged side of the British flagship, gaining firepower superiority over the British fleet. As the poorly and hurriedly equipped Confiance with its inexperienced crew attempted the same tactic, Macdonough seized the opportunity and fired a broadside, severely damaging the British vessel and forcing its surrender. Having removed the British flagship from action, the American forces captured or destroyed the remaining larger ships in the fleet.
Both commanders would have seen the parallels of Macdonough's anchorage on Lake Champlain to that of the French under Vice Admiral Francois-Paul Brueys, opposing British Rear Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson, at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir Bay on August 1, 1798. A study of Nelson's battles was part of the professional knowledge expected of naval commanders. But Macdonough did all that Brueys did not. He expected to take advantage of the prevailing winds on Lake Champlain that constrained Downie's axis of approach. "Because nearly every circumstance that worked to Nelson's advantage proved disadvantageous to Downie, the Battle of Lake Champlain is sometimes called the False Nile" by the English. The British naval historian William Laird Clowes regarded Macdonough's False Nile victory as "a most notable feat, one which, on the whole, surpassed that of any other captain of either navy in this war." Clowes echoed Roosevelt's view, "The British sailors on the lakes were as good as our own, but no better. None of their commanders compare with Macdonough."
After the battle, Macdonough returned to the British officers their swords. Captain Pring wrote:
Upon wresting control of Lake Champlain from the British, Macdonough's victory forced the British forces to retire to Canada, the actions of which left no grounds for any claims by the British for any territory when the Ghent peace conference convened on December 24. For his success in forcing the retreat of Prevost into Canada, Macdonough was duly promoted to the rank of captain. He was also awarded the Congressional Gold Medal at this time. He was also awarded by the State of New York a thousand acres of land in Cayuga county, with another hundred acres awarded to him from the State of Vermont, making the once modest commodore a wealthy man.
Later days
Macdonough relieved Isaac Hull of command of the Portsmouth Navy Yard on July 1, 1815. In command there for three years, he returned to the Mediterranean Squadron in 1818 and was appointed commander of , a frigate of 44 guns and later transported Hon. G.W. Campbell to the Court of St. Petersburg in Russia stopping in ports in England, Elsineur and Copenhagen along the way.
In April Macdonough was stricken with tuberculosis but he still remained on duty for as long as possible. After returning to America later in the year, he was given command of a ship of the line, bearing 74 guns under construction in New York harbor. From 1818 to 1823 Macdonough served as her captain. In the fall of 1822 Macdonough toured western New York State visiting Niagara Falls and then battling the rapids sailed down the St. Lawrence River to Quebec in a batteaux
After submitting several requests for active sea duty, Macdonough received command of the 44-gun frigate in 1824. However, his health continued to worsen. On October 14, 1825, Macdonough had to relieve himself of his command. On October 14 he turned command of Constitution over to Captain Daniel T. Patterson at Gibraltar. Intending to return to New York, Macdonough departed the Mediterranean in the merchant brig . The day before his death, in the presence of Dr. Turk, Macdonough drew up and signed a will leaving a small sum of money to his servant, his wife having died several months beforehand. On November 10, 1825, Thomas Macdonough died aboard ship while it was passing Gibraltar.
Macdonough's body was returned to the United States and was buried in Middletown, Connecticut. He was laid to rest alongside his wife Ann Shaler, a lady of a prominent family in Middletown, she having died just a few months earlier.
Legacy
Several U.S. Navy ships have been named in his honor.
In 1937, at the urging of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the U.S. Post Office issued a series of five postage stamps honoring the U.S. Navy and various naval heroes in American history. Stephen Decatur and Thomas Macdonough (right) appearing on the two-cent denomination, were among the few chosen to appear in this commemorative series.
The annual Commodore Macdonough sailboat race (a nonstop overnight event sponsored by the Lake Champlain Yacht Club of Shelburne, Vermont) has been held on the lake every September since 1968.
The New York State University of New York located at Plattsburgh, Plattsburgh, N.Y. has a dormitory with the name Macdonough Hall; the hall being the oldest dormitory, and the initial dorm building.
McDonough, NY and East McDonough, NY, and the greater Town of McDonough, Chenango County, NY are named after the war hero.
Macdonough Hall, at the United States Naval Academy, is home to the boxing, sprint football, water polo, and gymnastics programs, as well as housing a gymnasium, racquetball courts, a swimming pool, and recreational weight rooms for Midshipmen.
There is a obelisk that is located across from City Hall in Plattsburgh, N.Y. known as the Macdonough Monument which honors the victory of American soldiers and sailors in the Battle of Plattsburgh.
In 1925, a Macdonough Monument was erected in the city green in Vergennes, Vermont to commemorate the building of the USS Saratoga and other ships at Otter Creek that were used in the Battle of Plattsburgh.
Camano Island (formerly known as Macdonough Island), Washington. Charles Wilkes, during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838–1842, named the island in honor of Macdonough in tribute to his victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh (aka Battle of Lake Champlain) that ended the War of 1812.
McDonough County, Illinois is named after Thomas Macdonough, its seat being Macomb.
Two elementary schools, one in St. Georges, Delaware and one in Middletown, Connecticut are named in honor of Macdonough.
MacDonough Street in the Stuyvesant Heights section of Brooklyn, New York is named after Thomas Macdonough. MacDonough Street runs parallel to Decatur Street, one block away, named after Stephen Decatur, with whom Macdonough served during the Barbary War.
McDonough, the county seat of Henry County, Georgia, is named in honor of Macdonough.
McDonough Street in Montgomery, Alabama is named for Macdonough. It runs parallel to streets named after other Barbary War/War of 1812 naval Heroes: Bainbridge Street, named for William Bainbridge; Decatur Street, named for Stephen Decatur; Hull Street, named for Isaac Hull; Lawrence Street, named for James Lawrence and Perry Street, named for Oliver Hazard Perry.
The Comdr. Thomas MacDonough House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
In October 1814 a fort was constructed on Westport Island, Maine near Clough Point and named after Thomas MacDonough (McDonough) the fort was actiive till the end of the war of 1812.
See also
Other notable naval commanders of the time : John Paul Jones Commodore John Barry Commodore Stephen Decatur Commodore John Hazelwood Admiral David Farragut Admiral Richard Howe Admiral Horatio Nelson
Bibliography of early American naval history: Thomas Macdonough
Bibliography of early American naval history: War of 1812
List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy
History of the United States Navy
Naval tactics in the Age of Sail
Naval artillery in the Age of Sail
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Dean, Leon W. Guns over Champlain (1948) – New York
Forester, C. S. Victory on Lake Champlain, American Heritage, Vol. 15, 1963.
Muller, Charles G. The Proudest Day: Victory on Lake Champlain, New York, 1960.
External links
Commodore Thomas Macdonough - Delmarva Heritage Series
1783 births
1825 deaths
People from New Castle County, Delaware
American people of Irish descent
American military personnel of the First Barbary War
United States Navy personnel of the War of 1812
American military personnel of the Quasi-War
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
19th-century American naval officers
People who died at sea
Commanders of the USS Constitution |
4043553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20hockey%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20team%20rosters | Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics – Men's team rosters | These are the team rosters of the nations that participated in the men's ice hockey tournament of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Each team was permitted a roster of 20 skaters and three goaltenders.
Participating teams
Canada
The following is the Canadian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Pat Quinn
Assistant coaches: Wayne Fleming, Marc Habscheid, Ken Hitchcock, Jacques Martin
Defencemen Scott Niedermayer and Ed Jovanovski were originally selected, but due to injuries were replaced by Jay Bouwmeester and Bryan McCabe, respectively. Dan Boyle took McCabe's previous spot as a reserve. Defenceman Dan Boyle and forwards Jason Spezza and Eric Staal were selected as "reserves" in case of injury before the tournament began.
Czech Republic
The following is the Czech roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Alois Hadamczik
Assistant coaches: Mojmír Trličík, Ondrej Weissmann
Finland
The following is the Finnish roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Erkka Westerlund
Assistant coaches: Risto Dufva, Hannu Virta
Germany
The following is the German roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Uwe Krupp
Assistant coach: Ernst Höfner
Italy
The following is the Italian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Michel Goulet
Assistant coaches: Ron Ivany, Fabio Polloni
Kazakhstan
The following is the Kazakh roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Nikolai Myshagin
Assistant coach: Gennadi Tsygurov
Latvia
The following is the Latvian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Leonīds Beresņevs
Assistant coach: Harijs Vītoliņš, Oļegs Znaroks
Russia
The following is the Russian roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Vladimir Krikunov
Assistant coaches: Vladimir Yurzinov, Sergei Nemchinov, Boris Mikhailov
Forwards Alexander Frolov and Alexander Korolyuk were replaced due to injuries by Andrei Taratukhin and Ivan Nepryaev, respectively.
Slovakia
The following is the Slovak roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: František Hossa
Assistant coaches: Jerguš Bača, Lubomir Pokovic, Róbert Švehla
Sweden
The following is the Swedish roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Bengt-Åke Gustafsson
Assistant coaches: Anders Eldebrink, Janne Karlsson
Forward Markus Näslund was initially selected, but due to a groin injury he was replaced by Tomas Holmstrom
Switzerland
The following is the Swiss roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: / Ralph Krueger
Assistant coaches: Jakob Kölliker, Peter John Lee
United States
The following is the American roster for the men's ice hockey tournament at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Head coach: Peter Laviolette
Assistant Coaches: Keith Allain, Mike Sullivan
See also
Ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics rosters (women)
References
roster
2006 |
4043560 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal%20dysplasia | Retinal dysplasia | Retinal dysplasia is an eye disease affecting the retina of animals and, less commonly, humans. It is usually a nonprogressive disease and can be caused by viral infections, drugs, vitamin A deficiency, or genetic defects. Retinal dysplasia is characterized by folds or rosettes (round clumps) of the retinal tissue.
Retinal dysplasia in dogs
Most cases of retinal dysplasia in dogs are hereditary. It can involve one or both retinas. Retinal dysplasia can be focal, multifocal, geographic, or accompanied by retinal detachment. Focal and multifocal retinal dysplasia appears as streaks and dots in the central retina. Geographic retinal dysplasia appears as an irregular or horseshoe-shaped area of mixed hyper or hyporeflectivity in the central retina. Retinal detachment occurs with complete retinal dysplasia, and is accompanied by blindness in that eye. Cataracts or glaucoma can also occur secondary to retinal dysplasia. Other causes of retinal dysplasia in dogs include infection with canine adenovirus or canine herpesvirus, or radiation of the eye in newborns.
Commonly affected breeds
Bedlington Terrier - complete retinal dysplasia.
Sealyham Terrier - complete retinal dysplasia.
Rottweiler - focal or multifocal.
English Springer Spaniel - focal, multifocal, or geographic.
American Cocker Spaniel - focal or multifocal.
Beagle - focal or multifocal.
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel - retinal folds, geographic, or retinal detachment.
Labrador Retriever - focal, multifocal, geographic, or complete retinal dysplasia. It can also be seen in combination with a congenital skeletal disorder.
Australian Shepherd - retinal dysplasia occurs with other eye disorders, such as an oval pupil, microcornea (small cornea), cataracts, and retinal detachment.
Retinal dysplasia in other animals
Cats - Retinal dysplasia occurs in utero or in newborns infected with feline leukemia virus or feline panleukopenia, which cause necrosis and disorganization of the retina. It appears as folds and rosettes.
Cattle - Retinal dysplasia occurs in utero through infection with bovine viral diarrhea. It is also inherited in Shorthorns and Herefords. Both forms often cause retinal detachment.
Sheep - Retinal dysplasia occurs by in utero infection with bluetongue disease.
Horses - Retinal dysplasia is bilateral, not inherited, and appears as multifocal or geographic disease. It is usually accompanied by other eye problems.
Chickens
See also
Progressive retinal atrophy
References
Dog diseases
Eye diseases |
4043564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice%20W.%20Means | Rice W. Means | Rice William Means (November 16, 1877January 30, 1949) was an American war hero who became a Ku Klux Klan leader and a Republican United States Senator from Colorado.
Early life, education, and military service
Born in St. Joseph, Missouri, he moved with his parents to Yuma County, Colorado in 1887. He settled in Denver in 1889, and attended the public schools and Sacred Heart College of Denver (now called Regis University). During the Spanish–American War, he commanded a company in the Philippine campaign of 1899, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Means "distinguished himself before the fall of Manila by swimming the Singalon river to reconnoiter the Spanish works", escaping capture when he was spotted. Returning from the war, he expressed a desire for the United States to permanently incorporate the Philippines, envisioning Manila surpassing Hong Kong as a trading center. In 1901, he graduated from the law department of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Denver. From 1902 to 1904, he was county judge of Adams County, and in 1908 was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the Sixty-first United States Congress. Following this defeat, he was appointed deputy district attorney for Adams County, Colorado.
Means was elected commander-in-chief of the Army of the Philippines in 1913, and of the Veterans of Foreign Wars in 1914. He served during the First World War as a lieutenant colonel and commandant of the Fortieth Division School of Arms. He commanded the 4th Infantry in the Meuse–Argonne offensive. Means ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1920, losing the Republican nomination to Samuel D. Nicholson, who would go on to win the seat. He was attorney for the City and County of Denver in 1923 and 1924.
Political career and later life
Means was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate on November 4, 1924, in a special election to fill the vacancy caused by Nicholson's death. During the campaign, his Democratic opponent nicknamed him "Puffed Rice", but this did not hinder Means' election. Means was one of several candidates reported to have benefited from the support of the state's Ku Klux Klan organization. He served in the Senate from December 1, 1924, to March 3, 1927, chairing the Committee on Claims (Sixty-ninth Congress). During his tenure, he authored legislation deeming Armistice Day (later called Veterans Day) a national holiday in the United States. During this time, Means also became directing head of the Ku Klux Klan in Colorado. In 1926 he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection, as he was again defeated in the Republican primary, this time by Charles W. Waterman, who "rode to victory on the wave of anti-klan sentiment".
In 1926 and 1927, Means was commander in chief of the United Spanish War Veterans, and in 1927 he became president of the National Tribune Corporation and publisher of the National Tribune and Stars and Stripes in Washington, D.C. Means fiercely criticized the FDR administration in response to the enactment of the initial New Deal measures in 1933, declaring them to be the product of "ruthless, vicious propaganda" and "a stain upon the honor of the United States". Means retired in 1937, and died in Denver on January 30, 1949, following a six-month bout with heart problems. He was interred in Denver's Fairmount Cemetery.
References
External links
Retrieved on 2009-02-25
1877 births
1949 deaths
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of World War I
Colorado Republicans
Former Ku Klux Klan members
Politicians from St. Joseph, Missouri
Regis University alumni
Republican Party United States senators from Colorado
United States Army officers
University of Michigan Law School alumni
National Commanders of the Veterans of Foreign Wars |
4043570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Garza%20%28musician%29 | David Garza (musician) | David Garza (pronounced Dah-veed; born February 4, 1971) is a Grammy winning Los Angeles based singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, producer, composer, and visual artist.
Biography
A third-generation Mexican-American and Dallas-area native David Garza came to Austin in the fall of 1989 to attend the University of Texas. With his first band, The Happy Farmers, he opened shows for such Dallas Deep Ellum faves of the era as the New Bohemians, Ten Hands, and Fever in the Funkhouse at Club Dada. But by age 18, he won a classical guitar scholarship to the University of Texas at Austin. Garza had met Austinites Chris Searles and Jeff Haley through scholastic music events in high school. They christened themselves Twang Twang Shock-A-Boom and headed to the West Mall of the UT campus, armed with acoustic guitar, upright bass and bongos.
The acoustic three-piece band “went from playing the West Mall on the University of Texas campus for fun and tips to packing a thousand or so fans into Liberty Lunch and showcasing at the headquarters of CBS Records (now Sony Music)”.
After leaving the group Twang Twang Shock A Boom to go solo, Garza formed a new band and gigged continually around and outside the Texas area, billed as David Garza & The Lovebeads and later as DAH-VEED. In the mid-1990s he had his brush with the major-label world, signing with Lava/Atlantic, but eventually returned to his street-performer roots, releasing nearly an album a year since.
Garza released a flurry of solo cassettes and CDs, selling them for $5 and $10, respectively. He called this the “Single Bill Theory,” one he maintains to the present day. Garza performed tirelessly on the regional club and college circuit, ultimately striking a major-label deal, in 1996. Initially, Garza rebuffed various major label recording offers, choosing instead to record and distribute music on his own label, Wide Open Records. After independently releasing nine records and selling 30,000 copies on his own, he eventually signed with Lava/Atlantic and was featured on the Great Expectations soundtrack. His major-label debut, This Euphoria, followed in April 1998.
He took over production duties for his second Lava/Atlantic record, 2001's Overdub, and brought in Will Calhoun and Doug Wimbish, the drummer and bassist of Living Colour as his backup band for the sessions. Juliana Hatfield contributed backing vocals on the song "Keep On Crying."
In 1999, at the height of his touring popularity, Garza was voted 2nd behind Stevie Ray Vaughan as Austin Musician of the Decade (Austin Chronicle).
In 2011, the City of Austin, TX declared May 12 “David Garza Day.” Soon after, to celebrate what would've been Elliott Smith's 44th birthday on August 6, 2013, Smith’s family entrusted Garza to “host a bicoastal tribute to the late pop mystic.”
In subsequent years, Garza has returned to releasing his music independently and plays frequently in Texas and in Los Angeles. A series of residency shows at L.A.'s Club Largo showcased his skill as a solo performer on both piano and guitar. During Garza's live shows, artists as highly regarded as producer/soundtrack icon Jon Brion, Nickel Creek, Grant Lee Phillips and Fiona Apple regularly sat in with him. Garza has shared the stage with the likes of Jackson Browne, John Paul Jones, Los Lobos, Pearl Jam, St. Vincent, Meshell Ndegeocello, Andrew Bird, Natalia LaFourcade, Chris Thile, Ben Harper. He has also done extensive work as a producer and session musician, composer, and visual artist.
In 2020 he was a musician on, co-produced and created the album artwork for the 2-time Grammy award winning Fiona Apple release Fetch The Bolt Cutters.
Collaborations
Throughout his career, David Garza has done studio and live session work for a number of artists. He contributed guitar and production to Juliana Hatfield's Beautiful Creature in 2000, and toured as keyboardist for Alejandro Escovedo in 2001. The same year, he played on the soundtrack for the film Spy Kids.
In 2002, he worked with Rhett Miller on The Instigator, and in 2004 he appeared on Hanson's record Underneath. In 2005, he toured with Fiona Apple on her Extraordinary Machine tour, performing both as the opening act and as a guitarist in her backing band.
In 2006, Garza played baritone guitar on the Revolting Cocks Cocked and Loaded LP, and Al Jourgensen later added vocals to “Minority Boys Got $” on Garza’s 2008 album Dream Delay.
Garza played guitar and sang back-up vocals on the 2007 John Legend single “Sun Comes Up”.
Since 2008, Garza has regularly toured and recorded with Gaby Moreno.
David performed the music on comedian, actress, and singer-songwriter Marget Cho’s 2016 album American Myth.
In 2020, Garza was a guest vocalist and piano player on the Watkins Family Hour studio album entitled Brother Sister, joining Gaby Moreno and John C. Reilly on a cover of Charley Jordan’s "Keep It Clean".
Composing and production
Garza contributed music on film scores for Wretches & Jabberers (2011), Garnet’s Gold (2014) and Racing Extinction (2015).
In 2016, Garza produced Nina Diaz (of Girl in a Coma) first solo record The Beat is Dead.
In 2019, Garza composed the original score for the HBO film Running with Beto
In 2020, Garza co-produced, played multiple instruments on and made the album artwork for Fiona Apple's Fetch The Bolt Cutters
Discography
Just Say Love (1991)
Summer Songs 1 (1991)
Summer Songs 2 (1992)
Eyes Wide Open (1992)
Culture Vulture (1993)
Conmigo (1994)
Blind Hips In Motion (1995)
1000 Copies (1996)
4-Track Manifesto EP (1997)
This Euphoria (1998)
Kingdom Come and Go (1999)
Summer Songs 3 (2000)
Overdub (2001)
Alarm/Alarm Spring (2002)
Summer Songs 4 (2002)
Secret Album (2003)
Amorea (2003)
Covers/Colcha (2003)
Summer Songs 5 (2003)
A Strange Mess of Flowers (box set) (2004)
Oh Dread EP (download) (2005)
May Ides EP (download)(2005)
Chuy Chuy Yall EP (download) (2005)
Summer Songs 6 (2005)
Sound of Music EP (download) (2005)
David Garza (2005 Tour CD) (2005)
Slaughterhouse Jive (download)(2008)
filmusic (download) (2008)
Dream Delay (2008)
Summer Songs 7 (2009)
AD HOC (2009)
Dream Demos (2009)
The Road To ACL (2010)
Oversea (2011)
Sleep (2012)
Human Tattoo (2013)
Ballad of Crybear (2016)
Lost Rhyme (2019)
Notes
External links
David Garza official site
David Garza on Myspace
David Garza Profile on RollingStone.com
1971 births
Living people
Musicians from Austin, Texas
People from Irving, Texas
American male singer-songwriters
American musicians of Mexican descent
Hispanic and Latino American musicians
University of Texas at Austin alumni
Singer-songwriters from Texas
21st-century American singers
21st-century American male singers
Lava Records artists
Atlantic Records artists |
4043572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearny%20Street | Kearny Street | Kearny Street () in San Francisco, California runs north from Market Street to The Embarcadero. Toward its south end, it separates the Financial District from the Union Square and Chinatown districts. Further north, it passes over Telegraph Hill, interrupted by a gap near Coit Tower.
History
Kearny Street was originally named "La Calle de la Fundacion" by the Spanish, meaning "street of the foundation." The origin of the present name, Kearny Street, is generally assumed to be Stephen Watts Kearny, the first military governor of California under U.S. rule. Another possible namesake is General Philip Kearny. It is sometimes erroneously assumed to be named after the (differently spelled) labor leader Denis Kearney, known for his racist anti-Chinese agitation.
At Kearny and Clay was the lower end of the first cable car line in America, launched by Andrew S. Hallidie on August 2, 1873, climbing five blocks up Clay Street hill toward Nob Hill.
During the early 20th century, "running north from Market Street to the Barbary Coast, Kearny Street was an avenue of honky-tonks and saloons frequented by racetrack tipsters and other shady professionals. On election nights it was the scene of torch-light parades and brass bands", as summarized in the 1940 WPA guide to San Francisco.
From the turn of the twentieth century until 1977, the area around the intersection of Kearny and Jackson Streets was home to a large Filipino population, and earned the nickname Manilatown. Located at 848 Kearny Street, the International Hotel served as the heart of Manilatown. In its heyday of the 1920s and 1930s the estimated population of Manilatown was between 20,000 and 40,000 people.
In 1968 the hotel was sold to developers intending to replace it with more profitable commercial property. After a protracted court battle, the remaining two hundred odd tenants were forcibly evicted on 4 August 1977. The hotel and other buildings to the south of it on that block were quickly torn down, after which the land lay vacant for over a quarter of a century. On 27 July 2004, a two block stretch of Kearny Street was officially declared to be Manilatown.
The San Francisco Chronicle's urban design critic John King observed in 2006 that while Kearny Street's "architectural mish-mash" includes a number of skyscrapers, "several blocks survive ramshackle and low, delightful blurs of pre-World War II architecture that mix their styles but maintain sturdy-looking masonry facades [...] These low blocks exist because of city efforts in the 1970s and '80s to preserve older buildings and keep the Financial District from devouring everything around it. That protective foresight is what good planning is all about."
Landmarks
Landmarks along Kearny Street include Lotta's Fountain at Market Street, where 1906 earthquake commemorations are held; One Montgomery Tower (an office building located on Kearny and Post streets, despite the name); 555 California Street, the city's fourth tallest skyscraper; the location of the old Hall of Justice at Kearny and Clay Streets now occupied by the Hilton San Francisco Financial District; the Lusty Lady, the nation's first worker-owned peep show; Portsmouth Square, the original Plaza of the pueblo of Yerba Buena; and Coit Tower, at the top of Telegraph Hill.
Other uses
"Kearny Street" is a song by American composer Rod McKuen.
References
Further reading
O'Brien, Robert, This is San Francisco. 1948. 1994 Chronicle Books
Streets in San Francisco
History of San Francisco
Chinatown, San Francisco
Financial District, San Francisco |
4043584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespesia%20grandiflora | Thespesia grandiflora | Thespesia grandiflora is a tree in the family Malvaceae of the rosids clade. Its common name is maga. This tree is widely distributed throughout Puerto Rico where it is endemic. Although originally endemic to the humid mountains of limestone in the western and north-central portions of the Island, today it grows everywhere in Puerto Rico due to its extensive cultivation. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in Florida, Hawaii, Honduras and in various Caribbean islands. The maga is mostly used as an ornamental plant, but like the related Thespesia populnea its wood is also valued for its durable timber. The flower was declared the national symbol of Puerto Rico on August 7, 2019.
Flower
The flower of the tree, known as Flor de Maga, is the official national flower of Puerto Rico. It is sometimes called a hibiscus in English, although it belongs to a different genus and species from the true hibiscus, and is more closely related to Cotton.
Growth
The maga tree usually grows no larger than 20 meters. It is grown for timber and as an ornamental plant.
References
Bibliography
Bailey, L.H. 1941. The standard cyclopedia of horticulture. New York: Macmillan. 3,639 p.
Calvesbert, Robert, Jr. 1970. Climate of Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands. Climatology of the United States 60-52. Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Service Administration, Environmental Data Service. 29 p.
Holdridge, L.R. 1942. Trees of Puerto Rico. Occasional Paper 1. Río Piedras, PR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Tropical Forest Experiment Station. 105 p. Vol. 1.
Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. San José, Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center. 206 p.
Joland, S.D.; Wiedhopt, R.M.; Cole, J.R. 1975. Tumor inhibitory agent from Montezuma speciosissima (Malvaceae). Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64(11): 1889-1890.
Liogier, Henri A.; Martorell, Luis F. 1982. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Río Piedras, PR: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 342 p.
Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Wadsworth, Frank H. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Agric. Handb. 249. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 548 p.
Marrero, José. 1942. A seed storage study of maga. Caribbean Forester. 3(4): 173-184.
Marrero, José. 1947. A survey of the forest plantations in the Caribbean National Forest. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. 167 p. Tesis de M.S.
Marrero, José. 1948. Forest planting in the Caribbean National Forest: past experience as a guide for the future. Caribbean Forester. 1: 85-213.
Martorell, Luis F. 1975. Annotated food plant catalog of the insects of Puerto Rico. Río Piedras, PR: Agricultural Experiment Station. 303 p.
Neal, Marie C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. Special Publication 50. Honolulú: Bernice P. Bishop Press. 924 p.
Sapath, D.S.; Balaram, P. 1986. Resolution of racemic gossypol and interaction of individual enantiomers with serum albumins and model peptides. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 882(2): 183-186.
Schubert, Thomas H. 1979. Trees for urban use in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-27. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 91 p.
Weaver, Peter L. 1987. Tree growth in several tropical forests of Puerto Rico. Res. Pap. SO-152. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 15 p.
Wolcott, George N. 1939. The entomologist looks at maga. Caribbean Forester. 1(1): 29-30.
Wolcott, George N. 1940. A list of woods arranged according to their resistance to the attack of the “polilla”, the dry-wood termite of the West Indies. Caribbean Forester. 1(4): 1-10.
External links
Flor de maga at elboricua.com
grandiflora
Endemic flora of Puerto Rico
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
4043590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Steere | Arthur Steere | Arthur Wallace Steere (1865–1943) was a Rhode Island politician and prominent businessman and landowner.
Biography
Steere (known as "A.W.") was born in Glocester, Rhode Island, on September 3, 1865, to Seth Hunt Steere and Lucy L. Smith. Steere was a direct descendant of Rhode Island founder, Roger Williams, William Wickenden, General William West, and Pilgrim George Soule. As a youth he worked on his family's farm in Glocester and then went to Scituate, Rhode Island, where he engaged in the teaming business for three years. In 1889 Steere inherited a bequest from his relative Henry J. Steere, a prominent manufacturer, upon the latter's death. In 1887, Steere married into the Brayton family when he married Sarah Jeanette Brayton (daughter of David and Phebe Brayton) in a Congregational service; she who died in 1892. Next, Steere married Mamie Farrar (daughter of Miles and Annie (Allen) Farrar) in 1894. They had five children together: Seth, Arthur, Nelson, Nettie and Henry.
Eventually, Arthur Steere became the owner of over one thousand acres (4 km²) of property in the Rhode Island towns of Johnston, Burrillville, Foster, Scituate, Smithfield, and Glocester, making him one of the state's largest landowners. Steere sold hundreds of acres to the state of Rhode Island for the creation of the Scituate Reservoir in the 1920s. He owned various businesses on this land, including lumber yards, which produced railroad ties and telegraph poles, and also dairy farms, fruit orchards, refrigeration facilities, and a teaming business that first paved the majority of the roads in northern Rhode Island. Steere had over one hundred and fifty employees at the start of the 20th century. Senator Steere was a lifelong Republican, and in 1907 he was elected to the Rhode Island Senate representing Greenville, Rhode Island. As a senator, Steere was extremely active in property issues, serving on the property committee. Steere was also a member of the Freemasons of Greenville and Scituate and an attendant of Greenville's Free Will Baptist Church. After Steere died in January 1943, his sons Seth Hunt Steere and Henry J. Steere took over the bulk of his businesses and landholdings. Steere Orchards on Austin Avenue in Greenville is still owned by his descendants and is the largest orchard in Rhode Island. Steere was buried at Harmony Chapel Cemetery in Glocester.
Images
References
Further reading
"Arthur Wallace Steere," The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations: Biographical,(NY: The American Historical Society, 1920) 121-122.
"Arthur Wallace Steere," Representative men and old families of Rhode Island : genealogical records and historical sketches of prominent and representative citizens and of many of the old families. (Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1908).
James Root, Steere Genealogy, (Providence: Riverside Press, 1890).
The Providence Journal, "The Will of Mr. Henry J. Steere in Detail," November 1, 1889, pg. 3.
The Providence Journal, "Obituary: Henry J. Steere," October 29, 1889, pg. 8.
External links
Steere's House (PDF)
Rhode Island state senators
1865 births
1943 deaths
People from Smithfield, Rhode Island
People from Glocester, Rhode Island
Burials in Rhode Island
19th-century American businesspeople |
4043596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flashy%20Bull | Flashy Bull | Flashy Bull (foaled March 13, 2003) by Jerry and Liz Squyres at Crowning Point Farm in Paris, Kentucky is an American thoroughbred racehorse. He was sired by the 1994 U.S. Horse of the Year Holy Bull out of the mare, Iridescence.
He was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006.
As of July, 2007, he had started 19 times, winning 5, placing in 5, and showing in three and had lifetime earnings of $844,313.
In August, 2007, he was retired to stud due to a cracked sesamoid bone in his left ankle, believed to have happened in the Whitney Handicap at Saratoga Race Course on July 28 where he was unplaced.
Connections
Flashy Bull was owned by West Point Thoroughbreds and was trained by Kiaran McLaughlin. His rider in the Kentucky Derby was Mike E. Smith. He was ridden to a third-place finish in the Ohio Derby by Luis Antonio Gonzalez.
Races
References
Flashy Bull's pedigree
2006 Derby Contenders Flashy Bull
NTRA Flashy Bull Retired
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
2003 racehorse births
Racehorses trained in the United States
Thoroughbred family 9-f |
4043603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina%20Nordstr%C3%B6m | Tina Nordström | Maria Kristina "Tina" Nordström Holmqvist (born 6 August 1973) is a Swedish celebrity chef and television personality from Helsingborg, Sweden.
She hosted the second season of New Scandinavian Cooking on PBS stations on American television, replacing Andreas Viestad as host of the show; she was succeeded by Claus Meyer. She also appeared in a subsequent series featuring the same cast in rotation called "Perfect Day", produced by Tellusworks/Anagram Produktion and directed by Andreas Lindergard.
Besides the cookery show Mat ("Food"), which she made together with Tomas Tengby, she has written cookbooks—Tinas mat ("Tina's food"), Tina and Jättegott Tina ("Delicious, Tina").
Nordström won the Swedish Let's Dance television show in 2008. In 2009, she produced Tinas cookalong, with Gordon Ramsay as a guest cook.
From 2014, she is part of the jury in Sveriges yngsta mästerkock, the Swedish version of Masterchef Junior.
References
External links
New Scandinavian Cooking: New Scandinavian Cooking - Meet Tina Nordström
Tina Nordström at the Internet Movie Database
See Tina's dance performance in the Swedish Let's dance 2008 television show, where she won. (Web page in Swedish).
Swedish food writers
Swedish chefs
Swedish television personalities
Swedish women television presenters
American women television presenters
Salespeople
American television chefs
1973 births
Living people
Dancing with the Stars winners
Infomercials
Women cookbook writers
American women chefs
21st-century American women |
4043604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandst%C3%A4tter%20Group | Brandstätter Group | Brandstätter Group (geobra Brandstätter GmbH & Co. KG) is a German company, headquartered in Zirndorf, Bavaria. The group is composed of toy company Playmobil, Playmobil 1.2.3 Ltd, Inmold Ltd, Hob Electronics Ltd, Hob Components Ltd, HOB Inc., HOB GmbH & Co KG, and Hob Software Ltd.
In 1876, the company was founded by Andreas Brandstätter in Fürth, Bavaria and produced ornamental fittings and locks. By 1921, the company mainly was producing metal toys such as piggy banks, telephones, cash registers, and scales.
In 1954, production shifted to plastics and in the following years produced toys such as the Multi-Worker play-set. The Playmobil line of products was introduced in 1970 under Horst Brandstätter and marketed worldwide in 1975.
The Brandstätter Group produces exclusively in Europe, chiefly at its main factory in Dietenhofen, 25 km from Zirndorf, with a workforce of 750 people. Although Playmobil also has factories in Malta (700 employees), Spain and the Czech Republic, Horst Brandstätter expanded production in Germany, and invested heavily in the Dietenhofen factory. New products included the Lechuza self-watering planters.
References
External links
Playmobil
Companies based in Bavaria
Playmobil
German companies established in 1876
Toy companies of Germany
Toy companies established in the 19th century
Manufacturing companies established in 1876 |
4043609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Underhill | John Underhill | John Underhill may refer to:
Sir John Underhill (died 1679), courtier to Elizabeth I of England
John Underhill (bishop) (1545–1592), English academic and bishop of Oxford
John Edward Underhill (1574–1608)
John Underhill (captain) (1597–1672), English colonist and soldier
John Q. Underhill (1848–1907), U.S. Representative from New York
John R. Underhill (born 1961), British professor of stratigraphy and former Scottish Premier League football referee
John Garrett Underhill (1876–1946), author and stage producer
John Garrett Underhill Jr. (1915–1964), U.S. Army officer |
4043610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s%20Leoz | Nicolás Leoz | Nicolás Leoz Almirón (10 September 1928 – 28 August 2019) was President of CONMEBOL (South American Football Confederation) from 1986 to 2013. Leoz assumed the presidency in 1986 (succeeding Teófilo Salinas Fuller) and in February 2006, he was reelected as President for a sixth term. He was Paraguayan and received Colombian citizenship in 2008. On April 23, 2013, Leoz resigned from both the FIFA Executive Committee and the CONMEBOL presidency, citing health issues.
Before his position as President of CONMEBOL, Leoz was President of the Justice Department of the Paraguayan Basketball Confederation (1957–1959), President of Paraguayan soccer Club Libertad (1969–1970 and 1974–1977), President of the Asociación Paraguaya de Fútbol (1971–1973 and 1979–1985) and Vice President of CONMEBOL (1972–1974 and 1980–1986).
In November 2010 he was alleged by the BBC to have taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of World Cup television rights.
In May 2015, Leoz was banned by the FIFA Ethics Committee.
Youth and early career
Leoz was born in Pirizal, Chaco Paraguayo, Paraguay. His childhood was spent in Pirizal, 78 km. in the industrial complex of Carlos Casado, near the Paraguay River, Puerto Casado today is known as Puerto La Victoria.
From 1940 to 1950, Leoz was a sports journalist in radio media and the press, with teachers, peers and colleagues like Halley Gerardo Mora Pedro García, Nestor Romero Valdovinos, Milciades Aguayo, Sindulfo Martínez.
In 1957, he studied law at the School of Law and Social Sciences of the UNA (National University of Asunción) and as a student took office in Judiciary as a scribe in interrogations; he graduated December 24, 1957, at 29 years age.
From 1950 to 1962, he was a history teacher at the Colegio Nacional de la Capital, Nacional de Niñas and Comercio.
He was also director of aluminum enterprise and agricultural livestock.
From 1957 to 1977, he was president of the Tribunal de Justicia de la Confederación Paraguaya de Básquetbol.
Doctor “Honoris causa” from Universidade of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Member of Honor of the Universidad Nacional of San Agustín of Arequipa, Perú.
Timeline of football career
Corruption allegations
In November 2010, Andrew Jennings, the presenter of FIFA's Dirty Secrets, an edition of BBC's flagship current affairs programme Panorama alleged that Leoz had taken bribes in the 1990s regarding the awarding of contracts for the sale of television rights to the football World Cup. Panorama claimed to have obtained a confidential document from a company called ISL which showed that Leoz was paid $730,000 by the company. ISL won the contract to distribute the television rights. Leoz has not responded to the allegations.
In May 2011, Lord Triesman named Leoz while giving evidence at a Parliamentary inquiry into football governance in London. Nicolas Leoz has been accused of requesting an honorary knighthood in reward for supporting a World Cup bid for England. It was later revealed in email exchanges involving his aide that Leoz would consider visiting England if the FA Cup, the oldest association football competition in the world, were to be named after him.
On April 23, 2013, Leoz announced his resignation of CONMEBOL presidency to take place on April 30, 2013.
On June 3, 2015, Leoz was named on an INTERPOL Red Notice.
In 2018, his extradition was approved by a Paraguayan court. Leoz appealed the decision. At the time of his death the case was pending before the Supreme Court of Paraguay.
Family
Leoz was the son of Gregory Leoz Latorre (born in Navarre, Spain) and Petrona Almirón Bogarín (born in Luque, Paraguay), daughter of then peace judge Luque. His brothers were Guillermo, Pomposa, Sara, Eusebio, Cesar, Modesto and Maria Teresa. He also had two brothers, Isidoro and Cesareo from his father when he married Eudosia Carmen Zorrilla.
His paternal grandparents were Cesareo Leoz Guinda and Miguela Latorre. His paternal great-grandparents were Manuel Leoz Ramon and Manuela Guinda Baztam.
Notes
News media as a scandal involving within the FIFA together with Julio Grondona who is vice president of FIFA, CSF vice-president and president of the Asociación del Fútbol Argentino. (Andrew Jennings).
References
Bibliography
Leoz, Nicholas, Pido la palabra. MZ Editions S.R.L., Ladino 3729. Buenos Aires-Argentina, 2001
External links
FIFA.COM
1928 births
2019 deaths
Naturalized citizens of Colombia
Presidents of CONMEBOL
Paraguayan emigrants to Colombia
Paraguayan people of Basque descent
Paraguayan people of Spanish descent
FIFA officials
People named in the Panama Papers
Paraguayan schoolteachers |
4043615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%20Barriers | Churchill Barriers | The Churchill Barriers are four causeways in the Orkney Islands (at
, , , and ), with a total length of . They link the Orkney Mainland in the north to the island of South Ronaldsay via Burray and the two smaller islands of Lamb Holm and Glimps Holm.
The barriers were built between May 1940 and September 1944, primarily as naval defences to protect the anchorage at Scapa Flow, but since 12 May 1945, serve as road links between the islands. The two southern barriers, Glimps Holm to Burray and Burray to South Ronaldsay, are Category A listed.
History
On 14 October 1939, the Royal Navy battleship HMS Royal Oak was sunk at her moorings within the natural harbour of Scapa Flow, by the under the command of Günther Prien. U-47 had entered Scapa Flow through Holm Sound, one of several eastern entrances to Scapa Flow.
The eastern passages were protected by measures including sunken block ships, booms and anti-submarine nets, but U-47 entered at night at high tide by navigating between the block ships.
To prevent further attacks, the First Lord of The Admiralty Winston Churchill ordered the construction of permanent barriers. Work began in May 1940 and the barriers were completed in September 1944 but were not officially opened until 12 May 1945, four days after Victory in Europe Day.
Construction
The contract for building the barriers was awarded to Balfour Beatty, although part of the southernmost barrier (between Burray and South Ronaldsay) was sub-contracted to William Tawse & Co. The first Resident Superintending Civil Engineer was E K Adamson, succeeded in 1942 by G Gordon Nicol.
Preparatory work on the site began in May 1940, while experiments on models for the design were undertaken at Whitworth Engineering Laboratories at the University of Manchester.
The bases of the barriers were built from gabions enclosing 250,000 tonnes of broken rock, from quarries on Orkney. The gabions were dropped into place from overhead cableways into waters up to deep. The bases were then covered with 66,000 locally cast concrete blocks in five-tonne and ten-tonne sizes. The five-tonne blocks were laid on the core, and the ten-tonne blocks were arranged on the sides in a random pattern to act as wave-breaks.
Only minor environmental impacts have been seen as a result of their construction.
Labour
A project of this size required a substantial labour force, which peaked in 1943 at over 2,000.
Much of the labour was provided by over 1,300 Italian prisoners of war who had been captured in the desert war in North Africa; they were transported to Orkney from early 1942 onwards.
The prisoners were accommodated in three camps, 600 at Camp 60 on Little Holm and the remaining 700 at two camps on Burray.
In 1943, those at Camp 60 built an ornate Italian Chapel, which still survives and has become a tourist attraction.
Ecological impact
Research by the University of York published in 2012 showed significant changes to the ecology of the area, and that behind the barriers an eutrophic environment dominated due to the loss of the natural through-flow of water.
Deterioration
In October 2011, the Orkney Islands Council took control of the barriers from the Ministry of Defence. Since then, with increasingly erratic weather events and rising sea levels as a result of global climate change, the barriers have begun to deteriorate. Of the four barriers, only Barrier No. 2, from Lamb Holm to Glimps Holm, is at high risk for needing to be replaced, according to the Scottish Environment Protection Agency. Replacing even one of the causeways is extremely unpopular in Orkney due to their historical significance. The Council was as of February 2021 exploring options that would preserve all of the causeways.
Gallery
References
External links
Burray and The Barriers
Undiscovered Scotland: The Churchill Barriers
Our Past History: The Churchill Barriers
Okneypics.com: photos of the barrier
Orkney
Buildings and structures in Scotland
Civil engineering
Category A listed buildings in Orkney
Causeways in Europe |
4043616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Dan | Zhang Dan | Zhang Dan (; born 4 October 1985) is a Chinese former pair skater. With Zhang Hao, she is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) World medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) Four Continents champion.
Zhang Dan retired from competition on May 6, 2012.
Career
Early career
Zhang Dan and Zhang Hao (no relation) teamed up in 1997. In 1998–99 Junior Grand Prix (JGP), the pair competed in one event and won the gold medal. They continued the season with a bronze medal at the 1999 Chinese National Championships. The following season, they competed in two 1999–2000 JGP events, medaling in both. They qualified for the final, where they finished fifth. That year, they were second at nationals and finished fourth at Junior Worlds.
The following three seasons, they were very successful at the junior level. They won all their Junior Grand Prix events, including the 2000–01 JGP Final and the 2001–02 JGP Final. They also competed in the 2001 Junior Worlds and the 2003 Junior Worlds, winning gold both times. At the Chinese National Championships, they placed third in both 2001 and 2002, before winning their first national title in 2003. Their first senior international was the 2002 Four Continents Championships, where they won the bronze medal. The same season they competed in the 2002 Olympics, placing 11th, and the 2002 Worlds, placing 9th. The following season they competed in their first two senior Grand Prix events, placing fourth at both events. They repeated with a bronze medal at the 2003 Four Continents Championships and improved their placement at the 2003 Worlds, finishing sixth.
For the next two seasons, they consistently medaled at their Grand Prix events. They won gold at the 2005 Four Continents Championships and bronze at the 2005 Worlds.
2005–06 season: Olympic medalists
Zhang and Zhang went into the 2006 Olympics as medal contenders. They had planned a throw quadruple salchow jump for the free skate, a jump which had not yet been landed in competition. Zhang Dan fell on it during the free skate and suffered an injury, but chose to finish the program. There was a minor controversy about finishing the program because while Zhang Dan had been lying on the ice from the fall, the referee had stopped the music, and the Zhangs took a certain amount of time to restart the program. ISU rules say that the program can be continued if the referee agrees the stoppage was due to a valid reason, such as injuries or equipment failures. Once the referee has approved a continuation, the skaters are given two minutes to continue the program from the point where the music stopped. Zhang regrouped within this period and was able to finish the program. They won the silver medal, placing ahead of defending Olympic medalists Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao. At the Worlds, they won the silver, behind Pang Qing and Tong Jian.
Later career
In the 2006–07 season, Zhang and Zhang placed first at Skate Canada, second at the NHK Trophy, and would go on to win the bronze medal at the Grand Prix Final. They placed 5th at the 2007 World Figure Skating Championships later that season. In the 2007–08 and the 2008–09 seasons, they won silver medals at both the Grand Prix Final and the World Championships. They also set the world record score in the short program twice: 71.60 points at the 2007 Trophée Éric Bompard and 74.36 points at the 2008 World Championships.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Zhangs placed fifth. They also finished fifth at 2010 World Championships.
Before the 2010–11 season began, Zhang Hao broke his finger, forcing the team to pull out of their two Grand Prix assignments. He also dealt with some shoulder and cervical vertebra problems. The Zhangs returned to competition during the 2011–12 season, winning silver medals at the 2011 Skate America and the 2011 Cup of China. They finished 4th at the 2011–12 Grand Prix Final.
Zhang Dan eventually became the tallest competing female pair skater. In 2008, she was 1.63 m and in October 2009, she reached 1.675 m. In August 2011, she was the tallest female in elite pair skating, being 1.695 m in height. Zhang Dan's height proved to be a challenge for the pair, and on May 6, 2012, it was announced that their partnership had ended and she was retiring from competition. Zhang Hao formed a new partnership, while Zhang Dan stated that she would focus on her university studies.
Age controversy
On February 14, 2011, the Zhangs' ages became the subject of controversy. Although her International Skating Union bio lists Zhang Dan as born on October 4, 1985, a Chinese skating association website suggested she was born on that day in 1987. This would mean that during the 2001-02 season she was 14 and too young to compete in senior events such as the Four Continents where they won bronze, as well as the Olympics and World Championships. Her partner's age also came under scrutiny. His ISU bio states that he was born on July 6, 1984 but the Chinese website suggested he was born on February 6, 1982, making him too old to compete in junior events during the 2002-03 season, such as the 2003 World Junior Championships where they won gold. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for the Zhangs in terms of the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee's website.
Programs
(with Zhang Hao)
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Zhang Hao
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Chinese female pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Olympic figure skaters of China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Universiade gold medalists for China |
4043627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6yksopp%27s%20Night%20Out | Röyksopp's Night Out | Röyksopp's Night Out is an extended play (EP) by Norwegian electronic music duo Röyksopp. It contains live recordings from the duo's concert at Rockefeller Music Hall in Oslo, Norway, in November 2005.
Background
The EP was released domestically on 27 January 2006. Röyksopp has stated that the EP was originally meant for the Japanese fans, the most enthusiastic Röyksopp fans, according to the band members. All of the vocalists who contributed on Röyksopp's second studio album, The Understanding (2005), except Karin Dreijer (who was replaced by Norwegian singer Anneli Drecker) were present at the concert. The EP also includes a remixed cover version of the Queens of the Stone Age song "Go with the Flow".
The EP was named after a song from their debut album, Melody A.M. (2001), though the song was not performed.
Track listing
Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Röyksopp's Night Out.
Röyksopp
Röyksopp – arrangements, production ; vocals
Svein Berge – vocals
Additional personnel
Ronald Hernes – recording
Tim Summerhayes – mixing
Dave O'Carrol – mastering
Kate Havnevik – creative input, vocals
Kristian Stockhaus – guitar
Ole Vegard Skauge – bass guitar
Anneli Drecker – vocals
Chelonis R. Jones – vocals
Stian Andersen – photos
Jean-Louis Duralek – artwork
Charts
References
2006 debut EPs
2006 live albums
Live EPs
Röyksopp albums
Wall of Sound (record label) albums |
4043646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%20Y.O. | 20 Y.O. | 20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer Janet Jackson. It was released on September 20, 2006, by Virgin Records. Its title makes reference to her third studio album Control (1986), and is a commemoration to its twentieth anniversary. 20 Y.O. represents the "celebration of the joyful liberation and history-making musical style" of Control. An R&B and dance album, Jackson enlisted a range of producers to work on material with, including LRoc, Manuel Seal, The Avila Brothers and No I.D., in addition to her longtime partners Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and then-boyfriend Jermaine Dupri.
20 Y.O. received mixed reviews from music critics, with some of them questioning the involvement of Dupri. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, making it Jackson's eighth consecutive top-three debut and second consecutive number-two album debut. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it platinum, becoming Jackson's eighth consecutive platinum album. Worldwide, the album has sold 1.5 million copies. 20 Y.O. earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Contemporary R&B Album in 2007.
To promote 20 Y.O., the singer appeared in various magazines, and performed on Today and the 2006 Billboard Music Awards. To further promote the release online, Jackson launched the "Design Me" cover contest, giving fans an opportunity to create the artwork for the album by downloading images of her and creating proposed covers for the album. Jackson hand-picked dozens of images to be used in the contest and selected her top four favorites, which were used for the standard edition's cover on American pressings of 20 Y.O. Three singles were released from the album–"Call on Me", "So Excited", and "With U".
Background and development
In 2004, Jackson performed at the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show with guest artist Justin Timberlake, who accidentally exposed her right breast at the end of their performance. A month later, she released her eighth studio album, Damita Jo. The album debuted at number two on Billboard 200, was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and sold over three million copies worldwide. However, its singles received minimal airplay due to a blacklist of Jackson's music and videos on many music channels and radio formats caused by legalities surrounding the incident. At the end of 2004, Jackson announced that she intended to start work on a new album project in the coming year. It would involve her then boyfriend—record producer Jermaine Dupri, who was commissioned to executive produce the project—in addition to a roster of other producers. Dupri said at the time,
"For this record, it's gonna be all dance, though. It's gonna be straight 'Control', 'Nasty', hard-ass beats, memorable melodies. It's directed to her fans, people who miss dancing, people who miss seeing videos with dancing. These [younger artists] are sloppy, they don't take it as serious as she do. They don't rehearse for the hours she do. It's serious business for her and her family and her brothers. It's important for kids to see that and bring that back to life".
20 Y.O. became Jackson's final album with Virgin Records, and marked the end of a thirteen-year recording history with the label. Following the album's release Kwamé Holland, a producer who worked on the original 20 Y.O. concept prior to Dupri's involvement, stated, "the finished project we had before Jermaine took everything over is crazy. Ask Jimmy & Terry how they felt when Jermaine came in and changed almost everything." In 2005, Jackson initially worked with various producers, including The Neptunes, Dr. Dre, Kwamé, and Polow Da Don, but the concept was changed when Dupri was selected to manage the project after becoming a division president at Virgin Records. After the album's release, Dupri was condemned for his production and misguidance of the album, and subsequently was removed from his position at Virgin Records.
Recording and production
For the album, Jackson reunited with longtime collaborators Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis to work with her and Dupri. Conversations between the group began before December 2005, when they elaborated the first themes, and songwriting and recording began in earnest in February. The discussion turned to how Jackson was feeling during the recording of her third studio album Control in 1986. "I started asking questions like, 'What was the feeling of life when you were 20?' I was so intrigued with what was going on in her life then that I just thought her album should be called that", Dupri said. Jam agreed, saying it made sense as a concept because it meant a sense of rejuvenation for her, adding: "A sense of that excitement that people have when they are 20 years old, when their life are beginning." He finished by saying Jackson had that same sense of "hunger and excitement" she had when she was younger. Jackson wanted to create an R&B and dance album, but with an emphasis on dance. Rather than contribute to separate songs for the album, Dupri, Jam and Lewis decided to collaborate. According to the group, the process caused ego and procedural conflicts, but they complemented each other. Jam said: "The great thing about working with Jermaine, he came in with total respect for us, we had total respect for him. The fact is that we were fans of each other and for Janet". Jackson stated:
"This time it was four of us collaborating – Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Jermaine and myself. But it was the same process: Everyone getting all of their thoughts and ideas out on the table, then talking about which ideas to keep or throw out. Johntá Austin also played a part in the album. It was really a collaborative effort, and that's what made it so nice. Jermaine would run into the studio and talk about the songs Jimmy and Terry had done on someone's album. Then Jimmy would start playing the song, and Jermaine would say, 'You know what? Let's do something kind of along those lines as a bas'e. He understood them, he understood me and vice versa".
20 Y.O. was recorded chiefly at Jam and Lewis' Flyte Tyme Studios in Los Angeles and Dupri's Southside Studios in Atlanta, with some sections undertaken at The Village in Los Angeles and the Hit Factory in Miami. The concept of 20 Y.O. is a celebration of what was happening musically when Control was released. The addition of Dupri, quotes Jackson as saying, "It's an edge, an attitude, an exciting vibe that's assertive. It's about taking charge. It says, 'Here I am. I'm coming on. Musically, I have it. You want it. And I'm giving it to you.'" With the album Dupri wanted to reconnect Jackson with her urban fan base without losing her pop and dance audience she had built during the last two decades before the album's release. "Times have changed from when Michael and Janet were out in the '80s", he noted, pointing to the fact that urban artists no longer had to cross over to pop genres before achieving maximum exposure and sales. "Janet shouldn't be changing or trying to change to get on pop radio", the producer completed.
Dupri also demonstrated the possibility for a duet with Jackson and American singer Mariah Carey for the album. Carey commented in April 2006, "He never talked to me about that, but if Jermaine has a concept, we should go and write something. I love Janet. I’ve been a big fan of Janet since 'Con-tro-ol!'". Later, Dupri said that the closer he got to Jackson and Mariah's duet, the more he knew where it should be at, elaborating that he felt it was going to happen. "It depends on how quick my mind moves. We’re mixing records for [20 Years Old]. We’re not done yet. When I did Usher's My Way album, the last record I created was 'You Make Me Wanna...'. I'm thinking I might go back in, and I might tamper with it. [...] We gotta try to figure it out", he commented. However, the duet never came to fruition.
Music and lyrics
20 Y.O. is composed by eleven songs, an introduction, three interludes and an outro. It starts off with Jackson stating "There's something to be said for not saying anything. I've covered a lot in my 20 years. And I've uncovered a lot" in its intro. The opening song, second single "So Excited" featuring rapper Khia, is a hip hop track which samples the drum break and turntable scratches from Herbie Hancock's 1983 song "Rockit". In the song, Jackson promises submission for her lover, singing, "If you like it then I’ll do it/I’ll go head to toe" and "I'm-a keep your body thumping, baby". "Show Me" follows, with Jackson spelling its title throughout the song. The fourth song, "Get It Out Me", is a dance song which was noted to feature Jackson's vocals sounding like her brother Michael's ones. The following song is "Do It 2 Me". It marks a return to Jackson's conversational style; in the song, She is searching for her lover: "My first and only call is to you, time after time, babe, throughout my life". Its music is punctuated by handclaps and by low swoops of a string section. Sixth song "This Body" lyrically is about men who have appreciation with Jackson's appearances in magazines. She addresses her fans in the line "Just had to buy me, had to try me, oooh, you're in love with the hottest girl in the magazine". The song brings sinuous and dark beats incorporating a rhythmic pattern of heavy breathing and the sound of a jet taking off, which was noted to be a metaphor.
An interlude is the opening for eighth track "With U", which was described as "the follow-up to 1986's 'Let's Wait Awhile'", where a couple postpone intimacy. "With U" takes place after the act, which results in romantic confusion. In it, she sings, "I wish you were the one the one I could be with forever". "Call on Me" is the ninth song and lead single from 20 Y.O. It features Nelly, and samples The SOS Band's 1983 song "Tell Me If You Still Care". It includes whispered vocals from both Jackson and Nelly. Second interlude finds Jackson remembering her Good Times days as Penny. "Daybreak", the eleventh song, begins with fairy tale infused chimes before introducing electronic soul handclaps before Jackson starts singing. It has a few lyrics which deal about sex. The following track, "Enjoy", is composed by piano and bass. In the song, Jackson's vocals were heavily treated. Both songs have additional carnival charms, sing-along melodies, and a children's chorus at its end of the latter. An interlude follows, with Jackson calling her lover, asking him to come home. Fourteenth song "Take Care" is a love song which finds the singer pleasuring herself while she waits for her lover. The last song from the album, "Love 2 Love" was recorded by Jackson with her brother Michael in mind. She sings, "We are a couple / Which love knows no bounds". An outro closes the album.
Title and artwork
In February 2006, Dupri revealed the album's title as 20 Years Old, making reference to her third studio album, Control (1986), which commemorated its twentieth release anniversary in 2006. The singer, who at that date was 40 years old, confessed she felt half her age. However, Jackson changed the title to 20 Y.O. after a fan suggestion. Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine heavily criticized the title, saying it did not "let on whether the first letter is plural or singular, whether it's a noun or an adjective. And it would make all the difference". He declared that if it was supposed to stand for "years", it was a forgivable conceit. However, the reviewer feared the acronym was for 20-Year-Old, which would mean a "misguided" move from a woman who was 40, and would illustrate everything wrong with Jackson's direction with the album. He later joked that his third interpretation and his personal favorite was the title to be read phonetically "I'm 20, yo".
A contest for fans to create an album cover image for 20 Y.O. was announced on July 18, 2006, through Yahoo!. Fans were able to create and submit their own album-cover design, with four winners being chosen by Jackson herself. The first million copies of the album would be published with these fan-created covers. The concept of the contest was to create an image that best celebrated Jackson's past twenty years. The singer hand-picked dozens of images that span over twenty years of Jackson's career were made available for download for use in creating the design. "They told me that I should pick maybe 20, 30 photos, but I think I went a little crazy. I picked way more than that. I gave them some of the new stuff I just shot for the album cover shoot. So they have some really recent photos as well as some stuff from 20 years ago", Jackson confessed. For the official artwork for the album, Jackson appears sporting big hair and a wrist full of bracelets.
Release and promotion
20 Y.O. was released on September 26, 2006 by Virgin Records; its deluxe edition, which included a bonus DVD, was released simultaneously. On May 1, 2006, a web-only song called "Weekend" was made available as a "gift" to fans to download via Jackson's official website. The song is a remake of "Lookout Weekend", a 1984 single by Debbie Deb. It was soon removed from the site and although not included on the album, footage of Jackson recording the track can be seen in the 20 Y.O. The Project piece on the deluxe edition bonus DVD. A MySpace account for Jackson was also set up with new music and videos to promote 20 Y.O. In the lead up to the album's release, Jackson shot covers for Us Weekly, Vibe, Billboard, FHM, GIANT, W, Jezebel, OK!, Ebony, King, Sophisticates Black Hair, Movieline's Hollywood Life, Hype Hair, Men's Fitness, Unleashed, Upscale, and In Touch. Her Us Weekly cover became the biggest-selling issue in the magazine's history, selling 1.4 million copies. Jackson's Vibe issue also received attention from the media after she appeared topless on the August cover.
On September 9, 2006, Jackson went to France to perform "So Excited" at NRJ's Back to School concert, along with past single "Nasty". While on The Oprah Winfrey Show, she was interviewed and performed both tracks again. The show aired on September 25. Jackson held an album signing in Times Square at the Virgin Megastore on September 26, the album's release date. Jackson performed live on the Today show — as part of their Concert Series — three days later. In October, she traveled to Japan to promote the album and wore a red kimono during a press conference there. In November, Jackson performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, while she was interviewed on The Tyra Banks Show to further promote the album. On December 4, the singer opened the 2006 Billboard Music Awards with a medley of "The Pleasure Principle" and "So Excited". During rehearsals for the awards two days prior, she taped a performance featuring two classic singles from her catalog, "Nasty" and "Let's Wait Awhile", which was streamed on American Express' website.
Jackson planned to embark on a tour to promote 20 Y.O. around March 2007, with rehearsals beginning in the end of the previous year. According to a Billboard report in September 2006, she and her choreographers were working on ideas for a world tour, but the singer was still not prepared to share those ideas. However, the untitled tour was canceled after she signed a record deal with Island Records, and company executives asked her to record a new album instead, which became 2008's Discipline. Jackson stated: "I was supposed to go on tour with the last album [...] We were actually in full-blown tour rehearsals at that point ... learning numbers, getting everything together, set designs [...] I had to kind of shut everything down and go into the studio."
Singles
The album's first single, "Call on Me", was released to US radio on June 19, 2006.
It received mixed reviews from critics. The song was a success on the charts, becoming her most successful single in some countries since "All for You" in 2001. It peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100. Additionally, it spent two non-consecutive weeks at number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it Jackson's sixteenth R&B chart-topper and thirtieth top ten single. Internationally, the song peaked inside the top-twenty in Italy, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The music video for "Call on Me" was directed by Hype Williams and took ten days to be completed. The music video incorporates Indian, Asian, and African styles, with a mixture of outfits and hairstyles, with a total of five wardrobe changes. "Call on Me" is one of the most expensive music videos of all time, with a production cost of over US$1,000,000. Following its release, it was reported that the video was blacklisted by MTV following her incident at the Super Bowl halftime show, which was co-produced by the network.
The second single, "So Excited", was released on August 28, 2006. Like the previous single, the song also was met with mixed reviews from music commentators, with some considering the song the highlight from 20 Y.O. while others found it disappointing. "So Excited" peaked at number 90 on the Hot 100, and also became her 39th top forty single on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching number 34. Additionally, on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, "So Excited" became Jackson's 22nd consecutive top ten single and her 17th number-one hit on the chart. It was well also received in Europe. In Finland, "So Excited" peaked at number nine and peaking at number 13 in Spain. Director Joseph Kahn directed its accompanying music video. It depicts Jackson's clothes disappearing through a complex dance routine with female dancers. Also, occasional skeleton people appear in an X-ray effect, and images of Khia appearing in a small TV in an empty room. Due to her diminished role in the music video, she criticized Jackson online. The third single in North America was "With U", which was released to radio on December 11, 2006. Well received by critics, the song managed to reach number 65 on the region's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "Enjoy" was released only as a promotional single in Japan and received no commercial release.
Critical reception
20 Y.O. received generally mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, out of 100, to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 52, based on 14 reviews, which indicates "mixed or average reviews". Andy Kellman of AllMusic gave the album a three-and-half out of five-star rating, writing that "with only a few exceptions, 20 Y.O. provides further refinements of the fun, flirtatious, midtempo songs of her past several albums. This is not a problem." The New York Times music critic Jon Pareles had mixed feelings, saying "Janet is as crafty and poised as ever. Her flirtations are still a pleasure, but an overly familiar one. She's done these same slinky moves too often to surprise listeners now." Newsdays Glenn Gamboa gave the album a grade of A−, and said that Jackson "may not want to dwell in that past, either. After all, 20 Y.O. shows that her future could be even better." Richard Cromelin from Los Angeles Times was positive saying that 20 Y.O.s sex themes were slightly toned down from its predecessor, Damita Jo, and, "In the opening set of songs alone, Jackson promises to do it all [...] And she manages to do this without sounding especially raunchy."
Eric Henderson from Slant Magazine said that the saddest thing about 20 Y.O. was Jackson's decision to make a terrible R&B instead of great dance music, which would likely pay off. He also referred to Jam and Lewis's production as "ice-cold beats [that] have melted into a lugubrious, lukewarm pudding—at under an hour, it still feels almost twice as long as Janet. and The Velvet Rope." With a C+ rating, Thomas Inskeep from Stylus Magazine called it "half-decent" and went to say, "there's precious little to get, well, excited about here. Janet commits the ultimate sin of making an album that’s thoroughly mediocre. Apart from the sticky ear-candy of "So Excited," there's little I'd miss here if I went six months without it. This doesn't sound like rejuvenation—it sounds like the beginning of the end." The Village Voices music critic Miles Marshall Lewis commented that Jackson's last two albums also talked excessively about sex, and with the new release, it was getting tired. Evan Serpick from Rolling Stone disagreed with the album's reference to Control, saying "If we were her, we wouldn't make the comparison." Angus Batey, writing for Yahoo! Music UK, remarked that in Jackson's producers desire to take Jackson back to her roots, they made not a great album for Jackson, but a facsimile of one; correct in all the details, but lacking substance and soul. Robert Christgau gave it a "dud" score ().
Accolades
Commercial performance
20 Y.O. debuted on the US Billboard 200 at number two with 296,000 copies sold at its first week, behind Ludacris' album Release Therapy. This was considerably lower than Jackson's previous album Damita Jo, which also opened at number two with 381,000 copies sold across the United States in 2004. 20 Y.O. became her smallest first week sales since The Velvet Rope (1997), which reached number one with 202,000 copies. However, the effort debuted at the top on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. In its second week, the album fell to number nine, selling 77,000 units, representing a 74% drop in sales. It additionally reached number two and number three on Top Digital Albums and Top Tastemaker Albums charts, respectively. On November 13, 2006, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies within the country. As of January 2008, the estimated sales of the album in the US were 679,000 copies.
On the Australian Albums Chart, it peaked at number 55. It became her lowest-peaking album in the region since Control in 1986, which reached number 25. In Japan, the album debuted at the number 12 on the Oricon Albums Chart selling 20,380 copies in its first week. It ultimately peaked at number seven in the region. A few weeks after, the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) certified 20 Y.O. gold for shipments of 100,000 copies.
In the Flemish region of Belgium, 20 Y.O. debuted at number 67 on October 7, 2006, moving to its peak of number 58 the next week, and staying on the charts for five weeks. In contrast, it reached number 22 in the Walloon region of that country. The album entered the French Albums Chart at number 32 in the week dated September 30, 2006, this being its peak. It lasted on the chart for four weeks, felling off the chart on October 21, 2006, at number 175. 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 46 on October 6, 2006 in Germany, next week the album fell to number 96 before falling off the charts. On the Italian Albums Chart it fared better, reaching number 21. In Switzerland, the album debuted and peaked at number 35 on the Swiss Albums Chart and stayed on the charts for four weeks. In the United Kingdom, the album peaked at number 63 on its album chart. In the Netherlands, 20 Y.O. debuted and peaked at number 34, the issue dated September 30, 2006. Almost one month after, it fell out of the chart at number 93. On the European Top 100 Albums, the record reached number 43. The album had sold an estimated 1.5 million copies worldwide.
Track listing
Notes
"This Body" features an uncredited rap by Jermaine Durpi, under the alias "Cocaine J".
Sample credits
"So Excited" contains a sample of "Rock It" by Herbie Hancock.
"Do It 2 Me" contains a sample of "If Only for One Night" by Brenda Russell.
Personnel
Johntá Austin – composer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11, 15)
Bobby Ross Avila – bass, composer, drums, keyboards, producer (Track 12)
Issiah "IZ" Avila – percussion, drums, producer (Track 12)
Khia Chambers – composer (Track 2)
Fran Cooper – make-up
Larry Corbett – cello (Track 14)
Kenneth Crear – management
Ian Cross – recording engineer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15), audio mixing (15)
Jermaine Dupri – composer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9), producer (2–6, 8), executive producer, audio mixing (2–6, 8–9)
Liliana Filipovic – violin (Track 8)
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Terrance "T-Love" Harris – personal assistant
Gerardo Hilera – violin (Track 8)
John Horesco IV – recording engineer (Tracks 2–6, 8–9)
Josh Houghkirk – audio mixing assistant (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15)
Janet Jackson – composer (Tracks 1–8, 10–16), producer (All Tracks), liner notes, executive producer
Paul Jackson, Jr. – guitar (Tracks 6, 8, 14)
Jimmy Jam – keyboards (Tracks 8, 11–12, 14–15), producer (All Tracks), additional music (2–4, 6, 9), executive producer, drum programming (11, 14–15), audio mixing (11–12, 14–15)
Suzie Katayama – string arrangements (Tracks 8, 14)
Cheryl Kohfeld – viola (Track 8)
Terry Lewis – composer (Tracks 1–4, 6–16), producer, additional music (2–4, 6, 9), audio mixing (11–12, 14–15)
Andrea Liberman – stylist
Matt Marrin – recording engineer (Tracks 8, 12, 14)
Diane McDonald – coordination
Tadd Mingo – assistant engineer
No I.D. – producer (Track 5)
Sara Parkins – violin (Track 14)
Robert Peterson – violin (Track 8)
James Phillips – composer (Tracks 2, 6, 9)
Michele Richards – violin (Track 14)
Steve Richards – cello (Track 14)
Brenda Russell – composer (Track 5)
Manuel Seal, Jr. – composer, producer (Tracks 3–4, 8)
Vida Sparks – project coordinator
Rudolph Stein – cello (Track 8)
Phil Tan – audio mixing (Tracks 2–6, 8–9, 11–12, 14–15)
Josephina Vergara – violin (Track 14)
Benjamin Ward – art direction, packaging
James White – photography
Chuck Wilson – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 3–5, 8, 11)
Ghian Wright – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 12, 14–15)
Johnny Wright – executive producer, management
Janet Zeitoun – hair stylist
Yang-Qin Zhao – cello (Track 8)
Danny Zook – sample clearance
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
See also
List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of 2006
References
External links
20 Y.O. video page at janetjackson.com
2006 albums
Albums produced by Jermaine Dupri
Albums produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
Albums produced by No I.D.
Janet Jackson albums
Virgin Records albums
Albums produced by LRoc
Albums produced by Manuel Seal |
4043648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental%20state | Developmental state | Developmental state, or hard state, is a term used by international political economy scholars to refer to the phenomenon of state-led macroeconomic planning in East Asia in the late 20th century. In this model of capitalism (sometimes referred to as state development capitalism), the state has more independent, or autonomous, political power, as well as more control over the economy. A developmental state is characterized by having strong state intervention, as well as extensive regulation and planning. The term has subsequently been used to describe countries outside East Asia that satisfy the criteria of a developmental state. The developmental state is sometimes contrasted with a predatory state or weak state.
The first person to seriously conceptualize the developmental state was Chalmers Johnson. Johnson defined the developmental state as a state that is focused on economic development and takes necessary policy measures to accomplish that objective. He argued that Japan's economic development had much to do with far-sighted intervention by bureaucrats, particularly those in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). He wrote in his book MITI and the Japanese Miracle:
In states that were late to industrialize, the state itself led the industrialization drive, that is, it took on developmental functions. These two differing orientations toward private economic activities, the regulatory orientation and the developmental orientation, produced two different kinds of business-government relationships. The United States is a good example of a state in which the regulatory orientation predominates, whereas Japan is a good example of a state in which the developmental orientation predominates.
A regulatory state governs the economy mainly through regulatory agencies that are empowered to enforce a variety of standards of behavior to protect the public against market failures of various sorts, including monopolistic pricing, predation, and other abuses of market power, and by providing collective goods (such as national defense or public education) that otherwise would be undersupplied by the market.
In contrast, a developmental state intervenes more directly in the economy through a variety of means to promote the growth of new industries and to reduce the dislocations caused by shifts in investment and profits from old to new industries. In other words, developmental states can pursue industrial policies, while regulatory states generally cannot.
Governments in developmental states invest and mobilize the majority of capital into the most promising industrial sector that will have the maximum spillover effect for the society. Cooperation between state and major industries is crucial for maintaining stable macroeconomy. According to Alice Amsden's Getting the Price Wrong, the intervention of state in the market system such as grant of subsidy to improve competitiveness of firm, control of exchange rate, wage level and manipulation of inflation to lowered production cost for industries caused economic growth, that is mostly found in late industrializers countries but foreign to early developed countries.
As in the case of Japan, there is little government ownership of industry, but the private sector is rigidly guided and restricted by bureaucratic government elites. These bureaucratic government elites are not elected officials and are thus less subject to influence by either the corporate-class or working-class through the political process. The argument from this perspective is that a government ministry can have the freedom to plan the economy and look to long-term national interests without having their economic policies disrupted by either corporate-class or working-class short-term or narrow interests.
Examples in East and Southeast Asia
Some of the best prospects for economic growth in the last few decades have been found in East and Southeast Asia. Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, India, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia are developing at high to moderate levels. Thailand, for example, has grown at double-digit rates most years since the early 1980s. China had been the world leader in economic growth from 2001 to 2015. It is estimated that it took England around 60 years to double its economy when the Industrial Revolution began. It took the United States around 50 years to double its economy during the American economic take-off in the late nineteenth century. Several East and Southeast Asian countries today have been doubling their economies every 10 years.
It is important to note that in most of these Asian countries, it is not just that the rich are getting richer, but the poor are becoming less poor. For example, poverty has dropped dramatically in Thailand. Research in the 1960s showed that 60 percent of the people in Thailand lived below a poverty level estimated with cost of basic necessities. By 2004, however, similar estimates showed that poverty there was around 13 to 15 percent. Thailand has been shown by some World Bank figures to have had the best record for reducing poverty per increase in GNP of any nation in the world.
When viewed through the lens of dependency theory, developmentalism is about countries such as Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia, Japan, South Korea, and increasingly Vietnam, where the governments are able and willing to protect their people from the negative consequences of foreign corporate exploitation. They tend to have a strong government, also called a "developmental state" or "hard state", and have leaders who can confront multinationals and demand that they operate to protect their people's interests. These "development states" have the will and authority to create and maintain policies that lead to long-term development that helps all their citizens, not just the wealthy. Multinational corporations are regulated so that they may follow domestically mandated standards for pay and labor conditions, pay reasonable taxes, and by extension leave some profits within the country.
Specifically, what is meant by a developmental state is a government with sufficient organization and power to achieve its development goals. There must be a state with the ability to prove consistent economic guidance and rational and efficient organization, and the power to back up its long-range economic policies. All of this is important because the state must be able to resist external demands from outside multinational corporations to do things for their short-term gain, overcome internal resistance from strong groups trying to protect short-term narrow interests, and control infighting within the nation pertaining to who will most benefit from development projects.
Thailand
In the late 1990s a study was conducted in which the researchers interviewed people from 24 large factories in Thailand owned by Japanese and American corporations. They found that most of the employees in these corporations made more than the average in Thailand, and substantially more than the $4.40 a day minimum wage in the country at the time. The researchers’ analysis of over 1,000 detailed questionnaires indicated that the employees rate their income and benefits significantly above average compared to Thai-owned factories. They found the working conditions in all 24 companies far from conditions reported about Nike in Southeast Asia.
One answer to the discrepancies found between multinational corporations in Thailand and the conditions described for Nike workers is that companies such as Wal-Mart, The Gap, or Nike subcontract work to small local factories. These subcontractors remain more invisible, making it more easy to bribe local officials to maintain poor working conditions. When multinational corporations set up business in countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, or Thailand, their visibility makes much less likely employees will have wages and conditions below the standards of living of the country.
Thailand is said to fall between the U.S. model where government has little involvement in economic policy, and Japan which has governed with a very heavy hand for more than 100 years. One focus of Thai development policies was on import substitution. Here, a development state must be able to tell multinational corporations that goods will be imported, if at all, with tariffs as high as 80 to 150 percent to prevent these goods from competing with goods made in (at least at first) less efficient infant factories in the poorer country. Only a development state can have the influence to enforce such a policy on rich multinational corporations (and their governments), and only a development state can have the influence to enforce such a policy against the demands of their own rich citizens who want the imported goods and want them then at a cheaper price, not waiting for infant industries to produce suitable products. Thailand began placing tariffs of 150 percent on important automobiles, but at the same time telling the foreign auto industries that if they came to Thailand to create joint ventures with a Thai company to build cars—and thus hire Thai employees, pay Thai taxes, and keep some profits within Thailand—the auto company would get many forms of government assistance.
Thailand continued to protect its economy during the 1980s and 1990s despite the flood of foreign investment the nation had attracted. Thai bureaucrats started rules such as those demanding a sufficient percentage of domestic content in goods manufactured by foreign companies in Thailand and the 51 percent rule. Under the 51 percent rule, a multinational corporation starting operations in Thailand must form a joint venture with a Thai company. The result is that a Thai company with 51 percent control is better able to keep jobs and profits in the country. Countries such as Thailand have been able to keep foreign investors from leaving because the government has maintained more infrastructure investment to provide good transportation and a rather educated labor force, enhancing productivity.
Singapore
Singapore is a relatively young city-state and it obtains a title of developed country. Despite the fact that it has a lack of natural resources and an intensely competitive geographical environment, it has been growing its nation as a developmental state. In 1965, Singapore successfully became independent from Malaysian Federation, and later it changed its Fordism production oriented city state to a developmental city state in less than half a century.
It was claimed by the People's Action Party (PAP), the governing party since 1965, that adopting the developmental state strategy is in Singapore's best interests due to its unique feature of social, political, geographical, and economic conditions. At first, PAP's economic strategy was to provide cheap and disciplined labor and it provides a stable political system; Singapore has only one labor union that is directed by the PAP government. As a result, many multinational corporations (MNCs) invested in Singapore and soon Singapore came to be a solid manufacturing base.
However, the PAP soon realized that if Singapore was to move forward to industrialization then it needed to improve its national education. In the 1960s, Singapore's education was fragmented basically by race, language and habitat lines. Therefore, a series of education projects were launched in the hope of helping Singapore to obtain industrialization. For example, in 1970, the Vocational and Industrial Training Board (VITB) was launched to provide technical education for workers who dropped out of secondary school. Singapore's training programs has a different function from other neoliberal cities; these programs match workers’ skills to the market of economic development. The economy is planned by the government; it arranges the market demand of labor on one hand and provides the supply of labor on the other hand.
The Singapore government has noticed the country's weakness and its special geographical location. It is because that the population of Singapore was much less than other surrounding countries, so soon its manufacturing status would be replaced by other Asian countries like Indonesia, Vietnam, China, etc. Also, other Asian countries could provide relatively cheaper and greater labor force and more raw materials of production could be exploited. Therefore, Singapore was vulnerable of facing such surrounding threats. However, the Singapore government has adopted a special view of new international division of labor; it has placed itself as a global city in the Southeast Asian region. According to Saskia Sassen's "global cities", they are cities where headquarters which are committed in participating of globalization networks and they are the result of strong integration of urbanization and globalization.
South Korea
South Korea has undergone rapid economic development since the 1961 Military coup which brought Park Chung-Hee to power. Park, a Japanophile who studied at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy during WWII as a Manchukuo Army Officer, viewed Japan's development model, in particular the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and the Keiretsu, as an example for Korea. Park emulated MITI by establishing the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) and the Economic Planning Board (EPB) that controlled and manipulated the market system, while organizing the private enterprises into massive export oriented conglomerates which came to be known as the Chaebol's.
Korean government implemented various economic measures in order to pursue export oriented growth. Korea at the early 60s was lacking capital and technological basis, so the only competitive advantage the country had was the low wage. Therefore, Korea first penetrated the global market with cheap labor in the light industry sector such as wigs and cotton spinning in 50s~60s. Korean industrial policy moved towards the heavy and chemical industries in the 70s and 80s, mobilizing the state's financial resources for the rapid growth of industries such as steel and shipbuilding.
During those developmental periods, the government granted various forms of subsidies to the industries. Long-term loans and credits were given for higher competence in global market, thereby increasing export. Foreign exchange rates were often manipulated to stimulate export or import the raw materials at lower cost. Due to such subsidies on exports and manipulation by the government, the relative prices in Korean industry diverged from the free market equilibriums. Such interventions by the state are termed as "deliberately getting relative prices wrong"(Amsden, 1989), which means that the prices are intentionally deviated from the ‘right’ prices, the market equilibrium. Big business groups in chosen industries were supported and invested by the government, thereby forming intimate economic and political ties. Such groups grew to account for a large portion of GNP and became the Chaebols.
South Korea's GDP per capita grew from $876 in 1950 to $22,151 in 2010. Industrial production in South Korea was 9% in 1953 but reached 38% in 2013. Korea first adopted an ISI but followed a developmental state growth strategy. Korea after their independence in 1945 lead to end of economic ties with Japan which they were heavily relied upon. During the Korean war, the country was devastated both physically and mentally. After the Korean war, South Korea focused on exporting primary products such as crops, minerals while imported manufactured goods from US. In the beginning of ISI era, Korean industries were successful in textile and light consumer good industries (Charles, 1975). South Korea eventually focused on an export oriented industries through direct government involvement. South Korean state has more autonomy over the regulation of economy, the state created conditions favorable for rapid economic growth, for example, the state provided long-term loans for industries with higher competence in global market which eventually increased the exporting sector (Chibber, 2014). Under Park Chung Hee's leadership, South Korea in 1960's created Economic Planning Board (EPB) which unified previously divided industries and created a centralized decision making state.
Korea has been called one of "Asia's four little dragons" or Four Asian Tigers with its prominent economic growth (The other three being Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore). Korea's GDP per capita in 1980 was $1,778.5, which was only a fraction of Japan's per capita ($9,307.8). In 2014, Korea's GDP was $25,977.0, having shown dramatic growth in the past decade.
Local developmental state
While the developmental state is associated with East Asia, it has been argued that after 30 years of many negative experiences with the Washington Consensus, similar structures began to appear in Latin America. The "Latin American" approach is different, however, as it often takes place at a city/municipal level, rather than at a state level and places a great emphasis on tackling social exclusion. One pioneer in this experience has been Medellin, whose experience with a local development state has been highly praised by researchers at the Overseas Development Institute. Medellin's city administration used its ownership of city's main energy provider Empresas Publicas de Medellín (EPM) and diverted 30% of EPM's profits to fund municipal spending. The spending went partly on a variety of infrastructure projects, such as the city's metro, bus network and a cable car system connecting the poorer barrio communities to the city centre. However, the city also developed a program of cash grants called 'the Medellín Solidaria' programme that are very similar to Brazil's highly successful Bolsa Familia that provide support for poor families. Additionally, the city developed the Cultura E programme that established a network of 14 publicly funded business support centres known as CEDEZO, Centros de Desarrollo Empresarial Zonal. The CEDEZOs are found in the poorest areas of Medellin and support the poor in developing business by providing free-of-charge business support services and technical advice. Also, as part of Cultura E, there is Banco de las Opportunidades that provides microloans (up to $2,500 at a cheap interest rates 0.91% monthly). This has helped create more equal opportunities for all and overcome the barriers to entry to business for poor entrepreneurs with good ideas, but lacking capital, skills and connections. It has also helped develop the local economy with new micro-enterprises. However, several mayoral candidates for the October 2011 elections have argued the Banco de las Opportunidades's interest rates are too high, loan maturity is too short and it should have grace periods. They therefore suggest a new small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) development bank to complement the Banco de las Opportunidades.
Difficulties
There are difficulties with the local development state model. Despite claims at the end of the 1980s by some, such as Hernando de Soto (1989) that micro-enterprises would lead economic growth, this has not come to pass. For instance, in Medellín the informal sector has seen a huge growth in micro-enterprises, but the impact on poverty and development has been minimal. Almost none of these microenterprises have evolved into informal small or medium businesses, as the demand does not exist to absorb increased production. In other words, a successful ice-cream producer producing 30 ice-creams per day at home may sell all their product and make a livelihood out of it, but transforming it into a business, incurring the costs of mechanisation in order to produce perhaps 300, may not be worthwhile if there is no demand for so many ice-creams. Failure rates are very high and the debt incurred by owners becomes unmanageable. Recognising which micro-enterprises have a high potential is extremely difficult and the costs involved in providing business support and advise are very high. There is a great difficulty in identifying demand, especially on a global level and demand patterns are constantly changing. The limited ability of city administrations to gather enough resources to support businesses and make sound investments can be problematic.
Public recognition
Despite all the evidence of the importance of a development state, some international aid agencies have just recently publicly recognized the fact. The United Nations Development Program, for example, published a report in April 2000 which focused on good governance in poor countries as a key to economic development and overcoming the selfish interests of wealthy elites often behind state actions in developing nations. The report concludes that “Without good governance, reliance on trickle-down economic development and a host of other strategies will not work.”
See also
Dirigisme
East Asian model of capitalism
Economic development
Economic interventionism
Flying geese paradigm
Four Asian Tigers
Good governance
International political economy
Japanese post-war economic miracle
Poverty reduction
State capitalism
References
Sources
Meredith Woo-Cumings. (1999). The Developmental State. Cornell University Press.
Peter Evans. (1995). Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ch. 1.
Polidano C. (2001). Don't Discard State Autonomy: Revisiting the East Asia Experience of Development. Political Studies. Vol. 49. No.3. 1: 513–527.
Ziya Onis. (1991). The Logic of the Developmental State. Comparative Politics. 24. no. 1. pp. 109–26.
Mark Thompson. (1996). Late industrialisers, late democratisers: developmental states in the Asia-Pacific. Third World Quarterly. 17(4): 625–647.
John Minns. (2001). Of miracles and models: the rise and decline of the developmental state in South Korea. Third World Quarterly. 22(6): 1025–1043.
Joseph Wong. (2004). The adaptive developmental state in East Asia. Journal of East Asian Studies. 4: 345–362.
Yun Tae Kim. (1999). Neoliberalism and the decline of the developmental state. Journal of Contemporary Asia. 29(4): 441–461.
Linda Weiss. (2000). Developmental States in Transition: adapting, dismantling, innovating, not 'normalising'. Pacific Review. 13(1): 21–55.
Robert Wade. (2003). What strategies are viable for developing countries today? The World Trade Organization and the shrinking of 'development space'. Review of International Political Economy. 10 (4). pp. 621–644.
Daniel Maman and Zeev Rosenhak.(2011). The Institutional Dynamics of a Developmental State: Change and Continuity in State Economy Relations in Israel. Working paper No. 5–2011 of the Research Institute for Policy, Political Economy and Society. Raanana: The Open university of Israel.
Ming Wan. (2008). "The Political Economy of East Asia". CQ Press.
Rajiv Kumar. (2021). Bringing the developmental state back in: explaining South Korea’s successful management of COVID-19. Third World Quarterly. 42(7):1397-1416.
Further reading
External links
Zaibatsu Dissolution, Reparations and Administrative Guidance.
Comparative politics
International development
Industrial policy
International relations |
4043650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half%20Ours | Half Ours | Half Ours (foaled March 27, 2003 in Kentucky) is a Thoroughbred race horse. A striking grey roan like his sire, he is a son of Unbridled's Song out of the winning mare Zing by Storm Cat. Zing is a full sister to stakes winner Yankee Gentleman. Grade 1 winner Key Phrase is the second dam of Half Ours.
After a workout on June 21, 2007 at Belmont Park, Half Ours suffered a fracture to a hind cannon bone and had surgery to insert two screws in the leg.
Beginning in 2008, Half Ours stood at Taylor Made farm as a stallion. In 2010 he was transferred to Clear Creek Stud, Folsom, Louisiana.
Connections
Half Ours, originally owned by Aaron and Marie Jones in partnership with Barry K. Schwartz, was sold in November 2006 for a record 6.1 million dollars at Keeneland November breeding stock sale. In a dissolution of the partnership, Aaron Jones outbid Schwartz for the colt.
Laid off for nineteen months due a fractured ankle incurred in the Three Chimney's Juvenile, Half Ours returned to the races in December 2006.
Trained by Todd Pletcher, in his seven lifetime starts Half Ours was ridden by John Velazquez.
Races
7th, Metropolitan Handicap - G1, May 28, 2007
2nd, The Alysheba Stakes - G3, May 4, 2007
1st, Richter Scale Breeders' Cup Sprint Championship Handicap - G2, March 3, 2007
1st, Optional Claiming, Gulfstream Park, February 4, 2007
1st, Optional Claiming, Aqueduct Race Track, December 14, 2006
1st, Three Chimneys Juvenile, Churchill Downs, May 7, 2005, by over four lengths.
1st, Maiden, Keeneland Race Course, April 17, 2005.
References
Half Ours pedigree and photo
2003 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 19
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States |
4043651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui%20family | Mitsui family | The is one of the most powerful families of merchants and industrialists in Japan.
The Mitsui enterprise (present-day Mitsui Group) was established in 1673 when Mitsui Takatoshi (1622–1694), the son of merchant parents, established Echigoya, a dry goods department store in both Edo and Kyoto, which later became the Mitsukoshi department store chain. Meeting with great success, Takatoshi extended his services to moneylending and exchange.
In the late Edo period, the Mitsuis were the richest and most eminent family in Japan, their business being thoroughly encouraged by the shogunal government of the time. After the Meiji Restoration, the family switched allegiance to the Meiji government.
In 1909, a Mitsui controlled holding company took over the business, with Mitsui thus becoming a zaibatsu (business conglomerate) of more than 150 companies, and in modern times the group counts dozens of multinational companies in fields such as trade, banking, shipping, construction, mining, oil and gas, insurance, chemicals and real estate development.
History
Origins
Originally a samurai family, Governor of Echigo Province Mitsui Takayasu was exiled to Matsusaka after being defeated by Oda Nobunaga, and his son Takatoshi renounced his status as a samurai and established himself as a sake and miso merchant and a pawnbroker. The business was named "Lord Echigo's Sake" (Echigo-dono no sakaya) to commemorate Takayasu's office. Takatoshi's wife Shuhō was a skilled merchant and practically in charge of the business. She grew the business by introducing many business methods that were ground-breaking at the time, such as forfeited pawn and low-margin high-turnover. Her son Takatoshi (1622-1694), the founder of the Mitsui family, is said to have inherited his business skills mostly from his mother.
Edo period
Takatoshi moved to Edo at the age of 14, and became the manager of his elder brother Toshitsugu's kimono store. In 1674, he established the Echigoya Drapery, which later became the head company of the Mitsukoshi retail shopping chain. In contrast to most drapery merchants, who catered to feudal houses and wealthy merchants, trading on credit with no fixed prices, Takatoshi introduced an innovatory system of cash based purchase based on fixed prices for wares and targeted consumers in the emerging middle class. He subsequently started a money exchange in 1683, with a new system for inter-city loans: he extended the family business by opening an outlet in Osaka, and was appointed official purveyor of dry goods to the Tokugawa shogunate in 1687. In 1686, he relocated the headquarters of the family business from Matsusaka to Kyoto.
In 1691 the Mitsuis were officially chartered as merchants of the Tokugawa shogunate, which ruled during that time. Three years later the family members set up their first constitution, which included details about the amount of property due to each branch as well as the duties of the family council, a periodical assembly that controlled business and other personal matters.
Meiji era
After the Meiji Restoration, the family switched allegiance to the Meiji government. In 1909, a Mitsui controlled holding company took over the business, with Mitsui thus becoming a zaibatsu of more than 150 companies operating financial, industrial and commercial industries.
Modern times
Today the Mitsui Group counts dozens of multinational companies in fields such as trade, banking, shipping, construction, mining, oil and gas, insurance, chemicals and real estate development. The three main branches are:
Mitsui & Company (a trading company)
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (the first private bank in Japan)
Mitsui Mining Company (formerly the largest coal producer in Japan)
Controversy
As part of the Japanese plans for the exploitation of China, during the 1930s and 1940s the subsidiary tobacco industry of Mitsui zaibatsu had started production of special "Golden Bat" cigarettes using the then-popular in the Far East trademark. Their circulation was prohibited in Japan and was used only for export. Local Japanese secret service under the controversial Imperial Japanese Army General Kenji Doihara had the control of their distribution in China and Manchuria where the full production was exported. In the mouthpiece of each cigarette a small dose of opium was concealed, and by this subterfuge millions of unsuspecting consumers became drug addicted simultaneously creating huge profits. The mastermind of the plan, Doihara, was prosecuted and convicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, sentenced to death in "pursued a systematic policy of weakening the native inhabitants' will to resist ... by directly and indirectly encouraging the increased production and importation of opium and other narcotics and by promoting the sale and consumption of such drugs among such people"; but no actions ever took place against the company which profited from their production. According to testimony presented at the Tokyo War Crimes trials in 1948, the revenue from the narcotization policy in China, including Manchukuo, was estimated in 20 to 30 million yen per year, while another authority stated during the trial that the annual revenue was estimated by the Japanese military at US$300 million a year, a colossal amount for the time.
During World War II several of the Mitsui group companies, including Mitsui-Miike mining, used Allied prisoners of war as slave labor, during which the prisoners were subjected to brutal treatment and torture, while some of them were permanently maimed by Mitsui employees. One of the surviving prisoners, United States citizen Lester Tenney, sued Mitsui in 1999 for punitive damages and compensation. Federal judge dismissed the case, citing the 1951 peace treaty between the U.S. and Japan that barred private claims against Japan.
By the end of the war the Mitsui group included more than 270 companies. After the group was dissolved by the occupation forces at the end of war, the companies started to reassociate again in 1950, creating a corporate grouping, or keiretsu.
References
External links
Mitsui & Company official website
Mitsui Mining Company official website
Banking families
Japanese bankers
Japanese business families
Japanese clans
Mitsui |
4043658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Hao%20%28figure%20skater%29 | Zhang Hao (figure skater) | Zhang Hao (; ; born July 6, 1984) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With current partner Yu Xiaoyu, he is the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, 2017 Asian Winter Games champion and 2018 Chinese national champion. With former partner Peng Cheng, he is the 2015 Four Continents silver medalist. With former partner Zhang Dan, he is the 2006 Olympic silver medalist, a four-time (2005 bronze, 2006, 2008, 2009 silver) World medalist, and a two-time (2005, 2010) Four Continents champion.
Personal life
Zhang married his girlfriend, Ju Chi, in May 2014. On May 8, 2015, the couple welcomed their first child, a son.
Career
Early in his career, Zhang Hao competed with Zhang Liyun.
Partnership with Zhang Dan
Zhang teamed up with Zhang Dan, to whom he is not related, in 1997. In 1998–99 Junior Grand Prix (JGP), the pair competed in one event and won the gold medal. They continued the season with a bronze medal at the 1999 Chinese National Championships. The following season, they competed in two 1999–2000 JGP events, medaling in both. They qualified for the final, where they finished fifth. That year, they were second at nationals and finished fourth at Junior Worlds.
The following three seasons, they were very successful at the junior level. They won all their Junior Grand Prix events, including the 2000–01 JGP Final and the 2001–02 JGP Final. They also competed in the 2001 Junior Worlds and the 2003 Junior Worlds, winning gold both times. At the Chinese National Championships, they placed third in both 2001 and 2002, before winning their first national title in 2003.
Their first senior international was the 2002 Four Continents Championships, where they won the bronze medal. The same season they competed in the 2002 Olympics, placing 11th, and the 2002 Worlds, placing 9th. The following season they competed in their first two senior Grand Prix events, placing fourth at both events. They repeated with a bronze medal at the 2003 Four Continents Championships and improved their placement at the 2003 Worlds, finishing sixth. In the 2003–04 and 2004–05 seasons, they consistently medaled at their Grand Prix events. They won gold at the 2005 Four Continents Championships and bronze at the 2005 Worlds.
Zhang and Zhang went into the 2006 Olympics as medal contenders. During their free skate, Zhang Dan had a bad fall on their attempted throw quadruple salchow, a jump that was not consistent. Zhang Dan suffered a bad injury, but chose to finish the program. Although the delay between the fall and the continuation of the program was longer than the ISU-proscribed 2 minutes, they were not automatically withdrawn because the referee waited before stopping the music and beginning the official 2 minute wait. Zhang regrouped and was able to finish the program. They won the silver medal, placing ahead of defending Olympic medalists Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao. At Worlds they won the silver, behind Pang Qing and Tong Jian.
In the 2006–07 season, Zhang and Zhang placed first at Skate Canada, second at the NHK Trophy, and would go on to win the bronze medal at the Grand Prix Final. They placed 5th at the 2007 World Championships later that season. In the 2007–08 and the 2008–09 seasons, they won silver medals at both the Grand Prix Final and the World Championships. At the 2010 Winter Olympics, the Zhangs placed 5th. They also finished fifth at 2010 World Championships.
Before the 2010–11 season began, Zhang Hao broke his finger, forcing the team to pull out of their two Grand Prix assignments. He also dealt with some shoulder and cervical vertebra problems. The Zhangs returned to competition during the 2011–12 season, winning silver medals at the 2011 Skate America and the 2011 Cup of China. They finished 4th at the 2011–12 Grand Prix Final. Zhang Dan eventually became the tallest competing female pair skater. Her height proved to be a challenge for the pair, and in May 2012, it was announced that their partnership had ended and she was retiring from competition.
Partnership with Peng Cheng
In May 2012, Zhang Hao confirmed he had formed a new partnership with Peng Cheng. The pair made their international debut at the 2012 Cup of China. They placed 11th at their first World Championships.
In the 2013–14 season, Peng/Zhang won their first Grand Prix medals, bronze at the 2013 Cup of China and silver at the 2013 NHK Trophy, and qualified for the Grand Prix Final, where they came in fourth. They were selected for the 2014 Winter Olympics and finished eighth in Sochi. Ending their season, they placed fifth at the 2014 World Championships in Saitama.
For the 2014–15 Grand Prix season, Peng/Zhang were assigned to Skate America and Cup of China, where they placed 3rd and 1st, respectively, qualifying for the 2015 Grand Prix Final. They finished 4th at that competition after placing 5th in the short program and 3rd in the free skate. They won the silver medal at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships. At the 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, they earned personal best scores in the free skate and combined total to finish in 4th place overall.
Partnership with Yu Xiaoyu
On April 14, 2016, International Figure Skating magazine broke the news of Zhang's new partnership with Yu Xiaoyu. The Chinese Skating Association decided to switch partners between the two pairs of Peng/Zhang and Yu/Jin. They took the silver medal at the 2016 Skate Canada and won gold at the 2016 Cup of China. At the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final in Marseille they won the silver medal behind Evgenia Tarasova / Vladimir Morozov.
Yu/Zhang began their season at the 2017 Cup of Nice where they placed first. In their first Grand Prix event of the season, Yu/Zhang placed second at the 2017 Cup of China after ranking second in both the short program and free skate. In their second Grand Prix event at 2017 Skate America, Yu/Zhang again placed second after ranking second in both programs. Their scores in both Grand Prix events have qualified Yu/Zhang for the 2017-18 Grand Prix Final, where they placed sixth. They won the Chinese National Championship and were named to the Chiense Olympic and World teams. They placed eighth at the Olympics, and seventh at Worlds.
Due to injury, they withdrew from both of their 2018-19 Grand Prix events and did not compete at Nationals. They did not compete again until the 2019-20 Nationals, where they placed fourth.
In September of 2020, it was reported that Yu and Zhang had split.
Age controversy
On February 14, 2011, the Zhangs' ages became the subject of controversy. Although his International Skating Union bio lists Zhang Hao as born on July 6, 1984, a Chinese skating association website suggested he was born on February 6, 1982. This would mean he was too old to compete in junior events during the 2002–03 season, such as the 2003 World Junior Championships where they won gold. His partner's age also came under scrutiny. Her ISU bio states that she was born on October 4, 1985 but the Chinese website suggested she was born on that day in 1987, meaning she was 14 and too young to compete in senior events during the 2001–02 season, such as the Four Continents where they won bronze, as well as the Olympics and World Championships. The dates disappeared from the website by February 15. On February 17, the ISU said there were no discrepancies for the Zhangs in terms of the birthdates listed on their passports, ISU registration forms and the Chinese Olympic Committee's website.
Programs
With Yu Xiaoyu
With Peng Cheng
With Zhang Dan
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
With Yu Xiaoyu
With Peng Cheng
With Zhang Dan
Detailed results
With Peng Cheng
References
External links
1984 births
Living people
Chinese male pair skaters
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Medalists at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Olympic figure skaters of China
Olympic silver medalists for China
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Season-end world number one figure skaters
Universiade gold medalists for China |
4043660 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Bofill | Angela Bofill | Angela Tomasa Bofill (born May 2, 1954) is an American singer-songwriter of Cuban-Puerto Rican origins. A New York native, Bofill began her professional career in the mid-1970s. Bofill is most known for singles such as, "This Time I'll Be Sweeter", "Angel of the Night", and "I Try". Bofill's career spans over four decades.
Biography
Early life and education
Bofill was born on May 2, 1954, in the Brooklyn area of New York City to a Cuban father and a Puerto Rican mother. Raised in The Bronx, Bofill grew up listening to Latin music and was also inspired by African-American performers. During Bofill's childhood, her weekends were taken up studying classical music and singing in New York City's All City Chorus, which featured the best singers from all of the high schools in the five boroughs. For high school, Bofill attended Hunter College High School; graduating in 1972. Bofill later studied at the Manhattan School of Music, receiving a Bachelor of Music degree in 1976.
Career
Bofill began her professional career, singing during her teenage years. Bofill performed with Ricardo Marrero & the Group and Dance Theater of Harlem chorus before being introduced to Dave Grusin and Larry Rosen of the jazz label GRP Records by Dave Valentin, her friend and jazz flutist. Grusin and Rosen signed Bofill and produced her first album, Angie, in 1978. Angie was well received both critically and commercially and included the chart single "This Time I'll Be Sweeter" (co-written by Gwen Guthrie and Haras Fyre), and Bofill's sprawling jazz composition, "Under the Moon and Over the Sky". Less than a year later, a second album, Angel of the Night was released and outperformed its predecessor. The album included the chart singles "What I Wouldn't Do (For the Love of You)" and the up tempo title track, as well as the song "I Try", written by Bofill and covered by Will Downing in 1991. The reception of these albums positioned Bofill as one of the first Latina singers to find success in the R&B and jazz markets.
Bofill performed a sold-out concert at Avery Fisher Hall as part of the Newport Jazz Festival on June 20, 1980. Her musical director was Onaje Allen Gumbs, keyboards, Sammy Figueroa, percussion, a 9-piece band and guests including Steve Khan, guitar, Eddie Daniels, tenor sax and flute, and a 24-voice choir.
Clive Davis, the head of Arista Records, showed interest in Bofill. Arista had a distribution deal with GRP. Bofill switched labels for her next album, Something About You (1981). Produced by Narada Michael Walden, the album was an attempt to move Bofill into mainstream R&B and pop music. It didn't perform as well as previous releases, despite the singles "Holdin' Out for Love" and the title track, which both reached the R&B Top 40. The following year, Bofill and Walden reunited for Too Tough. The title song reached No. 5 on the R&B chart and spent four weeks at No. 2 on the Dance chart. A follow-up single, "Tonight I Give In", reached the Top 20. Several months later, Bofill released her final collaboration with Walden, Teaser. The album failed to match the success of Too Tough but did produce one Top 20 R&B hit, "I'm On Your Side", which has been covered by several artists, most notably Jennifer Holliday, who had a Top 10 hit with it in 1991.
Bofill recorded two more albums for Arista with the help of The System and George Duke before leaving the label in the mid-1980s. Following the birth of her daughter, she moved to Capitol Records and the producer Norman Connors for Intuition (1988), which produced her last significant chart success, a cover of Gino Vannelli's "I Just Wanna Stop", which reached No. 11 on the R&B chart. She recorded three more albums over the next eight years and provided backing vocals on albums for Diana Ross and Kirk Whalum and for Connors's Eternity (2000). She performed live (with a sizable audience internationally, particularly in Asia) and appeared in the stage plays God Don't Like Ugly and What a Man Wants, What a Man Needs. She also toured the US and Europe in multi-artist jazz shows.
Bofill returned to the stage, at the suggestion of Engel, for "The Angela Bofill Experience" after losing her ability to sing after her second stroke in 2007. In the show, Bofill recounted her life and career and was joined by Maysa Leak, Phil Perry, and Melba Moore, who performed her biggest hits and signature songs. In 2012, Bofill was profiled and interviewed for the TVOne documentary series, Unsung.
Personal life
Bofill was married to a country music artist Rick Vincent from 1984 until 1994 and together they have a daughter, Shauna.
Health problems
Bofill suffered a stroke on January 10, 2006, and was paralyzed on her left side. She convalesced at Sutter Hospital in Santa Rosa, California, and was released from intensive care on January 15, requiring speech and physical therapy. She lacked health insurance, and a benefit concert was organized to pay her hospital bills.
The show was planned by Rich Engel, her manager, and the New York radio stations Kiss FM and WFAN-FM,. It took place on March 11, 2006, at the Bergen Performing Arts Center in Englewood, New Jersey. Similar events followed, and other aid was sought from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. Her album Live from Manila (recorded in September 2004) was released during this time. Bofill suffered a second stroke in July 2007 which required therapy and left both her speech and mobility impaired.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Compilation albums
Singles
Awards
American Music Awards: 1984 – Best R&B/Soul Female Artist (nominated)
Bay Area Music Awards (Bammies): 1984 Outstanding Black Contemporary Artist/Group
Television
Soul Train Saturday May 28, 1983
The Pat Sajak Show January 26, 1989
References
External links
Biography on Yahoo! Music
Angel Bofill on SoulMusic.com
Artist profile on GospelCity
Artist biography on High Stakes Entertainment
Watch: Unsung Full Exclusive Angela Bofill
1954 births
Living people
American women singer-songwriters
American contemporary R&B singers
American soul singers
American dance musicians
American contraltos
American musicians of Cuban descent
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
Contraltos
GRP Records artists
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
Ballad musicians
People from East Harlem
20th-century American singers
People of Afro–Puerto Rican descent
People of Afro–Cuban descent
American people of Puerto Rican descent
African-American women musicians
Hispanic and Latino American women singers
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American women singers
21st-century African-American women singers
Singer-songwriters from New York (state) |
4043673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah%20Kearney | Hannah Kearney | Hannah Angela Kearney (born February 26, 1986) is an American mogul skier who won a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics and a bronze medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Personal life
Kearney was born in Norwich, Vermont to Jill (née Gass) and Tom Kearney. They met while attending McGill University in Montreal, Quebec. She grew up and still lives in Norwich, Vermont. Kearney graduated from Hanover High School. Her mother is active in promoting youth sports as the director of the Town of Norwich Recreation Department. Kearney studied at Dartmouth College as a member of the class of 2015.
In her free time, Kearney likes to ride horses, knit, play soccer, read, and watch her brother Denny play hockey. She considers herself "half-Canadian" because her mother grew up in Montreal and she has relatives living in Vancouver and Montreal.
Career
2006 Winter Olympics
A gold medal favorite entering her first Olympics, Kearney had a poor first run and did not make it out of the qualification round. She stumbled after landing her first jump. Her score of 20.80 points put her in 10th at that point, with 20 skiers left to compete. After the second-to-last skier, she was officially bumped out of the top 20, the ranking she would have needed to advance to the final.
2010 Winter Olympics
In December 2009, Kearney won the US Olympic trial event at Steamboat, earning a spot on the US Team.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Kearney entered the final round with a qualification score of 25.96. As a result of having the best qualifying score, Kearney would be the last skier to ski in the final round. Fellow teammate Shannon Bahrke was in second place, and Canadian Jennifer Heil was in first, with scores of 25.43 and 25.69 respectively. Kearney skied a clean run, earning a score of 26.63 and winning the gold medal.
2014 Winter Olympics
At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Kearney entered the final round with a qualification score of 21.93 As a result of having the best qualifying score, Kearney would be the last skier to ski in the final round. Canadian sisters Chloé Dufour-Lapointe was in second place and Justine Dufour-Lapointe was in third, with scores of 21.70 and 21.64 respectively. Kearney faltered slightly after the first jump, earning a score of 21.49 to win the bronze medal.
World Cup results
Season titles
10 titles (4 overall freestyle, 6 moguls)
References
Vancouver Olympic Games profile: Hannah Kearney
External links
1986 births
American female freestyle skiers
American people of Canadian descent
Freestyle skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Freestyle skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in freestyle skiing
Olympic freestyle skiers of the United States
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in freestyle skiing
People from Hanover, New Hampshire
People from Norwich, Vermont
Sportspeople from New Hampshire
Sportspeople from Vermont
21st-century American women |
4043692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Cuddy | Jim Cuddy | James Gordon Cuddy, (born December 2, 1955) is a Canadian singer-songwriter primarily associated with the band Blue Rodeo.
Early life and education
Cuddy was born in Toronto, Ontario. His Mother Jean Cuddy was an English teacher at Monarch Park Secondary School. He attended North Toronto Collegiate Institute, where he met and befriended Greg Keelor, his future bandmate. He also went to Upper Canada College and Queen's University.
Musical career
The Hi-Fis
After graduating from university, Cuddy and Keelor formed a band called the Hi-Fis along with Jim Sublett on drums and Malcolm Schell playing bass. The band released a single in 1980 featuring "Look What You've Done" and on the B side "I Don't Know Why (You Love Me)". The record was not a commercial success, and when they couldn't get a record deal in Toronto, they headed off to New York City. In New York they met keyboardist Bob Wiseman, but were still unable to arrange a recording contract. They later moved back to Toronto.
Blue Rodeo
In 1984 Cuddy and Keelor formed a new band, Blue Rodeo, with Wiseman, and recruited Bazil Donovan on bass and Cleave Anderson on drums as backup. Since that time, Cuddy has continued to lead the band, which has toured extensively and released 16 studio albums.
Jim Cuddy Band
Cuddy has recorded five solo albums and performs live with the Jim Cuddy Band, featuring musicians such as Bazil Donovan, Colin Cripps, Joel Anderson, Steve O'Connor, Anne Lindsay and Gavin Brown. Guest performers on his solo albums have included Kathleen Edwards, former Weeping Tile member Sarah Harmer, and Wilco's Jeff Tweedy.
Other endeavors
Jim Cuddy's song "Whistler" from the All in Time album was featured in the 2002 documentary Ski Bums by John Zaritsky.
In 2016, Cuddy participated in a benefit concert in Edmonton, Alberta and another in Toronto, Ontario for the citizens of Fort McMurray, whose town was destroyed by fire.
On March 19, 2020, he performed the first concert in the National Arts Centre's #CanadaPerforms series of livestreamed home concerts by Canadian musicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.
He narrates the TVOntario documentary series Striking Balance.
Awards
Cuddy won Best Male Vocalist at The 1999 JUNO Awards and Adult Alternative Album of the Year for The Light That Guides You Home at The 2007 JUNO Awards
In 2000, Cuddy and Blue Rodeo bandmate Greg Keelor were the recipients of the National Achievement Award at the annual SOCAN Awards held in Toronto.
In 2013, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada along with Greg Keelor, "for their contributions to Canadian music and for their support of various charitable causes".
Personal life
Cuddy is married to Canadian actress Rena Polley. They have three children, their daughter Emma, and their two sons, Devin and Sam, who are also musicians. His brother Loftus Cuddy was a Conservative candidate for the riding of Toronto—Danforth in the 2004 Canadian federal election.
In the 2004 edition of Canada Reads, Cuddy advocated for Guy Vanderhaeghe's novel The Last Crossing, which won the competition. In the 2007 edition of Canada Reads, an "all-star" competition pitting the five winning advocates from previous years against each other, Cuddy returned to champion Timothy Taylor's novel Stanley Park.
In 2016, Cuddy collaborated with Tawse Winery in Niagara to launch a new wine brand, Cuddy by Tawse.
In 2017, Cuddy narrated the documentary TV series Striking Balance.
Discography
Albums
Singles
Notes
A^ "Too Many Hands" peaked at number 13 on the Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks chart and number 34 on the RPM Country Tracks chart.
Guest singles
Music videos
References
External links
JimCuddy.com – The Official Website of Jim Cuddy
BlueRodeo.com – The Official Website of Blue Rodeo
GregKeelor.com – The Official Website of Greg Keelor
Entry at canadianbands.com
Canadian rock singers
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian country guitarists
Canadian male guitarists
Juno Award for Adult Alternative Album of the Year winners
Living people
Musicians from Toronto
Officers of the Order of Canada
Upper Canada College alumni
1955 births
Canadian country rock musicians
Blue Rodeo members
Juno Award for Artist of the Year winners
20th-century Canadian male singers
21st-century Canadian male singers
20th-century Canadian guitarists
21st-century Canadian guitarists |
4043698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Crowley | Ryan Crowley | Ryan Crowley (born 5 March 1984) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club and the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He played as a midfielder and specialised in a tagging role.
AFL career
Crowley was first drafted by Fremantle in 2002 with selection 55 at the national draft. At the end of 2004, having only played WAFL football for Subiaco, he was delisted. However the club gave Crowley a second chance and re-selected him with their 3rd pick in the rookie draft. Good form with Subiaco in 2005 led to his elevation to the senior list when both Robert Haddrill and his replacement Michael Warren were placed on the long term injury list.
His debut was notable in that he became only the third Fremantle player to kick three goals on debut (along with Leigh Wardell-Johnson and Paul Medhurst), and these goals helped Fremantle to an upset nine-point victory over at Skilled Stadium. His continued good form in the second half of the 2005 season including 4 goals against Carlton at the MCG saw Ryan elevated to the senior list for the 2006 season. Early in the 2006 season, Ryan got a heavy blow to the face during a shepherd from Byron Pickett, and received a broken cheekbone. Crowley continued to improve throughout the 2007 season, having gathered 319 disposals in 19 games and earning a regular spot in the Fremantle midfield as a winger/onballer who can kick goals.
Conversion to a tagger
In 2008, however, he developed into a defensive midfielder or tagger and notoriously played on opposition stars such as Gary Ablett, Jr. and Daniel Kerr. He finished the year well, coming equal fifth in Fremantle's fairest and best award, the Doig Medal.
In 2009 Crowley injured his foot in the Round 6 Western Derby and was ruled out for between three months and the entire season. He didn't return to the Fremantle side until the first round of 2010. He played the first 16 games of the season, before injuring his knee against Melbourne, missing the next six games. He returned for Fremantle's two finals, after proving his fitness in a dominant display in the WAFL for Subiaco, kicking seven goals.
He continued to nullify the opponent's best midfielder each week and won the Doig Medal in 2012 as Fremantle's best and fairest player. In 2013 he was suggested as being worthy of selection in the All-Australian team, but was overlooked. He was one of Fremantle's best-performing players in their Grand Final loss to , limiting Sam Mitchell's influence on the game.
Suspension for taking banned substance
In March 2015, it was revealed that Crowley had tested positive to a banned substance after Fremantle's Round 17, 2014 match against Greater Western Sydney. Crowley had accepted a provisional suspension in September 2014. The banned substance has not been named, but is thought to be from a painkiller that was not prescribed by the club doctor. In June 2015, the AFL Tribunal suspended Crowley for twelve months; the suspension was backdated to the start of his provisional suspension, and he became eligible to play again on 25 September 2015. He was subsequently delisted in October.
Essendon
In January 2016, he signed with as one of their top-up players due to the supplements controversy.
Statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|
| 15 || 12 || 10 || 4 || 98 || 45 || 143 || 53 || 19 || 0.8 || 0.3 || 8.2 || 3.8 || 11.9 || 4.4 || 1.6
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2006
|
| 15 || 19 || 20 || 8 || 179 || 104 || 283 || 103 || 29 || 1.0 || 0.4 || 9.4 || 5.5 || 14.9 || 5.4 || 1.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2007
|
| 15 || 19 || 13 || 11 || 189 || 130 || 319 || 85 || 44 || 0.7 || 0.6 || 10.0 || 6.8 || 16.8 || 4.5 || 2.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2008
|
| 15 || 22 || 11 || 10 || 216 || 135 || 351 || 106 || 77 || 0.5 || 0.4 || 9.8 || 6.1 || 16.0 || 4.8 || 3.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2009
|
| 15 || 6 || 4 || 3 || 47 || 23 || 70 || 23 || 16 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 7.8 || 3.8 || 11.7 || 3.8 || 2.7
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2010
|
| 15 || 18 || 15 || 8 || 106 || 133 || 239 || 49 || 75 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 5.9 || 7.4 || 13.3 || 2.7 || 4.2
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|
| 15 || 19 || 13 || 10 || 129 || 115 || 244 || 60 || 57 || 0.7 || 0.5 || 6.8 || 6.0 || 12.8 || 3.2 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|
| 15 || 24 || 12 || 16 || 208 || 147 || 355 || 78 || 88 || 0.5 || 0.7 || 8.7 || 6.1 || 14.8 || 3.2 || 3.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|
| 15 || 25 || 9 || 10 || 192 || 178 || 370 || 80 || 74 || 0.4 || 0.4 || 7.7 || 7.1 || 14.8 || 3.2 || 3.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|
| 15 || 24 || 9 || 5 || 198 || 151 || 349 || 74 || 66 || 0.4 || 0.2 || 8.2 || 6.3 || 14.5 || 3.1 || 2.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|
| 15 || 0 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|
| 51 || 8 || 2 || 3 || 74 || 67 || 141 || 36 || 14 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 9.3 || 8.4 || 17.6 || 4.5 || 1.8
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 196
! 118
! 88
! 1636
! 1228
! 2864
! 747
! 559
! 0.6
! 0.4
! 8.3
! 6.3
! 14.6
! 3.8
! 2.9
|}
References
External links
Ryan Crowley's profile page on the Official WAFL Website
1984 births
Living people
Essendon Football Club players
Fremantle Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Calder Cannons players
Subiaco Football Club players
Doig Medal winners
Doping cases in Australian rules football
Swan Districts Football Club players
Australia international rules football team players |
4043703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny%20Hughes | Henny Hughes | Henny Hughes is a thoroughbred race horse. A foal of 2003, he was a contender for the Triple Crown in 2006. He was taken off the Triple Crown trail in March 2006, then recorded three sprint victories in stakes races before failing in the Breeders' Cup Sprint, finishing 14th and last. He was retired to stud at the end of the 2006 racing season. His best-known offspring is the champion mare Beholder.
Connections
Henny Hughes is owned by Zabeel Racing International and was originally trained by Patrick Biancone but was later transferred to Kiaran McLaughlin. He has been ridden by Gary Stevens, Edgar Prado, Joe Bravo, and John Velazquez. The horse was bred in Kentucky by Liberation Farm, Trackside Farm & CHO, LLC.
Breeding
Henny Hughes is the son of Hennessy out of the mare Meadow Flyer. His sire is a son of Storm Cat. His pedigree includes such notable horses as Secretariat and Bold Ruler.
Retirement
It was announced on November 6, 2006, that Henny Hughes would not race as a four-year-old and would be retired to stud. He stood at Darley Stable at an initial stud fee of $40,000.
Racing career
References
Henny Hughes' pedigree
NTRA bio
2003 racehorse births
Racehorses trained in the United States
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Thoroughbred family 25 |
4043715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese%20art | Faroese art | Faroese art is art by artists living in the Faroe Islands and art by Faroese nationals living abroad. In the Faroe Islands, art is an important part of everyday life and in the public debate. It may be the special light in the Faroes which causes so many to express themselves in painting. The ever-changing Faroese weather and light provide opportunities for endless nuances, something which has fascinated both foreign and local artists over the years. However, the history of Faroese art is short, and can only be dated a couple of hundred years back. Lack of time, light and materiel may have caused the late appearance of painting. But despite this, the islands have a very active art scene. A great many of the Faroese artists of today resent being reminded that Faroese art is a comparatively recent phenomenon. They find such an observation annoying as regards their artistic work, and they claim that such a statement has no bearing whatsoever on them as artists as their frame of reference is both local and global.
With the first Faroese painters the landscape became a national icon and it has remained the central topic in Faroese visual art. The grip that Faroese art, motifically speaking, takes on the Faroese landscape might seem to be a rather old-fashioned approach to visual art. The interest in installations, minimalism and conceptual art, has so far not affected Faroese art much. The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most. Danish art critic Ole Nørlyng concludes that nature, the wild landscape, is the driving force behind Faroese artists, but except for a close affinity with the landscape and culture of the islands, there has always been great diversity in Faroese art.
Pioneers
The first paintings art historians are familiar with are those by Díðrikur í Kárastovu. He was a farmer who commonly was known as Díðrikur á Skarvanesi (1802–1865). Díðrikur was settled in a small village, Skarvanes, on the island Sandoy. His subjects were real and imaginary birds in vivid colours. Although not in perfect condition, five of his paintings have been preserved. They are a feature in the permanent exhibition at the national Faroese art museum, Listasavn Føroya. One of his better paintings is entitled Moon Doves.
Niels Kruse (1871–1951) was the first Faroese landscape painter, a theme which was to become a most common motif in Faroese art. Kruse lived in the village Eiði on the island Eysturoy. Kruse was almost completely self-taught. He was fortunate enough to receive some help and advice from an American explorer, Elizabeth Taylor, who stayed in the Faroes in 1895. In 1924 one of his works was accepted by a gallery in Denmark. This marked a turning point in Faroese art history, as this was the first time ever a painter had succeeded outside of the Islands. Kruse even managed to make a living from his painting, again something which earlier had been unheard of.
There were some other painters from this early generation. Both Kristin í Geil and Jógvan Waagstein are worth mentioning. Both of them were well settled in Tórshavn. And again, these two were self-taught landscape painters. As was the case with Kruse, Waagstein received knowledge and advice from Elizabeth Taylor. Later on í Geil received some schooling from Kruse. These two latter, however, never made their living exclusively from painting.
These painters were all pioneers in the field of visual art in the Faroes, and they helped to make their fellow countrymen aware of the art of painting. The late 19th century marks the beginning of a Faroese art tradition slowly developing for the first time. There are several reasons for this being so. The arrival of Elizabeth Taylor with her knowledge of art helped to inspired several to start painting. And most importantly the late 19th century sparked the beginning of the national movement. The national revival brought with it the love of the landscape - a brand new theme which was to become a national icon, more so than anywhere in visual art. The theme came to dominate all through the 20th century.
With the first painters, the love and affection of the homeland was obvious, and still in the 21st Century the theme is being treated by a new generation of artists. However, several painters contributed to Faroese artists developing a passion for many different styles and subjects.
Mothers and fathers of Faroese art
The real history of Faroese art starts in 1927, when three young artists held an exhibition in Tórshavn. Two of these were Sámal Joensen-Mikines (1906–1979) and William Heinesen (1900–1990).
The first, Mikines, came to be known as the father of Faroese art and the first Faroese artist to become internationally recognised. More importantly he was the very first Faroese artist to acquire an artistic degree. Mikines began his education at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1928 with Aksel Jørgensen and Ejnar Nielsen as his teachers. Mikines was artistically highly inspired by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, and had a great admiration for El Greco and Delacroix. His early paintings are naturalistic, but later he became an expressive figurative painter. He was very original in his choice of colour and design. Mikines demonstrated a new approach to substance and form in painting which had a profound influence on Faroese art. He painted funerals, steep mountains and landscapes. His paintings of pilot whaling became important to future artists. He introduced the possibility of allowing the landscape to mirror the painter's inner life.
William Heinesen was a very different type of artist. Literature was his vocation. Although he considered himself an amateur in visual art, he created some very important works in Faroese art. His imagery doesn't evolve around the landscape. Folktale, satire and everyday life are Heinesen's subjects.
After World War II
During this period a new era had begun in Faroese visual art. Mikines wasn't the only one from his generation who received his formal training in Copenhagen. Faroese art experienced a virtual blossoming after World War II, when several talented and productive artists returned to the Faroe Islands after finishing their studies in Denmark. The range of motifs and styles were greatly expanded.
A new generation of artists, who had acquired artistic degrees didn't want to use their art for the sole purpose of expressing their love for their country. The ones who followed included the classical modernist Janus Kamban (1913–2009), the colourist Ruth Smith (1913–1958), the graphical artist Elinborg Lützen (1915–1995) and the great abstract painter Ingálvur av Reyni (1920–2005). Together with Mikines and Heinesen, these are the mothers and fathers of Faroese art.
Kamban was the first Faroese sculptor. In style he ranges from the strictly naturalistic to the classically simple. His subjects are usually people, and he uses clay, bronze and basaltic rock for his sculptures. As a graphic artist, Kamban mostly portrays the Faroese landscape.
Smith was one of the most talented Faroese artists. Her subjects were scenery and faces. She worked very consciously with colour. Over a period of twenty years she painted numerous self-portraits, one has been held as one of the finest portraits in Scandinavian art.
Lützen's work is full of creatures from the world of myth, legend and folktale. With Lützen the graphic arts became an independent art form which enriched the artistic milieu through her all-absorbing interest in the technique of linocut, and the result of her artistic work is of high quality and intensity measured by any standard.
Av Reyni has been the most influential of them all. The dynamic lines and the temperamental pastose brushwork has become a vital part the Faroese painting tradition. Av Reyni introduced cubism, abstract expressionism and suprematism to the Faroes. His early works were rather naturalistic landscapes, but in the early 1960s he dissolved the romantic and impressionist landscape, when he started to paint more and more abstract. His paintings usually contain a figurative core, which is described by the title of his paintings. As a black-and-white artist, he has drawn many portraits as well as landscapes. He is ranked as one of the great modernists in Scandinavia.
Landscape expressionists
The common denomination “landscape expressionist” comprises a group of diverse artists, solely because the nature and landscape are central themes in their work. Zacharias Heinesen (1936), Thomas Arge (1942–1978), Tróndur Patursson (1943), Torbjørn Olsen (1956), Barður Jákupsson (1943) and Amariel Norðoy (1945) all belong to this group, as do many others.
This large generation of painters from the 1930s to 1960's has been able to find common stylistic expressions.
They exploit the full spectrum of the formal possibilities painting has to offer. They work with the unified whole and detail. Sometimes the subject matter almost disappears in the pure abstraction of the colours and forms, but rarely completely. A reminiscence of the landscape always remains. Not as a true-to-life reproduction, but as a landscape experience which is communicated via a variety of temperaments. So great has their contribution to Faroese art been that for a long time a genuine Faroese painting should preferably be a highly colouristic, expressive and semi abstract landscape, filled with North-Atlantic drama. It is not an unusual criticism that Faroese art relies too heavily on nature as a motif. But when the variety of expression is taken into account, the criticism doesn't seem fair.
Zacharias Heinesen has in his paintings explored the light and colours of the landscape and tried to render the ephemeral moment.
In Thomas Arge's paintings we get a glimpse of the inner structures, shapes and colours of the landscape.
Bárður Jákupsson has found shapes and colours that others probably do not notice in Faroese Nature.
In Tróndur Patursson's work it is the sense of immensity of nature that gains significance.
The village by the ocean is probably the motif which has been repeated the most in Faroese art. In Countless paintings Amariel Norðoy has repeated the motif and shown it contains unlimited possibilities.
But despite the light and distinct colours of nature and scenery, Faroese art is not exclusively landscape.
Contemporary Faroese art
The landscape has been the national theme of Faroese painting, arguably as a collectively chosen shell around the core of modern painting. In recent years, however, other subjects have emerged and appear to be edging out the landscape. The common denominator for the younger generation of Faroese artists is that they all have managed to outline new directions for Faroese art, while at the same time, relating with insight to the Faroese landscape tradition. The interest in the human mind, existential or philosophical questions or the internal landscapes seems to rise. The postmodern interest in contemporary philosophy, mass media and politics has begun to appear in Faroese art, and has emerged concomitantly with its appearance in other countries. One of the artist working in this field is Ole Wich (1953), who has worked with cross media art on the internet connected to present political and culturel issues in the faroese society, as well as conceptuel pieces places between visual expression and science.
The Faroese visual art has hardly ever been as manifold as it is today, although the genre remains traditional painting. There is a lot of pessimism among the artists themselves. They are doubtful of the future of Faroese art and they fear that the small-scaled nature and isolation of Faroese art may prove to be insurmountable handicaps. In the long run, they say 50,000 people and a couple of dozen artists will not be able to sustain a living artistic culture. Naturally, there is a danger that it might stagnate and die from lack of nourishment. At the same time, it is difficult to see how things could go so wrong while the need is so great.
There are many young artists who are currently identifying new paths for Faroese art. The younger generation of Faroese artists has mainly chosen to reside abroad as has Hansina Iversen, who is based in Copenhagen and Hanni Bjartalíð in Helsinki.
Hansina Iversen (1966) ostensibly distances herself from nature as a motif. Her pictures are non-figurative and pure, seemingly purified of motif. The smooth fluency of her works are an exploration of the absolute and, thus, nature. Iversen has created a new philosophical approach to the Faroese Landscape tradition.
Hanni Bjartalíð (1968) uses humour to describe man's relation to nature. His imagery is primarily of the modern world. Modern man's alienation from nature is a natural theme in his art. Bjartalíð demonstrates great freedom regarding Faroese and Nordic art landscape traditions, which are associated with romantic conception of a unique Nordic soul characterised by a close relation to nature.
Edward Fuglø (1965) avoids landscapes; his symbolism concerns people. He creates surreal-comic and ironic paintings. Fuglø observes and mocks people – mostly men – in their absurd activities. The images are always pointed at political or perhaps art-political commentary. His imagery is in many ways innovative in the Faroese tradition. Fuglø is also one of the best illustrators in the Faroes.
Art galleries
In the Faroe Islands there is a great interest in buying Faroese art to decorate your home with. This appreciation means that it is easy to find art galleries round about the islands. Some galleries are dedicated to local artists, while others have regular exhibitions. But the number of art galleries is highest in Tórshavn.
In Tórshavn you will find the national art museum Listasavn Føroya. The Art Museum was founded in 1989. The present gallery was opened in 1993. The exhibition building is faced with black tarred wood, and has elements of traditional Faroese building. It is surrounded by trees, as it is situated next to a park. The permanent collection displays some of the best works by William Heinesen, Ingálvur av Reyni and Sámal Mikines. Each year two exhibitions take place that focus exclusively on Faroese artists. The first one is the spring exhibition in May; the second is the annual Saint Olav's Day exhibition in late July. Whereas the first one exclusively features professional artists, the latter one mainly features amateurs.
Listahøllin is situated in a green concrete building at Tórshavn Shipyard.
In Vágur located in the island Suðuroy the southernmost island, there is a Ruth Smith Art Museum. The art museum has artworks (paintings and drawings) made by Ruth Smith.
In Sandur, the main village on Sandoy, there is an art museum "Listasavnið á Sandi" with artworks (paintings, sculptures etc.) by various Faroese artists. The art collection and the museum building was donated to the village in 2005 by a Sofus Olsen, who grew up in Sandur, but lived in Tórshavn for many years. The museum opened on his 92nd birthday.
Art on stamps
Several paintings by Faroese artists have been featured on stamps. All Faroese stamp editions are about items relating to the Faroes and most of them are designed by Faroese artists. Faroese art is among the main motifs, both in reproductions of important paintings and in involving the artists in drawing stamps.
See also
Faroese literature
List of Notable Faroese
Music of the Faroe Islands
Nordic House in the Faroe Islands
References
Notes
Bibliography
Marnersdóttir, Malan, Faroese Art, 2005. The Faroe Islands -
Schei, Kjørsvik Liv and Moberg, Gunnie. 1991. The Faroe Islands -
Sørensen, Inger Smærup. 2007. Faroese Art. The Faroe Islands -
Warming, Dagmar : Ruth Smith : Lív og verk, 2007. Tórshavn -
Michael Fuhr and Dagmar Warming, Modern Art from the Faroe Islands, 2006. Leopold Museum, Vienna, and Faroe Islands Art Museum, Tórshavn -
Further reading
Heinesen, William. The Art of the Faroe Islands. Tórshavn: E. Thomsen, 1983.
Irve, Bent. Føroysk list = Färöisk konst = Art from the Faroes. Helsinki: Nordiskt konstcentrum, 1983.
Wivel, Mikael Sekel - Færøsk kunst i hundrede år. Færøernes Kunstmuseum, 2011.
External links
The Faroe Islands National Art Museum - The Faroe Islands National Art Museum
The Faroese Society of Visual Arts - The Faroese Society of Visual Arts
BryggenArt - Art from the North Atlantic
GudrunogGudrun - Faroese designer duo
The Ruth Smith Art Museum in Vágur, Suðuroy
Faroese culture |
4043718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Brandst%C3%A4tter | Andreas Brandstätter | Andreas Brandstätter (1959–2006) was a German diplomat. He was born in Kiel in 1959. At the age of 21 he became a United Nations worker. After living in Kiel during 20 years, he graduated at Harward. He traveled to many countries like Senegal, Sudan, and Libya. When he got to Libya he married a Bosnian woman who had escaped from the Yugoslav Wars. Then they went both to live in Switzerland; Brandstätter's wife was a doctor but he still worked for the UN. In 1997, his first was born in Geneva. When the decade started, he went to help the poor people in Sierra Leone. In 2004, he went to Port-au-Prince to help the poor kids who were fighting for the president in Haiti. In January 2006 while playing tennis, he died from a heart attack.
German diplomats
1959 births
2006 deaths
German officials of the United Nations |
4043728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubov%20Yegorova%20%28cross-country%20skier%29 | Lyubov Yegorova (cross-country skier) | Lyubov Ivanovna Yegorova (; born 5 May 1966, Seversk), name also spelled Ljubov Jegorova, is a Russian former cross-country Olympic ski champion, multiple world champion (first time in 1991), winner of the World Cup (1993) and Hero of Russia. Lyubov Yegorova is an honorary citizen of Seversk (1992), Saint Petersburg (1994), and Tomsk Oblast (2005).
Career
Yegorova won several medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with three golds (4 × 5 km relay: 1991, 1993; 30 km: 1991), one silver (5 km: 1993), and two bronzes (5 km + 10 km combined pursuit, 30 km: 1993). She also won the women's 15 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1994. Additionally, Yegorova won a total of nine medals at the Winter Olympics, earning six golds and three silver. She was the most successful athlete at both the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics. She won the Holmenkollen medal in 1994 (shared with Vladimir Smirnov and Espen Bredesen).
Doping case
Yegorova made a decision to retire after the 1997 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Trondheim when she was disqualified for doping on bromantan, a stimulant drug. She was disqualified on 26 February 1997, three days after winning gold in the women's 5 km event, and stripped of that medal.
Return
She returned after the suspension to compete at the 2002 Winter Olympics but did not win a medal there.
Cross-country skiing results
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Olympic Games
9 medals – (6 gold, 3 silver)
World Championships
6 medals – (3 gold, 1 silver, 2 bronze)
World Cup
Season titles
1 titles – (1 overall)
Season standings
Individual podiums
13 victories
41 podiums
Team podiums
12 victories
21 podiums
Note: Until the 1999 World Championships and the 1994 Olympics, World Championship and Olympic races were included in the World Cup scoring system.
Personal life
She is the mother of Viktor Sysoyev.
See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Winter Olympic medalists
References
External links
Holmenkollen medalists – click Holmenkollmedaljen for downloadable pdf file
Holmenkollen winners since 1892 – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file
Information on Yegorova's doping disqualification
Lyubov Yegorova
1966 births
Living people
People from Seversk
Cross-country skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Doping cases in cross-country skiing
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Holmenkollen medalists
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
Russian female cross-country skiers
Olympic cross-country skiers of the Unified Team
Olympic cross-country skiers of Russia
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic gold medalists for the Unified Team
Olympic silver medalists for Russia
Olympic silver medalists for the Unified Team
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing
FIS Cross-Country World Cup champions
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Tomsk State Pedagogical University alumni
Russian sportsperson-politicians
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Herzen University alumni
Members of Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg |
4043729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey%20Post | Guernsey Post | Guernsey Post is the postal service for the island of Guernsey, Channel Islands. It includes a Philatelic bureau, and regularly issues both definitive and commemorative stamps. It also provides postal services for Sark.
In contrast to the United Kingdom, Guernsey Post pillar boxes can be identified by their distinctive blue colour.
History
The first pillar boxes in Britain were introduced in the Channel Islands as an experiment in 1852. Anthony Trollope, the novelist, who was employed by the General Post Office, trialled pillar boxes in the Channel Islands before introducing them into mainland Britain. He was influenced by roadside letter-receiving pillars used in France. Before the use of pillar boxes, on the mainland, individual letters would be taken by hand to a letter receiving house or post office, which was often a coaching inn, a postage stamp purchased and the letter handed to the receiver or postmaster, to connect with the mail coach and later the railway. In the Channel Islands, people took their letters to the mail steamer when it was awaiting the tide in the harbour – the particular problem of an island mail service then. Pillar boxes allowed letters to be posted at any time and they could then be collected when a steamer was due. They were convenient and immediately successful. However, as with many innovations, the first boxes were introduced into Jersey. One of these original pillar boxes can be seen in Union Street, St Peter Port and has been maintained by Guernsey Post in its traditional red livery.
Guernsey stamps were first issued in the island during the German Occupation of 1940–1945, when there was a great shortage of British stamps, as all ties with mainland Britain had been severed by the German authorities.
Guernsey's government, the States of Guernsey, took over the running of postal services from the British Government in October 1969 (as did Jersey, forming Jersey Post). Since then on it has regularly issued Guernsey stamps. Guernsey is postcoded as the GY postcode area, established in 1993 as an extension of the United Kingdom postcode system.
In 2001, the States of Guernsey commercialised the Post Office, and it became Guernsey Post Ltd and was awarded the licence to operate the reserved sector postal operation and meet the Universal Service Obligation (USO). To monitor Guernsey Post and either encourage competition in the market or where it is missing provide a controlling force the Office of Utility Regulation, otherwise known as the OUR, was created.
Guernsey Post is a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation.
Postage stamps of Guernsey
Guernsey and Alderney Stamps are world-renowned for their beauty and quality. The first Guernsey Postage Stamps were designed and printed during the occupation in 1941 when supplies of British stamps ran out. Over the years many aspects of island life have been commemorated and depicted on Guernsey and Alderney stamps. Topics of past philatelic issues include the sea, the natural world, agriculture and horticulture, transport, sport, Christmas, military, art and entertainment. Guernsey Stamps are produced by Guernsey Post.
References
External links
Guernsey Philatelic Bureau website
Guernsey Post Ltd website
Office of Utility regulation website
Swift – Postal Automation System
Communications in Guernsey
Postal organizations
Postal system of the United Kingdom
Members of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation |
4043730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross%20Lander%20244X | Cross Lander 244X | The Cross Lander 244X was a basic, rugged 4x4 SUV built under license from ARO of Romania, in Manaus, Brazil, and based on the ARO 244. ARO was to supply CKD kits to Brazil for assembly by Cross Lander Industria e Comercio. Sales in the United States were expected to begin in 2005, with targets of 6,000 units per year but the launch has been cancelled. The American Cross Lander used Ford's 4.0 L Cologne V6 engine and an Eaton transmission. The engine produces 207 hp (154 kW) and 238 ft·lbf (323 N·m) of torque.
See also
ARO 24 Series
ARO
References
ARO vehicles
Sport utility vehicles
Cars of Romania |
4043734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1bado%20Al%20Mediod%C3%ADa | Sábado Al Mediodía | Sábado Al Mediodía (Saturday at Noon), Hosted by Celines Toribio, Jimmy Nieves, Luis Velasco and later Birmania Rios. Sabado Al Mediodia, a variety and entertainment show that was the number-one-rated local Spanish TV program on Univision's New York affiliate, WXTV-41, from March 27, 1993 to June 30, 2001. Almost every major Latino celebrity and personality — Ricky Martin, Luis Miguel, Celia Cruz, Daddy Yankee, Shakira, Juanes — has been a regular television guest.
External links
New York Metro
Radio Notas
El Diario NY
Variety television series |
4043742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics%20beyond%20the%20Standard%20Model | Physics beyond the Standard Model | Physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) refers to the theoretical developments needed to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, such as the inability to explain the fundamental parameters of the standard model, the strong CP problem, neutrino oscillations, matter–antimatter asymmetry, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Another problem lies within the mathematical framework of the Standard Model itself: the Standard Model is inconsistent with that of general relativity, and one or both theories break down under certain conditions, such as spacetime singularities like the Big Bang and black hole event horizons.
Theories that lie beyond the Standard Model include various extensions of the standard model through supersymmetry, such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) and Next-to-Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (NMSSM), and entirely novel explanations, such as string theory, M-theory, and extra dimensions. As these theories tend to reproduce the entirety of current phenomena, the question of which theory is the right one, or at least the "best step" towards a Theory of Everything, can only be settled via experiments, and is one of the most active areas of research in both theoretical and experimental physics.
Problems with the Standard Model
Despite being the most successful theory of particle physics to date, the Standard Model is not perfect. A large share of the published output of theoretical physicists consists of proposals for various forms of "Beyond the Standard Model" new physics proposals that would modify the Standard Model in ways subtle enough to be consistent with existing data, yet address its imperfections materially enough to predict non-Standard Model outcomes of new experiments that can be proposed.
Phenomena not explained
The Standard Model is inherently an incomplete theory. There are fundamental physical phenomena in nature that the Standard Model does not adequately explain:
Gravity. The standard model does not explain gravity. The approach of simply adding a graviton to the Standard Model does not recreate what is observed experimentally without other modifications, as yet undiscovered, to the Standard Model. Moreover, the Standard Model is widely considered to be incompatible with the most successful theory of gravity to date, general relativity.
Dark matter. Cosmological observations tell us the standard model explains about 5% of the mass-energy present in the universe. About 26% should be dark matter (the remaining 69% being dark energy) which would behave just like other matter, but which only interacts weakly (if at all) with the Standard Model fields. Yet, the Standard Model does not supply any fundamental particles that are good dark matter candidates.
Dark energy. As mentioned, the remaining 69% of the universe's energy should consist of the so-called dark energy, a constant energy density for the vacuum. Attempts to explain dark energy in terms of vacuum energy of the standard model lead to a mismatch of 120 orders of magnitude.
Neutrino masses. According to the standard model, neutrinos are massless particles. However, neutrino oscillation experiments have shown that neutrinos do have mass. Mass terms for the neutrinos can be added to the standard model by hand, but these lead to new theoretical problems. For example, the mass terms need to be extraordinarily small and it is not clear if the neutrino masses would arise in the same way that the masses of other fundamental particles do in the Standard Model.
Matter–antimatter asymmetry. The universe is made out of mostly matter. However, the standard model predicts that matter and antimatter should have been created in (almost) equal amounts if the initial conditions of the universe did not involve disproportionate matter relative to antimatter. Yet, there is no mechanism in the Standard Model to sufficiently explain this asymmetry.
Experimental results not explained
No experimental result is accepted as definitively contradicting the Standard Model at the 5 level, widely considered to be the threshold of a discovery in particle physics. Because every experiment contains some degree of statistical and systemic uncertainty, and the theoretical predictions themselves are also almost never calculated exactly and are subject to uncertainties in measurements of the fundamental constants of the Standard Model (some of which are tiny and others of which are substantial), it is to be expected that some of the hundreds of experimental tests of the Standard Model will deviate from it to some extent, even if there were no new physics to be discovered.
At any given moment there are several experimental results standing that significantly differ from a Standard Model-based prediction. In the past, many of these discrepancies have been found to be statistical flukes or experimental errors that vanish as more data has been collected, or when the same experiments were conducted more carefully. On the other hand, any physics beyond the Standard Model would necessarily first appear in experiments as a statistically significant difference between an experiment and the theoretical prediction. The task is to determine which is the case.
In each case, physicists seek to determine if a result is merely a statistical fluke or experimental error on the one hand, or a sign of new physics on the other. More statistically significant results cannot be mere statistical flukes but can still result from experimental error or inaccurate estimates of experimental precision. Frequently, experiments are tailored to be more sensitive to experimental results that would distinguish the Standard Model from theoretical alternatives.
Some of the most notable examples include the following:
Anomalous magnetic dipole moment of the muon – the experimentally measured value of the muon's anomalous magnetic dipole moment (muon ) is significantly different from the Standard Model prediction. Initial results from Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment with a standard deviation σ of 4.2 "strengthen evidence of new physics".
B meson decay etc. – results from a BaBar experiment may suggest a surplus over Standard Model predictions of a type of particle decay . In this, an electron and positron collide, resulting in a B meson and an antimatter meson, which then decays into a D meson and a tau lepton as well as a tau antineutrino. While the level of certainty of the excess (3.4 in statistical jargon) is not enough to declare a break from the Standard Model, the results are a potential sign of something amiss and are likely to affect existing theories, including those attempting to deduce the properties of Higgs bosons. In 2015, LHCb reported observing a 2.1 excess in the same ratio of branching fractions. The Belle experiment also reported an excess. In 2017 a meta analysis of all available data reported a 5 deviation from SM.
Anomalous mass of the W boson - results from the CDF Collaboration, reported in April 2022, indicate that the mass of a W boson exceeds the mass predicted by the Standard Model with a significance of 7
Theoretical predictions not observed
Observation at particle colliders of all of the fundamental particles predicted by the Standard Model has been confirmed. The Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model's explanation of the Higgs mechanism, which describes how the weak SU(2) gauge symmetry is broken and how fundamental particles obtain mass; it was the last particle predicted by the Standard Model to be observed. On July 4, 2012, CERN scientists using the Large Hadron Collider announced the discovery of a particle consistent with the Higgs boson, with a mass of about . A Higgs boson was confirmed to exist on March 14, 2013, although efforts to confirm that it has all of the properties predicted by the Standard Model are ongoing.
A few hadrons (i.e. composite particles made of quarks) whose existence is predicted by the Standard Model, which can be produced only at very high energies in very low frequencies have not yet been definitively observed, and "glueballs" (i.e. composite particles made of gluons) have also not yet been definitively observed. Some very low frequency particle decays predicted by the Standard Model have also not yet been definitively observed because insufficient data is available to make a statistically significant observation.
Unexplained relations
Koide formula - an unexplained empirical equation remarked upon by Yoshio Koide in 1981, and later by others. It relates the masses of the three charged leptons: . The Standard Model does not predict lepton masses (they are free parameters of the theory). However, the value of the Koide formula being equal to 2/3 within experimental errors of the measured lepton masses suggests the existence of a theory which is able to predict lepton masses.
The CKM matrix, if interpreted as a rotation matrix in a 3-dimensional vector space, "rotates" a vector composed of square roots of down-type quark masses into a vector of square roots of up-type quark masses , up to vector lengths, a result due to Kohzo Nishida.
The sum of squares of the Yukawa couplings of all Standard Model fermions is approximately 0.98, which is very close to 1.
It is unclear if these empirical relationships represent any underlying physics; according to Koide, they "may be an accidental coincidence".
Theoretical problems
Some features of the standard model are added in an ad hoc way. These are not problems per se (i.e. the theory works fine with these ad hoc features), but they imply a lack of understanding. These ad hoc features have motivated theorists to look for more fundamental theories with fewer parameters. Some of the ad hoc features are:
Hierarchy problem – the standard model introduces particle masses through a process known as spontaneous symmetry breaking caused by the Higgs field. Within the standard model, the mass of the Higgs gets some very large quantum corrections due to the presence of virtual particles (mostly virtual top quarks). These corrections are much larger than the actual mass of the Higgs. This means that the bare mass parameter of the Higgs in the standard model must be fine tuned in such a way that almost completely cancels the quantum corrections. This level of fine-tuning is deemed unnatural by many theorists.
Number of parameters – the standard model depends on 19 numerical parameters. Their values are known from experiment, but the origin of the values is unknown. Some theorists have tried to find relations between different parameters, for example, between the masses of particles in different generations or calculating particle masses, such as in asymptotic safety scenarios.
Quantum triviality – suggests that it may not be possible to create a consistent quantum field theory involving elementary scalar Higgs particles. This is sometimes called the Landau pole problem.
Strong CP problem – theoretically it can be argued that the standard model should contain a term that breaks CP symmetry—relating matter to antimatter—in the strong interaction sector. Experimentally, however, no such violation has been found, implying that the coefficient of this term is very close to zero.
Grand unified theories
The standard model has three gauge symmetries; the colour SU(3), the weak isospin SU(2), and the weak hypercharge U(1) symmetry, corresponding to the three fundamental forces. Due to renormalization the coupling constants of each of these symmetries vary with the energy at which they are measured. Around these couplings become approximately equal. This has led to speculation that above this energy the three gauge symmetries of the standard model are unified in one single gauge symmetry with a simple gauge group, and just one coupling constant. Below this energy the symmetry is spontaneously broken to the standard model symmetries. Popular choices for the unifying group are the special unitary group in five dimensions SU(5) and the special orthogonal group in ten dimensions SO(10).
Theories that unify the standard model symmetries in this way are called Grand Unified Theories (or GUTs), and the energy scale at which the unified symmetry is broken is called the GUT scale. Generically, grand unified theories predict the creation of magnetic monopoles in the early universe, and instability of the proton. Neither of these have been observed, and this absence of observation puts limits on the possible GUTs.
Supersymmetry
Supersymmetry extends the Standard Model by adding another class of symmetries to the Lagrangian. These symmetries exchange fermionic particles with bosonic ones. Such a symmetry predicts the existence of supersymmetric particles, abbreviated as sparticles, which include the sleptons, squarks, neutralinos and charginos. Each particle in the Standard Model would have a superpartner whose spin differs by 1/2 from the ordinary particle. Due to the breaking of supersymmetry, the sparticles are much heavier than their ordinary counterparts; they are so heavy that existing particle colliders may not be powerful enough to produce them.
Neutrinos
In the standard model, neutrinos have exactly zero mass. This is a consequence of the standard model containing only left-handed neutrinos. With no suitable right-handed partner, it is impossible to add a renormalizable mass term to the standard model. Measurements however indicated that neutrinos spontaneously change flavour, which implies that neutrinos have a mass. These measurements only give the mass differences between the different flavours. The best constraint on the absolute mass of the neutrinos comes from precision measurements of tritium decay, providing an upper limit 2 eV, which makes them at least five orders of magnitude lighter than the other particles in the standard model. This necessitates an extension of the standard model, which not only needs to explain how neutrinos get their mass, but also why the mass is so small.
One approach to add masses to the neutrinos, the so-called seesaw mechanism, is to add right-handed neutrinos and have these couple to left-handed neutrinos with a Dirac mass term. The right-handed neutrinos have to be sterile, meaning that they do not participate in any of the standard model interactions. Because they have no charges, the right-handed neutrinos can act as their own anti-particles, and have a Majorana mass term. Like the other Dirac masses in the standard model, the neutrino Dirac mass is expected to be generated through the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore unpredictable. The standard model fermion masses differ by many orders of magnitude; the Dirac neutrino mass has at least the same uncertainty. On the other hand, the Majorana mass for the right-handed neutrinos does not arise from the Higgs mechanism, and is therefore expected to be tied to some energy scale of new physics beyond the standard model, for example the Planck scale. Therefore, any process involving right-handed neutrinos will be suppressed at low energies. The correction due to these suppressed processes effectively gives the left-handed neutrinos a mass that is inversely proportional to the right-handed Majorana mass, a mechanism known as the see-saw. The presence of heavy right-handed neutrinos thereby explains both the small mass of the left-handed neutrinos and the absence of the right-handed neutrinos in observations.
However, due to the uncertainty in the Dirac neutrino masses, the right-handed neutrino masses can lie anywhere. For example, they could be as light as keV and be dark matter, they can have a mass in the LHC energy range and lead to observable lepton number violation, or they can be near the GUT scale, linking the right-handed neutrinos to the possibility of a grand unified theory.
The mass terms mix neutrinos of different generations. This mixing is parameterized by the PMNS matrix, which is the neutrino analogue of the CKM quark mixing matrix. Unlike the quark mixing, which is almost minimal, the mixing of the neutrinos appears to be almost maximal. This has led to various speculations of symmetries between the various generations that could explain the mixing patterns. The mixing matrix could also contain several complex phases that break CP invariance, although there has been no experimental probe of these. These phases could potentially create a surplus of leptons over anti-leptons in the early universe, a process known as leptogenesis. This asymmetry could then at a later stage be converted in an excess of baryons over anti-baryons, and explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.
The light neutrinos are disfavored as an explanation for the observation of dark matter, due to considerations of large-scale structure formation in the early universe. Simulations of structure formation show that they are too hot—i.e. their kinetic energy is large compared to their mass—while formation of structures similar to the galaxies in our universe requires cold dark matter. The simulations show that neutrinos can at best explain a few percent of the missing dark matter. However, the heavy sterile right-handed neutrinos are a possible candidate for a dark matter WIMP.
Preon models
Several preon models have been proposed to address the unsolved problem concerning the fact that there are three generations of quarks and leptons. Preon models generally postulate some additional new particles which are further postulated to be able to combine to form the quarks and leptons of the standard model. One of the earliest preon models was the Rishon model.
To date, no preon model is widely accepted or fully verified.
Theories of everything
Theoretical physics continues to strive toward a theory of everything, a theory that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle.
In practical terms the immediate goal in this regard is to develop a theory which would unify the Standard Model with General Relativity in a theory of quantum gravity. Additional features, such as overcoming conceptual flaws in either theory or accurate prediction of particle masses, would be desired.
The challenges in putting together such a theory are not just conceptual - they include the experimental aspects of the very high energies needed to probe exotic realms.
Several notable attempts in this direction are supersymmetry, loop quantum gravity, and string theory.
Supersymmetry
Loop quantum gravity
Theories of quantum gravity such as loop quantum gravity and others are thought by some to be promising candidates to the mathematical unification of quantum field theory and general relativity, requiring less drastic changes to existing theories. However recent work places stringent limits on the putative effects of quantum gravity on the speed of light, and disfavours some current models of quantum gravity.
String theory
Extensions, revisions, replacements, and reorganizations of the Standard Model exist in attempt to correct for these and other issues. String theory is one such reinvention, and many theoretical physicists think that such theories are the next theoretical step toward a true Theory of Everything.
Among the numerous variants of string theory, M-theory, whose mathematical existence was first proposed at a String Conference in 1995 by Edward Witten, is believed by many to be a proper "ToE" candidate, notably by physicists Brian Greene and Stephen Hawking. Though a full mathematical description is not yet known, solutions to the theory exist for specific cases. Recent works have also proposed alternate string models, some of which lack the various harder-to-test features of M-theory (e.g. the existence of Calabi–Yau manifolds, many extra dimensions, etc.) including works by well-published physicists such as Lisa Randall.
See also
Antimatter tests of Lorentz violation
Beyond black holes
Fundamental physical constants in the standard model
Higgsless model
Holographic principle
Little Higgs
Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations
Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model
Neutrino Minimal Standard Model
Peccei–Quinn theory
Preon
Standard-Model Extension
Supergravity
Seesaw mechanism
Supersymmetry
Superfluid vacuum theory
String theory
Technicolor (physics)
Theory of everything
Unsolved problems in physics
Unparticle physics
References
Further reading
External resources
Standard Model Theory @ SLAC
Scientific American Apr 2006
LHC. Nature July 2007
Les Houches Conference, Summer 2005
Particle physics
Physical cosmology
Unsolved problems in physics |
4043753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20of%20Cape%20Town | City of Cape Town | The City of Cape Town (; ) is the metropolitan municipality which governs the city of Cape Town, South Africa and its suburbs and exurbs. As of the 2011 census, it had a population of 3,740,026.
The remote Prince Edward Islands are deemed to be part of the City of Cape Town, specifically of ward 115. Cllr. Ian McMahon is the current ward councilor of ward 115.
History
Cape Town first received local self-government in 1839, with the promulgation of a municipal ordinance by the government of the Cape Colony. When it was created, the Cape Town municipality governed only the central part of the city known as the City Bowl, and as the city expanded, new suburbs became new municipalities, until by 1902 there were 10 separate municipalities in the Cape Peninsula. During the 20th century, many of the inner suburban municipalities became unsustainable; in 1913 the first major unification took place when the municipalities of Cape Town, Green Point and Sea Point, Woodstock, Mowbray, Rondebosch, Claremont, Maitland, and Kalk Bay were unified to create the first City of Cape Town. In 1927 the municipality of Wynberg was also merged with Cape Town, with the result that all of the Southern Suburbs were incorporated into the City.
Many new municipalities were established during the 20th century. Durbanville achieved municipal status in 1901, Goodwood in 1938, Parow in 1939, Bellville and Fish Hoek in 1940, Pinelands in 1948, Kuils River in 1950, Milnerton in 1955, Kraaifontein in 1957, Gordon's Bay in 1961, Brackenfell in 1970. In 1979 Bellville was upgraded to city status. The areas not included in a municipality were governed by divisional councils. Most of the Cape metropolitan area fell under the Divisional Council of the Cape, while the eastern parts around Brackenfell, Kuils River and the Helderberg area formed part of the Divisional Council of Stellenbosch, and an area in the northeast around Kraaifontein formed part of the Divisional Council of Paarl.
In earlier years the right to vote in local elections was not restricted by race (see Cape Qualified Franchise), but the policies of the apartheid government aimed for complete segregation of local government. A 1962 amendment to the Group Areas Act introduced management committees for the areas designated for coloured and Indian residents. These management committees were subordinate to the existing local authorityeither a municipality or the divisional council. From 1972 no new non-white voters could be registered as voters for municipal or divisional councils, and existing non-white voters lost their voting rights when a management committee was established for the area where they lived.
In 1982 the Black Local Authorities Act created elected town councils for black communities. Five such councils were established in the Cape metropolitan areas. They were generally regarded as under-resourced and unsustainable, and were opposed by the United Democratic Front and other civic organisations. Turnout in BLA elections was very low.
In 1987 the divisional councils of the Cape, Paarl and Stellenbosch were dissolved and the Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC) was created in their place. The RSC councils were indirectly elected, consisting of representatives nominated by all the local authorities within its area, including municipalities, management committees and town councils. The Cape Rural Council represented the rural areas of the RSC that were not included in any local authority. Also in 1987, an act of the House of Assembly allowed the creation of local councils for white communities in peri-urban areas.
Thus at the end of apartheid in 1994, there were over 50 different local authorities in existence in the metropolitan area, listed below.
Western Cape Regional Services Council (RSC)
Cape Rural Council
Cities
City of Cape Town
City of Bellville
Municipalities
Brackenfell Municipality
Durbanville Municipality
Fish Hoek Municipality
Goodwood Municipality
Gordon's Bay Municipality
Kraaifontein Municipality
Kuils River Municipality
Milnerton Municipality
Parow Municipality
Pinelands Municipality
Simon's Town Municipality
Somerset West Municipality
Strand Municipality
Management Committees (indicating in brackets the local authority to which they were subordinated)
Athlone and District MC (City of Cape Town)
Atlantis MC (RSC)
Belhar MC (RSC)
Cravenby MC (RSC)
Elsie's River MC (RSC)
Grassy Park MC (RSC)
Kensington MC (City of Cape Town)
Kraaifontein MC (Kraaifontein Municipality)
Macassar MC (RSC)
Matroosfontein/Nooitgedacht MC (RSC)
Melton Rose/Blue Downs/Delft MC (RSC)
Mitchells Plain MC (City of Cape Town)
Morningstar MC (Durbanville Municipality)
Ocean View MC (RSC)
Proteaville MC (City of Bellville)
Ravensmead MC (Parow Municipality)
Retreat/Steenberg MC (City of Cape Town)
Rylands Estate MC (City of Cape Town)
Sarepta MC (Kuils River Municipality)
Schotschekloof MC (City of Cape Town)
Scottsdene MC (RSC)
Sir Lowry's Pass MC (RSC)
Strand MC (Strand Municipality)
Strandfontein MC (City of Cape Town)
Temperance Town MC (Gordon's Bay Municipality)
Wittebome/Wynberg MC (City of Cape Town)
Woodstock/Walmer Estate/Salt River MC (City of Cape Town)
Town Councils
Crossroads Town Council
iKapa Town Council (Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga)
Lingelethu West Town Council (Khayelitsha)
Lwandle Town Council
Mfuleni Town Council
Local Councils
Atlantis Industria LC
Bloubergstrand LC
Constantia LC
Kommetjie LC
Llandudno LC
Melkbosstrand LC
Noordhoek LC
Ottery East LC
Scarborough LC
Mamre Board of Management
As part of the post-1994 reforms, municipal government experienced a complete overhaul. The existing local authorities, political parties, ratepayers' organisations, and community organisations were brought together into a negotiating forum. This forum agreed on the creation of a two-level local government system consisting of multiple transitional metropolitan substructures (TMSs), brought together in a transitional metropolitan council named the Cape Metropolitan Council (CMC). The CMC would replace the Regional Services Council and take over its responsibilities; it would also be responsible for metro-level planning and co-ordination, improving service delivery in disadvantaged areas, and cross-subsidization of poorer areas with revenue from affluent areas. Initially, in a period called the "pre-interim phase", the existing local authorities would become TMSs but their councils would be replaced by councillors nominated by the members of the negotiating forum. This agreement came into effect, and the pre-interim phase began, on 1 February 1995.
The second phase of the transformation, known as the "interim phase" began on 29 May 1996 when local elections were held. The pre-interim TMSs were dissolved, and six new TMSs were established covering the whole metropolitan area: City of Cape Town (Central), City of Tygerberg, South Peninsula Municipality, Blaauwberg Municipality, Oostenberg Municipality, and Helderberg Municipality. The Cape Metropolitan Council continued with its coordinating functions.
In 1998 Parliament enacted legislation (the Municipal Structures Act) determining the final form of local government in post-apartheid South Africa. This legislation determined that metropolitan areas would be governed by unified metropolitan municipalities. Local elections were held on 5 December 2000; the Cape Metropolitan Council and the six interim TMSs were dissolved and replaced by the unified City of Cape Town. It is for this reason that the City of Cape Town is sometimes referred to as the "Unicity". At the time of the 2000 election the northern boundary of the metropolitan area was also extended to include Philadelphia, Klipheuwel, and the surrounding farmland.
The current municipality covers Cape Point in the south-west, Gordon's Bay in the south-east, and Atlantis in the north, and includes Robben Island.
Politics and government
Council
Cape Town is governed by a 231-member city council elected in a system of mixed-member proportional representation. The city is divided into 116 wards, each of which elects a councillor by first-past-the-post voting. The remaining 115 councillors are elected from party lists so that the total number of councillors for each party is proportional to the number of votes received by that party.
The makeup of the council after the 2021 election is shown in the following table.
The speaker of the council is Felicity Purchase of the Democratic Alliance.
The council is divided into 24 subcouncils which deal with local functions for between three and six wards. A subcouncil consists of the ward councillors and a similar number of proportionally-elected councillors assigned to the subcouncil. A subcounil is chaired by one of the councillors and appoints a manager to run its day-to-day business. A subcouncil does not have any inherent responsibilities in law, but it is entitled to make recommendations to the City Council about anything that affects its area. The City Council may also delegate responsibilities to the subcouncils.
Executive
The executive authority for the city is vested in an Executive Mayor who is elected by the council. The mayor appoints a mayoral committee whose members oversee various portfolios. A City Manager is appointed as the non-political head of the city's administration.
With the Democratic Alliance (DA) having won an absolute majority of council seats in the election of 1 November 2021, its mayoral candidate Geordin Hill-Lewis, who had been a Member of Parliament since 2011, was elected.
The Mayoral Committee consists of 10 members who are appointed by the Executive Mayor. Each member manages a different area of the local government.
The current city manager is Lungelo Mbandazayo. He had been the acting city manager since the former city manager Achmat Ebrahim, who was appointed in April 2006, resigned in January 2018 amid misconduct allegations. He was formally appointed city manager in April 2018.
The local municipality was one of the four to have passed the 2009-10 audit by the Auditor-General of South Africa, who deemed it to have a clean administration.
Electoral history
The City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in its present form took shape after the 2000 municipal elections. The old Central Cape Town MLC council had been governed by the New National Party (NNP), but they were losing support to the African National Congress (ANC) and the Democratic Party (DP). Fearing further losses, the NNP agreed to contest the upcoming local election in December 2000 together with the DP by forming the Democratic Alliance (DA), with DP and NNP members running as DA candidates. The DA won Cape Town with an outright majority, and Peter Marais, also a senior member of the provincial NNP, became mayor of the unicity. However, DA leader Tony Leon's attempt to remove Marais from his position in 2001 caused the disintegration of the alliance, and NNP came to ally with the ANC. Marais was replaced as mayor by Gerald Morkel, but Morkel was himself soon ousted during the October 2002 local floor crossing period after a large number of DA councillors had defected to the NNP. Nomaindia Mfeketo of the ANC became mayor supported by an ANC-NNP coalition. In 2004, after a dismal showing in the general elections that year, the NNP prepared for dissolution and merger with the ANC, and most of its councillors joined the governing party. This gave the ANC an outright majority on the council, which lasted until the next election.
In the 2006 local government election, the DA was the largest single party, ahead of the ANC, but with no party holding a majority. The new
Independent Democrats (ID) led by Patricia de Lille was in third place. The African Christian Democratic Party (ACDP) initiated negotiations with five other smaller parties who together formed a kingmaker block of fifteen councillors, collectively known as the Multi-Party Forum parties. Despite the ID voting with the ANC, Helen Zille of the DA was elected executive mayor on 15 March 2006 by a very narrow margin with the support of the Multi-Party Forum. Andrew Arnolds of the ACDP was elected executive deputy mayor and Jacob "Dirk" Smit of the Freedom Front Plus (FF+) was elected speaker. The initially fragile position of this new DA-led coalition, also known as the Multi-Party Government, was improved in January 2007 with the introduction of the ID following the expulsion of the small Africa Muslim Party for conspiring with the ANC. As a result of the ID's support, the coalition significantly increased its majority, resulting in a much more stable city government. The ID's Charlotte Williams became executive deputy mayor. However, she resigned just a few months later, and the post then went to Grant Haskin of the ACDP in late 2007. The DA would also bolster its position through by-election victories and floor crossing defections. With the ID and DA together holding a firm council majority, several of the smaller coalition partners were dropped from the city government by the time of the 2009 general elections, including the ACDP and FF+. The DA's Ian Neilson became deputy mayor, while Dirk Smit, who had defected to the DA, retained the position of speaker. Helen Zille left the mayorship the same year to take up the position of premier of the Western Cape, and Dan Plato became mayor.
In 2010, the DA and ID formalized an agreement in which the ID would merge into the DA by 2014. This was prompted in part by the ID's disappointing result in the 2009 general election. As per the agreement, ID ceased to exist at the local level after the 2011 municipal elections with ID members running as DA candidates. DA won a large outright majority in the election, and ID leader Patricia de Lille, who had defeated Plato in an earlier internal election, became the new mayor. The party extended its lead even further to win a two-thirds majority of the seats on the City of Cape Town council in the 2016 municipal elections, and De Lille was thus sworn in to serve a second term. It was however cut short following her resignation on 31 October 2018 after an extended battle with her party over accusations of covering up corruption, accusations she strongly denied. The previous mayor Dan Plato was chosen as her successor.
The DA's Geordin Hill-Lewis was voted in as mayor after the 2021 local government elections.
The following table shows the results of the 2021 election.
Demographics
Geography
The municipality has a total area of 2455 km2.
Subdivision varies according to purpose. Main places for census purposes may differ from planning districts.
Main places
The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places:
Planning districts
The planning districts are:
Blaauwberg, which includes subdistricts: Atlantis, Blouberg, Mamre, Melkboschstrand, Table View, and parts of Cape Farms, Goodwood, Milnerton, and Maitland.
Cape Flats, which includes subdistricts: Athlone, False Bay Coastal Park, Grassy Park, Guguletu, Hanover Park, Manenberg, Ottery, Pelican Park, and parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, and Rondebosch.
Helderberg, which includes subdistricts: Gordon's Bay, Macassar, Sir Lowry's Pass ,Somerset West, Stellenbosch Farms and Strand.
Khayelitsha/Mitchells Plain, which includes subdistricts: Blackheath, Blue Downs, Eerste River, Khayelitsha, Mitchell's Plain, and part of Guguletu
Northern, which includes subdistricts: Brackenfell, Durbanville, Eversdal, Joostenbergvlakte, Kenridge, Kraaifontein, Malmesbury Farms, Vredekloof, and Welgemoed.
Southern, which includes subdistricts: Bergvliet, Cape Point, Constantia, Fish Hoek, Hout Bay, Kalk Bay, Kommetjie, Newlands, Noordhoek, Ocean View, Plumstead, Simon's Town, Tokai, Wynberg, parts of Muizenberg, Retreat, Rondebosch, and Table Mountain.
Table Bay, which includes subdistricts: Camps Bay, Cape Town, Observatory, Pinelands, Robben Island, Sea Point, Signal Hill/Lion's Head, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, Langa, Maitland, and Table Mountain,
Tygerberg, which includes subdistricts: Airport, Bellville, Bishop Lavis, Delft, Elsies River, Kalsteenfontein, Kuils River, Parow, Plattekloof, and parts of Epping, Goodwood, and Milnerton.
Adjacent municipalities
Swartland Local Municipality, West Coast District Municipality (north)
Drakenstein Local Municipality, Cape Winelands District Municipality (northeast)
Stellenbosch Local Municipality, Cape Winelands District Municipality (northeast)
Theewaterskloof Local Municipality, Overberg District Municipality (east)
Overstrand Local Municipality, Overberg District Municipality (southeast)
The City of Cape Town is also bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west.
See also
References
External links
City of Cape Town official website
City of Cape Town on the Western Cape Government website
City of Cape Town
Metropolitan Municipalities of South Africa
Municipalities of the Western Cape
Districts of the Western Cape |
4043755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Town%20Square | Old Town Square | Old Town Square ( or colloquially ) is a historic square in the Old Town quarter of Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic. It is located between Wenceslas Square and Charles Bridge.
Buildings
The square features buildings belonging to various architectural styles, including the Gothic Church of Our Lady before Týn, which has been the main church of this part of the city since the 14th century. Its characteristic towers are 80 m high. The Baroque St. Nicholas Church is another church located in the square.
Prague Orloj is a medieval astronomical clock mounted on the Old Town Hall. The clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still in operation. The tower of the Old Town Hall is open to the public and offers panoramic views of the Old Town.
An art museum of the Czech National Gallery is located in the Kinský Palace.
Statues and memorials
The square's centre is home to a statue of religious reformer Jan Hus, who was burned at the stake in Konstanz for his beliefs. This led to the Hussite Wars. The statue known as the Jan Hus Memorial was erected on 6 July 1915 to mark the 500th anniversary of his death.
In front of the Old Town Hall, there is also a memorial to the "martyrs" (including Jan Jesenius and Maxmilián Hošťálek) beheaded on that spot during the Old Town Square execution by Habsburgs, after the Battle of White Mountain. Twenty-seven crosses mark the pavement in their honour. The crosses were installed during the repairs of the Old Town Hall after the Second World War, while a nearby plaque which lists the names of all 27 victims dates from 1911. Orthodox Czechs do not trample these crosses out of respect.
On 3 November 1918, a Marian Column that had been erected in the square shortly after the Thirty Years' War was demolished in celebration of independence from the Habsburg empire. The column was re-erected in 2020.
Markets
At Christmas and Easter, markets are held on the square; they resemble medieval markets. A tall decorated tree and a musical stage are set up.
The Christmas Markets in Old Town Square are the largest Christmas markets in the Czech Republic and are visited by hundreds of thousands of visitors from the Czech Republic and abroad, primarily Germans, Russians, Italians and Britons. In 2016, CNN ranked Prague's Christmas Markets among the 10 best ones worldwide.
See also
Old Town Square execution
References
External links
Photos of Old Town Square and Background Information
Old Town Square Live WebCam
Execution sites
National Cultural Monuments of the Czech Republic
Squares in Prague |
4043780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong%20Jian | Tong Jian | Tong Jian (; born August 15, 1979 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With his wife Pang Qing, he is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist, 2006 and 2010 World Champion, a five-time Four Continents champion (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 and 2011) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion.
Career
Tong was born into a Manchurian family in the city of Harbin, China, the home of Chinese pair skating. He began skating at age six. He originally competed as a single skater. He then competed as an ice dancer for two years because of his weak jumps. After his short ice dancing career, Tong switched to pairs. He previously competed with Zhang Xiwen. In 1993, coach Yao Bin teamed him up with Qing and they have been skating together ever since.
When Yao moved to Beijing, Pang and Tong trained without a coach until 1997, when they began training under Yao again.
Pang and Tong did not have a strong junior career, perhaps due to the fact that the Junior Grand Prix did not exist when they were skating at the junior level. They placed 14th, 9th, and 8th at the World Junior Championships between 1997 and 1999. After that, they went senior.
Pang and Tong won the silver medal at the 1997 Chinese national championships, but did not represent China at the World Championships until 1999. They are the 2000 Chinese national champions. At their first major senior international, the 1999 Four Continents Championships (the first Four Continents ever held), they placed 5th. They then went to their first Worlds, where they placed 14th.
In the 1999–2000 season, Pang and Tong made their Grand Prix debut. They placed 4th at Skate Canada and 5th at Cup of Russia. They slowly moved up the ranks over the years. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, coming in as the Four Continents Champions, they placed 9th.
Following the 2001–2002 season, Pang and Tong began to be contenders. They consistently placed on the podium at their Grand Prix events. They won their first World medal (a bronze) at the 2004 World Championships.
After their first world medal, they had a rough 2004–2005 season and a shaky start at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. They recovered with consistency by the 2006 Olympics, where they placed a controversial 4th behind teammates Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao and Zhang Dan & Zhang Hao. They went to the 2006 Worlds and won it.
In the 2006–2007 season, Pang and Tong were unable to defend their World title. They were forced to withdraw from Skate America due to injury. They won the silver medal at the Cup of China, the Asian Winter Games, and the Four Continents Championships. At Worlds, they placed second.
During the 2007–2008 season, Pang and Tong had a rough start, losing two out of their three Grand Prix events. They came back strong midseason by winning the bronze at the Grand Prix Final and their third Four Continents title. They ended their season with a disappointing 5th at the World Championships.
During the 2008–2009 season, Pang and Tong had another rough outing at their first event, the Cup of China. Despite this, they went on the two win their next Grand Prix events and the final. During that season, they made history, when they went on to win a record setting fourth Four Continents title and have now won more Four Continent titles than any other person. Despite the momentum they had built, they had another disappointing World Championships, where they were once again finished the podium.
During the 2009–2010 season, Pang and Tong won both of their Grand Prix events and a silver at the Grand Prix Final, defeating all the world medalists at the previous world championship.
In the 2010 Winter Olympics, Pang and Tong set a new World Record for the free skate with a score of 141.81 points. They placed second place behind Shen Xue and Hongbo Zhao thanks to their teammates world record-setting short program. The People's Republic of China broke Russia's 46-year twelve Olympic gold medal streak in pairs skating, sweeping gold and silver places. Pang and Tong became the 2010 World Champions in Turin, Italy.
For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Cup of China. They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the Grand Prix Final where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships.
Pang and Tong withdrew from their assigned 2011–12 Grand Prix events, however, returned to
competition in January 2012, where they won gold at the Chinese National Winter Games. They earned first-place marks in the short program (70.24) and free skate (126.31). They competed at and finished fourth at the 2012 World Championships in what was their only ISU international event of the season.
For the 2012–13 season, Pang and Tong medaled at both their Grand Prix events, taking second at 2012 Skate America and first at 2012 Cup of China. They went on to win the bronze at the 2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They were fifth at the 2013 World Figure Skating Championships.
During the 2013–14 season, Pang and Tong finished second at 2013 Cup of China and first at 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard before winning bronze again at the 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They went on to finish fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics, their fourth consecutive Olympic Games.
For the 2014–15 season, Pang and Tong competed at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, placing third at both events.
Personal life
Although they had not spoken about their personal lives, Pang and Tong revealed publicly in an issue of Vanity Fair during the 2010 Winter Olympics that they were romantically involved.
In June 2011, the pair became engaged after Tong proposed on-ice to Pang at a show in Shanghai. They got married on June 18, 2016.
Programs
Competitive highlights
(with Pang)
Detailed results
References
External links
Official website
1979 births
Chinese male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of China
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for China
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Manchu sportspeople
Universiade silver medalists for China
Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade |
4043787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua%20%28journal%29 | Lingua (journal) | Lingua: An International Review of General Linguistics is a peer-reviewed academic journal of general linguistics that was established in 1949 and is published by Elsevier. Its editor-in-chief is Marta Dynel (University of Lodz).
In October 2015 the editors and editorial board of Lingua resigned en masse to protest their inability to come to an agreement with Elsevier regarding fair pricing models for open access publishing. They subsequently started a new journal, Glossa. Since then, the majority of the linguistics community has supported Glossa and boycotted Lingua. As part of the boycott, the journal got the pejorative nickname Zombie Lingua.
References
External links
Linguistics journals
Elsevier academic journals
Publications established in 1949
English-language journals
Journals published between 13 and 25 times per year
Hybrid open access journals |
4043790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skydiggers/Cash%20Brothers | Skydiggers/Cash Brothers | Skydiggers/Cash Brothers is a CD by the Canadian bands Skydiggers and The Cash Brothers, released in 2006.
The CD evolved from a series of collaborative shows played by the two bands in the fall and winter of 2005 and 2006. The bands have had a long and extensive shared history — Peter Cash is a former member of Skydiggers, and Andrew Cash was a frequent collaborator with the band in their early years of performing.
Track listing
I Know You Lie Awake (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Smile Me Down (A. Cash)
Overcast and Grey (Finlayson/Maize/Jamieson)
Maybe Some Day (A. Cash/P. Cash)
I'm Coming Home (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Heart-a-Pounding (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Barely Made it Through (A. Cash/P. Cash)
Only Now (Finlayson/Maize)
Falling Down (A. Cash/P. Cash)
From Down the Line (Finlayson/Maize)
Nowhere to Go But Up (A. Cash/P. Cash)
An Honest Day's Work (Finlayson/Maize)
2006 albums
Skydiggers albums
The Cash Brothers albums |
4043791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar%20Zoughari%20Stadium | Tahar Zoughari Stadium | Tahar Zoughari Stadium () is a multi-use stadium in Relizane, Algeria. It is mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. RC Relizane are tenants.
The stadium was opened on 18 March 1987.
References
Tahar Zoughari
Buildings and structures in Relizane Province |
4043799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic%20history%20of%20India | Linguistic history of India | The languages of India are divided into various language families, of which the Indo-Aryan and the Dravidian languages are the most widely spoken. There are also many languages belonging to unrelated language families such as Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan, spoken by smaller groups.
Indo-Aryan languages
Proto-Indo-Aryan
Proto-Indo-Aryan is a proto-language hypothesized to have been the direct ancestor of all Indo-Aryan languages. It would have had similarities to Proto-Indo-Iranian, but would ultimately have used Sanskritized phonemes and morphemes.
Old Indo-Aryan
Vedic Sanskrit
Vedic Sanskrit is the language of the Vedas, a large collection of hymns, incantations, and religio-philosophical discussions which form the earliest religious texts in India and the basis for much of the Hindu religion. Modern linguists consider the metrical hymns of the Rigveda to be the earliest. The hymns preserved in the Rigveda were preserved by oral tradition alone over several centuries before the introduction of writing, the oldest Aryan language among them predating the introduction of Brahmi by as much as a millennium.
The end of the Vedic period is marked by the composition of the Upanishads, which form the concluding part of the Vedic corpus in the traditional compilations, dated to roughly 500 BCE. It is around this time that Sanskrit began the transition from a first language to a second language of religion and learning, marking the beginning of Classical India.
Classical Sanskrit
The oldest language surviving Sanskrit grammar is Pāṇini's Aṣṭādhyāyī ("Eight-Chapter Grammar") dating to c. the 5th century BCE. It is essentially a prescriptive grammar, i.e., an authority that defines (rather than describes) correct Sanskrit, although it contains descriptive parts, mostly to account for Vedic forms that had already passed out of use in Pāṇini's time.
Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment.
Vedic Sanskrit and Classical or "Paninian" Sanskrit, while broadly similar, are separate varieties, which differ in a number of points of phonology, vocabulary, and grammar.
Middle Indo-Aryan
Prakrits
Prakrit (Sanskrit prākṛta प्राकृत, the past participle of प्राकृ, meaning "original, natural, artless, normal, ordinary, usual", i.e. "vernacular", in contrast to samskrta "excellently made", both adjectives elliptically referring to vak "speech") is the broad family of Indo-Aryan languages and dialects spoken in ancient India. Some modern scholars include all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of "Prakrits", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography.
The Prakrits became literary languages, generally patronized by kings identified with the kshatriya caste. The earliest inscriptions in Prakrit are those of Ashoka, emperor of the Maurya Empire, and while the various Prakrit languages are associated with different patron dynasties, with different religions and different literary traditions.
In Sanskrit drama, kings speak in Prakrit when addressing women or servants, in contrast to the Sanskrit used in reciting more formal poetic monologues.
The three Dramatic Prakrits – Sauraseni, Magadhi, Maharashtri, as well as Jain Prakrit each represent a distinct tradition of literature within the history of India. Other Prakrits are reported in historical sources, but have no extant corpus (e.g., Paisaci).
Pali
Pali is the Middle Indo-Aryan language in which the Theravada Buddhist scriptures and commentaries are preserved. Pali is believed by the Theravada tradition to be the same language as Magadhi, but modern scholars believe this to be unlikely. Pali shows signs of development from several underlying Prakrits as well as some Sanskritisation.
The Prakrit of the North-western area of India known as Gāndhāra has come to be called Gāndhārī. A few documents are written in the Kharoṣṭhi script survive including a version of the Dhammapada.
Apabhraṃśa/Apasabda
The Prakrits (which includes Pali) were gradually transformed into Apabhraṃśas (अपभ्रंश) which were used until about the 13th century CE. The term apabhraṃśa, meaning "fallen away", refers to the dialects of Northern India before the rise of modern Northern Indian languages, and implies a corrupt or non-standard language. A significant amount of apabhraṃśa literature has been found in Jain libraries. While Amir Khusro and Kabir were writing in a language quite similar to modern Hindi-Urdu, many poets, especially in regions that were still ruled by Hindu kings, continued to write in Apabhraṃśa. Apabhraṃśa authors include Sarahapad of Kamarupa, Devasena of Dhar (9th century CE), Pushpadanta of Manikhet (9th century CE), Dhanapal, Muni Ramsimha, Hemachandra of Patan, Raighu of Gwalior (15th century CE). An early example of the use of Apabhraṃśa is in Vikramōrvaśīyam of Kalidasa, when Pururava asks the animals in the forest about his beloved who had disappeared.
Modern Indo-Aryan
Hindustani
Hindustani is right now the most spoken language in the Indian subcontinent and the fourth most spoken language in the world. The development of Hindustani revolves around the various Hindi dialects originating mainly from Sauraseni Apabhramsha. A Jain text Shravakachar written in 933AD is considered the first Hindi book. Modern Hindi is based on the prestigious Khariboli dialect which started to take Persian and Arabic words too with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate; however, the Arabic-Persian influence was profound mainly on Urdu and to a lesser extent on Hindi.Khadiboli also started to spread across North India as a vernacular form previously commonly known as Hindustani. Amir Khusrow wrote poems in Khariboli and Brajbhasha and referred that language as Hindavi. During the Bhakti era, many poems were composed in Khariboli, Brajbhasa, and Awadhi. One such classic is Ramcharitmanas, written by Tulsidas in Awadhi. In 1623 Jatmal wrote a book in Khariboli with the name 'Gora Badal ki Katha'.
The establishment of British rule in the subcontinent saw the clear division of Hindi and Urdu registers. This period also saw the rise of modern Hindi literature starting with Bharatendu Harishchandra. This period also shows further Sanskritization of the Hindi language in literature. Hindi is right now the official language in nine states of India— Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh—and the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Post-independence Hindi became the official language of the Central Government of India along with English. Urdu has been the national and official language of Pakistan as well as the lingua franca of the country.
Outside the India, Hindustani is widely understood in other parts of the Indian subcontinent and also used as a lingua franca, and is the main language of Bollywood.
Marathi
Marathi is one of several languages that further descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the Apabhraṃśa languages like Old Marathi, however, this is challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect. The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE copper-plate inscription found in Satara After 1187 CE, the use of Marathi grew substantially in the inscriptions of the Seuna (Yadava) kings, who earlier used Kannada and Sanskrit in their inscriptions. Marathi became the dominant language of epigraphy during the last half century of the dynasty's rule (14th century), and may have been a result of the Yadava attempts to connect with their Marathi-speaking subjects and to distinguish themselves from the Kannada-speaking Hoysalas.
Marathi gained prominence with the rise of the Maratha Empire beginning with the reign of Shivaji (1630–1680). Under him, the language used in administrative documents became less persianised. Whereas in 1630, 80% of the vocabulary was Persian, it dropped to 37% by 1677 The British colonial period starting in early 1800s saw standardisation of Marathi grammar through the efforts of the Christian missionary William Carey. Carey's dictionary had fewer entries and Marathi words were in Devanagari. Translations of the Bible were first books to be printed in Marathi. These translations by William Carey, the American Marathi mission and the Scottish missionaries led to the development of a peculiar pidginized Marathi called "Missionary Marathi” in the early 1800s.
After Indian independence, Marathi was accorded the status of a scheduled language on the national level. In 1956, the then Bombay state was reorganized which brought most Marathi and Gujarati speaking areas under one state. Further re-organization of the Bombay state on 1 May 1960, created the Marathi speaking Maharashtra and Gujarati speaking Gujarat state respectively. With state and cultural protection, Marathi made great strides by the 1990s.
Dravidian languages
The Dravidian family of languages includes approximately 73 languages that are mainly spoken in southern India and northeastern Sri Lanka, as well as certain areas in Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and eastern and central India, as well as in parts of southern Afghanistan, and overseas in other countries such as the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore.
The origins of the Dravidian languages, as well as their subsequent development and the period of their differentiation, are unclear, and the situation is not helped by the lack of comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages.
Many linguists, however, tend to favor the theory that speakers of Dravidian languages spread southwards and eastwards through the Indian subcontinent, based on the fact that the southern Dravidian languages show some signs of contact with linguistic groups which the northern Dravidian languages do not. Proto-Dravidian is thought to have differentiated into Proto-North Dravidian, Proto-Central Dravidian and Proto-South Dravidian around 1500 BCE, although some linguists have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub-families points to an earlier split.
It was not until 1856 that Robert Caldwell published his Comparative grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established it as one of the major language groups of the world. Caldwell coined the term "Dravidian" from the Sanskrit drāvida, related to the word 'Tamil' or 'Tamilan', which is seen in such forms as into 'Dramila', 'Drami˜a', 'Dramida' and 'Dravida' which was used in a 7th-century text to refer to the languages of the southern India. The Dravidian Etymological Dictionary was published by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau.
History of Tamil
Linguistic reconstruction suggests that Proto-Dravidian was spoken around the 6th millennium BCE. The material evidence suggests that the speakers of Proto-Dravidian were the culture associated with the Neolithic complexes of South India. The next phase in the reconstructed proto-history of Tamil is Proto-South Dravidian. The linguistic evidence suggests that Proto-South Dravidian was spoken around the middle of the 2nd millennium BCE and Old Tamil emerged around the 6th century BCE. The earliest epigraphic attestations of Tamil are generally taken to have been written shortly thereafter. Among Indian languages, Tamil has one of the ancient Indian literature besides others.
Scholars categorise the attested history of the language into three periods, Old Tamil (400 BCE – 700 CE), Middle Tamil (700–1600) and Modern Tamil (1600–present).
Old Tamil
The earliest records in Old Tamil are short inscriptions from around the 6th century BCE in caves and on pottery. These inscriptions are written in a variant of the Brahmi script called Tamil Brahmi. The earliest long text in Old Tamil is the Tolkāppiyam, an early work on Tamil grammar and poetics, whose oldest layers could be as old as the 2nd century BCE. A large number of literary works in Old Tamil have also survived. These include a corpus of 2,381 poems collectively known as Sangam literature. These poems are usually dated to between the 1st and 5th centuries CE, which makes them the oldest extant body of secular literature in India. Other literary works in Old Tamil include two long epics, Cilappatikaram and Manimekalai, and a number of ethical and didactic texts, written between the 5th and 8th centuries.
Old Tamil preserved some features of Proto-Dravidian, including the inventory of consonants, the syllable structure, and various grammatical features. Amongst these was the absence of a distinct present tense – like Proto-Dravidian, Old Tamil only had two tenses, the past and the "non-past". Old Tamil verbs also had a distinct negative conjugation (e.g. (காணேன்) "I do not see", (காணோம்) "we do not see"). Nouns could take pronominal suffixes like verbs to express ideas: e.g. (பெண்டிரேம்) "we are women" formed from (பெண்டிர்) "women" + - (ஏம்) and the first person plural marker.
Despite the significant amount of grammatical and syntactical change between Old, Middle and Modern Tamil, Tamil demonstrates grammatical continuity across these stages: many characteristics of the later stages of the language have their roots in features of Old Tamil.
Middle Tamil
The evolution of Old Tamil into Middle Tamil, which is generally taken to have been completed by the 8th century, was characterised by a number of phonological and grammatical changes. In phonological terms, the most important shifts were the virtual disappearance of the aytam (ஃ), an old phoneme, the coalescence of the alveolar and dental nasals, and the transformation of the alveolar plosive into a rhotic. In grammar, the most important change was the emergence of the present tense. The present tense evolved out of the verb (கில்), meaning "to be possible" or "to befall". In Old Tamil, this verb was used as an aspect marker to indicate that an action was micro-durative, non-sustained or non-lasting, usually in combination with a time marker such as (ன்). In Middle Tamil, this usage evolved into a present tense marker – (கின்ற) – which combined the old aspect and time markers.
Middle Tamil also saw a significant increase in the Sanskritisation of Tamil. From the period of the Pallava dynasty onwards, a number of Sanskrit loan-words entered Tamil, particularly in relation to political, religious and philosophical concepts. Sanskrit also influenced Tamil grammar, in the increased use of cases and in declined nouns becoming adjuncts of verbs, and phonology. The Tamil script also changed in the period of Middle Tamil. Tamil Brahmi and Vaṭṭeḻuttu, into which it evolved, were the main scripts used in Old Tamil inscriptions. From the 8th century onwards, however, the Pallavas began using a new script, derived from the Pallava Grantha script which was used to write Sanskrit, which eventually replaced Vaṭṭeḻuttu.
Middle Tamil is attested in a large number of inscriptions, and in a significant body of secular and religious literature. These include the religious poems and songs of the Bhakthi poets, such as the Tēvāram verses on Saivism and Nālāyira Tivya Pirapantam on Vaishnavism, and adaptations of religious legends such as the 12th-century Tamil Ramayana composed by Kamban and the story of 63 shaivite devotees known as Periyapurāṇam. Iraiyaṉār Akapporuḷ, an early treatise on love poetics, and Naṉṉūl, a 12th-century grammar that became the standard grammar of literary Tamil, are also from the Middle Tamil period.
Modern Tamil
The Nannul remains the standard normative grammar for modern literary Tamil, which therefore continues to be based on Middle Tamil of the 13th century rather than on Modern Tamil. Colloquial spoken Tamil, in contrast, shows a number of changes. The negative conjugation of verbs, for example, has fallen out of use in Modern Tamil – negation is, instead, expressed either morphologically or syntactically. Modern spoken Tamil also shows a number of sound changes, in particular, a tendency to lower high vowels in initial and medial positions, and the disappearance of vowels between plosives and between a plosive and rhotic.
Contact with European languages also affected both written and spoken Tamil. Changes in written Tamil include the use of European-style punctuation and the use of consonant clusters that were not permitted in Middle Tamil. The syntax of written Tamil has also changed, with the introduction of new aspectual auxiliaries and more complex sentence structures, and with the emergence of a more rigid word order that resembles the syntactic argument structure of English. Simultaneously, a strong strain of linguistic purism emerged in the early 20th century, culminating in the Pure Tamil Movement which called for removal of all Sanskritic and other foreign elements from Tamil. It received some support from Dravidian parties and nationalists who supported Tamil independence. This led to the replacement of a significant number of Sanskrit loanwords by Tamil equivalents, though many others remain.
Literature
Tamil literature has a rich and long literary tradition spanning more than two thousand years. The oldest extant works show signs of maturity indicating an even longer period of evolution. Contributors to the Tamil literature are mainly from Tamil people from Tamil Nadu, Sri Lankan Tamils from Sri Lanka, and from Tamil diaspora. Also, there have been notable contributions from European authors. The history of Tamil literature follows the history of Tamil Nadu, closely following the social and political trends of various periods. The secular nature of the early Sangam poetry gave way to works of religious and didactic nature during the Middle Ages. Jain and Buddhist authors during the medieval period and Muslim and European authors later, contributed to the growth of Tamil literature.
A revival of Tamil literature took place from the late 19th century when works of religious and philosophical nature were written in a style that made it easier for the common people to enjoy. Nationalist poets began to utilize the power of poetry in influencing the masses. With the growth of literacy, Tamil prose began to blossom and mature. Short stories and novels began to appear. The popularity of Tamil Cinema has also provided opportunities for modern Tamil poets to emerge.
History of Kannada
Kannada is one of oldest languages in South India. The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-language source earlier than Tamil and about the same time as Tulu. However, archaeological evidence would indicate a written tradition for this language of around 1600–1650 years. The initial development of the Kannada language is similar to that of other south Indian languages.
Stages of development
By the time Halmidi shasana (stone inscription) Kannada had become an official language. Some of the linguistics suggest that Tamil & HaLegannada are very similar or might have same roots. Ex: For milk in both languages it is 'Haalu', the postfix to the names of elders to show respect is 'avar / avargaL'.
600 – 1200 AD
During this era, language underwent a lot of changes as seen from the literary works of great poets of the era viz Pampa, Ranna, Ponna.
1400 – 1600 AD
Vijayanagar Empire which is called the Golden era in the history of medieval India saw a lot of development in all literary form of both Kannada and Telugu. During the ruling of the King Krishnadevaraya many wonderful works. Poet Kumaravyasa wrote Mahabharata in Kannada in a unique style called "shatpadi" (six lines is a stanza of the poem). This era also saw the origin of Dasa Sahitya, the Carnatic music. Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa wrote several songs praising Lord Krishna. This gave a new dimension to Kannada literature.
Stone inscriptions
The first written record in the Kannada language is traced to Emperor Ashoka's Brahmagiri edict dated 200 BCE. The first example of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (shilashaasana) containing Brahmi characters with characteristics attributed to those of protokannada in Hale Kannada (Old Kannada) script can be found in the Halmidi inscription, dated c. 450, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language by this time. Over 30,000 inscriptions written in the Kannada language have been discovered so far. The Chikkamagaluru inscription of 500 CE is another example. Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. Badami cliff shilashaasana of Pulakeshin I is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in Hale Kannada script.
Copper plates and manuscripts
Examples of early Sanskrit-Kannada bilingual copper plate inscriptions (tamarashaasana) are the Tumbula inscriptions of the Western Ganga Dynasty dated 444 AD The earliest full-length Kannada tamarashaasana in Old Kannada script (early 8th century) belongs to Alupa King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu, South Kanara district and displays the double crested fish, his royal emblem. The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript is in Old Kannada and is that of Dhavala, dated to around the 9th century, preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, Dakshina Kannada district. The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written in ink.
History of Telugu
Origins
Telugu is hypothesised to have originated from a reconstructed Proto-Dravidian language. It is a highly Sanskritised language; as Telugu scholar C.P Brown states in page 266 of his book A Grammar of the Telugu language: "if we ever make any real progress in the language the student will require the aid of the Sanskrit Dictionary". Prakrit Inscriptions containing Telugu words dated around 400–100 BCE were discovered in Bhattiprolu in District of Guntur. English translation of one inscription as reads: "Gift of the slab by venerable Midikilayakha".
Stages
From 575 CE, we begin to find traces of Telugu in inscriptions and literature, it is possible to broadly define four stages in the linguistic history of the Telugu language:
575 –1100
The first inscription that is entirely in Telugu corresponds to the second phase of Telugu history. This inscription, dated 575, was found in the districts of Kadapa and Kurnool and is attributed to the Renati Cholas, who broke with the prevailing practice of using Prakrit and began writing royal proclamations in the local language. During the next fifty years, Telugu inscriptions appeared in Anantapuram and other neighboring regions. The earliest dated Telugu inscription from coastal Andhra Pradesh comes from about 633 .
Around the same time, the Chalukya kings of Telangana also began using Telugu for inscriptions. Telugu was more influenced by Sanskrit than Prakrit during this period, which corresponded to the advent of Telugu literature. One of the oldest Telugu stone inscriptions containing literature was the 11-line inscription dated between 946 and 968 found on a hillock known as Bommalagutta in Kurikyala village of Karimnagar district, Telangana. The sing-song Telugu rhyme was the work of Jinavallabha, the younger brother of Pampa who was the court poet of Vemulavada Chalukya king Arikesari III. This literature was initially found in inscriptions and poetry in the courts of the rulers, and later in written works such as Nannayya's Mahabharatam (1022 ). During the time of Nannayya, the literary language diverged from the popular language. This was also a period of phonetic changes in the spoken language.
1100 – 1400
The third phase is marked by further stylization and sophistication of the literary language. Ketana (13th century CE) in fact prohibited the use of the vernacular in poetic works. During this period the divergence of the Telugu script from the common Telugu-Kannada script took place. Tikkana wrote his works in this script.
1400–1900
Telugu underwent a great deal of change (as did other Indian languages), progressing from medieval to modern. The language of the Telangana region started to split into a distinct dialect due to Muslim influence: Sultanate rule under the Tughlaq dynasty had been established earlier in the northern Deccan during the 14th century CE. South of the Krishna River (in the Rayalaseema region), however, the Vijayanagara Empire gained dominance from 1336 CE until the late 17th century, reaching its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya in the 16th century, when Telugu literature experienced what is considered to be its golden age. Padakavithapithamaha, Annamayya, contributed many atcha (pristine) Telugu Padaalu to this great language. In the latter half of the 17th century, Muslim rule extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the princely state of Hyderabad by the Asaf Jah dynasty in 1724 CE. This heralded an era of Persian/Arabic influence on the Telugu language, especially on that spoken by the inhabitants of Hyderabad. The effect is also felt in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the Kaifiyats.
1900 to date
The period of the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the influence of the English language and modern communication/printing press as an effect of the British rule, especially in the areas that were part of the Madras Presidency. Literature from this time had a mix of classical and modern traditions and included works by scholars like Kandukuri Viresalingam, Gurazada Apparao, and Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao.
Since the 1930s, what was considered an elite literary form of the Telugu language has now spread to the common people with the introduction of mass media like movies, television, radio and newspapers. This form of the language is also taught in schools as a standard. In the current decade the Telugu language, like other Indian languages, has undergone globalization due to the increasing settlement of Telugu-speaking people abroad. Modern Telugu movies, although still retaining their dramatic quality, are linguistically separate from post-Independence films.
At present, a committee of scholars have approved a classical language tag for Telugu based on its antiquity. The Indian government has also officially designated it as a classical language.
Carnatic music
Though Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, has a profound cultural influence on all of the South Indian states and their respective languages, most songs (Kirtanas) are in Kannada and Telugu. Purandara Dasa, said to have composed at least a quarter million songs and known as the "father" of Carnatic music composed in Kannada.
The region to the east of Tamil Nadu stretching from Tanjore in the south to Andhra Pradesh in the north was known as the Carnatic region during 17th and 18th centuries. The Carnatic war in which Robert Clive annexed Trichirapali is relevant. The music that prevailed in this region during the 18th century onwards was known as Carnatic music. This is because the existing tradition is to a great extent an outgrowth of the musical life of the principality of Thanjavur in the Kaveri delta. Thanjavur was the heart of the Chola dynasty (from the 9th century to the 13th), but in the second quarter of the 16th century a Telugu Nayak viceroy (Raghunatha Nayaka) was appointed by the emperor of Vijayanagara, thus establishing a court whose language was Telugu. The Nayaks acted as governors of what is present-day Tamil Nadu with their headquarters at Thanjavur (1530–1674 CE) and Madurai(1530–1781 CE). After the collapse of Vijayanagar, Thanjavur and Madurai Nayaks became independent and ruled for the next 150 years until they were replaced by Marathas. This was the period when several Telugu families migrated from Andhra and settled down in Thanjavur and Madurai. Most great composers of Carnatic music belonged to these Telugu families.
Telugu words end in vowels which many consider a mellifluous quality and thus suitable for musical expression. Of the trinity of Carnatic music composers, Tyagaraja's and Syama Sastri's compositions were largely in Telugu, while Muttuswami Dikshitar is noted for his Sanskrit texts. Tyagaraja is remembered both for his devotion and the bhava of his krithi, a song form consisting of pallavi, (the first section of a song) anupallavi (a rhyming section that follows the pallavi) and charanam (a sung stanza which serves as a refrain for several passages in the composition). The texts of his kritis are almost all in Sanskrit, in Telugu (the contemporary language of the court). This use of a living language, as opposed to Sanskrit, the language of ritual, is in keeping with the bhakti ideal of the immediacy of devotion. Sri Syama Sastri, the oldest of the trinity, was taught Telugu and Sanskrit by his father, who was the pujari (Hindu priest) at the Meenakshi temple in Madurai. Syama Sastri's texts were largely composed in Telugu, widening their popular appeal. Some of his most famous compositions include the nine krithis, Navaratnamaalikā, in praise of the goddess Meenakshi at Madurai, and his eighteen krithi in praise of Kamakshi. As well as composing krithi, he is credited with turning the svarajati, originally used for dance, into a purely musical form.
History of Malayalam
Malayalam is thought to have diverged from Middle Tamil approximately the 6th century in the region coinciding with modern Kerala. The development of Malayalam as a separate language was characterized by a moderate influence from Sanskrit, both in lexicon and grammar, which culminated in the Aadhyaathma Ramayanam, a version of the Ramayana by Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan which marked the beginning of modern Malayalam. Ezhuthachan's works also cemented the use of the Malayalam script, an alphabet blending the Tamil Vatteluttu alphabet with elements of the Grantha script resulting in a large number of letters capable of representing both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian sounds. Today, it is considered one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2013.
Sino-Tibetan languages
Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken in the western Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh) and in the highlands of Northeast India. The Sino-Tibetan family includes such languages as Meitei (officially known as Manipuri), Tripuri, Bodo, Garo and various groups of Naga languages. Some of the languages traditionally included in Sino-Tibetan may actually be language isolates or part of small independent language families.
Meitei
Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language) was the ancient court language of Manipur Kingdom (), which was used with honour before and during the kingdom's Durbar (court) sessions, until Manipur was merged into the Republic of India on 21 September 1949.
Besides being the native tongue of the Meiteis, Meitei language was and is the lingua franca of all the ethnic groups living in Manipur.
The ancestor of the present day Meitei language is the Ancient Meitei (also called Old Manipuri).
Classical Meitei (also called Classical Manipuri) is the standardised form of Meitei and is also the liturgical language of Sanamahism (traditional Meitei religion), serving as the medium of thoughts on the Puya (Meitei texts).
Padma Vibhushan awardee Indian Bengali scholar Suniti Kumar Chatterji wrote about Meitei language:
"The beginning of this old Manipuri literature (as in the case of Newari) may go back to 1500 years, or even 2000 years, from now."
Meitei language has its own script, the Meitei script (), often but not officially referred to as the Manipuri script. The earliest known coin, having the script engraved on it, dated back to the 6th century CE. Renowned Indian scholar Kalidas Nag, after observing the Meitei writings on the handmade papers and agar pieces, opined that the Manipuri script belongs to the pre-Ashokan period. Ancient and medieval Meitei literature are written in this script.
According to the "Report on the Archaeological Studies in Manipur, Bulletin No-1", a Meitei language copper plate inscription was found to be dated back to the 8th century CE. It is one of the preserved earliest known written records of Meitei language.
In the 18th century CE, the usage of Meitei script was officially replaced by the Bengali script for any forms of writings in Meitei language right from the era of Meitei King Gharib Niwaj () (1690–1751), the Maharaja of Manipur kingdom. It was during his time Kangleipak, the Meitei name of the kingdom, was renamed with the Sanskrit name Manipur, thereby creating the mythical connecting legends with that of the Manipur (Mahabharata), which is clarified by the modern Indian Hindu scholars as a coastal region in Odisha, though eponymous with the Meitei kingdom.
In modern era, the "Manipur State Constitution Act 1947" of the once independent Manipur Kingdom accords Meitei language as the court language of the kingdom (before merging into the Indian Republic).
In the year 1972, Meitei language was given the recognition by the National Sahitya Akademi, the highest Indian body of language and literature, as one of the major Indian languages.
On the 20th August 1992, Meitei language was included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and made one of the languages with official status in India. The event was commemorated every year as the Meitei Language Day (officially called Manipuri Language Day).
Starting from the year 2021, Meitei script (officially known as Meetei Mayek) was officially used, along with the Bengali script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". It was declared by the Government of Manipur on 10 March 2021.
In September 2021, the Central Government of India released as the first instalment for the development and the promotion of the Meitei language and the Meitei script in Manipur.
Languages of other families in India
Austroasiatic languages
The Austroasiatic family spoken in East and North-east India. Austroasiatic languages include the Santal and Munda languages of eastern India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, and the Mon–Khmer languages spoken by the Khasi and Nicobarese in India and in Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and southern China. The Austroasiatic languages arrived in east India around 4000-3500 ago from Southeast Asia.
Great Andamanese and Ongan languages
On the Andaman Islands, language from at least two families have spoken: the Great Andamanese languages and the Ongan languages. The Sentinelese language is spoken on North Sentinel Island, but contact has not been made with the Sentinelis; thus, its language affiliation is unknown. While Joseph Greenberg considered the Great Andamanese languages to be part of a larger Indo-Pacific family, it was not established through the comparative method but considered spurious by historical linguists. Stephen Wurm suggests similarities with Trans-New Guinea languages and others are caused by a linguistic substrate.
Juliette Blevins has suggested that the Ongan languages are the sister branch to the Austronesian languages in an Austronesian-Ongan family because of sound correspondences between protolanguages.
Isolates
The Nihali language is a language isolate spoken in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Affiliations have been suggested to the Munda languages but they have yet to be demonstrated.
Scripts
Indus
The Indus script is the short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization of ancient India (most of the Indus sites are distributed in present-day Pakistan and northwest India) used between 2600 and 1900 BCE, which evolved from an early Indus script attested from around 3500–3300 BCE. Found in at least a dozen types of context, the symbols are most commonly associated with flat, rectangular stone tablets called seals. The first publication of a Harappan seal was a drawing by Alexander Cunningham in 1875. Since then, well over 4000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as Mesopotamia. After 1500 BCE, coinciding with the final stage of Harappan civilization, use of the symbols ends. There are over 400 distinct signs, but many are thought to be slight modifications or combinations of perhaps 200 'basic' signs. The symbols remain undeciphered (in spite of numerous attempts that did not find favour with the academic community), and some scholars classify them as proto-writing rather than writing proper.
Brāhmī
The best-known inscriptions in Brāhmī are the rock-cut Edicts of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE. These were long considered the earliest examples of Brāhmī writing, but recent archaeological evidence in Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu suggest the dates for the earliest use of Tamil Brāhmī to be around the 6th century BCE, dated using radiocarbon and thermoluminescence dating methods.
This script is ancestral to the Brahmic family of scripts, most of which are used in South and Southeast Asia, but which have wider historical use elsewhere, even as far as Mongolia and perhaps even Korea, according to one theory of the origin of Hangul. The Brāhmī numeral system is the ancestor of the Hindu-Arabic numerals, which are now used worldwide.
Brāhmī is generally believed to be derived from a Semitic script such as the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, as was clearly the case for the contemporary Kharosthi alphabet that arose in a part of northwest Indian under the control of the Achaemenid Empire. Rhys Davids suggests that writing may have been introduced to India from the Middle East by traders. Another possibility is with the Achaemenid conquest in the late 6th century BCE. It was often assumed that it was a planned invention under Ashoka as a prerequisite for his edicts. Compare the much better-documented parallel of the Hangul script.
Older examples of the Brahmi script appear to be on fragments of pottery from the trading town of Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, which have been dated to the early 400 BCE. Even earlier evidence of the Tamil -Brahmi script has been discovered on pieces of pottery in Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu. Radio-carbon dating has established that they belonged to the 6th-century BCE.
The origin of the script is still much debated, with most scholars stating that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary Semitic scripts, while others favor the idea of an indigenous origin or connection to the much older and as yet undeciphered Indus script of the Indus Valley civilisation.
Kharosthi
The Kharoṣṭhī script, also known as the Gāndhārī script, is an ancient abugida (a kind of alphabetic script) used by the Gandhara culture of ancient northwest India to write the Gāndhārī and Sanskrit languages. It was in use from the 4th century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use along the Silk Road where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century CE in the remote way stations of Khotan and Niya.
Scholars are not in agreement as to whether the Kharoṣṭhī script evolved gradually, or was the work of a mindful inventor. An analysis of the script forms shows a clear dependency on the Aramaic alphabet but with extensive modifications to support the sounds found in Indian languages. One model is that the Aramaic script arrived with the Achaemenid conquest of the region in 500 BCE and evolved over the next 200+ years to reach its final form by the 3rd century BCE. However, no Aramaic documents of any kind have survived from this period. Also intermediate forms have yet been found to confirm this evolutionary model, and rock and coins inscriptions from the 3rd century BCE onward show a unified and mature form.
The study of the Kharoṣṭhī script was recently invigorated by the discovery of the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, a set of birch-bark manuscripts written in Kharoṣṭhī, discovered near the Afghan city of Haḍḍā (compare Panjabi HAḌḌ ਹੱਡ s. m. "A bone, especially a big bone of dead cattle" referring to the famous mortuary grounds if the area): just west of the Khyber Pass. The manuscripts were donated to the British Library in 1994. The entire set of manuscripts are dated to the 1st century CE making them the oldest Buddhist manuscripts in existence.
Gupta
The Gupta script was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material prosperity and great religious and scientific developments. The Gupta script was descended from Brahmi and gave rise to the Siddham script and then Bengali–Assamese script.
Siddhaṃ
Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit, accomplished or perfected), descended from the Brahmi script via the Gupta script, which also gave rise to the Devanagari script as well as a number of other Asian scripts such as Tibetan script.
Siddhaṃ is an abugida or alphasyllabary rather than an alphabet because each character indicates a syllable. If no other mark occurs then the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks indicate the other vowels, the pure nasal (anusvara), and the aspirated vowel (visarga). A special mark (virama), can be used to indicate that the letter stands alone with no vowel which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words. See links below for examples.
The writing of mantras and copying of Sutras using the Siddhaṃ script is still practiced in Shingon Buddhism in Japan but has died out in other places. It was Kūkai who introduced the Siddham script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda trained monks including one known as Prajñā. Sutras that were taken to China from India were written in a variety of scripts, but Siddham was one of the most important. By the time Kūkai learned this script the trading and pilgrimage routes overland to India, part of the Silk Road, were closed by the expanding Islamic empire of the Abbasids. Then in the middle of the 9th century, there were a series of purges of "foreign religions" in China. This meant that Japan was cut off from the sources of Siddham texts. In time other scripts, particularly Devanagari replaced it in India, and so Japan was left as the only place where Siddham was preserved, although it was, and is only used for writing mantras and copying sutras.
Siddhaṃ was influential in the development of the Kana writing system, which is also associated with Kūkaiwhile the Kana shapes derive from Chinese characters, the principle of a syllable-based script and their systematic ordering was taken over from Siddham.
Nagari
Descended from the Siddham script around the 11th century.
See also
Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit
Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil
Linguistic Survey of India
Notes
References
Sources
Steve Farmer, Richard Sproat, and Michael Witzel, The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization, EVJS, vol. 11 (2004), issue 2 (Dec)
Scharfe, Harmut. Kharoṣṭhī and Brāhmī. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 122 (2) 2002, p. 391–3.
Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East. [3rd ed. Rev.] (Boston : Shambala, 1995)
Further reading
A Database of G.A. Grierson's Linguistic Survey of India (1904–1928, Calcutta).
Gramophone recordings from the Linguistic Survey of India (1913–1929), Digital South Asia Library
External links
Omniglot alphabets for Kharoṣṭhī, Brahmi, Siddham, Devanāgarī.
Indian Scripts and Languages
Linguistic history of Pakistan |
4043805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somhlolo%20National%20Stadium | Somhlolo National Stadium | Somhlolo National Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lobamba, Eswatini. Built in 1968, it has artificial turf and holds 20,000 fans (all standing). It is used for football and rugby matches.
The stadium is named for King Somhlolo, who had moved his people into the region that is now Eswatini (Swaziland) about 200 years ago, and is considered the father of the country.
References
External links
Stadium Pictures
Photos of the stadium
Football venues in Eswatini
Athletics (track and field) venues in Eswatini
Eswatini
Multi-purpose stadiums |
4043813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade%20de%20K%C3%A9gu%C3%A9 | Stade de Kégué | Stade de Kégué is a multi-use stadium in Lomé, Togo. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 40,000 people and opened in 2000. It was designed by Chinese architect Yang Zhou. The stadium was the main host of the 2007 African U-17 Championship, in March 2007.
History
In 2004, the stadium saw an incident following a match between Togo and Mali in the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. The lights on Stade de Kégué went down, and while the panicking crowd tried to leave the stadium, three people were killed and eight injured in the ensuing stampede. On 19 October 2007 the Confederation of African Football placed an indefinite ban on the stadium after an African Nations Cup qualifier between ended in violence which saw Malian players and fans injured. Over 118 million CFA francs were spent in renovations aiming for a higher security during the ban. Kégué went back to hosting international games in 2009, where Togo lost 2-1 to Morocco in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.
References
External links
Photo at cafe.daum.net/stade
Photo at worldstadiums.com
Football venues in Togo
Athletics (track and field) venues in Togo
Togo
Buildings and structures in Lomé |
4043825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence%20Stadium%20%28Zambia%29 | Independence Stadium (Zambia) | Independence Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lusaka, Zambia. It was originally built in the mid-1960s for use in hosting the country's independence celebrations. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 30,000 people. It is located adjacent to the National Heroes Stadium.
In 2004, the stadium was closed by the then national sports minister citing safety concerns due to the age and status of the building. The order was repealed in 2005, though safety concerns remained. As of 2007, the aging stadium is slated to undergo renovations to bring its structure and facilities up to internationally accepted standards as well as deal with its various safety issues. The stadium's west grandstand was demolished in late 2007.
A new 70,000-seat stadium, currently referred to as New Lusaka Stadium, would have been built next to the Independence Stadium for Lusaka's hosting of the 2011 All-Africa Games before Lusaka withdrew its hosting duties due to lack of funds. The games were given to Maputo.
References
Football venues in Zambia
Zambia
Multi-purpose stadiums in Zambia
Buildings and structures in Lusaka
Sport in Lusaka
Sports venues completed in 1964
1964 establishments in Zambia |
4043836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler%20RFE%20transmission | Chrysler RFE transmission | The RFE is an automatic transmission family from Chrysler. The name refers to its Rear wheel drive design and Full Electronic control system.
45RFE and 545RFE
The 45RFE was introduced in the Jeep Grand Cherokee in 1999, it is notable for including three planetary gearsets rather than the two normally used in a 4-speed automatic. It also features three multiple disc input clutches, three multiple disc holding clutches, and a dual internal filter system (one primary filter for transmission sump, one for the fluid cooler return system). In the 45RFE applications four gears are utilized. In the 545RFE four gears are used on the upshift and a new "gear", 2nd Prime, was used with a different (1.50:1 rather than 1.67:1) ratio to increase versatility when downshifting. Although, with some tuning, you can get the 545RFE to upshift into 2nd Prime.
The 45RFE was produced at the Indiana Transmission plant in Kokomo, Indiana. It was normally paired with the 4.7 L PowerTech V8.
The 45RFE later became the 5-speed 545RFE.
Gear Ratios:
1st 3.00:1
2nd 1.67:1
2nd Prime 1.50:1 (Only used when a kickdown acceleration)
3rd 1.00:1
4th 0.75:1
5th 0.67:1 (545RFE only and 45RFE reprogrammed)
Reverse 3.00:1
Applications:
45RFE
1999–2000 Jeep Grand Cherokee (4.7L)
2002–early 2003 Jeep Liberty (3.7L)
2000–2002 Dodge Dakota (4.7L) and "(3.9L) Sport Edition Dakota"
2000–2002 Dodge Durango (4.7L)
2002 Dodge Ram 1500 (3.7L and 4.7)
545RFE
2001–2011 Jeep Grand Cherokee (4.7L, 4.7L H.O.,5.7L Hemi)
2005–2006 Jeep Liberty (Diesel applications)
2003–2011 Dodge Ram (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi)
2005–2011 Dodge Power Wagon
2003–2011 Dodge Dakota (4.7L, 4.7L H.O.)
2003–2011 Dodge Durango (4.7L, 5.7L)
2006–2010 Jeep Commander (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi)
2007–2010 Jeep Wrangler (2.8 L CRD)
2007–present LTI/London Taxi Company TX4
2007-2009 Chrysler Aspen (4.7L, 5.7L Hemi)
68RFE
The 68RFE was introduced in 2007 Ram 2500 and 3500 Pickups with the 6.7L Cummins ISB Diesel engine.
The basic design and operation is the same or similar to the 45 and 545RFE counterparts with the following exceptions:
larger bellhousing with different bolt pattern and cutout to accommodate diesel engine
modified internal components to handle increased torque of diesel engine
revised gear ratios and Transmission Controller programming for larger application
no 2nd gear prime for downshifting like the 45RFE and 545RFE transmissions
Gear Ratios:
1st 3.23:1
2nd 1.83:1
3rd 1.41:1
4th 1.00:1
5th 0.81:1
6th 0.62:1
Reverse 4.44:1
Applications:
2007–present Dodge Ram 2500 and 3500 Pickup (6.7L Cummins ISB Diesel)
65RFE and 66RFE
For the 2012 model year, the 545RFE was recalibrated and introduced as the 65RFE in 1500 Ram models. With the exception of an improved torque converter, it is physically the same as its predecessor. The key difference in the 65RFE is the ability to use all six forward gears in sequence when using Electronic Range Select mode. In normal drive mode, however, the 65RFE uses the shift pattern of the 545RFE; thus never using 2nd and 3rd gears in succession. 2500 and 3500 models with gas engines received the 66RFE, a hybrid of 68RFE internals (including the gearset) packaged in a 545RFE case.
Gear Ratios:
65RFE
1st 3.00:1
2nd 1.67:1
3rd 1.50:1
4th 1.00:1
5th 0.75:1
6th 0.67:1
Reverse 3.00:1
66RFE
1st 3.231:1
2nd 1.837:1
3rd 1.410:1
4th 1.000:1
5th 0.816:1
6th 0.625:1
Reverse 4.444:1
Applications:
65RFE
2012 Dodge Durango (5.7L)
2012-2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee (5.7L)
2012 Ram 1500 (4.7L, 5.7L)
66RFE
2012-2018 Ram 2500 (5.7L)
2012-2018 Ram Chassis Cab 3500 (5.7L)
2012-2018 Dodge Power Wagon
2014-2018 Ram 2500 (6.4L)
Basic RFE operation
The fully electronic control is accomplished by the Transmission Control Module (TCM). Depending on year and application, it can either be a stand-alone module or integrated with the Powertrain Control Module (PCM). The TCM uses data from various transmission and engine sensors to control transmission shifting. The TCM operates the solenoid pack to change hydraulic flow through the valve body to various clutches in the transmission. The solenoid pack is mounted directly to the valve body; its connector protrudes from a hole on the left side of the transmission.
On the 45 and 545RFE the hydraulic control system design (without electronic assist) provides the transmission with PARK, REVERSE, NEUTRAL, SECOND, and THIRD gears, based solely on driver shift lever selection. This design allows the vehicle to be driven (in “limp-in” mode) in the event of an electronic control system failure, or a situation that the Transmission Control Module (TCM) recognizes as potentially damaging to the transmission. On the 68RFE, fourth gear is used for limp-in instead of second and third.
All RFE transmissions use Mopar ATF +4. Service fill is 6–8 quarts + transmission filter.
References
http://hotrodlane.cc/New%20HEMI%20Tech/2004%2057%20hemi%20trans.pdf
See also
List of Chrysler transmissions
45RFE |
4043843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chrysler%20transmissions | List of Chrysler transmissions | Chrysler produces a number of automobile transmissions in-house.
Semi-automatic
1941–1942 M4 Vacamatic — 4-speed (2-range manual control with automatic 2-speed shift vacuum operated) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive); also known as Simplimatic, Powermatic
1946–1953 M5/M6 Presto-Matic — 4-speed (2 gear manual with electric overdrive) with clutch and fluid coupling (Fluid Drive) or torque converter (Fluid Torque Drive); also known as Tip-Toe Shift, Gyro-Matic, Fluid-Matic, Gyro-Torque
1953–1954 Hy-Drive — 3-speed manual transmission behind a torque converter
Automatic
1954–1961 PowerFlite — 2-speed automatic
1956–2007 TorqueFlite
1956–1961 A466 — 3-speed automatic
1962–1994 A727 (36RH/37RH) — 3-speed automatic
1960–2002 A904 (30RH) — 3-speed automatic
A998 (31RH) — 3-speed automatic
A999 (32RH) — 3-speed automatic
1988–2004 A500 (40RH/42RH/40RE/42RE/44RE) — 4-speed automatic
1992–2003 A518 (46RH/46RE) — 4-speed automatic
1994–2003 A618 (47RH/47RE) — 4-speed heavy-duty automatic
2003–2007 A818 (48RE) — 4-speed heavy-duty automatic
1978–1983 A404 — 3-speed front-wheel drive transaxle
1981–2001 A413 (31TH)
1981–1987 A470
1987–2000 A670
1989–present Ultradrive
1989–2010 A604 (40TE/41TE) — 4-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic
1991–2004 A604 (41AE) — 4-speed transverse all-wheel drive automatic
1993–2004 A606 (42LE) — 4-speed longitudinal front-wheel drive automatic
2003–2012 42RLE — 4-speed longitudinal rear-wheel drive automatic
2007–present 40TES/41TES — 4-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic
2007–present 62TE — 6-speed transverse front-wheel drive automatic
2007–present 62TEA — 6-speed transverse all-wheel drive automatic
1999–present RFE — longitudinal rear-wheel drive
1999–2003 45RFE — 4-speed (5 gear) automatic
2001–2011 545RFE — 5-speed (6 gear) automatic
2012–2017 65RFE — 6-speed automatic
2012–present 66RFE — 6-speed heavy-duty automatic
2007–present 68RFE — 6-speed heavy-duty automatic
2005-2019 Chrysler A580 / W5A580, 5-speed automatic. This was a Chrysler adaptation of the Mercedes (known as 722.6) 5G-Tronic assembly, which was first labelled as the NAG1. Commonly found in the 300, Magnum, Charger, Challenger, Wrangler, and some Dodge Ram pickups, the A580 was last used in the 2020 Dodge Charger Pursuit models.
Model number conventions
Newer Chrysler automatic transmissions follow standard model number conventions. Below are the available values and some example transmission models:
Manual
1960–1972 Chrysler A903 — 3-speed manual for 6-cyl and low power V8s. 1st gear, no synchromesh
1961–1971 Chrysler A745 — 3-speed manual for V8s
1964–1974 Chrysler A833 — 4-speed manual manufactured by New Process Gear
1970–1981 Chrysler A230 — 3-speed manual, all-synchromesh
1973–1974 Chrysler A250 — 3-speed manual, 1st gear no synchromesh
1975–1978 Chrysler A390 — 3-speed manual, all-synchromesh
1976–1980 Chrysler A833 — 4-speed manual overdrive (NPG)
1981–1986 Chrysler A460 — 4-speed manual transaxle
1983–1984 Chrysler A465 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1984–1990 Chrysler A525 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1987–1989 Chrysler A520 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1987–1989 Chrysler A555 — 5-speed manual transaxle, Chrysler-built (NPG) with Getrag-sourced gearset
1990–1994 Chrysler A523 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1990–1994 Chrysler A543 — 5-speed manual transaxle
1990–1993 Chrysler A568 — 5-speed manual transaxle, Chrysler-built (NPG) with Getrag-sourced gearset
1995–2005 New Venture Gear T350 (also known as A578 and F5MC1) — 5-speed manual transaxle for the Dodge and Plymouth Neon and various GM subcompacts
2001–2007 New Venture Gear T850 — 5-speed manual transaxle
2005–present Chrysler NSG370 transmission — 6-speed longitudinal manual
1962–1993 New Process Gear NP435 — 4-speed longitudinal manual
1987–1991 New Process Gear NP535 (also known as New Venture Gear NV2500) — 5-speed longitudinal manual
New Venture Gear NV1500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual
1994–2004 New Venture Gear NV3500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual
2000–2004 New Venture Gear NV3550
1992–2005 New Venture Gear NV4500 — 5-speed longitudinal manual
1999–2005 New Venture Gear NV5600 — 6-speed longitudinal manual
Non-Chrysler Transmissions used on Chrysler vehicles
Automatic
Aisin-Warner AW4 — 4-speed longitudinal
1987–2001 Jeep Cherokee
1987–1992 Jeep Comanche
1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee (with 6-cylinder engine)
Aisin AS66RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability
2014–present Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500 (6.4L V8)
Aisin AS68RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability
2007–2012 Dodge Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500
Aisin AS69RC — 6-speed longitudinal with PTO capability
2013–present Ram Chassis Cab 3500/4500/5500 (6.7L diesel)
Aisin AW6F25 (AW60T) — 6-speed transaxle
2017–present Jeep Compass
Powertech 6F24 — 6-speed transverse front-wheel drive
2012–2016 Dodge Dart
2014–2016 Jeep Compass
2014–2017 Jeep Patriot
ZF 8HP (also branded as TorqueFlite 8 by Chrysler) — 8-speed longitudinal
8HP45 (replaced by 845RE)
2011–2013 Chrysler 300 V6
2011–2013 Dodge Charger (LD) V6 Retail
2013 Ram 1500 (3.6L V6)
845RE (Chrysler-built version of 8HP45)
2013–present Chrysler 300 V6
2013–present Dodge Charger (LD) V6 Retail
2014–present Dodge Durango V6
2015–present Dodge Challenger V6
2014–present Ram 1500 (3.6L V6)
2014–2016 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (3.6L V6)
850RE (Chrysler-built version of 8HP50)
2017–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (3.6L V6)
2018–present Jeep Wrangler (JL)
2021-present Dodge Charger V6 AWD Pursuit (LD)
8HP70
2013–present Ram 1500 (5.7L V8, 3.0L V6 diesel)
2014–present Dodge Durango V8 Retail
2015–present Dodge Charger (5.7L & 6.4L V8)
2021-present Dodge Charger Pursuit RWD V8 (LD)
2015–present Dodge Challenger (5.7L & 6.4L V8)
2014–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (5.7L & 6.4L V8, 3.0L V6 diesel)
2015–present Chrysler 300 V8
8HP90
2015–present Dodge Challenger (6.2L V8 s/c)
2015–present Dodge Charger (LD) (6.2L V8 s/c)
8HP95
2018–present Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2) (6.2L V8 Supercharged)
2021-present Ram 1500 TRX (6.2L V8 Supercharged)
ZF 9HP — 9-speed transverse
9HP48
2015–2017 Chrysler 200 (3.6L V6)
2017–present Jeep Compass
948TE (Chrysler-built version of 9HP48)
2014–present Jeep Cherokee (KL)
2014–present Jeep Renegade
2015–2017 Chrysler 200 (2.4L)
2015–present Ram ProMaster City
2017–present Chrysler Pacifica
Manual
Aisin AX5 — 5-speed longitudinal
1984–2000 Jeep Cherokee
1986–1992 Jeep Comanche
1987–2002 Jeep Wrangler
Aisin AX15 — 5-speed longitudinal
1989–1999 Jeep Cherokee
1989–1992 Jeep Comanche
1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee
1989–1999 Jeep Wrangler
Aisin BG6 — 6-speed transaxle
2007–2010 Chrysler Sebring (diesel engine)
2006–2011 Dodge Caliber (diesel engine)
2007–2010 Dodge Avenger (diesel engine)
2008–2010 Dodge Journey (diesel engine)
2006–2016 Jeep Compass (diesel engine)
2006–2017 Jeep Patriot (diesel engine)
Aisin AL6 (D478) — 6-speed longitudinal
2018–present Jeep Wrangler (JL)
Borg-Warner T-10 — 4-speed longitudinal
1963 Dodge and Plymouth V8, except Hemi
Borg-Warner T-56 (also known as Tremec T-56) — 6-speed longitudinal
2004–2006 Dodge Ram SRT10
1992–2002 Dodge Viper RT/10
1996–2002 Dodge Viper GTS
2003–2007 Dodge Viper SRT-10
Fiat C510 — 5-speed transaxle
2014–present Jeep Renegade (1.6L E.torQ)
Fiat C635 — 6-speed transaxle
2011–present Dodge Journey/Fiat Freemont (2.0L MultiJet)
2012–2016 Dodge Dart (1.4L turbo)
2014–present Jeep Renegade (1.4L turbo, 1.6L-2.0L MultiJet)
2017–present Jeep Compass
Getrag 360 5 speed longitudinal 1989-1993 w/d 250 250 cummins diesel
Getrag 238 — 6-speed longitudinal
2005–2008 Dodge Ram
2005–2009 Dodge Dakota
Getrag 288 — 5-speed transaxle
2003–2008 Chrysler PT Cruiser GT
Getrag DMT6 — 6-speed transaxle
2008–2009 Dodge Caliber SRT4
Magna Driveline T355 — 5-speed transaxle
2006–2011 Dodge Caliber
2008–2010 Dodge Journey
2006–2016 Jeep Compass
2006–2017 Jeep Patriot
Mercedes-Benz G56 — 6-speed longitudinal
2005–present Dodge Ram 2500/3500/4500/5500
Mitsubishi F5 — 5-speed transaxle
F5M22
1989–1994 Plymouth Laser (1.8L - 2.0L n/a)
F5M33
1991–1996 Dodge Stealth (3.0L V6 n/a)
1989–1994 Plymouth Laser (2.0L turbo)
F5M42
2000–2006 Dodge Stratus (2.4L - 2.7L)
F5M51
2000–2006 Chrysler Sebring (3.0L V6)
2001–2006 Dodge Stratus (3.0L V6)
Peugeot BA10/5 - 5-speed longitudinal
1987-mid-1989 YJ Wrangler, XJ Cherokee and MJ Commanche
Tremec TR-6060 — 6-speed longitudinal
2008–2010 Dodge Viper SRT-10
2009–present Dodge Challenger
2012–present SRT and Dodge Viper
Volkswagen 020 — 4-speed transaxle adopted as Chrysler A412
1978–1982 Dodge Omni 1.7L
1978–1982 Plymouth Horizon 1.7L
Dual clutch
Fiat C635 DDCT
2012–2016 Dodge Dart (1.4L turbo)
2014–present Jeep Renegade
Fiat C725 DDCT
2016–present Jeep Renegade (China)
2017–present Jeep Compass (China)
Getrag MPS6 (6DCT450)
2009–2010 Chrysler Sebring (diesel engine)
2009–2010 Dodge Avenger (diesel engine)
2009–2010 Dodge Journey (diesel engine)
Continuously variable
Jatco JF011E
2007-2012 Dodge Caliber
2006–2016 Jeep Compass
2006–2017 Jeep Patriot
See also
List of AMC Transmission Applications (for list of transmission used in AMC vehicles before Chrysler buyout)
References
Chrysler transmissions
Lists of automobile transmissions |
4043844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprarenal | Suprarenal | Suprarenal is an adjective that may refer to:
Adrenal gland
Suprarenal veins
Suprarenal impression |
4043853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat%20detector | Heat detector | A heat detector is a fire alarm device designed to respond when the convected thermal energy of a fire increases the temperature of a heat sensitive element. The thermal mass and conductivity of the element regulate the rate flow of heat into the element. All heat detectors have this thermal lag. Heat detectors have two main classifications of operation, "rate-of-rise" and "fixed temperature". The heat detector is used to help in the reduction of property damage.
Fixed temperature heat detectors
This is the most common type of heat detector. Fixed temperature detectors operate when the heat sensitive eutectic alloy reaches the eutectic point changing state from a solid to a liquid. Thermal lag delays the accumulation of heat at the sensitive element so that a fixed-temperature device will reach its operating temperature sometime after the surrounding air temperature exceeds that temperature. The most common fixed temperature point for electrically connected heat detectors is 58°C (136.4°F).
Rate-of-rise heat detectors
Rate-of-Rise (ROR) heat detectors operate on a rapid rise in element temperature of 6.7° to 8.3°C (12° to 15°F) increase per minute, irrespective of the starting temperature. This type of heat detector can operate at a lower temperature fire condition than would be possible if the threshold were fixed. It has two heat-sensitive thermocouples or thermistors. One thermocouple monitors heat transferred by convection or radiation while the other responds to ambient temperature. The detector responds when the first sensing element's temperature increases relative to the other.
Rate of rise detectors may not respond to low energy release rates of slowly developing fires. To detect slowly developing fires combination detectors add a fixed temperature element that will ultimately respond when the fixed temperature element reaches the design threshold.
Heat detector selection
Heat detectors commonly have a label on them that reads "Not a life safety device". That is because heat detectors are not meant to replace smoke detectors in the bedrooms or in the hallway outside of the bedrooms. A heat detector will nonetheless notify of a fire in a kitchen or utility area, e.g., laundry room, garage, or attic, where smoke detectors should not be installed as dust or other particles would affect the smoke detector and cause false alarms. This will allow extra time to evacuate the building or to put out the fire, if possible.
Mechanical heat detectors are independent fire warning stations that — unlike smoke detectors — can be installed in any area of a home. Portability, ease of installation, and excellent performance and reliability make this a good choice for residential fire protection when combined with the required smoke detectors. Because the detectors are not interconnected, heat activation identifies the location of the fire, facilitating evacuation from the home.
Each type of heat detector has its advantages, and it cannot be said that one type of heat detector should always be used instead of another. If one were to place a rate-of-rise heat detector above a large, closed oven, then every time the door is opened a nuisance alarm could be generated due to the sudden heat transient. In this circumstance the fixed threshold detector would probably be best. If a room filled with highly combustible materials is protected with a fixed heat detector, then a fast-flaming fire could exceed the alarm threshold due to thermal lag. In that case the rate-of-rise heat detector may be preferred.
See also
Aspirating smoke detector
Automatic fire suppression
Carbon monoxide detector
Fire alarm system
Fire sprinkler
Flame detector
Gaseous fire suppression
Manual fire alarm activation
Passive infrared sensor
Smoke detector
Active fire protection
Safety equipment
Fire detection and alarm
Firefighting equipment
Detectors
ja:自動火災報知設備#感知器 |
4043858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Boston | Bruce Boston | Bruce Boston (born 1943) is an American speculative fiction writer and poet.
Early years
Bruce Boston was born in Chicago and grew up in Southern California. He received a B.A. in economics from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965, and an M.A. in 1967. He lived in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1961 to 2001, where he worked in a variety of occupations, including computer programmer, college professor (literature and creative writing, John F. Kennedy University, Orinda, California, 1978–82), technical writer, book designer, gardener, movie projectionist, retail clerk, and furniture mover.
According to Boston, he meant to major in math at university and write on the side, but soon found that he was more interested in writing. After being advised by a friend that he should not major in English to become a writer, he decided on economics instead.
Writing career
Boston has won the Rhysling Award for speculative poetry a record seven times, and the Asimov's Readers' Award for poetry a record seven times. He has also received a Pushcart Prize for fiction, 1976, a record four Bram Stoker Awards for solo poetry collections, and the first Grand Master Award of the Science Fiction Poetry Association, 1999. His collaborative poem with Robert Frazier, "Return to the Mutant Rain Forest," received first place in the 2006 Locus Online Poetry Poll for Best All-Time Science Fiction, Fantasy, or Horror Poem.
Boston has also published more than a hundred short stories and the novels Stained Glass Rain and The Guardener's Tale (the latter a Bram Stoker Award Finalist and Prometheus Award Nominee). His work has appeared widely in periodicals and anthologies, including Asimov's SF Magazine, Amazing Stories Magazine, Analog, Realms of Fantasy, Science Fiction Age, Weird Tales, Strange Horizons, Year's Best Fantasy and Horror, and the Nebula Awards Showcase. Writing in The Washington Post, Paul Di Filippo described his collection Masque of Dreams as containing "nearly two dozen brilliant stories ranging across all emotional and narrative terrains."
Boston has chaired the Nebula Award Novel Jury (SFWA), the Bram Stoker Award Novel Jury, and the Philip K. Dick Award Jury, and served as Secretary and Treasurer of the Science Fiction Poetry Association. He has served as fiction and/or poetry editor for a number of publications, including Occident, The Open Cell, Berkeley Poets Cooperative, City Miner, Star*Line and The Pedestal Magazine.
He was the poet guest of honor at the World Horror Convention in 2013.
Personal life
As of 2022 Boston was living in Ocala, Florida, with his wife, writer-artist Marge Simon, whom he married in 2001.
Bibliography
Novels
El Guardián de Almas, Spanish-language edition of The Guardener's Tale, La Factoria de Ideas, 2009
Novelettes
After Magic. Eotu, 1990, Dark Regions, 1999
Houses. Talisman, 1991
Fiction and poetry collections
The Complete Accursed Wives, Talisman/Dark Regions, 2000
Masque of Dreams, Wildside, 2001, 2009
Bruce Boston: Short Stories, Volume 1 (ebook), Fictionwise, 2003
Bruce Boston: Short Stories, Volume 2 (ebook), Fictionwise, 2003
Visions of the Mutant Rain Forest (with Robert Frazier), Crystal Lake Publishing, 2017
Fiction collections
Jackbird. BPW&P, 1976
She Comes When You're Leaving. BPW&P, 1982
Skin Trades, Chris Drumm, 1988
Hypertales & Metafictions. Chris Drumm, 1990
All the Clocks Are Melting (single story booklet), Pulphouse Publishing, 1991
Night Eyes. Chris Drumm, 1993
Dark Tales & Light. Dark Regions, 1999
Flashing the Dark. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2006
Gallimaufry. Plum White Press, 2021
Poetry
Collections
XXO. Maya Press, 1969
Potted Poems. Maya Press, 1970
All the Clock Are Melting. Velocities, 1984
Alchemical Texts. Ocean View, 1985
Nuclear Futures. Velocities, 1987
Time. Titan, 1988
The Nightmare Collector. 2AM Publications, 1989
Faces of the Beast. Starmont House, 1990
Other Voices, Other Worlds (audio tape, music by Jack Poley). Chris Drumm, 1990, (MP3 audio) Telltale Weekly, 2004
Short Circuits (prose poems). Ocean View, 1991
Cybertexts. Talisman, 1991
Accursed Wives. Night Visions, 1993
Specula: Selected Uncollected Poems, 1968-1993. Talisman, 1993
Sensuous Debris: Selected Poems, 1970-1995. Dark Regions, 1995
Conditions of Sentient Life. Gothic Press, 1996
Cold Tomorrows. Gothic Press, 1998
Pavane for a Cyber-Princess (single poem chapbook). Miniature Sun, 2001
White Space. Dark Regions, 2001
Quanta: Award Winning Poems. Miniature Sun, 2001
Night Smoke (ebook, with Marge Simon), Miniature Sun & Quixsilver, 2002
She Was There for Him the Last Time (single poem chapbook). Miniature Sun, 2002
Head Full of Strange (ebook). CyberPulp, 2003
Pitchblende. Dark Regions, 2003
Etiquette with Your Robot Wife. Talisman, 2005
Shades Fantastic. Gromagon Press, 2006
Night Smoke (with Marge Simon, expanded print edition of 2002 ebook). Kelp Queen Press, 2007
The Nightmare Collection. Dark Regions, 2008
Double Visions (collaborative poems). Dark Regions, 2009
North Left of Earth. Sam's Dot, 2009
Dark Matters. Bad Moon Books, 2010
Surrealities. Dark Regions, 2011
Anthropomorphisms. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2012
Notes from the Shadow City (with Gary William Crawford). Dark Regions, 2012
Dark Roads: Selected Long Poems 1971-2012. Dark Renaissance Books, 2013
Resonance Dark & Light. Eldritch Press, 2015
Sacrificial Nights (with Alessandro Manzetti). Kipple Officina Libraria, 2016
Brief Encounters with My Third Eye: Selected Short Poems 1975-2016. Crystal Lake Publishing, 2016, Korean-language edition, Philyohanchaek, 2021
Artifacts. Independent Legions, 2018
Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets. Mind's Eye Publications, 2022
Broadsides
Musings. Eldritch Emu Press, 1988
The Last Existentialist. Chris Drumm, 1993
Confessions of a Body Thief. Talisman, 1998
The Lesions of Genetic Sin. Miniature Sun, 2000
In Far Pale Clarity. Quixsilver, 2002
The Crow Is Dismantled in Flight (ebroadside). Miniature Sun, 2003
Major awards and honors
Bram Stoker Award for Poetry Collection
2003 Pitchblende, Dark Regions Press
2006 Shades Fantastic, Gromagon Press
2008 The Nightmare Collection, Dark Regions Press
2010 Dark Matters, Bad Moon Books
Asimov’s Readers Award for Poetry
1989 Old Robots Are the Worst
1993 Curse of the Shapeshifter's Wife
1997 Curse of the SF Writer's Wife
2003 Eight Things Not to Do or Say When a Mad Scientist Moves into Your Neighborhood
2005 Heavy Weather
2007 The Dimensional Rush of Relative Primes
2014 In the Quiet Hour
Rhysling Award for Speculative Poetry (SFPA)
1985 For Spacers Snarled in the Hair of Comets, short
1987 The Nightmare Collector, short
1988 In the Darkened Hours, long
1994 Spacer's Compass, short
1995 Future Present: A Lesson in Expectation, short
1999 Confessions of a Body Thief, long
2001 My Wife Returns as She Would Have It, short
Others
1976 Pushcart Prize for Fiction for “Broken Portraiture”
1999 Grandmaster Award, Science Fiction Poetry Association
2006 Winner of Locus Poll for Favorite SF, Fantasy, Horror Poem -- "Return to the Mutant Rain Forest" with Robert Frazier
2013 Poet Guest of Honor, World Horror/Bram Stoker Awards Convention, New Orleans
References
External links
Bruce Boston's website
Interview by John Amen at The Pedestal Magazine
Interview by JoSelle Vanderhooft at Strange Horizons
Bruce Boston at Smashwords
Songs of the Stars, Songs of the Dark Retrospective essay on Boston's poetry by Gary William Crawford
1943 births
Living people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American novelists
John F. Kennedy University faculty
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Analog Science Fiction and Fact people
Asimov's Science Fiction people
Projectionists
Retail clerks
Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners
Rhysling Award for Best Short Poem winners
Writers from California
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area |
4043859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Botts | Mike Botts | Michael Gene Botts (December 8, 1944 – December 9, 2005) was an American drummer, best known for his work with 1970s soft rock band Bread, and as a session musician. During his career, he recorded with Linda Ronstadt, Karla Bonoff, Andrew Gold, Olivia Newton-John, Peter Cetera, Anne Murray, Warren Zevon and Dan Fogelberg, among many others. He also contributed to several soundtracks for films, and to albums released under the name of The Simpsons. Although known primarily as a drummer, Botts also contributed backing vocals to some Bread songs.
Career
Born in Oakland, California, Botts grew up in nearby Antioch before moving to Sacramento. While in college, he began playing with a band called The Travellers Three and working as a studio musician. Eventually, the group disbanded, but not before recording some songs with producer David Gates.
While working with Bill Medley, Botts was invited to join Gates's band, Bread, for its second album, On the Waters. He accepted the offer and worked as a full-time member of Bread from 1970 to 1973, when the band went on hiatus. At that point, Botts began working with Linda Ronstadt, and recorded and toured with her for over two years. Botts reunited with the other members of Bread in 1976 for one final album and tour, before disbanding again in 1978.
He then worked with Karla Bonoff and Andrew Gold, playing on Gold's 1977 hit "Lonely Boy", and continued to work in the studio as a player, singer, writer, and producer. In 1989, he toured Japan with Richard Carpenter. Two years later, he began touring and recording with Dan Fogelberg while continuing his session work, and also writing jingles and music for children's albums. In 1996, the members of Bread again reunited for a world tour that ran until the fall of 1997. Botts then recorded his only solo album, Adults Only, released in 2000.
Botts died in Burbank, California, one day after his 61st birthday, having suffered from colon cancer.
Discography
Joshua Fox – Joshua Fox (1968)
Tommy Flanders – Moonstone (1969)
Glenda Griffith – Glenda Griffith (1969)
Mary McCaslin – Goodnight Everybody (1969)
Dick Rosmini – A Genuine Rosmini (1969)
Bread – On the Waters (1970)
Johnny Darrell – California Stop-Over (1970)
Ananda Shankar – Ananda Shankar (1970)
Bread – Manna (1971)
Cyrus Faryar – Cyrus (1971)
Bread – Baby I'm-a Want You (1972)
Bread – Guitar Man (1972)
Malvina Reynolds – Malvina (1972)
Linda Ronstadt – Linda Ronstadt (1972)
Stephen Cohn – Stephen Cohn (1973)
Cyrus Faryar – Islands (1973)
David Gates – First (1973)
Richard Ruskin – Richard Ruskin (1973)
Andrew Gold – Andrew Gold (1975)
Malvina Reynolds – Held Over (1975)
Rick Ruskin – Microphone Fever (1975)
Hoyt Axton – Fearless (1976)
Andrew Gold – What's Wrong with This Picture? (1976)
Linda Ronstadt – Hasten Down the Wind (1976)
J. D. Souther – Black Rose (1976)
Wendy Waldman – Main Refrain (1976)
Hoyt Axton – Road Songs (1977)
Joan Baez – Blowin' Away (1977)
Karla Bonoff – Karla Bonoff (1977)
Bread – Lost Without Your Love (1977)
Chi Coltrane – Road to Tomorrow (1977)
Peter McCann – Peter McCann (1977)
Eric Carmen – Change of Heart (1978)
Kerry Chater – Love on a Shoestring (1978)
David Gates – Goodbye Girl (1978)
Jimmy Griffin – James Griffin (1978)
Michael Murphey – [[Lone Wolf (Michael Martin Murphey album)|Lone Wolf]] (1978)
Olivia Newton-John – Totally Hot (1978)
Shawn Phillips – Transcendence (1978)
Barry Volk – Do What You Like (1978)
Hoyt Axton – A Rusty Old Halo (1979)
David Gates – Falling in Love Again (1979)
Andrew Gold – Whirlwind (1979)
Peter McCann – One on One (1979)
Michael Murphey – Peaks, Valleys, Honky Tonks & Alleys (1979)
Dan Peek – All Things Are Possible (1979)
J. D. Souther – You're Only Lonely (1979)
John Stewart – Bombs Away Dream Babies (1979)
Coast to Coast – Original Soundtrack (1980)
John Farrar – John Farrar (1980)
Johnny Lee – Lookin' for Love (1980)
Mary MacGregor – Mary MacGregor (1980)
The Ozark Mountain Daredevils – Ozark Mountain Daredevils (1980)
Urban Cowboy – Original Soundtrack (1980)
Peter Cetera – Peter Cetera (1981)
The Chipmunks – Urban Chipmunk (1981)
Rita Coolidge – Heartbreak Radio (1981)
Albert Hammond – Your World and My World (1981)
Dan Hill – Partial Surrender (1981)
Quarterflash – Quarterflash (1981)
Hoyt Axton – Pistol Packin' Mama (1982)
Nicolette Larson – All Dressed Up and No Place to Go (1982)
Moon Martin – Mystery Ticket (1982)
Michael Martin Murphey – Michael Martin Murphey (1982)
Glenn Shorrock – Villain of the Peace (1982)
Warren Zevon – The Envoy (1982)
Eddie Money – Where's the Party? (1983)
Sharon O'Neill – Foreign Affairs (1983)
Brock Walsh – Dateline: Tokyo (1983)
Footloose – Original Soundtrack (1984)
Mickey Gilley – Too Good to Stop Now (1984)
Air Supply – Hearts in Motion (1986)
Eikichi Yazawa – Flash in Japan (1987)
The Simpsons – The Simpsons Sing the Blues (1990)
Dan Fogelberg – Dan Fogelberg Live: Greetings from the West (1991)
Parachute Express – Circle of Friends (1991)
Parachute Express – Sunny Side Up (1991)
Parachute Express – Happy to Be Here (1991)
Rox Diamond – Rox Diamond (1992)
Dan Fogelberg – River of Souls (1993)
Alvin and the Chipmunks – A Very Merry Chipmunk (1994)
Kermit & Friends – Kermit Unpigged (1994)
Maureen McCormick – When You Get a Little Lonely (1995)
Nelson – Because They Can (1995)
Eliza Gilkyson – Redemption Road (1997)
The Simpsons – The Yellow Album (1998)
Batman Beyond – TV Soundtrack (1999)
Mike Botts – Adults Only (2000)
Dan Fogelberg – Live: Something Old New Borrowed & Some Blues (2000)
References
External links
Mike Botts official site
1944 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
American rock musicians
Musicians from Oakland, California
Deaths from cancer in California
American rock drummers
American session musicians
20th-century American drummers
American male drummers
20th-century American male musicians |
4043861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal%20forebrain | Basal forebrain | The basal forebrain structures are located in the forebrain to the front of and below the striatum. They include the ventral basal ganglia (including nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum), nucleus basalis, diagonal band of Broca, substantia innominata, and the medial septal nucleus. These structures are important in the production of acetylcholine, which is then distributed widely throughout the brain. The basal forebrain is considered to be the major cholinergic output of the central nervous system (CNS) centred on the output of the nucleus basalis. The presence of non-cholinergic neurons projecting to the cortex have been found to act with the cholinergic neurons to dynamically modulate activity in the cortex.
Function
Acetylcholine is known to promote wakefulness in the basal forebrain. Stimulating the basal forebrain gives rise to acetylcholine release, which induces wakefulness and REM sleep, whereas inhibition of acetylcholine release in the basal forebrain by adenosine causes slow wave sleep. The nucleus basalis is the main neuromodulator of the basal forebrain and gives widespread cholinergic projections to the neocortex. The nucleus basalis is an essential part of the neuromodulatory system that controls behaviour by regulating arousal and attention. The nucleus basalis is also seen to be a critical node in the memory circuit.
The importance of non-cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain structures has been shown in working together with the cholinergic neurons in a dynamically modulatory way. This is seen to play a significant role in cognitive functions.
Adenosine acts on A1 receptors of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. This results in hyperpolarization of cholinergic neurons, which inhibits the release of acetylcholine.
Nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is both necessary and sufficient to produce sleep.
Clinical significance
Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages neuronal plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery.
It is thought that damage to the nucleus basalis and its cortical projections are implicated in forms of dementia, notably Alzheimer's dementia and Parkinson's disease dementia. There have been studies on the use of deep brain stimulation to the nucleus basalis, in the treatment of dementia, and while giving some positive results trials are still being undertaken.
References
Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures |
4043864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion%20and%20capital%20punishment | Religion and capital punishment | The major world religions have taken varied positions on the morality of capital punishment and as such, they have historically impacted the way in which governments handle such punishment practices. Although the viewpoints of some religions have changed over time, their influence on capital punishment generally depends on the existence of a religious moral code and how closely religion influences the government. Religious moral codes are often based on a body of teachings, such as the Old Testament or the Qur'an.
Many Islamic nations have governments that are directly run by the code of Sharia law. The Qur'an explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. There are certain actions in Islam, such as adultery, that are recognized to result in the death penalty. However, not all Islamic nations have the death penalty, for example Djibouti is an Islamic abolitionist nation. Tazir is an Islamic principle whereby the courts and the rulers can apply discretion in the way a certain crime is punished.
Christianity has changed its perspective on the death penalty over time and different Christian denominations have different teachings on it. Many early Christians were strongly opposed to the death penalty and magistrates who enforced it could be excommunicated. Attitudes gradually began to relax in the fifth century. In the thirteenth century, Thomas Aquinas argued that capital punishment was a form of "lawful slaying", which became the standard Catholic teaching on the issue for centuries. During the Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther and John Calvin defended the death penalty, but Quakers, Brethren, and Mennonites have opposed it since their founding. Since the Second Vatican Council, the Roman Catholic Church has generally opposed the death penalty and, in August 2018, Pope Francis revised the Catechism of the Catholic Church to explicitly condemn it in all cases, as an inadmissible attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person.
Buddhism has a strong belief in compassion for the lives of others, as stated in the panca-sila (five precepts). There is an understanding of healing people who have committed crimes rather than retaliation against them. For these reasons, Buddhism has generally opposed the death penalty. China and Japan, both historically Buddhist countries, continue to practise the death penalty.
Judaism has a history of debate over the death penalty but it generally disagrees with the practice. Although the Torah describes over 30 situations where the death penalty would be appropriate, there are many limitations that have made it difficult to implement. Since 1954, Israel has outlawed the use of the death penalty, except in cases of genocide and treason.
Hinduism has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it, but India (an 80% Hindu nation) has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. This is likely due to the belief in Ahimsa, or non-violence, which became very apparent during Gandhi's time and was supported by India's ancient Buddhist emperor Ashoka, who is the only leader in the country's history to openly oppose the death penalty.
Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith prescribes the death penalty, or life in prison, for murder and arson. Those punishments are intended for a future society and have never been implemented by Baháʼís. Details left up to the supreme governing institution, the Universal House of Justice, to clarify at some future date.
Buddhism
Although the death penalty is generally opposed in Buddhist nations, it is difficult to identify a specific Buddhist opinion on capital punishment because some countries that are majority Buddhist do not follow religious principles. Buddhist principles may not carry much weight, even in the case of a Buddhist ruler, because there is no direct effort of Buddhist followers to encourage pacifism in their country. The five precepts are not a divine order from god, they are merely a set of ethical guidelines to live by. For this reason, rulers do not necessarily have to worry about being punished by god for not following them, and some leaders may choose to simply ignore these guidelines when trying to run a country.
Buddhist opposition to capital punishment
The first of the Five Precepts (Panca-sila) is to abstain from destruction of life. Chapter 10 of the Dhammapada states:
Everyone fears punishment; everyone fears death, just as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill. Everyone fears punishment; everyone loves life, as you do. Therefore do not kill or cause to kill.
This concept is meant to encourage compassion (karuna) and that everyone has the opportunity to reach enlightenment. Buddhism retains the idea that all life should be valued and valuing the life of someone who does not necessarily value the life of others shows great compassion and non-violence (ahimsa). The concept of ahimsa also includes Karma, which recognizes that killing is an example of bad karma and that killing for revenge is seen as counterproductive. It is believed that even the lives of murderers have value. There is a strong focus on rehabilitation and killing people takes away their opportunity be helped. Killing for revenge is seen as counterproductive.
Chapter 26, the final chapter of the Dhammapada, states, "Him I call a brahmin who has put aside weapons and renounced violence toward all creatures. He neither kills nor helps others to kill." The story of the Jhanasanda-Jataka contains a similar message in talking about a prince who gets rid of all places of execution. Similarly, the Rajaparikatha-ratnamala contains advice given by the Buddhist Philosopher Nagarjuna and states that people should have compassion even for murderers and that banishment should be utilized as opposed to killing. This strong emphasis on compassion, in relation to capital punishment, is also evident in the story of Angulimala. Angulimala was a murderer that everyone in the village feared but despite this, the Buddha headed down the road to where Angulimata is rumored to live. Out of compassion, the Buddha finds him and teaches him how to be a monk. This exemplifies the Buddhist concept of rehabilitation, however, Angulimata had built up too much bad karma previously and died a painful death as a result.
Historically, many Buddhist Kings in India did not impose the death penalty. They charged fines instead and cut off a hand at worst. Some people view this as surprising because many pre-modern societies used capital punishment often. Many places used banishment instead and sent murders off to mountains in the desert with just enough food to survive. Both the current Dalai Lama and his immediate predecessor have openly opposed the death penalty. The previous Dalai Lama (1879-1933) abolished the death penalty in an attempt to reform Tibet's feudal system after he had previously avoided cases involving capital punishment because of his focus on being a religious figure.
Actions of Buddhist countries
Bhutan, Cambodia, and Thailand all recognize Buddhism as a state religion and use a Buddhist approach to address the issue of capital punishment. Cambodia is the only nation to have officially outlawed the use of the death penalty, though neither Thailand nor Bhutan have utilized capital punishment in many years.
Thailand is home to about 63 million people, 95% of these people follow Theravada Buddhism and it has become central to the culture and identity of Thailand. Thailand's war on drugs may potentially explain its current retention of the death penalty. The manufacture and distribution of drugs is considered an offense in which the death penalty is mandatory. There were no executions in Thailand, however, between the years of 1988-1995 and 2004–2007.
Sri Lanka also recognizes Buddhism as its official state religion but appears to be moving toward an increase in its use of capital punishment. It is unclear, however, if this anything to do with its Buddhist beliefs. Unlike Thailand, Sri Lanka has had a long history of political and religious tension due to its history of being ruled by various countries. Its Buddhist influence was weakened by foreign rulers that believed in a suppression of Buddhist culture. A Buddhist monk was sentenced to death after his assassination of Prime Minister Bandaranaike in 1959 because he felt that he had not lived up to his political promises of promoting Buddhist culture within politics. There has not been an execution in Sri Lanka since 1977.
Although it is communist, Laos has a much less intense commitment to capital punishment than other nearby communist nations. This is likely due to the strong influence of Theravada Buddhism. Myanmar also has a strong Theravada Buddhism influence in its country and has not carried out any government ordered executions since 1989.
Christianity
Christian tradition from the New Testament have come to a range of conclusions about the permissibility and social value of capital punishment. While some hold that a strict reading of certain texts forbids executions, others point to various verses of the New Testament which seem to endorse the death penalty's use.
Many early Christians were strongly opposed to the death penalty. A church order from Rome dated to around 200 AD forbids any Christian magistrate from carrying out a death sentence under pain of excommunication. It was also forbidden for any Christian to accuse a person of a crime if that accusation might result in the person being put to death or beaten with lead-weighted leather thongs. In the fifth century, Christian attitudes towards the death penalty gradually became less stringent. In 405, Pope Innocent I ruled that magistrates who enforced the death penalty could not be excommunicated, although the custom was probably still regarded as immoral.
Roman Catholic Church
Historically and traditionally, the Church has classed capital punishment as a form of "lawful slaying", a view defended by theological authorities such as Thomas Aquinas. (See also Aquinas on the death penalty). At various times in the past, the Church has held that, in certain cases, a legal system may be justified in levying a death sentence, such as in cases where the sentence may deter crime, may protect society from potential future acts of violence by an offender, may bring retribution for an offender's wrongful acts, and may even help the offender to move closer to reconciliation with God in the face of death. The 1566 Roman Catechism states this teaching thus:
Another kind of lawful slaying belongs to the civil authorities, to whom is entrusted power of life and death, by the legal and judicious exercise of which they punish the guilty and protect the innocent. The just use of this power, far from involving the crime of murder, is an act of paramount obedience to this Commandment which prohibits murder. The end of the Commandment is the preservation and security of human life. Now the punishments inflicted by the civil authority, which are the legitimate avengers of crime, naturally tend to this end, since they give security to life by repressing outrage and violence. Hence these words of David: In the morning I put to death all the wicked of the land, that I might cut off all the workers of iniquity from the city of the Lord.
This teaching was evident in the writings both of Pope Innocent I and Pope Innocent III, with the latter stating that "the secular power can without mortal sin carry out a sentence of death, provided it proceeds in imposing the penalty not from hatred but with judgment, not carelessly but with due solicitude." More recently, the 1911 edition of the Catholic Encyclopedia suggested that Catholics should hold that "the infliction of capital punishment is not contrary to the teaching of the Catholic Church, and the power of the State to visit upon culprits the penalty of death derives much authority from revelation and from the writings of theologians", but that the matter of "the advisability of exercising that power is, of course, an affair to be determined upon other and various considerations." In an address given on 14 September 1952, Pope Pius XII stated that the Church does not regard the execution of criminals as a violation by the State of the universal right to life, declaring: "When it is a question of the execution of a condemned man, the State does not dispose of the individual's right to life. In this case it is reserved to the public power to deprive the condemned person of the enjoyment of life in expiation of his crime when, by his crime, he has already disposed himself of his right to live.”
In the later twentieth century, however, the Catholic Church began to generally move away from condoning the death penalty and instead began to increasingly adopt a more disapproving stance on the issue. Many modern Church figures such as Pope John Paul II, Pope Francis, and the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops have actively discouraged the death penalty or advocated its outright abolition. For example, in his 1995 Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul II suggested that capital punishment should be avoided unless it is the only way to defend society from the offender in question, opining that:
[T]he nature and extent of the punishment must be carefully evaluated and decided upon, and ought not go to the extreme of executing the offender except in cases of absolute necessity: in other words, when it would not be possible otherwise to defend society. Today however, as a result of steady improvements in the organisation of the penal system, such cases are very rare, if not practically non-existent." The 1999 edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church restated this view, and further stated that:
Assuming that the guilty party’s identity and responsibility have been fully determined, the traditional teaching of the Church does not exclude recourse to the death penalty if this is the only possible way of effectively defending human lives against the unjust aggressor. If, however, non-lethal means are sufficient to defend and protect people’s safety from the aggressor, authority will limit itself to such means, as these are more in keeping with the concrete conditions of the common good and more in conformity to the dignity of the human person.
However, in 2004, Cardinal Ratzinger (later Pope Benedict XVI) suggested that the assessment of the contemporary situation advanced by John Paul II was not necessarily binding on the faithful, arguing that:
if a Catholic were to be at odds with the Holy Father (i.e., the Pope) on the application of capital punishment or on the decision to wage war, he would not for that reason be considered unworthy to present himself to receive Holy Communion. While the Church exhorts civil authorities to seek peace, not war, and to exercise discretion and mercy in imposing punishment on criminals, it may still be permissible to take up arms to repel an aggressor or to have recourse to capital punishment. There may be a legitimate diversity of opinion even among Catholics about waging war and applying the death penalty, but not however with regard to abortion and euthanasia.
Some Catholic writers, such as the late Cardinal Joseph Bernadin of Chicago, have argued against the use of the death penalty in modern times by drawing on a stance labelled the "consistent life ethic". Characteristic of this approach is an emphasis on the sanctity of human life, and the responsibility on both a personal and social level to protect and preserve life from "womb to tomb" (conception to natural death). This position draws on the conviction that God has "boundless love for every person, regardless of human merit or worthiness." Other Catholic writers, such as Joseph Sobran and Matt Abbott, have criticised this approach, contending that it minimises the issue of abortion by placing it on the same level as the death penalty – the latter of which the Church does not consider intrinsically immoral.
In 2015, Pope Francis stated in an address to the International Commission against the Death Penalty that: "Today the death penalty is inadmissible, no matter how serious the crime committed." Francis argued that the death penalty is no longer justified by a society's need to defend itself and has lost all legitimacy due to the possibility of judicial error. He further stated that capital punishment is an offense "against the inviolability of life and the dignity of the human person, which contradicts God's plan for man and society" and "does not render justice to the victims, but rather fosters vengeance." In the address, Francis further explained:
In certain circumstances, when hostilities are underway, a measured reaction is necessary in order to prevent the aggressor from causing harm, and the need to neutralize the aggressor may result in his elimination; it is a case of legitimate defence (cf. Evangelium Vitae, n. 55). Nevertheless, the prerequisites of legitimate personal defence are not applicable in the social sphere without the risk of distortion. In fact, when the death penalty is applied, people are killed not for current acts of aggression, but for offences committed in the past. Moreover, it is applied to people whose capacity to cause harm is not current, but has already been neutralized, and who are deprived of their freedom. [...]
For a constitutional State the death penalty represents a failure, because it obliges the State to kill in the name of justice [...] Justice is never reached by killing a human being. [...] The death penalty loses all legitimacy due to the defective selectivity of the criminal justice system and in the face of the possibility of judicial error. Human justice is imperfect, and the failure to recognize its fallibility can transform it into a source of injustice. With the application of capital punishment, the person sentenced is denied the possibility to make amends or to repent of the harm done; the possibility of confession, with which man expresses his inner conversion; and of contrition, the means of repentance and atonement, in order to reach the encounter with the merciful and healing love of God. Furthermore, capital punishment is a frequent practice to which totalitarian regimes and fanatical groups resort, for the extermination of political dissidents, minorities, and every individual labelled as “dangerous” or who might be perceived as a threat to their power or to the attainment of their objectives. As in the first centuries and also in the current one, the Church suffers from the application of this penalty to her new martyrs.
The death penalty is contrary to the meaning of humanitas and to divine mercy, which must be models for human justice. It entails cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment, as is the anguish before the moment of execution and the terrible suspense between the issuing of the sentence and the execution of the penalty, a form of “torture” which, in the name of correct procedure, tends to last many years, and which oftentimes leads to illness and insanity on death row.
Shortly prior to Francis's address, the Vatican had officially given support to a 2015 United Nations campaign against the death penalty. During a U.N. Human Rights Council meeting concerning the abolishment of capital punishment, Archbishop Silvano Tomasi declared that "The Holy See Delegation fully supports the efforts to abolish the use of the death penalty." The Archbishop stated:
Considering the practical circumstances found in most States ... it appears evident nowadays that means other than the death penalty 'are sufficient to defend human lives against an aggressor and to protect public order and the safety of persons [...] We should take into account that no clear positive effect of deterrence results from the application of the death penalty and that the irreversibility of this punishment does not allow for eventual corrections in the case of wrongful convictions.
On 2 August 2018, Pope Francis changed Catechism of the Catholic Church 2267 to the following:
Recourse to the death penalty on the part of legitimate authority, following a fair trial, was long considered an appropriate response to the gravity of certain crimes and an acceptable, albeit extreme, means of safeguarding the common good.
Today, however, there is an increasing awareness that the dignity of the person is not lost even after the commission of very serious crimes. In addition, a new understanding has emerged of the significance of penal sanctions imposed by the state. Lastly, more effective systems of detention have been developed, which ensure the due protection of citizens but, at the same time, do not definitively deprive the guilty of the possibility of redemption.
Consequently, the Church teaches, in the light of the Gospel, that “the death penalty is inadmissible because it is an attack on the inviolability and dignity of the person”, and she works with determination for its abolition worldwide”.
Eastern Orthodox
Various Eastern Orthodox churches have issued statements opposing capital punishment, including the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Orthodox Church in America, the Greek Orthodox Church, and the Georgian Orthodox Church.
Coptic Orthodox
The Coptic Orthodox Church approves of fair capital punishment. They believe that the new testament has spoken about grace, love and justice, while at the same time suggesting that capital punishment is justifiable as God's justice for people who take the life of others.
Methodists
In 1956, the United Methodist Church was one of the first Protestant Christian denomination to make a statement opposing capital punishment. At the United Methodist General Council, church leaders released a statement saying, "We stand for the application of the redemptive principle to the treatment of offenders against the law, to reform of penal and correctional methods, and to criminal court procedures. We deplore the use of capital punishment." The church stands by this statement today.
The Salvation Army
In the positional statement, it states that The Salvation Army does not support death penalty:
Anglican and Episcopalian
Article 37 of the Thirty-Nine Articles states that
The Lambeth Conference of Anglican and Episcopalian bishops condemned the death penalty in 1988:
Before that date, Anglican Bishops in the House of Lords had tended to vote in favour of the retention of capital punishment.
The Southern Baptist Convention
In 2000 the Southern Baptist Convention updated Baptist Faith and Message. In it the convention officially sanctioned the use of capital punishment by the State. This was an extension of earlier church sentiment. It said that it is the duty of the state to execute those who are guilty of murder and God established capital punishment in the Noahic Covenant (Genesis 9:6).
Other Protestants
Several key leaders early in the Protestant Reformation, including Martin Luther and John Calvin, followed the traditional reasoning in favour of capital punishment, and the Lutheran Church's Augsburg Confession explicitly defended it. Some Protestant groups have cited Genesis 9:5–6, Romans 13:3–4, and
Leviticus 20:1–27 as the basis for permitting the death penalty. However, Martin Luther thought it was wrong to use the death penalty against heretics. This was one of the specific issues he was asked to recant on in 1520 and excommunicated when he did not in 1521. Furthermore, some verses can be cited where Jesus seems to be a legalist by advocating respect for religious and civil laws: Matthew 5:17-22, 22:17-21 (the famous phrase ″Give therefore to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's″, separating religion and civil law) and John 8:10-11.
Mennonites, Church of the Brethren and Friends have opposed the death penalty since their founding, and continue to be strongly opposed to it today. These groups, along with other Christians opposed to capital punishment, have cited Christ's Sermon on the Mount (transcribed in Matthew Chapter 5–7) and Sermon on the Plain (transcribed in Luke 6:17–49). In both sermons, Christ tells his followers to turn the other cheek and to love their enemies, which these groups believe mandates nonviolence, including opposition to the death penalty.
Mormonism
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) presently takes no position on capital punishment. There are statements from church officials on blood atonement. This belief held that the blood of Jesus' Atonement could not remit certain serious sins, and that the only way a Mormon sinner could pay for committing such sins would be to have his own blood spilled on the ground as an atonement. This doctrine was never held by the church or practised by clergy in their official capacity. The doctrine has no relation as to the reason why, until recently, Utah gave convicts sentenced to death a choice to be executed by firing squad rather than other methods such as lethal injection. This issue received significant public attention when Ronnie Lee Gardner, who was convicted of robbery, murder, and escaping from jail, chose to die by firing squad, citing the blood atonement as the reason for his decision. On the night of Ronnie's execution, the LDS Church released a statement that it did not support blood atonement of individuals as a doctrine of salvation.
Islam
Many Islamic governments support capital punishment. Many Islamic nations have governments that are directly run by the code of Sharia and, therefore, Islam is the only known religion which has a direct impact on governmental policies with regard to capital punishment in modern times. Islamic law is often used in the court system of many Islamic countries where there is no separation of church and state. The Quran is viewed as the direct word of Allah and going against its teachings is seen as going against the whole basis of the law. The Quran states "Do not kill a soul which Allah has made sacred except through the process of due law," which means that the death penalty is allowed in certain cases where the law says it is necessary. The Quran explicitly states that the taking of a life results in the taking of ones own. According to the Quran, the death penalty is recognized as a necessary form of punishment for some "Hudud" crimes in Islam because it is believed that these acts go directly against the word of god and are seen as a threat to society. However, in pre-modern Islam, capital punishments for these crimes were rarely enforced because the evidentiary standards were so high as to make convictions more difficult to obtain. At times the enforcement of these laws by modern Islamic governments has been a source of minor controversy within Muslim communities.
Islamic nations
Islamic nations generally agree that the death penalty should be retained but they differ on how to impose it, which indicates that there is still disagreement on the issue even within the religion of Islam. Iran and Iraq, for example, are very open about their frequent imposition of the death penalty, while the Islamic nation of Tunisia only imposes it in extremely rare cases. Sudan imposes the death penalty on those who are under the age of eighteen, while Yemen has taken a stand against the imposition of the death penalty on minors. Exceptionally, Djibouti is an Islamic nation which prohibits the death penalty in all situations. Although formerly under France and French law, the French code penal still imposed the death penalty for several offences upon Djibouti independence in June 1977.
The UN has voiced concern about the sudden increase in death sentences in Iran since 2014. Although Iran has been called upon to stop utilizing the death penalty so frequently multiple times, a total of 625 executions were carried out in 2013 alone. Many of these executions were for drug related crimes, "enmity against god", and threatening national security. In a controversial case, an Iranian woman named Reyhaneh Jabbari was hanged in Tehran in October 2014 for the murder of a man who she claimed attempted to rape her. Her sentence was supported by the concept of qisas which is found in the Quran. The term qisas is translated as "equality in retaliation," meaning that any injury inflicted on another should be compensated for by punishing the perpetrator with the same injury.
Fatwas and Jihad
A fatwa is translated as a legal ruling that is issued by an Islamic legal expert that addresses the allowance or prohibition of a certain act. Fatwas promoting violence, in which the government allows an individual or a group of people to kill, is found only in Islam. Some fatwas are based on the concept of jihad, which is defined by radicals as a military conflict that must be waged on an individual basis by all healthy adult males. This idea becomes relevant in military struggles between Muslims and non-believers in which Muslims are not permitted to flee. The necessity to fight is viewed as an act of faith to Allah and those who remain loyal to Allah are rewarded. Ancient Islamic law lays out 36 conditions under which jihads can be waged and around 10-14 of those 36 conditions are military related. Other forms of jihad include personal struggles with the evil implications of ones soul or wealth. Current military motivations for Jihad might originate with the idea that Islam can only be spread through violence although the modern world includes other methods by which Islam can be spread such as the mass media and the internet
Traditionally, fatwas must identify the legal problem which is being addressed, consider other rulings regarding the issue, and lay out a clear guidelines on how to solve the problem. Fatwas need to be based on many sources such as the Qur'an, the sunnah, logical analogies, public interest, and necessity. Questions have been raised about a Muslim who follows a fatwa that causes him to sin, particularly in cases of violence. This falls back on the cleric who issued the fatwa and the person who committed the potential crime. This has led to radical interpretations that legitimize killing in order to fulfill a fatwa. An example of this includes Islamic terrorism which is based on the belief that "the meaning of jihad is to strive to liberate Muslim lands from the grip of kuffars who usurped them and imposed their own laws on them instead of the laws of Allah." Fatwas have been issued against the West by radicals within the Muslim community who claim that the West's governments practice heresy and world domination. An example of this is the fatwa issued by Sheikh Abdallah 'Azzam who called for an ongoing jihad "until all of mankind worships Allah." This resulted in a fatwa which ruled that the killing of all non-believers was a duty that must be fulfilled by all Muslims as a response to the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Another example is a fatwa which the Well-known Islamic religious leader Yusuf al-Qaradawi issued against the Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi in February 2011. In his fatwa which he issued on Al-Jazeera television, he stated that "whoever in the Libyan army is able to shoot a bullet at Mr Gaddafi should do so".
Judaism
The teachings of Judaism approve the death penalty in principle but the standard of proof required for application of death penalty is extremely stringent, and in practice, it has been abolished by various Talmudic decisions, making the situations in which a death sentence could be passed effectively impossible and hypothetical. "Forty years before the destruction" of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, i.e. in 30 CE, the Sanhedrin effectively abolished capital punishment, making it a hypothetical upper limit on the severity of punishment, fitting in finality for God alone to use, not fallible humans.
While allowing for the death penalty in some hypothetical circumstances, scholars of Judaism are broadly opposed to the death penalty as practised in the modern world. The Jewish understanding of Biblical law is not based on a literal reading of the Bible, but rather through the lens of Judaism's oral law. These oral laws were first recorded around 200 CE in the Mishnah and later around 600 CE in the Babylonian Talmud. The laws make it clear that the death penalty was used only rarely. The Mishnah states:
A Sanhedrin that puts a man to death once in seven years is called destructive. Rabbi Eliezer ben Azariah says: a Sanhedrin that puts a man to death even once in seventy years. Rabbi Akiba and Rabbi Tarfon say: Had we been in the Sanhedrin none would ever have been put to death. Rabban Simeon ben Gamaliel says: they would have multiplied shedders of blood in Israel. (Mishnah, Makkot 1:10).
Rabbinic tradition describes a detailed system of checks and balances to prevent the execution of an innocent person. These rules are so restrictive as to effectively legislate the penalty out of existence. The law requires that:
There must have been two witnesses to the crime, and these must conform to a prescribed list of criteria. For example, females and close relatives of the criminal are precluded from being witnesses according to Biblical law, while full-time gamblers are precluded as a matter of rabbinical law.
The witnesses must have verbally warned the person seconds before the act that they were liable for the death penalty
The person must then have verbally acknowledged that he or she was warned and that the warning would be disregarded, and then have gone ahead and committed the sin.
No individual was allowed to testify against him or herself.
The 12th-century Jewish legal scholar Maimonides famously stated that "It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death." Maimonides argued that executing a defendant on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing burdens of proof, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice." Maimonides was concerned about the need for the law to guard itself in public perceptions, to preserve its majesty and retain the people's respect. On the other hand, he allowed for the possibility of imposing capital punishment on circumstantial evidence alone when warranted
Today the State of Israel only uses the death penalty for extraordinary crimes, and only two people have ever been executed in Israel's history. The only civil execution ever to take place in Israel was of convicted Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in 1962. The other execution was of Meir Tobianski, an army major court-martialled and convicted of treason during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and posthumously exonerated. However, Israeli employment of the death penalty has little to do with Jewish law.
Orthodox Judaism
In Orthodox Judaism it is held that in theory the death penalty is a correct and just punishment for some crimes. However, in practice the application of such a punishment can only be carried out by humans whose system of justice is nearly perfect, a situation which has not existed for some time.
Orthodox Rabbi Yosef Edelstein writes
"So, at least theoretically, the Torah can be said to be pro-capital punishment. It is not morally wrong, in absolute terms, to put a murderer to death ...However, things look rather different when we turn our attention to the practical realisation of this seemingly harsh legislation. You may be aware that it was exceedingly difficult, in practice, to carry out the death penalty in Jewish society ...I think it's clear that with regard to Jewish jurisprudence, the capital punishment outlined by the Written and Oral Torah, and as carried out by the greatest Sages from among our people (who were paragons of humility and humanity and not just scholarship, needless to say), did not remotely resemble the death penalty in modern America (or Texas). In theory, capital punishment is kosher; it's morally right, in the Torah's eyes. But we have seen that there was great concern—expressed both in the legislation of the Torah, and in the sentiments of some of our great Sages—regarding its practical implementation. It was carried out in ancient Israel, but only with great difficulty. Once in seven years; not 135 in five and a half." (Rabbi Yosef Edelstein, Director of the Savannah Kollel)
Orthodox Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan writes:
"In practice, however, these punishments were almost never invoked, and existed mainly as a deterrent and to indicate the seriousness of the sins for which they were prescribed. The rules of evidence and other safeguards that the Torah provides to protect the accused made it all but impossible to actually invoke these penalties...the system of judicial punishments could become brutal and barbaric unless administered in an atmosphere of the highest morality and piety. When these standards declined among the Jewish people, the Sanhedrin...voluntarily abolished this system of penalties" (Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan in Handbook of Jewish Thought, Volume II, pp. 170–71).
On the other hand, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, in a letter to then New York Governor Hugh Carey states:
"One who murders because the prohibition to kill is meaningless to him and he is especially cruel, and so too when murderers and evil people proliferate they [the courts] would [should?] judge [capital punishment] to repair the issue [and] to prevent murder – for this [action of the court] saves the state."
Conservative Judaism
In Conservative Judaism the death penalty was the subject of a responsum by its Committee on Jewish Law and Standards:
"The Talmud ruled out the admissibility of circumstantial evidence in cases which involved a capital crime. Two witnesses were required to testify that they saw the action with their own eyes. A man could not be found guilty of a capital crime through his own confession or through the testimony of immediate members of his family. The rabbis demanded a condition of cool premeditation in the act of crime before they would sanction the death penalty; the specific test on which they insisted was that the criminal be warned prior to the crime, and that the criminal indicate by responding to the warning, that he is fully aware of his deed, but that he is determined to go through with it. In effect this did away with the application of the death penalty. The rabbis were aware of this, and they declared openly that they found capital punishment repugnant to them... There is another reason which argues for the abolition of capital punishment. It is the fact of human fallibility. Too often we learn of people who were convicted of crimes and only later are new facts uncovered by which their innocence is established. The doors of the jail can be opened, in such cases we can partially undo the injustice. But the dead cannot be brought back to life again. We regard all forms of capital punishment as barbaric and obsolete..."
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism has formally opposed the death penalty since 1959, when the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the Union for Reform Judaism) resolved “that in the light of modern scientific knowledge and concepts of humanity, the resort to or continuation of capital punishment either by a state or by the national government is no longer morally justifiable.” The resolution goes on to say that the death penalty “lies as a stain upon civilization and our religious conscience.” In 1979, the Central Conference of American Rabbis, the professional arm of the Reform rabbinate, resolved that, “both in concept and in practice, Jewish tradition found capital punishment repugnant” and there is no persuasive evidence “that capital punishment serves as a deterrent to crime.”
Hinduism
Although Hinduism has historically not taken a stance on the death penalty and has little influence on the governments opinion of it, India (an 80% Hindu nation) has the lowest rate of execution of any other country. A basis can be found in Hindu teachings, such as the Mahabharata, for opposing the death penalty, even though it has historically been implemented by Hindu leaders. Hinduism preaches ahimsa (or ahinsa, non-violence), but also teaches that the soul cannot be killed and death is limited only to the physical body, explaining the difficulty in choosing an exact position on capital punishment.
Hinduism's belief that life in this world is more of an illusion greatly decreases the religious impact on governments in majority Hindu nations. Use of the death penalty has not faced much opposition by Indian citizens historically, with the exception of some recent backlash. Hinduism's belief in karma may explain why there is no strong support or opposition to capital punishment because it is believed that if someone commits a crime in this life, they will pay for it in another life. It is also believed that the soul comes back many times after death to be purified by good karma and a persons destiny determines when they die.
Evidence in support of the death penalty
Historically, The Laws of Manu, or manusmriti, state that the king should be the one to decide on appropriate punishments. The king has the right to do whatever needs to be done in order to protect his people. He is given the right to punish criminals by placing them in shackles, imprisoning them, or sentencing them to death. It was observed in the 5th century that death sentences were related to caste. For example, If a Sudra insulted a priest they were sentenced to death but if a priest were to kill a sudra it was the equivalent of killing a dog or a cat and their only punishment would be to pay a fine. Other crimes worthy of capital or corporal punishment, according to the Laws of Manu, include when a lower caste man makes love to a woman of the highest caste, a Sudra slandering a Kshatriya, when men and women are stolen from the most noble family, and when a woman is violated without consent. With a history of rulers who favored capital punishment, Ashoka is the only known ruler to openly oppose its use.
In the 1980s parliament expanded punishment by death to offenses such as terrorism and kidnapping for ransom. This decision was supported by the public and a survey conducted in the 1980s solidified this support in finding that teachers, doctors, and lawyers all favored the death penalty. Currently, the Indian Penal Code (IPC) recognizes legitimacy of the death penalty in cases of murder, waging war against the government, encouraging suicide, fabricating false evidence, kidnapping, and murder as part of a robbery. Today, It is common to find people in support of the death penalty such as Kiran Bedi, Police Advisor to the UN, who says that "the death penalty is necessary in certain cases to do justice to society's anger against the crime." An example of recent capital punishment in India includes Mohammad Afzal Guru, who was sentenced to death in 2013 after attacking the Indian Parliament in December 2001.
Evidence opposing the death penalty
Emperor Ashoka, being a Buddhist himself, was one of the first rulers to completely outlaw the use of capital punishment. This was because of Buddhism's large emphasis on ahimsa, or nonviolence. In Buddhism, and also in Hinduism, the concept of ahimsa bans the killing of any living being, no matter how small. Many people who oppose the death penalty go back to the beliefs of their enlightened ancestors who preached non-violence and that we should respect human rights and the gift of life. Gandhi also opposed the death penalty and stated that "I cannot in all conscience agree to anyone being sent to the gallows. God alone can take life because he alone gives it. In 1980, the Indian Supreme Court made it very clear that it does not take capital punishment lightly and as a result of Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab ruled that the death penalty should only be utilized in the "rarest of rare cases." Currently, it is mainly only human rights activists that take a stand against the death penalty. This is because they believe that the only people being sentenced to death are "the poor, the sick, and the ignorant." Also vulnerable are the non-Hindu minorities, who feel threatened by the idea of the death penalty and oppose it Although it is unclear whether a sample of Indian college students is representative of the whole population, Lambert found that when asked their opinion of the death penalty 44% of college students opposed it. However, when taking into account the importance of religion in their lives there was a significant relationship between religious affiliation and support for the death penalty.
Summary of worldwide denominational positions
See also
Death penalty in the Bible
Notes
References
References
For a detailed discussion on the Roman Catholic Church's view on capital punishment see chapter 3 of Pope John Paul II's encyclical, Evangelium Vitae.
Religion and politics |
4043894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%20Qing | Pang Qing | Pang Qing (; born December 24, 1979 in Harbin, Heilongjiang) is a Chinese retired pair skater. With her husband Tong Jian, she is the 2010 Olympic silver medalist, the 2006 and 2010 World Champion, a five-time Four Continents champion (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009 & 2011) and the 2008 Grand Prix Final Champion.
Career
Pang was born in Harbin, the home of Chinese pair skating. She began skating at age six. She originally competed as a single skater. In 1993, coach Yao Bin teamed her up with Tong and they have been skating together ever since.
When Yao moved to Beijing, Pang and Tong trained without a coach until 1997, when they began training under Yao again.
Pang and Tong did not have a strong junior career, perhaps due to the fact that the Junior Grand Prix did not exist when they were skating at the junior level. They placed 14th, 9th, and 8th at the World Junior Championships between 1997 and 1999. After that, they went senior.
Pang and Tong won the silver medal at the 1997 Chinese national championships, but did not represent China at the World Championships until 1999. They are the 2000 Chinese national champions. At their first major senior international, the 1999 Four Continents Championships (the first Four Continents ever held), they placed 5th. They then went to their first Worlds, where they placed 14th.
In the 1999–2000 season, Pang and Tong made their Grand Prix debut. They placed 4th at Skate Canada and 5th at Cup of Russia. They slowly moved up the ranks over the years. At the 2002 Winter Olympics, coming in as the Four Continents Champions, they placed 9th.
Following the 2001–2002 season, Pang and Tong began to be contenders. They consistently placed on the podium at their Grand Prix events. They won their first World medal (a bronze) at the 2004 World Championships.
After their first world medal, they had a rough 2004–2005 season and a shaky start at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. They recovered with consistency by the 2006 Olympics, where they placed a controversial 4th behind teammates Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao and Zhang Dan & Zhang Hao. They went to the 2006 Worlds and won it.
In the 2006–2007 season, Pang and Tong were unable to defend their World title. They were forced to withdraw from Skate America due to injury. They won the silver medal at the Cup of China, the Asian Winter Games, and the Four Continents Championships. At Worlds, they placed second.
During the 2007–2008 season, Pang and Tong had a rough start, losing two out of their three Grand Prix events. They came back strong midseason by winning the bronze at the Grand Prix Final and their third Four Continents title. They ended their season with a disappointing 5th at the World Championships.
During the 2008–2009 season, Pang and Tong had another rough outing at their first event, the Cup of China. Despite this, they went on to win their next Grand Prix events and the final. During that season, they made history, when they went on to win a record setting fourth Four Continents title and have now won more Four Continent titles than any other team. Despite the momentum they had built, they had another disappointing World Championships, where they were once again off the podium.
During the 2009–2010 season, Pang and Tong won both of their Grand Prix events and a silver at the Grand Prix Final, defeating all the world medalists at the previous world championship.
In the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, Pang and Tong set a new World Record for the free skate with a score of 141.81 points. They placed second place behind Shen Xue & Hongbo Zhao thanks to their teammates' world record-setting short program. The People's Republic of China broke Russia's 46-year twelve Olympic gold medal streak in pairs skating, sweeping gold and silver places.
They became the 2010 World Champions in Turin, Italy.
For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Pang and Tong were assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Cup of China. They won both of their Grand Prix assignments to qualify for the Grand Prix Final where they won silver. They won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Championships.
Pang and Tong withdrew from their assigned 2011–12 Grand Prix events, however, returned to competition in January 2012, where they won gold at the Chinese National Winter Games. They earned first-place marks in the short program (70.24) and free skate (126.31). They competed at and finished fourth at the 2012 World Championships in what was their only ISU international event of the season.
For the 2012–13 season, Pang and Tong medaled at both their Grand Prix events, taking second at 2012 Skate America and first at 2012 Cup of China. They went on to win the bronze at the 2012–13 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They were fifth at the 2013 World Figure Skating Championships.
During the 2013–14 season, Pang and Tong finished second at 2013 Cup of China and first at 2013 Trophée Éric Bompard before winning bronze again at the 2013–14 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final. They went on to finish fourth at the 2014 Winter Olympics, their fourth consecutive Olympic Games.
For the 2014–15 season, Pang and Tong competed at the 2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships and 2015 World Figure Skating Championships, placing third at both events.
Coaching career
In June 2016, Pang began working as a coach for Chinese single skaters, Li Zijun and Yan Han.
Personal life
Although they had not spoken about their personal lives, Pang and Tong revealed publicly in an issue of Vanity Fair during the 2010 Winter Olympics that they were romantically involved.
In June 2011, the pair became engaged after Tong proposed on-ice to Pang at a show in Shanghai. They got married on June 18, 2016. Pang gave birth to their son on November 27, 2016.
Programs
Competitive highlights
(with Tong)
Detailed results
References
External links
Official website
1979 births
Chinese female pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of China
Figure skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for China
Figure skaters from Harbin
Olympic medalists in figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships medalists
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
Figure skaters at the 2003 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Asian Games silver medalists for China
Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games
Universiade medalists in figure skating
Universiade silver medalists for China
Competitors at the 1999 Winter Universiade |
4043899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vineyards%20and%20wineries | List of vineyards and wineries | The following is a non-exhaustive list of vineyards and wineries from around the world.
Argentina
Adrianna Vineyard, Mendoza
Bodega Catena Zapata, Mendoza
Australia
New South Wales
Botobolar Vineyard
De Bortoli Wines
Wyndham Estate
South Australia
Tasmania
Bruny Island Premium Wines
Moorilla Estate
Victoria
Brown Brothers Milawa Vineyard
De Bortoli Wines
Tahbilk
Western Australia
Bulgaria
Winery Balar AD, Upper Thracian Plain
Villa Melnik Winery
Canada
Colio Estate Wines
Diamond Estates Wines & Spirits Ltd.
Gaspereau Vineyards
Haywire Winery
Pelee Island Winery
Prince Edward County Wine
Strewn Winery
Vignoble Carone
Chile
Concha y Toro Winery
France
Château Branaire-Ducru
Château Brane-Cantenac
Château de Camensac
Château Cheval Blanc
Château de Curton
Château Ducru-Beaucaillou
Château Figeac
Chateau Haut-Bages Liberal
Château Haut-Bailly
Château Haut-Brion
Château Haut-Marbuzet
Château Lafite Rothschild
Château Lascombes
Château Latour
Château Leoville Las Cases
Château Lynch-Moussas
Château Margaux
Château Montrose
Château Mouton Rothschild
Château Pétrus
Château de Pommard
Château Pontet-Canet
Château Rauzan-Gassies
Château Suau (Capian)
Domaine Henri Milan
Domaine Laroche
Germany
Mosel
Rheingau
New Zealand
Cloudy Bay Vineyards
Grove Mill
Montana Wines
Pegasus Bay Vineyards
Two Paddocks
Villa Maria Estates
Yealands Estate
Romania
Băbească neagră
Busuioacă de Bohotin
Cotnari
Dealing Mare
Fetească albă
Fetească neagră
Fetească regală
Grasă de Cotnari
Halewood
Jidvei
Murfatlar
Tămâioasă Românească
South Africa
United States
Chalone Vineyard
Chateau Montelena
Chateau Morrisette Winery
Clos Du Val Winery
David Bruce Winery
E & J Gallo Winery
Freemark Abbey Winery
Grgich Hills Estate
Heitz Wine Cellars
Inglenook Winery
Kendall-Jackson
Louis M. Martini Winery
Mayacamas Vineyards
Messina Hof
Opus One Winery
Remick Ridge Vineyards
Ridge Vineyards
Kedem Winery
Rubicon Estate Winery
Silverado Vineyards Winery
Spring Mountain Vineyard
Stag's Leap Wine Cellars
Stags' Leap Winery
Sterling Vineyards
Trefethen Vineyards
The Williamsburg Winery
See also
List of wine-producing countries
List of wine-producing regions
Lists of vineyards and wineries
Outline of wine
Wine
References
Lists of companies by industry
Agriculture-related lists |
4043909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collie%20eye%20anomaly | Collie eye anomaly | Collie eye anomaly (CEA) is a congenital, inherited, bilateral eye disease of dogs, which affects the retina, choroid, and sclera. It can be a mild disease or cause blindness. CEA is caused by a simple autosomal recessive gene defect. There is no treatment.
Affected breeds
It is known to occur in Collies (smooth and rough collies), Shetland Sheepdogs, Australian Shepherds, Border Collies, Lancashire Heelers, and Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retrievers. Frequency is high in Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs, and low in Border Collies and NSDTRs. In the United States, incidence in the genotype of collies has been estimated to be as high as 95 percent, with a phenotypic incidence of 80 to 85 percent.
Pathogenesis
CEA is caused by improper development of the eye. Failure of the cells of the posterior portion of the optic vesicles to express growth hormone affects the differentiation of other cells of the eye. The choroid, especially lateral to the optic disc, is hypoplastic (underdeveloped). A coloboma, or hole, may form in or near the optic disc due to a failed closure of embryonic tissue. The degree of these abnormalities varies between individual dogs, and even between the same dog's eyes. CEA is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait that has a penetrance reaching 100 percent, and has been localized to canine chromosome 37.
Signs
The most common sign of CEA is the presence of an area of undeveloped choroid (appearing as a pale spot) lateral to the optic disc. The choroid is a collection of blood vessels supplying the retina. CEA can also cause retinal or scleral coloboma, coloboma of the optic disc, retinal detachment, or intraocular hemorrhage. It can be diagnosed by fundoscopy by the age of six or seven weeks. Severe cases may be blind.
Breeding and testing
Controversies exist around eliminating this disorder from breeding Collies. Some veterinarians advocate only breeding dogs with no evidence of disease, but this would eliminate a large portion of potential breeding stock. Because of this, others recommend only breeding mildly affected dogs, but this would never completely eradicate the condition. Also, mild cases of choroidal hypoplasia may become pigmented and therefore undiagnosable by the age of three to seven months. If puppies are not checked for CEA before this happens, they may be mistaken for normal and bred as such. Checking for CEA by seven weeks of age can eliminate this possibility. Diagnosis is also difficult in dogs with coats of dilute color because lack of pigment in the choroid of these animals can be confused with choroidal hypoplasia. Also, because of the lack of choroidal pigment, mild choroidal hypoplasia is difficult to see, and therefore cases of CEA may be missed.
Until recently, the only way to know if a dog was a carrier was for it to produce an affected puppy. However, a genetic test for CEA became available at the beginning of 2005, developed by the Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, and administered through OptiGen. The test can determine whether a dog is affected, a carrier, or clear, and is therefore a useful tool in determining a particular dog's suitability for breeding.
References
External links
Informational website for CEA
Optigen: Collie Eye Anomaly / Choroidal Hypoplasia (CEA) Test
Dog diseases |
4043934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandrau%20State%20Park | Flandrau State Park | Flandrau State Park is a state park of Minnesota, United States, on the Cottonwood River adjacent to the city of New Ulm. Initially called Cottonwood River State Park, it was renamed in 1945 to honor Charles Eugene Flandrau, a leading citizen of early Minnesota who commanded defenses during the Battles of New Ulm in the Dakota War of 1862. The park was originally developed in the 1930s as a job creation project to provide a recreational reservoir. However the dam was repeatedly damaged by floods and was removed in 1995.
Along with the dam, crews from the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA) built several structures in the National Park Service rustic style. In a unique twist on the mandate to harmonize with the local environment, the buildings were designed to reflect the ethnic German heritage of New Ulm. The WPA barracks were reused during World War II as Camp New Ulm, housing German prisoners of war. All of these structures are listed as a district on the National Register of Historic Places.
Natural history
Geography
Flandrau State Park lies in a small valley carved by the east-flowing Cottonwood River. Marshy oxbow lakes mark the river's former courses along the valley floor. The steep valley walls rise . The Cottonwood joins the Minnesota River just east of the park. It originates west of the park in Lyon County, Minnesota.
The park boundary largely follows the valley rim. Trees on the slopes generally screen the adjacent development. The northern end of the park, including the campground, is within the city limits of New Ulm. No bridges cross the river within Flandrau, so the parkland on the south bank is not readily accessible. The only development there, the group center, is at the end of a gated road.
Geology
Flandrau State Park lies atop a bedrock of shale, sandstone, and conglomerate. These sediments accumulated at the bottom of the Western Interior Seaway 100 million years ago during the late Cretaceous period. The fine-grained sandstone is white with bands of orange from iron oxide, and contains fossilized plant material. The conglomerate contains pebbles of granite that had formed 3,000–2,500 million years ago and later eroded into the seaway.
Lying directly atop the Cretaceous rocks is till just a few thousand years old. All intermediate rock had eroded away before the till was deposited in a ground moraine by continental glaciers. Within Flandrau State Park this glacial debris is thick. While the till contains some rock from Canada and northern Minnesota, most is from the local region. Numerous springs emerge at the base of the till slopes, especially at the western end of the park.
As the northern glaciers melted, the massive Glacial River Warren carved a deep channel for itself. The modern Minnesota River follows the same course, but occupies only a fraction of the former riverbed. Its tributaries must drop from the surrounding plains into the broad valley to reach their base level. This is why the Cottonwood River, a placid prairie stream for most of its length, plunges into such a deep valley near its mouth. The Cottonwood's downcutting has carved all the way through the thick glacial till and a few feet into the Cretaceous bedrock below. There may once have been a waterfall on the Cottonwood River, which eroded into rapids before achieving the steady gradient of modern times.
Flora
The vegetation of Flandrau State Park is representative of the Upper Minnesota River Country Biocultural Region. Although the surrounding tallgrass prairie is gone, the forested river valley remains similar to times before European settlement.
The valley floor supports marshes and wet prairie interspersed with bottomland hardwood forest of willow, eastern cottonwood, American elm, silver maple, and green ash. The steep valley walls bear northern hardwood forest, although the cooler, moister north-facing slopes favor sugar maple, basswood, and common hackberry while the drier south slopes are characterized by bur oak, eastern red cedar, and aspen. A few dry, sunny knolls support prairie characterized by big bluestem and indian grass.
The park's plant communities have been altered since Euro-American settlement. Without periodic wildfires to thin woody plants, the valleyside forests have gotten denser and many prairie openings have filled in with sumac. Many elm trees were lost to Dutch elm disease. The valley floor is largely secondary forest, having been cleared for agriculture and then submerged under a reservoir.
Fauna
Surrounded by human development, Flandrau is an important refuge for local wildlife. The 25 species of mammals seen in the park include white-tailed deer, coyotes, gray foxes, raccoons, beavers, skunks, opossums, and minks. Over 168 species of birds have been documented in the park. Many of these are birds migrating through rather than nesting. These include many warblers, flycatchers, vireos, and thrushes.
The Cottonwood River supports a few game fish — notably northern pike and smallmouth bass — and a greater variety of rough fish.
Cultural history
Archaeological evidence found outside the park confirms that prehistoric Native Americans inhabited the Cottonwood River valley. A few sites were as much as 7,000 years old, though most were 2,000 years old or less. At the time of European contact in the mid-17th century the area was home to the Dakota. Pioneers began settling the Cottonwood Valley in the 1830s. In less than a century, though, the valley floor was largely abandoned due to the periodic flooding.
State park creation
To help combat unemployment during the Great Depression, federal funding was dedicated to park development throughout the United States. The Cottonwood River valley was selected as it was in a well-populated region with no other large recreational area or lakes. Moreover, the land was largely abandoned and seemingly in need of flood control structures. The state of Minnesota purchased the property in 1934. The first Works Progress Administration (WPA) enrollees arrived in September, living in tents while they built bunkhouses, a mess hall, and an administrative building over the winter. Mostly middle-aged skilled workers, the WPA men quarried stone and constructed three park buildings: a beachhouse, a manager's residence, and a garage.
A second workforce arrived in June 1935, establishing its own camp in the southwest corner of the park. These were less-skilled workers hired through the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). They built the dam and its earthen dikes, constructed a kitchen shelter, landscaped, planted trees, and blazed trails. WPA and CCC workers cleared trees out of the lakebed. For the first year the laborers were World War I veterans from the Veterans Conservation Corps (VCC). In July 1936 they transferred to other Minnesota state parks and were replaced with the unemployed young men more typical of CCC projects.
The dam, completed in 1937 after two years of work, impounded a reservoir of . The WPA continued to work in the park until 1941 and the CCC until 1942. As planned, the WPA camp was converted to a group center while the CCC camp was razed.
The stone structures built by the WPA have been called " the most unusual architectural designs in the state park system" by the Minnesota Historical Society. A principle of the rustic style was to harmonize with the local environment, generally by using local materials. In this case, however, architect Edward W. Barber chose to reflect local culture as well, honoring the strong German heritage of New Ulm. The park buildings evoke the architecture of Germany with steeply pitched roofs, dormers, chimneys, casement windows with small panes, and fine nonlinear stonework. The beachhouse is also one of the largest New Deal structures in the Minnesota state park system.
Camp New Ulm
During World War II, the empty group camp built by the WPA was used to house German prisoners of war in the United States. Late in the war, Great Britain was short on space and resources to provide for captured enemy combatants; meanwhile, much of the U.S. labor force was off serving in the military. The U.S. established camps throughout the country from which 450,000 POWs were employed in non-defense industries. Nine POW camps were established in Minnesota — including one other state park, Whitewater — all managed from a regional headquarters in Algona, Iowa.
About 160 German POWs arrived at Camp New Ulm in June 1944. Mostly members of the Luftwaffe (the German Air Force), they ranged in age from 18 to 25. Twelve men from the U.S. Army served as their guards.
The POWs primarily worked in the nearby town of Sleepy Eye at a cannery, which paid the rent on the camp. After the harvest season, prisoners worked at brick and tile factories and a poultry processing plant. Ochs Brick in Springfield was one. Small groups were hired out to local farms, unguarded, as short-term farmworkers. The POWs spent the winter at the regional main camp in Algona and returned in spring 1945. That year their use on farms expanded considerably, encompassing worksites in eight counties, while prisoners at the cannery were instrumental in packing Sleepy Eye's largest-ever pea crop.
The location of Camp New Ulm outside a town with a strong German heritage was a lucky break for the POWs. Many locals still spoke German and were sympathetic toward the prisoners (and hoping in many cases for news of relatives and the old country). German-speaking church officials held Lutheran and Catholic services in the camp and gathered donations of reading material. Although the guards warned civilians that they were not to have contact with the POWs, food was slipped over the fence, cannery workers shared ice cream and beer, and young women waded across the river at night to flirt at the camp's edge. POWs out on weeklong farm details fared best of all, often receiving full home-cooked meals at the family dinner table.
Prisoner Helmut Lichtenberg, who had become friendly with a farm family he'd worked for, arranged to slip out of camp and spend much of a weekend with them. Mindless of the severity of the infraction, the farmer and his mother-in-law drove Lichtenberg into camp Sunday afternoon, where they were stopped by guards. Lichtenberg was punished with solitary confinement; the Americans were ultimately both fined $300 and lectured by the judge. Their testimony indicated that other prisoners undertook such forays, but this was the camp's only documented escape incident.
For recreation the POWs had a clubhouse with a fireplace and library, a camp store, a sport field, and a workshop where they made their own furniture and sporting equipment. They were allowed to swim and fish in part of Cottonwood Lake. Further entertainments included newspapers, radios, and weekly movie screenings. Some musical instruments were gathered, and locals came to listen and sing along to Sunday afternoon concerts.
Camp New Ulm closed in December 1945 and all of the internees were eventually repatriated to Germany. One of the former prisoners later immigrated to the United States, settling in Wisconsin. The camp remains in use as the state park's group center, one of the country's few World War II POW camps that are still maintained. When the camp is not occupied, visitors can ask at the park office to access the grounds.
Recent history
By World War II, sentiment developed for renaming the park after Charles Flandrau (1828–1903), a notable figure in early Minnesota history. A lawyer, Indian agent, and statesman, Flandrau served on the territorial supreme court, presided over the first court session in Brown County, and led the military defense of New Ulm during the Dakota War of 1862. The name was changed in March 1945.
Two years later the Cottonwood Lake Dam was overtopped and seriously damaged by a flood. It was reconstructed at great expense, but damaged again by flooding in spring 1965. This time federal funds were denied, and the state opted for a shorter dam and a separate swimming pool. However a third damaging flood swept through in 1969. With local opinion divided about reestablishing the recreational lake, the state commissioned an independent study. The engineering consultants reported that, although a restored dam would improve habitat for panfish and block upstream movement of undesirable species such as carp, it would not provide effective flood control. The capacity of the lake basin was too small compared to the watershed, exacerbated by increased agricultural drainage and wetland loss since the original damming in the 1930s. Nor would a new dam be cost-effective for generating hydroelectricity, and the lake would be prone to heavy sedimentation and periods of poor water quality.
The director of the state parks division recommended against rebuilding the dam. Some structures remained for several years; full dam removal took place in 1995 and the Cottonwood River is again free-flowing through the park. As an interpretive sign reads, "the dam that took almost 200 men nearly two years to build was demolished by four men and heavy equipment in five months."
Recreation
Flandrau State Park has of trails for hiking, walking, and running. Many connect to city streets such as Indian Point Dr. and Summit Ave., so the park experiences significant walk-in traffic. In winter 6 miles of the trails are groomed for cross-country skiing and 2 miles for snowshoeing.
The park maintains three campgrounds with 92 sites total, 34 of which have electrical hookups. There are also three secluded walk-in sites. Visitors can rent two camper cabins or the historic group center, which sleeps up to 110 in eight bunkhouses.
The popular day-use area centers around a unique sand-bottomed, chlorinated swimming pool. This is adjacent to the historic beachhouse and a picnic area with a playground, volleyball and horseshoes facilities, and a reservable shelter.
Most fishing is done at the downstream end of the Cottonwood River, near the park's eastern edge, where the riverbank is most easily accessed.
Flandrau is adjacent to Nehls City Park, the private New Ulm Country Club, and the August Schell Brewing Company. The Hermann Heights Monument and Martin Luther College are within blocks of the park entrance.
References
External links
Official Flandrau State Park website
1937 establishments in Minnesota
Civilian Conservation Corps in Minnesota
German-American culture in Minnesota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Brown County, Minnesota
New Ulm, Minnesota
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Protected areas established in 1937
Protected areas of Brown County, Minnesota
Rustic architecture in Minnesota
State parks of Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota
World War II prisoner of war camps in the United States |
4043945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Night%20on%20Earth | A Night on Earth | A Night On Earth is the name of a Crazy Penis album produced in 2005.
Track listing
"Lady T"
"Can't Get Down"
"Bumcop"
"A Night on Earth"
"Turnaway"
"Music's My Love"
"Life Is My Friend"
"Cruising"
"Kicks"
"In Deep"
"Sweet Feeling"
"Sun-Science"
"Warm on the Inside"
The cover design was done by Gregory McKneally and David Vigh.
Charts
References
2005 albums |
4043949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marge%20Simon | Marge Simon | Marge Baliff Simon (born 1942) is an American artist and a writer of speculative poetry and fiction.
Biography
Early life
Marge Simon was born in Bethesda, Maryland, but grew up in Boulder, Colorado.
Education and career
She received her BA and MA degrees from the University of Northern Colorado, and then continued her studies at the Art Center College of Design. Deciding against a career as a commercial artist, she began working as an art teacher in elementary schools instead.
In the mid-1980s, Simon began writing and illustrating for the small press and went on to become an award-winning writer. Simon's poems, short fiction, and illustrations have appeared in hundreds of publications, including Amazing Stories, Nebula Awards 32, Strange Horizons, The Pedestal Magazine, Chizine, Niteblade, Vestal Review, and Daily Science Fiction.
Simon is a former president of the Small Press Writers and Artists Organization and of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association (SFPA). She is additionally a former editor of Star*Line, the SFPA's bimonthly journal.
In 2013, Simon began editing the column "Blood and Spades: Poets of the Dark Side" for the monthly newsletter of the Horror Writers Association (HWA). She serves as the Chair of the HWA Board of Trustees.
Marriage
Simon lives in Ocala, Florida, with her husband, writer Bruce Boston, with whom she sometimes collaborates.
Published works
Poetry collections
Poets of the Fantastic (co-ed. with Steve Eng). AE Press, 1993
Eonian Variations. Dark Regions, 1995
Night Smoke with Bruce Boston, ebook. Miniature Sun/Quixsilver, 2003 (Bram Stoker Award finalist)
Artist of Antithesis, ebook. Miniature Sun, 2004 (Bram Stoker Award finalist)
Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet with Charlee Jacob. Dark Regions, 2007 (Bram Stoker Award winner)
Night Smoke with Bruce Boston, expanded print edition of the 2003 ebook. Kelp Queen Press, 2007
Uneathly Delights. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2011
The Mad Hattery. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2011
The Four Elements with Linda Addison, Rain Graves, and Charlee Jacob. Bad Moon Books, 2012
Dangerous Dreams with Sandy DeLuca. Elektrik Milk Bath Press, 2013
Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet with Charlee Jacob
Vampires, Zombies, and Wanton Souls
Sweet Poison with Mary A. Turzillo
Small Spirits: Dark Dolls
Satan's Sweethearts with Mary A. Turzillo
War with Alessandro Manzetti
Poetry and fiction collections
Dragon Soup with Mary Turzillo. vanZeno Press, 2008
Legends of the Fallen Sky with Malcolm Deeley. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2008
City of a Thousand Gods with Malcolm Deeley. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2010
Fiction collections
Like Birds in the Rain. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2007
Christina's World. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2008
The Dragon's Dictionary with Mary Turzillo. Sam's Dot Publishing, 2010
Art
Gallery of color art at Strange Horizons.
Soho Galleries, black and white art.
Recognition
Simon's poem "Variants of the Obsolete" won the 1996 Rhysling Award for speculative poetry in the Long category. Her poems “Shutdown” and “George Tecumseh Sherman’s Ghosts” placed first in the Short category of the Rhyslings in 2015 and 2017, respectively.
Simon's short-form poem "Blue Rose Buddha" won the 2012 Dwarf Stars Award.
Vectors: A Week in the Death of a Planet, written by Simon in collaboration with Charlee Jacob, won the Bram Stoker Award for best horror poetry collection in 2008. In 2012, Simon's collection Vampires, Zombies, and Wanton Souls was a recipient of the same award.
Sweet Poison, co-written with Mary A. Turzillo, won the 2015 Elgin Award for best full-length speculative poetry collection. Simon's Small Spirits: Dark Dolls placed second in the full-length book category of the 2017 Elgins, and Satan's Sweethearts, another collaborative work with Turzillo, placed second in the 2018 Elgins. War, written by Simon in collaboration with Alessandro Manzetti, won the 2019 Elgin for full-length book.
In 2015, Simon was created a Grand Master of the Science Fiction & Fantasy Poetry Association in recognition of more than twenty years of contributions to the field of speculative verse.
References
External links
Marge Simon's website
Interview at Fear and Trembling
1942 births
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American novelists
21st-century American short story writers
American science fiction writers
American women novelists
American women poets
American women short story writers
Living people
Rhysling Award for Best Long Poem winners
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers |
4043953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/98%20B-Line | 98 B-Line | The 98 B-Line was a bus rapid transit line in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It linked Richmond to Downtown Vancouver, with a connection to Vancouver International Airport. It travelled mainly along Granville Street in Vancouver and a dedicated bus lane on No. 3 Road in Richmond. It was operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company and was funded by TransLink. The route was long. The line carried over 18,000 passengers daily. It was discontinued on September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the opening of the Canada Line, which replaced it.
History
Prior to the introduction of the 98 B-Line, most bus routes in Richmond travelled into Downtown Vancouver during rush hours. These routes served all stops along their routes in Richmond, then would operate along Granville Street in Vancouver as express services.
Although the idea of a rapid bus line from Richmond to Vancouver had been discussed for decades, it was first proposed by BC Transit in 1994. In 1995, Vancouver city council approved a southbound high-occupancy vehicle lane for the evening peak hours in the Marpole neighbourhood in preparation for an express bus service. In 1997, the idea of a rapid transit line was re-introduced with the objective of providing the express service at regular fares. A study determined that the best route for the line would be via Granville Street in Vancouver.
The project cost approximately to build; this included the price of new vehicles, the construction of a dedicated bus lane in Richmond, installing new bus shelters, automated on-board announcements and similar technology, transit priority systems for traffic lights and a share of the new Richmond bus depot, as the old Vancouver Oakridge depot could not accommodate the longer articulated buses used on the route. The line opened as far as Sea Island on September 4, 2000, later extending from Airport Station into central Richmond in August 2001.
The introduction of the B-Line eliminated most other local bus services that travelled between Richmond and Vancouver, requiring a transfer between buses for most commuters. As a result of the added transfer and quicker travel times of the B-Line that did not materialize, commute times for passengers increased even though a commute time savings of several minutes had been promised. Within a few years, this prompted improved rush hour services on remaining Richmond to Vancouver routes.
The B-line was one of the most used routes in the TransLink system. In early 2001, the Richmond/Airport-Vancouver Rapid Transit Project feasibility study, which examined replacing the 98 B-Line with light rail, held open houses. This proposed line's working name was the "RAV Line" (Richmond–Airport–Vancouver). The estimated cost of $1.72billion generated much controversy. Richmond city council, which favoured an at-grade line within the city limits for aesthetic reasons, also threatened the project. However, the city backed down because an elevated line was both preferred by the public, and offered faster trip times and lower operating costs. The TransLink board twice rejected the project because board members representing the northeast areas of Greater Vancouver wanted a line built to Coquitlam. The "RAV Line" project was saved after the board agreed to build both lines by 2010. While not part of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the Canada Line, completed in August 2009, replaced the 98 B-Line.
Beginning in February 2008, 98 B-Line route passengers with valid proof of payment were permitted to board using any of the three doors at any stop. To facilitate this, the bus driver controlled the operation of all three doors at each of the stops. Passengers paying cash or validating FareSavers had to board through the front door.
The 98 B-Line was discontinued on September 7, 2009, two and a half weeks after the Canada Line opened. Afterwards, the #10 Hastings/Downtown/Granville bus began running more frequently along Granville street to compensate.
Features
The 98 featured GPS technology, automated stop announcements, specialized bus stop displays that showed the amount of time until the next bus arrives, and special traffic light signals that sustained green lights long enough for buses to pass through.
In Richmond, the 98 B-Line followed a dedicated bus lane separated from mainstream traffic on No. 3 Road, between the Lansdowne and Sea Island Way stops. On February 13, 2006, the 98 B-Line's bus lane in Richmond was closed as utility crews prepared for the construction of the Canada Line along No. 3 Road. Between February 2006 until its discontinuation in September 2009, the 98 B-Line travelled with regular traffic.
98 B-Line stops and transfer points
Downtown Vancouver
Seymour & Davie – Served the upscale Yaletown neighbourhood. (Note: The bus's destination sign changes to "98 B-Line: Richmond Centre" at this point.)
Seymour & Smithe – Served the nightclub area on Granville Street, a block to the west. It is also the stop for street youth hostels in the area and the Orpheum Theatre.
Granville Station – Transfer point to the SkyTrain system and suburban routes to North Vancouver and West Vancouver. Also served Pacific Centre, Hudson Bay Company, and major commercial district as well as the Vancouver Public Library, which is several blocks to the east.
Waterfront Station – Transfer point to the SkyTrain terminus for both the Expo and Millennium Lines, as well as the SeaBus to Lonsdale Quay in North Vancouver. It is also the western terminus of the West Coast Express.
Burrard Station – This was the Vancouver terminus for the 98 B-Line, though it did not make a layover. Located in the middle of the financial district. Transfer point to the SkyTrain system as well as to suburban routes to Burnaby, North Vancouver, Surrey, Delta, White Rock, Coquitlam and Port Moody.
Burrard & Robson – Served the Robson Street shopping district.
Nelson & Hornby – Formerly known as Nelson & Howe, before the stop was moved. Stopped in front of One Wall Centre. Also served the provincial law courts.
Howe & Davie – Served the hospitality district near False Creek. Also a transfer point to buses and community shuttles to Davie Village.
Vancouver
5th Avenue – Served the southern False Creek area as well as Granville Island.
Broadway – Transfer point to the 99 B-Line as well as many trolley routes. It is a short distance away from Vancouver General Hospital and is also the transfer point for those going to Kitsilano.
King Edward – Transfer point to the #25 bus, which served the affluent Shaughnessy area, University, and North Burnaby. B.C. Children's Hospital and B.C. Women's Hospital were a short distance away from the stop
41st Avenue – Transfer point to the #41 bus, which served the Kerrisdale area, particularly the shopping district, and the Oakridge area. Also served as transfer point to the #43 bus, which is an express version of the #41, but only runs during peak hours, and the #480, which is an express bus from Richmond Centre to UBC Loop.
49th Avenue – Transfer point to the #49 bus, which operates eastbound to nearby Langara College and terminating at Metropolis at Metrotown, the biggest shopping mall in the province. During peak hours, the route's western terminus is at University of British Columbia, instead of Dunbar Loop.
70th Avenue – Served the Marpole neighbourhood and acts as a transfer point to the #100 bus (which travels along Marine Drive).
Richmond
Airport Station – Transfer point to the #424 bus, which was a shuttle to Vancouver International Airport's main terminal. Also served the Burkeville neighbourhood of Sea Island, and was a transfer point to the #620 bus to the Tsawwassen ferry terminal. Airport Station was closed the same day the 98 B-Line was discontinued.
Sea Island Way – Served River Rock Casino, the largest casino in Metro Vancouver.
Capstan Way – Served Yaohan Centre, Union Square Shopping Centre, and also the Asian shopping district along Capstan Way itself.
Aberdeen – Served the main Golden Village Asian shopping district, including Aberdeen Centre, Empire Centre, Parker Place, President Plaza, and south side of Yaohan Centre.
Alderbridge – Served the northern part of the Lansdowne Centre shopping mall as well as the Alexandra Road restaurant district.
Lansdowne – Served the southern part of Lansdowne Centre and the Richmond campus of Kwantlen Polytechnic University
Westminster Highway – Popular transfer point to the #401 and #407 buses to Steveston along No. 1 Road and Gilbert Road, respectively. Many passengers used those routes to reach Richmond Hospital and the headquarters of WorkSafe B.C., the workers' compensation and safety board.
Richmond Centre – The unofficial terminus of the line (owing to the fact that the bus's destination signs read "98 RICHMOND CENTRE"). Stops outside of the Richmond Centre shopping mall and is the main transfer point to almost all of the bus routes in Richmond.
Brighouse – The southern terminus of the line. Served the Richmond City Hall and the Brighouse area (particularly the Minoru cultural centre, which is home to the Richmond Public Library, the local skating rink and the local swimming pool.)
Route notes
For early morning and late evening trips, the 98 B-Line provided local non-express service between the Brighouse stop and the Richmond Transit Centre, along No. 3 Road (south of Granville Avenue) and Steveston Highway (until Shell Road). The buses going back to Richmond Transit Centre were signed "98 To Steveston & Shell B-Line".
On Mondays to Fridays, during peak hours, 98 B-Line service between Vancouver and Airport Station was supplemented by the #496 Railway/Burrard Station and #491 One Road/Burrard Station express routes. The #490 Steveston/Burrard Station express route also did this but went to Highway 99 via Marpole Loop instead of Airport Station.
Non-express service was also provided along some of the 98 B-Line's corridors, via the #10 Granville/Downtown (along Granville Street) and #410 Railway/22nd Street Station (between the Aberdeen and Brighouse stops) routes in Vancouver and Richmond, respectively.
See also
Canada Line
Millennium Line
Expo Line
R1 King George Blvd (formerly 96 B-Line)
R4 41st Ave
R5 Hastings St (formerly 95 B-Line)
97 B-Line
99 B-Line
List of bus routes in Metro Vancouver
References
External links
TransLink
Federal Transit Administration (US) – Overview of the 98 B-Line's technologies
Transport Canada: Urban Transportation Showcase Program
Novax B-Line Study Report
2001 establishments in British Columbia
2009 disestablishments in British Columbia
B-Line (Vancouver)
Transport in Richmond, British Columbia |
4043958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis%20Driskill | Travis Driskill | Travis Corey Driskill (born August 1, 1971) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He is 6 feet tall and weighs 215 pounds. He bats and throws right-handed. He attended Texas Tech University, where he played for the Red Raiders, and is currently the pitching coach for the Corpus Christi Hooks.
Career
Driskill was drafted in 1990 and 1992 by the Houston Astros and California Angels, respectively, but did not sign. He was drafted again in the fourth round of the 1993 draft by the Cleveland Indians and this time he did sign. Driskill played in the Indians minor league system for the next five years, advancing as high as Triple-A before his contract was purchased by the Yakult Swallows on January 6, 1998. Driskill appeared in seven games as a reliever for the Swallows before he was released and signed back with the Indians in August.
A minor league free agent after the season, Driskill signed with the Houston Astros, and played the next two seasons in their minor league system. On November 15, 2001, Driskill signed with the Baltimore Orioles. He made his MLB debut with the Orioles in , appearing in 29 games including 19 starts, the most games appeared in for a single season for Driskill's entire major league career. Driskill appeared in 20 more games for the Orioles in and became a free agent at the end of the season. On November 20, 2003, Driskill signed with the Colorado Rockies. He played only one season in Colorado, appearing in five games.
On November 11, 2004, Driskill signed with the Houston Astros and became a free agent after the season. On December 9, 2005, he signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, but was released on April 2, 2006; on April 14 he resigned with the Astros. Driskill played the next two seasons for Houston's Triple-A affiliate, the Round Rock Express, except for a callup in August , appearing in two games. Driskill retired after the season and accepted an offer from the Astros to become the pitching coach of their Rookie League team, the Greenville Astros.
References
External links
Travis Driskill at Baseball Gauge
Nippon Professional Baseball
Venezuela Winter League
1971 births
Living people
Akron Aeros players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball coaches from Nebraska
Baseball players from Nebraska
Blinn Buccaneers baseball players
Blinn College alumni
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Canton-Akron Indians players
Caribes de Anzoátegui players
Colorado Rockies players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Columbus RedStixx players
Houston Astros players
Kinston Indians players
Leones del Caracas players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball coaches
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Ottawa Lynx players
Rochester Red Wings players
Round Rock Express players
Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
Texas Tech Red Raiders baseball players
Texas Tech University alumni
Yakult Swallows players |
4043961 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Slavnov | Sergei Slavnov | Sergei Gennadyevich Slavnov (; born 11 March 1982) is a Russian pair skater. He is best known for his partnership with Julia Obertas, with whom he competed from 2003 to 2007. Together, they are the 2005 European silver medalists. Previously, Slavnov competed with Julia Karbovskaya, with whom he is the 2002 World Junior silver medalist.
Career
Sergei Slavnov began skating at age 5, originally as a single skater, and switched to pair skating at age 16. Slavnov originally skated with Julia Karbovskaya and won silver at the 2002 World Junior Championships. They were coached by Nikolai Velikov at the Yubileyny rink in Saint Petersburg.
In 2002, Slavnov began dating Julia Obertas, who trained at the same rink, and in August 2003 they decided to skate together and to switch coaches to Tamara Moskvina, who also worked at Yubileyny.
At the 2004 Skate America, shortly after Tatiana Totmianina's accident, Obertas fell out of an overhead lift, a hand-to-hand lasso lift, but Slavnov managed to catch her to prevent her head hitting the ice. The pair won silver at the 2005 European Championships and were fifth at the World Championships. During the 2005-06 season, they were fourth at Europeans, and then finished eighth at both the Olympics and Worlds.
At the start of the 2006-07 season, Obertas / Slavnov decided to return to the Velikovs, with Ludmila Velikova as their main coach. The pair won bronze at 2006 Trophée Eric Bompard and finished 6th at 2006 NHK Trophy. At the 2007 Russian Championships, they won the silver medal and were sent to the 2007 European Championships where they finished 4th. They did not compete at Worlds.
The pair announced they would miss the 2007-08 season as the result of an injury to Obertas. In summer 2008, they said they would miss the start of the 2008-09 season, but might compete at Russian Nationals. In autumn 2008, Slavnov participated in the Russia 1 ice show Star Ice (Звёздный лёд), skating with the Russian actress Anastasia Zadorozhnaya. Obertas / Slavnov did not compete at Russian Nationals and ended their career.
Obertas / Slavnov performed some quadruple twists in competition.
Slavnov joined the Russian Ice Stars company in 2011.
Programs
With Obertas
With Karbovskaya
Results
With Obertas
With Karbovskaya
References
External links
1982 births
Russian male pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters of Russia
Figure skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Living people
Figure skaters from Saint Petersburg
European Figure Skating Championships medalists
World Junior Figure Skating Championships medalists |