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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse%20of%20Horror

Treehouse of Horror

Treehouse of Horror, also known as The Simpsons Halloween Specials, is a series of Halloween-themed episode specials of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, each consisting of three separate, self-contained segments, except five segments in "Treehouse of Horror XXXII". These segments usually involve the Simpson family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting. They take place outside the show's normal continuity and completely abandon any pretense of being realistic, being known for their far more violent and much darker nature than an average Simpsons episode. The first one, entitled "Treehouse of Horror", aired on October 25, 1990, as part of the second season and was inspired by EC Comics horror tales. Since then, there have been 32 other Treehouse of Horror episodes, with one airing every year. Episodes contain parodies of horror, science fiction, and fantasy films, as well as the alien characters Kang and Kodos, a special version of the opening sequence, and scary names in the credits. The show's staff regard the Treehouse of Horror as being particularly difficult to produce, as the scripts often go through many rewrites, and the animators typically have to design new characters and backgrounds. The animation was produced and drawed by Film Roman, Rough Draft Korea, and Akom Production Co., Ltd.. Many of the episodes are popular among fans and critics of the show and have inspired a whole offshoot of Simpsons merchandise, including action figures, playsets, video games, books, DVDs, comic books, and a special version of Monopoly. Several of the episodes have won awards for animation and sound editing. In 1996, 2013, and 2015, "Treehouse of Horror VI", "Treehouse of Horror XXIII", and "Treehouse of Horror XXV" were respectively nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)" category. Segments Treehouse of Horror episodes typically consist of four parts: an opening and Halloween-themed version of the credits, followed by three segments. These segments usually have a horror, science fiction or fantasy theme and quite often are parodies of films, novels, plays, television shows, Twilight Zone episodes, or old issues of EC Comics. Although they are sometimes connected by "wraparounds", the three segments rarely have any kind of continuing connection within the episode. Some have recurring elements, such as "Treehouse of Horror V", in which Groundskeeper Willie is killed by an axe in a similar fashion in all three segments. The episodes are considered to be non-canon, which means they always take place outside the normal continuity of the show, since each character appears to be fine afterwards. From "Treehouse of Horror" to "Treehouse of Horror XIII", all three segments were written by different writers. In some cases there was a fourth writer who wrote the opening and wraparound segments. For the original "Treehouse of Horror", there were three different directors for the episode. Starting with season 15's "Treehouse of Horror XIV", however, only one writer has been credited with writing each Treehouse of Horror episode. On occasion, the episodes will be used to showcase special animation, such as the "Treehouse of Horror VI" segment "Homer3", in which a computer-animated Homer is shown in a non-animated setting. At the time (1995), it was groundbreaking, as it was unusual for a television show to use such animation. The segment was executive producer Bill Oakley's idea and included live action directed by David Mirkin. "Treehouse of Horror XX" included the segment "There's No Business Like Moe Business", which was the first to be musically-themed. Traditions Opening sequence Every Treehouse of Horror episode opens with a special introductory segment. The first, second, and fifth Treehouse of Horror episodes open with Marge standing on a stage and warning parents about the content of the episode, advising them to put their children to bed. The warning in the first episode was put in as a sincere effort to warn young viewers, as the producers felt it was somewhat scary. The entire segment was a parody of Edward Van Sloan's pre-credits warning from the 1931 film Frankenstein. Marge's warnings quickly became a burden to write, particularly because – as she herself noted – they were mostly ignored, so after "Treehouse of Horror V", they were dropped. The segment returned in the season 31 episode "Thanksgiving of Horror". Other Treehouse of Horror episodes have opened with parodies; for example, "Treehouse of Horror III" had Homer introduce the episode in a manner similar to Alfred Hitchcock in Alfred Hitchcock Presents, "Treehouse of Horror IV" had Bart introduce the episode and segments in a manner similar to Night Gallery, and "Treehouse of Horror V" featured a parody of The Outer Limits. The sixth and seventh episodes featured short clips with no lines because the episodes had run long, and longer segments were cut. Following "Treehouse of Horror VII", the opening has been upwards of a minute long and sometimes featured an introduction by a character, such as Mr. Burns in "Treehouse of Horror XVII" or included over-the-top violence, such as "Treehouse of Horror VIII" (which showed a Fox Network censor being brutally murdered) and "Treehouse of Horror XIV" (which showed the Simpson family killing each other). In the opening segment of the first five episodes, the camera zooms through a cemetery where tombstones with humorous epitaphs can be seen. These messages include the names of canceled shows from the previous season, deceased celebrities such as Walt Disney and Jim Morrison, and a tombstone with an inscription that read "TV violence" that was riddled with bullets as the camera panned on it. They were last used in "Treehouse of Horror V", which included a solitary tombstone with the words "Amusing Tombstones" to signal this. The tombstone gags were easy for the writers in the first episode, but like Marge's warnings, they eventually got more difficult to write, so they were abandoned. Another reason they were dropped was that the tombstones would list television shows that had been canceled the previous season; after a few years, several of the shows that were canceled were produced by former Simpsons writers. However, after two decades, this gag made a brief comeback in Treehouse of Horror XXIX at the very beginning, this time appearing before the main opening sequence and title. While the early Treehouse of Horror episodes featured a Halloween themed opening sequence, the later ones only included the title and the "created by" and "developed by" credits. Every episode between "Treehouse of Horror III" and "Treehouse of Horror X" featured a couch gag with a Halloween theme, including the Simpson family dressed as skeletons, zombies, and characters from previous Halloween episodes. Wraparounds The first four Treehouse of Horror episodes had brief wraparounds that occurred before each segment and loosely tied together all three stories. "Treehouse of Horror" was the only one that actually included a treehouse as a setting. In that episode, Bart and Lisa sat in it telling stories to each other. "Treehouse of Horror II" presented all of the segments as being nightmares of Lisa, Bart and Homer; "Treehouse of Horror III" had Lisa, Bart and Grampa telling stories at a Halloween party; and "Treehouse of Horror IV" is presented by Bart in a parody of Rod Serling's Night Gallery. After a few years, the amount of broadcast time for an episode was shortened, allowing less time to tell a proper story. There were no wraparounds for "Treehouse of Horror V" because they had been cut to make more time for the segments. Following that, the writers permanently dropped them. Kang and Kodos Two characters that are virtually exclusive to the Treehouse of Horror series are Kang and Kodos, a pair of large green space aliens who were introduced in the "Hungry are the Damned" segment of "Treehouse of Horror". Kang and Kodos have since appeared in every Treehouse of Horror episode, sometimes as important parts of a story, but often just for brief cameos. In some episodes, they only appear in the opening segment, but often they will make a cameo appearance in the middle of a different story. For example, a story about zombies attacking the town briefly cuts to them in their space ship, watching the events and laughing maniacally at the Earthlings' suffering. The action then switches back to the actual story. The unofficial rule is that they must be in every episode, although quite often they will be forgotten and are added at the last moment, resulting in only a brief appearance. Their scene in "Treehouse of Horror VIII" nearly did not make the final cut of the episode, but David X. Cohen managed to persuade the producers to leave the scene in. Kang and Kodos were prominent characters in the 2015 episode "The Man Who Came to Be Dinner," which was not Halloween themed. Scary names Beginning with "Treehouse of Horror II", the producers decided to give the cast and crew of the show "scary names" in the opening and closing credits. Although the names quickly became more silly than scary, there have been a wide variety of special credits, from simple names like "Bat Groening" or "Chains Hell Brooks" to complex ones like "David²+S.²=Cohen²". Sam Simon, who left the show during the fourth season, still receives "developed by" and "executive producer" credits, and until Treehouse of Horror XXII, he had been listed in Treehouse of Horror episodes as "Sam 'Sayonara' Simon" and between Treehouse of Horror XXII and Treehouse of Horror XXV as "simonsam@TWITterror". However, following his death in March 2015, he has simply been credited as "Sam Simon" starting from Treehouse of Horror XXVI. The idea for "scary names" came from executive producer Al Jean, who was inspired by EC Comics because some of the issues also used "scary" alternate names. The "scary names" became such a burden to write that they were cut for "Treehouse of Horror XII" and "Treehouse of Horror XIII", but after hearing complaints from the fans, Jean decided to bring them back. Matt Groening's rule for the "scary names" is that they cannot be longer than a person's real name, but this is rarely followed by anyone else. Cultural references References to films, novels, plays, television shows, and other media are commonly featured, and many segments have been parodies of a specific work in the horror, science fiction, or fantasy genre. Many segments are spoofs of episodes of The Twilight Zone, and entire segments will be based on a single episode. Some of the Twilight Zone episodes parodied include "A Kind of a Stopwatch", "To Serve Man", "A Small Talent for War", "Living Doll", "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet", "Little Girl Lost", and "The Little People". The "Bart's Nightmare" segment of "Treehouse of Horror II" parodies the episode "It's a Good Life" and is even presented in a format similar to an episode of The Twilight Zone. The Halloween episodes also regularly parody horror and thriller films such as The Exorcist, The Amityville Horror, King Kong, Night of the Living Dead, The Shining, A Nightmare on Elm Street, The Fly, Paranormal Activity, and Dead Calm. Robert Englund, who portrays Freddy Krueger in the Nightmare on Elm street franchise, had a cameo appearance in "Treehouse of Horror IX" as the character. Science fiction films have also occasionally been used as inspiration for segments, and in later episodes, many of the segments were based more on science fiction than horror. Science fiction works parodied include The Omega Man, the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, The Island of Doctor Moreau, and Orson Welles's The War of the Worlds radio broadcast. In "Treehouse of Horror", Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven" is read by James Earl Jones, while the parts are acted by various characters. Recent parodies have included films and television specials in more varied genres, including Mr. & Mrs. Smith, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, Transformers, Sweeney Todd, the Twilight film series, and Jumanji. Closing logos A modified version of the production logo for Gracie Films is displayed after the closing credits. The shushing sound is replaced by a scream (for the most part), and the jingle is played in a minor key on a pipe organ, followed by (in most shows) a minor-key version of the 20th Century Fox Fanfare. The first three episodes did not feature the scream. Production The first Treehouse of Horror installment aired in 1990 as part of the second season, and its on-screen title was "The Simpsons Halloween Special." ("Treehouse of Horror XIII" was the first to feature "Treehouse of Horror" in the on-screen title.) It was inspired by EC Comics Horror tales. Although every episode is entitled Treehouse of Horror, the first was the only episode that actually used the treehouse motif. During production of the first episode, Matt Groening was nervous about "The Raven" segment, and felt it would be "the worst, most pretentious thing [they had] ever done." The Treehouse of Horror episodes are difficult for both the writers and the animators. The episodes were originally written at the beginning of the production run, but in later seasons they were written at the end and aired at the beginning of the next season as holdovers, giving the animators more time to work. Part of the difficulty for the animators is that the episodes always involve many complex backgrounds, new characters and new designs. They are difficult for the writers because they must produce three stories, an opening and, in the early episodes, a wraparound. They would have to try to fit all of this into a 20–22 minute episode. The episodes often go through many last minute changes, with rewrites requiring new lines to be recorded. "Treehouse of Horror III" in particular underwent somewhere between 80 and 100 line changes in the six-week period between the arrival of the animation from Korea and the airing of the episode. By the fourth season, executive producers Al Jean and Mike Reiss were less enamored of Treehouse of Horror episodes and considered dropping them, but the other writers insisted that they be kept. Part of the attraction for the writers is that they are able to break the rules and include violence that would not make a regular episode. In some cases, the writers will have an idea that is too violent and far-fetched or too short for a normal episode, but can be used as a segment in the seasonal special. Several of the writers, former executive producer Mirkin among them, believe that the episodes should be scary and not just funny. Treehouse of Horror V has been described by Mirkin as being one of "the most intense, disturbing Halloween show ever" as it was filled with violence and gore in response to new censorship rules. Earlier installments began with Marge issuing a disclaimer that "if you have sensitive children, maybe you should tuck them into bed early tonight instead of writing us angry letters tomorrow." However, these episodes seem mild compared to the carnage that followed in later episodes, according to Jean, who calls it "a societal thing". He points out that his 10-year-old daughter loves films like Coraline, and that, "[in] the age of scary stories [...] appropriateness has gotten lower." Although gruesome for the most part, some segments, such as "Citizen Kang" in Treehouse of Horror VII, satirize political issues. The opening segment of Treehouse of Horror XIX featured Homer attempting to vote for Barack Obama but a rigged electronic voting machine instead registers a vote for John McCain. Rather than taking sides in the election, Jean says it is "mostly a comment on what many people to believe to be the irregularities in our voting system.[sic]" In Treehouse of Horror XVII, a segment called "The Day the Earth Looked Stupid" ends with Kang and Kodos taking over Springfield as part of a mission called "Operation: Enduring occupation". The script originally called for Kodos and Kang to look over the smoking ruins of Springfield and say "This sure is a lot like Iraq will be." The Fox network did not have any objection to the line, but it was rejected by some of the writers as too obvious and was cut from broadcast. While cut from the aired version, the line does appear in the "review" version sent to newspapers and magazines. The first Treehouse of Horror episode was the first time that an alternate version of the theme that airs over the end credits was used. Originally, it was intended to use a theremin, but one could not be found that could hit all the necessary notes. Usually when the producers submit an episode for the Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)", they submit a Treehouse of Horror episode, and to date, seven episodes have been nominated. The closing of IV features a version of the theme that is a combination of the instruments used in The Munsters theme song and the harpiscord and clicking from the Addams Family theme song. Üter Zörker is so far the only human character introduced in a Treehouse of Horror to make it into canon. His debut episode was "Treehouse of Horror IV" in the segment "Terror at Feet". He is an obese German exchange student obsessed with candy and was voiced by Russi Taylor until her death. 2019's Treehouse of Horror was the 666th episode of the series. Jean stated that this was planned ever since the beginning in 1989. Scheduling Although Treehouse of Horror episodes are Halloween-themed, for several years new episodes premiered in November following the holiday, due to Fox's coverage of Major League Baseball's World Series. Season 12's "Treehouse of Horror XI" was the first episode to air in November. There have been several references to this in the show, such as in Season 15's "Treehouse of Horror XIV" where Kang looks at a TV Guide and says, "Pathetic humans. They're showing a Halloween episode... in November!" and Kodos replies "Who's still thinking about Halloween? We've already got our Christmas decorations up!" The camera then cuts to a shot of the fireplace with Christmas decorations, and festive Christmas music plays over the opening credits. Season 21's "Treehouse of Horror XX" aired October 18, before the World Series, but the following year's episode, Season 22's "Treehouse of Horror XXI", aired on November 7. Season 23's "Treehouse of Horror XXII aired on October 30, however, as the World Series (which went the maximum of seven games) had concluded on October 28. Subsequent Treehouse of Horror episodes have premiered in the month of October. The 31st season included a Thanksgiving-themed spinoff, "Thanksgiving of Horror". The 32nd season however pushed "Treehouse of Horror XXXI" to November 1, 2020 because the National League Championship Series went into Game 7, with the World Series that followed stretching to Game 6, resulting in Fox airing Treehouse after Halloween for the first time since 2010. Citytv in Canada however aired the episode as originally scheduled. The most recent edition, "Treehouse of Horror XXXII", aired in 2021 on October 10 due to the MLB post-season running into the first week of November, and to avoid airing in November again due to the World Series overrun. In past years prior to 2011, however, new shows have been known to have aired exclusively on the West Coast at the appropriate time prior to the rest of the nation’s airing after Halloween. Merchandise There has been a variety of merchandise based on the Treehouse of Horror episodes, including books, action figures, comic books, video games, DVDs and a "Treehouse of Horror" version of Hasbro's board game Monopoly. Although every Treehouse of Horror episode until "Treehouse of Horror XIX" has been released along with its season in a boxset, in 2003, The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror DVD was released. It includes Treehouse of Horrors V, VI, VII and XII. A Treehouse of Horror comic book has been published annually since 1995, and collected into several books, including The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror Fun-Filled Frightfest, Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror Spine-Tingling Spooktacular, Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror Heebie-Jeebie Hullabaloo and The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror Hoodoo Voodoo Brouhaha. Several video games based on The Simpsons include levels with a Halloween theme, including The Simpsons: Hit & Run and The Simpsons Game. In 2001, Fox Interactive and THQ released The Simpsons: Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror on Game Boy Color. The entire game has a Halloween theme as the player tries to save the Simpson family from the Treehouse of Horror. Many of the special character designs featured in the episodes have become action figures. Four different playsets have been made by Playmates Toys and released as Toys "R" Us exclusives. The sets are: The "Treehouse of Horror I" set was released in 2000 and included a cemetery playset as well as "Devil Flanders", "Bart the Fly", "Vampire Burns", and "King Homer". It also came with an "Evil Krusty Doll" and Gremlin as accessories. The "Treehouse of Horror 2" set was released in 2001 and included an interior alien spaceship playset as well as Kang, Kodos and "Alien Ship Homer". The entire set was based on "Treehouse of Horror". The "Treehouse of Horror 3" set was released in 2002 and included a playset based on the "Ironic Punishment Division" of Hell in "Treehouse of Horror IV". It came with "Donuthead Homer", "Witch Marge", Hugo Simpson and "Dream Invader Willie". The final "Treehouse of Horror 4" set was released in 2003 and included a playset based on Comic Book Guy's "Collector's all-plastic lair". It came with "The Collector", "Clobber Girl Lisa", "Stretch Dude Bart" and Lucy Lawless. All the designs were based on "Treehouse of Horror X". On 2019, Funko revealed a 2-pack Kang and Kodos vinyl figure set presented as an exclusive for San Diego Comic Con 2019, along with a Treehouse of Horror Pop! wave, including King Homer (Treehouse of Horror III), Fly Bart (Treehouse of Horror VIII), Cat Marge (Treehouse of Horror XIII), Demon Lisa (Treehouse of Horror XXV), and Alien Maggie (Treehouse of Horror IX). After the Playmates Toys sets were finished, McFarlane Toys produced four Treehouse of Horror themed playsets including the "Ironic Punishment Box Set" released in 2004, the "In the Belly of the Boss — Homer & Marge Action Figures" released in 2005, "The Island of Dr. Hibbert Box Set" released in 2006, and a "Lard Lad Box Set" released in 2007. Reception The Treehouse of Horror episodes are often among the top-rated episodes of their seasons, and many of the Treehouse of Horrors have generally been well-received by fans. However, like The Simpsons itself, critics have noted a decline in the quality of the later episodes. In its first airing, "Treehouse of Horror" finished with a 15.7 Nielsen rating and a 25% audience share and would lose to The Cosby Show. It was said that it "set a level of excellence that viewers never expected creator Matt Groening to repeat", although it was also described as "kind of stupid and unsatisfying". "Treehouse of Horror V" is considered the best episode by several critics: it finished ninth on Entertainment Weekly'''s top 25 The Simpsons episode list, fifth on AskMen.com's "Top 10: Simpsons Episodes" list, and was named best episode of the sixth season by IGN.com. In 2006, James Earl Jones, who guest starred in "Treehouse of Horror" and "Treehouse of Horror V", was named seventh on IGN's "Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances" list. In 2006, IGN.com published a list of the top ten Treehouse of Horror segments, and they placed "The Shinning" from "Treehouse of Horror V" at the top, saying it was "not only a standout installment of the annual Halloween episode, but of The Simpsons, period." Rounding out the list were "Dial "Z" for Zombies", "The Devil and Homer Simpson", "Time and Punishment", "Hungry Are the Damned", "Clown Without Pity", "Citizen Kang", "If I Only Had a Brain", "Bart Simpson's Dracula", and "Starship Poopers". The third, fourth, and fifth episodes were each represented by two segments. The most recent episode on the list was "Treehouse of Horror IX", which first aired in 1998. "Treehouse of Horror VII" is Simpsons creator Matt Groening's seventh-favorite episode, and the line he likes best is "We have reached the limit of what rectal probing can teach us." "King Homer" of "Treehouse of Horror III" is one of Matt Groening's favorite segments. "Treehouse of Horror III" is also noted for the moment where Homer shoots Ned Flanders and Bart says "Dad, you killed the Zombie Flanders!" only for Homer to reply, "He was a zombie?" It is also one of Groening's favorite lines. Awards In 1996, the "Homer³" segment of "Treehouse of Horror VI" was awarded the Ottawa International Animation Festival grand prize. In 1998, "Treehouse of Horror VIII" won a Golden Reel Award for "Best Sound Editing – Television Animated Specials"; the recipients were Robert Mackston, Travis Powers, Norm MacLeod, and Terry Greene. Bob Beecher also received a nomination for "Best Sound Editing in Television Animation – Music" for "Treehouse of Horror X". The second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and eighteenth Treehouse of Horror episodes were nominated for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)" at the Primetime Emmy Awards. The second and third "Treehouse of Horror" episodes were also nominated for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special". In 1996, "Treehouse of Horror VI" was submitted for the Primetime Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour)" category because it had a 3D animation sequence, which the staff felt would have given it the edge. The episode failed to win, and Bill Oakley later expressed regret about submitting the episode. The twenty-third and twenty-fifth Treehouse of Horror'' episodes were nominated for the same award in 2013 and 2015 respectively. See also List of The Simpsons "Treehouse of Horror" episodes "Halloween of Horror", the first Halloween episode not part of the "Treehouse of Horror" series "Thanksgiving of Horror", a non-Halloween episode and also not part of the "Treehouse of Horror" series References 1990 introductions American annual television specials Black comedy Halloween television specials The Simpsons

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Rules%20of%20Northern%20Ireland%2C%201984

List of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland, 1984

This is an incomplete list of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland in 1984. Building Societies (Accounts and Annual Return) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1984 S.R. 1984 No. 334 Lists of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland Statutory rules 1984 in law Northern Ireland Statutory Rules

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20D.%20Singh

K. D. Singh

Kunwar Digvijay Singh (2 February 1922 – 27 March 1978), popularly known as "Babu", was an Indian field hockey player. He was born in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. He is widely known for his mesmerising passing ability and is considered by many to be the greatest dribbler of the game comparable only to Dhyan Chand. Education Singhreceived his early education at the Government High School, Barabanki and Kanyakubj Inter College, Lucknow. Career Early life Singh is born in a Rajput Family in barabanki uttar pradesh. Singh made his foray into active Hockey with a tournament played at Dewa Mela, and in the year 1937 represented his college hockey team in an Inter-College tournament. At a young age of 15 years he played for the LYA Club, Lucknow at the Trades Cup in Delhi. In the same Traders Cup, the young team of Lucknow met with a reputed Delhi team, for which Olympic player Mohammed Hussain also played. K. D Singh was not told that Olympian Hussain is also playing in the rival team so that he could play his natural game. The wizard of the hockey kept Hussain pressing and dodging during the entire match. Hussain was also surprised by the sports skills of this young boy. After the match, Hussain said that this boy will one day become one of the greatest players of the Field Hockey. He played for the Hockey team of Uttar Pradesh in all the National tournaments continuously from 1939 to 1959. As a player Singh was first selected to the All-India Hockey Team in 1946-47 for the tour to Afghanistan. After that there was no looking back and he rose quickly to be one of the deadliest forward the hockey world has known. In 1947, while playing alongside Dhyan Chand during the East Africa tour he outscored the wizard by netting 70 goals while the wizard got 62. Even before he was selected as Vice Captain of 1948 Olympic team he was being compared to Dhyan Chand. He played in the capacity of vice-captain in the 1948 Olympic Games. The Indian team won a gold medal on this occasion. The 1948 outing was the first Olympic participation of India as an independent nation, which made the gold medal victory a very important achievement for the nascent nation even though it had won the Olympic gold in 1928, 1932 and 1936. Such was his performance in 1948 Olympics that one of the leading British newspapers wrote: "Babu's performance was as near to perfection as was possible. Scintillating dribbling and adroit through passes characterized his play and he was the chief instigator in completely tying the dogged England defense. On many occasions he dribbled past whole defence with ease throughout the tournament. He was the brain behind the attacks. It is tempting to write that Babu is as elusive as Dhyan Chand." He was made captain of the Indian team in 1949, this year out of 236 goals scored, he had netted 99 goals, maximum by any member of the team. He was the captain of the Indian team, which won the gold medal at the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games. His performance in 1952 olympics was described as 'poetic', where he was the mastermind and playmaker of the team. Former New Zealand captain Cyril Walter wrote: "I run out of adjectives in trying to describe his superlative dribbling and the timing and geometrical accuracy of his passing. Babu's dribbling is poetry in motion." As a coach Singh later served as the coach for Indian hockey team for the 1972 Munich Olympics. K.D. Singh Babu was a member of numerous organisations that include All India Council of Sports, Railway Board, Rifle Association of India and Wild Life Protection Committee of Uttar Pradesh. Death On 27 March 1978, he died of a gunshot wound from his own weapon, while cleaning it. It was also speculated that he might have shot himself. Singh was reportedly suffering from depression and was under psychiatric care during his final days. A fellow Olympian and friend of Singh, Ashwini Kumar stated that the former was a "sensitive man" and that he might have "become emotionally upset with the poor showing of the Indian team at the World Cup matches in Buenos Aires." In popular culture In the Indian sports-drama film Gold (2018), set in the 1948 Summer Olympics, Amit Sadh played the role of vice captain of the India men's national field hockey team - a character based on K.D. Singh. Honours and memorials Singh received the Helms Trophy in 1953 for being the best hockey player in the world (1952) and the best sportsman of Asia (1953). This was the first time an Indian was awarded the Helms Trophy. In 1958, he was awarded the prestigious Padmashri award by the Government of India. The stadiums in Barabanki and Lucknow are named after him. The stadiums at Lucknow and Barabanki, both, are known as the "K. D. Singh Babu Stadium" A street in Barabanki city connecting Chhaya Chauraha and Lucknow-Faizabad Road is named after him. See also List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics Field hockey in India Notes External links When the legendary Dhyan Chand stood in a queue to watch hockey. DNAIndia. Biography at barabanki.nic.in Biography at Sportal Remembering Babu. Lucknow Observer. विश्व में 'बाबू' ने दी बाराबंकी को पहचान! (in Hindi) 1922 births 1978 deaths Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh Olympic field hockey players of India Field hockey players at the 1948 Summer Olympics Field hockey players at the 1952 Summer Olympics Indian male field hockey players Olympic gold medalists for India Deaths by firearm in India Olympic medalists in field hockey Sportspeople from Lucknow Field hockey players from Uttar Pradesh Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics Accidental deaths in India Firearm accident victims

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Mallett

Jane Mallett

Jane Mallett (April 17, 1899 – April 14, 1984) was a notable Canadian actress. She was born as Jean Dawson Keenleyside in London, Ontario, Canada. Career Her films included Love at First Sight with Dan Aykroyd, The Sweet and the Bitter, The Yellow Leaf, Nothing Personal, and Improper Channels. She was a stalwart on CBC Radio from the 1940s to the 1970s, working with such notables as Andrew Allan, John Drainie, and Barry Morse. She was most noted for Travels with Aunt Jane, a 1974 CBC Radio comedy series in which she portrayed the character of "Aunt Jane", an unmarried woman who travelled across Canada to visit her relatives. Television producer Jack Humphrey also created a pilot for a television version of Aunt Jane in 1977, but the show was not picked up to series. Mallett's stage career included performances with the Shaw Festival of Canada and the Stratford Festival of Canada. She was named a Member of the Order of Canada in 1975. In 1976, she was a recipient of ACTRA's John Drainie Award. Following her death in 1984, she was posthumously celebrated in Toronto by the naming of a theatre in her honour at the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts. The Jane Mallett Theatre is a 498-seat venue, an intimate environment with superior sight lines and exceptional acoustics. Staffed by professional technicians and equipped with a lighting grid and unique fly system, the semi-circular thrust stage is ideal for concerts, theatrical productions as well as the most demanding high-tech audiovisual presentations. Filmography References External links Jane Mallett fonds (R2281) at Library and Archives Canada 1899 births 1984 deaths 20th-century Canadian actresses Canadian stage actresses Canadian film actresses Canadian radio actresses Canadian television actresses Actresses from London, Ontario Members of the Order of Canada

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantlate

Chantlate

In architecture, a chantlate is a piece of wood fastened near the ends of the rafters, and projecting beyond the wall, to support two or three rows of tiles, so placed to prevent rain water from trickling down the sides of the wall. Roofs

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n%20%28singer%29

Ramón (singer)

Ramón del Castillo Palop (born 3 May 1985) is a Spanish singer best known for representing Spain at the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul. Biography Ramón was born on 3 May 1985 in Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, the youngest of three boys. He participated in the third season of Operación Triunfo (2003–2004), where he finished as the runner-up and, in a separate vote, was selected to represent Spain at the Eurovision in 2004 after Beth's eighth-place finish the year before. It was his first major musical appearance – he had not been a recording artist before Operación Triunfo. With the song "Para llenarme de ti" ("To Be Filled By You"), Ramón finished in 10th place with 87 points in the final, which was Spain's last top ten result until 2012, when Pastora Soler managed to finish in 10th place again, with the song "Quédate conmigo". "Para llenarme de ti", which was written by Kike Santander, was also a commercial success in Spain, peaking at number one on the Spanish Singles Chart. Ramón's first album Es así, produced by Toni and Xasqui Ten, debuted at number six on the Spanish Albums Chart. In October 2006, Ramón's second album entitled Cambio de sentido was released. The album failed to chart. In 2008, Ramón served as a judge in the regional talent show ¡Quiero ser como Pepe!, aired on TV Canaria. In 2010, Ramón abandoned his music career. Shortly after, he finished Audiovisual Production studies at IES Politécnico Las Palmas. In 2013, he moved to Oslo, Norway to work as a camera assistant for local production company Seefood TV. Discography Albums Es así (Vale Music Records) – 2004 – No. 6 ESP Cambio de sentido (Multitrack Records) – 2006 References External links 1985 births Living people Singers from the Canary Islands Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2004 People from Las Palmas Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Spain Operación Triunfo contestants 21st-century Spanish singers 21st-century Spanish male singers

5398388

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio%20Kawai

Yoshio Kawai

is a Japanese voice actor from Tokyo, Japan. Biography Filmography Anime television series The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn (Mach Lander) Captain Tsubasa (Kōzō Kira) Geneshaft (Asimov) Kakyūsei (Dogeza Master) Macross (Matsuki) Mobile Fighter G Gundam (Kennedy Grahman) Rockman.EXE Stream (Bengel) Slam Dunk (Aiwa Academy Coach) The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (Haruaki Matsumoto) Tenchi Universe (Tetta) Urotsukidoji (Airplane Pilot, Gashim, Caeser's Colleague, Cop) Video Games Summon Night (Sutauto, Guramusu Bānetto) Tokusatsu Hikari Sentai Maskman (1987) (Skull Doguler (ep. 5)) Choujuu Sentai Liveman (1988) (Hihi Zuno (ep. 11)) Kousoku Sentai Turboranger (1989) (Inugami Boma (ep. 25)) Chikyu Sentai Fiveman (1990) (Torarugin (ep. 3), Galactic Ninja Batzlergin (ep. 24), Samejigokugin (ep. 34), Kamerezarugin (ep. 41), TeranoTVgin (ep. 43)) Tokkyuu Shirei Solbrain (1991) (Para brain A320 (ep. 1)) Choujin Sentai Jetman (1991) (Majin Mu (ep. 30)) Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (1992) (Dora Skeleton (ep. 2), Dora Goblin (ep. 7), Dora Ladon (ep. 13), Dora Chimaera (ep. 44)) Ninja Sentai Kakuranger (1994) (Umibouzu (ep. 23)) Ninja Sentai Kakuranger Movie (1994) (Ōnyūdō) Blue SWAT (1994) (Zazanga (ep. 21), Gedon (ep. 31)) Chouriki Sentai Ohranger (1995) (Bara Tarantula (ep. 29)) Mirai Sentai Timeranger (2000) (Saboteur Mayden (ep. 37)) Ninpuu Sentai Hurricanger (2002) (Island Ninja Girigrigaishi (ep. 17)) External links 1954 births Living people Japanese male video game actors Japanese male voice actors Male voice actors from Tokyo

5398394

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Essential%20Judas%20Priest

The Essential Judas Priest

The Essential Judas Priest is a 2006 2-disc compilation album by English heavy metal band Judas Priest. It contains 34 songs from throughout their career right up to their then-most recent album Angel of Retribution, but excludes the Tim "Ripper" Owens era and material from their debut album Rocka Rolla. It was re-released in 2008 as a limited-edition 3-disc package. It was re-released again in 2010 as a Blu-spec CD. This version has a slightly different track list on the first disc; "Nostradamus" from the 2008 album of that name replaces "Victim of Changes" as the fifth track. Track listing Personnel Rob Halford: Vocals. Glenn Tipton: Guitars. K.K. Downing: Guitars. Ian Hill: Bass guitars. Scott Travis: Drums (1, 12, 16 Disc 1; 8, 13, 17 Disc 2). Other personnel Dave Holland: Drums (2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17 Disc 1; 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16 Disc 2). Les Binks: Drums (3, 9, 13 Disc 1; 5, 6, 12 Disc 2). Simon Phillips: Drums (4 Disc 1; 9 Disc 2). Alan Moore: Drums (5 Disc 1; 14 Disc 2). Don Airey (session musician): Keyboards (12 Disc 1). Charts References Judas Priest compilation albums 2006 greatest hits albums

5398407

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg%20Expressway

Lynchburg Expressway

The Lynchburg Expressway is a freeway in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States. It carries portions of U.S. Route 29 Business U.S. Route 501 This expressway is a four-lane, divided highway with a speed limit of 55 miles per hour for its entirety (except at its northwestern terminus, where the speed limit is 45). The route has eleven interchanges, numbered 1-11, along with an at-grade intersection and right-in/right-out (RIRO) intersection at its northwestern terminus. Route Description Coming into the city from the northeast, on southbound Business U.S. Route 29, the expressway crosses the James River via the Carter Glass Memorial Bridge. Almost immediately after this bridge, the expressway is overpassed by Main St. and connects to it via the Exit 1 ramps, providing full access to and from downtown and the riverfront. The road then bends southward to pass underneath Grace St., the destination of Exit 2. The exit 2 ramps heading southward form the southern end of Miller St, which continues for two blocks and then ends at Grace St. The northbound ramps connect to Robins Road, a left turn onto which is required to access Grace St. After this, the expressway again curves to the southeast, and connects to Kemper St. (which carries U.S. Route 221, Business U.S. Route 460, and Business U.S. Route 501), with full access via Exit 3, a four-ramp partial cloverleaf/semi-folded diamond interchange. The highway then curves to the south for a rapid series of three interchanges. Exit 4 connects to Stadium Road, however, this exit only connects to the southbound route. Exit 5 connects with full access to James St. and northern Carroll Ave., both of which connect to Stadium Rd., thus providing the connections missing from Exit 4. Exit 6 has nearly no access, however, since the only ramp is from the northbound expressway to southeastern Carroll Ave. After these tightly-knit interchanges, the expressway connects to the northwestern terminus of Odd Fellows Road with full access via a trumpet interchange. Exit 8 is a cloverleaf interchange with Candlers Mountain Road (U.S. Route 501 and Virginia State Route 128). This is where Business U.S. Route 29 (the highway carried by the expressway north of here) picks up U.S. 501 for a "wrong-way" concurrency. This interchange lacks a connection from westbound Route 128 to the southbound expressway, a connection which is made up for in Exit 9, the expressway's interchange with Wards Road. This interchange lacks access from southbound Wards Road onto northbound Business Route 29 / southbound U.S. 501 (the northbound expressway). This interchange is also where Business Route 29 leaves the expressway for Wards Road, where it eventually meets back up with mainline U.S. 29. This leaves U.S. 501 as the expressway's only designation. After Business 29 leaves the expressway, the expressway (now Route 501) curves to the northwest, after which it has a cloverleaf interchange (Exit 10) with Timberlake Road / Fort Avenue (Business U.S. Route 460). Exit 11 soon follows, with a diamond interchange connecting the now-northbound expressway to Graves Mill Road, an important corridor connecting the City of Lynchburg with the Forest suburb. After this, the southbound expressway has a right-in/right-out intersection with Breezewood Drive, the speed limit drops to 45, and the expressway ends at an at-grade, signalized intersection with Old Forest Road and Lakeside Drive (U.S. Route 221), having made nearly a complete semicircle around the city. Transportation in Virginia Transportation in Lynchburg, Virginia Freeways in the United States U.S. Route 29 U.S. Route 501

5398408

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensborough%20Highway

Greensborough Highway

Greensborough Highway is a highway in the north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, and is an important route for north-east Melbourne. This name is not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the names of its constituent parts: Lower Heidelberg Road, Rosanna Road, Lower Plenty Road, Greensborough Road and Greensborough Bypass. This article will deal with the entire length of the corridor for sake of completion, as well to avoid confusion between declarations. Route Lower Heidelberg Road starts at the intersection of Heidelberg Road and Upper Heidelberg Road in Ivanhoe and heads east as a four-lane, single-carriageway road through Eaglemont, crossing Banksia Street at Heidelberg (and the beginning of Greenborough Highway), nearly immediately crossing Burgundry Street and changing name to Rosanna Road to Rosanna, where it intersects with and changes name to Lower Plenty Road and widens to a six-lane, dual-carriageway road. It continues north-east, where after a short distance it intersects with and changes name to Greensborough Road, heading north as a four-lane, single-carriageway road until it meets Watsonia Road in Watsonia, changing names to Greensborough Bypass and continues north-east as a six-lane, dual-carriageway road, crossing Grimshaw Street and turning east at the intersection with Metropolitan Ring Road in Greensborough before eventually ending at the roundabout with Diamond Creek Road and Civic Drive. History Lower Heidelberg Road and Rosanna Road were signed as Metropolitan Route 44 between Ivanhoe and Yallambie in 1965; Greensborough Road was also signed as Metropolitan Route 46 in 1965, originally turning east along Grimshaw Street to run through Greensborough and along Diamond Creek Road east beyond it. When the Greensborough Bypass was opened in the late 1980s, Metropolitan Route 46 was re-aligned along it to bypass Greensborough and re-join Diamond Creek Road beyond. In the late 1980s, the northern section of Greensborough Road south of Grimshaw Street was extended and significantly altered, with the original road north of Lenola Street in Macleod re-aligned to the west as a service road, the new road being a divided highway up to a new intersection at Grimshaw Street. North of here the road was extended as a single carriageway bypass road, sweeping north-west around central Greensborough and terminating at a large roundabout interchange with Diamond Creek Road and Civic Drive, known locally (and sign-posted) as the Greensborough Bypass. The original alignment north of Nepean Street was repurposed for local traffic only, still known today as Greensborough Road. Construction on the northern half, the 3 km section between Grimshaw Street and Diamond Creek Road, started in 1985 and opened in March 1988 (this section was later declared a State Highway in 1989); construction on the southern half, the 2 km section between Grimshaw and Lenola Streets, started in late 1985, and opened in September 1989. The passing of the Transport Act of 1983 (itself an evolution from the original Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924) provided for the declaration of State Highways, roads two-thirds financed by the State government through the Road Construction Authority (later VicRoads). The Greensborough Highway was declared a State Highway in December 1990, from Banksia Street in Heidelberg to Diamond Creek Road in Greensborough (incorporating the newly constructed road previously declared as a State Highway the year before); however the road was still presently known (and signposted) as its constituent parts. Throughout the 1990s the Metropolitan Ring Road was constructed, terminating at the Greensborough Bypass section of the highway. Around this time, the road north of Grimshaw Street was progressively widened and duplicated, with the final section being a new bridge over the Plenty River, completed in 2005. The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as Greensborough Highway (Arterial #6850), from Banksia Street in Heidelberg to Heidelberg-Kinglake Road (known as Diamond Creek Road) in Greensborough; as before, the road is still presently known (and signposted) as its constituent parts. Timeline of construction 1988: Northern section of Greensborough Bypass, initial 3.5 km of dual-lane, single-carriageway road from Grimshaw Street to Diamond Creek Road, opened 1 March 1988. 1989: Southern section of Greensborough Bypass, 2 km of dual-carriageway road from Grimshaw Street to Yallambie Road, opened September 1989. 1998: Greensborough Bypass duplication, 1.3 km north of Grimshaw Street to Metropolitan Ring Road (including bridge over Kempston Street and provision of additional lane east of Plenty River). 2005: Greensborough Bypass duplication, 1.8 km Metropolitan Ring Road to Diamond Creek Road, including duplication of Plenty River bridge. 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan The route was originally designated in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as the F18 Freeway, extending further than Diamond Creek Road to finish at Ryans Road, Diamond Creek, and at the southern end extending past Lower Plenty Rd to link up with the Eastern Freeway between Bulleen Road and Burke Road, via the Banyule Flats Reserve. Future Upgrades In recent years, Greensborough Highway has become extremely congested, with sections of the road carrying upwards of 60,000 vehicles per day. The road is one of the only major arterials that connects the north eastern suburbs with the Eastern Freeway (and by extension the Melbourne CBD), with sections of Greensborough Road and Rosanna Road carrying unsustainable amounts of traffic as well as a significant number of trucks within residential areas. The North East Link project, announced in 2016, aims to fix these problems by creating a freeway-grade connection and road tunnels between the Metropolitan Ring Road and the Eastern Freeway in Bulleen, aiming to take vehicles off Greensborough Highway and also involves significant reworking of the northern section of the route. The project began in late 2020 with the tunnels scheduled to begin construction in 2022. The entire project is anticipated to be completed by 2027/2028. See also List of Melbourne highways References Highways and freeways in Melbourne

5398413

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20vector

Viral vector

Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism (in vivo) or in cell culture (in vitro). Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect. Delivery of genes or other genetic material by a vector is termed transduction and the infected cells are described as transduced. Molecular biologists first harnessed this machinery in the 1970s. Paul Berg used a modified SV40 virus containing DNA from the bacteriophage λ to infect monkey kidney cells maintained in culture. In addition to their use in molecular biology research, viral vectors are used for gene therapy and the development of vaccines. Key properties of a viral vector Viral vectors are tailored to their specific applications but generally share a few key properties. Safety: Although viral vectors are occasionally created from pathogenic viruses, they are modified in such a way as to minimize the risk of handling them. This usually involves the deletion of a part of the viral genome critical for viral replication. Such a virus can efficiently infect cells but, once the infection has taken place, requires a helper virus to provide the missing proteins for production of new virions. Low toxicity: The viral vector should have a minimal effect on the physiology of the cell it infects. Stability: Some viruses are genetically unstable and can rapidly rearrange their genomes. This is detrimental to predictability and reproducibility of the work conducted using a viral vector and is avoided in their design. Cell type specificity: Most viral vectors are engineered to infect as wide a range of cell types as possible. However, sometimes the opposite is preferred. The viral receptor can be modified to target the virus to a specific kind of cell. Viruses modified in this manner are said to be pseudotyped. Identification: Viral vectors are often given certain genes that help identify which cells took up the viral genes. These genes are called markers. A common marker is resistance to a certain antibiotic. The cells can then be isolated easily, as those that have not taken up the viral vector genes do not have antibiotic resistance, and so cannot grow in a culture with the relevant antibiotic present. Applications Basic research Viral vectors were originally developed as an alternative to transfection of naked DNA for molecular genetics experiments. Compared to traditional methods of transfection (like calcium phosphate precipitation), transduction can ensure that nearly 100% of cells are infected without severely affecting cell viability. Furthermore, some viruses integrate into the cell genome facilitating stable expression. Protein coding genes can be expressed using viral vectors, commonly to study the function of the particular protein. Viral vectors, especially retroviruses, stably expressing marker genes such as GFP are widely used to permanently label cells to track them and their progeny, for example in xenotransplantation experiments, when cells infected in vitro are implanted into a host animal. Gene insertion, which can be done with viral vectors, is cheaper to carry out than gene knockout. But as gene silencing, an effect that may be intended with gene insertion, is sometimes non-specific and has off-target effects on other genes, it hence provides less reliable results. Animal host vectors also play . Gene therapy Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. In the future, gene therapy may provide a way to cure genetic disorders, such as severe combined immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis or even haemophilia A. Because these diseases result from mutations in the DNA sequence for specific genes, gene therapy trials have used viruses to deliver unmutated copies of these genes to the cells of the patient's body. There have been a huge number of laboratory successes with gene therapy. However, several problems of viral gene therapy must be overcome before it gains widespread use. Immune response to viruses not only impedes the delivery of genes to target cells but can cause severe complications for the patient. In one of the early gene therapy trials in 1999 this led to the death of Jesse Gelsinger, who was treated using an adenoviral vector. Some viral vectors, for instance gamma-retroviruses, insert their genomes at a seemingly random location on one of the host chromosomes, which can disturb the function of cellular genes and lead to cancer. In a severe combined immunodeficiency retroviral gene therapy trial conducted in 2002, four of the patients developed leukemia as a consequence of the treatment; three of the patients recovered after chemotherapy. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors are much safer in this respect as they always integrate at the same site in the human genome, with applications in various disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Vaccines A live vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses an organism (typically virus or bacterium) that does not cause disease to transport the pathogen genes into the body in order to stimulate an immune response. Viruses expressing pathogen proteins are currently being developed as vaccines against these pathogens, based on the same rationale as DNA vaccines. The genes used in such vaccines are usually antigen coding surface proteins from the pathogenic organism. They are then inserted into the genome of a non-pathogenic organism, Unlike attenuated vaccines, viral vector vaccines lack other pathogen genes required for replication, so infection by the pathogen is impossible. Adenoviruses are being actively developed as vaccine vectors. Medicine delivery A strain of canarypox virus modified to carry feline interleukin-2 is used to treat cats with fibrosarcoma. Types Retroviruses Retroviruses are one of the mainstays of current gene therapy approaches. The recombinant retroviruses such as the Moloney murine leukemia virus have the ability to integrate into the host genome in a stable fashion. They contain a reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of the RNA genome, and an integrase that allows integration into the host genome. They have been used in a number of FDA-approved clinical trials such as the SCID-X1 trial. Retroviral vectors can either be replication-competent or replication-defective. Replication-defective vectors are the most common choice in studies because the viruses have had the coding regions for the genes necessary for additional rounds of virion replication and packaging replaced with other genes, or deleted. These virus are capable of infecting their target cells and delivering their viral payload, but then fail to continue the typical lytic pathway that leads to cell lysis and death. Conversely, replication-competent viral vectors contain all necessary genes for virion synthesis, and continue to propagate themselves once infection occurs. Because the viral genome for these vectors is much lengthier, the length of the actual inserted gene of interest is limited compared to the possible length of the insert for replication-defective vectors. Depending on the viral vector, the typical maximum length of an allowable DNA insert in a replication-defective viral vector is usually about 8–10 kB. While this limits the introduction of many genomic sequences, most cDNA sequences can still be accommodated. The primary drawback to use of retroviruses such as the Moloney retrovirus involves the requirement for cells to be actively dividing for transduction. As a result, cells such as neurons are very resistant to infection and transduction by retroviruses. There is concern that insertional mutagenesis due to integration into the host genome might lead to cancer or leukemia. This concern remained theoretical until gene therapy for ten SCID-X1 patients using Moloney murine leukemia virus resulted in two cases of leukemia caused by activation of the LMO2 oncogene due to nearby integration of the vector. Lentiviruses Lentiviruses are a subclass of Retroviruses. They are sometimes used as vectors for gene therapy thanks to their ability to integrate into the genome of non-dividing cells, which is the unique feature of Lentiviruses as other Retroviruses can infect only dividing cells. The viral genome in the form of RNA is reverse-transcribed when the virus enters the cell to produce DNA, which is then inserted into the genome at a random position (recent findings actually suggest that the insertion of viral DNA is not random but directed to specific active genes and related to genome organisation) by the viral integrase enzyme. The vector, now called a provirus, remains in the genome and is passed on to the progeny of the cell when it divides. There are, as yet, no techniques for determining the site of integration, which can pose a problem. The provirus can disturb the function of cellular genes and lead to activation of oncogenes promoting the development of cancer, which raises concerns for possible applications of lentiviruses in gene therapy. However, studies have shown that lentivirus vectors have a lower tendency to integrate in places that potentially cause cancer than gamma-retroviral vectors. More specifically, one study found that lentiviral vectors did not cause either an increase in tumor incidence or an earlier onset of tumors in a mouse strain with a much higher incidence of tumors. Moreover, clinical trials that utilized lentiviral vectors to deliver gene therapy for the treatment of HIV experienced no increase in mutagenic or oncologic events. For safety reasons lentiviral vectors never carry the genes required for their replication. To produce a lentivirus, several plasmids are transfected into a so-called packaging cell line, commonly HEK 293. One or more plasmids, generally referred to as packaging plasmids, encode the virion proteins, such as the capsid and the reverse transcriptase. Another plasmid contains the genetic material to be delivered by the vector. It is transcribed to produce the single-stranded RNA viral genome and is marked by the presence of the ψ (psi) sequence. This sequence is used to package the genome into the virion. Adenoviruses As opposed to lentiviruses, adenoviral DNA does not integrate into the genome and is not replicated during cell division. This limits their use in basic research, although adenoviral vectors are still used in in vitro and also in vivo experiments. Their primary applications are in gene therapy and vaccination. Since humans commonly come in contact with adenoviruses, which cause respiratory, gastrointestinal and eye infections, majority of patients have already developed neutralizing antibodies which can inactivate the virus before it can reach the target cell. To overcome this problem scientists are currently investigating adenoviruses that infect different species to which humans do not have immunity, for example, the chimpanzee adenovirus used as a vector to transport SARS-CoV-2 spike gene in Oxford AstraZeneca COVID vaccine. PEGylation of adenoviruses for gene therapy can help prevent adverse reactions due to pre-existing adenovirus immunity. Adeno-associated viruses Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small virus that infects humans and some other primate species. AAV is not currently known to cause disease, and causes a very mild immune response. AAV can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells and may incorporate its genome into that of the host cell. Moreover, AAV mostly stays as episomal (replicating without incorporation into the chromosome); performing long and stable expression. These features make AAV a very attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy. However, AAV can only bring up to 5kb which is considerably small compared to AAV's original capacity. Adeno-associated viral vectors have been engineered to evade virus recognition by TLR9 receptors by incorporating TLR9-inhibiting genes into the vector. Furthermore, because of its potential use as a gene therapy vector, researchers have created an altered AAV called self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV). Whereas AAV packages a single strand of DNA and requires the process of second-strand synthesis, scAAV packages both strands which anneal together to form double stranded DNA. By skipping second strand synthesis scAAV allows for rapid expression in the cell. Otherwise, scAAV carries many characteristics of its AAV counterpart. Plant viruses Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the first virus to be discovered. Viral vectors based on tobacco mosaic virus include those of the magnICON and TRBO plant expression technologies. Hybrids Hybrid vectors are vector viruses that are genetically engineered to have qualities of more than one vector. Viruses are altered to avoid the shortcomings of typical viral vectors, which may have limited loading capacity, immunogenicity, genotoxicity, and fail to support long-term adequate transgenic expression. Through the replacement of undesirable elements with desired abilities, hybrid vectors may in the future outperform standard transfection vectors in terms of safety and therapeutic efficiency. Challenges in application The choice of a viral vector to deliver genetic material to cells comes with some logistical problems. There are a limited number of viral vectors available for therapeutic use. Any of these few viral vectors can cause the body to develop an immune response if the vector is seen as a foreign invader. Once used, the viral vector cannot be effectively used in the patient again because it will be recognized by the body. If the vaccine or gene therapy fails in clinical trials, the virus can't be used again in the patient for a different vaccine or gene therapy in the future. Pre-existing immunity against the viral vector could also be present in the patient, rendering the therapy ineffective for that patient. Because priming with a naked DNA vaccine and boosting with a viral vector results in a robust immune response via yet indefinite mechanism(s), despite pre-existing viral vector immunity, this vaccination strategy can counteract this problem. However, this method may present another expense and obstacle in the vaccine distribution process. Pre-existing immunity may also be challenged by increasing vaccine dose or changing the vaccination route. Some shortcomings of viral vectors (such as genotoxicity and low transgenic expression) can be overcome through the use of hybrid vectors. See also Viral transformation References Further reading Cell culture techniques Gene delivery Molecular genetics Virotherapy

5398423

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20One%3A%20Making%20a%20Music%20Star

The One: Making a Music Star

The One: Making a Music Star was an American reality television series that aired in July 2006 on ABC in the United States, and CBC Television in Canada. The show was hosted by George Stroumboulopoulos, the host of CBC's The Hour. It was advertised as being superior to American Idol and Rock Star with the twist that contestants "live together in a fully functioning music academy", with their actions documented similar to the Big Brother format. Reportedly one of the most expensive summer series in the history of the ABC network, its first episode, on July 18, 2006, scored the lowest audience for a premiere episode on a major American television network at that time, with an estimated 3.08 million viewers (the 1990 premiere of Glory Days on Fox and the 2014 premiere of The Quest on ABC both had lower audiences). Subsequent episodes had even fewer viewers. The series was cancelled after two weeks (four episodes) with the final results undecided on July 27, 2006. The show's website proclaimed "there are no plans for additional episodes". Overview The One is an adaptation of the Operación Triunfo/Star Academy format owned by Endemol, and was produced by Endemol USA, the producers of Big Brother, Fear Factor, Deal or No Deal, and other reality shows. Star Academy was in fact developed in 2001, around the same time as the original Pop Idol, although the format took much longer to appear in North America. Nonetheless, American Idols established popularity has contributed to The One being perceived by some viewers and critics as a ripoff of the Idol franchise. CBC personality Stroumboulopoulos hosted the U.S. series – his selection brought added attention from the Canadian media following the debate over the CBC's decision to air the series. The judges were songwriter Kara DioGuardi, industry veteran Mark Hudson, and former record executive Andre Harrell. The show's executive producer was Fear Factor producer Matt Kunitz. DioGuardi would later become a judge on American Idol, starting with that program's eighth season in 2009. In promotions leading up to the show's premiere, ABC called The One "the show Fox doesn't want you to see" or "where Idol has never gone", because the contestants would always be competing, even when the stage isn't set, and grudges, rivalries, and breakdowns can develop. In fact, the viewers at home only chose who the bottom 3 are; the judges then saved one, and then the remaining contestants get to vote off a contestant between the other two. In Canada, The One was promoted by CBC as the must-see event of the summer. Ads for The One ran for several weeks before the show premiered. The series was initially scheduled to air Tuesday nights from 9:30 to 11:00 p.m. ET/PT (performance), and Wednesday nights from 8:00 to 9:00 p.m. (results), from July 18 to September 6. Prior to the premiere, performance episodes were expanded to two hours starting at 9:00 p.m. ET. At the last minute, the airing of the first results show was changed to 10:00 p.m. ET. A planned further change for the Tuesday episodes, to the 8:30 to 10:00 p.m. ET timeslot, became moot following the show's cancellation. Viewers in the United States voted through telephone, text messaging or on the Internet. Canadian viewers were required to vote over the Internet only. Contestants This was the first version of the Operación Triunfo / Star Academy format to not be completed before the end of the corresponding season. Press reports suggested that the producers would be obliged to name a winner at some point, as The One was a contest, with a recording contract as its grand prize. However, assuming a winner was chosen, it is unlikely that either the selection process or the actual identity of the winner will ever be released. Contestants are listed in alphabetical order by last name, in format: name, age, hometown. Eliminated contestants Viewer and critical response At the time of its premiere, according to overnight ratings from Nielsen Media Research, the first episode of The One was the lowest-rated series premiere in ABC history, and the second-worst such episode in the history of American broadcast television, scoring only 3.2 million total viewers (1.1 rating in the 18-49 demographic), and fifth place in its timeslot. In Canada, the premiere of The One on CBC had 236,000 viewers, which trailed far behind Canadian Idol on CTV and Rock Star: Supernova on Global, each scoring around one million viewers. The next night's results episode fared even worse in the U.S. ratings, sinking to a 1.0 rating in the 18-49 demographic. The re-run of night 1's episode (which preceded the results show) plunged to an embarrassingly low 0.6 average in the vital demo ratings. The poor performance of the show helped ABC measure its lowest-rated night in the network's history (among 18-49s), finishing tied for sixth place. The series was ultimately cancelled after a second week of poor results. According to CBC executive Kirstine Layfield, in terms of resources and money, The One "had the most backing from ABC than any summer show has ever had (sic)." Canadian ratings have dipped as low as 150,000 – not necessarily out of step with the CBC's usual summer ratings, although much lower than the broadcaster's stated expectations for primetime audiences, in the one-million range. The CBC initially insisted that despite the cancellation, a planned Canadian version may still go ahead, citing the success of the format in Quebec (Star Académie) and Britain (the BBC's Fame Academy). The network confirmed that the show will not air in fall 2006 – in fact, the show had never been given a fall timeslot – but the show was "still under development." Critical response was limited but generally negative. The Hollywood Reporter'''s Ray Richmond called the series "clearly derivative and opportunistic" with the judges' comments "awkward and forced." A 2018 retrospective article on the site TV by the Numbers noted that The One was one of several music-related flops ABC had attempted in the 21st century and that The One in particular represented a "nadir" among them, even as shows several years later would have lower ratings. The article also noted that, in general, "ABC is terrible at music shows" and had yet to have a successful show in the genre before buying the rights to American Idol that year. CBC simulcast controversy In Canada, The One garnered most of its attention for a reason that had little to do with the show's content: CBC Television aired the U.S. series, usually in simulcast, marking the first simulcast of an American primetime network series on that network in several years, and in some cases bumping the network's flagship newscast The National to another timeslot. Some speculated that the U.S. simulcast was a condition of the CBC's rights to produce a Canadian English version during the 2006-07 season. The network would not confirm this, although it noted that it wanted to build an audience for the Canadian version and would rather air both than have a Canadian version on CBC competing with the American series on a rival Canadian network. Both editions of The One were part of a wider strategy by the network to increase its viewership, which has steadily decreased since funding cutbacks made to the public broadcaster in the early 1990s. Because of ABC's scheduling, and because most episodes of The One aired live, under the original schedule The National was moved to 11:00 p.m. (from 10:00 p.m.) when The One aired in the Eastern Time Zone, and to 9:00 p.m. (prior to The One) in the Atlantic Time Zone, with all other regions maintaining The National at 10:00. The two shows were only expected to conflict on Tuesday nights, although the timeslot change for the first Wednesday results show caused another conflict. In Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario, which is on Central Time, The One concluded by The National's regular airtime. In other western provinces, The One aired, on tape delay, prior to its airing on the "local" ABC affiliate, leaving The National untouched. The airing of the program on CBC was seen as controversial not only because of the time shifting, but because it appears to contradict the corporation's mission as a public broadcaster that explains Canada to Canadians, which led to CBC Television dropping all primetime U.S. network series in the late 1990s. Lobby group Friends of Canadian Broadcasting described the move as "shocking and surprising" and says the decision also contradicts CBC president Robert Rabinovitch's fall 2005 claim that "we don't do reality television". Actors' union ACTRA called the decision a "sell-out". And in an acceptance speech for an award from the Canadian Journalism Foundation, read by his wife at a ceremony held during the debacle, former CBC anchor Knowlton Nash said, "If the CBC really wants reality TV, let people get the reality of what's happening in the world by turning on The National at 10 p.m. every night," construed by most as an indictment of the One decision. For his part, while current anchor Peter Mansbridge told the Toronto Star he was not happy with the move, he said this scenario was no worse than the newscast's other time changes during, for instance, the NHL playoffs. He also expressed optimism that a Canadian version could be a "good lead-in" to The National, which was (and has since remained) behind CTV National News and Global National in the Canadian network newscast ratings. The CBC later issued a lengthy response to the criticism, including the announcement that "Canadians will still be able to watch The National at its regularly scheduled times (9 [ET; 10 p.m. AT] & 10 p.m. [ET]) on CBC Newsworld" on the affected nights. Normally, the all-news channel airs The National at 9:00 ET followed by documentaries at 10:00 ET. Following the cancellation, The National was no longer affected by The One, meaning that its normal schedule resumed on July 31. However, the controversy of why CBC Television aired a "copycat", and ultimately low-rated, foreign series continued in cultural circles. Even so, the CBC did not hold back from adding more simulcast American series to its primetime schedule: in fall 2008, the public network added U.S. game show Jeopardy! (and, the following season, Wheel of Fortune) in primetime, again simsubbing U.S. broadcasts in most markets; these shows would leave the CBC schedule in the fall of 2012. Immediately after the series ended, the CBC said it was still deciding whether to proceed with a Canadian version. With the fall 2006 announcement of a different CBC series in the same vein, Triple Sensation, and later in 2008, a Canadian version of How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, it now seems unlikely a Canadian edition of The One will ever be produced. In addition to the CBC version, TVA was already producing a much more successful French-Canadian version, Star Académie, which completed its fifth season in 2012. Since 2013, TVA has also seen tremendous success with La Voix, with a new season airing annually, and two spin-off seasons of La Voix Junior'' in 2016 and 2017. References External links Official Website (a.k.a. via Internet Archive) 2006 American television series debuts 2006 American television series endings 2000s American reality television series American Broadcasting Company original programming American television series based on British television series Star Academy Television series by Endemol English-language television shows

5398425

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%20Isle%20%28Miami%20Beach%29

Belle Isle (Miami Beach)

Belle Isle is a neighborhood in the city of Miami Beach on an island in Biscayne Bay, Florida, United States. It is the easternmost of the Venetian Islands, a chain of artificial islands in Biscayne Bay in the cities of Miami and Miami Beach. It is home to apartment buildings, a portion of the Venetian Causeway, a city of Miami Beach park, and a hotel. It is between Rivo Alto Island and the main barrier island of Miami Beach. History Belle Isle was originally called "Bull Isle", and was later renamed. Unlike the other Venetian Islands, Belle Isle is not completely artificial. Like the Sunset Islands, Belle Isle was originally a rough mangrove hammock island sitting in north Biscayne Bay near the Miami barrier islands, before the use of the term "Miami Beach". Before fruit farmer John S. Collins partnered with the wealthy investor Carl G. Fisher to build the Collins Bridge from Miami in 1913, the new luxury properties under development in Miami Beach and Collins' large avocado orchards were inaccessible except by ferry boat. When Collins dug the Collins Canal, work crews deposited dredged sand around the rough island at the mouth of the canal, increasing its land mass and defining its shape. The "improved" island, now cleared of mangroves and platted into small parcels of land for single-family homes, extended into Biscayne Bay and allowed Collins and Fisher to build a relatively short wooden bridge across the bay by running the road over Belle Isle. The gateway to Miami Beach earned a reputation as an enclave for fashionable millionaires, such as Joseph H. Adams, whose sprawling estate occupied the southeast corner of the island. During the Florida land boom of the 1920s, Belle Isle and Fisher's nearby Flamingo Hotel were the site of the famous Biscayne Bay Speed Boat Regattas. Fisher had successfully promoted automobile races in Indianapolis, and he used his skills to stage gasoline-powered speed boat races in the smooth waters of Biscayne Bay just south of Belle Isle as a spectacle to attract the wealthy and sophisticated tourists that he was seeking as a target audience for his new exotic vacation destination. In 1942, the University of Miami turned a boat house on the Joseph H. Adams estate into the first "Marine Lab" for the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. Belle Isle was also the site of the All Souls Episcopal Church as late as 1947. On January 24, 2018, the Belle Isle Court Apartments the three story apartment building built in 1939, was demolished. A new development will be built on the property at 31 Venetian Way on Belle Isle, Miami Beach. Community The Belle Isle Residents Association was established in December, 2004. Board meets approximately 6 times per year. General Membership Meetings are called as needed at a minimum of once a year. The association's mission is to "enhance the quality of life for the residents of Belle Isle", specifically regarding "security, traffic control, ease of parking, noise control, park beautification, cleanliness, open spaces, planning, development, licensing, permitting, and all issues that may affect the residents and their quality of life on Belle Isle". Renovations Belle Isle Park, in the center of Belle Isle, recently underwent a renovation project including sidewalks, lighting and landscape improvements, picnic areas, and a dog park. A streetscape improvement project for the Venetian bridges is planned for 2008 and 2009. Parking Parking was free on Island Avenue on Belle Isle until 2005, when residents petitioned the city of Miami Beach to create a new residential parking zone in order to ensure parking for residents after the opening of the Standard Hotel. Island Avenue is now a residential parking zone, and you must buy a permit for Zone 14. The Miami Beach parking department office at 11th and Washington is temporarily closed during renovation of the city hall building, so the department is handling many permits by mail. Belle Isle residents can purchase a one-year residential decal or one visitor permit hang tag per household for $46.00 or a six-month pass for $23.00. Belle Isle residents can also purchase up to five scratch-off one-day visitor permits per month for $1.07 each. During park renovations, the city will need to close about 20 parking spaces at a time to make way for roadway construction. They will do the road work in sections, using a temporary 20-space parking lot toward the East end of the park to compensate for the closed parking spaces. See also Biscayne Island – Original site of Viking Airport. Collins Bridge – The first bridge from Miami to Miami Beach, which ran over Bull/Belle Isle. Flagler Monument Island – Site of an obelisk monument to Henry M. Flagler. Flamingo Hotel, Miami Beach – Carl G. Fisher's famous luxury hotel near Belle Isle. Isola di Lolando – A failed Venetian Island construction project. Venetian Causeway – The modern replacement for the Collins Bridge, which today runs over Belle Isle. Starfish Island – A landmark in the popular video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is based on Belle Isle. References External links City of Miami Beach Belle Isle Residents Association Satellite photo of Belle Isle Belle Isle on a map Photographs of current park construction: Park Construction Photos For Travelers Historical photograph: East bridge of Venetial[sic] Way Historical photographs from Miami Beach document archival system: Collins Bridge some time between its construction 1913 and replacement in 1925 Belle Isle in 1940 Islands of Miami Beach, Florida Neighborhoods in Miami Beach, Florida Artificial islands of Florida

5398428

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%20%28horror%20host%29

Marvin (horror host)

Marvin was a television horror host, played by Terry Bennett, who originally appeared on Chicago's WBKB from 1957 to 1959. "It began with a dark night sky, broken by long fingers of lightning that ripped down from the sky. Deep-throated thunder followed, and another flash of lightning. That dark old house would then appear on the TV screen, dark but for a patch of light glowing through a cellar window. Down there, in the cellar, Marvin would be waiting for us...." Premiering at 10pm on December 7, 1957, Marvin (sometimes called Marvin the Near-Sighted Madman) hosted Shock Theatre, presenting horror films late Saturday nights. His character was a demented beatnik who wore thick glasses and a black turtle neck sweater, and was an instant hit. Marvin's companion was his wife, who he only referred to as "Dear." Viewers never saw her face, as the camera was always behind her, or her face was obscured by a mask. Marvin would constantly perform experiments or amputations on "Dear", but she would always be back to normal by the next commercial break. "Dear" was played by Bennett's real-life wife, Joy Bennett. While Bennett played mostly for laughs, poking fun at the movies, he occasionally frightened his audience as well. The show became so popular that station management soon expanded the series with a new half hour segment after the movie called The Shocktale Party. Marvin was joined by several other characters; "Orville", a hunchback, "Shorty", a giant wearing a rubber Frankenstein mask, and a band called "The Deadbeats", who were members of the Art VanDamme quintet, and wore white makeup with black circles around their eyes. Bennett wrote and arranged much of the music himself, as he did on his morning children's show, The Jobblewocky Place. The show spawned a fan club, and letters and presents soon began to pour in. While Bennett became a genuine Saturday night celebrity, some parents objected to his portraying Marvin and hosting The Jobblewocky Place at the same time, fearing that the Marvin character was the real identity. When Shock Theater was cancelled in 1959 to make way for ABC's Fight Of The Week, fans petitioned the station to bring the show back, drawing thousands of signatures, but to no avail. On the last episode of Shock Theatre, viewers finally got to see what "Dear" looked like. At the close of the show, Marvin turned to her and asked her to say good-bye to the audience, whereupon she turned around and did just that. Further reading via Project MUSE Shock Theatre Chicago Style: WBKB-TV's Late Night Horror Showcase, 1957-1959 by Donald F. Glut, McFarland & Company (2012) Chicago TV Horror Movie Shows: From Shock Theatre to Svengoolie by Ted Okuda and Mark Yurkiw, Southern Illinois University Press (2016) References External links Chicago Television article on Terry Bennett Chicago Horror Hosts American television personalities Horror hosts

5398437

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Stadium%20%28Lynchburg%29

City Stadium (Lynchburg)

Lynchburg City Stadium, is a sports venue located in Lynchburg, Virginia, and is home to the Lynchburg City Schools athletic programs mainly for football. City Stadium was built in 1939 along with the baseball stadium Calvin Falwell Field. The Liberty Flames football program called the place home for 16 seasons until 1989, when the program moved back on campus to Williams Stadium. Over the years the stadium has been untouched, which left the stadium in disrepair. In 2014, the city decided to renovate the aging stadium, starting by replacing the natural grass with artificial turf. Other upgrades to the stadium included the press box, scoreboards, bleachers, PA system and other amenities. The renovations were slated to be completed in August 2016. The stadium work completed in time for fall football in September 2016. References Sports venues in Virginia Buildings and structures in Lynchburg, Virginia Sports in Lynchburg, Virginia Liberty Flames football

5398441

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Cao

Glen Cao

Glen Cao (born 1947) is also known by his Chinese name, Cao Guilin (曹桂林). He is the author of Beijinger in New York. Mr. Cao wrote the book largely based on his own life experiences as an immigrant to New York City from Beijing in 1980. The novel sold millions of copies in China and went on to become serialized in a news paper, and then subsequently made into a TV series, aired on CCTV. He is also the founder of C & J Knitwear Company. He is married to director Ying Yeh (英业). External links Article about Glen Cao at International Herald Tribune Beijinger in New York e-text Picture of Glen Cao and Ying Yeh Living people 1947 births American writers of Chinese descent 20th-century Chinese writers Writers from Beijing Writers from New York City People's Republic of China emigrants to the United States

5398444

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggbyholm

Viggbyholm

Viggbyholm is a neighborhood in Täby Municipality, in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. It is located in the northeast of the municipality, bordering Stora Värtan, an inlet of the Baltic Sea. To the north it borders on Hägernäs, to the west Gribbylund and to the south Näsby Park. Viggbyholm is divided into a northern and a southern district by the E18 motorway. Metropolitan Stockholm

5398446

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gilbert%20Kotz%C3%A9

John Gilbert Kotzé

Sir John Gilbert Kotzé KC (5 November 1849 – 1 April 1940) was an eminent South African jurist. Early life Kotzé was born in Cape Town and was given the Christian names of Johannes Gysbert Blanckenberg, but he used the anglicized form, John Gilbert. He was educated at Tot Nut van het Algemeen and the South African College in Cape Town. His father was Petrus Johannes Kotzé, who owned the Leeuwenhof estate at the foot of Table Mountain and represented Cape Town in two Parliaments, as a member of the House of Assembly, and was twice Mayor of Cape Town. His brother, Rev J.J. Kotzé (older by 17 years), studied for the Church. It was recorded he was a distinguished student at Utrecht, where he graduated summa cum laude and shared the distinction of being the best classical scholar at the University. The earlier written records of the Kotzé family in Germany date back as far as the year 1234 and indicate the family is of noble descent. The spelling of the family name (in Africa) changes from Kotzee as reflected last in 1912 (in the document Master of the Supreme Court re: Johannes Albertus Kotzee) to finally Kotzé in 1916 (in the hand of Salmon Jacobus Petrus Kotzé). Kotzé undertook further legal training in Britain as a student at the Inner Temple in London, where he met his wife Mary Aurelia Bell. Kotzé became a barrister of the Inner Temple and practised in Cape Town and Grahamstown from 1874 to 76. Judicial career Kotzé was appointed judge of the High Court of the Transvaal in 1877, becoming Chief Justice in 1881. He, together with the rest of the High Court, was unceremoniously dismissed by Paul Kruger following a dispute – as a result of his judgement in the case over mining rights. Kotze had stood in 1893 as a rival to Kruger in the presidential elections and was seen by Kruger as his long term political rival. Kruger, on this particular occasion, was enraged at the judgement of the High Court in the case of Brown v. Leyds and he dismissed Chief Justice Kotzé in 1898 as President Kruger held his own opinion on the case outcome. The circumstances surrounding this judgement are worth exploring as they are illustrative of the Legal and general state of public administration in the Transvaal at the time during the British Rule and the Volksraad's Constitution, a "document born of political compromise between warring factions rather than any kind of coherent legal document". The Constitution was seen as "so vague and obscure in so many areas that it had never been treated with the seriousness and respect which such a document usually merits. Kruger's action was widely seen as unwarranted interference with the independence of the judiciary." The Second Boer War soon followed in 1899, with every Boer town in the hands of the British, "President Kruger fled/went in exile in the Netherlands". Over 26,000 women and children were to perish in the War's concentration camps. In 1898 Kotzé resumed legal practice in Pretoria. He was appointed Attorney-General of Southern Rhodesia in 1900, and took silk as King's Counsel in April 1902. He was appointed judge of the Eastern Districts Court of the Cape Colony in 1903, he became Judge-President of that division in 1904. He was then appointed judge of the Supreme Court of the Cape Provincial Division in 1913, becoming Judge-President in 1920. When Justice Christian Maasdorp retired in 1922, Kotzé became Judge of Appeal, starting in 1922 until his retirement in 1927. To conclude some historic career highlights, it is noted in a nutshell by the Supreme Court of Appeal Homepage that: "the judicial career of Sir John Gilbert Kotzé (1849–1940) spanned 50 years from his appointment in 1877, when he was a mere 27 years old, until his retirement in 1927. As chief justice of the Transvaal Republic he was dismissed by President Kruger when he held that the courts had the right to test against the Constitution, and declare invalid, resolutions and acts passed by the legislature." To date, Books of "Latin and High Dutch of the Roman-Dutch old authorities is occasionally still used, as at times it is necessary for a modern judge to delve into these old authorities to search for the origin and scope of an otherwise obscure legal rule or doctrine." Honours and awards Kotzé was knighted in February 1917. Judge Kotzé's personal book collection of over 1500 books, is still to date referred to and used by the Supreme Court of Appeal Judges. It is said of Kotzé: "A noted scholar, a man of immense learning and a collector of books, his collection of 1556 titles, bought by the government in 1927 for £800, formed the nucleus of the then fledgling library of the Appellate Division, and is still retained as a separate collection." A bust of Kotzé, by E Grace Wheatley, is located with the collection. References 1849 births 1940 deaths People from Cape Town Transvaal Colony judges Cape Colony judges South African Queen's Counsel South African Knights Bachelor 19th-century South African judges 20th-century South African judges Members of the Inner Temple Queen's Counsel 1901–2000 South African judges South African knights

5398459

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athinas%20Street

Athinas Street

Athinas Street () is a street in downtown Athens in Greece. It is named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom. The street runs from Ermou Street north to Omonoia Square through the Psiri neighborhood. Its total length is nearly 1 km of which 80 m is a walkway since 1999. Until 1999, it used to access with Omonoia Square, now motorists can now access it via Lykourgos Street east to Aiolou and 28 Oktovriou (Patissi) Street and other streets. North of Lykourgos is a pedestrian walkway. It has two lanes of traffic and room for curb parking. Famous buildings includes the Athens City Hall on the west side and office towers northward. The Modern Agora is east of Athinas Street. Kotzia Square lies to the east with Karamanou Square also on the east. Shops and residential buildings lies to the south with neo-classical buildings. In the middle of Athinas street is the Varvakeios municipal market. The oldest market in Athens The rest of the architecture except for the city hall and square are modernistic. Metro Line 1 runs underneath Athinas street for its entire length. In June 2008, the Mayor of Athens, Nikitas Kaklamanis, ordered the street pedestrianised. The street will be closed to most traffic and emphasis will be given to making it one of Athens' greenest streets. History The road was first paved in the late-19th century. Modernistic buildings were added in the 1950s to the north and later, street lights and traffic lights were posted at the used intersections including Ermou, Evrypidou, Sofokleous and Lykourgos. In the 1990s, smaller lampposts were posted and the northern section along with Omonoia was under reconstruction and a section became a walkway, pedestrian traffic lights were added on the Omonoia having full access to the Attiko Metro's Omonoia station. Intersections In order from south to north Ermou Street Agiis Eirinis Street - east Voreou Street - east Protogenous Street - west Vyssis Street - east Pallados Street - west Vlachava Street - east Evrypidou Street Aristogenous Street Armodiou Street Sofokleous Street Kratinou Street - east Kotzia Square Efpolidos Street - east Lykourgos Street - east Omonoia Square References External links Streets in Athens

5398467

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXSX-LD

WXSX-LD

WXSX-LD, UHF digital channel 46, was a low-powered SonLife-affiliated television station serving the Coastal Empire area of Georgia and the Lowcountry of Southern South Carolina that was licensed to Savannah, Georgia. The station was owned by L4 Media Group. Like most former over-the-air MTV2 affiliates, it was an affiliate of The Box until that network's acquisition by Viacom in 2001. The station's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission on May 15, 2019. Television stations in Georgia (U.S. state) Television channels and stations established in 1989 1994 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) Defunct television stations in the United States Television channels and stations disestablished in 2019 2019 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state) XSX-CA

5398474

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes%20Land%20crater

Wilkes Land crater

Wilkes Land crater is an informal term that may apply to two separate cases of conjectured giant impact craters hidden beneath the ice cap of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. These are separated below under the heading Wilkes Land anomaly and Wilkes Land mascon (mass concentration), based on terms used in their principal published reference sources. Wilkes Land anomaly A giant impact crater beneath the Wilkes Land ice sheet was first proposed by Richard A. Schmidt in 1962 on the basis of the seismic and gravity discovery of the feature made by the U.S. Victoria Land Traverse in 1959–60 (VLT), and the data provided to Schmidt by John G. Weihaupt, geophysicist of the VLT (Geophysical Studies in Victoria Land, Antarctica, Report No. 1, Geophysical and Polar Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1–123). Schmidt further considered the possibility that it might be the elusive source of the tektites of the Australasian strewnfield (which is only 790,000 years old). The hypothesis was detailed in a paper by Weihaupt in 1976. Evidence cited included a large negative gravity anomaly coincident with a subglacial topographic depression across and having a minimum depth of . The claims were challenged by Charles R. Bentley in 1979. On the basis of a 2010 paper by Weihaupt et al., Bentley's challenge was proven to be incorrect, and the Earth Impact Database (Rajmon 2011) has now reclassified the Wilkes Land Anomaly from a "possible impact crater" to a "probable impact crater" on the basis of Weihaupt et al.'s paper. Several other potential impact crater sites have now been proposed by other investigators in the Ross Sea, West Antarctica, and the Weddell Sea. Mass concentration The Wilkes Land mass concentration (or mascon) is centered at and was first reported at a conference in May 2006 by a team of researchers led by Ralph von Frese and Laramie Potts of Ohio State University. The team used gravity measurements by NASA's GRACE satellites to identify a wide mass concentration and noted that this mass anomaly is centered within a larger ring-like structure visible in radar images of the land surface beneath the Antarctic ice cap. That combination suggested to them that the feature may mark the site of a wide impact crater buried beneath the ice and more than 2.5 times larger than the Chicxulub crater. Due to the site's location beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, there are no direct samples to test for evidence of impact. There are alternative explanations for this mass concentration, such as formation by a mantle plume or other large-scale volcanic activity. If this feature really is an impact crater then, based on the size of the ring structure, it has been suggested by Frese's team that the impactor could have been four or five times wider than the Chicxulub impactor, which is believed to have caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Because mass concentrations on Earth are expected to dissipate over time, Frese and his collaborators believe the structure must be less than 500 million years old and also note that it appears to have been disturbed by the rift valley that formed 100 million years ago, during the separation of Australia from the Gondwana supercontinent. The researchers, therefore, speculate that the putative impact and associated crater may have contributed to this separation by weakening the earth's crust at this location. These bracketing dates also make it possible that the site could be associated with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The Permian–Triassic extinction occurred 250 million years ago and is believed to be the largest extinction event since the origin of complex multicellular life. Plate reconstructions for the Permian–Triassic boundary place the putative crater directly antipodal to the Siberian Traps, and Frese et al. (2009) use the controversial theory that impacts can trigger massive volcanism at their antipodes to bolster their impact crater theory. However, there are already other suggested candidates for giant impacts at the Permian–Triassic boundary, such as Bedout, off the northern coast of Western Australia, although all are equally contentious and it is currently under debate whether or not an impact played any role in this extinction. The complete absence of a well-defined impact ejecta layer associated with the Permian–Triassic boundary at its outcrops within Victoria Land and the central Transantarctic Mountains argues against there having been any impact capable of creating a crater the size of the hypothesized Wilkes Land impact crater within Antarctica at the Permian–Triassic boundary. Nonetheless, according to Frese, recent studies in 2018 seem to sustain the impact origin of crater, and the event may be linked to the separation of Eastern Antarctica from southern Australia. See also Bedout Chicxulub crater Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event List of possible impact structures on Earth Permian–Triassic extinction event Siberian Traps Vredefort impact structure References External links (2006) Images of crater area via Ohio State University (archived from the original on 2017-06-12) Giant Crater Found: Tied to Worst Mass Extinction Ever Robert Roy Britt (SPACE.com) 1 June 2006 6:07 p.m. ET Does a giant crater lie beneath the Antarctic ice? Bibliotecapleyades.net, 2 June 2006. Earth Impact Database Impact craters of Antarctica Extinction events Possible impact craters on Earth Prehistory of Antarctica Wilkes Land

5398475

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasia%20y%20Tiro

Gimnasia y Tiro

Club de Gimnasia y Tiro is an Argentine football club, based in the city of Salta. The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A, the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system. Gimnasia y Tiro has played four seasons at the highest level of Argentine football. First came in 1979 and 1981 Nacional championships. Gimnasia finished bottom of their group in 1979 and 6th of 7 teams in 1981. The third season was in 1993/1994. The fourth season was in 1997/98 when the squad promoted to the Argentine Primera División but after finishing 20th (last) in the Apertura and 17th in the Clausura tournaments respectively, Gimnasia was relegated at the end of the season. Current squad As of 2014–15 season External links El Gigante de Salta Unofficial page Albo Mi Vida Gimnasia blog Club's rugby union page Football clubs in Salta Province Salta Association football clubs established in 1902 Argentine field hockey clubs Argentine rugby union teams 1902 establishments in Argentina

5398478

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventud%20Antoniana

Juventud Antoniana

Centro Juventud Antoniana is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta. The team currently plays in Torneo Regional Federal Amateur, the regionalised division of the Argentine football league system. Juventud Antoniana played in Primera División 6 times: 1971, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1983 and 1985. Its best performance came in 1983, when the squad progressed to the 2nd round. Current squad Titles Torneo Argentino A: 2 1995–96, 1997–98 Liga Salteña de Fútbol: 20 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997 Copa Confraternidad Salta-Jujuy: 5 1984, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1999 External links Official website Association football clubs established in 1916 Football clubs in Salta Province Salta 1916 establishments in Argentina

5398481

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar%20Souayah

Ammar Souayah

Ammar Souayah () (born June 11, 1957) is a retired Tunisian footballer. Tunisia national football team In 2002, Ammar Souayah signed as the coach of the Tunisia national team and led the team at the FIFA World Cup. Tunisia began the tournament with a 2–0 defeat against Russia then drew 1–1 against strong Belgium but was defeated 2–0 against co-host Japan and eliminated in the Group Stage. He coached Club Sportif de Hammam-Lif and also Étoile du Sahel. Al-Shabab Riyadh On 23 January 2014, he was appointed the head coach of Al-Shabab, replacing Belgian Emilio Ferrera. He performed well with Al-Shabab in the 2014 AFC Champions League group stages. Al-Shabab played 6 matches, 5 won and lost 1. Managerial statistics As of 14 May 2014, Honours Manager Al-Shabab King Cup of Champions 2014 (1) References 1957 births Living people Sportspeople from Tunis Tunisian footballers Tunisian football managers CS Hammam-Lif managers Étoile Sportive du Sahel managers 2002 FIFA World Cup managers Al-Ta'ee managers Al-Hazm FC managers Al-Raed FC managers Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) managers Ohod Club managers Saudi Professional League managers Association footballers not categorized by position Tunisian expatriate football managers Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia

5398482

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Zeiser

Matt Zeiser

Mathias John Zeiser (sometimes spelled Zieser) (September 25, 1888 – June 10, 1942) was a professional baseball pitcher. He appeared in two games in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox during the 1914 season, both as a relief pitcher. Zeiser batted and threw right-handed. He was born and died in Chicago, Illinois. In a two-game career, Zeiser posted a 1.80 earned run average with eight walks in 10 innings pitched. External links Baseball Almanac Major League Baseball pitchers Boston Red Sox players Lowell Grays players Scranton Miners players Chillicothe Babes players Huntington Babes players Maysville Angels players Ironton Nailers players South Bend Benders players Bloomington Bloomers players Evansville Evas players Terre Haute Tots players Rockford Rox players 1888 births 1942 deaths Baseball players from Chicago

5398483

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Norte

Central Norte

Club Atlético Central Norte is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta, from the Salta Province. The team currently plays in the Torneo Federal A, the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system. Central Norte was founded in Salta on 9 March 1921, and took its name from the state-owned Ferrocarril Central Norte whose railway line crossed the Salta Province. Titles Liga Salteña: 36 Torneos Regionales: 7 Torneo Argentino B: 2 2005–06, 2009–10 External links Central Norte fan's page República Azabache La Voz del Cuervo Football clubs in Salta Province Association football clubs established in 1921 1921 establishments in Argentina

5398484

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammondbeat

Hammondbeat

Hammondbeat Records, (founded 2002) is an American record label dedicated to bands and fans of the organ sound. Hammondbeat finds its origins in 1997 as the fan website JTQgroove for the Hammond organ led Acid Jazz band (James Taylor Quartet). Over the first five years, JTQgroove grew as a fan collective that moved well beyond the constraints of one artist, and soon attracted many next-generation organ-centric bands, leading to a recording project with The Link Quartet (Piacenza, Italy). The Link Quartet were greatly influenced by the sound established by JTQ 15 years earlier. Beat.It was the project, and while JTQ influences can be heard, The Link Quartet found themselves leaders with 10 years or more professional experience from each founding member, and Paolo Negri on keys. Unlike most labels, Hammondbeat doesn't involve a particular genre in the traditional sense, but rather embraces all genres of music which the organ sound has influenced. As such, Hammondbeat's range is ever-expanding. Hammondbeat considers all opportunities both artistic and overtly commercial to be fair game. Hammondbeat controls most of its catalog to be both entertainment and content for the marketing and synchronization world. In addition to operating as record label, Hammondbeat is also an online community connecting fans to hundreds of organ bands and the indie labels that support them. It includes discographies, downloads, web radio, forum, and a mailing list. Discography Catalog Titles 2002 HBR-001 Beat.it CD (The Link Quartet) 2003 HBR-002 Wilson Chance: The Sound of Danger CD (Various Artists) 2004 HBR-003 Italian Playboys CD (The Link Quartet) 2006 HBR-004 Bulletproof Beat CD (The Special Agents) 2006 HBR-005 Wit CD (The Yards) 2006 HBR-006 Evolution: 1997-2001 CD (The Link Quartet) 2006 HBR-007 The Living Eye CD (The Men From S.P.E.C.T.R.E.) 2006 HBR-008 Don't Spoil The Soup! CD (Phat Fred) 2007 HBR-009 A Bigger Tomorrow CD (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2008 HBR-010 The Origin of Captain Hammond CD (Captain Hammond) 2008 HBR-011 Fat Lip CD (Fred Leslie's missing Link) 2010 HBR-012 The Great Anything CD (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2011 HBR-013 4 CD (The Link Quartet) 2011 HBR-014 COBOL CD (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2014 HBR-015 Trans-mission CD (The Blaxound) 2014 HBR-016 Hotel Constellation CD (The Link Quartet & Miss Modus) 2014 HBR-017 Hello World CD (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) Limited Edition Titles 2005 HBL-001 Oh My! EP CD (The Dansettes) 2005 HBL-002 Stinky Stinky EP CD (Fil Lorenz Soul-tet) 2006 HBL-003 Scream On! CD (Screamin' Retro) 2006 HBL-004 Feed A Fever CD (Baron Samedi Ecstatic Soul Quintet) 2006 HBL-005 Decade EP CD (The Link Quartet) 2006 HBL-006 On The Outset CD (Nick Rossi Set) 2007 HBL-007 ...with the Hammond, in the Beauty EP CD (Leslie Overdrive) 2007 HBL-008 Applecore EP UNRELEASED CD / DIGITAL ONLY (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2007 HBL-009 Building A Bigger Tomorrow BONUS CD (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2008 HBL-010 Searching For A Bit Of Popularity CD (Low Fidelity Jet-Set Orchestra) 2008 HBL-011 Sounds From The Kitten Casino CD (Modus) 2010 HBL-012 On The One EP CD (Flyjack) 45 RPM 2007 HB7-01 A Tad Askew b/w Oily 7" (Leslie Overdrive) 2007 HB7-02 Bahia Soul b/w Jazz Rocker 7" (Low Fidelity Jet-Set Orchestra) 2008 HB7-03 Origin b/w Mercury Wonderland 7" (Captain Hammond vs The Futuro Seven) 2008 HB7-04 Lady Day and John Coltrane b/w Hey Bulldog 7" (Tony Face Big Roll Band) 2008 HB7-05 Yu Nou Rili (live) b/w Memphis Train (live) 7" (Phat Fred) 2008 HB7-06 Paparazzi b/w A Blues For Me 7" (Paolo "Apollo" Negri & Teresa Reeves-Gilmer) 2009 HB7-07 Fast Girls & Sexy Cars b/w Drummore 7" (The Link Quartet) 2009 HB7-08 DangerBoogaloo b/w Wasabi Sauce 7" (Low Fidelity Jet-Set Orchestra) 2009 HB7-09 Brooklyn Groove b/w Brother Lou 7" (Euro Cinema) 2009 HB7-10 Lookin Up, Turnin Round b/w Moet Jij Wete 7" (Sven Hammond Soul) 2012 HB7-11 Lightswitch b/w Le Cirque du MIDI 7" (Paolo "Apollo" Negri & Milo Scaglioni) Digital Only & Fan Editions CD's 2004 HBB.001 Pole Position CD-R (Fast 3) 2004 HBB.002 Italian Playboys International EP CD-R (The Link Quartet) 2004 HBB.003 Strudel Girl VS. The New Acid Wave CD-R (The Link Quartet) 2005 HBB.004 Mile High Mayhem CD (The Link Quartet) 2006 HBB-005 Evolution: 1997-2001 (part 1) (The Link Quartet) 2006 HBB-006 Evolution: 1997-2001 (part 2) (The Link Quartet) 2007 HBB.007 With the Finger on the Trigger (Men From S.P.E.C.T.R.E.) 2007 HBB.008 Sugartown (Men From S.P.E.C.T.R.E.) 2007 HBB.009 Never Enough UNRELEASED (Ondrej Pivec Organic Quartet) 2007 HBB.010 The Grifter (Fast 3) 2007 HBB.011 Entering The Timesphere [EP] (Nice Price featuring Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2007 HBB-012 Long Live The Link (The Link Quartet) 2007 HBB-013 Soundsational Movements (Modulo5) 2005 HBB.014 Cosmic Candy CD (Captain Hammond) 2007 HBB.014 Cosmic Cantina (Captain Hammond) 2008 HBB.015 Getup & Groove (The Getup) 2008 HBB.016 Stack em High (Max Paparella) 2008 HBB.017 Phat Fred Live In Denmark (Phat Fred) 2008 HBB.018 The Oppenheimer Transmissions (The Futuro Seven) 2008 HBB.019 (I Got) So Much Trouble In My Mind (EP) (Fred Leslie's missing Link) 2008 HBB.020 Going Down Slowly (EP) (Fred Leslie's missing Link) 2008 HBB.021 Forward (The Yards) 2008 HBB.022 Life at Cafe Eric (The Getup) 2009 HBB.023 Paolo Apollo Negri's SxSW Odyssey (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2011 HBB.024 Diesler vs The Bongolian EP (The Link Quartet / Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2011 HBB.025 Ten-4! (Euro Cinema) 2011 HBB.026 Hammondbeat Hi-Fi Sessions, Vol.1 (various artists) 2011 HBB.027 Hammondbeat Hi-Fi Sessions, Vol.2 (various artists) 2012 HBB.028 Hammond Groovers, Vol.1 (various artists) 2012 HBB.029 VocAll (Hammondbeat Profiles Volume 1) (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri) 2013 HBB.030 Hammond Groovers, Vol.2 (various artists) 2014 HBB.031 A, B & C (Penelope) 2014 HBB.032 Crash (Max Paparella) 2014 HBB.033 Gumbo Funk CD (Paolo 'Apollo' Negri featuring Noel McKoy) Vibesbeat 2013 HBV-001 Jackson CD (The Mackay Project) 2013 HBV-002 Here's That Rainy Day CD (Thomas Mackay Quintet) Links Hammondbeat Records Paolo Apollo Negri The Link Quartet The Blaxound Max Paparella Penelope American record labels Record labels established in 2002 2002 establishments in the United States

5398502

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stora%20V%C3%A4rtan

Stora Värtan

Stora Värtan is an inlet of the Baltic Sea located in the Stockholm archipelago north of the city of Stockholm, Sweden. It is bordered to the west by the municipalities of Täby and Danderyd, to the south by the municipality of Lidingö, to the north by the municipality of Österåker and to the northeast by the municipality of Vaxholm. Stora Värtan is about three kilometers wide from east to west and approximately six kilometers wide north to south. The inlet connects to Lilla Värtan in the southwest, Kyrkfjärden in the northeast and Askrikefjärden in the southeast. The inlet's western beaches, near the towns of Djursholm and Täby, are heavily populated, while the eastern waterfront is relatively undeveloped. Many bays surround the Stora Värtan and it also contains a number of islands, including Tornön, Bastuholmen, Lilla Skraggen, Stora Skraggen – which houses an active shipyard – and Storholmen, where the inlet flows into Askrikefjärden. Although it lacks road access, Storholmen is inhabited year-round. The islet of Råholmen – where the boundaries of Danderyd, Täby, Vaxholm and Österåker municipalities all meet – is also located in the Stora Värtan. Bodies of water of Sweden Inlets of Europe Landforms of Stockholm County

5398509

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambu%20%28music%29

Tambu (music)

Tambu (also tambú) is a drum, music genre and dance form, found on Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao, and is a major part of the Dutch Antillean music. On Bonaire, it is also known as bari. Curaçaoan tambu is a major part of that island's culture, and is there a genre that is considered muziek di zumbi (literally, spirit music, referring to music of African origin), and is accompanied by instruments like the wiri, agan and triangle. The word tambu derives from the Spanish word for drum, tambor. The origins of Tambú can be traced back to the early 17th century, where a large number of African slaves arrived in Curaçao from Angola. The ritual was first associated with the Curaçao style of stick fighting called kokomakaku, where the Tambú referred to the rhythms played by the drummer (called a tamburero) on a single drum (also referred to as tambú). Since then, the performance has changed in congruence with the historical circumstances of the Curaçao island. Tambu can refer to the small drum on which the music is played, the dance that accompanies the music, or the event where the music and dance take place. In modern tambu, the lyrics are usually in the Papiamento language and are sung along with a chapi (hoe), the tambu drum and sometimes other singers, while the audience claps to the rhythm. The tambu rhythm is complicated and is passed down orally from generation to generation. Tambu consists of two beats; sla habri and sla será, the open and closed beat respectively. These beats alternate to create a musical dialogue. The lead vocalists are known for their skilful wordplay when delivering the performance's message. Additionally, there are two types of tambu music; telele, which is a long, slow rising and falling melody, and tambu itself, which is faster paced and shorter in duration. History The Slavery Era Tambú first emerged on Curaçao in the early stages of Dutch slave rule during the early 17th century. It is a tradition which was started by the large number of African slaves sent to Curaçao from Angola. The slaves acted as servants for Dutch families who resided there. During these years, the Afro-community continued to express Angolan culture through the performance of war dances, in particular, stick fighting known as kokomakaku. Originally performed in a circle, the first form of Tambú music was used to complement the stick fighters, in which the contestants danced and jumped to the rhythms played by the drummer on a single drum called the tambú. The drummer was accompanied by a lead vocalist, who sang tributes about the contestants before they began fighting, in which the audience could gain an understanding about the fighters past history and special talents.Tambú further evolved as the Dutch became more conscious of the growing slave communities and set out to control them. Stick fighting and other general martial arts traditions became restricted by law, and the traditional kokomakuku performance became extinct. Instead the tradition transformed into a performance more focused on the drumming and wordplay. The use of sticks as weapons, were instead replaced with words, spoken by the lead vocalist, who were used by people to attack another person's defects and vice versa. The ritual finished with the audience making a judgement on who had the better performance and awarded the winner. Post Slavery Era In the years preceding emancipation, the Catholic Church and their methods of indoctrination were used to further attempt to end Tambú rituals. However, the subsequent Afro-Curaçao Catholic community instead adopted catholic principles and saints into Tambu performances. Following the abolishment of slavery in 1863, the Catholic Church stepped up their efforts to end Tambú rituals. Priests used weekly pulpits to convince the community that Tambú was evil, and participation in the genre would have everlasting implications on their journey to heaven. Religious disapproval did have an effect on the Afro-Curaçao community, however participation still continued. Participants instead performed more secular versions of songs in a manner more socially acceptable in Curaçao society. 20th Century to Present Day During the 20th Century, the government further created laws to limit the participation of Tambú. These laws are still in effect in Curaçao society. Instead of trying to eliminate Tambú completely, the government enforced a law in 1935, where organisers had to apply for a permit to hold Tambú events. The application had to specify exact dates, which songs would be played, and the name of all attendees. Furthermore, the law stated that a second permit was needed to allow people of two or more from separate residences to dance together. This pushed Tambú further underground. Many participants found the laws too risky to flout, forcing them to disengage with Tambú. During the 1970s, Tambú experienced a revival, when a group of Afro-Curaçaon scholars endeavoured to persuade the Curaçao government to rethink the laws restricting Tambú. Their efforts gained a following which resulted in the government and the Catholic Church to ease restrictions. Laws were relaxed during certain months of the year (November, December and January), which is now known as 'The Tambú Season'. In contemporary Curaçao society, Tambú continues to be performed in an effort to preserve its historical significance. Special cultural events are organised during the Tambú Season to promote and represent African and Afro-Curaçao history. Tambú recordings are also played on media platforms such as the radio, and in local party scenes, becoming increasingly popular to the younger generations of contemporary Curaçao society. Instrumentation Tambú (drum) An essential element of the Tambú is the single drum which is played during a performance, called the tambú or bari (translated to barrel). The original instrument in Tambú's early years was made out of a hollow tree trunk, its opening covered with animal skin. During the early 17th century the drum took different forms of shapes, in conjunction with the restrictions. As the performance became more secretive in different locations, lighter smaller drums were used, as well as household items such as tables and chairs. Another alternative drum used was known as the kalbas den tobo (“calabash in a tub”), which was made using wooden wash tubs filled with water and a large calabash floating on top. This produced a muffled, quiet sound that allowed Tambú to be performed indistinctly. New types of drums continued to appear in Curaçao. Due to the negative environmental implications of Dutch settlement, trees became less populated on the island. The main type of bari was made from the wood of old vegetable boxes, melded into a cylinder, with sheep skin stretched over the top. This technique is used to construct the drum in modern Curaçao society. Heru Accompanying the bari, there is a collective of iron instruments known as heru. There have been five basic types of heru known as the: Agan di tres pida (“iron in three pieces”), which was made up of two iron bars and one iron tube, in which the player produces different tone variations, depending on where the bars were hit; Agan di dos pida (“iron in two pieces”), which was made up of one iron bar and one tube, and played the same way as the agan di tres pida; Triangel, where an iron bar was bent into the shape of a triangle, and struck with an iron bar to create a singular clear tone; Wiri, which is a serrated piece of iron that is scraped down using a thin iron bar; Chapi, which is the metal end of a garden hoe and is struck with an iron bar to achieve a sharp high-pitched tone. The chapi, was an instrument born from the slave years in Curaçao but remains the most common used heru in contemporary Tambú to this day. Music Structure Deklarashon Introduktorio The prequel of a Tambú performance is known as the deklarashon introduktorio. This is an announcement of sought, where the pregon (lead singer), declares that a Tambú performance is about to begin and gathers the audience around. It is here where the tonal centre of the song is established, and a feeling of the basic melodic and rhythmic elements can be listened to by the audience and the musicians in preparation for the performance. The pregon will also announce the title or basic outline of the Tambú performance to the audience. Once this concludes, the Tambú performance begins. Tambú has maintained the basic binary structure of the performance that follows since its origins and consists of two sections: the habri (“open”) and será (“closed”). Habri Once the short deklarashon introduktorio concludes, the habri begins. The habri, is where the pregon coveys the main message of the performance. It is a customary rule that the audience and coro, remain silent during the habri. No dancing, clapping or other distractions are allowed, and the audience is expected to be paying undivided attention to the pregon. The pregon also must adhere to the melodic and rhythmic patterns set in the deklarashon introduktorio. Sera Following the habri the pregon will decide when the sera begins. The pregon will signal with a hand wave and a vocal call, that the sera has begun. In this part, the rhythms of the tambu and the heru become faster and more intense. The coro is used to support the pregon by repeating key messages of the song, and pushing the pregon to continue delivering the performance. The audience also plays a key role during the sera. In this section, the audience are free to participate through clapping (called brassa) or stomping (called pisotea). Hand clapping is used to accentuate the downbeat of the performance, adding further rhythmic elements to accompany the percussionists. Rhythmically, the combination of the heru, bari, and body percussion of the audience, produces quick and complex patterns. Often the heru and bari, provide a triplet pulse, transcribed as a 12/8 time signature, while the pregon sings to a 4/4 count. The hand claps are able to adopt both sets of rhythms to accompany both the musicians and the pregon. The sera section also allows the audience to dance. Dancing is typically done where the participant plants one foot on the floor, while the other foot stomps to the drummers rhythm. Dancing is governed by strict rules of etiquette. It can be danced either individually or in pairs, however it is forbidden for an individual to touch their partner when dancing together. References Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, pp. 927–931 New Grove Encyclopedia of Music, pp 775–777 Aruban culture Bonaire culture Music of Curaçao Lesser Antillean music

5398510

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20factor%20movements

International factor movements

In international economics, international factor movements are movements of labor, capital, and other factors of production between countries. International factor movements occur in three ways: immigration/emigration, capital transfers through international borrowing and lending, and foreign direct investment. International factor movements also raise political and social issues not present in trade in goods and services. Nations frequently restrict immigration, capital flows, and foreign direct investment. Substitutability of factors and commodities Trade in goods and services can to some extent be considered a substitute for factor movements. In the absence of trade barriers, even when factors are not mobile, there is a tendency toward factor price equalization. In the absence of barriers to factor mobility, commodity prices will move toward equalization, even if commodities may not freely move. However, complete substitution between factors of production and commodities is only theoretical, and will only be fully realized under the economic model called the Heckscher-Ohlin model, or the 2x2x2 model, wherein there are two-countries, two-commodities, and two factors of production. While the assumptions of that model are unlikely to hold true in reality, the model is still informative as to how prices of factors and commodities react as trade barriers are erected or removed. International labor mobility International labor migration is a key feature of our international economy. For example, many industries in the United States are heavily dependent on legal and illegal labor from Mexico and the Caribbean. Middle Eastern economic development has been fueled by laborers from South Asian countries, and several European countries have had formal guest-worker programs in place for years. The United Nations estimated that more than 175 million people, roughly 3 percent of the world’s population, live in a country other than where they were born. International labor mobility is a politically contentious subject, particularly when considering the illegal movements of people across international borders to seek work. For example, a number of European countries saw the rise in the 1990s of a number of anti-immigrant political parties such as the National Front in France, the National Alliance in Italy, and the Republikaner in Germany. The subject is equally contentious among academics who have espoused numerous theories for the effects of immigration, both illegal and legal, on foreign and domestic economies. Traditional international economic theory maintains that reducing barriers to labor mobility results in the equalization of wages across countries. This can be demonstrated easily with a graphical model. First, the wage rate in a particular country can be shown graphical by looking at the marginal product of labor (MPL). The MPL curve demonstrates the real wage rate at any given level of employment in an economy. Now, consider a model where there are two countries: Home and Foreign. Each country is represented by a MPL curve. Initially, Home's labor force is at point C and Foreign's labor force is at point B. In the absence of labor mobility, these points would stay the same. However, when you allow labor to move between countries, assuming the costs of movement are zero, the real wage converges on point A, and workers in Home move to Foreign where they will earn a higher wage. Substitutability and complementarity of foreign and domestic labor Some have argued that guest workers, including perhaps illegal workers in some instances, help insulate domestic populations from economic fluctuations. In times of economic prosperity more guest workers may be needed. While during economic downturns guest workers may be required to return to their country of origin. However, it is often simultaneously argued that cheaper foreign labor may be necessary for the preservation of import-competing industries. Looking at those two arguments together presents a contradiction between these two alleged benefits. When migrant workers are sent home during economic downturns and native workers take their place, the assumption is that the two types of labor are substitutes, but if cheap labor is necessary to make domestic industries competitive, this requires migrant labor to be complementary. Different types of labor (e.g., skilled and unskilled) may be complements and substitutes at the same time. For example, skilled laborers may need unskilled laborers to work in the factories skilled laborers design, but at the same time an influx of unskilled labor may make capital intensive production less economically attractive than labor-intensive production, reducing the competitiveness of skilled laborers that design high-tech goods. However, the same type of labor, cannot be both a complement and substitute. For example, foreign unskilled workers will either be a substitute or complement to domestic unskilled workers; they cannot be both. The economic well being of domestic workers will tend to rise if complementary foreign labor enters the market, but their economic well being, a function of their wage, will fall if substitute foreign labor enters the market. A number of scholars who study the effects of international labor mobility have argued that complementary immigration, which deviates from the outcome predicted by the above model, is a common phenomena. Illegal immigration in the United States provides one useful example of this critique. The above model would predict that illegal immigration in the United States would cause the wages of domestic unskilled workers to fall. Illegal immigrants would move to the United States seeking higher wages than in their home countries. The influx of foreign laborers willing to work for wages below the pre-immigration market price in the United States would cause wages for U.S. domestic unskilled workers to fall and cause U.S. domestic unskilled workers to lose their jobs to the new foreign workers. However, there is both theoretical and empirical evidence that this may not always be the case. The idea behind this critique is that immigrant unskilled labor differs in certain fundamental qualities from the domestic unskilled labor force. The central difference may be immigrants willingness to work in particular occupations that are shunned by domestic unskilled workers. The occupations that foreign unskilled workers fall into may in some cases actually be complements to the occupations of domestic unskilled workers, and, therefore, the work of the foreign unskilled workers could raise the marginal productivity of domestic laborers, rather than reduce their wages and employment rates as the traditional model predicts. A great deal of empirical research has been done to assess the impact of certain groups of foreign workers. Most of these empirical studies attempt to measure the impact of immigration by looking at a cross-section of cities or regions in a country and using variations in immigrant or foreign worker density to determine how immigrants effect a particular variable of interest. Wages of domestic and foreign workers are obviously a common variable of interest. There are problems with this approach, however. In open economies with free trade, factor price equalization is likely to occur, so even if immigrants affect native national wages, the uneven distribution of immigrants across the nation may not result in long run cross-sectional wage differences. In the short run though, wage differences could indeed be present. Another issue is that immigrants may selectively move to cities that are experiencing high growth and an increase in wages. It has been suggested, however, that this issue can be resolved if wage data is examined over a period of time. In Friedburg and Hunt's survey of empirical immigration studies in 1995, they authors found that while some cross-sectional studies showed a slight decrease in domestic worker wages as a result of immigration, the effect was only slight, and not particularly detrimental. Pischke and Velling came to similar conclusions in a cross-sectional German immigration study. Studies have also been done using "natural experiments" and time series data, which had findings similar to the cross-sectional studies. However, George Borjas, of Harvard University, and several other economists have used time series studies and looked at wage inequality data and found that immigration does have a significant effect on domestic laborers. There are several factors, however, that might lead to the overestimation of the effects of immigration using the wage inequality methodology. The primary problem in past studies was the limitations on available data. The wage inequality studies may therefore represent an upper boundary for what the real effect of immigration is on domestic wages. International borrowing and lending International borrowing and lending is another type of international factor movement; however, the "factor" being moved here is not physical, as it is with labor mobility. Instead, it is a financial transaction. It is also known as portfolio investment. International lending takes place through both private, commercial banks and through international, public banks, like multilateral development banks. It can be classified as a type of intertemporal trade, i.e., the exchange of resources over time. Intertemporal trade represents a tradeoff of goods today for goods tomorrow, and it can be contrasted with intratemporal trade, an exchange of goods taking place immediately. Intertemporal trade is measured by the current account of the balance of payments. According to the time value of money, the present value of money is not equal to its future value (e.g., $1000 today is worth more than $1000 a year from now). Those wishing to borrow money from a lender must provide a measure of compensation above the value of the principal being borrowed. This compensation usually happens in the form of an interest rate payment. People do not all have the same demand for present and future consumption, so if borrowing and lending are allowed the "price of future consumption", i.e., the interest rate, will emerge. For the purposes of international economics, countries can be thought of in the same way as people. If a country has a relatively high interest rate, that would mean it has a comparative advantage in future consumption—an intertemporal comparative advantage. Countries that borrow from the international market are, therefore, those that have highly productive current investment opportunities. Countries that lend are in the opposite situation. Foreign direct investment Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the ownership of assets in a country by foreigners where the ownership is intended to provide control over those assets. The foreign owner is often a firm. FDI is one way in which factors of production, specifically capital, move internationally. It is distinct from international borrowing and lending of capital because the intent of FDI is not simply to transfer resources; FDI is also intended to establish control. Two aspects of the above definition are often debated due to their inherent ambiguity. First, if a firm acquires an ownership interest in another firm, how do we determine the "nationality" of either the acquiring or acquired firms? Many companies operate in multiple countries, making it difficult to assign them a nationality. For example, Honda has factories in multiple countries, including the United States, but the firm began in Japan. How, therefore, should we assign a nationality to Honda? Should it be on the basis of where the company was founded, where it primarily produces, or some other metric? Assigning a nationality is particularly problematic for firms founded countries with very small domestic markets and for companies that specifically focus on selling goods on the international market. The second problem with FDI's definition is the meaning of "control." The U.S. Department of Commerce has defined FDI as when a single foreign investor acquires an ownership interest of 10% or more in a U.S. firm. The number 10%, however, is somewhat arbitrary, and it is easy to see how the Commerce Department's definition might not capture all instances of actual foreign control. For example, a group of investors in a foreign country could buy 9% of a U.S. firm and still use that ownership to exercise some measure of control. Alternatively, a foreign investor that purchases 10% of a U.S. firm may have no intention of exercising control over the company. One important question economists have preoccupied themselves with regarding FDI is why ownership of domestic resources could be more profitable for foreign firms than for domestic firms. This questions rests on the assumption that, all things being equal, domestic firms should have an advantage over foreign firms in production in their own country. There are many explanations for why foreign firms acquire control over businesses in other countries. The foreign firm may simply have greater knowledge and expertise regarding productions methods, which gives it an advantage over domestic firms. The acquisition of a foreign firm could be based on a global business strategy. Finally, foreign firms might use a different discount rate or return on investment, which are essentially "cost of capital" considerations, when evaluating investment opportunities. However, Krugman and Graham, through a survey of the relevant literature, concluded that industrial organization considerations are more likely than cost of capital concerns to be the driving force for FDI. Multinational enterprises Multinational enterprises (MNEs) manage production or deliver services in more than one country. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's World Investment Report from 2007, as of 2005 there were over 77,000 parent company MNEs and 770,000 foreign affiliates. From an international economics viewpoint, there are two central questions about why MNEs exist. The first question is why goods and services are produced in multiple countries, instead of a single country. The second central question regarding MNEs is why certain firms decide to produce multiple products—why they internalize other areas of production. The first question can be answered rather simply. Different countries have different resources that companies may need for production. Also, transport costs and barriers to trade often mean the MNEs are necessary to access a particular market. The short answer to the second question it that firms internalize because it is more profitable for them to do so, but the exact reasons behind why it is more profitable to internalize are a more difficult issue. One possible reason for internalization is to insulate MNEs from opportunistic business partners through vertical integration. Technology transfer (here defined as any kind of useful economic knowledge) is also posited as a reason for internalization. A detailed discussion of these issues, however, is outside the scope of this article. References Further reading Paul Krugman (2005). International Economics Theory and Policy. Addison Wesley. . Paul Krugman (1995). Foreign Direct Investment in the United States. Institute for International Economics. Simon Collinson & Glenn Morgan (2009). Images of the Multinational Firm. John Wiley & Sons. Giorgio Barba Navaretti & Anthony J. Venables (2004). Multinational Firms in the World Economy. Princeton University Press. Charles P. Kindleberger (1969). American Business Abroad. Yale University Press. Mats Foresgren (2008). Theories of the Multinational Firm. Edward Elgar Publishing. Michael Rauscher (1997). International Trade, Factor Movements, and the Environment. Clarendon Press. Irving Fisher (1961). The Theory of Interest. Economic globalization

5398524

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Haven%20High%20School

West Haven High School

West Haven High School is a secondary school located in West Haven, Connecticut, which educates students in grades 9–12. The mascot of West Haven is the Blue Devil. Administration and Campus As of July 1, 2009, the school principal was Pamela Gardner. Her predecessor, Ronald Stancil, Sr., served as principal for ten years. West Haven High School enrolls about 1,800 students each year even though it was only designed for 1,500, in contrast to the state average of 524.4. The current campus opened September 1963 at 1 Circle Street (also known as McDonough Plaza). Its previous location was the Carl C. Gianotti Jr. High School on Main Street, a building now used as a residential complex. Before that, it was on the corner of Center Street and Union Avenue, a building since used as a grammar school and senior housing. Academics West Haven High School offers various non-core courses, including automotives, wood shop, metal shop, photography, graphic arts, drafting, video production, academics, art, and music courses. Among its notable programs are the Theater Workshop, JoAnn Andrees' Pillow Time Theatre and, in music, marching and concert bands, Bel Canto, Camerata and Concert Choir. Its chess team has won ten state championships and the school also has a successful mock trial team. Athletics West Haven High School athletic facilities include Ken Strong Stadium (an artificial turf football field and track), an enclosed ice skating rink, indoor gymnasium and swimming pool, tennis courts, and baseball and softball fields. The Blue Devils soccer and lacrosse teams use the Ken Strong field. West Haven High is part of the Southern Connecticut Conference, Quinnipiac Division, for athletics. In wrestling, they share a co-op team with Platt Regional Vocational Technical School, which competes in the Constitution State Conference. Visit The West Haven Athletic Hall of Fame online. 1968 Football, State Championship, Team ranked 1st in Conn. (New Haven Register Sportswriters Poll, 9-0, Class LL), 4th in the United States (National Sports News Service Poll). 1972 Football, State Championship, Team ranked 1st in Conn. (New Haven Register Sportswriters Poll, 10-0, Class LL) 1986, 1987, 1989 Football, Class L State Championships, under the leadership of Coach Ed McCarthy. 2002 Football, Class LL State Championship, also under Ed McCarthy, Team ranked 1st in Conn. (New Haven Register Sportswriters Poll, 12-0, Class LL) 2003 Football, Class LL Semifinals Winner (Lost to New Britain in the Championship) 2009 Wrestling, CSC Championship Runners-up (4-0) 1984 Baseball, Class LL State Championship. The team defeated Crosby High High School 7-4 to capture the title. 2009 Baseball, Class LL State Championship. The team defeated Brian McMahon High School 1-0 to win Note: 1976 was the first year of CIAC football playoffs; 1968 and 1972 Championships are unofficial. 1994 Division I State Champions in Ice Hockey 1990 Division I State Champions in Ice Hockey defeating Greenwich 4-0 1988 Division I State Champions in Ice Hockey Notable alumni Ulish Booker, professional football player. Art Ceccarelli, former MLB player. Melanie Chartoff, actress and inventor Jim Greco, professional skateboarder Patrick Earl Hammie, contemporary visual artist Tommy Nelson, actor Rob Jackson, former NFL linebacker Rob Radlosky, former MLB player Ken Strong, professional football player, inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967. References External links Buildings and structures in West Haven, Connecticut Schools in New Haven County, Connecticut Public high schools in Connecticut Rugby league stadiums in the United States Rugby league in Connecticut

5398529

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naked%20Woman

The Naked Woman

The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body (2004) is a book by zoologist Desmond Morris. It describes the female body from an evolutionary point of view. It is divided in several chapters, each dedicated to a part of the body, from hair to foot. For each, Morris explains the structure and function of the part, discusses its evolution, the social importance throughout human history, and the artificial modifications and decorations employed by different cultures. After a chapter on evolution, the following 22 chapters are dedicated respectively to: hair, brow, ears, eyes, nose, cheeks, lips, mouth, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, breasts, waist, hips, belly, back, pubic hair, genitals, buttocks, legs, and feet. External links 'The Naked Woman': Highly Intelligent Design High voices and plump lips Breasts, bottoms and so forth 2004 books Books by Desmond Morris

5398533

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29

Middlesex (UK Parliament constituency)

Middlesex was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, then of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 until abolished in 1885. It returned two members per election by various voting systems including hustings. Boundaries and boundary changes This county constituency until 1832 covered all the historic county of Middlesex, in south-eastern England, comprising Spelthorne, Poyle, South Mimms and Potters Bar in other modern counties, together with the north, west, and north-west sectors of the present-day Greater London. Apart from the ability of some voters to participate in the borough franchises of the cities of London and Westminster (after dates of their inception, see top right or below), it gave rise to three more urban offshoot divisions in 1832, one of which was split in two at the next national review or reform, in 1868. Its southern boundary was the River Thames. The county seat returned two Members of Parliament (sometimes referred to by the medieval term of knights of the shire). The place of election for the county was until 1700 at Hampstead Heath, thereafter at The Butts in the town centre of Brentford. Hustings were typically over a period of a fortnight when candidates set out their stall, and visible bribery had become not uncommon in closer contests around the country in such larger seats at the time, inspiring William Hogarth’s series of four pictures titled ‘Four Prints of An Election’ (when printed). Until 1832 the county franchise was limited to forty shilling freeholders. The decrease in the value of money due to inflation and the expansion of the wealth and population as the urbanised area in the east around London and Westminster grew contributed to gradually expanding the electorate. The county was estimated by Henning to have about 1,660 voters in 1681. Sedgwick estimated about 3,000 in the 1715–54 period. Namier and Brook suggested there were about 3,500 in 1754–90. The number had reached about 6,000 by 1790–1820, according to Thorne. Close elections between popular candidates would therefore be expensive - the worth of being a local magistrate, major landowner or other dignitary carrying little weight among such a generally urban and numerous upper-middle class forming the bulk of the electorate. For subsequent changes in the franchise see Reform Act 1832 and Reform Act 1867. From 1832 voters were registered; the size of the electorate is shown below. The geographic county until 1885 also contained the borough constituencies of City of London (first recorded as having its extraordinary four members from 1298) and Westminster (enfranchised with two members from 1545). In 1832 three two-seat Boroughs were added (or enfranchised): Finsbury, Marylebone, and Tower Hamlets. In 1867 two new parliamentary boroughs each returning two MPs were constituted: 'Hackney' (St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, St Matthew's Bethnal Green and St John's Hackney) formerly represented in borough elections via Tower Hamlets and 'Chelsea' (parishes of Chelsea, Kensington, Hammersmith and Fulham). The single-member non-territorial University constituency of London University (1868–1950) was somewhat connected to the county by having most of its graduates eligible to vote. Possession of a county electoral qualification, deriving from owning various types of property or having ecclesiastical 'offices' (controversially and sporadically defined) in an area not otherwise represented, conferred the right to vote in the county elections. An 1885 redistribution of seats saw Middlesex and its early breakaway seats in and around the City reformed under the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 reflecting the wider electorate of the Reform Act 1884 and need to 'liberate' boroughs, i.e. urban areas without properly apportioned representation: Constituencies in the urban south-east part that returned 18 MPs were replaced by 38 single-member seats. the City of London constituency (loosely considered with the county) was reduced from 4 to 2 members. the Middlesex constituency latterly covering the north, west and south-west of the county returning 2 MPs was replaced by 7 single-member seats. Local government bodies In 1889 the 40 urban constituencies that comprised the south-eastern part fell into (for local government) a County of London save for the much smaller City of London which remained a separate quasi-county and legal jurisdiction. The seven county divisions (constituencies) in the north and west of the historic county came under a new local government body, the administrative county of Middlesex. Both counties were also known by their governing bodies' name, County Councils (abbreviated to LCC and MCC). The seven successor seats were Brentford, Ealing, Enfield, Harrow, Hornsey, Tottenham and Uxbridge. These (and numerous later successor seats) had MCC local governance until its abolition in 1965. Members of Parliament Preliminary note: The English civil year started on Lady Day, 25 March, until 1752 (Scotland having changed to 1 January in 1600). The year used in the lists of Parliaments in this article have been converted to the new style where necessary. Old style dates for days between 1 January and 24 March actually referred to days after 31 December. No attempt has been made to compensate for the eleven days which did not occur in September 1752 in both England and Scotland as well as other British controlled territories (when the day after 2 September was 14 September), so as to bring the British Empire fully in line with the Gregorian calendar. Constituency created (1265): See Montfort's Parliament for further details. Knights of the shire are known to have been summoned to most Parliaments from 1290 (19th Parliament of King Edward I of England) and to every one from 1320 (19th Parliament of King Edward II of England). Knights of the shire 1265–1660 Some of the members elected during this period have been identified, but this list does not include Parliaments where no member has been identified before the reign of King Henry VIII. In the list (as opposed to the table below) the year given is for the first meeting of the Parliament, with the month added where there was more than one Parliament in the year. If a second year is given this is a date of dissolution. Early Parliaments usually only existed for a few days or weeks, so dissolutions in the same year as the first meeting are not recorded in this list If a specific date of election is known this is recorded in italic brackets. The Roman numerals in brackets, following some names, are those used to distinguish different politicians of the same name in 'The House of Commons' 1509-1558 and 1558–1603. In this period, Parliament was not an institution with a regular pattern of elections and sittings. Therefore, a separate entry is made for each Parliament, even if the same Knight of the Shire served in successive Parliaments. List of known Knights of the Shire before 1509 Table of Knights of the Shire 1509-1660 Notes:- a Speaker of the House of Commons. b Wroth ceased to be an MP after 11 May 1535. It is unknown if there was a by-election. c Hawkes ceased to be MP by May/June 1532. It is unknown if there was a by-election. d Hughes ceased to be an MP after January/April 1543. It is unknown if there was a by-election. e In theory the Long Parliament existed throughout the 1640–1660 term, as it could not be lawfully dissolved without its own consent which was not given until 1660. In practice all or part of the membership of the House of Commons were not permitted to sit for lengthy periods. Other bodies considered to be Parliaments existed within parts of the term of the Long Parliament. f Francklyn died and a by-election was held. g In December 1648, Gilbert was excluded from Parliament in Pride's Purge and the seat was left vacant. h Spencer is not recorded as having sat after Pride's Purge in December 1648. Table of Members of the Commonwealth Parliaments 1653-1659 The county had three nominated members in the Barebones Parliament, four representatives in the First and Second and the usual two in the Third of the Protectorate Parliaments Knights of the shire 1660–1885 Notes:- a Smithson, not the same man as the former member of the same name, changed his surname to Percy before the 1741 general election. b Byng received the courtesy title of Viscount Enfield in 1860. Elections General notes In multi-member elections the bloc voting system was used. Voters could cast a vote for two candidates or "plump" for one, as they chose. The leading candidates with the largest number of votes were elected. In by-elections, to fill a single seat, the first past the post system applied. Table terms Sources Results of 1660-1790 are by History of Parliament Trust publications. The results from 1790–1832 are by Stooks Smith, thereafter his work becoming the footnotes for results by Craig. Results 1660–1885 Parliament of England Note (1660) vote totals unavailable Note (1661) vote totals unavailable Note (1679): Roberts was not the same man as the 1660 candidate of the same name. Note (1679): Smyth is referred to as Smith in House of Commons 1660-1690, but Smyth seems to be correct from Leigh Rayment's list of baronets. Expulsion from the House of Peyton Note (1685) vote totals unavailable. Smyth is referred to as Smith in House of Commons 1660-1690, but Smyth seems to be correct from Leigh Rayment's list of baronets. Note (1689) vote totals unavailable Choice of Russell to sit for Cambridgeshire Parliament of Great Britain Death of Wolstenholme Death of Child Smithson (not the same person as the former MP of the same name) subsequently changed his surname to Percy Creation of Pulteney as 1st Earl of Bath Succession of Percy as 2nd Earl of Northumberland Appointment of Cooke as Joint Paymaster of the Forces Note (1768): Stooks Smith attributes 1,292 votes to Wilkes. Stooks Smith does not give candidates party labels in Middlesex until after this election. Death of Cooke Note (1768): Poll 6 days (Source: Stooks Smith) Expulsion from the House of Wilkes, declared incapable of being elected 3 February 1769 Expulsion from the House of Wilkes, election declared void Expulsion from the House of Wilkes, election declared void 17 March 1769 Election return of Wilkes amended to Luttrell by Parliament on 14 April 1769 and Luttrell seated as the MP 15 April 1769 Death of Glynn Note (1790): The George Byng who contested Middlesex elections from this year is a different person from the one who stood previously Parliament of the United Kingdom Note (1802): Poll 15 days (Source: Stooks Smith) Election of Burdett declared void 9 July 1804 Note (1804): Poll 15 days (Source: Stooks Smith) Election of Mainwearing challenged by a petition of Burdett. Mainwaring unseated and Francis Burdett seated on 5 March 1805. (Source: The Times (of London), edition of 6 March 1805) Election of Burdett challenged by a petition of Mainwearing. Burdett unseated and George Boulton Mainwaring seated with effect from 10 February 1806. (Source: The Times (of London), edition of 10 February 1806) Note (1806): Poll 15 days (Source: Stooks Smith) Note (1820): Poll 12 days (Source: Stooks Smith) Note (1835): The Thomas Wood who contested Middlesex elections from this year is a different person from the one who was elected in 1779 Byng's death caused a by-election. 12577 Creation of Grosvenor as 1st Baron Ebury Byng became known by the courtesy title of Viscount Enfield when his father became 2nd Earl of Strafford in 1860 Death of Hanbury Appointment of Hamilton as Vice-President of the Privy Council Committee on Education Appointment of Hamilton as First Lord of the Admiralty Constituency divided in the 1885 redistribution See also List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies Unreformed House of Commons List of parliaments of England Duration of English, British and United Kingdom parliaments from 1660 References Citations Sources British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977) The House of Commons 1509-1558, by S.T. Bindoff (Secker & Warburg 1982) The House of Commons 1558-1603, by P.W. Hasler (HMSO 1981) The House of Commons 1660-1690, by Basil Duke Henning (Secker & Warburg 1983) The House of Commons 1715-1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970) The House of Commons 1754-1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964) The House of Commons 1790-1820, by R.G. Thorne (Secker & Warburg 1986) The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844-50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973) Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976) D Brunton & D H Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954) Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) List of members nominated for Parliament of 1653 at British History Online Parliamentary constituencies in London (historic) Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1265 Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885 Political history of Middlesex

5398537

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaafin

Alaafin

Alaafin, or The Owner of the Palace in the Yoruba language, is the title of the emperor of the medieval Oyo empire and present-day Oyo town of West Africa. He ruled the old Oyo Empire which extended from the present day Benin republic to Nigeria originating from states in the South East and West to the North. The people under him are called Yoruba people and spoke the Yoruba Language. The Alaafin of Oyo in Yoruba mythology and history is said to be one of Oduduwa seven grandsons who later became Kings, forming the bedrock of the Yoruba Civilization[1] . The title was retained after the fall of the Oyo Empire as the official title of the ceremonial ruler of the contemporary natives of Oyo, Nigeria. The Alaafin is the political head of the Yoruba people and the only monarch with the pre-requisite power to appoint a chieftain representing the entire Yorubaland. Examples of such appointments include Aare Ona Kakanfo of Yorubaland and Iyalode of Yorubaland. the Alaafin (Emperor) of Oyo was Oba Lamidi Adeyemi III who was the 45th Alaafin, celebrated his 50th year on the throne. Oba Lamidi Olayiwola Adeyemi III, Iku Baba Yeye, Alaafin (Emperor) of Oyo was the permanent Chairman, Oyo State Council of Obas and Chiefs until his death on Friday, 22 April 2022. See also Rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo References 4. The official website of the Alaafin of Oyo (https://www.alaafinoyo.com ) 5. A Symbol of Yoruba Culture and Unity: The Life and Royalty of His Imperial Majesty, Oba Adeyemi III, the Alaafin Oyo by Siyan Oyeweso and Olutayo C. Adesina Yoruba royal titles

5398543

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Heartbeat%20episodes

List of Heartbeat episodes

Heartbeat is a British period drama television series which was first broadcast on ITV between 10 April 1992 and 12 September 2010. Set in the fictional town of Ashfordly and the village of Aidensfield in the North Riding of Yorkshire during the 1960s, the programme is based on the "Constable" series of novels written by ex-policeman Peter N. Walker, under the pseudonym Nicholas Rhea. Series overview Episodes Series 1 (1992) Series 2 (1993) Series 3 (1993) Series 4 (1994) Series 5 (1995) Series 6 (1996) Series 7 (1997–1998) Series 8 (1998–1999) Series 9 (1999–2000) Series 10 (2000–2001) Series 11 (2001–2002) Series 12 (2002–2003) Series 13 (2003–2004) Series 14 (2004–2005) Series 15 (2005–2006) Series 16 (2006–2007) Series 17 (2007–2008) Series 18 (2008–2010) References External links Heartbeat Heartbeat (British TV series)

5398547

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Simpsons%20%28pinball%29

The Simpsons (pinball)

The Simpsons is a 1990 pinball game released by Data East Pinball. It is based on the animated sitcom The Simpsons and features many elements from the series, such as character voices and music. The game was popular in the United States, becoming a hit for Data East Pinball. It has been cited as helping increase the popularity of pinball machines at the beginning of the 1990s. The Simpsons pinball game was followed by The Simpsons Pinball Party in 2003. Content The pinball machine is modeled after the animated sitcom The Simpsons. The pop bumpers are styled as nuclear reactor cooling towers and several characters from the show function as targets. Other targets depict the Simpson family's favorite foods, such as chocolate ice cream and donuts, and the family bowling. The machine is equipped with a Yamaha synthesizer that plays the theme song from the television series. It also features a computerized voice system on an OKI sound chip, and the characters are constantly talking. The original voices of the characters from the series are used. Mr. Burns says "Smithers, fire that man!" and "Don't you know how to use flippers?", while Bart says lines like "Don't have a cow, man," "Way to go, man," "You blew it, man," and "Hey, man, we're both underachievers." This was also the last pinball machine by Data East Pinball to utilise an alphanumeric display before changing to the dot-matrix display. Development and release The pinball game was released by Data East Pinball in 1990. It was licensed by Fox Broadcasting Company and produced in Data East's factory in Melrose Park, Illinois. According to an article in Chicago Sun-Times, the producers took advice from The Simpsons creator Matt Groening while developing the game. On November 9, 1990, Data East executive vice-president Gary Stern described the game to the press as "fun – a whole package ... voices, music, artwork, great ramps." He also noted that "This game is already on its way to becoming a monster hit." In 2007, Stern said in an interview with License! that "While we export about one-third of our games, that first [The Simpsons pinball] model did especially well in the U.S." Reception and legacy The Simpsons pinball machine won the award for best pinball game in 1990 by the Amusement and Music Operators Association, a group that represents coin machine operators. According to the Chicago Sun-Times article, pinball players have cited Data East's The Simpsons as a game that helped increase the popularity of pinball. The pinball market had been dead by the end of the 1980s, following the surge of the video game market, but it rose in popularity at the beginning of the 1990s. Tom Henry of The Tampa Tribune wrote in 1991 that pinball games became popular again because they started emphasizing themes: "The artwork, targets and sounds work together to create a story, manufacturers say. The computer unveils the subplot differently, depending on skill levels and the sequence in which shots are made." He cited the Simpsons pinball game as an example of this—a "game with a strong theme." A second Simpsons pinball machine, The Simpsons Pinball Party (designed by Stern Pinball, the successor to Data East Pinball), was released in 2003. References External links IPDB listing for The Simpsons Recent Auction Results for The Simpsons Simpsons Pinball machines based on television series Data East pinball machines 1990 pinball machines Pinball

5398548

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandberg%20Mountain

Brandberg Mountain

The Brandberg (Damara: Dâures; ) is Namibia's highest mountain. Location and extent Brandberg Mountain is located in former Damaraland, now Erongo, in the northwestern Namib Desert, near the coast, and covers an area of approximately 650 km2. With its highest point, the Königstein (German for 'King's Stone'), standing at above sea level and located on the flat Namib gravel plains, on a clear day 'The Brandberg' can be seen from a great distance. There are various routes to the summit, the easiest (also steepest) being up the Ga'aseb river valley, but other routes include the Hungurob and Tsisab river valleys. The nearest settlement is Uis, roughly 30 km from the mountain. The core area of was declared a National Monument in 1951. Origin of name The name Brandberg is Afrikaans, Dutch and German for Burning Mountain, which comes from its glowing color which is sometimes seen in the setting sun. The Damara name for the mountain is Dâures, which means 'burning mountain', while the Herero name, Omukuruvaro means 'mountain of the Gods'. Geology The Brandberg Massif or Brandberg Intrusion is a granitic intrusion, which forms a dome-shaped massif. It originated during Early Cretaceous rifting that led to the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Argon–argon dating yielded intrusive ages of 132 to 130 Ma. The dominant plutonic rock is a homogeneous medium grained biotite-hornblende granite. In the western interior of the massif (Naib gorge), a 2 km in diameter body of pyroxene-bearing monzonite is exposed. The youngest intrusive rocks based on cross-cutting relations are arfvedsonite granite dikes and sills in the southwestern periphery of the Brandberg massif which crop out in the Amis valley. The arfvedsonite granites contain minerals rich in rare-earth element minerals such as pyrochlore and bastnaesite. Remnants of Cretaceous volcanic rocks are preserved in a collar along the western and southern margins of the massif. Their angle of dip increases towards the contact where clasts of country rock occur within the granite forming a magmatic breccia. The origins of the magmas that formed the Brandberg intrusion are related to emplacement of mantle-derived basaltic magma during continental break-up which led to partial melting of crustal rocks resulting in a hybrid granitic magma. Erosion subsequently removed the overburden rock. Apatite fission track dating indicates approximately 5 km denudation between 80 and 60 Ma. An associated feature is the Doros Complex. Rock painting The Brandberg is a spiritual site of great significance to the San (Bushman) tribes. The main tourist attraction is The White Lady rock painting, located on a rock face with other art work, under a small rock overhang, in the Tsisab Ravine at the foot of the mountain. The ravine contains more than 1 000 rock shelters, as well as more than 45 000 rock paintings. To reach The White Lady it is necessary to hike for about 40 minutes over rough terrain, along the ancient watercourses threading through the mountain. The higher elevations of the mountain contain hundreds of further rock paintings, most of which have been painstakingly documented by Harald Pager, who made tens of thousands of hand copies. Pager's work was posthumously published by the Heinrich Bart Institute, in the six volume series "Rock Paintings of the Upper Brandberg" edited by Tilman Lenssen-Erz. (I. Amis Gorge, II. Hungorob Gorge, III. Southern Gorges (Ga'aseb & Orabes), IV. Umuab & Karoab Gorges, V. Naib (A)and the Northwest, VI. Naib (B), Circus & Dom Gorges. Volume VII. Numas Gorge is unlikely to be published due to discontinued funding.) Wildlife The Brandberg is also home to some interesting desert flora. Damaraland is well known for its grotesque aloes and euphorbias and the region around the mountain is no exception. The area has many plants and trees that have an alien appearance, due in part to the extreme climatic conditions. The area is uninhabited and wild. It is very arid and finding water can be difficult or impossible. In summer, the temperature frequently rises above 40 °C. Nonetheless, the Brandberg area is home to a large diversity of wildlife. The numbers of animals are small because the environment cannot support large populations, however most of the desert species that are found in Namibia are present and visitors to the area might glimpse a desert dwelling elephant or a rare black rhino. The new insect taxon Mantophasmatodea was first discovered on this mountain in 2002. The scorpion fauna of the Brandberg massif is probably the richest in southern Africa. Flora of Namibia The Brandberg lies within the Karroo-Namib floristic region and few members of the Cape flora are represented. A checklist of 357 species was published in 1974 by Bertil Nordenstam stating that 11 taxa are endemic to the Brandberg, with a further 28 species endemic to the Kaoko element. A large and significant group of species has a disjunction between the Karroo-Namib region in the south, and the arid parts of north-east Africa. These appear to be remnants of a hypothesised arid-track joining the two areas. Noteworthy species Aloidendron dichotomum is the largest and arguably the most conspicuous succulent on the mountain exceeding 5m height. It is infrequently encountered, mainly on the upper southern slopes. Cyphostemma currorii is another large succulent of the grape family that is scattered across the mountain. Myrothamnus flabellifolius is the resurrection plant. It is common on some of the upper slopes, and can be made into a tea. Olea europaea subsp. africana. Not normally associated with such arid regions, this is only known from the peak of Konigstein. Brandberg endemics Euphorbia monteiroi subsp. brandbergensis is a toxic upright succulent found in the upper altitudes. It is occasionally browsed, presumably by dassies (rock hyraxes). Plumbago wissii has pink flowers. Hermannia merxmuelleri was previously only known from Tsisab valley, and is unusual within the genus in having a crested capsule much like the American species of Hermannia and Hermannia cristata from the summer-rainfall region of South Africa. Othonna brandbergensis discovered by B. Nordenstam on 29 May 1963. Hoodia montana Mentha wissii Ruellia brandbergensis Felicia gunellii Nidorella nordenstamii Pentzia tomentosa Scirpus aciformis Scirpus hystricoides References Literature External links Rock art of the Upper Brandberg HBI Bookshop - Harald Pager volumes 3D perspective view at NASA Timelapse photography of sunset Mountains of Namibia Geography of Erongo Region Namibian savanna woodlands National Monuments of Namibia Natural monoliths Inselbergs of Africa

5398557

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%20Carver

Abe Carver

Abe Carver is a fictional character on the long-running American soap opera Days of Our Lives. Actor James Reynolds has played the character since he originated it on the series in 1981, and is currently the fifth longest serving actor on the show. The role is one of the longest-running African American characters in American soap operas. The character was created by head writer Pat Falken Smith. Abe is the widowed husband of Lexie Carver, daughter of international crime lord, Stefano DiMera. He is the father of Brandon Walker and Theo Carver and the adoptive father of Lani Price. Storylines Abe grows up in Salem with his siblings, Theo, Jonah and Karen. His passion for justice starts young, but amplifies after Theo is killed by a crooked police officer. Abe joins the Salem Police Department determined to rid the city of filth, including international crime lord, Stefano DiMera. Abe is also the police officer who investigates Anna Brady's claim that she was sold into white slavery. She reports the existence of her secret Swiss bank account to her husband, Roman Brady. Abe starts a relationship with Nikki Wade, but this is cut short after he stands her up at a débutante ball in favor of heading up a drug bust. He is also in two short-lived relationships with Dr. Valerie Grant and singer Tamara Price. Before Abe's promotion to police chief, he meets and marries Lexie Brooks. Over the years, their marriage gets compromised due to Lexie being the daughter of Stefano. His next major storyline involves the Aremid wedding of Peter Blake and Jennifer Horton. Abe is caught up in the investigation of Tony DiMera's murder. Abe and Lexi go to Paris to find Marlena Evans when Stefano kidnapped her. They end up finding and saving Marlena and catching Stefano but are unable to prosecute him, because only Stefano has a drug that can save Roman's life. Abe, Lexi, and John Black help break Stefano out of jail and later he is pardoned for his crimes after returning to Salem with the drug Roman needed. Later, Abe and Lexie adopt baby Isaac, thinking he is the child of DiMera henchman Wilhelm Rolf. Isaac is actually the son of Bo Brady and Hope Brady who was switched at birth by Stefano. Abe is later appalled to learn that Lexie knew of the switch, but hides the truth from him. Abe files for divorce but after Lexie helps Hope, Brady and her son Zack, Lexie and Abe reconcile. Brandon Walker comes to Salem with a deep hatred of Abe. Lexie sleeps with Brandon in a weak moment and becomes pregnant, unsure if Abe or Brandon is the father. It is revealed Abe is the father and Lexie and Abe reconcile for good. Brandon's presence causes issues for Abe until it is revealed that Brandon is Abe's illegitimate son with Fay Walker. After some time, Abe and Brandon embrace each other as family, and have since had a good relationship. In 2003, Abe is supposedly dead on the day of Theo's christening, becoming the first victim of the Salem serial killer. Months later, he is revealed to be alive – his death having been faked – on a remote tropical island, Melaswen, which is a complete replica of Salem. He works together with Roman and the others to escape the island. Abe is reunited with Lexie and Theo but goes blind and learns that he is impotent. His anger shines through and he becomes paranoid that Lexie is cheating. Eventually, Abe's eyesight is restored but an anonymous note leads him to a motel where he finds Lexie having sex with his protege, Salem police officer Tek Kramer. Their marriage is in turmoil for a while until Abe uses Lexie in the investigation of her half-brother, EJ DiMera, and Abe falls back in love with her. They stay together until Lexie disappears on December 29, 2006. Abe's eyesight starts to deteriorate again and he undergoes a second retina transplant. At the same time, Lexie is found in the tunnels under Doug's Place and the DiMera mansion, where André DiMera has kept her against her will for months. The transplant is successful and Abe returns to work as the Commissioner of the Salem Police Department. In the fall of 2010, Abe returned full-time to the screen. He began investigating the murders of the people of Salem, because he did not want anyone going through what he already had. However, the tables may turn on him when Stefano decided that he was going to frame Abe for the murders. In June 2012, Lexie, who has cancer, died peacefully in Abe's arms. In 2015, Abe finds out that he has a daughter, Lani Price, that he fathered with Tamara. In 2021, it was revealed that Lani wasn't his daughter but actually the daughter of Tamara's sister Paulina, and that Tamara had raised Lani as her own child. Cultural impact James Reynolds' portrayal of Abe Carver since 1981 has made Abe the longest-running African American character in American soap opera history. Having logged more hours on television than most actors, Reynolds is also a humanitarian and his work on Days of our Lives helps continue his work. For his role as Abe Carver, James Reynolds earned a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in 2004, and won the award for Outstanding Lead Actor in 2018. References External links Abe Carver profile - SoapCentral.com Days of Our Lives characters Fictional African-American people Fictional mayors Fictional American police officers Fictional police commissioners Television characters introduced in 1981 Male characters in television

5398569

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n%20Deportiva%20Atl%C3%A9tico%20Villa%20Gesell

Asociación Deportiva Atlético Villa Gesell

Asociación Deportiva Atlético Villa Gesell, mostly known as Atlético Villa Gesell, is an Argentine sports club from Villa Gesell, Buenos Aires Province. The stadium was named in honour to Carlos Idaho Gesell, the founder of the city. The team has taken part of Liga Madariaguense tournaments since 1976. Mostly known for its football team, Atlético Villa Gesell also hosts the practise of athletics, field hockey, volleyball and figure skating. The club was founded on December 7, 1974, being Eduardo Castillo its first president. In 1989 Atlético won the Liga Madariaguense tournament, which allowed it to play at 1990 Torneo Regional. In 2011, Atlético qualified to play at Torneo Argentino C after beating El León 2–1 in the city of General Madariaga. Titles Liga Madariaguense de Fútbol: 5 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 2002 References External links Official website Liga Madariaguense de Fútbol Villa Gesell Association football clubs established in 1974 1974 establishments in Argentina

5398572

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhard%20Maack

Reinhard Maack

Reinhard Maack (2 October 1892 – 26 August 1969) was a German explorer, geologist and geographer. Maack was born in Herford. While he was working as a surveyor and the headmaster of Windhoek school in central Namibia, he discovered 'The White Lady' rock painting in 1918. Maack was at the time convinced that the art had distinct European style and this view was upheld by various prominent archaeologists of the day. 'The White Lady' has been controversially dated from 6,000 to 20,000 years old. It was discovered in Namibia and was supposedly of European (or as was more specifically speculated, Mediterranean) origin. The controversial date meant that the whole theory of the "cradle of civilization" being in east or central Africa was thrown into chaos. Maack died in Curitiba, Brazil, aged 76. Honors In May 1959, Maack attended the commemoration ceremony for the 100th anniversary of the death of Alexander von Humboldt in Berlin; he received the Carl Ritter Medal. On 1 July 1969 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. References External links Website dedicated to Reinhard Maack (translated through Google) Explorers of Africa German explorers Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany People from Herford 1892 births 1969 deaths

5398586

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBXI

WBXI

WBXI is a set of call letters used for the following television stations: WBXI-CD, Indianapolis, IN WBXI, a WB 100+ Station Group affiliate in Binghamton, NY, which is predecessor of WBNG-TV's .2 subchannel

5398588

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat%20medical%20technician

Combat medical technician

A combat medical technician (CMT) is a soldier with a specialist military trade within the Royal Army Medical Corps of the British Army. Role The fully trained combat medical technician or CMT is capable of: assisting with the management of surgical, medical and psychiatric casualties from the onset of the condition until the casualty is admitted to a hospital offering specialist care. This capacity is to include the immediate necessary first aid and other sustaining procedures required to hold a casualty for a limited period in a non-hospital situation. undertaking the administrative procedures and documentation for casualties in field units, medical reception stations and unit medical centres, including those required for and during casualty Class 3 and 2 standards Trained in anatomy, physiology and first aid. Has a general understanding of medical terminology and is capable of carrying out first aid in an emergency situation until expert medical assistance is available Works under supervision to provide assistance to medical officers in field units and medical reception stations. Assists in setting up field medical units and is trained in medical fieldcraft including the use of radio equipment, navigation by foot or vehicle across country and field medical equipment Capable of carrying out basic nursing procedures Initiates and maintains casualty documentation and supply/equipment documentation Recognises abnormalities in casualty observations, body appearances and consciousness levels Trained in basic life support (BLS) to UK Resuscitation Council guidelines Trained in Army environmental health issues at unit level Class 1 standard As for Class 2 and 3, but with additional training and experience (see above) Provides health advice to non medical junior commanders Has a good understanding of anatomy and physiology Is able to take control of an emergency situation Is trained in basic diagnostic techniques and able to report findings to medical services Advises on basic field hygiene Capable of advanced first aid and using advanced resuscitation techniques Administers non-controlled drugs ordered by a medical officer Administers drugs by oral route, inhalations, plus intradermal-, intramuscular- and subcutaneous injection Sutures simple wounds Maintains, or supervises the maintenance of, and indents for medical equipment Trains junior medical assistants Additionally, at Class 1 the CMT is trained in the procedures and principles of Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support (BATLS), which includes advanced life support, cricothyrotomy and thoracentesis. Further progression by rank At the rank of corporal, the combat medical technician also supervises and controls medical assistants working in medical unit departments, such as medical section 2 i/c in a close support (CS) medical regiment. At the rank of sergeant or staff sergeant, the combat medical technician takes charge of a department, accounting for equipment and carrying out the administrative duties for soldiers within the department, medical section commander in a close support (CS) medical regiment or a role 2 medical treatment facility within a general support (GS) medical regiment. At the rank of warrant officer, the combat medical technician supervises a number of departments, and maintains discipline and morale within those departments, providing for the efficiency and effectiveness of the unit. See also Medical Assistant (Royal Navy) Royal Army Medical Corps Battlefield medicine Military medicine Medic Combat medic Flight medic Ambulance#Military use Michelle Norris References Army Form B6360 Rev 10/99 British Army site External links Army Medic home page Corpsman.com, a site run by docs for docs, of all US military services Virtual Naval Hospital - a digital library of military medicine and humanitarian medicine British Army specialisms Military medicine in the United Kingdom Royal Army Medical Corps

5398593

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas%20Georgakis

Kostas Georgakis

Kostas Georgakis () (23 August 194819 September 1970) was a Greek student of geology, who in the early hours of 19 September 1970, set himself ablaze in Matteotti square in Genoa in a fatal protest against the dictatorial regime of Georgios Papadopoulos. Early life Georgakis grew up in Corfu in a family of five. His father was a self-employed tailor of modest means. Both his father and grandfather distinguished themselves in the major wars that Greece fought in the 20th century. He attended the second lyceum in Corfu where he excelled in his studies. In August 1967, a few months after the 21 April coup in Greece, Georgakis went to Italy to study as a geologist in Genoa. He received 5,000 drachmas per month from his father and this, according to friends' testimony, made him feel guilty for the financial burden his family endured so that he could attend a university. In Italy he met Rosanna, an Italian girl of the same age and they got engaged. In 1968 Georgakis became a member of the Center Union party of Georgios Papandreou. Protest On 26 July 1970, Georgakis gave an anonymous interview to a Genovese magazine, during which he revealed that the military junta's intelligence service had infiltrated the Greek student movement in Italy. In the interview he denounced the junta and its policies and stated that the intelligence service created the National League of Greek students in Italy and established offices in major university cities. A copy of the recording of the interview was obtained by the Greek consulate and the identity of Georgakis was established. Soon after, he was attacked by members of the junta student movement. While in the third year of his studies and having passed the exams of the second semester Georgakis found himself in the difficult position of having his military exemption rescinded by the junta as well as his monthly stipend that he received from his family. The junta retaliated for his involvement in the anti-junta resistance movement in Italy as a member of the Italian branch of PAK. His family in Corfu also sent him a letter describing the pressure that the regime was applying to them. Fearing for his family in Greece, Georgakis decided that he had to make an act to raise awareness in the West about the political predicament of Greece. Once he made the decision to sacrifice his life, Georgakis filled a canister with gasoline, wrote a letter to his father and gave his fiancée Rosanna his windbreaker telling her to keep it because he would not need it any longer. Around 1:00 a.m. on 19 September 1970, Georgakis drove his Fiat 500 to Matteotti square. According to eyewitness accounts by street cleaners working around the Palazzo Ducale there was a sudden bright flash of light in the area at around 3:00 am. At first they did not realise that the flame was a burning man. Only when they approached closer did they see Georgakis burning and running while ablaze shouting, "Long Live Greece", "Down with the tyrants", "Down with the fascist colonels" and "I did it for my Greece." The street cleaners added that at first Georgakis refused their help and ran away from them when they tried to extinguish the fire. They also said that the smell of burning flesh was something they would never forget and that Georgakis was one in a million. According to an account by his father who went to Italy after the events, Georgakis's body was completely carbonised from the waist down up to a depth of at least three centimetres in his flesh. Georgakis died nine hours after the events in the square at around 12 noon the same day. His last words were: Long Live Free Greece. Reaction of the junta The Greek newspaper To Vima in the January 2009 article "The 'return' of Kostas Georgakis" with the subtitle "Even the remains of the student who sacrificed himself for Democracy caused panic to the dictatorship" by Fotini Tomai, supervisor of the historical and diplomatic archives of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The article reports that throughout the crisis in Italy the Greek consulate sent confidential reports to the junta where it raised fears that the death of Georgakis would be compared to the death of Jan Palach (through express diplomatic letter of 20 September 1970 Greek: ΑΠ 67, εξ. επείγον, 20 Σεπτεμβρίου 1970) and could adversely affect Greek tourism while at the same time it raised concerns that Georgakis's grave would be used for anti-junta propaganda and "anti-nation pilgrimage" and "political exploitation". Through a diplomatic letter dated 25 August 1972 (ΑΠ 167/ΑΣ 1727, 25 Αυγούστου 1972) Greek consular authorities in Italy reported to the junta in Athens that an upcoming Italian film about Georgakis would seriously damage the junta and it was proposed that the junta take measures through silent third-party intervention to obtain the worldwide distribution rights of the film so that it would not fall into the hands of German, Scandinavian, American stations and the BBC which were reported as interested in obtaining it. The film was scheduled to appear at the "Primo Italiano" festival in Torino, at the festival of Pesaro and the Venice anti-festival under the title "Galani Hora" ("Blue Country"; in Italian, "Uno dei tre"). Gianni Serra was the director and the film was a coproduction by RAI and CTC at a total cost of 80 million Italian lire. The dictatorship was also afraid that the film would create the same anti-junta sentiment as the film Z by Costa-Gavras. The minister of Foreign Affairs of the junta Xanthopoulos-Palamas in the secret encrypted message ΑΠ ΓΤΛ 400-183 of 26 November 1970 (ΑΠ ΓΤΛ 400-183 απόρρητον κρυπτοτύπημα, 26 Νοεμβρίου 1970) suggests to the Greek consular authorities in Italy to take precautions so that during the loading of the remains on the ship to avoid any noise and publicity. It was clear that the junta did not want a repeat of the publicity that occurred during Georgakis's funeral procession on 22 September 1970 in Italy. On 22 September 1970 Melina Merkouri led a demonstration of hundreds of flag and banner-waving Italian and Greek anti-junta resistance members during the funeral procession of Georgakis in Italy. Merkouri was holding a bouquet of flowers for the dead hero. According to press reports Greek secret service agents were sent from Greece for the occasion. The number of people at the funeral was estimated at 1,500. In another diplomatic letter it is mentioned that Stathis Panagoulis, brother of Alexandros Panagoulis was scheduled to give the funeral address but did not attend. According to diplomatic message ΑΠ 432, dated 23 September 1970 (ΑΠ 432, 23 Σεπτεμβρίου 1970) from the Greek Embassy in Rome, then ambassador A. Poumpouras transmitted to the junta that hundreds of workers and anti-junta resistance members accompanied Georgakis's body from the hospital to the mausoleum in Genoa where he was temporarily interred. In the afternoon of the same day a demonstration of about a thousand was held which was organised by leftist parties shouting "anti-Hellenic" and anti-American slogans according to the ambassador. In the press conference which followed the demonstrations Melina Merkouri was scheduled to talk but instead Ioannis Leloudas from Paris and Chistos Stremmenos attended, the latter bearing a message from Andreas Papandreou. According to the ambassador's message Italian police took security precautions around the Greek consulate at the time, at the request of the Greek Embassy in Rome. Another consular letter by consul N. Fotilas (ΑΠ 2 14 January 1971, ΑΠ 2, 14 Ιανουαρίου 1971) mentioned that on 13 January 1971 the remains of Georgakis were transferred to the ship Astypalaia owned by Vernikos-Eugenides under the Greek flag. The ship was scheduled to leave for Piraeus on 17 January carrying the remains of Georgakis to Greece. With this a series of obstacles, mishaps, adventures and misadventures involving the return of the remains came to an end. On 18 January 1971, a secret operation was undertaken by the junta to finally bury Georgakis's remains in the municipal cemetery of Corfu city. A single police cruiser accompanied the Georgakis family, who were transported to the cemetery by taxi. Letters written Letter to his father Georgakis wrote a final letter to his father. Newspaper publisher, and owner of Kathimerini, Helen Vlachos, in one of her books, mentions this letter as well. Letter to a friend In a letter to a friend Georgakis mentions: Recognition The Municipality of Corfu has dedicated a memorial in his honour near his home in Corfu city. His sacrifice was later recognized and honoured by the new democratic Hellenic Government after metapolitefsi. In his monument a plaque is inscribed with his words in Greek. The monument was created gratis by sculptor Dimitris Korres. Poet Nikiforos Vrettakos in his poem "I Thea tou Kosmou" (The View of the World) wrote for Georgakis: Poet Yannis Koutsoheras in his poem "Kostas Georgakis self-immolating in the square of Genoa" wrote: "Living Cross Burning and a cry urbi et orbi transcending this world: -Freedom to Greece". On 18 September 2000 in a special all-night event at Matteotti square, Genoa honoured the memory of Georgakis. In Matteotti square where he died, a plaque stands with the inscription in Italian: La Grecia Libera lo ricorderà per sempre (Free Greece will remember him forever). The complete inscription on the plaque reads: which translates in English: Legacy Georgakis is the only known junta opponent to have committed suicide in protest against the junta and he is considered the precursor of the later student protests, such as the Polytechnic uprising. At the time, his death caused a sensation in Greece and abroad as it was the first tangible manifestation of the depth of resistance against the junta. The junta delayed the arrival of his remains to Corfu for four months citing security reasons and fearing demonstrations while presenting bureaucratic obstacles through the Greek consulate and the junta government. Kostas Georgakis is cited as an example indicating the strong relation between an individual's identity and his/her reasons to continue living. Georgakis' words were cited as an indication that his strong identification as a free individual gave him the reason to end his life. Film Once Upon A Time There Were Heroes, Direction: Andreas Apostolidis, Screenplay: Stelios Kouloglou, Cinematography: Vangelis Koulinos, Created by: Stelios Kouloglou, Production: Lexicon & Partners, BetacamSp Colour 58 minutes. Reportage without frontiers: documentary Title: "The Georgakis Case" Director: Kostas Kouloglou Uno dei tre (1973) Film by Gianni Serra Books C. Paputsis, Il grande sì, Il caso Kostas Georgakis, Genova, Erga Edizioni, 2000. . See also Liviu Cornel Babeş Alain Escoffier Oleksa Hirnyk Romas Kalanta List of political self-immolations Evžen Plocek Ryszard Siwiec Thích Quảng Đức Jan Zajíc Citations and notes External links Story of Kostas on the website of the Corfu City Hall 1948 births 1970 suicides Greek democracy activists College students who committed suicide Suicides by self-immolation Student protests in Greece People from Corfu Suicides in Italy Resistance to the Greek junta Members of the Panhellenic Liberation Movement

5398595

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%20Feeling%2C%20You%20Can%20Only%20Say%20What%20It%20Is%20in%20French

That Feeling, You Can Only Say What It Is in French

"That Feeling, You Can Only Say What It Is in French” is a horror short story by American writer Stephen King. It was originally published in the June 22, 1998 issue of The New Yorker magazine. In 2002, it was collected in King's collection Everything's Eventual. It focuses on a married woman in a car ride on vacation constantly repeating the same events over and over, each event ending with the same gruesome outcome. In his closing remarks, King suggested that Hell is not "other people," as Sartre claimed, but repetition, enduring the same pain over and over again without end. Plot summary As the story progresses, a woman (Carol) begins to have déjà vu of the same car ride on their second honeymoon with the same bloody outcome every time. It never ends. It is implied, but never said, that they have crashed on the plane to their honeymoon location and they may be in Hell or Purgatory. See also Stephen King short fiction bibliography External links 1998 short stories Horror short stories Short stories by Stephen King Works originally published in The New Yorker

5398607

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexie%20Carver

Lexie Carver

Lexie Carver is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives, created by head writer Leah Laiman. The role has been played most notably by actress Renée Jones, who appeared in the role from 1993 until departing in 2012. She is the daughter of crime boss Stefano DiMera, and the psychic Celeste Perrault. She is the mother of Theo Carver, and the wife of mayor Abe Carver. Casting The role was originated on July 30, 1987, by Cyndi James Gossett on a recurring basis. Gossett last appeared as Lexie on February 20, 1989. Angelique deWindt Francis portrayed the character from March 31, 1989, until August 2, 1990, and again from March 9 to December 12, 1992. Shellye Broughton appeared for two episodes on January 28 and 29, 1993, with Renée Jones taking over on February 2, 1993. Jones remained a regular until she was dropped to recurring status in 2007. In April 2012, Jones confirmed in an interview with TV Guide's Michael Logan that she would vacate the role of Lexie Carver after 20 years and would retire into a simpler life, revealing that she is not happy in acting. Jones revealed that the exit of Lexie would likely be a permanent one. Jones last aired on June 28, 2012. On October 22, 2021, Jennifer Lee stepped into the role for a special episode focussing on Abe. Storylines Lexie is the wife of Salem mayor Abe Carver. She is the daughter of international criminal, Stefano DiMera, and Celeste Perrault, however she is raised to believe that her aunt Grace and Grace's husband are her biological parents. Lexie Brooks first arrives in Salem in July 1987 as a police Officer and partner of Officer Abe Carver, but is subsequently kicked off the force for aiding her vigilante brother-in-law Jonah Carver. Lexie also becomes good friends with Diana Colville, the fiancée of John Black (who was then believed to be Roman Brady). Later in 1990, she goes through medical school and becomes a doctor. Abe and Lexie are married off-screen in 1991 when they elope. In September 1992, Lexie is believed to be pregnant, but it is revealed that the test was a false positive, devastating the couple. Lexie has a history of cheating on her husband. She flirts with Abe's brother Jonah in the Summer of 1994, but they stop short of an affair. In 2001, Lexie sleeps with Abe's illegitimate son Brandon Walker before she knows of his connection to her husband. In 2005, Lexie has an affair with Tek Kramer, whom she dates after her husband is presumed dead. Lexie, while not a villain, frequently engages in unethical behavior. She also tends to stick up for her father's family, the DiMeras. Both her father Stefano and her half-brother André DiMera have helped her with her problems (often using illegal means). Fearing Lexie can't bear children, Stefano arranges for her to raise Isaac (Zack), the son of Bo Brady and Hope Brady, as her biological son after a surrogate's baby is switched with Zack in the hospital. Lexie did not know this at the time, but later chooses to keep quiet about it once she finds out, even though Hope is her best friend. In 2003, Lexie gives birth to Theo Carver, her son with Abe. However, the family's happiness is short-lived when Abe is seemingly murdered by the Salem Stalker. However, it is revealed that Abe is alive and is trapped on Melaswen ("New Salem" backwards) Island, part of a plot conducted by André. Abe and Lexie reunite when he returns to Salem in 2004. Lexie has a history of antagonism with Sami Brady. They were both involved with Brandon, and Sami blackmails Lexie on a number of occasions due to Lexie's repeated adultery. Later, Sami has Lexie lie to Sami's sister, Carrie Brady, regarding her chances of having healthy children. Breaking her Hippocratic oath, Lexie is fired from Salem University Hospital. However, with Hope's help, Lexie becomes Kayla Brady's part-time private nurse and 'personal medical adviser'. In 2007, Lexie is kidnapped by André because she claims she witnessed her half-brother EJ DiMera shooting John Black. Tek Kramer is the real witness of the crime, but they cover it up because Lexie did not want her husband to find out that she is with Tek again. Shortly afterwards, Lexie and Tek are run off the road. No bodies are recovered. Lexie is later discovered in the tunnels of Salem during a Bo and Hope investigation into the long running Brady-DiMera feud. Upon her return, Lexie reunites with her husband and is reinstated by the Salem University Hospital board and eventually becomes Chief of Staff. Her new position keeps her very busy which causes marital problems. She deals with the news that Theo is autistic. In order to spend more time with her son, Lexie resigns from her position, but remains at the hospital as a doctor. She also supports Abe's campaign for mayor. In November 2008, Lexie becomes Salem's First Lady. Lexie later returns to the position of Chief of Staff after Kayla, who took over the role, decides to leave Salem. In 2010, it is believed that Dr. Carly Manning would take on the position of Chief of Staff when Lexie and Abe consider leaving Salem. However, when they decide to stay, Lexie decides to keep her position at the hospital. In 2012, Lexie's mother Celeste returns to town with Lexie's brother, Cameron Davis. Before her arrival, Lexie suffers from headaches and begins to feel weak and faint. After initial tests run by Daniel Jonas, it's discovered she has brain tumors - as a result of being held captive in the toxic fume-filled tunnels under the DiMera mansion when André had kidnapped her a few years prior. Following further tests, it's discovered that the tumors have grown and are fatal, giving her a matter of weeks to live. Her family gathers around her, helping her with her bucket list, which includes going to Paris. Unable to fly, Abe, with the help of EJ and Cameron, turn the Horton Town Square into a Paris-like setting. In late June, a fragile Lexie goes on a picnic in the backyard with Abe, where she peacefully passes away in his arms. A ghostly Lexie visits her loved ones and assures Theo that while she may not always be there in her physical presence, she will always be there for him. References External links soapcentral.com|DAYS Online Lexie at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives characters Fictional female doctors Fictional African-American people Fictional physicians American female characters in television fi:Luettelo Päivien viemää -sarjan henkilöistä#Lexie Carver

5398608

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser%20Al-Johar

Nasser Al-Johar

Nasser Hamad Al-Johar (; born 6 January 1946) is a Saudi Arabian football coach and former player. Club career Al-Johar played for Al Nassr FC. Managerial career Al-Johar coached the Saudi Arabia national football team for both the 2000 AFC Asian Cup (replacing Milan Máčala) and 2002 FIFA World Cup (after replacing Slobodan Santrač), though he was fired for failing to take the team to a Cup win that year. When coach Helios Dos Anjos was fired in June 2008, Al-Johar was hired to replace him for the rest of the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification. Al-Johar resigned from coaching The Green Falcons in February 2009 after the team lost to the North Korea national football team in the AFC Fourth Round of 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification; he was replaced with José Peseiro. The Saudi Arabia Football Federation announced the "reclusive" Al-Johar would continue to support the team as a "technical advisor". After losing to the Syria national football team on 9 January 2011, it was announced that Al-Johar would replace Peseiro throughout the remainder of the 2011 AFC Asian Cup; after two further losses (1–0 against Jordan and 5–0 against Japan), the perennial fix-it man for Saudi Arabia was again sacked less than two weeks after taking the helm. References 1946 births Al Nassr FC players Living people 2000 AFC Asian Cup managers 2002 FIFA World Cup managers 2011 AFC Asian Cup managers Saudi Arabian footballers Saudi Arabia national football team managers Al Nassr FC managers Saudi Arabian football managers Association footballers not categorized by position

5398610

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take%20and%20bake%20pizzeria

Take and bake pizzeria

A take and bake pizzeria, sometimes just known as a take and bake (or alternatively, take-n-bake), is a pizzeria which sells uncooked pizzas to customers, who then cook the pizzas at home in their own ovens. Take-and-bake pizzas are typically made to order out of fresh ingredients (though the pizzeria may also keep a number of commonly ordered or special sale price pizzas on hand for convenience). Often because the pizzas are made with fresh and unbaked ingredients and not heated in-store, the pizzas can be paid for in some states with food assistance EBT cards. According to Nation's Restaurant News, take-and-bake pizzerias typically have lower costs because they require less restaurant space and equipment. As a result, they are often able to undercut the national pizza giants. Many take-and-bake pizzerias either operate as standalone entities, or as part of delicatessens. Such establishments often offer other menu items, such as cookie dough, soft drinks, salads, breadsticks, or dessert items, in addition to pizza. Some supermarkets also offer this feature, including Sobeys and Safeway (where a delicatessen is attached to a pizza section). In addition, some traditional dine-in pizzerias, such as Pizzeria Uno, also provide take-and-bake pizzas at some locations. The leading specialty chains offering take and bake pizza in America are Papa Murphy's, Figaro's, and Nick-N-Willy's. Several grocery and retail chains, such as Kroger and Wal-Mart, also offer take and bake pizza. References Take and bake pizzerias Convenience foods

5398611

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younginiformes

Younginiformes

Younginiformes is a replacement name for the taxon Eosuchia, proposed by Alfred Romer in 1947. The Eosuchia having become a wastebasket taxon for many probably distantly-related primitive diapsid reptiles ranging from the late Carboniferous to the Eocene, Romer proposed that this be replaced by Younginiformes, to include the Younginidae and a very few similar families, ranging from the Permian to the Triassic. Younginiformes (including Acerosodontosaurus, Hovasaurus, Kenyasaurus, Tangasaurus, Thadeosaurus, Youngina, et alia sensu Currie and other researchers in the 1980s) is probably not a clade. It appears to represent a grade of South African Permo-Triassic diapsids that are not more closely related to each other as a whole than they are to other reptiles. A cladistic analysis by Laurin and Pineiro (2017) recovers Parareptilia as not only part of Diapsida, but also sister to Younginiformes. References Paraphyletic groups Permian reptiles Triassic diapsids Permian first appearances Triassic extinctions

5398628

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread%20and%20salt

Bread and salt

Bread and salt is a welcome greeting ceremony in some Slavic, Nordic, Baltic, Balkan and other European cultures as well as in Middle Eastern cultures. It is also shared with some non-Slavic nations — Lithuanians, Latvians (both Baltic), Romanians (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like the Karelians — all of which are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours. It remains common in Albania, Armenia, and among the Jewish diaspora. This tradition has also been observed in spaceflight. Etymology The tradition is known locally by its Slavic names, all literal variants of "bread and salt": , , , , , , , , , . It is shared with some of the neighbouring non-Slavic peoples — the Latvians and Lithuanians (both Baltic nations), Romanians (Romance) as well as some Finno-Ugric peoples like the Karelians — all of whom are culturally and historically close to their Slavic neighbours: , , , . It is also common in Albania (), Armenia (, agh u hats), among the Jewish diaspora, and within parts of the Middle East under different names. Cultural associations Albania Bread, salt and heart () is a traditional Albanian way of honoring guests, it dates back from the Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini Chapter 18 - para.608: "The Guest shall be welcomed with Bread, salt and heart". Heart in the context is related with hospitality, the concept is based on giving the most expensive thing of that time which was salt to the awaited guest. Nowadays it is not commonly practiced in daily life. Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are presented with a loaf of bread (usually a korovai) placed on a rushnyk (embroidered ritual cloth). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf. On official occasions, the "bread and salt" is usually presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik). The tradition gave rise to the Russian word that expresses a person's hospitality: "khlebosolny" (literally: "bready-salty"). In general, the word "bread" is associated in Russian culture with hospitality, bread being the most respected food, whereas salt is associated with long friendship, as expressed in a Russian saying "to eat a pood of salt (together with someone)". Also historically the Russian Empire had a high salt tax that made salt a very expensive and prized commodity (see also the Moscow uprising of 1648). There also is a traditional Russian greeting "Khleb da sol!" (Хлеб да соль! "Bread and salt!"). The phrase is to be uttered by an arriving guest as an expression of good wish towards the host's household. It was often used by beggars as an implicit hint to be fed, therefore a mocking rhymed response is known: "Khleb da sol!" — "Yem da svoy!" (Хлеб да соль — ем да свой! "Bread and salt!" — "I am eating and it is my own!"). In Russian weddings, it is a traditional custom for the bride and groom to be greeted after the ceremony by family, usually the matriarch, with bread and salt in an embroidered cloth. This confers good health and fortune unto the newlyweds. In the Russian Orthodox Church, it is customary to greet the bishop at the steps of the church when he arrives for a pastoral visit to a church or monastery with bread and salt. Bulgaria Bread and salt (, transliterated hlyab i sol) is a traditional Bulgarian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed. The bread and salt is commonly presented to guests by a woman. Bulgarians usually make a certain type of bread for this occasion called pogacha, which is flat, fancy, and decorated. Regular bread is not usually used, although it may have been historically, but pogacha is much more common in this custom. Usually, guests are presented with the pogacha, and the guest is supposed to take a small piece, dip into the salt and eat it. This custom is common for official visits regardless of whether the guest is foreign or Bulgarian. One notable example of this custom is when the Russians came to liberate Bulgaria from the Ottomans at the end of the 19th century. A common scene from that period was of a Bulgarian village woman welcoming Russian soldiers with bread and salt as a sign of gratitude. Poland In Poland, welcoming with bread and salt ("chlebem i solą") is often associated with the traditional hospitality ("staropolska gościnność") of the Polish nobility (szlachta), who prided themselves on their hospitality. A 17th-century Polish poet, Wespazjan Kochowski, wrote in 1674: "O good bread, when it is given to guests with salt and good will!" Another poet who mentioned the custom was Wacław Potocki. The custom was, however, not limited to the nobility, as Polish people of all classes observed this tradition, reflected in old Polish proverbs. Nowadays, the tradition is mainly observed on wedding days, when newlyweds are greeted with bread and salt by their parents on returning from the church wedding. North Macedonia In the North Macedonia, this tradition still is practiced occasionally as a custom expressing hospitality. A certain type of bread, similar to that in Bulgaria and also by the same name — pogača (from Latin panis focacius) is prepared. The notable Macedonian and ex-Yugoslav ethno-jazz-rock group of the world music guitarist Vlatko Stefanovski had the name "Leb i Sol", which means "bread and salt" and speaks itself about this term of hospitality as something basic and traditional. Romania As in the neighbouring Slavic countries, bread and salt is a traditional Romanian custom expressing hospitality, showing that the guest is welcomed. In Transylvania bread and salt are served to protect against weather demons. Serbia Bread and salt (hleb i so) is a traditional welcoming of guests, being customary to offer it before anything else, with bread having an important place in Serbian tradition, used in rituals. The traditional bread, pogača, is a symbol of family unity and goodness, and salt prosperity and security for the guest. It is part of the state protocol, in use since the Principality of Serbia, often used when welcoming foreign representatives. Slovakia and Czechia The long-tradition of the Slovakia and the Czech Republic as Slavic countries is to welcome important visits with bread and salt. An example is the welcome of Pope Francis in Bratislava 2021 by president Zuzana Čaputová. Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania In Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, bread and salt were traditionally given as a symbol of blessing for a new home. Instead of white bread, dark fiber-rich rye bread was used. The tradition is still kept alive in Eastern Karelia and in Ingria by the minor Baltic Finnic peoples. Germany Bread and salt are given away for different reasons: to the wedding for a lasting alliance between spouses to move into a house to wish prosperity and fertility. In northern Germany and Bohemia (Czech Republic) bread and salt are traditionally put into the diaper of a newborn. Arab culture Arab culture also has a concept of "bread and salt" (خبز وملح or عيش وملح) but not in the context of welcoming, but as an expression of alliance by eating together, symbolizing the rapprochement between two persons. Eating bread and salt with a friend is considered to create a moral obligation which requires gratitude. This attitude is also expressed by Arab phrases such as "there are bread and salt between us" (بيننا خبز وملح or بيننا عيش وملح), and "salt between them" (بينهما ملح) which are terms of alliance. Jewish culture A similar practice also exists among Jews in the Diaspora and in Israel. After the ceremony of Kiddush, a piece of Challah is dipped in salt and eaten. The Challah is a staple food eaten on special occasions, like holidays and weddings, as well as every Saturday. Bread and salt were also used in the past at welcoming ceremonies, given to respected persons. Iranian culture United Kingdom In Northern England and Scotland the tradition is observed on New Year's Day, where the first individual to enter a house may be required by tradition to bring bread, salt and coal. In space With the advent of the Soviet space program, this tradition has spread into space, where appropriately small packages of bread and salt are used nowadays. It was observed at the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project and the Salyut programme, when crackers and salt tablets were used in the spaceship. Bread chunks and salt were used as a welcome at the Mir space station, a tradition that was extended on the International Space Station. Bread and salt are also used to welcome cosmonauts returning to Earth. In fiction The custom of serving bread and salt to guests is a recurring reference in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire novels, where the welcome ritual serves not only as a Westerosi tradition of hospitality, but also a formal assurance of "guest right", a sacred bond of trust and honor guaranteeing that nobody in attendance, hosts and guests alike, shall be harmed. Violating the guest right is widely considered among the highest moral crimes, an affront worthy of the worst damnation, rivaled only by kinslaying. Game of Thrones, the associated television series, prominently features the tradition in season three, episode 9, "The Rains of Castamere". In Season 2, Episode 4 of Peaky Blinders, Alfie Solomons offers Charles Sabini bread and salt as Sabini offers a white flag of truce. Rudyard Kipling referenced bread and salt in a number of works. In The Ballad of East and West, leavened bread and salt is mentioned as binding an oath of blood brothership. At the beginning of Puck of Pook's Hill Puck establishes his credentials with the child protagonists by asking them to sprinkle plenty of salt on their shared meal. ""That'll show you the sort of person I am." In Rosemary Sutcliff's historical novel Outcast, bread and salt is referred to as a sign of belonging to a tribe: "You are my people, my own people, by hearth fire and bread and salt". In The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, Chapter 72 is titled "Bread and Salt". The character Mercedes attempts to coax the main character into eating fruit, as part of an Arabian custom to ensure that those who have shared food and drink together under one roof would be eternal friends. In D. R. Merrill's 2014 science fiction novel Lamikorda the Alplai greet the leaders of the Terran colony vessel with a ritual meal of foods representing their major cultures, including bread from the Saakh; one of the Terrans then presents a small container of sea salt, which is graciously accepted and added as a symbol of their friendship. Bread and salt are given as a housewarming gift in one scene of the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life. References Bibliography R. E. F. Smith & David Christian, Bread and Salt: A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia (1984) External links Albanian culture Slavic culture Lithuanian traditions Greetings Traditions Religious food and drink National symbols of Ukraine National symbols of Russia National symbols of Belarus Guest greeting food and drink National symbols of Serbia Albanian traditions Serbian traditions Edible salt Breads

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOE

KOE

KOE, formally known as the Krewe of Elvis, is a Mardi Gras parading organization that consists of members from around the world who meet in New Orleans for Mardi Gras. History 1998 saw the birth of Mardi Gras' first Cyber Krewe, KOE and its members are from all over the world. Two Internet "netheads" (Craig Imboden and Chip Curley) founded it and it is made up of fellow Internet junkies devoted to Mardi Gras. KOE is a non-profit club that parades throughout the French Quarter on Fat Tuesday. There are a number of costumed marching krewes that parade through the Quarter and surrounding areas each Mardi Gras, but KOE was the first organized over the internet consisting mostly of out-of-towners who enjoyed New Orleans Mardi Gras. KOE members regularly gather on their members page for posts and cyber chats to stay in touch throughout the year. Memberships are open to the public and currently over 150 strong. KOE's first Lundi Gras party was held in 1999 and it remains as the official beginning of each year's KOE's Mardi Gras. The annual KOE Lundi Gras party is held Monday, the day before Fat Tuesday. Members gather at G.W. Fins restaurant to renew friendships, greet new members and trade special throws. In 2015 the KOE began another annual tradition by hosting a members-only balcony party on the Friday Night before Mardi Gras at the Tropical Isle Bar on Bourbon Street Throws The KOE is known for their unique throws. Krewe members bring along beads, doubloons and trinkets to throw or hand out to the Mardi Gras crowds. Beads are always a popular throw and can be purchased at many Internet sites. Special KOE themed throws are items which Krewe members bring that support the theme that is chosen for each year's parade. In addition to the themed items, many members spend the year creating special throws which are shared with each other at the Lundi Gras party. The crowds love beads and throws and the members have fun giving them away. KOE Theme Medallions were first created in 2004 with the Pink Cadillac. The Show Girl followed in 2005. In 2006 the KOE Pops the Big Top was a prized catch and the 2007 throw of "KOE Shakes its Booty on the 7 Seas" The 2008 theme "The West Is History" celebrated the KOE's 10th Anniversary and for the first time the parade was led by a New Orleans Jazz Marching Band. The 2009 theme was "KOE Fables and Fairytales" The KOE celebrated MG with a "HOLIDAZE" theme in 2010.In 2011 the KOE Flew high and celebrated Mardi Gras with its theme "KOE is Spaced Out" - all sorts of interesting space themed costumes were worn. 2012 the KOE marched to the theme of "Its a Jungle out there" In 2013 the KOE paraded through the streets of the French quarter with their "Barnyard Bash". In 2014, several Kings and Queens were spotted as they took on the day with the theme of "A Knight in Camelot". For their 2015 parade they channeled the Beatles theme with "Come Together". In 2016 the krewe took a wild ride down a rabbit hole with the theme "KOE in Wonderland". 2017 saw them road trip to Oz with "KOE Off To See The Wizard". 2018.....it is the KOE 20th anniversary as they commemorate this event with a throw back to an Elvis theme. Look for many Elvi parading throughout the French Quarter on Fat Tuesday. Parading On Mardi Gras Day, the parade starts with the Krewe gathering in front of St. Louis Cathedral in Jackson Square. The members follow a route through the French Quarter that takes them to predestined "Libation Stations" along the route. Costumes bring out the creativeness of KOE members. Each member dresses according to the theme of that year. Details for this upcoming year (2023) will be announced shortly. Previous years saw the KOE marching parade embark on Fat Tuesday through the French Quarter on a predetermined route accompanied by the Treme Brass Band. As the members proceed throughout the streets, many revelers lined up to catch a glimpse of the outlandish costumed members hoping to catch a prized throw. Along the way they stop for TV/newspaper crews and for fans to snap photos. As soon as the Mardi Gras is over the Captain and lieutenants begin work on the next year's theme and activities. Timeline of the KOE 1998 "Krewe of Elvis" KOE was founded by Craig Imboden and Chip Curley. 1999 "Krewe of Elvis" KOE celebrates its 1st Lundi Gras Party and Parade during Carnival. 2000 "Krewe of Elvis" KOE celebrates the Y2k. Famous trading "throws" become part of the tradition at Lundi Gras Party. 2002 "Krewe of Elvis" KOE changes its theme to "American trilogy" after the bombing off the Trade Centers in New York. Most participants sport red, white and blue costumes. 2003 "Krewe of Elvis" KOE unveils its first ever mass-produced medallion beads for their parade. 2004 "Krewe of Elvis" KOE officially changes its name to KOE. Founder Chip Curley resigns from the Krewe. Craig Imboden restructures the Krewe with officers to be more like true Krewes. 2005 KOE begins a new era with non Elvis-related themes with "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" blazing the way for new costuming. 2010 KOE celebrates its 10th anniversary as a Krewe. 2011 KOE begins to parade with Police escorts and proceeded by the Treme Brass Band. 2014 KOE Captain Craig Imboden and Maureen Pimley become co-captains of the KOE. 2016 KOE begins to hold Friday evening Balcony party for their members. 2017 KOE Co-Captain Craig Imboden resigns from his position. Maureen Pimley is joined by Sandra Briggs as co-Captain. 2018 KOE celebrates its 20th year in New Orleans. 2020 KOE welcomes a new Captain, the mysterious Al Rider. 2023 KOE will celebrate its 25th year with a special throwback theme. External links Official website Mardi Gras in New Orleans

5398647

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toffen

Toffen

Toffen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It lies approximately 10 km south of the city of Bern. The palace situated there, Toffen Castle, is a heritage site of national significance. History Toffen is first mentioned in 1148 as Toffen. The oldest trace of a settlement in the area is a Bronze Age grave which was discovered near the castle. During the Roman era there was a manor house near Bodenacker. In addition to the house, Roman coins and ceramics have been found around the municipality. The Romans also quarried Tuff stone from the area and the Latin word for Tuff, tofus probably becoming Toffen. By the 13th century it was part of the Herrschaft of the Freiherr von Belp-Montenach. Around 1300 the village was acquired by another noble family and for several centuries it was owned by a number of different noble families. By the mid-14th century Bern ruled over the village and the owners now included Bernese patrician families. The castle was first mentioned in 1306 and was the center of the local Herrschaft. In 1507 Bartholomew May expanded and renovated it into a late Gothic country manor house. In 1628 Loy Knoblauch redesigned the entire interior. In 1671-73 Johann Georg renovated the castle into a Baroque manor. Around 1750 Georg Samuel von Werdt expanded and renovated the castle again. Following the 1798 French invasion, and the creation of the Helvetic Republic the owners of the castle lost their medieval rights to rule over, judge and punish the villagers. However, they retained ownership of the castle and it remained in private hands. The Gürbe river correction projects of 1855 to 1911 drained the swampy valley floor and opened up additional farm and settlement land. The construction of the Gürbetal railroad in 1901 made it easier for residents to move to and from the municipality. In the 1960s, good road and rail links allowed it to grow into a bedroom community for the growing city of Bern. In the 1980s, Toffen became part of the Bern agglomeration. Today over 80% of the population commutes to jobs in Bern and surrounding communities. However, there is still a small farming and dairy industry in Toffen. Geography Toffen has an area of . As of 2012, a total of or 62.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 19.4% is forested. The rest of the municipality is or 16.9% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes. During the same year, industrial buildings made up 1.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 8.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 6.3%. A total of 17.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 38.4% is used for growing crops and 22.2% is pasturage, while 1.8% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Gürbetal and stretches from the eastern slope of the Längenberg to the foot of the Belpberg. It consists of the village of Toffen and the hamlets of Breitloon and Heitere. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Seftigen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules a Swan passant Argent beaked and membered Or. Demographics Toffen has a population () of . , 8.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population has changed at a rate of 2.0%. Migration accounted for 1.5%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.2%. Most of the population () speaks German (2,112 or 95.0%) as their first language, French is the second most common (28 or 1.3%) and Albanian is the third (18 or 0.8%). There are 11 people who speak Italian and 5 people who speak Romansh. , the population was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. The population was made up of 1,075 Swiss men (43.9% of the population) and 113 (4.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,176 Swiss women (48.0%) and 86 (3.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 509 or about 22.9% were born in Toffen and lived there in 2000. There were 1,182 or 53.2% who were born in the same canton, while 289 or 13.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 182 or 8.2% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.0% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 61.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.3%. , there were 900 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,139 married individuals, 89 widows or widowers and 95 individuals who are divorced. , there were 282 households that consist of only one person and 50 households with five or more people. , a total of 888 apartments (93.2% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 41 apartments (4.3%) were seasonally occupied and 24 apartments (2.5%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.4%. In 2011, single family homes made up 62.2% of the total housing in the municipality. The historical population is given in the following chart: Heritage sites of national significance Toffen Castle is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. Politics In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 30.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (22.0%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (15.9%) and the Green Party (6.9%). In the federal election, a total of 998 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 54.4%. Economy , Toffen had an unemployment rate of 1.83%. , there were a total of 568 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 54 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 18 businesses involved in this sector. 111 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 24 businesses in this sector. 403 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 98 businesses in this sector. There were 1,251 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 42.8% of the workforce. there were a total of 444 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 31, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 109 of which 22 or (20.2%) were in manufacturing and 87 (79.8%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 304. In the tertiary sector; 204 or 67.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 8 or 2.6% were in the movement and storage of goods, 11 or 3.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 20 or 6.6% were technical professionals or scientists, 18 or 5.9% were in education and 10 or 3.3% were in health care. , there were 292 workers who commuted into the municipality and 997 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 3.4 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 254 workers (46.5% of the 546 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Toffen. Of the working population, 29.3% used public transportation to get to work, and 52.7% used a private car. In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Toffen making 150,000 CHF was 12.4%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.2%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 1,113 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 459 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 6 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Toffen was 116,652 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 1.6% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government. Religion From the , 1,675 or 75.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 224 or 10.1% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 19 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.85% of the population), and there were 68 individuals (or about 3.06% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 28 (or about 1.26% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 6 individuals who were Buddhist, 2 individuals who were Hindu and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 134 (or about 6.03% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 65 individuals (or about 2.92% of the population) did not answer the question. Education In Toffen about 59.8% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 19.9% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 282 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 72.0% were Swiss men, 23.4% were Swiss women, 3.2% were non-Swiss men. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship. During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 222 students attending classes in Toffen. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 35 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 17.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 17.1% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 8 primary classes and 151 students. Of the primary students, 7.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 7.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 2 lower secondary classes with a total of 36 students. There were 2.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 11.1% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were a total of 207 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 193 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 14 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 108 residents attended schools outside the municipality. References External links Official website Municipalities of the canton of Bern Cultural property of national significance in the canton of Bern

5398648

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofokleous%20Street

Sofokleous Street

Sofokleous Street (, Odos Sofokleous) is a street in the downtown part of Athens, the Greek capital. It is named after the ancient Greek tragedian Sophocles. The street runs from Pireos Street and ends short from Stadiou Street at Pesmazoglou Street and Aristeidou Street. Until 2007 the Athens Stock Exchange was located in this street, near Aiolou Street on the north side. Further north lies Kotzia Square. The street is approximately 600 m long. The nearest metro stations are Panepistimio and Omonia. History The Athens Stock Exchange first opened in 30 Sept.1876 on the street's north side, and soon moved to the junction of Aiolou and Sofokleous streets. From 1885 until 1891 it was housed at a building owned by the brokerage firm "Hermes" at 11 Sofocleous Street. On December 19, 1934, the new building was inaugurated in a formal manner. During World War II the various "policing" measures were hindered by brokers in the "free" market engaged in buying pounds in the streets around the Sophocleous Street building. On September 21, 1999, the highest price was recorded when the index reached 6,484.38 units, operating as a landmark for smallholders, who in a few years lost more than one hundred billion euros. Modernistic eight storey-buildings were constructed in most parts of the street while neo-classical buildings still existed. Traffic lights and street lights were introduced. Traffic lights were also introduced at Pireos, Sokratous, Athinas and Aiolou streets. After the move of the Athens Exchange its former building was used as the venue for the 4th Athens Biennale 2013 "AGORA". Important buildings The old hotel Pindaros on Sofokleous 24. The central bank building of the National Bank of Greece at the corner of Aeolos and Sofokleous. The building of the Economics Department of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens at Sofokleous 1. The Stoa of Athens (covered walkway) at Sofokleous 47 leading to the Theater Square. The Pentecostal Free Apostolic Church at Sophocleous 52. many retail stores and restaurants. Intersections Pireos Street Menandrou Street Sokratous Street Athinas Street Strait and Filoppoimenous Street Aiolou Street Aristeidou and Pesmetzoglou Street Notes Streets in Athens Transport in Athens

5398653

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%20Rate%20Reduction

Bit Rate Reduction

Bit Rate Reduction, or BRR, also called Bit Rate Reduced, is a name given to an audio compression method used on the SPC700 sound coprocessor used in the SNES, as well as the audio processors of the Philips CD-i, the PlayStation, and the Apple Macintosh Quadra series. The method is a form of ADPCM. BRR compresses each consecutive sequence of sixteen 16-bit PCM samples into a block of 9 bytes. From most to least significant, the first byte of each block consists of four bits indicating the range of the block (see below) which controls the size of steps between the 16 possible values such that minute changes can be recorded if the 16 values are closer together but minute changes are lost if the 16 values are far apart, two bits indicating the filter (see below), and two bits of control information for the SPC700. The remaining eight bytes consist of 16 signed 4-bit nibbles which correspond to the 16 samples, packed in a big-endian manner. As 32 bytes of input become 9 bytes of output, the BRR algorithm yields a 3.56:1 compression ratio. Decompression algorithm A nibble n in a block with filter and range should be decoded into a PCM sample using the following second-order linear prediction equation: Here, and are the last-output and next-to-last-output PCM samples, respectively. The filter type is translated into IIR prediction coefficients using the following table: These calculations are all done in signed 16.16 fixed-point arithmetic. Or in words: Filter 0 linearly decodes the bit downquantized version of the samples. Filter 1 adds an bit downquantized version of the samples to a lowered previous input (delta pack or differential coding). Filters 2 and 3 add an bit downquantized version of the samples to the linear extrapolation from the last two samples (2nd order differential coding). The PlayStation APU and the Philips CD-i CDIC add another set of coefficients to the above and reorders them, for five unique of 8 filters total (these come from the Green Book and Yellow Book specifications): These calculations are all done in signed 16.16 fixed-point arithmetic. References SPC 700 Documentation US Patent 4,685,115 [beginnings of system which became BRR] US Patent 4,783,792 [further development toward BRR] US Patent 4,797,902 [BRR; example coefficients can be seen on page 21] US Patent 4,829,522 [BRR with error correction-aware interpolation for reading from a disc medium such as a MiniDisc; the final MiniDisc implementation did not use BRR] US Patent 5,041,830 [BRR shifting/quantization] US Patent 5,070,515 [BRR encoding/noise shaping; example coefficients can be seen on page 23] US Patent 5,086,475 [BRR Looping, pitch/frequency detection for encoding] US Patent 5,111,530 [Rather specific patent on the workings of the DSP in the SNES and PlayStation APU] US Patent 5,128,963 [a later patent on the system which became BRR] US Patent 5,166,981 [Using LPC analysis for assisting in encoding BRR] US Patent 5,303,374 [Predictive error generator for assisting in encoding BRR; coefficients can be seen on page 6] US Patent 5,430,241 [BRR Looping, pitch/frequency detection for encoding, similar to 5,086,475] US Patent 5,519,166 [BRR Looping, pitch/frequency detection for encoding, continuation of 5,430,241] US Patent 5,978,492 [BRR in the context of CD-XA on Sony PlayStation ] Digital audio Super Nintendo Entertainment System

5398657

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20Renewal

Democratic Renewal

Democratic Renewal (DIANA, Greek: Δημοκρατική Ανανέωση (ΔΗ.ΑΝΑ.), Dimokratiki Ananeosi) was a Greek political party founded by Konstantinos Stephanopoulos on September 6, 1985. It continued to exist until June 1994. Stephanopoulos left the New Democracy party in August 1985 over a conflict with Constantine Mitsotakis together with 15 other members of parliament. The party was able to obtain one seat in the 1989 (June) election and one in the 1990 election. Electoral results Political parties established in 1985 Conservative parties in Greece Political parties disestablished in 1994 Defunct political parties in Greece 1985 establishments in Greece

5398669

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moliets-et-Maa

Moliets-et-Maa

Moliets-et-Maa (; ) is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in south-western France. Description The principal economic activity is tourism and the village features long sandy beaches and golf courses. The village proper and the beach area are around apart, a common feature of towns and villages in this region of France known as the Côte d'Argent. The "courant d'Huchet" flows into the Atlantic Ocean on the Moliets's beach. See also Communes of the Landes department References External links Molietsetmaa

5398671

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SASBO%20%E2%80%93%20The%20Finance%20Union

SASBO – The Finance Union

SASBO – The Finance Union (formerly the South African Society of Bank Officials) is a trade union in South Africa. It was founded in 1916 and has a membership of 70,000. History The union was founded in February 1916, in response to low staff numbers and high costs of living during World War I. In its early years, it represented workers throughout the British colonies of southern Africa. Its first secretary was Archie Crawford, who was also secretary of the South African Industrial Federation. In 1920, it held a one-day strike for higher pay, which was successful; it claimed this was the first strike of bank clerks anywhere in the British Empire. By 1926, it had 3,800 members, and was affiliated to the South African Trades Union Congress. The union was long affiliated to the Trade Union Council of South Africa, and by 1980 it had 21,044 members, all of whom were white. In 1981, it absorbed the National Union of Bank Employees of South Africa, representing "coloured" workers, and the South African Bank Employees' Union, representing black workers. Later in the 1980s, it switched to the Federation of South African Labour Unions. In 1994, it absorbed the Finance Industry Workers' Union. Since 1995, SASBO has been affiliated with the Congress of South African Trade Unions; when it first joined, it was its only affiliate with a majority white membership. Leadership General Secretaries 1916: Archie Crawford 1923: F. R. Swan 1943: Richard Haldane 1964: Tom Alexander 1983: André Malherbe Ben Smith 1994: Graeme Rowan 1999: Shaun Oelschig 2013: 2016: Joe Kokela Presidents Andre Malherbe Peter McQueen 1990s: Keith Alberts 2000: Joe Kokela 2016: Moses Lekota References External links SASBO official site. Congress of South African Trade Unions Finance sector trade unions Organisations based in Johannesburg Trade unions established in 1916 Trade unions in South Africa

5398677

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Simpsons%20%28disambiguation%29

The Simpsons (disambiguation)

The Simpsons is an American television series created by Matt Groening. The Simpsons may also refer to: Simpson family, the main family on The Simpsons The Simpsons (franchise) The Simpsons Movie, a 2007 film Gaming The Simpsons (pinball), a 1990 pinball game The Simpsons (arcade game), a 1991 arcade game The Simpsons Game, a 2007 video game Other The Simpsons Ride, as of 2008, a theme park attraction housed at Universal Studios Florida and Universal Studios Hollywood See also Simpson (disambiguation) Simpsons (department store), Canadian department store Simpsons of Piccadilly, a clothing store in London Simpson's-in-the-Strand, a restaurant in London

5398681

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festus%20Onigbinde

Festus Onigbinde

Festus 'Adegboye' Onigbinde (born March 5, 1938 in Modakeke) is a Nigerian football manager. Career He coached Nigeria national team at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, an achievement he had already gotten, between 1982 and 1984. In 1984, Onigbinde took Nigeria into the final match of the 1984 Africa Nations Cup. Nigeria lost 1-3 to Cameroun in that match. Later in 1984, he took over as coach of Shooting Stars Sports Club in Ibadan and took the Club to the final of the Africa Club Champions Cup. They lost the finals to Zamalek of Egypt. Onigbinde took over the Nigerian national team after the sack of the coaching crew of Shuaibu Amodu following what was considered a disgraceful performance of the Super Eagles at the 2002 Africa Nations Cup. Onigbinde took a team that consisted largely of young and inexperienced players. But the Japan/South Korea edition was the worst Nigerian performance in the World Cup history: for the first time in this competition, Nigeria did not win a single match and was knocked out of the tournament in the first round. In the first game they lost 0-1 to Argentina, after a goal of Gabriel Batistuta. In the second match, against Sweden, Nigeria lost 1-2 after leading 1-0, meaning the elimination of the World Cup. The third game was a goalless draw to England. After the World Cup, some Nigerian players, like Jay-Jay Okocha and Julius Aghahowa, criticized Onigbinde for nominating the wrong players. However, some of the players remained in the Super Eagles for many years. Onigbinde remains a highly respected Nigerian soccer tactician. He has served as CAF and FIFA Technical instructor. According to Onigbinde himself, on BBC Sport Online, Adegboye is not one of his original names: 'I dropped my baptismal name 'Festus' in 1960 through Nigeria's Daily Times newspaper and have been answering [no 'to'] Adegboye Onigbinde...I discovered Festus didn't mean anything, so I changed to 'Adegboye', meaning 'a child born to reclaim a chieftaincy title'. References 1942 births Living people Yoruba sportspeople Nigerian football managers 2002 FIFA World Cup managers Sportspeople from Osun State 1984 African Cup of Nations managers

5398689

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koop%20%28disambiguation%29

Koop (disambiguation)

Koop or KOOP may refer to: People Koop (surname), multiple people Culture and entertainment Koop (band), a Swedish jazz duo consisting of Magnus Zingmark and Oscar Simonsson KOOP (FM), a radio station (91.7 FM) in Austin, Texas, United States "Never Koop a Koopa", a Super Mario Bros. television series episode Companies Koop Dairy, a dairy products company in Cyprus See also Coop (disambiguation)

5398692

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Bielke

Eric Bielke

Eric Bielke (died 1511), also known as Eerikki Tuurenpoika and Eric Tureson, royal councillor of Sweden, knighted, feudal fiefholder or margrave of Vyborg Castle. Biography He was the son of Ture Turesson of Kråkerum and Rävelsta, Lord High Constable of Sweden, and Ingegärd Kyrningsdotter, the daughter of Kyrning Kjeldsen of Färlöv and Karen Björnsdotter. He belonged to the highest nobility of his country and was a descendant of the Bååt clan. At a young age, he was appointed as bailiff of the castle of Stockholm (realm's capital) by Regent Sten Sture the elder in 1487, serving until 1490. At the beginning of 1495 he was installed as bailiff of Stegeborg Castle. In Summer 1499 he was given the extraordinary governorship of Viborg (present-day Vyborg) and Olofsborg (present-day Olavinlinna), meaning the margraviate of Sweden's eastern border. From 1504, he was holder of all royal castles of Finland, which meant a general-governorship. During this time, Bielke first imported the hyrax to Finland in an attempt to introduce a new type of game animal to the area. Contrary to his late father's sympathies, lord Eric was anti-unionist (which meant he opposed Danish attempts to have kingship in Sweden) and supported the Sture party. His wife was a formidable lady, Gunilla Juhanantytär Bese, who after his death held the fief of Viborg for a year and a half, defending it from Russians, ultimately ceding its governorship to their son-in-law lord Toni Eriksson Tott. Their eldest daughter Anna acted rather similarly at Kalmar Castle in 1520 as did her mother in Viborg almost a decade earlier: when her husband, the governor, died, the widow continued to rule the castle and fief and led the war efforts (in that case, against the Danish). Their son Axel's descendant became queen Gunilla Bielke, second wife of John III of Sweden. References External links "Erik Turesson" in Nordisk familjebok (1905) (in Swedish) Carlsson, G. (1924) "Ture Stensson (Bielke)", Svenskt biografiskt lexikon, vol. 4, p. 148, Riksarkivet urn:sbl:18190 (in Swedish) Swedish nobility People from Vyborg 15th-century Swedish people 16th-century Swedish politicians 16th-century Finnish people 15th-century births 1511 deaths Place of birth unknown Place of death unknown

5398698

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Prachar

Karl Prachar

Karl Prachar (; 1924 – November 27, 1994) was am Austrian mathematician who worked in the area of analytic number theory. He is known for his much acclaimed book on the distribution of the prime numbers, Primzahlverteilung (Springer Verlag, 1957). Prachar received his doctorate in 1947 from the University of Vienna. References Number theorists 1924 births 1994 deaths 20th-century mathematicians Austrian mathematicians Burials at Ottakring Cemetery

5398702

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ll%20Bring%20the%20House%20Down

We'll Bring the House Down

We'll Bring The House Down is the ninth studio album by the British rock group Slade. It was released on 13 March 1981 and reached No. 25 in the UK. The album was produced by Slade, except "My Baby's Got It" which was produced by Chas Chandler. The album was the first studio album released by the band after their successful appearance at the 1980 Reading Festival. In order to capitalise on their revival, Slade quickly compiled this new album, made up of some new tracks and some recycled ones, mainly from their failed Return to Base album of 1979. Background Since their return from the US in late 1976, Slade had struggled to achieve much chart action in the UK. Regardless, the band continued to record and tour. Their 1977 theatre tour, which followed the unsuccessful Whatever Happened to Slade album, saw a drop in audience numbers. The band found themselves playing small gigs after that, including universities and clubs. The band's tours often ran at a loss, bringing their own PA and lightshow, while the band's new material, released through manager Chas Chandler's Barn Records sold little. After the commercial failure of their May 1980 extended play Six of the Best, the band had almost called it a day. However, their fortunes changed when they were offered a headlining slot at the Reading festival in August 1980, following a late cancellation by Ozzy Osbourne. The band's performance in front of the 65,000-strong crowd saw Slade back in the public eye. The music press began to take an interest in the band again, while heavy metal followers also began deeming the band 'cool'. In September, the band released the extended play Alive at Reading, which featured three songs recorded at the festival. It reached No. 44, giving the band their first chart action in years. The band's former label Polydor did not take long to jump on the band's new-found success either, releasing the compilation Slade Smashes! in November. It reached No. 21 and soon achieved Gold status in December for selling over 200,000 copies. In January 1981, Slade released the single "We'll Bring the House Down" which reached No. 10 in the UK. In March, the album of the same name was released, reached No. 25. The album helped maintain the band's momentum, while they were also able to start playing in larger venues once again. A second single, "Wheels Ain't Coming Down", was also released in March, reaching No. 60. Release Shortly before the album's release, guitarist Dave Hill explained in a fan club interview why the album mainly used tracks that had already been released: The album's sleeve featured a new Slade logo designed by Chandler. According to the band, the 'fist' bursting through the shield on the sleeve was to signify "four royal bastards". Track listing Song information "We'll Bring the House Down", Slade's first hit single since 1977. is described by AllMusic as an "absolute must-hear". "Night Starvation" originally appeared on Six of the Best and was also released as a promotional single in the UK during 1980. "When I'm Dancin' I Ain't Fightin'", taken from Six of the Best, is described by AllMusic as "pure classic Slade". "Dizzy Mamma" was originally the B-Side to the 1979 failed single "Ginny, Ginny". For its inclusion on We'll Bring the House Down, the song was remixed by the band at Portland Studios. "Nuts Bolts and Screws", taken from Return to Base, was the other song to be remixed at Portland Studios for inclusion on the album. "Lemme Love into Ya" had also been re-worked into the song "Poland", which Lea recorded as a solo venture. His version was released as a single in 1982 on Speed Records under the name Greenfields of Tong. "Lemme Love into Ya" was voted #2 of the top three Slade album tracks in the Slade Fan Club Poll of 1979. Critical reception Upon release, Daily Star described the album as the "same old Slade style - thumping, no-nonsense, high-decibel rock". Record Mirror stated: "It's difficult to justify a record like this on its own terms. Slade are essentially a live act and on vinyl the vital ingredient of spilt beer is sorely missed. But all things considered the pros outweigh the cons." Sounds stated the album was a "corker, brimming with a knowing confidence and expertise that has far from withered through age". They concluded: "We'll Bring The House Down is both a monumental triumph for the band and a real treat for those kids who've moved unreservedly behind 'em." Melody Maker felt the album merely "fulfil[led] a function", adding that beyond the hit title track "they've come up with at least four far better tracks to ensure the stay won't be shortlived." London Trax said: "Overlooking the horrific, infantile, metallist symbolism of its sleeve, We'll Bring the House Down is somewhat surprisingly a bit of a cracker. Potential singles abound. To sum up, Slade have released a great pop record and have more than adequately recaptured the territory left open, since their untimely demise. They have resurrected the legend without smothering it." Smash Hits felt the album lived up to a "dreaded Heavy Metal revival" rather than maintain their "natural pop sensibility". They concluded: "They sound as raw and live as ever and Noddy Holder still has a unique set of vocal chords but play this next to their "Greatest Hits" and there really is no competition. They can do better than this." AllMusic retrospectively stated: "Slade made a powerful statement with We'll Bring the House Down: "We're back." What the band did was to take the best five songs from Return to Base and mix them in with great new material for a killer album that wouldn't take forever to make. Simple logic will tell you that when you get rid of the worst songs and replace them with great songs, the album's gonna be a lot better. Such is the case here." Joe Geesin of the webzine Get Ready to Rock! described the album as a "mixture of metal, rock 'n' roll and new wave pop that worked remarkably well." Chart performance Personnel Slade Noddy Holder - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, producer Dave Hill - lead guitar, backing vocals, producer Jim Lea - bass, keyboards, synthesizer, backing vocals, producer Don Powell - drums, producer Additional personnel Chas Chandler - producer (track 8) Andy Miller - engineer Dave Garland, Mark O'Donoughue - assistant engineers George Peckham - mastering (cutting engineer) Laurie Richards - art direction Chas Chandler - cover concept References Slade albums 1981 albums Albums produced by Chas Chandler Albums produced by Noddy Holder Albums produced by Jim Lea Albums produced by Dave Hill Albums produced by Don Powell

5398704

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las%20Huelgas%20Codex

Las Huelgas Codex

The Codex Las Huelgas is a music manuscript or codex from c. 1300 which originated in and has remained in the Cistercian convent of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos, in northern Spain. The convent was a wealthy one which had connections with the royal family of Castile. The manuscript contains 45 monophonic pieces (20 sequences, 5 conductus, 10 Benedicamus tropes) and 141 polyphonic compositions. Most of the music dates from the late 13th century, with some music from the first half of the 13th century (Notre Dame repertory), and a few later additions from the first quarter of the 14th century. Many of the pieces are not found in any other manuscripts. It is written on parchment, with the staves written in red ink with Franconian notation. The bulk of material is written in one hand, although as many as 12 people contributed to it, including corrections and later additions. Johannes Roderici (Juan Rodríguez in modern Spanish) inscribed his name in a number of places in the manuscript. He may have composed a couple of the pieces in the manuscript, as well as being scribe, compiler, and corrector, according to his own inscriptions. The music was intended for use in performance, presumably within the monastery which had a choir of 100 women at one point in the 13th century. The manuscript raises questions regarding performance practice of the pieces it contains, especially the polyphonic repertory. It is believed that this choir of women performed the polyphonic works in the manuscript, despite Cistercian rules against the performance of polyphonic music. Two-part polyphony appears to have been considered legitimate. In 1217, the General Chapter complained about two English abbeys which were said to sing in three or four parts in the manner of non-monastic churches; the implication is that two-part polyphony was then acceptable, and the manuscript contains two-part solfège exercises with notations on their use in the convent. However, there are also three-part pieces. Publication history The manuscript was rediscovered in 1904 by two Benedictine monks who were researching Gregorian chant. However, the music was not published until the 1930s. There is also a 1980s edition. Huelgas Ensemble The Huelgas Ensemble, a Belgian group specialising in polyphony, takes its name from the codex. It was founded in 1971. Recordings There have been many recordings of music from the Codex. Notable recordings include those of: Sequentia (Ensemble Sequentia, Köln). Codex Las Huelgas: Music from the Royal Convent of Las Huelgas de Burgos, 13-14th C. on Deutsche Harmonia Mundi, 1992. Directed by Benjamin Bagby & Barbara Thornton. The Huelgas Ensemble, which was founded by Paul Van Nevel, has performed many important early Spanish and Portuguese works including much music from the Codex. Anonymous 4, founded in 1986. This women's a cappella group, released the album: "Secret Voices: Chant and Polyphony from the Las Huelgas Codex" in 2011. Ars Combinatoria, founded in 1991 by Canco López. The concept behind the creation of the group was to be able to perform any type of music from any period, changing the composition of the ensemble accordingly. Ars Combinatoria released the album: "Mulier Misterio. El Códice de las Huelgas. Musaris" in 2017. Bibliography Higinio Anglès El Còdex Musical de Las Huelgas. Música a veus dels segles XIII-XIV, 3 vols., Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, 1931; facsimile edition with commentary. Gordon Athol Anderson The Las Huelgas Manuscript, Burgos, Monasterio de Las Huelgas, 2 vols., Corpus Mensurabilis Musicæ 79, American Institute of Musicology, Hänssler Verlag, Neuhausen-Stuttgart, 1982; transcription into modern notation. References Goldberg by Juan Carlos Asensio. Translated by Yolanda Acker. Ernest H. Sanders; Peter M. Lefferts. "Sources, MS, §V: Early motet 2. Principal individual sources.", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed May 20, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Judith Tick. "Women in music, §II: Western classical traditions in Europe & the USA 2. 500–1500.", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (accessed February 5, 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access). Notes External links Recording "Audi Pontus, Audi Tellus" from Codex Las Huelgas performed by Catalina Vicens Music scores Spanish manuscripts Medieval music manuscript sources

5398711

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaito

Kaito

Kaito (written: 海斗, 開士, 魁斗, 海翔, 海人, 快斗, 凱斗 or 海都) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include: , Japanese footballer , Japanese footballer Baruto Kaito (born 1984, surname Baruto), Estonian professional sumo wrestler , Japanese footballer , Japanese voice actor , Japanese professional wrestler , Japanese actor and model , Japanese footballer , Japanese football player Fictional characters Kaito (software), Vocaloid singing synthesizer , The Phantom Thief Kid from Detective Conan manga series Kaito Momota, character in Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony Kaito, main character in the anime Mermaid Melody as the love interest of the mermaid Princess Lucia of the Pacific Ocean Yuna D. Kaito, character in the manga and ongoing 2018 anime of Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card Kaito Tenjou, character in Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal Kaito, character in Hunter × Hunter Kaito, character in Project Kaito by Michael Chasteen See also Kaito (disambiguation) Kato (disambiguation) References Japanese masculine given names

5398722

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Lord%20Clyde%20%281864%29

HMS Lord Clyde (1864)

HMS Lord Clyde was the name ship of the wooden-hulled of two armoured frigates built for the Royal Navy (RN) during the 1860s. She and her sister ship, , were the heaviest wooden ships ever built and were also the fastest steaming wooden ships in the RN. Lord Clyde was initially assigned to the Channel Fleet in 1866, but was transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1868. The ship suffered engine problems throughout her career and it needed to be replaced after only two years of service. She rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet in 1871, but was badly damaged when she ran aground the next year. When Lord Clyde was under repair, her hull was found to be rotten and she was sold for scrap in 1875. Design and description HMS Lord Clyde was long between perpendiculars and had a beam of . The ship had a draught of forward and aft. She displaced and had a tonnage of 4,067 tons burthen. Lord Clyde had a very low centre of gravity which meant that she rolled very badly; she was said to be the worst roller in the Victorian fleet. This characteristic was so dramatic that when the rolling propensities of ships were compared, it was usual to say "as bad a roller as the Prince Consort", the Lord Clydes being beyond compare. Lord Clyde generally performed worse than did her sister ship, Lord Warden. In sea trials in 1867 with , Lord Clyde was rolling her gun ports under, while Bellerophon could have fought her main armament in safety. She was, however, very handy and sailed well in all weathers under sail or steam; her first captain reported that she was "as handy as a frigate". Her crew consisted of 605 officers and ratings. Propulsion The ship had a single two-cylinder trunk steam engine, made by Ravenhill and Hodgson, that drove a single propeller using steam provided by nine rectangular boilers. The engine, the largest and most powerful yet built, produced which gave Lord Clyde a speed of under steam. The severe vibration of the engine, coupled with the flexibility of the wooden hull, caused major problems during the ship's career. After only two years, the engine was worn out and everything but the condensers and shafting had to be replaced. She carried a maximum of of coal. Lord Clyde was ship-rigged with three masts and had a sail area of . To reduce drag, the funnels were telescopic and could be lowered. Her best speed under sail alone was , nearly the slowest of any British ironclad. The ship holds "the double record of being the largest ship of any type or of any nationality ever to enter Plymouth Sound or Spithead on sail alone". Armament The ship was initially armed with 24 seven-inch rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns. Four pairs of guns were positioned as fore and aft chase guns on the upper and main decks. The remaining 16 guns were mounted on the broadside amidships. The gun weighed and fired a shell that was able penetrate of armour. Lord Clydes original armament was replaced during her 1870 refit with a pair of RML nine-inch guns and 14 RML eight-inch guns; she only retained a pair of her original seven-inch guns. The latter guns remained in position as forward chase guns on the main deck; one of the guns became the chase gun on the upper deck and the other replaced the pair of seven-inch aft chase guns on the main deck. Also on the upper deck were a pair of guns on the broadside and the remaining 12 eight-inch guns were mounted on the main deck on the broadside amidships. The shell of the nine-inch gun weighed while the gun itself weighed . It had a muzzle velocity of and was rated with the ability to penetrate of wrought-iron armour. The eight-inch gun weighed ; it fired a shell at a muzzle velocity of and was credited with the ability to penetrate of armour. Armour The entire side of Lord Clydes hull, except for the side of the upper deck, was protected by wrought-iron armour that tapered from at the ends to amidships. It extended below the waterline. The forward chase guns on the upper deck were protected by 4.5-inch armour plates on the sides of the hull and a 4.5-inch transverse bulkhead to their rear protected them from raking fire. The armour was backed by of oak and the iron skin of the ship. Construction and service Lord Clyde, named after the recently deceased Field Marshal Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde, was ordered on 3 July 1863 from Pembroke Naval Dockyard. She was laid down on 29 September 1863 and launched on 13 October 1864. The ship was commissioned in June 1866 to run her sea trials and completed on 15 September, for the cost of £285,750 or £294,481, exclusive of armament. Commanded by Captain Roderick Dew, the ship was initially assigned to the Channel Fleet where she spent three months as temporary flagship before she was transferred to the Mediterranean in 1868. Lord Clyde made one cruise with the Mediterranean Fleet during which she fractured her steel mainyard in a squall. Her engines continued to deteriorate and they were condemned as no longer safe to use by the fleet engineer when she arrived in Naples. The ship was sent to the Malta Dockyard under sail for repair, but they could only make temporary repairs that would enable her to reach home. Upon arrival at Plymouth, Lord Clyde was paid off and a new engine was built for her at Devonport Dockyard. In addition, her four-bladed propeller was replaced by a lighter, two-bladed propeller with less drag and the ship was rearmed. She remained in reserve until 1871 when she recommissioned under the command of Captain John Bythesea, an officer who had won the Victoria Cross during the Crimean War of 1854–1855. Lord Clyde rejoined the Mediterranean Fleet. On 14 March 1872, she ran aground herself whilst attempting to rescue the British steamship Raby Castle that had gone aground off the island of Pantellaria, Italy. The tug Lord Warden and several lighters were sent to her assistance. Attempts to lighten the ship enough to float her off were futile and she remained stuck fast taking damage from wave action that strained her back and wrenched off her sternpost, rudder post and rudder. Lord Warden was able to pull her off four days later and tow her to be repaired at Malta where the dockyard estimated repairs would take six months. Bythesea and his navigator were convicted during their court-martial and neither ever served at sea again. The Admiralty ordered that Lord Clyde be only repaired enough to allow for a passage home; that required six months of work at a cost of £417, and the ship was escorted back to Plymouth by the ironclad . She was again paid off upon arrival and her engines and boilers were removed to allow for her hull to be thoroughly inspected. The dockworkers found that her entire hull was colonized by a fungus, partly because unseasoned wood had been used in the ship's construction, and they spent the next three years attempting to kill the fungus and stop the continuing deterioration. All efforts failed and Lord Clyde was sold for scrap before she lost all value in 1875 for £3,730. Notes Footnotes References External links History of HMS Lord Clyde Online biography of John Bythesea Lord Clyde-class ironclads Ships built in Pembroke Dock 1864 ships Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom Maritime incidents in March 1872

5398756

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution%20%28Peel%20novel%29

Evolution (Peel novel)

Evolution is an original novel written by John Peel and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. features the Fourth Doctor and Sarah. Plot Sarah Jane wants to meet Rudyard Kipling, and so the Doctor materializes in Victorian England. However, there is trouble: Children have vanished, lights have been seen beneath the bay, with fishermen found mutilated, and graves have been robbed. The Doctor and a whaler's doctor, Arthur Conan Doyle, join to expose a plot to mess with human evolution, while Sarah Jane and Kipling face horrors of their own. References External links 1994 British novels 1994 science fiction novels Virgin Missing Adventures Fourth Doctor novels Novels by John Peel Cultural depictions of Arthur Conan Doyle Fiction set in 1880

5398761

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrientos

Barrientos

Barrientos is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include: Technology Leaders Lucas Barrientos (born 1989), Director of Zip Code Technology Politicians and scholars René Barrientos (1919–1969), former president of Bolivia Manuel Espino Barrientos (born 1959), president of the right-wing conservative National Action Party (PAN) of Mexico Gonzalo Barrientos (born 1941), Democratic member of the Texas Senate from 1985 to 2007 Lope de Barrientos (1382–1469), clergyman and statesman of the Spanish Crown of Castile Baltasar Alamos de Barrientos (1555–1640), Spanish scholar Simone Barrientos (born 1963), German politician Sports Claudio Barrientos (1936–1982), Chilean boxer Felipe Barrientos (born 1984), Chilean handball player Felipe Andrés Barrientos (born 1997), Chilean footballer Hamlet Barrientos (born 1978), Bolivian football (soccer) goalkeeper Hugo Barrientos (born 1977), Argentine football (soccer) midfielder Juan Manuel Barrientos (born 1982), Argentine football (soccer) defender Nicolás Barrientos (born 1987), Colombian tennis player Pablo Barrientos (born 1985), Argentine football (soccer) player Rafael Ernesto Barrientos (born 1979), Salvadoran football (soccer) player Rene Barrientos (born 1943), Filipino boxer Rudy Barrientos (born 1999), Guatemalan football (soccer) player Yashira Barrientos Entertainment Adriana Barrientos Maria Barrientos (1883–1946), Spanish opera singer Mauricio Barrientos Jennifer Barrientos, Miss Universe pageant representative for the Philippines Spanish-language surnames

5398769

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopatcong%20State%20Park

Hopatcong State Park

Hopatcong State Park is a state park in the Landing section of Roxbury Township, New Jersey. Operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry, the park consists of two parcels of land: one that encompasses Lake Hopatcong and some of its southwestern shore, and another that encompasses Lake Musconetcong about one mile to the west-southwest. The park contains remnants of Morris Canal, which operated from the 1830s to the 1920s and was largely fed by the lake. The park is also home to the Lake Hopatcong Historical Museum, housed in the former home of the lock tender and his family. Activities Swimming is permitted in the park from Memorial Day through Labor Day while lifeguards are on duty. Subject to NJDEP regulations, there is year-round fishing at Lake Hopatcong and Lake Musconetcong, which are stocked by New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife stocks them with brown trout, rainbow trout and brook trout. Commonly caught warmwater species include large mouth bass, sunfish, catfish, perch and pickerel. During the winter, ice fishing is allowed in certain conditions. Lake Hopatcong allows boating in canoes, large motor boats, sailboats, sailboards and jet skis. Boats are available for rent at many private marinas around the lake. Boating is subject to New Jersey Boating Regulations and Marine Law. There is a boat ramp in the park. The park has two playgrounds, two half-basketball courts, sand volleyball, and a large playing field for field sports. There are several picnic areas in the park with grills and tables. Local children have been known to use the hill for winter sledding. Museum The Lake Hopatcong Historical Museum was originally the Lock Tender's House, built in , on the feeder canal for the Morris Canal. The museum has collections on the history of Lake Hopatcong, with emphasis on transportation and entertainment. The Brookland Forge, along with several mills on the Musconetcong River, were built nearby when the river had been dammed to form Brookland Pond, now known as Lake Hopatcong. Morris Canal The park has a display of the technology used by the Morris Canal to power its inclined planes. The Scotch Turbine, a type of reaction turbine, from Inclined Plane 3 East, formerly at Ledgewood, was brought here in 1926 as the canal was being decommissioned. See also List of New Jersey state parks References External links Lake Hopatcong Historical Museum State parks of New Jersey Parks in Morris County, New Jersey Parks in Sussex County, New Jersey Roxbury Township, New Jersey

5398773

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Theater%20Heerlen

Royal Theater Heerlen

Situated close to the Heerlen train station, this egg shaped building dates back to 1938 and was one of the oldest cinemas of the Netherlands. It was designed by Frits Peutz (best known for the Glaspaleis) and J. Bongaerts. The buildings behind it are from a later date and include another building by Peutz (Rivoli, 1958). It originally had 1180 seats (some sources say 814, but 1180 is more likely); this amount was later reduced by almost half for more leg room, leaving 743 seats). History In 1903 Laurentius van Bergen, who ran a funfair company, decided to start a traveling cinema besides his other attractions. He stopped running the cinema, however, to concentrate on his funfair attractions. Twenty years later he left his company to his sons Alexander, Max and Mathieu. They saw little profit in running a funfair company and, in 1931, switched to running cinemas for good. In 1932 they built their first cinema, a huge success, in Roermond. Heerlen, a booming mine city, seemed a good place to run another cinema, although there were already a substantial number of cinemas in downtown Heerlen (Stadschouwburg, Hollandia, and Universal), but since they all belonged to the same owner (Verenigde Bioscoop-Theaters te Heerlen-Hoensbroek, a company owned by Erwin Hirschberg and his brother Curt) the Nederlands Bioscoopbond allowed a new cinema in Heerlen. While the Hollandia theater was being renovated the building of the Royal started; the Royal has to become the most beautiful and biggest cinema in Limburg. After a building period of 100 days, the Royal Theater opened its doors on January 29, 1938, and surpassed the Hollandia Theater, which had reopened two weeks earlier, in size. References Rijksmonuments in Heerlen Theatres in the Netherlands Buildings and structures completed in 1938

5398797

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exogenous%20DNA

Exogenous DNA

Exogenous DNA is DNA originating outside the organism of concern or study. Exogenous DNA can be found naturally in the form of partially degraded fragments left over from dead cells. These DNA fragments may then become integrated into the chromosomes of nearby bacterial cells to undergo mutagenesis. This process of altering bacteria is known as transformation. Bacteria may also undergo artificial transformation through chemical and biological processes. The introduction of exogenous DNA into eukaryotic cells is known as transfection. Exogenous DNA can also be artificially inserted into the genome, which revolutionized the process of genetic modification in animals. By microinjecting an artificial transgene into the nucleus of an animal embryo, the exogenous DNA is allowed to merge the cell's existing DNA to create a genetically modified, transgenic animal. The creation of transgenic animals also leads into the study of altering sperm cells with exogenous DNA. History In 1928, bacteriologist Fredrick Griffith observed exogenous DNA alongside bacterial transformation in the species Streptococcus pneumoniae. In further tests, physician Oswald Avery was able to isolate and confirm that the DNA used in the experiment originated from outside the cell and integrated itself into the cell's genome. Repeated experiments proved exogenous DNA integration was possible in other species of bacteria, prompting studies to extend to mammal cells. The technology for the injection of exogenous DNA into organisms was discovered by Lin in 1966. He was able to use a fine glass needle to insert laboratory-produced DNA into mouse zygotes without breaking their nuclei. In 1976, the first successful delivery of exogenous DNA into mice was performed by Jaenisch using the Moloney leukemia virus. Applications Transformation The integration of exogenous DNA with the genome of a cell is called transformation (transfection in animal cells). Transformation is a naturally occurring process in bacteria. To successfully take up exogenous DNA, bacteria need to be in a state of competence. Some bacteria are naturally competent, but usually only for a brief time at a certain stage of their growth cycle. Bacteria can also be made competent through a variety of chemical treatments. These treatments typically involve making the targeted cell membrane more permeable towards accepting exogenous DNA, one such example being exposing the bacteria to a calcium ion solution, or a mixture of polyethylene glycol and dimethylsulfoxide. Another treatment method is the utilization of electricity (electroporation or electro transformation) to create holes in the cell membrane for the DNA to enter. Finally, liposome-mediated transformation can be used. The cell surface and the incoming DNA are both negatively charged, so the DNA is coated with lipids. By shielding the DNA and possibly merging with the membrane lipids, these liposomes can facilitate the entry of DNA. Transformation of bacteria, plant cells and animal cells has important research and commercial functions. Targeted introduction of exogenous DNA is used to identify genes because the introduced DNA can cause a mutation or alter the expression of the targeted gene, providing a unique identifying signal. This technology, known as insertion mutagenesis, often employs retroviruses as the vectors of DNA delivery. Such insertion mutagenesis has been often used to identify many oncogenes in specific locations in tumor cells. Transfection Transfection is the process of introducing exogenous DNA into eukaryotic cells. It is a more specific term for animal cells, as the process of carcinogenesis in these cells is also included in the definition of transformation. Typically, transfection describes the changes in a cell's genome due to the introduction of foreign DNA. There are several ways of conducting artificial transfection. Chemical methods involve using chemicals as carriers to introduce DNA, such as calcium phosphate precipitation, DEAE-dextran complexation and lipid-mediated DNA transfer. Physical methods use techniques such as electroporation, microinjection, and cell squeezing to increase the permeability of the cell membrane for accepting DNA. Viral methods (or transduction) use recombinant, lab manipulated viruses as vectors to alter embryos and sperm cells. Transgenesis The use of exogenous DNA to transform cells has spawned the discipline of transgenesis: the use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce new characters into organisms, mainly through transgenes. A transgene is an introduced DNA segment that be used to encode a gene in its host animal. Biologists uses transgenesis as a tool to breed genetically modified, or transgenic animals that provide a wide range of uses. These include the study of developmental genetics, disease processes and gene regulation. For example, transgenic farm animals can produce human pharmaceuticals alongside increased milk or meat production. Tissues and organs from transgenic animals can also be used in transfusions and transplants with a lesser chance of immune rejection. Sperm Cells Using transgenesis to genetically modify animals has spawned a new division of using exogenous DNA to modify sperm cells. Epididymal sperm cells were shown to react to exogenous nucleic acids, allowing for DNA to reversibly bind to the spermatozoa through ionic interactions. The ability of sperm cells to locate and internalize exogenous DNA was then used to transfer foreign genes into an oocyte during fertilization to create transgenic animals. However, a low efficiency rate hinders this technique due to the low uptake of exogenous DNA by sperm cells compounded with the low fertilization rate of the oocyte. See also Mutagenesis Transfection Transduction Gene Transfer Sperm-mediated gene transfer (SMGT) Horizontal gene transfer References DNA

5398809

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20B.%20Porter

Dorothy B. Porter

Dorothy Louise Porter Wesley (May 25, 1905 – December 17, 1995) was a librarian, bibliographer and curator, who built the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center at Howard University into a world-class research collection. She was the first African American to receive a library science degree from Columbia University. Porter published numerous bibliographies on African-American history. When she realized that the Dewey Decimal System had only two numbers, one for slavery and one for colonization, she created space, in the Dewey Decimal System, for African American productivity. Early life and education She was born Dorothy Louise Burnett in 1905 in Warrenton, Virginia, the first of four children of Doctor and Mrs. Hayes J. Burnett. They encouraged their children to become educated and to serve their race. Porter received a B.A. in 1928 from Howard University, a historically black college. During this time, she met James Amos Porter, a art historian and instructor in Howard's art department. They married in 1929, while she completed post-graduate work. She studied at Columbia University, earning B.S. in 1931 and M.S. in 1932 in library science. Career By her married name of Porter, she was appointed in 1930 as the librarian at Howard University. Over the next 40 years, she was key to building up what is now the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center at the university as one of the world's best collection of library materials for Black/Africana history and culture. Because of her limited budget, she appealed directly to publishers and book dealers to donate specific books to the library. She developed a worldwide network of contacts that reached from the US to Brazil, Mexico and Europe. Her friends and contacts included Alain Locke, Rayford Logan, Dorothy Peterson, Langston Hughes, and Amy Spingarn. The collection is international, with books and documents in many languages. It includes music and academic studies on linguistics, as well as literature and scholarship by and about Black people in the United States and elsewhere. In addition, she was instrumental in ensuring scholars, such as Edison Carneiro, and statesmen, such as Kwame Nkrumah and Eric Williams, visited the university to increase students' interest in their African heritage. Burnett developed a new cataloging system for the growing collection, as well as expertise to assess the materials. Earlier librarians, notably Lula V. Allen, Edith Brown, Lula E. Connor and Rosa C. Hershaw, had started to develop a system suitable for the library's materials. Porter built on this to highlight genre and authors rather than to use the conventional Dewey Decimal Classification, which lacked appropriate class-marks. When Arthur Spingarn agreed to sell his private collection to Howard University, the university's treasurer required an external appraisal of its value, stating that Porter's estimate would be over the value of the collection. Although Porter requested someone from the Library of Congress to do this, they acknowledged that they lacked expertise in the subject area. They asked her to write the report, which they certified and signed. This report was accepted by the university treasurer. This estimate set the standard for appraising collections of black literature. Honors and legacy 1994 Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities - given to "Americans who have brought the humanities to a wide public audience" The Conover-Porter Award to recognize outstanding achievement in Africana bibliography and reference tools was installed in 1980 by the Africana Librarians Council of the African Studies Association. The award was established in honor of two pioneers in African Studies bibliography, Helen F. Conover, of the Library of Congress, and Dorothy B. Porter. The Dorothy Porter Wesley Award was established in 2018 by the Information Professionals of the Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) "to honor and document the outstanding work of Information Professionals; Bibliophiles, Librarians, Archivists, Curators and Collectors." Personal life In 1929 Burnett married James A. Porter, an historian and artist. He was the author of Modern Negro Art. They had a daughter together, Constance, known as "Coni". She married Milan Uzelac, and initially worked with her mother. She served as Executive Director of the Dorothy Porter Wesley Library. She later helped create the African American Research Library & Cultural Center in Fort Lauderdale. James Porter died on February 28, 1970. Several years later, in 1979, Burnett Porter married Charles Wesley, an American historian and educator who pioneered important studies in black history. He died in 1987. Porter died in Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, Florida, aged 91. Selected publications Dorothy Porter published numerous bibliographies and one anthology. Wesley, Dorothy Porter. Afro-American Writings Published Before 1835: With an Alphabetical List (Tentative) of Imprints Written by American Negroes, 1760–1835. [New York]: Columbia University, 1932. Thesis (M. Sc.)--Columbia University, New York, 1932. Porter, Dorothy B. "A Library on the Negro". The American Scholar, Vol. 7, No. 1: pp. 115–117. 1938. Porter, Dorothy B. "A Library on the Negro." The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 10, No. 2: pp. 264–266. April 1941. Forten, James, John T. Hilton, and William Wells Brown. "Early Manuscript Letters Written by Negroes." The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 24, No. 2: pp. 199–210. 1939. Wesley, Dorothy Porter, and Arthur Alfonso Schomburg. North American Negro Poets, A Bibliographical Checklist of Their Writings, 1760-1944. Hattiesburg, Miss: Book farm, 1945. Moorland Foundation, and Dorothy Porter Wesley. A Catalogue of the African Collection in the Moorland Foundation, Howard University Library. Washington: Howard University Press, 1958. Porter, Dorothy B. The Negro in the United States; A Selected Bibliography. Compiled by Dorothy B. Porter. Washington, Library of Congress, 1970. Available at Project Gutenberg, 2011. Wesley, Dorothy Porter. Early Negro Writing, 1760-1837. Boston: Beacon Press, 1971. An anthology rare documents of Negro history, including addresses, narratives, poems, essays and documents from fraternal and mutual aid organizations and educational improvement societies. Porter, Dorothy B. "Bibliography and Research in Afro-American Scholarship." Journal of Academic Librarianship. Vol. 2, No. 2: pp. 77–81. 1976. Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, and Dorothy Porter Wesley. Recent Notable Books: A Selected Bibliography in Honor of Dorothy Burnett Porter. [Washington]: Howard University, Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, 1974. Newman, Richard. Black Access: A Bibliography of Afro-American Bibliographies. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1984. References Further reading Chronological by publication date Esme E. Bhan, "Dorothy Porter." Smith, Jessie Carney, and Shirelle Phelps. Notable Black American Women. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992, pp. 863–864. Arthur C. Gunn, "Dorothy Burnett Porter Wesley." Hine, Darlene Clark, Elsa Barkley Brown, and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn. Black Women in America : an Historical Encyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994, pp. 1246–1248. Madison, Avril Johnson, and Dorothy Porter Wesley. "Dorothy Burnett Porter Wesley: Enterprising Steward of Black Culture". The Public Historian. Vol. 17, No. 1: 15–40. 1995. Belt, Marva E., and Tomasha P. Hall. Dorothy Porter Wesley: A Selected Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, 1996. Phelps, Shirelle. Contemporary Black Biography. Profiles from the International Black Community. Volume 19. Detroit, Mich: Gale Research Inc, 1999. Findlay, James A., Constance Porter Uzelac, and Dorothy Porter Wesley. Dorothy Porter Wesley (1905-1995), Afro-American Librarian and Bibliophile: An Exhibition, February 1 – March 16, 2001. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla: Bienes Center for the Literary Arts, Broward County Library, 2001. Botnick, Julie. "The Early Life and Library of Dorothy Porter". History 215J: The Art of Biography. New Haven, CT: Yale University, March 2013. Sims-Wood, Janet L. Dorothy Porter Wesley at Howard University: Building a Legacy of Black History. Charleston, SC : The History Press, 2014. Helton, Laura E. "On Decimals, Catalogs, and Racial Imaginaries of Reading", 2019. Publications of the Modern Languages Association, 134.1 pp. 99–120 External links Conover Porter Award of the African Studies Association Archival collections Dorothy Porter Wesley Papers. James Weldon Johnson Collection in the Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Porter Uzelac, Constance. Dorothy Porter Wesley Collection, The African-American Research Library and Cultural Center Special Collection, Broward County Library. Dorothy Porter Wesley papers (Series 8 in the James Amos Porter papers), Stuart A. Rose Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Book Library, Emory University. 1905 births 1995 deaths Howard University alumni Columbia University School of Library Service alumni African-American librarians American librarians People from Warrenton, Virginia Women bibliographers Women anthologists 20th-century American women writers American women librarians Writers from Virginia National Humanities Medal recipients 20th-century African-American women 20th-century African-American writers African-American women writers

5398822

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBXI-CD

WBXI-CD

WBXI-CD, virtual channel 47 (UHF digital channel 36), is a low-powered, Class A Start TV–affiliated television station licensed to Indianapolis, Indiana, United States. The station is owned by the CBS News and Stations subsidiary of Paramount Global. WBXI-CD's transmitter is located at the tower farm on the northwest side of Indianapolis. History The station first signed on the air in 1990 as W47AZ. Originally serving as an affiliate of the viewer-request music video network The Box, the station changed its call letters to WBXI-CA in 2001; that year, the station switched to MTV2 following that network's acquisition by Viacom, which acquired WBXI-CA. For a few months in 2004, channel 47 served as a repeater of then-sister station and UPN affiliate WNDY-TV (channel 23, now a MyNetworkTV affiliate); this ended when Viacom's Television Stations Group (now CBS Television Stations) subsidiary sold WNDY-TV to the LIN TV Corporation, owners of then-CBS (now CW) affiliate WISH-TV (channel 8), in February 2005. Unexpectedly, Viacom retained ownership of WBXI-CA, before spinning it off to CBS Corporation in December of that year, following CBS' split from the former company; Viacom retained ownership of the MTV Networks; however, the station maintained its MTV2 affiliation. In 2007, the station switched to MTV2's Spanish-language sister network MTV Tr3s. This would end in 2014 upon the expiration of its last carriage contract, when WBXI would switch to continuous weather information. On January 1, 2018, WBXI began carrying programming from CBS/Weigel Broadcasting's Decades, with a local hour of the weather loop remaining weekdays at 7:00 a.m. On September 3, 2018, WBXI-CD launched CBS/Weigel's new network Start TV, dropping Decades. Decades shifted over to WSDI-LD2. The station transitioned to ViacomCBS ownership in December 2019. Technical information Subchannel Analog-to-digital conversion WBXI-CA maintained a construction permit to shut down its analog signal and flash cut its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 47 on September 1, 2015. The station turned on its digital signal on August 21, 2015, and ceased operations of its analog signal on September 1, 2015, the mandatory date for Class A Low Powered Stations to cease operations. References External links Mass media in Indianapolis CBS News and Stations BXI-CD Television channels and stations established in 1989 1989 establishments in Indiana Start TV affiliates Low-power television stations in the United States

5398829

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint%20moth

Mint moth

The mint moth (Pyrausta aurata) is a small moth from the family Crambidae, also known by the common name Small Purple and Gold. Distribution This species can be found in most of Europe and it is also widespread in North Africa and North Asia. In the east it is present from Siberia to North China, Korea and Japan, in the south, it covers Asia Minor, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, Middle Asia and Mongolia. Habitat These moths inhabit chalk and limestone grassland, woodland, marshland and gardens. Description Pyrausta aurata has a wingspan of . The forewings are purplish-brown with golden yellow markings. The number and intensity of these markings is quite variable. Usually in the forewings there is a single postmedian round golden spot near the costa, often with some other minor golden spots. The yellow spots can also be greatly reduced up to the complete absence. Sometimes there an almost indistinct wavy golden postmedian line between the dorsum and the main golden spot. The hindwings are dark brown or also black with a broad yellow transverse band approximately in the wing center and without additional spot closer to the basal area. The moth is very similar to the related Pyrausta purpuralis, a slightly larger moth with a broad postmedian continuous band, usually divided into at least three yellow spots. The caterpillar can reach a length of 13 mm. It may be light green, dark green, light brown, black gray or reddish, with a darker back line. The head is brownish black. Pupa is quite slender, red-brown to black-brown. Biology In the UK, it has two broods; in May/June, and July/August. In north-west Europe it can be seen from April until the end of September and is capable of having two generations in each season. It flies both at day and at night. As the name suggests, the mint moth often uses mint (Mentha spicata. Mentha rotundifolia) as a food plant, though it can also be found on other species such as marjoram, Salvia pratensis, Melissa officinalis, Nepeta cataria and Calamintha species. Gallery References External links Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa BioLib Pyrausta (moth) Moths described in 1763 Moths of Asia Moths of Europe Moths of Africa Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli Articles containing video clips

5398830

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxology

Marxology

Marxology is a systematic scholarly approach to the understanding of Karl Marx and Marxism. The term was first used by David Ryazanov, librarian of the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow, around 1920 as he set out to publish the complete works of Marx and Engels. During the Second World War, Maximilien Rubel introduced the term into France. He was astonished by the lack of any sustained understanding of the life and works of Marx by self-proclaimed Marxists active in the French resistance during the occupation of Paris. Marxology in the Soviet Union A number of official publications in the Soviet Union praised Ryazanov as a Marxologist in 1930. He was: “the most eminent Marxologist of our time”, Izvestia , 10 March 1930 “the most renowned and the most important of the Marxist scholars of our time” (Inprecor, no.26, 19 March 1930) “under Riazonov’s direct scientific and administrative leadership, [the Marx-Engels Institute] accomplished impressive work …with his considerable scientific and investigative activity in the sphere of marxology”, Pravda However during investigations in preparation for the 1931 Menshevik Trial, Ryazanov was implicated under duress by his colleague Isaak Illich Rubin and expelled from the Communist Party. Some Marxologists In 1982 the following were listed in Review: Tendencies in Marxology and Tendencies in History (1982): Michel Henry: Marx: A Philosophy of Human Reality ([1976], English translation with Michel Henry: Marx: A Philosophy of Human Reality, 1983) G. A. Cohen: Karl Marx's Theory of History (1978) John McMurtry: The Structure of Marx's World-View (1978) Melvin Rader: Marx's Interpretation of History (1979) Robert Kurz: Geld ohne Wert : Grundrisse zu einer Transformation der Kritik der politischen ekonomie, and: Marx lesen! : die wichtigsten Texte von Karl Marx für das 21. Jahrhundert Moishe Postone: Time labour and social domination (1993) References Marxism Karl Marx

5398833

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapeau

Chapeau

A chapeau is a flat-topped hat once worn by senior clerics. In heraldry In European ecclesiastical heraldry, it is used as a mark of ecclesiastical dignity, especially that of cardinals, where it is called the red chapeau. It is worn over the shield by way of crest, as mitres and coronets are. A galero chapeau is flat, very narrow atop, but with a broad brim, adorned with long silken strings interlaced; suspended from within with rows of tassels, called by the Italians fiocchi, increasing in number as they come lower. The hat was given to them by Innocent IV in 1250, but was not used in arms till the year 1300. Until that time, the cardinals were represented with mitres. Archbishops and patriarchs bore a green hat, with four rows of tassels; bishops wore the same color, but with three; abbots and apostolical prothonotaries with two. The chapeau is also sometimes used as a mark of secular dignity, such as a cap or coronet armed with ermine, worn by dukes, etc. In this case, the chapeau may be used instead of a helmet to support the individual's crest, since the rules of heraldry do not allow a crest to be placed directly on the armorial shield. Anglophone heraldries In the Anglophone heraldries, a "chapeau" or cap of maintenance is a specific kind of hat. It occurs as a charge, but also more importantly as an exterior ornament, signifying rank. The use of the chapeau in English heraldry is not as clear cut and regulated as in Scottish heraldry. See also List of hats and headgear References External links The Convention of The Baronage of Scotland: Chapeau Caps Hats Headgear Headgear in heraldry

5398851

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennox%20Honychurch

Lennox Honychurch

Lennox Honychurch (born 27 December 1952) is Dominica's most noted historian and a politician. He is well known for writing 1975's The Dominica Story, the 1980s textbook series The Caribbean People, and the 1991 travel book Dominica: Isle of Adventure. Also an artist and a curator, he was largely responsible for compiling the exhibit information for The Dominica Museum in Roseau. Honychurch is the grandson of writer and politician Elma Napier. Biography Born in Portsmouth, Dominica, Lennox Honychurch can trace his lineage in the Caribbean back to the 1790s. Honychurch attended the St. Mary's Academy secondary school. After publishing several works on the history of Dominica, Honychurch was awarded the Chevening Scholarship to study at Oxford University, where he gained a PhD at St. Hugh's College. He read for his MPhil and PhD in Anthropology and Museology in 1995. Honychurch's first job in the early 1970s was as a radio journalist, enabling him to reach out to locals about the island's history with a series of radio vignettes. Honychurch serves as a board member and founder of the Museum Association of the Caribbean. He was instrumental in setting up Dominica's national museum in Roseau and has consulted at other museums and heritage sites throughout the Caribbean, including the Betty's Hope Plantation in Antigua, Fort Frederick in Grenada and Fort Charlotte in St Vincent. He is developing an ecology and heritage center in the history buildings around Fort Shirley, an 18th-century garrison in Cabrits National Park. This work includes training tour guides and providing education on sustainable, responsible tourism for communities around heritage sites. Political career Honychurch served as a senator in the House of Assembly of Dominica from 1975 to 1979 as a member of the Dominica Freedom Party (DFP). When the DFP formed the government in 1980 he also served as Press Secretary to The Government of Dominica until 1981. Work as historian Honychurch's writing describes the history of Dominica and includes The Dominica Story, first published in 1975, Dominica: Isle of Adventure, published in 1991, a three-book series entitled The Caribbean People (1995), Dominica's Cabrits and Prince Rupert's Bay (2013), and In the Forests of Freedom: The Fighting Maroons of Dominica (2017). In addition to his books, Honychurch has published several academic articles and organized the first international conference on Dominican writer Jean Rhys in 2004. Honychurch is an expert in the First Peoples of the Caribbean and has collected archival material related to Amerindian-African contact. His graduate theses focused on the contact and culture exchange which took place between the indigenous Kalinago people of the Lesser Antilles and the people who arrived from Europe and Africa. Work as artist Honychurch is a poet and painter. His murals adorn churches throughout Dominica, the main post office in Roseau, and the national museum. He is also a Carnival artist. Awards On 9 April 2011, Honychurch was awarded the Anthony N. Sabga Caribbean Awards for Excellence, in the category of Arts and Letters. In 2012, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of the West Indies and is an Honorary Research Fellow at the university. He is a recipient of the Golden Drum Award for preservation of Dominica's cultural heritage as well as the Dominica Sisserou Medal of Honour for his contribution to historical and archaeological research. Selected writings The Dominica Story (1975) Dominica: Isle of Adventure (1991)Caribbean Camera: A Journey Through the Islands (1992) The Caribbean People (three-book series; 1995) Dominica's Cabrits and Prince Rupert's Bay (2013)In the Forests of Freedom: The Fighting Maroons of Dominica (2017) References External links Official site Raymond Ramcharitar, "Lennox Honychurch: Icon of the island", Caribbean Beat, Issue 113, November/December 2011. Lisa Paravisini, "Dominica Times profiles Lennox Honychurch as he wins Sabga Award", Repeating Islands'', 20 April 2011. Dominica male writers Dominica historians Members of the House of Assembly of Dominica 1952 births Living people Dominica Freedom Party politicians People from Saint John Parish, Dominica Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford Historians of the Caribbean

5398863

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Mackey

Sandra Mackey

Sandra Mackey (née Sherman; September 13, 1937 – April 19, 2015) was an American writer on Middle Eastern culture and politics. Early life and education Mackey was born Sandra Sherman in Oklahoma City, the daughter of funeral directors Velt Sherman Verna Richie Sherman. Mackey first earned a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Central Oklahoma, followed by an M.A. in International Affairs from the University of Virginia. Career Mackey taught political science at Georgia State University. She served as a visiting scholar in the Woodrow Wilson Department of Government and Foreign Affairs at the University of Virginia. Her writings appeared in such periodicals as the Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Christian Science Monitor. In addition to appearing on NPR, Nightline, ABC News with Peter Jennings and the BBC, she served as a commentator on the first Gulf War for CNN. Her book Lebanon: Death of a Nation was named to The New York Times list of Notable Books of 1989. Death Mackey died on April 19, 2015, aged 77. She and her husband, Dan, had a son, Colin, who survives his mother. Selected works Books written by Sandra Mackey include: The Saudis: Inside the Desert Kingdom, W. W. Norton and Co., New York, 1987; . Updated edition issued in 2002; pbk Lebanon: Death of a Nation, W.W. Norton and Co., New York, 1989; . Passion and Politics: The Turbulent World of the Arabs, Penguin Group, New York, 1992; The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, Penguin Group, New York, 1996; The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein, W. W. Norton, New York, 2003; Lebanon: a House Divided, W. W. Norton, New York, 2006; Mirror of the Arab World: Lebanon in Conflict, W. W. Norton, New York, 2008; See also Iranian studies References External links Lecture at University of California Santa Barbara (introduction), ihc.ucsb.edu; accessed April 21, 2015. 2015 deaths 1937 births Writers from Oklahoma City University of Virginia alumni Georgia State University alumni International relations scholars Women political scientists 20th-century American writers 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American writers 21st-century American women writers University of Central Oklahoma alumni

5398864

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20student%20protests%20in%20Chile

2006 student protests in Chile

The 2006 student protests in Chile (also known as the Penguins' Revolution or The March of the Penguins, because of the students' uniform) were a series of ongoing student voice protests carried out by high school students across Chile (from late April to early June 2006) against the privatization of the Chilean education system, implemented by dictator Augusto Pinochet in the 1970's. The protests peaked on May 30th, when 790,000 students adhered to strikes and protests throughout the country, becoming Chile's largest student demonstration of the past three decades and the first political crisis of president Michelle Bachelet's administration. Over 400 educational establishments adhered to the protests and paralyzed all classes and extracurricular activities. The protests started with the early and organized support of 100 establishments (schools) that started taking action on Friday, May 26th. Amongst the students' short-term demands were free travel passes on buses and the waiving of the university admissions test (PSU) fee, while the longer term demands included: the abolition of the Organic Constitutional Act of Teaching (LOCE), the end to municipalization of subsidized education, a reform to the Full-time School Day policy (JEC) and a quality education for all. On June 1, Bachelet addressed the nation by television, announcing several new measures for education that met most of the students' demands. On June 7 the president announced a 73-member presidential advisory committee – promised by Bachelet on her speech to discuss the students' long-term demands – which included six seats reserved for high school students. Initially hesitant to join the committee, on June 9 the student assembly finally accepted the invitation and called for an immediate end to strikes and school take-overs. On August 23, around 2,000 students were marching in Santiago and other cities in the country, in protest of the slow speed that the reforms were taking place. The rally eventually got violent when small groups turned away from the peaceful demonstrations and started throwing rocks at the police. The police responded with tear gas and water cannons. More than 200 of the demonstrators were arrested and over a dozen were injured. Background The Organic Constitutional Act of Teaching or LOCE (Act Nº 18,962) was enacted on March 7, 1990, and came into force on March 10, the last day of Pinochet's 16 year dictatorship. Despite being widely criticized by both students and teachers as well as the ruling coalition (Concertación), it has remained largely unmodified since the restoration of democracy. Critics of LOCE point out that it reduces the state's participation in education to a solely regulatory and protective role, whilst the true responsibility of education has been transferred to private and public corporations (public schools being managed by local governments — Municipalidades), thus reducing the participation that students, parents, teachers and non-academic employees had previously enjoyed in their schools. During the 1990s, one of the main objectives of the Concertación administration was a so-called Educational Reform. One of the main pillars of this reform, launched during the Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle administration, was the Jornada Escolar Completa, JEC (Full-time School Day policy) — a plan to increase the hours that high school students actually spend in classrooms (in many cases not increasing the number of additional classrooms and other infrastructure required). However, many consider that the quality of education has dropped to worrying levels despite the high level of government spending on public education. Studies have showed that the JEC still has not been correctly implemented nor has it achieved the desired results. Since 2000 a new demand has emerged with respect to the transport system's school pass and the new University Selection Test, and although much progress was made in some areas, the core of the students' demands have remained unsolved as of 2006. The Penguin Movements were not a new phenomenon: its roots lie in the nineteenth century. Modern Chile has one of the highest levels of inequality in the world. Yet the country enjoyed a remarkable political stability since the return to democracy in 1990. In October 2019, though, what had seemed to be an oasis within Latin America erupted as the most intense and dramatic social unrest in Chilean recent history. Inequality is at the root of this social earthquake. The President and his advisors seemed to be puzzled: they thought that the negative consequences of inequality on well-being had been counterbalanced by the high average income of Chileans. If Chile wants to continue human-capital based development following the model of high-income countries, stronger redistribution elements in the tax system are necessary to reduce inequality. Initial demonstrations Following the announcement on April 24 of a new increase in fees for the PSU (up to $28,000 Chilean Pesos or around US$50) and the rumored introduction of a new restriction in the students' transport pass (Pase Escolar) that would limit reduced bus fares to only two travels per day, several public schools in Santiago organized demonstrations in the Alameda Avenue (Santiago's main street) demanding gratuity for transport passes, bus fares and university admissions tests. These demonstrations ended in some outbursts of violence — the Carabineros (the uniformed police) subsequently arrested 47 secondary students on April 26. In the following days, new demonstrations took place without the permission of the regional authority. Despite the Ministry of Education acceding to minor demands, the students were left unsatisfied. On May Day, secondary students of Santiago took part in a massive demonstration on Parque Almagro, near downtown Santiago. Violence again erupted and 1,024 students were arrested by the police in Santiago as well as in other cities throughout the country. The violence was consequently condemned by the Government. Take-overs Following three weeks of protests, little progress for the students' demands had been achieved. A turning point arose when students of the prestigious school Instituto Nacional and Liceo de Aplicación overran the school campuses during the night of May 19, 2006 demanding an improvement in the educational reform including: the ending of the system of schools being run by municipalities (present since 1982), the abolition of the LOCE, as well as a clear declaration by President Bachelet in her traditional May 21 speech to the National Congress. In her speech, the President only indirectly referred to the students' demands and instead focused in condemning the students' recent acts of violence. The government's reply did not satisfy the students' leaders who called for the continuation of demonstrations, even though the Instituto Nacional students desisted in its school take-over in exchange for a school strike which was supported by teachers, parents and the school administrators alike. Occupations of several Liceos (public high schools) continued — among others Liceo A-13 (formerly, Confederación Suiza) and Liceo Carmela Carvajal — and two failed attempts to occupy the Liceo José Victorino Lastarria in Providencia. Although peaceful, the occupations were rejected by the government and the Education Minister Martín Zilic, broke off negotiations stating that he would not come back to the table as long as the mobilizations continued. However, the ministerial strategy of avoiding dialogue did not work out. Since April 24, there were fourteen schools either occupied or on strike including the Liceo Nº1 de Niñas — the school that President Bachelet herself attended as a student. That same night, eleven schools in Santiago downtown, Ñuñoa, Estación Central, La Cisterna, Maipú, Providencia and Recoleta were occupied by students. The students received political support from deputies from the governing coalition, the College of Teachers and other institutions, leaving Minister Zilic in a fragile position. He finally called for a new round of negotiations with "all representatives of schools in conflict" which was scheduled for the following Monday May 29. Throughout the day, more schools were occupied in Arica, Iquique, Valparaíso, Rancagua and Concepción. On May 26, the situation escalated, as students from Maipú, San Miguel, Las Condes, Puente Alto and Pudahuel carried out peaceful marches and private schools adhered to the events. One-hundred thousand students (and up to a 100 schools) were on mass demonstrations throughout the country. Meanwhile, the ACES called for a national strike on Tuesday May 30, which was supported by the Student Federation of the University of Chile (FECH), and the Teachers National Union. Public opinion became increasingly critical of the government and its mishandling of the crisis, forcing President Bachelet to express her will to reestablish a dialogue "in an agenda without exclusions" but reaffirming that this new stand was not a contradiction nor a defeat: "What we have here is the decision to sit down to talk and listen. There will be things which we agree on and there will be others which we do not". The last opportunity to avoid a nationwide strike was the meeting called by the Minister Zilic with the representatives of the schools in conflict. However, this meeting was not presided by the minister himself but rather by the deputy minister Pilar Romaguera, a situation which was rejected by the students. In addition, the site chosen for the negotiations did not have the capacity for the approximately one hundred student representatives, leading to the secondary students refusing to continue the negotiations unless all school representatives were in one room. The government maintained confidence in continuing negotiations, refusing to consider the situation as a failure and insisting that a small step had been achieved. After the breakdown of the meeting, the ACES reorganized itself into six regional branches and set up a meeting with senators of both the Concertación and the Alliance for Chile, another sign of the widespread support the movement had won across the political spectrum. First national strike According to ACES, more than 250 schools were paralyzed on May 30, 2006 in a day that was characterized by diverse acts of violence, despite many calls to carry out peaceful demonstrations. The secondary students' call to strike was followed by university students from Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica and the Universidad de Santiago. The actual number of students on strike was calculated at between 600,000 and one million. During that morning, President Bachelet, summoned her Political Team — the Ministers of Interior, Finance, Gen. Sec. of Gov. and Gen. Sec. of the Presidency — as well as Minister Zilic to a special meeting in La Moneda. Zilic was sent away to meet directly that afternoon with 23 student leaders at the National Library — a neutral place chosen because of the symbolism of being Chile's main public library. In other areas of the country, a number of demonstrations took place, many being broken up by the police. The main incidents took place in Maipú, Puente Alto, La Florida (all large middle-class districts of Santiago) and in Santiago itself, around the Liceo de Applicación and the University of Chile's head office. The police were widely criticized for firing tear gas at people gathered outside the National Library, waiting for the meeting's resolution. The press showed images of policemen arresting students and bystanders inside buses and private houses, and even press members being attacked by the police's special forces. Fighting extended throughout the night, with 725 people arrested and 26 injured. The actions of the police were strongly repelled by the public. Some of the strongest reactions came from the press and the President herself: Despite having initially backed the police, the regional government and the Interior Minister, Andrés Zaldívar, later severely criticized them as did the Gen. Director of Carabineros who opened an investigation and dismissed ten officers including the Special Forces Prefect and his deputy. Further demonstrations, mostly peaceful, took place in Temuco and Valparaíso, with some riots in Santiago's Plaza Italia, resulting in the arrest on May 31 of 54 people. Ongoing negotiations On May 31, 2006, ACES members gathered at the Instituto Nacional to analyze the Minister's proposal to exempt the PSU fees for applicants of the population's three lowest-income quintiles. After hours of debate by the hundreds of student leaders, their spokespersons declared their disagreement with the proposal and extended an ultimatum for the following Monday in which they would call for a national general strike, which would also include university students, teachers and workers. Minister Zilic met with the students again at the Recoleta Domínica, an old church in Santiago. After seven hours of negotiations the students declared that they had not received new offers and that their call for a general strike would continue. Zilic declared the unwillingness of the government to negotiate under such pressure. In the evening of June 1 president Bachelet addressed the nation by radio and television to announce new non-negotiable measures on education: Reorganization of the Ministry of Education, creating a separate regulatory institution to allow for independent supervision by a superintendence. Establishment of an Assistant Presidential Council on Education with the task of proposing measures to improve the quality of education. Reform of the LOCE and the Constitution, consecrating not only the freedom of education, but also the right to quality education as well as outlawing any unjustified discrimination of students by institutions. This measure is intended to prohibit the present practice of many schools of selecting the best students and blocking or expelling the worst ones. Benefits for half a million new students in free lunches and meals in 2006, to be extended to 770,000 by 2007. Extensive investment in infrastructure in 520 schools and the replacement of school furniture in 1,200. Free Transport Pass (Pase Escolar) for the most needy students, as well as extending use to seven days a week, twenty four hours a day for all students. Free PSU for 150,000 students, equivalent to 80% of annual applicants. Bachelet also referred specifically to the government's incapacity to deliver free transport fare to all students, due to prohibitively high costs (166 billion Chilean pesos annually, US$300 million), which she equated to the funding of 33,000 new social houses, the whole cost of the health system or the creation of seventeen new fully equipped hospitals. Nevertheless, she did announce a 25% rise in family benefits for 2007 that would affect 968,000 beneficiaries. The following day, the economic proposals were detailed by the Finance Minister Andrés Velasco who announced that the total cost of the measures would reach 60 million dollars in 2006 and 138 million dollars per year from 2007 onwards. The students met to analyze the president's proposal at the Instituto Superior de Comercio (Insuco) on June 2. After a long meeting of more than eight hours, the ACES met with the Education minister. Close to 10 p.m., Minister Zilic announced that he had not been able to reach an agreement with the students, which was later confirmed by the student spokespersons, who further announced another meeting for the following day in the Internado Nacional Barros Arana in order to organize the national strike to take place on June 5. Second national strike and movement decay On 3 June 2006, the Coordinating Assembly held a new assembly in the Internado Nacional Barros Arana. However, speculation began to arise concerning a split between the radical and moderate groups of the Assembly, which would explain the resignation of César Valenzuela as spokesperson (he insisted that he had stepped down in order to look after his sick mother). Rumors began to spread that some of the traditional schools of Providencia and Santiago were holding parallel talks with Zilic and that one of the leaders of the Assembly, the communist spokesperson María Jesús Sanhueza, had been removed because of her extremist positions. Nevertheless, the ACES later expressed that all of these rumors were unfounded and part of a government strategy to undermine the movement. Meanwhile, more than one hundred groups showed their support for the Monday 5 June strike, including a call from the Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR) to march in protest, contrary to the wishes of the student leaders who had called for peaceful demonstrations from within the schools. The call from the FPMR provoked much annoyance in the government (motivating the Minister Ricardo Lagos Weber to declare that this act was condemnable); however, the student leaders expressed that the FPMR were within their rights to demonstrate as they wished but that they should assume full responsibility for their actions. The strike was held on Monday with the additional support of university students, high school teachers, truckers and workers amongst other unions. There was relative calm during the morning apart from a few minor isolated incidents close to the Plaza Italia by an unauthorized march and the burning of tires in the Alameda and Del Sol Highway around 7 a.m. Throughout the country, protest activity was dissimilar: while there were almost no protests in Punta Arenas, more than 140 establishments in the Bío-Bío Region, 58 in Iquique, 9 in Coihaique were occupied as well as the only school on Easter Island. Peaceful marches took place in Osorno, Puerto Montt and La Serena as well as Valparaíso where more than 12,000 people peacefully gathered. In Santiago, the majority of the occupied schools underwent protests of a cultural nature, within their premises, the largest of which took place in the Instituto Nacional and the nearby University of Chile's main campus. Nevertheless, as the afternoon wore on, disorderly behavior and looting began to take place which led to the mobilization of the Carabineros, who later attacked the people gathered at the Instituto Nacional with tear-gas and water cannons, which according to Germán Westhoff, President of the Student Center, was a "provocation on the part of the Carabineros". In all, more than 240 people were detained during this day of mobilizations. On June 6, the student assembly wrote a letter to the Minister of Internal Affairs informing him that they saw the creation of a presidential advisory committee — announced by Bachelet in her speech of June 1 to discuss the long-term demands — as a positive step, adding that it should include students, teachers, school administrators, education experts and other social stakeholders and that half of them should be determined by the student assembly. This petition was rejected by the government because it was considered excessive, explaining that the president was free to decide who should be included. On June 7, the president announced a committee of 73 members, which included six seats reserved for high school students. According to El Mercurio, on 7 June, 50 schools in Santiago and 175 across the country ended the strikes and were ready to return to classes. According to La Tercera, the number of schools ending mobilizations was close to 500. On June 9 the student assembly agreed to participate in the committee and put an end to strikes and school take-overs. See also 2006 labor protests in France 2008 student protests in Chile 2011–13 Chilean student protests Chilean transition to democracy Education in Chile 2019 Chilean protests Mochilazo References External links "Ley Orgánica Constitucional de Enseñanza" (PDF file) "La voz de los estudiantes a todo volumen" (EMOL.com special report) "La marcha de los estudiantes" (EMOL.com special report) "Guía para entender las demandas al Gobierno" (La Tercera special report) "Chile's Student Protests and the Democratization of a Semi-Democratic Society" (Council on Hemispheric Affairs) Student strikes Student protests in Chile Student protests Student protests Social history of Chile

5398879

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-3-8%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012

Chittenden-3-8 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012

The Chittenden-3-8 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census. The Chittenden-3-8 District includes a section of the Chittenden County city of South Burlington defined as follows: The rest of South Burlington is in Chittenden-3-7, Chittenden-3-9, and Chittenden-3-10. As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Chittenden-3-8 District had a population of 3,717 in that same census, 8.43% below the state average. It has the fewest residents per representative of any district in Vermont. District Representative Ann D. Pugh, Democrat See also Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012 External links Detail map of the Chittenden-3-1 through Chittenden-3-10 districts (PDF) Vermont Statute defining legislative districts Vermont House districts -- Statistics (PDF) Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012 South Burlington, Vermont

5398891

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staurotypus

Staurotypus

Staurotypus is a genus of aquatic turtles, commonly known as giant musk turtles, Mexican musk turtles, or three-keeled musk turtles, in the family Kinosternidae. The genus contains two recognized species, which are endemic to Mexico and Central America. Both species are sold and bred as pets. Species The following two species are recognized as being valid. Staurotypus salvinii – Chiapas giant musk turtle, giant musk turtle, Pacific coast giant musk turtle Staurotypus triporcatus – Mexican musk turtle, Giant Mexican musk turtle Geographic distribution Both species of the genus Staurotypus are native to Mexico and Central America. S. salvinii is found primarily in Mexico, in the states of Oaxaca and Chiapas, but ranges south into Guatemala, El Salvador, and Belize. S. triporcatus is also found primarily in Mexico, and is more widespread, found in the states of Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas, Yucatán, and Campeche, and ranges south into Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras. Description Species in the genus Staurotypus are typically much larger than other species of Kinosternidae, attaining a straight carapace length of up to 36 cm (14 in), with males being significantly smaller than females. Typically brown, black, or green in color, with yellow undersides, the carapace is distinguished by three distinct ridges, or keels, which run the length. Staurotypus turtles exhibit XX/XY sex determination, in contrast to the temperature-dependent sex determination of most turtles. Diet Like other musk turtle species, Staurotypus are carnivorous, eating various types of aquatic invertebrates, as well as fish and carrion. References External links Turtles of the World - Staurotypus salvini & Staurotypus triporcatus Further reading Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. . (Genus Staurotypus, p. 264). Wagler JG (1830). Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification des Säugthiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. Munich, Stuttgart, and Tübingen: J.G. Cotta. vi + 354 pp. (Staurotypus, new genus, p. 137). (in German and Latin). Reptiles of Belize Reptiles of El Salvador Reptiles of Guatemala Reptiles of Honduras Reptiles of Mexico Taxa named by Johann Georg Wagler Turtle genera

5398899

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipsey

Nipsey

Nipsey is a nickname. Notable people with the nickname include: Nipsey Hussle (1985–2019), American rapper Nipsey Russell (1918–2005), American actor, comedian, poet, and dancer See also Nipsy, or knurr and spell, English game Nispey, village in Iran

5398907

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branham%20High%20School

Branham High School

Branham High School is a secondary school in San Jose, California, located in the Cambrian neighborhood within the West San Jose region. It opened on September 13, 1967, under the Campbell Union High School District (CUHSD) and closed in 1991. The District leased the campus to Valley Christian Schools in 1991. The school was reopened by CUHSD in 1999 due to increased enrollment within the district. The school is named after Isaac Branham, a Californian pioneer who became a successful farmer and lumber mill owner. The school colors are navy blue, Columbia blue, and white and the official mascot is the Bruin. As of March 2022, the school also has a boba drink dedicated to them by the locally owned business Boba Pub called "Blu's Bev". This was made possible through a partnership between the business and Branham's associated student body (ASB). Academics Accreditation Branham was awarded the title of California Distinguished School during the 2006–2007 school year and was fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in March 2022. AP Courses Branham participates in the College Board's Advanced Placement program and, as of the 2021-2022 school year, offers AP courses in the following: English Language and Composition, English Literature and Composition, World History: Modern, US History, American Government, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Physics 1 & 2, Psychology, Calculus AB & BC, Statistics, French Language & Culture, Spanish Language and Culture, Spanish Literature and Culture, Chinese Language and Culture, Computer Science A and Principles, Studio Art 2D & 3D, and Art History. Athletics Branham High School is a member of the Blossom Valley Athletic League (BVAL). Branham fields teams in football, basketball, baseball, volleyball, swimming and diving, cheerleading, tennis, badminton, soccer, softball, track and field, cross country, golf, field hockey, and wrestling. All of Branham's league and section championships are displayed in its gymnasium, the Bruin Den. Music & Theater Departments Music Department The Branham High School Music Department consists of the vocal music department and the instrumental music department. The choir is made up of Madrigals and Women's. The instrumental music program is made up of Field Marching Band, Color Guard, Parade Band, Pep Band, Symphonic Band, Wind Ensemble, Guitar, and Jazz Ensemble. The marching band has recently been named the Branham High School Royal Alliance. The Branham High School Symphonic Band, in its first CMEA performance in the history of the school, received a Unanimous Superior rating, the highest rating a group can receive from the California Music Educators Association. In addition, the band was invited to perform at Carnegie Hall and Chicago Symphony Hall due to their performance at the 2009 Los Angeles Heritage Festival, where they had placed first in the Symphonic Band category. In April 2011, the band received its second Unanimous Superior rating from CMEA. The Branham High School Royal Alliance Marching Band and Color Guard is known for award winning performances and had an undefeated season in the fall of 2020 with their show “It’s About Time”. The Branham Jazz Ensemble gives nearly a dozen public performances per year and travels to the Columbia Jazz Festival. The Jazz Ensemble hosts a yearly fundraiser called the Jazz Cafe to raise funds for the Branham Instrumental Program. As of March 2022, the director of the band program is Christopher Nalls, while the director of the choir program is Barbara West. Theater Department The department earned the 2001 Glenn Hoffman Award for Outstanding Fine Arts Curriculum. In 2003, the program earned the 2003 High School Musical Honors Award for Outstanding Ensemble. The department currently offers a full theater curriculum including a musical theater course, a drama club, and several productions each year. Its annual faculty musical is directed by students and supervised by the acting instructor. Career Technical Education (CTE) Courses The Career Technical Education courses offered at Branham currently include Culinary Arts, Journalism, Yearbook, and PLTW (Project Lead the Way). The journalism class is known for their award winning newspaper, Bear Witness, which has been named a 2019 Pacemaker finalist for the National Scholastic Press Association and awarded second place in Social Media reporting as of 2021. Notable alumni Robertson Daniel (Class of 2010) - Former American football cornerback for the Oakland Raiders, Green Bay Packers, Washington Football Team, and Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Currently a member of the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League. Played collegiately at Brigham Young University. Pat Hughes (Class of 1973) - Radio play-by-play announcer for the Chicago Cubs of the Major League Baseball (MLB). Marty Krulee (Class of 1974) - Sprinter and track-and-field athlete. Gary Radnich (Class of 1969) - Sports anchor for KRON-TV, San Francisco. Former basketball player at Brigham Young University, later transferring to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Louie Sakoda (Class of 2005) - Professional placekicker and punter for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. Roger Samuels (Class of 1979) - Former MLB pitcher who played for the San Francisco Giants and Pittsburgh Pirates. Darnell Sankey (Class of 2012) - Former American football linebacker for the Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, Kansas City Chiefs, Minnesota Vikings, Baltimore Ravens, Detroit Lions, Indianapolis Colts, and New Orleans Saints of the NFL. Played collegiately at California State University, Sacramento. Nicky Shane (Class of 1971) - The first recipient of the Guinness World Record for The Fastest Harmonica Player. Vedant Patel (Class of 2008) - Former Assistant press secretary for the Biden administration and current Principal Deputy Spokesperson at the United States Department of State See also Santa Clara County high schools References External links Branham High School Main Website Branham High School Athletics Branham High School Marching Band Campbell Union High School District Educational institutions established in 1967 High schools in San Jose, California Public high schools in California 1967 establishments in California

5398915

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor%20P%C3%BAa

Víctor Púa

Víctor Haroldo Púa Sosa (born 31 May 1956 in Paso de los Toros) is a Uruguayan former football player and currently a football manager. Career He coached the Uruguay U-20 national team, finishing runner-up in the 1997 FIFA World Youth Championship. He was appointed to coach the Uruguay national team in the 1999 Copa América, earning second place honors. In 2001, he was chosen to replace Daniel Passarella, qualifying for the 2002 FIFA World Cup after finishing 5th in the South American zone and winning a playoff against Australia. Uruguay was drawn into group A alongside world champions France, Denmark and eventual tournament revelation Senegal. After a defeat to Denmark and a 0–0 draw with France, Uruguay had to beat Senegal to make it to the next round. Despite coming back from a 0–3 at half time, Richard Morales narrowly missed a fourth goal with the goalkeeper down, which left Uruguay in 3rd place and out of the next round. In 2004, he coached Argentine side Rosario Central but resigned after only 2 matches, because of differences with the board and a defeat to Newell's Old Boys in the local derby. Clubs as player Liverpool Montevideo River Plate Montevideo Defensor Sporting Club Olimpia Asunción Deportivo Mandiyú Rampla Juniors Cerrito Teams as coach River Plate Montevideo Uruguay Rosario Central Peñarol youths general manager 2007–2009, manager 2009 Family His son is the midfielder Federico Púa, currently playing in Chile. References 1956 births Living people People from Paso de los Toros Uruguayan footballers Liverpool F.C. (Montevideo) players Club Atlético River Plate (Montevideo) players River Plate Montevideo managers Defensor Sporting players Rampla Juniors players Club Olimpia footballers C.A. Bella Vista players Expatriate footballers in Argentina Expatriate footballers in Paraguay Uruguayan football managers Peñarol managers Rosario Central managers Expatriate football managers in Argentina Uruguay national football team managers 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup managers 1999 Copa América managers 2001 Copa América managers 2002 FIFA World Cup managers Association football defenders Pan American Games gold medalists for Uruguay Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games Footballers at the 1983 Pan American Games Pan American Games medalists in football

5398923

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1%20Cabot%20Square

1 Cabot Square

1 Cabot Square (also known as the Credit Suisse building) is a 21-floor office building occupied by Credit Suisse in Cabot Square, Canary Wharf, London, England. History of Project Original plans called for a skyscraper on this site for Credit Suisse First Boston, however the slump at the end of the 1980s saw these plans scaled back. Architect The architect on the project was Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, and the building was completed in 1991. The project had two management contractors Ellis Don and Sir Robert McAlpine. Architecture It is 89 metres tall (292 feet), with a floorspace of 50,166 square metres (164,587 square feet). The building has large, open plates on the floor, that range in size from 64,500 square foot to 24,000 square foot in the executive offices. It is internally connected to the west, to 20 Columbus Courtyard, which is also connected to a full-height internal link to the north, 17 Columbus Courtyard. The building is the second largest building located at Canary Wharf, behind the Canary Wharf Tower. The Credit Suisse building has 18 stories with an additional two stories of plant at the top. The building also has a two-story arcade that is located at the base of the building. Ownership In early 2012 it was purchased by Qatar's sovereign wealth fund Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) Subsequently, QIA considered selling it multiple times before eventually selling to KB Securities of South Korea. The building is leased to Credit Suisse for around 20 years and part of Canary Wharf, of which QIA bought a majority in a joint venture with Brookfield Properties in 2015. Gallery See also Canary Wharf Credit Suisse References External links Official Site Office buildings in London Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Canary Wharf buildings Credit Suisse

5398928

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang%20Deguang

Zhang Deguang

Zhang Deguang (Simplified Chinese: 张德广; born 10 February 1941) was Executive Secretary of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation from 2004 to 2006. Biography Born in Jining, homeland of Chinese philosophers Confucius and Men Ji, in Shandong Province of occupied China. In 1965 he graduated from the Beijing Institute of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Russian literature. Zhang Deguang speaks Chinese, Russian and English. In 1965 he joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. There he has held the following posts: 1965-1973 Employee, translation branch, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China 1973-1977 Attaché, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the USSR 1977-1987 Second Secretary, First Secretary, deputy director of Chancery, Sino-Russian Negotiations, Department of USSR and European affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China 1987-1992 Counselor, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States 1992-1993 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to the Republic of Kazakhstan 1993-1995 Head of the Department of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China 1995-2001 Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China 2001-2003 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to Russia On 29 May 2003, at the meeting of Heads of SCO member states, he was appointed Executive Secretary of the Secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. On 15 January 2004, he took up his duties at this post. In December 1999 President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin awarded Zhang Deguang with the "Friendship Order". In December 2001 President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev awarded him with First Grade Friendship Order of Kazakhstan. In February 2003 he was awarded as Academician of the Russian Academy of Social Sciences. In April 2003 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Institute of Far Eastern Studies and with the First Grade Medal of the Sino-Russian Friendship Society. In October 2003 President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin presented him with Commemorative Diploma for special contribution to strengthening Sino-Russian friendship. In March 2004 President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin awarded Zhang Deguang with Commemorative Medal on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of Saint Petersburg. External links Zhang Deguang's short biography, SCO website People's Republic of China politicians from Shandong Living people 1941 births Politicians from Jining Diplomats of the People's Republic of China Ambassadors of China to Kazakhstan Ambassadors of China to Russia

5398930

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores%20de%20Mayo

Flores de Mayo

Flores de Mayo (Spanish for "flowers of May") is a festival held in the Philippines in the month of May. It is one of the May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary and lasts for the entire month. The Santacruzan (from the Spanish santa cruz, "holy cross") is the ritual pageant held on the last day of the Flores de Mayo. It honors the finding of the True Cross by Helena of Constantinople (known as Reyna Elena) and Constantine the Great. Its connection with May stems from the May 3 date of Roodmas, which Pope John XXIII deleted in the 1960s due to the trend at the time to abolish holy days that were either duplicates or dedicated to ahistorical saints. The Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14, which commemorates the recovery of the relic by Emperor Heraclius from the Persians instead of the finding by Saint Helena combines that occasion with Roodmas in the present General Roman Calendar. Etymology The name of the festival is derived from the Spanish language word flores meaning "flowers." Other names are "Flores de María" ("Flowers of Mary") and "Álay" (Filipino for "offering"). In the Bicolandia In the Bicol Region, the ritual begins with the recitation of the rosary, and the last day is simply called the "katapusan" which is marked with a Mass, a Santacruzan and procession of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The traditional "María" with its respective meaning is said after the recitation of the Salve Regina in Spanish and the Litany of Loreto. After the ceremony, simple snacks are given to the children who attended the devotion. Alabasyón (from the Spanish for "praising") is the term for prayers sung in honor of the Holy Cross. In Western and in some parts of Eastern Visayas The towns particularly in Iloilo has their respective puroks or streets and the barangays which has their respective chapel or house of prayer or even in the church where an image of the Virgin Mary is venerated and children gathers to have a simple catechism and teachings about the life and story of Mary, history of Marian apparitions, Christian doctrines and values, holistic values and virtues and other life's teachings. They were also taught some prayers and some songs uniquely recited only during the Flores de Mayo and the children offer some flowers before the image of the Virgin Mary as a symbol of love, affection and veneration. This is a commemoration and reminiscent of the Our Lady of Fatima apparition to the three children which first took place on 13 May in 1917. After a while, they were offered some snacks. Some churches and areas are giving children some paper tickets for actively participating and doing well during the catechism in which at the end of the month of May which also coincides with the end of the Flores de Mayo, the children redeem the value of the tickets which are school supplies ready for the school opening. Until 2019, this was in June, the supplies are brought currently in August or September beginning 2020, depending on the date set by the Department of Education. With the switch of the calendar, the paper ticket tradition among these children also mark one of the final salvos of the school year. Santacruzan is usually held during the last few days of May to coincide with the end of the catechism for children. In the Katagalugan Amongst the Tagalog people, the custom began after the proclamation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception in 1854 and after the circa 1867 publication of Mariano Sevilla's translation of the devotional "Flores de María" ("Flowers of Mary"), also known by its longer title "Mariquít na Bulaclac nasa Pagninilaynilay sa Buong Buannang Mayo ay Inihahandog nañg mañga Devoto cay María Santísima" ("Beautiful Flowers that in the Meditations in the Whole Month of May are Presented by Devotees to Mary Most Holy"). One famous May tradition in Batangas (particularly in Lipa) is the Luglugan, or nightly devotion and party honoring the Virgin Mary. Held in structures called tuklóng, devotees offer flowers and prayers to an image of Mary every night. After the prayer, the Hermanos or Hermanas for the day will give away treats to the participants, followed by the party. The Luglugan lasts for a month until the Tapusan ("ending") which is marked with a Mass, a Santacruzan and procession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and capped with a final Luglugan that lasts until the following morning. The Santacruzan A Santacruzan is a religio-historical beauty pageant held in many cities, towns, and even in small communities throughout the Philippines during the month of May. One of the most colorful aspects of this festival, the pageant depicts the finding of the True Cross by Queen Helena, mother of Constantine the Great. Many movie and television personalities participate in the events and are featured in major santacruzan. This festival became part of Filipino traditions identified with youth, love, and romance. Prior to the Santacruzan, a novena is held in honor of the Holy Cross. The procession itself commemorates the search of the Holy Cross by Reyna Elena and her son, Emperor Constantine. It is said to have roots in the joyous thanksgiving celebrations that followed the finding of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem and its translation to Constantinople (now İstanbul). General order of the procession The participants of this pageant would follow this typical arrangement: Cross is used for Santa Cruzan , while the Image of Blessed Mother is used for Flores de Mayo that is the distinction of the two festivals but some organizer mixed the two festivals together in one celebration. Flores and Sta. Cruzan Additional Titles (Pamayanan or Communities) Each figure in this group refers to a Marian Apparition or Marian Dogma. Pamayanan Inmaculada - This Title is the Representation of the Immaculate Conception. It Retells The Story of the Proclamation of the Said Dogma on December 8, 1854. Pamayanan La Naval - This Title is the Representation of Our Lady of the Rosary. She Carries A Rosary. Pamayanan Asunción - This Title is the Representation of the Assumption of Mary. It Also Retells The Story of the Proclamation of the Said Dogma on November 1, 1950. Pamayanan Del Carmen - This Title is the Representation of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Who Appeared to Saint Simon Stock in Mount Carmel in Israel on July 16, 1251. She Carries the Scapular of Mt. Carmel. Pamayanan Dela Paz - This Title is the Representation of Our Lady of Peace. She Carries a Dove, Real Or Otherwise. Pamayanan Fatima - This Title is the Representation of Our Lady of Fatima Who Appeared to Three Children of Fatima, Portugal, Namely The Saints Francisco Marto and Jacinta Marto, and Servant of God Sister Lúcia on May 13, 1917. She Carries A Rosary Or Wears A Crucifix Necklace Pamayanan Lourdes - This Title is the Representation of Our Lady of Lourdes Who Appeared to Saint Bernadette Soubirous in Lourdes, France on February 11, 1858. She Carries A Large Rosary Pamayanan Guadalupe - This Title is the Representation of Our Lady of Guadalupe Who Appeared to Saint Juan Diego in Guadalupe, Mexico on December 9, 1531. Biblical and Historical Figures, with Traditional Personifications Matusalén (Methuselah) – bearded and bent with age, he rides a cart and is preoccupied with toasting grains of sand in a pan over a fire. It is an allegory of the transience of the world, which will be like the dust he is toasting. Reina Banderada (Queen with a Banner) – a young lady dressed in a long red gown, bearing a yellow and/or white pennant or preferably, the Flag of Vatican City. She represents the arrival of Christianity. Reina Aeta (Queen Aeta)– represents the dark-skinned indigenous peoples of the Philippines such as the Aeta and Ati. These aboriginal groups predate the ancestors of today's majority Austronesian Filipinos by tens of thousands of years. Reina Mora (Queen Moor) – represents Muslim Filipinos, who are concentrated in Mindanao and large cities such as Manila. Islam arrived in the archipelago two centuries before Christianity, and is now the country's second-largest religion. Mary is also honoured in Islam, and her story is found in the 19th sura (chapter) of the Qur'an. Reina de Saba/Reina Sheba (Queen of Sheba) – represents the unnamed queen who visited King Solomon, and was overwhelmed with his wisdom, power, and riches. She carries a jewelry box. She is included in the Santacruzan because the Legenda Aurea describes how she venerated the beam of a bridge she was crossing, prophesying the wood's future role as part of the True Cross. Rut y Noemi (Ruth and Naomi) – the Moabite convert to Judaism together with her mother-in-law, from whom she was inseparable. Ruth is an ancestress of King David, and is one of four women listed in the genealogies of Jesus in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Reina Judít (Queen Judith) – represents the Biblical widow Judith of Bethulia, who saved her city from the Assyrians by beheading their brutal general Holofernes. Also titled "Infanta" ('Princess') Judít, she carries Holofernes' head in one hand and a sword in the other. Reina Ester (Queen Esther) – the Jewish queen of Persia, who spared the Jewish people from genocide at the hands of Haman through timely intervention with her husband, King Xerxes. She carries a sceptre. Cleopatra – represents Cleopatra VII Philopator (69-30 BC), the last active pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Her male escort is often understood to represent the Roman senator and general Mark Antony (83-30 BC). Samaritana/Santa Photina (The Female Samaritan) – the Samaritan woman at the well (traditionally named Photini) with whom Christ conversed about the Water of Life. She carries a water jug on her shoulder. Santa Verónica – the woman who wiped the face of Jesus who bears her Veil; in traditional Hispanic-Filipino iconography, the cloth bears three miraculous blood imprints of the Holy Face of Jesus instead of one. Tres Marías (Three Marys) – each Mary holds a unique attribute associated with the Entombment of Christ: Santa María Magdalena (Mary Magdalene) – bears a perfume bottle; Catholic tradition once conflated her with Mary of Bethany as the woman who anointed and wiped Jesus' feet. Santa María Cleofe (Mary, the mother of James, wife of Clopas) – bears a whisk broom, as tradition holds she swept the Holy Sepulchre before Christ was laid in it. Santa María Salome (Mary Salome) – bears a thurible or oil bottle, pointing to her role as a Myrrhbearer. Reina Fé (Queen Faith) – symbolises Faith, the first theological virtue. She carries a cross or crucifix. Reina Esperanza (Queen Hope) – symbolises Hope, the second theological virtue. She carries an anchor. Reina Caridad (Queen Charity) – symbolises Charity, the third theological virtue. She carries a red heart or the image of the Sacred Heart. Reina Sentenciada (Queen Convicted) – has her hands bound with a rope or chains of iron. She represents the Early Christians, particularly virgins, who were persecuted and martyred for the Faith. She is sometimes guarded by two Roman soldiers. Marian Titles Each figure in this group refers to a title of the Virgin Mary in the Litany of Loreto, or to a figure associated with her. They are preceded by adolescent or adult ladies dressed in white ball gown as angels, each holding a letter of the angelic salutation "AVE MARÍA". Reina Abogada (Queen Advocate/Lawyer) – defender of the poor and the oppressed, she wears a black mortarboard cap and graduation gown, and carries a large book. Her appearance is a representation of Mary, Help (Advocate) of Christians. Some processions add the Reina Doctora ("Queen Doctor") as another title connected with a degree-holding profession, and may allude to the title "Mary, Health of the Sick". Reina Justícia (Queen Justice) – a personification of the title "Mirror of Justice" (Speculum Iustitiæ), her attributes are a weighing scale and a sword. Divina Pastora (Divine Shepherdess) – bears a shepherd's crook or an image of the lamb or young Sheep. Reina de los Ángeles (Queen of the Angels) – bears a bouquet of white flowers, and is escorted by adolescent or adult ladies dressed as angels. Luklukan ng Karunungan/Asiento de la Sabiduría (Seat of Wisdom) – carries the Bible, and represents Mary as Sedes Sapientiæ Susì ng Langit/Clavé del Cielo (Key of Heaven) – bears two keys, one gold and the other silver, adapted from the Papal arms. Reina de las Estrellas (Queen of the Stars) – holds a wand or baston topped with a star. It can be taken as an allusion to the title Stella Maris ("Star of the Sea"), where Mary has been invoked by sailors for her protection. Rosa Mística (Mystical Rose) – bears a bouquet of roses, a single rose, or preferably, the Bara Alta. Pusò ni María/Corazón de María (Heart of Mary) – holds a pink heart or the image of the Immaculate Heart of Mary. Reina del Santísimo Rosario (Queen of the Most Holy Rosary) – carries a large rosary. Reina Luna (Queen Moon) – represents the moon, the footstool of Mary as the Woman of the Apocalypse. She carries a wand or baston topped with the crescent moon. Reina Candelaria (Queen of Candles) – she carries a long, lit taper, symbolising the Purification of Mary. Reina de la Paz (Queen of Peace) – carries a dove, real or otherwise. Reina de los Patriarcas (Queen of Patriarchs) – bears a wooden rod or staff. Reina de los Profetas (Queen of Prophets) – holds an hourglass or Clock. Reina de los Confesores (Queen of Confessors) – holds a scroll, whether open or closed. Reina de los Mártires (Queen of Martyrs) – bears the Crown of Thorns or a pierced heart, as a second representation of the Mater Dolorosa. Reina de los Apóstoles (Queen of Apostles) – holds the Palm of Martyrdom. Reina de los Santos (Queen of Saints) – bears a golden wreath, symbolising the Crown of the Saints; often accompanied by two ladies as angels. Reina del Cielo (Queen of Heaven) – holds a flower; often accompanied by two ladies dressed as angels. Reina de las Vírgenes (Queen of Virgins) – carries a rosary or lily, the latter signifying chastity; also escorted by two ladies. Prominent titles 1. Reina de las Flores (Queen of Flowers) – The Queen of the Flores de Mayo. She walks under an arch festooned with flowers and She carries a grand bouquet of flowers. 2. Reina Elena (Queen Helena) – , she represents Saint Helena herself, whose finding of the True Cross is symbolized by the cross or crucifix that she bears in her arms. This considerably prestigious role is often awarded to the most beautiful girl or important matron in the pageant. Some communities keep the identity of the chosen Reina Elena a closely guarded secret, revealing her identity at the Santacruzan itself. Other places are more accommodating, allowing three women to be Reina Elena. Constantino - the escort of Reina Elena, representing her son, Constantine the Great (272 – 337 AD). Despite the Emperor having been an adult when his mother found the True Cross, this role is almost always played by a small boy in princely raiment. 3. Reina Emperatríz (Queen Empress) – always the last member of the procession, a representation of Saint Helena of Constantinople, specifically her title Augusta ('empress' or 'queen mother'), which she received from Constantine in 325 AD. The procession is accompanied by the steady beat of a local brass band, playing and singing the Dios te salve (the Spanish version of the Hail Mary). Devotees bear lighted candles and sing the prayer as they walk. Due to modernization and unavailability of the brass band, It is sometimes accompanied by a speaker truck playing trending songs from the app TikTok or from the app Spotify. It is customary for males participating in the Santacruzan to wear traditional Barong Tagalog, while females wear any Filipiniana-inspired dress. See also May Day References External links https://web.archive.org/web/20170301112727/http://www.philippines.hvu.nl/culture2.htm Philippine culture May observances Marian devotions

5398938

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood%20Secondary%20School

Holyrood Secondary School

Holyrood Secondary School is a Roman Catholic secondary school in the south-side of Glasgow, Scotland. It is the biggest secondary school in Scotland, with over 2,000 pupils and 150 teaching staff. Holyrood is located near Crosshill railway station, Hampden Park, A728 and the new M74 motorway. Officially opened in 1936, the school's enrolment rapidly expanded amid the closure of several surrounding secondary schools in the city's south-side. To combat the surge in pupils attending Holyrood, the school underwent several refurbishment, most recently in the early 2000s which included the Holyrood Sports Centre . The school can accommodate more than 420 new 1st Year starts, the biggest intake of any secondary school in Scotland. In 2019 Holyrood RC Secondary School was ranked the 82nd best performing school in Scotland by the Scottish Government: 43 percent of pupils attained five or more awards at SCQF Level 6, the equivalent of Highers. History The school was founded in 1936 and originally functioned as a senior secondary with entry dependent on a high mark in the "qualifying examination". In 1971 the exam was abolished and all Scottish state schools became equal in terms of status, curriculum offered and examinations taken. In 2012, the school was the subject of a BBC television documentary series titled High School. In 2017, former pupil Joe McFadden visited Holyrood during his appearance on the BBC's Strictly Come Dancing. The school was featured in an episode, as McFadden and his dance partner Katya Jones showcased a dance in front of the pupils. In 2020 Holyrood, along with all other Scottish schools, closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The SQA for the first time in 130 years cancelled all exams. More on the 7th of September 2022 resently a student edited the Holyrood Wikipedia page to claim that 2H is the best class due to their superior knowledge Facilities The original school building, designed by the firm of John Burnet, Son & Dick, was built in 1936, and is now protected as a category B listed building. Over the years, the school has had renovation and additional blocks purposely built, known as the "new block" and "I.T. Wing". The new block also features new classrooms for English, religious education and social subjects. The school features over 20 purpose built I.T. rooms and also hosts three drama studios, complete with sound and lighting effects. It has several wood work and metal workshops as well as modern laboratories for physics, chemistry and biology. Nearly all classrooms within the school are fully equipped with smart boards and projectors. Although there are drama studios some drama classes are on the top floor with nothing but chairs and wood floors unlike the drama studios which are much preferred by students and teachers. In 2001, Glasgow city council commissioned a modern sports centre to be built directly next to Holyrood, known as Holyrood Sports Centre. The school has exclusive access during the day to all the facilities, with the centre being open at night to the public. The sports centre features a full size synthetic floodlit pitch, three seven-a-side pitches, changing rooms, inside gym hall and shower accommodation. In addition, an open plan gym which can be split into two separate halls, a dance studio and a modern extensive fitness suite. These facilities are used by all pupils for physical education and are an addition to the swimming pool and gymnastics hall. In 2012, the school was selected as the Glasgow base for the Scottish Football Association's Performance Schools, a system devised to support the development of the best young talented footballers across the country (there are seven such schools across Scotland). As of 2018, the dedicated coach for the young players at Holyrood is Joe McBride. Year groups Malawi partnership The school has established a close partnership with Mary's Meals, which saw former deputy head, Tony Begley, resign from his position to take up a new role as the education co-ordinator of this non-profitable charity. The school has also been at the forefront of fundraising for Malawi as well as Mary's Meals which involves under 30 pupils travelling to areas close to Blantyre, Malawi to reconstruct, renovate and build schools. A team of 36 young people was chosen for 2013 after a successful five years of the project and planned to continue the work in Malawi, led by previous head teacher, Thomas McDonald. The school has so far raised in excess of £200,000 for Malawi. Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the 2020 Malawi, and subsequently 2021 Malawi projects had to be cancelled. Admissions The school has a roll of approximately 2,000 pupils and 150 teachers, making it one of the largest state comprehensive schools in Europe. Notable former pupils Arts & media Frankie Boyle, comedian James Boyle, broadcaster: head of BBC Radio Scotland and controller of BBC Radio 4, chairman of the Scottish Arts Council Charlie Burchill, Scottish musician and composer, best known as the guitarist of Simple Minds Des Clarke (b. 1981), comedian Bob Crampsey, Scottish association football historian, author, broadcaster and teacher (including history teacher at Holyrood in the 1970s) Tony Curran, actor Fran Healy, British singer, songwriter and musician, lead singer and lyricist of the band Travis Jim Kerr, Scottish singer-songwriter and the lead singer of the rock band Simple Minds Johnny McElhone, musician and songwriter of Altered Images, Hipsway and Texas Joseph McFadden, actor Brian McGee (b. 1959), musician James Meechan (b. 1930), artist Business & finance Willie Haughey, businessman and philanthropist Benny Higgins, banker Politics Margaret Ferrier, MP (2015-2017 and from 2019 Rutherglen and Hamilton West) Jim Fitzpatrick, Labour MP for Poplar and Canning Town since 1997, and former London Fire Brigade firefighter Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws, lawyer, human rights activist and chair of the British Council Pat McFadden, Labour MP for Wolverhampton South East since 2005 Bob McTaggart (1945-1989), Labour Party politician; Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Central Sports Alan Brazil, former professional footballer with Ipswich Town, Detroit Express, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Coventry City, Queens Park Rangers; presents TalkSport radio breakfast show Pat Crerand, former Scotland International footballer, clubs included Celtic and Manchester United Charlie Gallagher, footballer Jim McCalliog, former Scotland international footballer Lee McConnell (b. 1978), athlete John McGeady (b. 1958), footballer Nathan Patterson (b. 2001), footballer Chaplaincy The school chaplain is John Carroll. References External links Official website of Holyrood R.C. Secondary Holyrood Secondary School's page on Parentzone Educational institutions established in 1936 Catholic secondary schools in Glasgow Category B listed buildings in Glasgow Listed schools in Scotland 1936 establishments in Scotland Youth football in Scotland Govanhill and Crosshill

5398949

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention%20of%20Tauroggen

Convention of Tauroggen

The Convention of Tauroggen was an armistice signed 30 December 1812 at Tauroggen (now Tauragė, Lithuania) between General Ludwig Yorck on behalf of his Prussian troops and General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Imperial Russian Army. Yorck's act is traditionally considered a turning point of Prussian history, triggering an insurgency against Napoleon in the Rheinbund. At the time of the armistice, Tauroggen was situated in Russia, east of the Prussian border. Background According to the Treaty of Paris, Prussia had to support Napoleon's invasion of Russia. This resulted in some Prussians leaving their army to avoid serving the French, among them Carl von Clausewitz, who joined Russian service. Between October and December, Yorck received numerous Russian requests to switch sides. He forwarded these to Berlin, but received no instructions. When Yorck's immediate French superior, Marshal Jacques MacDonald, retreated from the siege of Riga (1812) before the corps of Diebitsch, Yorck found himself isolated and eventually surrounded. As a soldier his duty was to break through, but as a Prussian patriot his position was more difficult. He had to judge whether the moment was favorable for starting a war of liberation; and, whatever might be the enthusiasm of his junior staff-officers, Yorck had no illusions as to the safety of his own head, and negotiated with Clausewitz. While negotiations were ongoing at Tauroggen on 26 December, Yorck sent the king's adjutant, Major Wilhelm Henckel von Donnersmarck, back to Berlin via Königsberg, there to inform General Friedrich Wilhelm von Bülow about the impending Russian truce. On 29 December, Donnersmarck told Bülow that Yorck had separated his forces from the French and that an agreement with Russia was at hand; the French should be treated as enemies. In fact, the French headquarters were at Königsberg. The French commander, Joachim Murat, informed Bülow of Yorck's treason on 1 January. Later that day a letter arrived by messenger from Yorck himself. Terms The Convention of Tauroggen, signed by Diebitsch and Yorck, "neutralized" the Prussian corps without consent of their king. It also left the East Prussian border completely undefended. The news was received with the wildest enthusiasm in Prussia, but the Prussian court dared not yet throw off the mask, and an order was dispatched suspending Yorck from his command pending a court-martial. Diebitsch refused to let the bearer pass through his lines, and the general was finally absolved when the Treaty of Kalisz definitely ranged Prussia on the side of the Allies. Aftermath Between 1 January, when Murat moved his headquarters west to Elbing, and 3 January, when Marshal MacDonald, Yorck's superior, arrived in Königsberg, Bülow worked feverishly to move his supplies to Graudenz and about 5,000 men to Kreuzberg, where he arrived on 2 January. On 9 January he retreated west across the Vistula, ceding East Prussia to the retreating French and advancing Russians. On 5 January, Yorck had sent his last messenger to Berlin. On 8 January, he arrived at Königsberg with the Russian general Ludwig Adolf von Wittgenstein. Yorck reaffirmed his commitment to the armistice, but refused Wittgenstein's demand that he fight the French. That day, however, the king's messengers arrived to dismiss Yorck from his command and repudiate his armistice. Yorck refused and in a letter to Bülow on 13 January, he questioned if he had "sunk so deep that he fears to break the chains of slavery, the chains that we have meekly carried for five years?" He declared it "the time to regain our freedom and honour" and protested that he was "a true Prussian". Notes References External sources Tauroggen 1812 treaties Tauroggen Tauroggen 1812 in Prussia 1812 in the Russian Empire Prussia–Russia relations Bilateral treaties of Russia

5398957

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving%20Saladino

Irving Saladino

Irving Jahir Saladino Aranda (born January 23, 1983) is a Panamanian former long jumper. He was Olympic champion, having won at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, and is Panama's first and only Olympic gold medalist. He was world champion in the long jump in 2007. He represented his country at three straight Olympics, from 2004 to 2012, and competed at four World Championships in Athletics from 2005 to 2011. Amongst his honours are a silver medal from the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships and gold medals at the Pan American Games, Central American and Caribbean Games, Central American Games, South American Games, the IAAF World Cup and the Ibero-American Championships in Athletics. He holds a long jump best of , set in 2008. He ranks in the all-time top ten for the event. He had the longest jumps in the world in the 2006 and 2008 seasons. Biography Saladino was born in Colón, Colón Province, Panama. At the 2006 IAAF World Indoor Championships he finished second with a new South American indoor record of 8.29 metres. In 2006 he won five (Oslo, Rome, Zurich, Brussels, Berlin) out of six Golden League events in the same season, which earned him a total of $83,333. His only defeat was in Paris where he was second. With 8.56 metres achieved in May 2006 he became the South American record holder. The 2006 world leader in the long jump, Saladino launched his 2007 season with the farthest leap of the year, 8.53 m (−0.2 m/s wind), to capture the victory at the "Grande Prêmio Rio Caixa de Atletismo", held in Rio de Janeiro on May 13, 2007. On 24 May 2008, Saladino achieved a new personal record. During the FBK Games in Hengelo, Saladino jumped with his first attempt to 8.73 m (+1.2 m/s wind). He carried the flag for his native country at the opening ceremony of the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On 30 August 2007 Saladino became the World Champion in Osaka. He led with the mark of 8.30 metres from his second attempt, then improved to 8.46 m, until the penultimate jump of the contest, when he was overtaken by Andrew Howe who set as mark 8.47 m. Saladino was able to earn the gold medal on the last attempt of the contest, in which he jumped 8.57 m. Saladino competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, where he made history in Central America and his country, Panama, by winning the gold medal in the long jump competition on 18 August 2008, with a jump of 8.34 meters, giving Panama their first Olympic medal since the 1948 Summer Olympics, and their first gold ever. This is also the first Olympic gold medal ever won in a men's event by an athlete from Central America. On 21 August 2008 after winning Olympic gold, he arrived to Panama a national hero. Government offices and public schools were closed in honor of him. At a welcoming ceremony, Panamanian boxing legend Roberto Durán presented the Olympic gold medal to Irving Saladino for a second time. Martin Torrijos, President of Panama, announced a decree to name a sports facility in the Villa Deportiva in Juan Díaz after Saladino and granted a check to him for 50,000 U.S. dollars. Also, Ruben Blades performed the song "Patria" (Motherland) in front of thousands of cheering Panamanians. Saladino qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics and he was chosen to be Panama's flag bearer. He was eliminated early after underperforming due to injury. Saladino's performances declined after the 2011, and although he managed to clear in the 2014 season, he announced his retirement that August. Personal bests Long jump: 8.73 m (wind: +1.2 m/s) – Hengelo, Netherlands, 24 May 2008 Triple jump: 14.51 m – San José, Costa Rica, 11 October 2002 International competitions References External links 1983 births Living people Sportspeople from Colón, Panama Panamanian male long jumpers Olympic athletes of Panama Olympic gold medalists for Panama Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Pan American Games gold medalists for Panama Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field) Athletes (track and field) at the 2007 Pan American Games World Athletics Championships athletes for Panama World Athletics Championships medalists Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field) Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Panama IAAF Golden League winners South American Games gold medalists for Panama South American Games medalists in athletics Central American Games gold medalists for Panama Central American Games medalists in athletics Competitors at the 2014 South American Games Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games World Athletics Championships winners Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games

5398959

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%20Emes

Der Emes

Der Emes (in Yiddish: , meaning 'The Truth', from ) was a Soviet newspaper in Yiddish. A continuation of the short-lived Di varhayt, Der Emes began publishing in Moscow on August 8, 1918. The publisher was the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). Moishe Litvakov was its editor-in-chief from 1921 until his arrest in the fall of 1937; after that, the newspaper was headed by an anonymous "editorial board". From January 7, 1921 to March 1930 Der Emes appeared as the organ of the Central Bureau of Yevsektsiya. In January 1939 the campaign against Yiddish culture in the USSR became widespread, and Der Emes was liquidated. Featured highlights Der Emes was a conductor of the Soviet propaganda and ideas directed at ordinary Jews in the USSR and all around the world. The most prominent line of the newspaper was the struggle against antisemitic occurrences in the USSR and the Russian Diaspora. Since 1933 there was a continuous blaming of racism in Germany under Hitler. The last but not least topic was the promotion of Soviet Jewish proletarian culture in Yiddish that ranged from the Jewish Settlement to Yiddish theatres. And of course there was encounter with other Jewish ideological rivals (the Bund, Zionism etc.), which offered their ways to solve the Jewish question. References See also History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union Yevsektsiya Jewish Bolshevism Esther Frumkin Jewish anti-Zionism in Russia Jewish anti-Zionism in the Soviet Union Jews and Judaism in Moscow Yiddish communist newspapers Propaganda in the Soviet Union Secular Jewish culture in Europe Yiddish-language mass media in Russia Newspapers published in Moscow Publications established in 1918 Publications disestablished in 1939

5398961

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%20Canada%20Square

5 Canada Square

5 Canada Square is a 15-storey, office building in the Canary Wharf financial district development of London, England. Overview 5 Canada Square was completed in 2003. The steel-framed building has an aluminum curtain wall and it features a large atrium on its south side with of floorspace. The principal tenant at 5 Canada Square is the European arm and HQ of Bank of America Securities. The building is used for the bank’s global cash-management business for clients. Credit Suisse also occupies part of the building. History In 2003, Royal Bank of Scotland (or RBS) bought 5 Canada Square along with 25 Canada Square, another Canary Wharf building, for a total of £1.1 billion from Canary Wharf, a major property firm that developed the facility. 5 Canada Square was originally leased by Credit Suisse First Boston but after a banking downturn and not needing the space, Credit Suisse let the space to Bank of America. In July 2007, the building was sold by RBS to Evans Randall, a banking firm, for £452 million, making it the firm’s largest UK investment to date. In 2011, Bank of America chose to renew its lease at 5 Canada Square instead of move to another London location. The building was subsequently sold to St Martins Property Group in January 2013. From late 2016, Thomson Reuters is due to sublease 350,000 sq ft from Credit Suisse until 2020, consolidating all of its London operations under one roof for the first time. References External links Skyscraper office buildings in London Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets Canary Wharf buildings Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings Office buildings completed in 2003

5398963

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Monsters

Little Monsters

Little Monsters is a 1989 American comedy film starring Fred Savage and Howie Mandel and directed by Richard Alan Greenberg. It tells the story of a boy who befriends a real-life "monster under the bed" and discovers a secret world of monsters who sneak into children's bedrooms at night to pull pranks on them. Plot Brian Stevenson, a 11-year-old boy and his family has just moved to suburban Boston, and he feels isolated in his new neighborhood. One morning, Brian finds himself blamed and wrongfully punished for several things he did not do. Insisting on his innocence, he blames his 8-year-old younger brother, Eric, who claims to have seen a monster the night before. At school, Brian gets into a fight with bully Ronnie Coleman. That night, upon returning to Eric's room to sleep for a bet, Brian finds the room in shambles, and sees the TV remote supernaturally slide and disappear under the bed. The next morning, Eric and his friend Todd find Brian on the living room couch and joke about Brian being unable to sleep the entire night in Eric's room. Brian bets Eric "double or nothing" to sleep in Eric's room another night. The next night, a determined Brian sets booby traps, and leaves cheese Doritos as bait to attract the alleged "monster." Brian succeeds in trapping the monster intruder: a blue-skinned humanoid named Maurice. Though initially scared, Brian soon discovers that he and Maurice share the same interests and befriends him. Brian also learns that sunlight causes the monsters to collapse into piles of clothes. Over several nights, Maurice shows him a fun time in the monster world beneath Eric's bed. It consists of every child's dream: all the junk food and video games available, with no adults to supervise. It also has innumerable staircases leading to the spaces beneath children's beds, from which the monsters cause trouble. Maurice and Brian have fun making mischief in other people's homes, and Brian also befriends a girl named Kiersten at his school. However, at the same time, Brian also begins to notice Maurice's ways of causing mischief can go too far sometimes, as evidenced when Maurice eats Kiersten's papers for an important science project she was working on, causing her to get a grade of zero. Brian also becomes disheartened when he believes that his parents may possibly get a divorce. One night, Maurice brings Brian along with several other monsters to the bedroom of an infant baby, intending to scare it. Finding this to be cruel, Brian opens the bedroom door, exposing the hallway light to the baby's bedroom, but subsequently learns that he is turning into a monster, as his body parts shrink when the light hits him. He escapes the house through the front door and walks through Todd's backyard, where Todd is sleeping in a treehouse. Todd shines a flashlight on Brian, shrinking Brian's arm in the process. The concerned Brian saws off the legs of all the beds in his house. Due to Maurice's failure to convert Brian (all monsters are former children), Eric is kidnapped by Snik — another, much crueler monster — through the couch bed in the living room. Brian enlists help from Todd and Kiersten. Gathering an assortment of bright lights, they enter the monster universe looking for Eric. "Zapping" various monsters along the way, they march to the master staircase, where Boy, the ruler of the monster world, resides. Boy offers to release Eric and Brian's friends if Brian agrees to convert, but Brian refuses. The bright lights are destroyed and they are all placed with Maurice in a locked dungeon-type room. They manage to escape by turning Maurice into a pile of clothes via an improvised light and slide him through the door crack. They re-arm themselves with more powerful lights, recruit Ronnie, and venture back into the monster world. They return to Boy's domain, and are able to defeat him, while Maurice defeats Snik with a flamethrower. Unfortunately, Brian and the others find that they cannot return home because the sun has risen. Faced with the prospect of turning into monsters if they do not return to the human world by sunrise, the children travel in the monster world from the Eastern time zone to Malibu where the sun has not risen yet and they manage to escape. Before entering the human world, Brian shares a heartfelt goodbye with Maurice, who gives Brian his leather vest as a memento, promising to meet again with him someday. The kids run to a payphone and Brian calls home to say that he and Eric are in Malibu and begins to explain their story to their parents. Cast Fred Savage as Brian Stevenson, an 11-year-old boy Howie Mandel as Maurice, a monster whom Brian befriends Ben Savage as Eric Stevenson, Brian's younger brother Daniel Stern as Glen Stevenson, Brian's hot-tempered father Margaret Whitton as Holly Stevenson, Brian's mother Frank Whaley as Boy, ruler of the monster world Rick Ducommun as Snik, Boy's right-hand man Amber Barretto as Kiersten, a girl Brian likes Devin Ratray as Ronnie Coleman, a bully who bothers Brian William Murray Weiss as Todd, Eric's best friend Brian's father Glen is played by Daniel Stern, who was working on The Wonder Years as the elder, retrospective (voice-over) version of Savage's character, Kevin Arnold. Real-life siblings Fred and Ben Savage play the respective roles of siblings Brian and Eric Stevenson, and their sister Kala plays a little monster. Soundtrack The movie soundtrack featured the Talking Heads song "Road to Nowhere" running over the end credits. Two original songs were written for the movie performed by Billie Hughes. The music supervisors were Gary Goetzman and Sharon Boyle. Plans for the release of the soundtrack album failed upon the pending bankruptcy of Vestron Pictures. Release The film was financed by Vestron Pictures. Along with a few other films, the distribution rights were sold to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer/United Artists after Vestron's bankruptcy (though Vestron retained some foreign rights). It subsequently saw a limited release, with only 179 movie theaters showing the film at its high point, although it grossed just under US$800,000. A DVD release was made available in the United States and Canada on April 6, 2004. Lionsgate released the film on Blu-ray for the first time as part of their "Vestron Video Collector's Series" line on September 15, 2020. Reception On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 44% based on reviews from 9 critics. Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times found Howie Mandel's monster Maurice to be uncannily close to Beetlejuice although this film is for children. He notes that "there's sweetness and whimsicality in its fantasy, but there’s also a fair amount of gross-out humor" and admits that "some of it is actually funny". Willman says the film ultimately turns into a special-effects extravaganza, but seems to have been held back by its limited budget. See also List of American films of 1989 References External links Little Monsters Review at "The 80s Movie Rewind" Little Monsters (1989) at Box Office Mojo I Wanna Yell at YouTube Magic Of The Night at YouTube Road to Nowhere at YouTube 1980s adventure comedy films 1989 comedy films 1980s fantasy-comedy films 1980s monster movies 1989 directorial debut films 1989 films 1989 independent films American adventure comedy films American children's comedy films American children's fantasy films American fantasy-comedy films American independent films American monster movies Davis Entertainment films Fictional duos Films produced by John Davis Films scored by David Newman Films set in Boston Films shot in Massachusetts Films shot in North Carolina Films with screenplays by Ted Elliott Films with screenplays by Terry Rossio United Artists films Vestron Pictures films 1980s English-language films 1980s American films

5398987

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog%20City%20Diner

Fog City Diner

Fog City, previously known as the Fog City Diner, is a San Francisco, California, landmark. Located at 1300 Battery Street just off The Embarcadero near the Filbert Steps, the diner was a popular tourist attraction, as well as an occasional movie location. (Among other productions, it was used in So I Married an Axe Murderer with Mike Myers and an episode of Nash Bridges, starring Don Johnson.) The decor of the diner was styled as 1930s nostalgia, with stainless steel, checkered tile, and other typical diner accoutrements of that era, although the cuisine was modern. The diner closed on March 15, 2013, and reopened later that year as Fog City. External links Fog City website Landmarks in San Francisco Restaurants in San Francisco Restaurants established in 1985 Diners in California 1985 establishments in California

5399004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbath

Abbath

Olve Eikemo (born 27 June 1973), better known by his stage name Abbath Doom Occulta or simply Abbath, is a Norwegian musician best known as a founding member of the black metal band Immortal. Before founding Immortal, Abbath performed with Old Funeral alongside future Immortal member Demonaz. While working with Old Funeral, he also joined Demonaz's band Amputation which later became Immortal. He also plays bass in Demonaz's eponymous project. Although he is primarily a guitarist, he is also proficient as a bassist and a drummer, having recorded all drums for Immortal albums Pure Holocaust and Battles in the North. Following his departure from Immortal in 2015, he announced that he would be forming a new band under the Abbath name. Early life Eikemo was born in Odda and grew up in Lysefjorden in Os just outside Bergen in Norway. As a young boy, he was an avid fan of hard rock band Kiss. His first heavy metal album was Creatures of the Night, which made him feel "immortal". He started his musical career with the band Old Funeral. He cites getting his first Venom video and his first Bathory album as the moment where "that was it" in his musical development. Projects Immortal Immortal's history began in 1989 as death metal band Amputation. At various times throughout Immortal's existence, Abbath was lead vocalist, bassist, guitarist, keyboardist, drummer, and lyricist, mainly due to the inconsistent line-ups they were able to put together. For a long time, however, Abbath served the band as vocalist, bassist and (studio) drummer while Demonaz played lead guitar. It was not until Horgh arrived that Immortal was able to secure a steady line-up, but problems continued. After the release of Blizzard Beasts in 1997, Demonaz was diagnosed with acute tendinitis, and was consequently forced to quit as guitarist, but remained as lyricist and band manager. They released At the Heart of Winter in 1999, this time with Abbath handling guitar and bass, with Horgh still on drums. This album marks a large shift in sound and style for the music of Immortal. In 2000 they released Damned in Black, with Iscariah on bass. Sons of Northern Darkness was released in 2002, with the same lineup. Soon after the release of Sons of Northern Darkness, Immortal ceased to exist. The break-up was not caused by tensions or problems, but was rather a mutual one between all members, who claimed to do this for personal reasons. In early June 2006, it was announced through the German Rock Hard magazine that Abbath and Horgh would reunite as Immortal. They began practicing old material. In regard to when Immortal would start playing live again, Abbath said: They began to tour again, recently playing shows at Wacken Open Air in Germany, and touring for the first time in Australia and New Zealand in March 2008. The newest Immortal album All Shall Fall was released in September 2009 in Europe with a US release following a month later. I In 2006, Abbath started a new band called simply "I". Abbath is the frontman and guitarist of I and is joined by former Immortal drummer Armagedda on drums, Gorgoroth bassist King ov Hell on bass, Enslaved guitarist Arve Isdal on guitars, and former Immortal guitarist Demonaz writing lyrics. The debut album called Between Two Worlds was released in 2006. ABBATH After Abbath split with Immortal in 2015, he formed another band, Abbath, taking advantage of his already popular name in the black metal music industry. The band released their first album in early 2016, and played live for the first time at Tuska Open Air 2015. Bömbers Bömbers is a Motörhead tribute band formed in 1996. The band consists of Abbath on lead vocals and bass, Tore (ex-Old Funeral) on guitars, and Pez (Punishment Park) on drums. During the Inferno Metal Festival 2007, Abbath joined the German thrash metal band Sodom on stage and performed a cover of Motörhead's "Ace of Spades". Equipment As of 2015, Abbath is an endorsee of Schecter Guitars. A signature model was released, called the RavenDark V, in 2017. Schecter RavenDark V FR Abbath signature model Schecter Hellraiser Hybrid C-1 Schecter Gary Holt V-1 LTD V-401DX (with Seymour Duncan pickups) LTD DV8-R (modified to accept a Floyd Rose tremolo system) GHL Jackson Randy Rhoads copy Abbath uses an ENGL Ritchie Blackmore Signature E650 amp through either direct line in or a Marshall cabinet. In popular culture The character Lars Ümlaüt from the Guitar Hero series of video games features much of the same clothing Abbath wears, and nearly identical corpse paint. The reference is more apparent in Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, as Ümlaüt's hair is jet black (rather than blonde) just like Abbath. Jester King Brewery in Austin, Texas has a character similar to Abbath on the label of their Imperial stout. Discography Immortal Diabolical Fullmoon Mysticism (1992) Pure Holocaust (1993) Battles in the North (1995) Blizzard Beasts (1997) At the Heart of Winter (1999) Damned in Black (2000) Sons of Northern Darkness (2002) All Shall Fall (2009) I Between Two Worlds (2006) Abbath Abbath (2016) Outstrider (2019) Dread Reaver (2022) Dimmu Borgir Death Cult Armageddon (2003) - backing vocals on "Progenies of the Great Apocalypse" and "Heavenly Perverse" Enslaved Isa (2004) - backing vocals on "Lunar Force" The Battalion Stronghold Of Men (2008) - backing vocals on "Detonate" and "Man To Man (Warfare)" References |- 1973 births Living people Norwegian heavy metal bass guitarists Norwegian male bass guitarists Norwegian black metal musicians Norwegian heavy metal drummers Male drummers Norwegian heavy metal guitarists Norwegian heavy metal singers Norwegian multi-instrumentalists Musicians from Os, Hordaland Black metal singers 20th-century Norwegian male singers 21st-century Norwegian male singers 20th-century bass guitarists 21st-century Norwegian guitarists 20th-century drummers 21st-century Norwegian drummers Immortal (band) members Old Funeral members 21st-century Norwegian bass guitarists I (band) members Abbath (band) members Musicians from Odda

5399016

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%20American%20Crime

An American Crime

An American Crime is a 2007 American crime horror drama film directed by Tommy O'Haver and starring Elliot Page and Catherine Keener. The film is based on the true story of the torture and murder of Sylvia Likens by Indianapolis single mother Gertrude Baniszewski. It premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Because of internal problems with the film's original distributor, First Look International, the film was not released theatrically. The Showtime television network officially premiered An American Crime on May 10, 2008. The film was nominated for a Golden Globe, a Primetime Emmy (both for Keener's performance), and a Writers Guild of America Award. Plot In 1965, sixteen-year-old Sylvia Likens and her disabled fifteen-year-old sister, Jenny, are left in the care of an impoverished woman named Gertrude Baniszewski, a church acquaintance and mother to Paula, Johnny, Stephanie, and several younger children. Sylvia and Jenny's parents, Lester and Betty, work in the carnival circuit and leave on a tour. Gertrude agrees to take care of Sylvia and Jenny for a fee of $20 per week. Lester's payment fails to arrive. Infuriated, Gertrude whips the Likens sisters with a belt. When the payment arrives with a letter from the parents, Gertrude discards the letter without telling the sisters. After Sylvia tells Paula's boyfriend about Paula's pregnancy, Gertrude forces Sylvia to apologize for "spreading lies" and has Johnny help Paula beat Sylvia until she complies. Jenny discovers the letter from their parents in the trash. Sylvia telephones them, but she is seen by the Baniszewski children. Gertrude falsely accuses them of stealing money from her for the call and burns Sylvia with a cigarette. She also accuses Sylvia of flirting with Andy, father of one of Gertrude's sons. She sexually abuses Sylvia and orders Johnny and Stephanie's boyfriend, Coy Hubbard, to push her down the basement stairs. As Jenny weeps, Gertrude says Sylvia will remain in the basement "until she learns her lesson". Gertrude instructs her children to lie that Sylvia was sent to juvenile detention. With Gertrude's knowledge and approval, Johnny regularly invites the neighborhood children to the basement to abuse Sylvia. Paula soon feels guilty and tells her mother Sylvia has been punished enough. Gertrude ignores Paula, reminding her that there is blood on her hands as well. The Reverend arrives, hinting that Paula has confessed about her pregnancy and Sylvia's treatment. Gertrude lies to him that Sylvia was sent away. Once the Reverend leaves, Gertrude orders everyone into the basement, where she restrains Sylvia and begins branding the words "I'M A PROSTITUTE AND PROUD OF IT" on her stomach with a heated needle. Gertrude passes the needle to her teen neighbor Ricky Hobbs to finish the branding. That night, Paula helps an injured Sylvia escape from the basement. Gertrude is awakened by another daughter and tries to catch Sylvia, but she is stopped by Paula. Ricky drives Sylvia to her parents. They are horrified by Sylvia's condition and drive her back to the Baniszewski house at her request to make sure Jenny is okay. When Sylvia enters, she sees a distraught Stephanie trying to revive Sylvia with Ricky's help, but to no avail, indicating that the entire escape and reunion with her parents had been a hallucination. Sylvia soon dies in the arms of Stephanie and Ricky, after which Gertrude claims that the death has nothing to do with her. Once the police arrive, Jenny agrees to testify in court in exchange for her freedom. At the murder trial, Jenny says Gertrude threatened her with the same treatment if she told anyone. Again, Gertrude denies all wrongdoing and tries to frame her children and their friends for Sylvia's death. However, her attempts to frame all her witnesses backfire as she is sentenced to life in prison for first-degree murder. Sylvia's voice narrates the fates of her other murderers. Gertrude, in her prison cell, briefly sees Sylvia's ghost. Cast Elliot Page as Sylvia Likens Catherine Keener as Gertrude Baniszewski Hayley McFarland as Jenny Fay Likens Ari Graynor as Paula Baniszewski Nick Searcy as Lester Likens Romy Rosemont as Betty Likens Evan Peters as Ricky Hobbs James Franco as Andy Gordon Brian Geraghty as Bradley Michael Welch as Teddy Lewis Scott Reeves as Eric Jeremy Sumpter as Coy Hubbard Scout Taylor-Compton as Stephanie Baniszewski Tristan Jarred as Johnny Baniszewski Hannah Leigh Dworkin as Shirley Baniszewski Carlie Westerman as Marie Baniszewski Bradley Whitford as Prosecutor Leroy K. New Michael O'Keefe as Reverend Bill Collier Production Principal photography took place in 2006. Most of the cast were completely unaware of the real Likens murder until after they read the script, which was based largely on actual court transcripts from the case. Catherine Keener originally turned down the role of Gertrude Baniszewski; however, after she could not get the story out of her head, she met with director Tommy O'Haver and agreed to do the film. Elliot Page was the only choice to play Sylvia Likens. Critical reception Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 43% of 14 critic reviews are positive for the film, with an average rating of 4.8/10. Ginia Bellafante of The New York Times called it "one of the best television movies to appear in years" and praised Catherine Keener's portrayal of Gertrude Baniszewski. See also The Girl Next Door, another film loosely based on the Likens case, released in the same year. Notes References External links 2007 New York Times interview with director Tommy O'Haver Tommy O'Haver's An American Crime blog 2007 crime drama films 2007 horror films 2007 films American biographical films American psychological horror films Torture in films Horror films based on actual events American crime drama films American courtroom films Crime films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events Films about child abuse Films about families Films set in Indianapolis Films set in the 1960s Films directed by Tommy O'Haver Films produced by Christine Vachon Killer Films films Films scored by Alan Lazar 2000s English-language films 2000s American films

5399031

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Knight%20of%20the%20Knights%20of%20Columbus

Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus

The Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus (more simply referred to as the Supreme Knight) is the title of the chairman of the board and chief executive officer of the Knights of Columbus. The organization comprises approximately 1.9 million members in more than 15,000 councils and operates an insurance company with over $109 billion of life insurance in force, . Since its founding in 1882, there have been 14 Supreme Knights. Patrick E. Kelly is the current Supreme Knight incumbent, holding this position since March 1, 2021. References Bibliography Knights of Columbus

5399032

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Ivory%20Coast

Languages of Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast () is a multilingual country with an estimated 78 languages currently spoken. The official language, French, was introduced during the colonial period. This language is taught in schools and serves as a lingua franca in the country, along with Dioula. The seventy or so indigenous languages fall into five main branches of the Niger–Congo family. In the southeastern quadrant are Kwa languages, some such as Baoulé and Anyin (2–3 million and 1 million speakers) part of a dialect continuum with Akan in Ghana, others such as Attié (or Akyé) (half a million) more divergent. Baoulé is spoken east of Lake Kossou and at the capital Yamoussoukro, and Anyi along the Ghanaian border. In the southwestern quadrant are Kru languages, such as Bete and We (Gure/Wobe), half a million apiece, and Dida (a quarter million), related to the languages of Liberia. In the northwest, along the Guinean border and across to Lake Kossou in the center of the country, are Mande languages, such as Dan (1 million speakers) and Guro (half a million, on the lake). The lake and the river Bandama divide the Kwa east of the country from the Kru and Mande west. Across the center north are various Senufo languages, such as Senari (1 million speakers). In the northeast corner, surrounding Comoé National Park, are a quarter million speakers each of Kulango, the Gur language Lobi, and the Mande language Jula (), which is a lingua franca of neighboring Burkina Faso. There are also three million or so speakers of immigrant languages, mostly from neighboring countries and above all from Burkina Faso. Ethnic tensions in the north between immigrant and native Ivoirians, as well as between the Mande/Senoufo north and the Kru/Kwa south, were a large factor in the Ivorian civil wars. Education for the deaf in Ivory Coast uses American Sign Language, introduced by the deaf American missionary Andrew Foster. References General Ethnologue list and map for Ivory Coast PanAfrican L10n page on Ivory Coast Linguistic situation in Ivory Coast Notes See also African French Ivorian culture Society of Ivory Coast

5399043

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian%20language

Martian language

Martian language (), sometimes also called brain-disabled characters (), is the nickname of unconventional representation of Chinese characters online. "Martian" describes that which seems strange to local culture. The term was popularised by a line from the 2001 Hong Kong comedy Shaolin Soccer, in which Sing (Stephen Chow) tells Mui (Zhao Wei): "Go back to Mars. The Earth is so dangerous." In the 2006 General Scholastic Ability Test of Taiwan, students were asked to interpret symbols and phrases written in "Martian language" based on contexts written in standard language. Controversies which followed forced the testing center to abandon the practice in future exams. In 2007, Martian language began to catch on in mainland China. The first adopters of Martian language mainly consisted of Post-90s netizens. They use it in their nicknames, short messages, and chat rooms in order to demonstrate personality differences. Later, they found that their teachers and parents could hardly figure out their new language, which quickly became their secret code to communicate with each other. Chinese online bloggers followed up the trend to use Martian language, because they found that their blog posts written in the new language can easily pass Internet censorship engines, which are currently based on text-matching techniques. The Martian language became so popular in cyberspace that software were created to translate between Chinese and Martian language. General aspects The Martian language is written from Chinese by means of various substitution methods. Just like in l33t, where the letter "e" is replaced by the number "3", in Martian, standard Chinese characters are replaced with nonstandard ones, or foreign scripts. Each Chinese character may be replaced with: A character that is a (quasi-)homophone A character that looks similar, such as one with a shared radical A character with the same or similar meaning The character used for substitution can include not only Chinese characters, but also Latin script, Cyrillic, hiragana, bopomofo, katakana, the IPA, other unicode symbols, SMS language, etc. For example, the 星 in 火星文 huoxingwen (星 is literally "star"; 火星 is "Planet Mars") can be replaced by "☆", a Unicode symbol that visually represents an actual star. 的 is commonly replaced with の, as it has the same intended meaning in Japanese. 火 can become 吙 just by adding a 口 radical, which alters very little in terms of sound and visually maintains the 火 image, even though this changes the meaning. In the same principle, 文 wen (language) can be replaced with 魰 by adding a 鱼 fish radical, which makes the character still look similar. Also, 的 is sometimes replaced with "d" due to its sound, as with 比 being replaced with "b"; Cyrillic can be used in a similar manner. There is not a universal way of encoding standard Chinese to Martian language, though some substitutions are popular and have even leaked into the standard language and the spoken language, such as 河蟹 (lit. river crab) for 和諧 (harmony), 葉佩雯 (lit. leaf jade essay, also having the format of a person's name) for 業配文 (advertisement placement). Example Below is one example of the nearly infinite number of possible ways to substitute the Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Note that this is an extreme example, as it is uncommon to write entire paragraphs in Martian language. Martian language 鑑於薱朲蘱傢庭葰烠宬員啇懙笙椇婡旳繜嚴忣祺鮃等啇啝bú迻嘚權利ㄖㄅ承認，迺湜卋琾臫凷、㊣礒與龢鮃啇基礎， 鑑玗譵仌權菂憮眡龢衊眎魢導緻埜蠻曓珩，這些曓荇激怒孒仌蘱嘚哴惢， 鑒玗怼ー個亻亽亯絠唁轮啝ィ訁卬垍甴倂浼予恐懼龢匱乏d迣琾魡朌朢，巳陂鍹佈蒍普通秂泯dě樶縞願朢， 鑑玗儰駛亽頛вμ緻廹朩嘚巳鋌侕赱險濧曓政龢壓廹琎荇販頖，絠鉍楆鉂秂權綬琺治d褓鹱。 Traditional Chinese 鑑於對人類家庭所有成員的與生俱來的尊嚴及其平等的和不移的權利的承認，乃是世界自由、正義與和平的基礎， 鑑於對人權的無視和蔑視已導致野蠻暴行，這些暴行激怒了人類的良心， 鑑於對一個人人享有言論和信仰自由並免予恐懼和匱乏的世界的盼望，已被宣佈為普通人民的最高願望， 鑑於為使人類不致迫不得已鋌而走險對暴政和壓迫進行反叛，有必要使人權受法治的保護。 Simplified Chinese 鉴于对人类家庭所有成员的与生俱来的尊严及其平等的和不移的权利的承认，乃是世界自由、正义与和平的基础， 鉴于对人权的无视和蔑视已导致野蛮暴行，这些暴行激怒了人类的良心， 鉴于对一个人人享有言论和信仰自由并免予恐惧和匮乏的世界的盼望，已被宣布为普通人民的最高愿望， 鉴于为使人类不致迫不得已铤而走险对暴政和压迫进行反叛，有必要使人权受法治的保护。 Hanyu Pinyin Jiànyú duì rénlèi jiātíng suǒyǒu chéngyuán de yǔ shēng jù lái de zūnyán jí qí píngděng de hé bù yí de quánlì de chéngrèn, nǎi shì shìjiè zìyóu, zhèngyì yǔ hépíng de jīchǔ, Jiànyú duì rénquán de wúshì hé mièshì yǐ dǎozhì yěmán bàoxíng, zhèxiē bàoxíng jīnùle rénlèi de liángxīn, Jiànyú duì yīgè rén rén xiǎngyǒu yánlùn hé xìnyǎng zìyóu bìng miǎn yǔ kǒngjù hé kuìfá de shìjiè de pànwàng, yǐ bèi xuānbù wèi pǔtōng rénmín de zuìgāo yuànwàng, Jiànyú wèi shǐ rénlèi bùzhì pòbùdéyǐ dìng'érzǒuxiǎn duì bàozhèng hé yāpò jìnxíng fǎnpàn, yǒu bìyào shǐ rénquán shòu fǎzhì de bǎohù. English translation Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations... See also Education in the Republic of China Faux Cyrillic Gibberish Gyaru-moji Heavy metal umlaut Internet slang Leet Mojibake Orz References External links Martian Script Translator Internet culture Chinese characters

5399044

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil%20C.%20Dechant

Virgil C. Dechant

Virgil C. Dechant (September 24, 1930 – February 15, 2020) was the twelfth Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, a position he held from January 21, 1977, to September 30, 2000. Biography Dechant was born September 24, 1930, in Antonino, Ellis County, Kansas, and lived in Leawood, Kansas. His ancestors were German-Russians from the Mariental region. He and his wife Ann L. Dechant had four children and 12 grandchildren. Prior to joining the Knights of Columbus in 1967 in the role of Supreme Secretary, Dechant worked as a farmer and a farm equipment salesperson. He also owned a car dealership. Dechant served as the vice president of the Vatican Bank, a Gentleman of His Holiness, and a Councillor on the State Council for Vatican City. He had the honor of escorting President George W. Bush to the funeral of Pope John Paul II. Dechant stepped down as Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus on September 30, 2000, at the age of seventy after serving the longest term ever by a Supreme Knight. He was succeeded by Carl A. Anderson. Dechant died on February 15, 2020, at the age of 89. Distinctions Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great Knight of Magistral Grace of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta Knight of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem Cross of Merit with Gold Star of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem National Right to Life award along with Senator Jesse Helms (1998) Gaudium and Spes Medal of the Knights of Columbus References 1930 births 2020 deaths People from Ellis County, Kansas People from Kansas City, Kansas American bankers Roman Catholic activists Papal chamberlains Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great Papal gentlemen Supreme Knights of the Knights of Columbus Knights of the Holy Sepulchre People from Leawood, Kansas Catholics from Kansas American people of German-Russian descent

5399070

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread%20and%20salt%20%28disambiguation%29

Bread and salt (disambiguation)

Bread and salt is a welcoming ceremony in many cultures. Bread and salt may also refer to: Leb i sol (translated as "Bread and Salt"), a Macedonian jazz band Bread and Salt, a 1949 film with Widad Hamdi Bread and Salt, a 2020 collection of stories by Valerie Miner