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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99413", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Though I understood JP people say \"きゅん/kyun\" when they saw something cute or\nlovely on social medias, but what does おなかの奥がきゅうううん mean here?\n\nI met this sentence in a visual novel, hope someone can explain its meaning to\nme.\n\nA character said a girl is beautiful, and she felt too embarrassing after\nthat.\n\n> Girl「あ、あうう……っ、見ないでぇ、見ないでぇ。ゆうしゃさまにじっと見られるとぉ……っ。おなかの奥がきゅうううんってぇなっちゃううう」", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-21T01:26:08.260", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99412", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-21T05:26:14.527", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-21T05:26:14.527", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "42363", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "meaning", "expressions", "japanese-to-english", "conversations" ], "title": "What does おなかの奥がきゅうううん mean here?", "view_count": 236 }

[ { "body": "キュッ, ギュッ, キュー, キューン, キュン and so on are essentially onomatopoeias that express\nthe feeling of \"tightening\" or \"squeezing\" such as those typically associated\nwith angina, upset stomach and menstrual pain. When a young person says\n胸がキュンと締め付けられる, it usually implies that they're in love, but if a middle-aged\nor older person says the same thing, you probably need to advise them to\nconsult a physician. In your context, キュン refers to a certain sensation in\nwomen's lower abdominal organs when they are sexually aroused.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-21T02:21:34.090", "id": "99413", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-21T03:00:57.567", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-21T03:00:57.567", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99412", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 5, "body": "I don't really think this is 相槌; I tried searching here for \"reflection\" or\n\"mirroring\" as well but didn't find anything.\n\nLet's take this example conversation:\n\n> A: ゴールデンウイークにどこかへ行きますか。\n>\n> B: 観光地はその期間はいつも混んでいるんだから、東京で過ごそうと思っています。\n\nA teacher suggested that by, adding the following, it becomes easier to\nunderstand (分かりやすくなる) but is not strictly necessary:\n\n> A: ゴールデンウイークにどこかへ行きますか。\n>\n> B: 観光地はその期間はいつも混んでいるんだから、 **どこも行きませんよ** 。\n>\n> 東京で過ごそうと思っています。\n\nTo me, this doesn't add any extra information and just duplicates the meaning\nof what was already there -- in fact, it's inappropriate in many situations,\nsuch as if B actually lives in Kyoto, and is planning on spending Golden Week\nin Tokyo in order to avoid crowds in Kyoto.\n\nDoes this phenomenon of reflecting back _exactly the same phrasing that the\nquestioner used_ have a name? And is it more important than in English? It\njust seems unnatural to me.\n\nTo put it another way, I'm having difficulty understanding why the teacher\nfelt it was necessary to add this phrase to the conversation. All of the other\nedits on this assignment (which is about practicing the 〜んだから expression) are\njust corrections of simple grammatical errors, which makes this one stand out\nas I'm sure there's lots of ways my conversations could be rewritten that are\nleft unstated when my work is corrected.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-21T05:45:02.273", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99414", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-23T11:06:48.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35871", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "meaning", "nuances", "expressions" ], "title": "Is there a name for the practice of directly reflecting back a questioner's words, and is it really that important in Japanese?", "view_count": 202 }

[ { "body": "> Does this phenomenon of reflecting back _exactly the same phrasing_ that the\n> questioner used have a name?\n\nThere is a phrase\n[オウム返し](https://jisho.org/word/%E9%B8%9A%E9%B5%A1%E8%BF%94%E3%81%97), which\nrefers to something like saying \"Spent 125 million yen!?\" right after someone\nsays \"I spent 125 million yen\". But 行きますか and 行きません are not \"exactly the\nsame\", so you cannot use this phrase in your situation.\n\n> I'm having difficulty understanding why the teacher felt it was necessary to\n> add this phrase to the conversation.\n\nYour way of answering is not wrong at all, but I understand why your teacher\nfelt it could be improved.\n\nIn general, when you are asked a question, it is preferable to give the most\ndirect answer. For example, if someone asks you, \"What time is tomorrow's\nflight?\", it might not be wrong in reality to answer indirectly with something\nlike \"If we leave here at 8, we'll make it in time\" or \"I'll wake you up when\nit's time\". But it wouldn't be surprising if someone pointed out that such an\napproach is not ideal, at least for writing practice. You should say \"9:30\"\nfirst, and then add whatever you want to. This kind of thing is a basic tip\nfor writing clear and easy-to-understand sentences, regardless of whether\nyou're writing in English or in Japanese.\n\nIn your case, the question is basically a yes/no question, so you could have\nstarted your response with either はい/Yes or いいえ/No, and that would be the most\neffective way of making your answer sound clear. Technically, starting your\nresponse with 'No' may be \"redundant\", but you wouldn't say that's a bad\nhabit, would you? Likewise, saying どこにも行きません is another good option here; it\nanswers the question directly, and it's not long enough to be called a\n\"mirroring\" at all.", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-21T06:59:16.643", "id": "99415", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-21T07:04:52.010", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-21T07:04:52.010", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99414", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "This is not really what you asked, but the reason your teacher changed the\nmain clause the way they did might be precisely because the way you used 〜んだから\nwas not quite proper as I explained in my comments. The corrected sentence\n_does_ sound more natural than the original in terms of the logical connection\nbetween the subordinate and main clauses. However, it sounds like you are\nsuggesting what you are giving as an answer is very obvious and the question\nwas a rather silly one. The final よ (in a falling intonation) also adds a tone\nof “Isn’t it obvious?” You probably didn’t intend that. To simply say what I\nthink you wanted to say, the following dialogue sounds completely natural and\nyou don’t need to repeat what the other person said.\n\n> A: ゴールデンウイークにどこかへ行きますか。\n>\n> B: 観光地はその期間はいつも混んでいる **ので** 、東京で過ごそうと思っています。\n\nI guess your teacher had to keep the first part unchanged because it was\nmandatory to use 〜んだから in this exercise. They should have explained it better,\nI would think.\n\n* * *\n\nTo answer your questions, no, it's not important and I cannot think any name\nfor such a practice.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-21T11:00:00.637", "id": "99416", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-21T12:43:34.700", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-21T12:43:34.700", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "99414", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I'd say it's a matter of taste. As far as I know there is no established\nconsensus in Japanese to reflect the form used in the question when answering\n- especially in an informal setting.\n\nI get the point about technicality. The \"correct\" answer to the question \"Will\nyou go anywhere?\" might technically be \"yes\" or \"no\". But then again, if we\nhad to follow such strict rule all the time one couldn't 話を広げる.\n\nSo IMO the teacher is being overeager here - I don't see any problems with\nyour reply.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-21T15:54:01.457", "id": "99417", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-21T15:54:01.457", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "99414", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "I don't think this is related to reflecting back, or any practice of Japanese\nlanguage in answering questions. I feel your answer is slightly ambiguous in a\nway that you might be overlooking.\n\n> A: ゴールデンウイークにどこかへ行きますか。 _Are you going somewhere for the Golden week?_\n\nWithout context, this 行く --- I'm assuming it's similar in English --- is not\nrestricted to being physically away from Tokyo. (unless A and B are talking\nabout their travel plans before this conversation)\n\nExamine the possible answers below, assuming B lives in Tokyo:\n\n> B': はい，函館に桜を見に行こうと思っています． (Making a trip)\n\n> B'': はい，美術館をいくつか訪れるつもりです． (Staying in Tokyo but visiting places)\n\n> B''': はい，友人と草野球の約束をしています (Playing baseball with friends)\n\n> B'''': 人の少ない喫茶店でもめぐろうかな．\n\n> (B''''': 行くっていうほどじゃないけど、百貨店でちょっといい食器とか見るつもり． (Not much of an activity but\n> will be visiting stores) )\n\nB''' could also start with a No: \"いいえ，ただ友人と草野球をする約束があります\", but B'' is\ndefinitely a Yes.\n\nThe point is, A is basically asking about B's plans for the Golden week. Now\nexamine\n\n> B: 観光地はその時期はいつも混んでいるので、東京で過ごそうと思っています。 _All tourist spots are crowded at\n> that time, so I'll spend my time in Tokyo_.\n\nOK, B is going to stay in Tokyo, but is there any activity B has in mind? \nどこも行きませんよ does not add much information, but it's clearer that B intends to\nbasically stay at home, or at least has no plan.\n\nSo the phrase is not necessary but makes it easier to understand (not that\nit's an important practice). And no, it's never inappropriate.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-22T06:32:46.120", "id": "99419", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-22T06:59:03.010", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-22T06:59:03.010", "last_editor_user_id": "4223", "owner_user_id": "4223", "parent_id": "99414", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "The teacher might want you to answer with yes/no explicitly. In Japanese,\nnegative verb forms like 行きません counts as an explicit (and non-redundant) no.\nいいえ and いえ count, too. Anything else requires inference thus is evading the\nquestion, technically.\n\nIn English \"are you going? - I'm not going\" (instead of \"no, I'm not\") might\nsound redundant, but it doesn't in Japanese (行きますか - 行きません).\n\nIt looks like [echo answer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_answer) is the\nlinguistic term for this. ~~It might be vaguely related to[A-not-A\nquestion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-not-A_question). ~~", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T01:40:10.950", "id": "99427", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-23T11:06:48.017", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-23T11:06:48.017", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99414", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I met this expression in an eroge, but find it's hard to understand. My guess\nis \"Her toes were constricted \"( ? ) but i'm not sure.\n\n> 荒い吐息に合わせて浅く浮き沈みしていた下腹部を、内側から撫であげてやると、ティーナはつま先を突っ張らせて腰を跳ねさせた。\n\nContext is a H-scene, where the protagonist\n\n> used his middle finger to fingering a girl's vagina.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-22T08:52:19.583", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99422", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-22T14:06:55.150", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "42363", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "meaning", "words", "expressions", "video-games" ], "title": "The meaning of つま先を突っ張らせて in this context (describes a person's toes)", "view_count": 63 }

[ { "body": "In terms of the meaning, the latter part of the sentence means she feels\nsexual orgasm. Cf. [足ピン](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E8%B6%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3)\n\nAbout more language side of it, 突っ張る means _to stretch out_. A similar usage\nis 顔(or 肌)が突っ張る, which means _to feel stiffness on your face/skin_. So\nつま先が突っ張る is similar to cramp.\n\n腰をはねさせた is (a variation of) another stereotypical expression for orgasm,\nmeaning moving up the waist instantly (I suppose it is described more\nstandardly as 腰を浮かせる).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-22T14:06:55.150", "id": "99423", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-22T14:06:55.150", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99422", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99440", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In particular, I'm thinking of the below words involving searching for\nitems/people, with my current understanding on the right\n\n探す - The most general word\n\n探求する - Searching for a physical or abstract item, but not a person. It may not\nbe missing in the first place.\n\n捜索する - Seems like it is often (but not always) used with people. Also, seems\nlike whatever is being searched for has always gone missing\n\nサーチする - \"katakana contexts\" (eg: marketing)\n\n探し求める - no idea", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-22T15:21:26.500", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99424", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T02:12:06.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38831", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "word-choice", "nuances" ], "title": "Comparing the words for \"search\"", "view_count": 98 }

[ { "body": "* **探求** : It's typically used in the context of researching or learning, in the sense of \"to explore\". 探究心 refers to childlike desire to learn and understand things. It's object is almost always something abstract such as knowledge and happiness. 探究 is very similar to this.\n\n * **捜索** : It's used only in the context of searching missing people (行方不明者の捜索) and crime investigation (家宅捜索).\n\n * **サーチ** : It's used in the context of internet search, [binary search](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_search_algorithm) and other technical situations. It's uncommon outside technical contexts.\n\n * **探索** : It's used sometimes like 探求 and sometimes like サーチ.\n\n * **探し求める** : A compound verb made of 探す (\"to search\") and 求める (\"to pursue\"). It is used for something that you really want but don't know where it is, such as happiness, spouse, philosophical truth and ancient treasures.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-24T02:12:06.250", "id": "99440", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T02:12:06.250", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99424", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "I'm currently translating some song lyrics for my own understanding (境界線 by\nAmazarashi) - I had some confusion on the following line:\n\n> 境界線の向こう側で 忘れ去られ \n> 終わる定め そう知りながら \n> 屈服することを 許さぬあの声は \n> かつての戦友か 己の心か\n\nPer [online translation](https://lyricstranslate.com/en/ky%C5%8Dkaisen-\nborder.html), it means \"Beyond the border, I can forget my ending fate. I\nunderstand. The voice that doesn't allow you to give in, is it from your\nformer comrades or is it from your own heart?\"\n\nIt seems to me that 忘れ去る here is in the passive form, 忘れ去られる, but the る is\ndropped. Does anyone understand why this is / under what conditions you can\ndrop the る? It's also possible I'm misunderstanding the grammar, as I'm pretty\nnew to studying Japanese, so please let me know if this is the incorrect\ninterpretation. Thanks!", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-22T15:42:11.893", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99425", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T23:39:51.323", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-23T11:12:38.423", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "56365", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "song-lyrics", "passive-voice", "renyōkei" ], "title": "る dropped from passive form?", "view_count": 137 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99439", "answer_count": 1, "body": "When speaking to teachers, to boss works, to strangers and high status person\nwe have to use the honorific language, like です and ます, 謙譲語 and 尊敬語. On the\nother hand, with friends and family members it's used a more colloquial\nlanguage. So far so good.\n\nBut when we speak to ourself (note: **to ourself** , **not of ourself** ), is\nthe colloquial language acceptable? I give an example to better understand my\nquestion (this is my example, so it can be grammatical wrong, sorry for\nthat!):\n\n```\n\n 先生:ああ、田中くん、今日の宿題やった?\n 田中:(思わずに声だしてつぶやいた)あ、しまった。えっと、家に忘れました、先生。\n \n```\n\nIt's natural?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-22T21:04:11.950", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99426", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T01:44:30.570", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56116", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "colloquial-language" ], "title": "Colloquial language in front of high status person", "view_count": 142 }

[ { "body": "If you mean monologues (as seen in manga, anime, or stage plays), they are\nnormally in informal language, even when the character is in front of their\nboss.\n\nAs an exception, some stereotypical\n[お嬢様](https://www.japanesewithanime.com/2018/05/ojousama.html) and highly\nloyal servants speak in polite language even in monologues. When an お嬢様 speaks\nthis way, it probably means that she was raised like royalty, not a commoner.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-24T01:44:30.570", "id": "99439", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T01:44:30.570", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99426", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I understand that てる and てます are basically shortened versions of ている and ています,\nbut if you are supposed talking \"formally\"/\"polite\" why would you use a\nshortened version?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T02:38:39.290", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99428", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T01:29:04.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55638", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "politeness" ], "title": "when is てます used over ています if you are supposed to be talking \"polite\"", "view_count": 85 }

[ { "body": "てる and てます are very common and safe in ordinary workplaces when you are\n_speaking_ Japanese. You can even combine it with honorific verbs and say\nsomething like 見てらっしゃいます. But they are generally avoided when you are\n_writing_ something formally. Also, when you are giving a formal speech with a\nmicrophone in front of dozens of people, it's safer to avoid this contraction\neven if it's spoken.\n\nIn general, you cannot explain an expression's register using a single axis.\nWe need to use different adjectives that are related but different, such as\n\"honorific\", \"polite\", \"written\", \"formal\", \"stilted\" and \"pompous\". If I have\nto choose a single adjective to describe てる/てます, I would choose \"colloquial\",\nwhich is related to but not exactly the same as \"informal\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-24T01:29:04.023", "id": "99438", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T01:29:04.023", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99428", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99430", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I believe I heard it a number of times in anime. And I heard it just now:\n\ntsurui na (you fight dirty)\n\nBut I decided to look in a dictionary, and can't find the word. Which is\nstrange because the word must be common. Or maybe the pronunciation differs\nslightly. How do you write the word?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T04:13:52.317", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99429", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-23T12:40:12.070", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-23T12:40:12.070", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "18894", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "word-requests" ], "title": "Unfair or dirty in Japanese", "view_count": 144 }

[ { "body": "It's likely you heard the word **ずるい** (zurui). Depending on your native\nlanguage, distinguishing between tsu and zu might be more difficult.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T04:19:04.143", "id": "99430", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-23T04:19:04.143", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "20479", "parent_id": "99429", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99434", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Let's take the following sentence as an example:\n\n> 八時に家を出ます。 \n> I leave home at eight o'clock.\n\nに and を are usually called particles. But に for example looks like \"at\"\n(preposition) that follows 八時, not precedes. Which makes me think that at\nleast some Japanese particles may be called postpositions. I'm not exactly a\nlinguist to know the difference/relationship between particles and\npostpositions. But can at least some Japanese particles be called\npostpositions? Or maybe all Japanese particles are postpositions because they\nall follow words (as far as I can tell)?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T05:02:21.530", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99431", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T20:59:10.827", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-24T20:59:10.827", "last_editor_user_id": "5229", "owner_user_id": "18894", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles", "linguistics", "comparative-linguistics" ], "title": "Does Japanese have postpositions?", "view_count": 164 }

[ { "body": "Linguistic terminology for Japanese is simply not fixed. So you can find\n(proper printed) books (PPB) saying Japanese has zero, one, or two sorts of\nadjective, for example. (Wikipedia says three, but it isn't a PPB.)\n\n\"Postposition\" is a pretty standard term for any sort of \"functor\" word coming\nafter (or, equivalently, forming the end of) a noun phrase. So particularly\nwhen this \"functor\" word closely resembles a preposition (in English for\nexample) except for its position, then it is very hard to see how you could\nobject to calling it a \"postposition\". In particular, ～から and ～へ (\"to\" and\n\"from\"). Equally, the particles sometimes called \"case particles\" (が for\nnominative, を for accusative, に for dative) can also be called postpositions.\nFWIW, Wikipedia simply says \"postpositions, also called particles\".\n\nSo the answer could be that there is no clear meaning to the question. But it\ncould also be (if you are really asking \"how does Japanese grammar work\") to\nsay that, yes, all functor words in Japanese come after the phrase they\nmodify, because Japanese is relentlessly left-branching. If a verb has two\narguments (e.g. the verb to read in \"He read [1]his daughter [2]a book\") then\neach argument will be followed by a particle, which forms a \"hook\" showing how\nthe argument. So [1] is 'musume-ni', where 'ni' indicates \"dative\", and [2] is\n'hon-wo', where 'wo' indicates \"accusative\".\n\nMy terminology is likely not to be the same as anyone else's, and romanisation\nis intended to clarify rather than to follow a particular standard (e.g. I\ndistinguish the accusative を as 'wo', but it is usually transcribed 'o').", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T16:39:27.827", "id": "99434", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-23T16:39:27.827", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35531", "parent_id": "99431", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99433", "answer_count": 1, "body": "> ハグリッドと自分 **だけにしか** 見えないんじゃないか、とハリーは思ったが、... \n> Harry wondered if it wasn't visible to any one except him and Hagrid, ...\n\nIt seems that I could remove だけに from this sentence and preserve the meaning.\nI assumed that Xしか or XとYしか where exhaustive in the sense that XとYしか見えない means\nthat it is invisible to every single person except X and Y. Is this true? If\nso, then adding だけに seems like a tautology.\n\nAm I missing something? Is だけに redundant? Is it just adding emphasis? What's\ngoing on here?\n\nI also wonder how this works grammatically. What purpose is に serving?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T14:16:29.820", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99432", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-23T16:41:39.807", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "particle-に", "particle-だけ", "particle-しか" ], "title": "Usage of だけにしか in XとYだけにしか見えない", "view_count": 70 }

[ { "body": "だけ is redundant and can be removed, but I would leave に.\n\n> ハグリッドと自分 **にしか** 見えないんじゃないか \n> It may be visible only to Hagrid and me\n\nThis に plays a similar function to the “to” in “it wasn’t visible to…” Without\nit, the sentence could be ambiguous because ハグリッドと自分 could be understood as\nthe only ones someone can see.\n\n> ハグリッドと自分 **しか** 見えないんじゃないか \n> They may be able to see only Hagrid and me \n> (Only Hagrid and I may be visible)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T14:57:45.657", "id": "99433", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-23T16:41:39.807", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-23T16:41:39.807", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "99432", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "How many suffixes there are to refer to somebody in a friendly way?\n\nI know ～ん／～っち／～べ, but I would like to know if there are more.\n\nIs there any rule to use them? For example, are the following uses natural?\n\nめぐみ (♀) → めぐみん／めぐみっち／めぐみべ\n\nゆきの (♀) → ゆきのん／ゆきのっち／ゆきのべ\n\nあきら (♂) → あきらん／あきらっち／あきらべ", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T17:27:34.780", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99435", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T01:01:26.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "47013", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "suffixes" ], "title": "Friendly suffixes after a person's name", "view_count": 101 }

[ { "body": "-べ ( _-be_ ) is very rare as a name suffix. Perhaps you mean **-(っ)ぺ** ( _-ppe_ ), such as in めぐっぺ, ゆきっぺ and すみぺ? Other popular ones include -たん, -すけ, -どん, -りん, -きち, -にゃん and so on.\n\nNote that these are not standardized name suffixes but conventions to form\nnicknames, so it's impossible to count them precisely. For example, if an\nanime character becomes popular, similar nicknames become trendy, and may be\nforgotten a few years later. In addition, if someone's nicknames has been\nestablished, you generally cannot call them in other ways.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-24T01:01:26.253", "id": "99437", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T01:01:26.253", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99435", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "My Sensei has said it means \"popping in\" to the shop. But I'm stuck on the\n\"よって\" part in particular. What verb is this? Is it an adverb instead?\n\nSorry if this is a dumb question, but it's left me a little confused...", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-23T18:35:00.320", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99436", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T01:05:17.920", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-24T00:15:19.703", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "40110", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "meaning", "verbs" ], "title": "コンビニによって帰ります - what does the \"よって帰ります\" mean in this sentence?", "view_count": 73 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "> エアコンを掃除するときは、安全上、必ずコンセントを抜いてから **に** してください\n\nI know this sentence means that you should pull out plug first if you want to\nclean air conditioner, but what does this に mean?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-24T06:24:05.313", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99441", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-25T14:42:26.297", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-25T14:42:26.297", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45347", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "particle-に" ], "title": "what does に in this sentence actually mean?", "view_count": 97 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> 唐朽さんと別れた後、仕方が無いのでトイレで着替えを済ませることに。\n>\n> 肌は若干ベタつくものの、服が濡れているのと濡れていないのでは気持ちの余裕が違う\n\nContext: a character's thought after he dived into a lake, and helped a girl\nretrieved her handkerchief . Now he had to change clothes in a restroom.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-24T21:01:23.400", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99442", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T23:34:39.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50156", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "meaning", "translation", "phrases" ], "title": "What does 気持ちの余裕 mean here?", "view_count": 91 }

[ { "body": "余裕 is \"room\" or \"capacity\" for doing things, and 気持ちの is \"mental\" or\n\"psychological\", as opposed to 物理的な (\"physically\"). The sentence means that if\nyour clothes are wet, it occupies your mind, leaving no mental capacity (or\nsense of ease) to do anything else.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-24T23:34:39.763", "id": "99443", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-24T23:34:39.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99442", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99445", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I'm playing a game and I've hit a cutscene where a henchman is apologizing to\nthe main villain for their failure to defeat the heroes with his plan. After\nthe henchman more or less finishes explaining what happened, the main villain\nthen says\n\n> はあ… 言い訳はいいから。\n\nAnd I'm not sure how to interpret this.\n\nWhen I first read 言い訳はいいから I took it as \"excuses are fine / ok\". Which, to me,\ngives off a more forgiving tone. Something like \"Don't worry about the\nexcuses. It's fine for now. Let's move on.\" But then I started to think this\nisn't actually correct.\n\nImmediately following that line, the main villain goes on to say:\n\n> しっかりしてよね。 \n> ちゃんと懲らしめることができたら… \n> 副委員長の座を \n> アナタにあげてもいいと思ってるんだから。\n\n**My translation:**\n\n> Pull yourself together. \n> If I was able to punish you properly... \n> The position of vice chairman \n> I'm thinking it would be ok to give it to you.\n\nAnd this doesn't really seem too forgiving. Which makes me think that 言い訳はいいから\nis more like \"I don't care about your excuses!\" or \"No excuses! This is\nunforgivable! Don't let it happen again!\"\n\nSo what is the intended meaning behind 言い訳はいいから? Does it have a more positive\nor negative meaning? Does it depend on the overall context / tone of the\nconversation?\n\nJust to finish out the scene / extra context, the henchman responds to this by\nsaying:\n\n> は 本当ですか！？ \n> 次こそは必ず…！\n\n**My translation:**\n\n> Re.. Really!? \n> Next time I will absolutely... (not fail you)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-25T06:31:35.753", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99444", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-25T14:48:43.437", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-25T14:48:43.437", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "30339", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "meaning" ], "title": "Misinterpreting 言い訳はいいから", "view_count": 132 }

[ { "body": "You are correct with the meaning. Some alternative translations are:\n\n * Don't make excuses\n * Enough with the excuses\n * I don't need your excuses\n\nIt's hard to tell without full context, but I believe something like this\nwould be more accurate:\n\n> Enough with the excuses. \n> Pull yourself together. \n> If you can can teach them a lesson... (beat up the heroes or something) \n> I think it would even be ok to give you... \n> the position of vice chairman.\n\nTo which the henchman replies:\n\n> e.. Really!? \n> Next time I will absolutely... (not fail you)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-25T07:09:24.120", "id": "99445", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-25T14:46:59.163", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-25T14:46:59.163", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "55721", "parent_id": "99444", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "For example, I have seen 元気じゃない and 元気がない, and now I'm wondering what is the\ndifference between the two?\n\nありがとうございます", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-26T01:28:11.957", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99448", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-10T18:32:58.623", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55638", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Difference in がない vs じゃない in na adjectives", "view_count": 114 }

[ { "body": "彼は元気じゃない -> He is not [a] 元気 (lively) [person].\n\n彼は元気がない -> There is no 元気 (energy) in him. -> He is felling down.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-07-10T18:32:58.623", "id": "100246", "last_activity_date": "2023-07-10T18:32:58.623", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56959", "parent_id": "99448", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "So I never though about it, but ですね and ですよ don't follow the silent vowel\nrules, but I don't think I've ever heard (desu ne) or (desu yo). It's always\n(des ne) and (des yo). Unless I'm imagining things, is this right? Is this\nsome special case? Or is the u actually said with ね and よ?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-26T01:32:13.093", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99449", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-02T00:18:19.547", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55638", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "pronunciation" ], "title": "Is dropping u in ですね/ですよ a special case?", "view_count": 105 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99451", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I encountered it here\n\n<https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/local/michinoku/20230418-OYT8T50006/>\n\n「上寿し【??】」は８００【はっぴゃく】円【えん】、「人生相談【じんせいそうだん】」はゼロ円【えん】\n\n_\" ---\" is 800 yen, and \"life counseling\" costs zero yen._\n\nI also found it here... [https://hanazen-\nmichinobechuou.eeat.jp/product/上寿し2人盛〜5人盛-※表示価格は２人盛です/](https://hanazen-\nmichinobechuou.eeat.jp/product/%E4%B8%8A%E5%AF%BF%E3%81%972%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%9B%E3%80%9C5%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%9B-%E2%80%BB%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%A1%E6%A0%BC%E3%81%AF%EF%BC%92%E4%BA%BA%E7%9B%9B%E3%81%A7%E3%81%99/)\n\n...but I have not found a dictionary entry for it. What is it, and how is it\npronounced?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-26T11:10:47.077", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99450", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-26T11:36:56.767", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "31150", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "readings", "culture" ], "title": "What is 上寿し and how is it pronounced?", "view_count": 97 }

[ { "body": "It is another way to write 上寿司 (high-grade sushi), pronounced じょうずし or less\ncommonly じょうすし. Grades can be two (並寿司, 上寿司) or three (並寿司, 上寿司, 特上寿司). Some\nshops may have the 松, 竹, and 梅 grades instead.\n\nIn the picture, the next item is 並寿し, which is lower grade and thus less\nexpensive at 700 yen. Similarly, this is 並寿司 written differently.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-26T11:31:55.173", "id": "99451", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-26T11:36:56.767", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-26T11:36:56.767", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99450", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "For some context, according to\n[wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_particles), the following\nserve as examples of 副助詞:\n\n> Adverbial particles (副助詞, fuku-joshi) ばかり, まで, だけ, ほど, くらい, など, なり, やら\n\n**Question:** Why are adverbial particles (副助詞) called \"adverbial\" (副詞)\nparticles?\n\nIs it that all of these sorts of particles can combine with nouns (or noun\nphrases) to form adverbs (副詞)? Is _that_ the defining feature of what it means\nto be an 副助詞?\n\nE.g.\n\n> **りんごばかり** 食べています。\n\nHere りんごばかり (\"only apples\") is acting as an adverbial phrase which modifies\n食べています?\n\n* * *\n\n**EDIT:** I am also trying to understand the dictionary definition of 副助詞 from\n[goo](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%89%AF%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E/):\n\n> ふく‐じょし【副助詞】 の解説\n>\n> 助詞の一。種々の語に付き、それらの語にある意味を添えて、副詞のように下の **用言や活用連語**\n> を修飾・限定する類の助詞。現代語では「さえ」「まで」「ばかり」「だけ」「ほど」「くらい（ぐらい）」「など」「やら」など、古語では「だに」「すら」「さへ」「のみ」「ばかり」「など」「まで」など。\n\nHowever this part is confusing me:\n\n> 副詞のように下の **用言や活用連語** を修飾\n\nIf I'm reading this correctly, 副助詞 can only come after 用言や活用連語 (conjugatable\nwords) to form something that is adverbial? But can't 副助詞 come after pure\nnouns (as in 「りんごばかり」, where りんご is a non-conjugatable word) to form adverbial\nphrases too? If that's the case, why is the definition emphasizing 用言や活用連語\nhere?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-26T20:27:58.287", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99452", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T04:13:44.433", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-27T04:13:44.433", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "51280", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "particles", "adverbs", "adverbial" ], "title": "Why are 副助詞 called \"adverbial\" particles?", "view_count": 193 }

[ { "body": "In basic terms, a 副助詞【ふくじょし】 (adverbial particle) is a 助詞【じょし】 (particle) that\nacts like a 副詞【ふくし】 (adverb).\n\n> > 副詞のように下の **用言や活用連語** を修飾\n>\n> If I'm reading this correctly, 副助詞 can only come after 用言や活用連語 (conjugatable\n> words) to form something that is adverbial?\n\nYou're not reading this correctly.\n\nThe 「下の」 refers to the _following_ 用言【ようげん】や活用連語【かつようれんご】 (inflecting word or\nconjugating phrase), which these particles 修飾【しゅうしょく】 (modify or qualify).\n\nThe earlier bit says what these 副助詞【ふくじょし】 attach to:\n\n> 種々【しゅじゅ】の語【ご】に付【つ】き、 \n> _attaches to various words,_\n\n> But can't 副助詞 come after pure nouns (as in 「りんごばかり」, where りんご is a non-\n> conjugatable word) to form adverbial phrases too?\n\nYes, these can come after nouns, as in your example.\n\n> If that's the case, why is the definition emphasizing 用言や活用連語 here?\n\nI hope the explanation further above suffices.", "comment_count": 10, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T00:17:32.187", "id": "99453", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T00:17:32.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5229", "parent_id": "99452", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> まだ読んでいない本が十冊もあるから、しばらく本は（ ）と決めていたのに、面白そうな本を見つけて、つい買ってしまった。\n>\n> Fill the bracket with the option provided below: \n> a) 買わないでいたんだ \n> b) 買わずにおこう\n\nWhich is proper answer? I think both are acceptable, (a) comes from pattern\nないでいる, which is the same with pattern ずにおく, but the correct answer is (b). But\nI don't know why, can anyone help me explain it?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T04:57:02.680", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99454", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-02T00:29:58.213", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-02T00:29:58.213", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "45347", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Why is 買わないでいたんだと決めていた incorrect?", "view_count": 133 }

[ { "body": "The option a) is incorrect for two reasons:\n\n * Japanese is [based on relative tense](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25376/5010), so you cannot use た with 決める. For example, \"I decided that I would go\" is 行くと決めた or 行こうと決めた, not 行ったと決めた. The action of \"going\" always happens after the action of \"deciding\" no matter when this sentence is about.\n\n * What's that ん? Is is supposed to be an explanatory-の? The part before a quotative-と must be a \"mini-sentence\", and you cannot end a sentence with ん.\n\nIn this context, you can say the following:\n\n * しばらく本は買わずにいようと決めていたのに\n * しばらく本は買わないでいようと決めていたのに\n * しばらく本は買わずにおこうと決めていたのに\n * しばらく本は買わないでおこうと決めていたのに\n * しばらく本は買わないん **だ** と決めていたのに (notice だ after ん)\n * しばらく本は買わないと決めていたのに", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T09:55:36.330", "id": "99457", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T10:05:24.463", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-27T10:05:24.463", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99454", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "Here's the context: それについて、見てくれる人がどう思うかは、私は、コントロールできないから手放そうと思いました。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T09:19:07.130", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99455", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T09:34:17.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55681", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "particle-は", "particle-が" ], "title": "what does かは convey?", "view_count": 70 }

[ { "body": "It's two separate particles. か and は.\n\nThe か denotes a question (見てくれる人がどう思うか）\n\nThe は then just indicates the previous sentence is a topic of what's being\nspoken about.\n\n見てくれる人がどう思うかは、私は、コントロールできない。。。\n\nAs in \"As for what the onlookers think, I can't control that.\"", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T09:34:17.627", "id": "99456", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T09:34:17.627", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38417", "parent_id": "99455", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99459", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I am trying to translate the song 紅蓮の弓矢 from 進撃の巨人.\n\nAccording to multiple websites the lyrics are as follows: 家畜の安寧 虚偽の繁栄\n死せる餓狼の「自由」を!\n\nHowever, I can't make sense of 死せる. The wordstem of 死ぬ is \"Shin\". Therefore\nthis can't be a conjugation or it would include the \"n\".\n\nMy 10ten reader plugin is suggesting that せる might be 迫る. That would mean \"To\nbe imminent\" or \"To draw near\".\n\nSo could it be \"the freedom of a starving wolf, close to death\"?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T12:27:28.293", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99458", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T13:45:59.203", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55767", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "song-lyrics", "anime" ], "title": "What is the meaning of 死せる?", "view_count": 684 }

[ { "body": "死せる is an archaic/literary equivalent of 死んでいる. 死せる餓狼 is a literary way of\nsaying 死んでいる餓狼 or \"dead starving wolf\".\n\nTo break it down:\n\n * [**死す**](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%AD%BB%E3%81%99): An archaic variant of modern 死ぬ. It's still in use in bookish/literary expressions including something like [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/30014/5010).\n * **死せ** : The irrealis (未然) form of 死す.\n * **死せり** : 死せ + [り](https://www.hello-school.net/haroajapa009007.htm), where り is an archaic auxiliary for the continuation of state (∼ modern ている).\n * **死せる** : The attributive (連体) form of 死せり.\n\nYou may see 死す also in a few other conjugated forms, including 死して (∼ 死んで) and\n死せず (∼ 死なない(で)). For example, see\n[this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/64842/5010).\n\nSimilar use of る in modern Japanese include:\n\n * 生ける屍 (∼ 生きている屍) living dead\n * 彷徨える, 狂える, 眠れる, etc. See: [Difference between 「彷徨う」 and 「彷徨える」、「狂う」 and 「狂える」 etc](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/36850/5010)\n * 持てる as in 持てる者, 持てる力, etc. See: [What does 持てる mean in this sentence?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/93334/5010)\n\n迫る has nothing to do with this.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T13:35:10.193", "id": "99459", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T13:45:59.203", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-27T13:45:59.203", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99458", "post_type": "answer", "score": 7 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "From a dictionary definition for なんて\n([デジタル大辞泉](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%AA%E3%82%93%E3%81%A6-590615)):\n\n> なんて の解説 \n> ［副助］《副助詞「など」に格助詞「と」の付いた「などと」の音変化》名詞、名詞に準じる語、活用語の終止形に付く。 \n> １ ある事物を例示して、それを軽んじたり、婉曲 (えんきょく) に言ったりする意を表す。なんか。 **…などということは。**\n> 「手伝いなんてできるか」「本気にするなんてばかね」\n\n**Question (for the bolded portion):** Why is this phrase encapsulated in a\nいう? Suppose we said for example:\n\n> りんごなど **という** ことは...\n\nand then contrasted it with\n\n> りんごなどは..\n\nWhat's the difference in nuance between these two things? Is the first one\nlike putting something like dismissive airquotes around \"apples\":\n\n> As for the so-called \"apples and things\"... (dismissive tone).\n\nwhile the second one is just\n\n> As for apples, etc (not as judgmental, and no element of hearsay of what\n> society or other people have forced into the conversation)\n\n?\n\nIn general, I feel like という frequently encapsulates things in Japanese, and I\nnever have a good grip as to why (unless it's the easy case, when someone is\nliterally being quoted).", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T20:39:11.757", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99460", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T11:42:38.067", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-29T02:33:20.220", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "51280", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "definitions", "quotes" ], "title": "Understanding 「…などということは」", "view_count": 211 }

[ { "body": "The **「…などということは」** phrase is encapsulated in a **いう** because it means to\nemphasize the things or anything before **as noun** , meaning **\"... [some\nsubject or noun] which is\"**.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T11:41:43.630", "id": "99535", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T11:42:38.067", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-06T11:42:38.067", "last_editor_user_id": "56472", "owner_user_id": "56472", "parent_id": "99460", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "How do I interpret the そういうことなのだろう in 普通に戻ったということは、そういうことなのだろう?\n\n「安心しろ。人の触れられたくない領域に、不用意に近付こうとはしない。キミにとって、とても繊細な問題だっただろうからな」\n\n「……助かります」\n\n「普通に戻ったということは、 **そういうことなのだろう** 。色々思うところもあるかもしれないが、キミにとっても、重い選択だったろうな」\n\nI understand the general grammar pattern e.g. in the below the meaning is\nclear\n\n当院は屋久島唯一の病院であり、入院施設をもつ唯一の医療機関です。 島に６つある診療所とともに、屋久島に住む人・訪れる人の命を守っています。\n島は台風などで簡単に孤立し、船も飛行機も止まります。 島で生きるということはそういうことです。\n\nHowever, in the example in the original question the meaning is not so clear.\n\nThe context of 普通に戻った is referring to one of the speakers relationships with\nsomeone who asked him out but he rejected (and based on the way they are\ninteracting the other speaker also inferred this).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T22:05:43.043", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99461", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T23:09:07.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55355", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning" ], "title": "Help understanding 普通に戻ったということは、そういうことなのだろう", "view_count": 63 }

[ { "body": "> 普通に戻ったということは、そういうことなのだろう。 \n> If she came back to normal, it means...you know what I mean.\n\nThis そういうこと refers to \" _that_ certain fact\"; some (usually undesirable) fact\nthe speaker doesn't want to directly mention. Depending on the broader\ncontext, そういうこと may actually imply キミのことが好きではなかった, 無理をしている, 覚えていない or\nanything.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T23:03:30.353", "id": "99463", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T23:09:07.507", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-27T23:09:07.507", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99461", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99464", "answer_count": 2, "body": "How would i write practice in Japanese? I need to write practice in Japanese\nas in practicing drawing. Would it just be 練習 or something else?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T22:52:17.377", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99462", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-28T00:16:40.447", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56393", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "word-choice" ], "title": "How would i write practice?", "view_count": 86 }

[ { "body": "Yes, 練習 is the right word in your context.\n\nNote that 練習 only refers to _practice_ as a method of training. It means doing\nthe same thing many times to acquire some skill. You need other Japanese words\n(such as 慣習 or 実践) to say something like \"Japanese business _practice_ \" or\n\"put the theory into _practice_ \".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-27T23:19:47.297", "id": "99464", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-27T23:19:47.297", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99462", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "Depending on the context, you _might_ be able to use [訓練]{くん・れん} or\n[鍛練]{たん・れん}. But these usually translate as \"training\" or \"discipline\", and I\nbelieve they imply something way more hardcore, like long-term, grueling\ntraining and practice.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-28T00:16:40.447", "id": "99466", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-28T00:16:40.447", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "99462", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99471", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In Meiko Kaji's song \"Jeans Blues\" there is a verse containing the 忘れなと\nphrase:\n\n> 場末の陽気な男達 \n> 私の涙にもらい泣き \n> 酒でもあおって **忘れなと** \n> 財布はたいて飲みあかし\n\nI think, it can be neither a contraction of 忘れない + と nor using the な for\nemphasis. The translation I found is \" _Drinking to forget it all_ \", but I do\nnot see how this can relate to 酒でもあおって忘れなと, unless it is very loose\ntranslation. Of course, song texts are often very poetic and thus far away\nfrom typical speech, but the rest of the songtext is rather straightforward...", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-28T09:51:43.803", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99467", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-30T03:09:42.573", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-30T03:09:42.573", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "18895", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "translation", "song-lyrics", "contractions", "particle-な", "context" ], "title": "What is 忘れなと a contraction of?", "view_count": 149 }

[ { "body": "It is not (necessarily) a contraction, but な meaning imperative (cf.\n[な](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E3%81%AA/#je-55709) #2)+ と meaning\nquote.\n\nIt describes what 場末の陽気な男達 says to the writer. Though the connection to the\nrest of the texts is a bit awkward, it literally says _(saying that) 'Forget\nby drinking some alcohol'_.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-29T00:20:39.847", "id": "99471", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-29T00:20:39.847", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99467", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99526", "answer_count": 1, "body": "According to jisho, 正 (しょう) can act as a prefix before a number with meaning\n\"exactly; precisely\", but despite not having any label of \"Archaism\" or\nsimilar for that meaning precisely, I can't find any example where I can see\nused this prefix 正 (しょう) before a number.\n\nIn dictionary Goo I have found the following for 正 (しょう):\n\n> ふつう、時間や量を示す語の上に付いて、きっちりその時間や量であることを表す。「正八時」「正一合」\n\nHowever, I have never heard things like「正八時」when telling the time and I'm not\nsure if it is still used nowadays or not, and regarding to「正一合」, it seems it\nhas to do with sake, but I don't know what does it exactly refer to.\n\n合 seems to be a traditional unit of volume (approx. 0.1804 litres), but in\nterms of sake I'm completely lost and I don't have idea of how much capacity\nis normally a bottle of sake and if 正一合 is the part of alcohol, another\ningredient, the total product of sake or anything else, and also I don't know\nif when ordering sake, you must say something like 正一合の酒お願いします.\n\n**Then, could you please explain me a little bit more the examples「正八時」「正一合」or\ntell me an example of when you use or you have seen used this prefix 正 (しょう)\nbefore a number?**", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-28T11:21:12.327", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99468", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-04T10:01:55.227", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-30T03:07:26.993", "last_editor_user_id": "9831", "owner_user_id": "47013", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "prefixes" ], "title": "Prefix 正 (しょう) before a number", "view_count": 213 }

[ { "body": "Regarding 正一合, it looks like it is customary for some bars to label sake they\nserve in a tokkuri 一合, 二合 etc while the actual volume is close to but slightly\nless than that. 正一合 makes it clear that the actual volume is exactly 一合.\nAlternatively, bars can label it 180ml to avoid any ambiguity.\n\nReferences:\n\n * <https://sake-kikizakeshi-biwa.com/nihonsyu-ichigou/>\n * <https://magazine.asahi-shuzo.co.jp/know/171>\n\nRegarding 正八時, I think it's another way to say 八時ちょうど and 八時ゼロ分, but shorter.\nIt sounds kind of archaic and rigid for normal conversation, though. It looks\nlike 正X時半 is possible, too.\n\nExample:\n[https://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/#/detail?minId=102204024X02819550614&spkNum=43](https://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/#/detail?minId=102204024X02819550614&spkNum=43)\n\n> それでは本会議の開会時刻は **正一時半** ということにいたします", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-05T09:09:36.800", "id": "99526", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-05T09:09:36.800", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99468", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99470", "answer_count": 2, "body": "In Japanese, are there any words/kanji that are written in dictionarys but\nactually don't exist at all? Like the \"Ghost word\" in English.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-28T20:10:26.967", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99469", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-29T06:38:57.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56116", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "words", "kanji", "etymology" ], "title": "Ghost word and Ghost Kanji in Japanese", "view_count": 396 }

[ { "body": "One set of these which is quite well-known are the\n[幽霊文字{ゆうれいもじ}](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%9C%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97#:%7E:text=%E5%B9%BD%E9%9C%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%EF%BC%88%E3%82%86%E3%81%86%E3%82%8C%E3%81%84%E3%82%82%E3%81%98,%E3%82%86%E3%81%86%E3%82%8C%E3%81%84%E3%81%98%EF%BC%89%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E5%91%BC%E3%81%B6%E3%80%82),\nwhich were encoded in JIS and from there into Unicode.\n\nAs the Wikipedia article shows, JIS purportedly created the character set by\ngathering characters from four character dictionaries. However, some of the\ncharacters that ended up being encoded cannot actually be found in those\ndictionaries. These may be thought of as fabrications (although in a different\nway to \"ghost words\" in English like\n'[dord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dord)', which arose from\nmisunderstandings).\n\nFor example, one of these, 妛, contains an extra horizontal stroke in the\nmiddle which was thought to have arisen when a photocopy was made where two\npieces of paper with the individual character parts were joined together,\nintending to form the character . Some so-called 幽霊文字 were later found to be\ntrue rare characters used in person or place names. But due to their obscure\norigins, there is not a firm consensus on where others of these characters\nreally came from.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-28T20:40:12.673", "id": "99470", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-29T04:57:40.510", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-29T04:57:40.510", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "99469", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 }, { "body": "The Wikipedia article for \"[Ghost\nWords](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_word)\" has the following entry:\n\n> The Japanese word kusege (癖毛, compounding kuse 癖 \"habit; vice\" and 毛 ke\n> \"hair\", \"frizzy hair\") was mistranslated as \"vicious hair\" in the\n> authoritative Kenkyūsha's New Japanese-English Dictionary from the first\n> edition (1918) to the fourth (1974), and corrected in the fifth edition\n> (2003) \"twisted [kinky, frizzy] hair; hair that stands up\". This phantom\n> word was not merely an unnoticed lexicographical error, generations of\n> dictionary users copied the mistake. For example, a Tokyo hospital of\n> cosmetic surgery had a long-running display advertisement in the Asian\n> edition of Newsweek that read, \"Kinky or vicious hair may be changed to a\n> lovely, glossy hair\" [sic]. This hair-straightening ad was jokingly used in\n> the \"Kinky Vicious\" title of a 2011 Hong Kong iPhoneography photo\n> exhibition.\n\nAlso below that entry is an entry for [Ghost\nKanji](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Ghost_kanji) (幽霊文字) which is\nbetter explained in @jogloran's answer.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-29T06:38:57.410", "id": "99472", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-29T06:38:57.410", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41705", "parent_id": "99469", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99489", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I asked this question because I saw a pun in the song デンパラダイム where the\nproducer tuned a lyric stating マッハ木っ端ミジンコ土っ管! I initially translated it as 'in\nthe earthen pipes the negligibly tiny water fleas go at a fast speed\" but\nthere's also a word called 木っ端微塵 which is basically in smithereens justifying\n木っ端's use as a prefix. even though ミジンコ is in katakana, knowing that 木っ端微塵 as\na word existed I searched for a suffix called ko on Jisho.org to find out\nwhether 木っ端微塵こ could be a clause and if 木っ端ミジンコ was a pun and found that it,\nこ, meant \"being in a state\" and, according to the site, was a suffix and\nabbreviation. I searched it up in Japanese typing ことは and こ 意味 and didn't find\nany definition matching the one on Jisho's, only finding definitions for words\nread こ. Does the word こ exist and what word or term does it come from?", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-29T14:49:11.337", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99473", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T03:21:40.943", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-30T02:55:29.833", "last_editor_user_id": "50287", "owner_user_id": "50287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "etymology", "song-lyrics", "suffixes", "abbreviations", "puns" ], "title": "Where does the abbreviation こ, apparently meaning to be in a state, come from?", "view_count": 114 }

[ { "body": "Basically [木っ端](https://jisho.org/word/%E6%9C%A8%E3%81%A3%E7%AB%AF) and\n[ミジンコ](https://jisho.org/word/%E5%BE%AE%E5%A1%B5%E5%AD%90) are words on their\nown here. If you listen to the music video, you can recognize they are clearly\nsung as two separate words. So it makes no sense to discuss the meaning of コ\nin isolation.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DGoqBm.png)\n\nAlthough 木っ端微塵 may be vaguely implied as something like a\n[_kakekotoba_](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakekotoba), thinking about the\nmeaning of コ is as meaningless as thinking about the meaning of ラダイム in\nデンパラダイム (which of course is a\n[portmanteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau) of 電波 and パラダイム).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T03:21:40.943", "id": "99489", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T03:21:40.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99473", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "I'm reading the book 魔女の宅急便 and this sentece show up.\n\n> 目でそれを追いかけたキキは、オレンジ色の浮きぶくろに乗った坊やとジジが、大きな波に **ひきこまれようとしている** のを見ました。\n\nNow, I have always problem to understand the よう+とする pattern, but generally I\nunderstand it like 'To try\" similar to the 〜てみる construction. But in this\nparticular occasion I don't understand what does it meaning. Also, it's\nattached to the passive voice of the verb 引き込む, and it makes me more confuse.\n\nWhat's going on here?\n\nContext: Kiki and Jiji are on the beach, and the black cat Jiji is forced to\nplay with a child in the sea, but suddenly a strong wind blow and creates\nwaves.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-29T16:52:05.423", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99474", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-29T16:52:05.423", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56116", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "verbs", "passive-voice", "volitional-form" ], "title": "よう+とする in this sentece", "view_count": 43 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/2fcH8.png)\n\nSometimes in social media, and especially in videogames, I found this kanji\nabove (with the keyboard I can't type it, and copy and paste doesn't work\neither) with the same exact meaning of 終わる.\n\nSame thing occurs with the kanji for 続ける, where the left radical is different.\nAnother instance is the verb 直る, which is slightly different.\n\nWhy is that?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-29T20:37:02.577", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99476", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-29T22:35:06.510", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-29T22:35:06.510", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "56116", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "kanji", "radicals" ], "title": "Different radical for the same Kanji", "view_count": 67 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99479", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I was curious about いは in 或いは because ある is in its plain form however I can't\nfind anything on it. I don't have any physical dictionary, either nor\nknowledge of if this is archaic Japanese", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T03:10:19.950", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99478", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T18:18:00.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "etymology", "word-usage", "phrases" ], "title": "Does the いは in 或いは come from any term, and if so, how is it/was it used?", "view_count": 95 }

[ { "body": "Surprisingly, [this does seem to\ncontain](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%88%96%E3%81%AF-428581) the 連体形 of ある,\nfollowed by an \"adverbial particle\" (副助詞) い which the etymology doesn't\ndefine, and the regular topic particle は.\n\nThe etymology explains that the original sense is ある人は (\"a certain\nperson\"),ある場合は (\"in a certain situation\"), which is reflected in the first\ndefinition:\n\n> 同類の事柄を列挙していろいろな場合のあることを表す \n> Demonstrates the fact that there exists a number of situations, by\n> enumerating a sequence of related possibilities\n\nFor this first definition, the dictionary gives the example:\n\n> 或いは歌をうたい、或いは笛を吹く \n> Either singing a song, or playing a flute\n\nSo together with the explanation ある場合は \"In a certain situation\", you can see\nthat the original definition would have meant something like \"In one case,\nsinging a song; in another case, playing the flute\".\n\nThis first definition was generalised to the more abstract notion of \"X or Y\".", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T04:28:39.890", "id": "99479", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T18:18:00.333", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-01T18:18:00.333", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "99478", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> 彼の論文は、構成にはまだ少し問題点がある気が（ ）、内容自体はだいぶ良くなったと思う \n> a) しないのではないが \n> b) しないでもないが\n\nI think both are acceptable, in my understanding, they mean the same thing,\nbut the answer says b) is the correct one. So what's wrong with a)?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T08:01:14.627", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99480", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-30T21:44:28.477", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-30T09:22:10.753", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "45347", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "What is the difference between 気がしないでもない and 気がしないのではない", "view_count": 100 }

[ { "body": "The explanatory-の is simply unnecessary because 問題がある気がしない serves as the\nexplanation/reason for nothing.\n\nしないではない or しないでもない is a common set expression you can use for double negation.\nThe difference between は and も is not important here. You can use both here,\nbut for the subtle difference, see: [Meaning of く も in this\nsentence](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/65646/5010)).\n\na) しない **の** で **は** ないが ❌ \nb) しないで **も** ないが ✅ \nc) しない **の** でもないが ❌ \nd) しないで **は** ないが ✅", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T21:44:28.477", "id": "99485", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-30T21:44:28.477", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99480", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99488", "answer_count": 1, "body": "A friend showed me this T-shirt on [Amazon](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Sleep-\nAnime-Repeat-Japanese-T-\nShirt/dp/B07GGN5FGQ/ref=pd_rhf_d_dp_s_pop_multi_srecs_sabr_cn_sccl_2_2/258-9664166-7349004?pd_rd_w=Xl7Lv&content-\nid=amzn1.sym.140ed8c8-f7ad-4184-908d-64107d20c104&pf_rd_p=140ed8c8-f7ad-4184-908d-64107d20c104&pf_rd_r=WE474ZFG5011676N4223&pd_rd_wg=sqD4K&pd_rd_r=17327e69-ed1a-4355-ba3b-7ef45e5e121c&pd_rd_i=B07GGN5FGQ&customId=B07536XX75&customizationToken=MC_Assembly_1%23B07536XX75&th=1&psc=1).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/PUMab.png)\n\nIt obviously shows the classic \"eat, sleep, _something_ , repeat\" that you see\nin thousands of places. My first thought on reading it was that 睡眠 seemed like\na weird choice amongst 食べる and 繰り返す. Isn't 睡眠 rather more formal? Why not use\n寝る? My guess is that this was not designed by a Japanese speaker.\n\nI then got to wondering if the dictionary form of the verb was actually the\nnatural choice or not. What would be written on a natural Japanese designed\nversion of this T-shirt?\n\n**Edit** :\n\nSo, @aguijonazo confirms that the design is inconsistent because it has a\nmixture of verbs and nouns. I'm pretty sure there is no verb for 'to watch\nanime' so if I wanted verbs I would end up with \"アニメを見る\" on the third line\nwhich I think would make for a pretty weird T-shirt.\n\nThat leaves me with making everything into a noun. Maybe 食事、睡眠、アニメ、??? I can't\nthink of a noun form for repeat and if I could it would mean 'repetition'\nrather than 'repeat' and would make for another weird T-shirt. Maybe this\nT-shirt isn't possible in Japanese.", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T09:52:46.833", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99481", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T03:39:24.707", "last_edit_date": "2023-04-30T14:41:43.147", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "word-choice" ], "title": "Natural way to express the things you do, on a T-shirt", "view_count": 152 }

[ { "body": "Looks like _\" Eat, sleep, X, repeat\"_ is a [common snowclone in\nEnglish](https://www.pinterest.jp/KaylahCaye/eat-sleep-repeat/), but I have\nnever seen anything exactly like this in Japanese. This alone may indicate\nthat the T-shirt was designed by a non-Japanese speaker :) The meaning is\nperfectly understandable, of course, but Japanese people might not find this\nas interesting as those who are already familiar with this pattern do.\n\nAs for word choice, yes, it would be better to use kango/nouns or wago\nconsistently whenever it's easily achievable. In this case, either 食事-睡眠-アニメ-\n繰り返 **し** or 食べる-寝る-アニメ(を見る)-繰り返 **す** would have been a little better. But\nnote that:\n\n * 睡眠 is not really a stilted word, so the combination of 食べる and 睡眠 doesn't seem terribly unnatural or inconsistent to me.\n * A kango equivalent of 繰り返し is 反復, but this would look a bit too technical on a casual T-shirt.\n * You can safely use the dictionary form of a verb in a list like this. 食べて-寝て-アニメを見て-繰り返す would be also possible, but it would no longer look like a bullet list of steps.\n\n**EDIT:** Mixture of nouns and verbs is not a taboo at all, and you can see\nsimilar patterns everywhere. As an example, see this command palette from\n_Dragon Quest III_ , which is made of pure nouns (どうぐ/じゅもん), suru-verbs\n(こうげき/ぼうぎょ/そうび) and a wago verb (にげる).\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/movCqm.png)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T22:56:09.667", "id": "99488", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T03:39:24.707", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-01T03:39:24.707", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99481", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "> さっきご飯を食べたばかりだ **という** のに、もうおなかがすいてきた\n\ndoes this という is used to emphasize the content before it?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T13:18:34.157", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99482", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T04:47:25.947", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45347", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "what does という mean in this sentence?", "view_count": 51 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99491", "answer_count": 2, "body": "> みんなが寄ってくるので、 **教授がハリーをひとり占めにはできなかった** 。 \n> Everyone had gathered round, so the professor was unable to monopolise\n> Harry.\n\nI'm struggling with the grammar of the second clause here. The closest\nstructure I can see is XをYにする i.e. make X into Y, but in potential form.\nLiterally \"the professor was unable to make Harry a monopolisation\". I also\nwonder why は is needed.\n\nひとり占め apparently works as a する verb, so why not simply 教授がハリーをひとり占めできなかった? In\nfact why not 教授 **は** ハリー **が** ひとり占めできなかった?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T15:46:20.893", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99483", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T08:14:24.360", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-01T08:14:24.360", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 4, "tags": [ "grammar", "particle-に", "potential-form", "causation" ], "title": "The grammar of 教授がハリーをひとり占めにはできなかった", "view_count": 371 }

[ { "body": "Aをひとり占めする and Aをひとり占めにする are both correct and mean the same thing, \"to keep A\nall to oneself\".\n\nThe former is a fairly simple transitive suru-verb. In this approach, you must\nsay 教授はハリー **を** ひとり占めできなかった because Harry is the simple direct object of\nひとり占めする. If you used が, the meaning of the sentence would change drastically\n(\"Harry could not ...\").\n\nAs for the latter, one way of understanding it would be to understand 独り占め\nalso as a descriptive noun (i.e., a no-/na-adjective) meaning \"monopolized\".\nXをYにする works fine with adjectives (e.g., 問題を簡単にする, 壁紙を緑色にする). You can say\n彼女によって独り占めの島 and 彼女が独り占めしている島 interchangeably (although the latter is more\ncommon). Similar examples include:\n\n * **半殺し** : Aを半殺しする and Aを半殺しにする both mean \"to half-kill A\". 半殺しの人 and 半殺しされた人 mean \"half-killed person\".\n * **丸投げ** : Aを丸投げする and Aを丸投げにする both mean \"to leave A entirely (to someone)\". 丸投げの議題 and 丸投げされた議題 mean \"the topic thrown (to someone)\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T22:39:49.483", "id": "99487", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-30T22:39:49.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99483", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "This sentence is a bit irregular although most native speakers, myself\nincluded, wouldn’t notice it unless someone specifically asks about it. What’s\nirregular is that が makes us parse it this way.\n\n> みんなが寄ってくるので、［教授がハリーをひとり占め］にはできなかった。\n\nSyntactically, this is identical to this.\n\n> みんなが寄ってくるので、［ひとり占め］にはできなかった。\n\nUsually, if you want to specify who does the monopolization and who they\nmonopolize, you would make a sentence and turn it into a noun phrase, like\nthis.\n\n> みんなが寄ってくるので、［教授がハリーをひとり占めにすること］はできなかった。\n\nI would say the original sentence is a somewhat “sloppy” version of this\nsentence. They mean the same thing.\n\n〜を独り占めする and 〜を独り占めにする are practically interchangeable. In fact, the following\nsentences both sound completely natural.\n\n> みんなが寄ってくるので、［ひとり占め］はできなかった。\n\n> みんなが寄ってくるので、［教授がハリーをひとり占めすること］はできなかった。\n\nHowever, removing に from the original sentence makes it a bit weirder.\n\n> ? みんなが寄ってくるので、［教授がハリーをひとり占め］はできなかった。\n\n教授が and ハリーを, which are expected to modify some verb, seem more out of place\nin the noun phrase in the brackets. I suppose に reminds us of the existence of\nan omitted verb, namely する in the more complete version with a nominalized\nsentence, and that makes the original sentence easier to understand the way it\nis intended despite its “sloppiness.”\n\nは singles out what the professor couldn't do among all things. I get a sense\nof “even if they wanted to” from it.\n\nLastly, 教授はハリーがひとり占めできなかった would mean a completely different thing. Harry\nwould be the one monopolizing the professor.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T06:59:56.350", "id": "99491", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T06:59:56.350", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "99483", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99486", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I was trying to understand a fragment from [My Clueless First\nFriend](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c5BiGTjdbFw&t=1375s), and got stuck\nwith this sentence:\n\n> ごめん ね 多分 私 の こと を からかいたかった だけ な ん だろう けど 巻き込んで 嫌 な 気持ち に させちゃって\n\nIn the subtitles it's translated this way:\n\n> Oh, I'm sorry about that... I'm sure they were trying to tease me, but you\n> got dragged into this too because of me...\n\nI used different tools (jisho.org, rikaichamp, ichi.moe) and sources of\ninformation (subs, auto subs)... The results differ slightly...\n\nThe thing I'm the least certain about is なんだろう. The tools say it's 3 or even 4\nwords. But I guess it's after all 2 words: 何だろう. And it's probably like adding\n\"I guess\" to a sentence, expresses uncertainty. Or maybe she's just being\nhumble, polite, doesn't want to sound abrupt.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T19:00:32.863", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99484", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-07T08:12:46.980", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-07T08:12:46.980", "last_editor_user_id": "18894", "owner_user_id": "18894", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "parsing" ], "title": "Is なんだろう in fact 何だろう in the sentence?", "view_count": 130 }

[ { "body": "This なん is **not** a contraction of なに (何). Forget 何 for now. Here, なん is a\ncontraction of なの, where this ん/の is something known as explanatory-の.\n\n * [What is the meaning of ～んです/～のだ/etc?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/5398/5010)\n * Wasabi: [Explanatory のだ （んだ）](https://www.wasabi-jpn.com/japanese-grammar/explanatory-noda/)\n\nYou can understand this sentence ending as follows:\n\n * 私のことをからかいたかった。 \nThey wanted to tease me.\n\n * 私のことをからかいたかった **だけだ** 。 \nThey **just** wanted to tease me.\n\n * 私のことをからかいたかっただけ **なんだ** 。 \n**It's that** they just wanted to tease me.\n\n * 私のことをからかいたかっただけなん **だろう** 。 \nIt's **perhaps** that they just wanted to tease me.\n\n * 私のことをからかいたかっただけなんだろう **けど** 、... \nIt's perhaps that they just wanted to tease me, **but**...", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-04-30T21:55:19.530", "id": "99486", "last_activity_date": "2023-04-30T21:55:19.530", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99484", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I read <https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/25378/45347>, which says in\nJapanese, main clause's tense is relative to now, and subordinate clause's\ntense is relative to main clause's tense.\n\nBut I can't understand these two sentences, if the former means \"I thought なおみ\nwas in the school\", what does the later sentence mean?\n\n> 私はなおみが学校にいると思った。 \n> 私はなおみが学校にいたと思った。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T04:48:47.403", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99490", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-02T00:33:35.453", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-02T00:33:35.453", "last_editor_user_id": "48366", "owner_user_id": "45347", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Confused about tense of Japanese", "view_count": 119 }

[ { "body": "I don't know how rigid tense concord really is, but according to (my\nunderstanding of) the standard teaching English grammar in Japan,\n私はなおみが学校にいたと思った should be translated as _I thought that Naomi **had been** at\nschool_. Since いた is inside the clause, its past tense refers to the past with\nrespect to 思った, which is already past, so that いた is actually pluperfect1.\n\nOn the other hand, いる in 私はなおみが学校にいると思った refers to the same tense as 思った, so\nit is rendered as _was (at school)_.\n\n* * *\n\n1 I'm not sure it is the right terminology.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T10:40:46.143", "id": "99494", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T10:40:46.143", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99490", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99495", "answer_count": 2, "body": "When we start to learn Japanese we are told that が marks the 'object' in\nsentences with the potential form. We expect 私は日本語 **を** 話せる but are told it\nshould be 私は日本語 **が** 話せる. It is sometimes justified by translating as \"to me\nJapanese is speakable\" thus retaining Japanese as the subject.\n\nLater on we find that を **can** actually mark the 'object' and that 私は日本語\n**を** 話せる is actually fine. I must admit I still don't have a good grasp of\nthis.\n\nIn [this question](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/99483/the-\ngrammar-\nof-%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E3%81%8C%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%92%E3%81%B2%E3%81%A8%E3%82%8A%E5%8D%A0%E3%82%81%E3%81%AB%E3%81%AF%E3%81%A7%E3%81%8D%E3%81%AA%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F)\nI proposed the sentence 教授はハリー **が** ひとり占めできなかった with the intended meaning of\n\"the professor was unable to monopolise Harry\" but was told that this had the\nopposite meaning of \"Harry was unable to monopolise the professor\". The\nsentence should actually be 教授はハリー **を** ひとり占めできなかった.\n\nMy question is, why? Why can I not think of 教授はハリーがひとり占めできなかった as \"Harry was\nnot monopolisable to the professor\" in the same way as \"Japanese is not\nspeakable for me\"?\n\nI'm further confused because \"A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar\", when\ndiscussing を versus が for potential forms, explicitly states on page 371 that\n\"Dekiru 'can do', however, always requires the object of an action to be\nmarked by ga\".\n\nI think I must be missing something pretty basic here.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T10:02:48.230", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99493", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-28T08:04:09.367", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-01T10:34:34.773", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "potential-form" ], "title": "When is it mandatory to use を with the potential form?", "view_count": 175 }

[ { "body": "It depends on the verb. In this case, the noun portion of the する-verb 独り占め\ncontains another verb, 占める. I think this is making us feel ハリーが or ハリーを is\nmore strongly associated with the action of that verb than with できる.\n\n教授はハリーが独占できなかった sounds slightly less bad because we don’t feel as much verb\n(at least not in form) from 独占 as from 独り占め.\n\n* * *\n\nAnd ハリー being a person obviously increases the probability of it being a\nsubject when marked with が.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T12:56:29.350", "id": "99495", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T15:30:09.347", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-01T15:30:09.347", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "99493", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "_\" but was told that this had the opposite meaning of \"Harry was unable to\nmonopolise the professor\". The sentence should actually be\n教授はハリーをひとり占めできなかった.\"_\n\nThis is correct because this sentence is not using potential form. Although\ndekiru is commonly used to explain when things \"can\" happen, it is still using\nregular old present tense, so the direct object must be marked with を as with\nany sentence in present form.\n\nThe source that told you が marks objects in potential form is wrong. が\n_always_ marks the subject. Look at the two sentences below:\n\nFood can be eaten by me. Subject (が) = \"Food\"; No direct object. Agent = \"me\".\n\nI can eat food. Subject (が) = \"I\"; Direct object (を) = \"food\"\n\nThese are different, but English translators of Japanese will use both\ninterchangeably, leading to the myth that the rules for が and を are arbitrary\nand mysterious, and that for this verb tense the particles can change their\nroles, when in reality the existence of one or the other particle indicates\nwhich of the two above sentences the Japanese person meant, if they're there\nat all.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-06-28T08:00:50.177", "id": "100112", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-28T08:04:09.367", "last_edit_date": "2023-06-28T08:04:09.367", "last_editor_user_id": "56904", "owner_user_id": "56904", "parent_id": "99493", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99500", "answer_count": 2, "body": "In _Last Period: Owarinaki Rasen no Monogatari_ a village chief is imposing\nretirement on a male guide which relaunched turism in the realm, and he wants\nto made a group of beautiful girl guides; at one point, there is this\nsentence:\n\n> 市を挙げて観光案内美少女グループを結成する\n\nI can't find this construction on my grammars, but from what I was able to\ngather it means something like \"-wide; As a whole; En masse\"; I can't really\nunderstand it, though: what should it mean? That the whole city is creating\nthat group guide? That group guide will cover the whole city? Something else?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T17:13:03.363", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99496", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T06:20:34.030", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35362", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "grammar", "words" ], "title": "Meaning of noun + を挙げて", "view_count": 161 }

[ { "body": "I would say it is an odd usage of the following sense of\n[あげる](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92%E3%82%8B/#jn-3185)\n\n> 7 ㋒（挙げる）事を起こす。「兵を―・げる」\n\nIt means _to move/deploy (soldiers)_ , and a more common use (in an extended\nsense) would be\n\n * 奥州市は市を挙げて大谷翔平を応援している\n * Oshu city as a whole supports Shohei Otani.\n\nThe basic meaning is, as you mentioned, _en masse/as a whole_ and implies the\norganizational movement.\n\nAnother example:\n\n * 会社を挙げて新製品の開発に取り組む\n * The whole company works on developing a new product.\n\nAs for the sentence in question, 市を挙げて modifies 結成する - so it means the city as\na whole creates the sight-seeing-guide-girls-group (probably as a part of\nstrategy of promoting the city).\n\n* * *\n\nAs pointed out in the comment,\n\n> 6 ㋒（挙げる）力などを出し尽くす。「全力を―・げる」「町を―・げて応援する」\n\nThis seems to be the definition intended for the usage. I feel _-wide_ is\ncloser to the usage (市を挙げて does not sound like 市 trying hard), but at least it\nexplains why I feel odd about 市を挙げて・・・結成する. Creating a group is not something\none (or me at least) imagines requires to exhaust energy to accomplish. So\ncollocation-wise, the sentence in question is not too idiomatic.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T01:51:21.087", "id": "99500", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T06:20:34.030", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-03T06:20:34.030", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99496", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I'm not sure why デジタル大辞泉 doesn't have it but スーパー大辞林 has this definition:\n\n> ⑲ （「…をあげて」の形で）構成メンバーがそろって…するさまを表す。《挙》「国を―・げて歓迎する」「世を―・げて」\n\nThere's nothing odd about it. I believe 舉國 in Chinese has a similar meaning,\ntoo.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T02:42:43.247", "id": "99501", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-02T02:42:43.247", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "99496", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99498", "answer_count": 1, "body": "> こないだ神社で撮った写真. いっぱいいいねもらっ **ちゃった**\n\nThis is a sentence that I saw in the subtitles. What is the reason that ちゃった\nis used here. I know that it used for regret/accidents/completed action, but\nit seems like something positive happened here.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T18:37:06.087", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99497", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T20:24:47.357", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-01T19:25:36.570", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "56416", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning", "word-choice" ], "title": "The meaning of ちゃった in a positive sentence", "view_count": 74 }

[ { "body": "You're right ちゃう can be used to express an accident or something that is done\ncompletely. And usually it's under the context of a negative light, but it\ndoesn't necessarily have to be. It can be used in a positive light too.\n\nいっぱいいいねもらっちゃった can be seen as something like \"It (the picture I took) received\na ton of likes! (I wasn't expecting that! / Who would have thought this would\nhappen!?)\"\n\nReceiving a lot of likes could still be seen as an accident, even though\nnothing negative happened, because you weren't expecting it to actually\nhappen. Which is indicated by the ちゃう", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-01T20:19:29.983", "id": "99498", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-01T20:24:47.357", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-01T20:24:47.357", "last_editor_user_id": "30339", "owner_user_id": "30339", "parent_id": "99497", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99513", "answer_count": 1, "body": "They seem to mean the same, although I hear 「学生の時」 much more often.\n\nAnother example I'm unsure of is: 「犬が病気(の・だった)時、病院に連れていきました。」 \"I took the dog\nto a vet when it was sick.\" Are both options OK?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T02:44:21.827", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99502", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T06:18:53.160", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "4382", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "tense", "time" ], "title": "Any differences between 「学生の時」 and 「学生だった時」?", "view_count": 122 }

[ { "body": "Both can be used almost interchangeably, but I guess の時 is more often used as\nyou feel.\n\nOne obvious limitation is that だった時 cannot be followed by a generic statement.\n\n * 犬が病気の時はこの病院に連れてくればよい\n * ｘ犬が病気だった時はこの病院に連れてくればよい\n\nSame for repeated event:\n\n * 犬が病気の時はよくこの病院に連れてきた\n * ｘ? 犬が病気だった時はよくこの病院に連れてきた\n\nだった時 fits okay in one-off events like 病院に連れて行きました so that\n犬が病気(の・だった)時、病院に連れていきました are both fine. (Still I feel の is more common,\nthough.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-03T06:09:12.143", "id": "99513", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T06:18:53.160", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-03T06:18:53.160", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99502", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99510", "answer_count": 3, "body": "[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/x7fPa.png)\n\nAs I was reading the book, I found the above table. Here, one thing=hito.\nThough Ichi ju made much more sense to me as an absolute beginner (Assuming,\n\"hito\" is another word to describe one thing). But in the Kanji I saw \"ichi\ntsu\" for \"one thing\". But the furigana says its hito. So is the tsu from\nhiragana or it's another syllable in Kanji (I think I have seen similar Kanji\nbefore but don't know the pronunciation)?", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T17:01:48.800", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99505", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T05:36:37.180", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-02T21:01:10.740", "last_editor_user_id": "78", "owner_user_id": "51312", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "kanji", "furigana" ], "title": "Why Kanji \"Ichi tsu\" pronounced hito?", "view_count": 217 }

[ { "body": "Japanese has both Japanese-origin numbers and Chinese-origin numbers for\ncounting.\n\nいち ichi に ni さん san し shi ... come from Chinese\n\nひとつ hitotsu ふたつ futatsu みっつ mittsu よっつ yottsu ... come from Japanese\n\nIn the general counter specifically (〜つ), Japanese-origin numbers are used\nwhich is why it's hitotsu and not ichitsu\n\n<https://www.tofugu.com/japanese/counting-in-japanese/>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T19:11:30.517", "id": "99506", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-02T19:11:30.517", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55766", "parent_id": "99505", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "If I understand your question correctly, you are asking why \"一つ\" (for 'one\nthing') is read as \"hito\", and not \"ichi tsu\"?\n\nThe answer is, neither of those is correct. \"一つ\" is read as \"hitotsu\". You can\nsee that the \"hito\" (ひと) is written _only_ above the \"一\" kanji. This indicates\nthat the reading \"hito\" is only applied to the \"一\" kanji, not to the whole\nword \"一つ\". Thus the whole word is pronounced \"hitotsu\". You can see this\nreflected in くんよみ row at the top of the diagram which lists ひと（つ）. This means\nthat whatever is in parentheses is not part of the kanji's reading, but extra\nhiragana needed for the word (these extra hiragana are called \"okurigana\").\n\nHere are some other words that use the \"hito\" reading: [一人]{hito・ri},\n[一言]{hito・koto}, [一目]{hito・me}", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T21:18:19.480", "id": "99510", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-02T21:18:19.480", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "78", "parent_id": "99505", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Be aware that a word may be written with a combination of kanji and hiragana,\nand that furigana (the small text above kanji) may partially annotate a word\nor a sentence. When a word is fully composed of kanji, you can read furigana\nand be done with it. When a word is partially written in kanji (plus furigana)\nand hiragana, you read furigana and hiragana in order, either from left to\nright (when written horizontally), or top to bottom (when written vertially).\n\nIn this case, you are supposed to read ひと (the furigana part) and then つ (the\nnormal hiragana part). So it's \"hitotsu\" not \"hito\".\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/HTsXF.png)\n\nThe other three words in the picture are written fully in kanji, and I think\nthat's why the confusion didn't arise there.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-03T05:31:15.583", "id": "99512", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T05:36:37.180", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-03T05:36:37.180", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99505", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99515", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In bunpro, it says that _one of the meanings_ of **～てしまう** is to finish\ncompletely and that **verb + 終わる** means to finish/to end. What is the\ndifference between these two since it seems like the same thing? Or is one\nmore common than the other?\n\nExamples sentences from a dictionary of basic Japanese grammar: \n昨日その本を読み終わった/読んでしまった。 \n今朝九時にやっとレポートを書き終わった/書いてしまった。\n\nIf they are interchangeable, \ncould てしまう be used in this sentence: 荷物は全部届け終わりました \nAnd 終わる in this sentence: 友達は私のケーキを食べてしまった。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T20:16:42.997", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99508", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T06:48:21.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56416", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning", "word-choice" ], "title": "Difference between ～てしまう and verb + 終わる", "view_count": 152 }

[ { "body": "In the sense of completion of action, both are to some extent interchangeable,\nbut 終わる is just neutral _to finish_ while てしまう adds some nuance. So ultimately\nit depends on the context whether or not one can be replaced by the other.\n\nStandardly てしまう has two meanings: 1. 完了 and 2. 後悔・残念 (e.g.,\n[1](https://www.tomojuku.com/blog/teshimau/), [2](https://nihongokyoshi-\nnet.com/2020/01/02/jlptn4-grammar-teshimau/)). As mentioned in the first link,\nV+てしまう can be ambiguous (宿題をもうやってしまいました can be 後悔).\n\nThat said, 友達は私のケーキを食べてしまった would be felt as 残念 (to the speaker), so 終わる\ncannot replace it here. For the other three examples mentioned, both 終わる/てしまう\ncan be used, but to me, using てしまう sometimes adds the feeling of 'having done\naway with (often something nasty)'\n\nNote that the added nuance is a matter of context (or imaginary common\nsituation where the sentence is used). 荷物は全部届けてしまいました could be a simple\nreporting of completing delivery. But レポートを書いてしまった may often imply reluctance\nof writing the essay on the subject's side.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-03T06:48:21.010", "id": "99515", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-03T06:48:21.010", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99508", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I've been reading Yotsuba and in this part, when talking about these two\nsisters, Yotsuba asks: “追いかけてくる方か？強い方か？きれいじゃない方か？”. I'm assuming this is a way\nto say \"The (qualifier) one\", but I'm not finding anything directly explaining\nthis on the internet lol", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-02T22:12:30.597", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99511", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-03T06:03:25.390", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56241", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Adding 方（ほう）after a phrase", "view_count": 146 }

[ { "body": "ほう's literal meaning is \"direction\", and it is used to turn things into\noptions to choose from. For example, you can say to a child who doesn't want\nto get the vaccine shot:\n\n病気にかかって苦しむ方がいいの？それとも今ちょっとちくっとするだけで、病気にかからないようにする方がいいの？\n\nWhen used to refer to a person, it gets confusing because 方(かた) is also used\nto refer to a person (without making them into options). For example, you can\nsay あの方は誰 and that usage doesn't imply they are an option. To my knowledge,\n方(かた) as a way to refer to a person has also evolved from the original meaning\nof \"direction\".\n\nYou cannot use ほう in the same way as かた, i.e. a generic way to refer to a\nperson. It can only be used when you are turning people into options.\n\nImportantly, if you say 方(かた) to refer to a person, it's polite. Whereas if\nyou say ほう then it's almost disrespectful (if you are e.g. 先輩 in a sports club\nsituation then it might be acceptable). This is also why I can confidently say\nin this instance it must read ほう because the context is not a polite context.\n\nIf it's 外国の方ですか、それとも日本の方ですか then I would read it as かた as the polite context\nimplies it's used as かた", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T05:57:32.017", "id": "99520", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T05:57:32.017", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "99511", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99517", "answer_count": 1, "body": "中島みゆきさんの「銀の龍の背に乗って」の歌詞の中、こういう言葉が見つかります：\n\n> まだ飛べない **雛たち** みたいに\n\n「雛たち」とはなんですか。「雛形」の意味しますか、ここで「まだ飛べないちっちゃい龍」のことを指しているのですか。", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T02:15:16.363", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99516", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T03:20:08.367", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-04T03:20:08.367", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "39855", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "meaning", "usage", "word-usage", "song-lyrics" ], "title": "雛たちとはなんの意味でしょうか？", "view_count": 100 }

[ { "body": "「雛たち **みたい**\nに」はこれが比喩であることを示しています。通常、雛（ひな）は鳥の子どもを指しますが、龍が登場している文脈では、龍の子どもの比喩だとしてでもおかしくはありません。これはおそらく、龍と鳥がある程度似ている（どちらも飛ぶ）ことが理由だと思います。これに対し、「鯨の雛」は比喩だと仮定してもやや不自然に感じられます。", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T03:19:28.853", "id": "99517", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T03:19:28.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99516", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99519", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I'm looking for a good word or phrase for the English phrase, \"Come on.\".\nSpecifically, in a context where you're looking for something in a hurry, like\n\"Come on, come on...!\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T04:33:16.247", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99518", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T10:34:47.683", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55146", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "word-choice", "expressions" ], "title": "Good expression for \"Come on.\" in this specific context?", "view_count": 118 }

[ { "body": "You could say どこなんだよう、どこだ、どこだ畜生、なんで見つからないんだ、こんな時に and so on", "comment_count": 6, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T05:43:30.953", "id": "99519", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T10:34:47.683", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-04T10:34:47.683", "last_editor_user_id": "499", "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "99518", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "In this sentence: きっと、人生最後の日を前に思うのだろう 全部、全部言い足りなく **て** 惜しいけど\n\nIn translation, it is \"unspeakably regrettable\", but is it really? wouldnt\nthat be more like 言い足りないくらいに惜しい? or something? what does the て form do? If im\nincorrect, why?\n\nAlso is it possible to include your own translation after? i would like to see\nthe difference.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T15:58:56.333", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99521", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T15:58:56.333", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55009", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "what does the て form mean here?", "view_count": 58 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99523", "answer_count": 1, "body": "While reading 君死にたもう流星群 vol. 3, I found this sentence: 真理亜{まりあ}がまたビールを呷る。\n**今日早く帰った分** 、明日の朝は早いということだったが、それでもアルコールを飲むペースは変わらない.\n\nI'm trying to understand this 分 construction: I found 分 translated as \"if\" \"in\nproportion to\" and similar things, but I don't really understand what it\nimplies. For example, I read that sentence as meaning \"Since today she came\nhome early, tomorrow she'll have to start in the early morning\", so I'd\ntranslate 分 as \"since\".\n\nAnother example (with a different 分-construction): 日本の大学に行ってない **分だけ**\n、就職はきつくなる. In this case, a character is thinking about studying abroad, while\nthe protagonist is trying to convince her to keep studying in Japan, and he\nsays that sentence.\n\nI'd read it as \"If you don't go to a Japanese university, finding work will be\nhard\", so I'd translate 分だけ as \"if\", while [I found it\ntranslated](https://www.nihongomaster.com/japanese/dictionary/word/94273/bundake-%E5%88%86%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91-%E3%81%B6%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91)\nas \"in proportion to, just as much as\", which I find odd: should I read it\n\"The less you study in a Japanese university, the more it'll difficult to find\nwork\", since it's possible to study just a year abroad? But since she is\nthinking about studying abroad for the full degree, not just a year or so, it\ndoesn't seem to fit.\n\nI found [this](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12252/meaning-\nof-%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91-in-%E5%88%86%E3%81%A0%E3%81%91) answer, but it isn't\nreally helping.\n\nWhat do 分 implies in cases like these? What would be different if I used\nから・ので・なら instead?\n\n(Not sure if these - 分 and 分だけ - are two separate questions, if needed I can\nsplit them.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T22:13:51.130", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99522", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T23:06:38.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "35362", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Differences between 分 and から・ので・なら", "view_count": 69 }

[ { "body": "In this context, 分 refers to the imaginary, proportional effect caused by what\nprecedes it.\n\nFor example, `今日早く帰ったので、明日の朝は早い` simply means you have to wake up early\n\"because\" you went home early today. Whereas `今日早く帰った分、明日の朝は早い` means you have\nto wake up earlier by an amount corresponding to how early you went home\ntoday.\n\nSimilarly, `日本の大学に行ってない分だけ、就職はきつくなる` specifies that things get harder by an\namount caused by not going to a Japanese University (but not beyond). If you\nsay `日本の大学に行ってないので、就職はきつくなる`, it may mean things are hard on an absolute\nlevel, whereas `日本の大学に行ってない分だけ、就職はきつくなる` means it is harder than if you went\nto a Japanese University, but it doesn't necessary mean it's \"hard\" in\nabsolute terms.\n\nA more literal usage is e.g. `半分はお前の分な` (your share is half of it).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-04T23:06:38.757", "id": "99523", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-04T23:06:38.757", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "99522", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "There's a line in the song キティ saying 日月さえも孤独な天下で絡まって解いてを輪廻する愚者の群れ At first I\nassumed it was a form of keigo because を is sometimes used as お, or in archaic\nJapanese, at least I believe, because when you search verbs with お in them\nsome dictionaries replace お with を. However, it seems it is not so because\nnouns that would be paired with する to make a verb are paired with です, になる or\npolite suru verbs like いたす and なさる. In addition. the kanji was found on プロセカ's\n2D mv, despite it not being released to the official youtube channel, from\nwhat I heard, it was released to the JP ver. of the game. Please explain this\nuse of を, or お for me Edit: Let me check if it says は or を after 解いて", "comment_count": 8, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-05T00:51:02.607", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99525", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T03:12:40.710", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-10T03:12:40.710", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "50287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning", "song-lyrics", "multiple-readings" ], "title": "Why does the composer of キティ use を after a verb's て-form and before a suru verb (輪廻)", "view_count": 131 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "In the lyrics[[1](https://utaten.com/lyric/mi23012412/)] of 月と水鏡 by 横山由依, I\nrealized the phrase 誰か傷つけてしまうでしょう. I first thought it was a mistranscription\nof ～しまう **ん** でしょう, but you can clearly hear しまうでしょう in the actual song\n([1:27](https://youtu.be/q94eoSRftw8?t=87)). Could you explain what this is?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-05T12:09:03.227", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99527", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-05T14:16:24.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55724", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "verbs" ], "title": "です after a verb (しまうでしょう) in lyrics", "view_count": 71 }

[ { "body": "です and だ can **never** go with verbs, as they only go with nouns and\nadjectives. However, でしょう and だろう **can** go directly after verbs to add\nuncertainty. でしょう is not bound by the same grammatical constraints of です.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-05T14:16:24.187", "id": "99528", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-05T14:16:24.187", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "99527", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "家に辿り着くまで通行人の視線を感じるわ、寒くて風邪を引きそうだわで散々だが致し方ない。\n\nWhat exactly is だわで here? Google suggest it may be some kind of grammar, but\nit's not clear.\n\nThis is narration from context 家に辿り着くまで通行人の視線を感じるわ Here mentions (because he\nwas all wet) until he got home he felt the gaze of the people\n\n寒くて風邪を引きそう the cold, look liked I was about to get a cold?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-05T22:26:54.930", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99530", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T08:51:44.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "particles", "particle-が", "reading-comprehension" ], "title": "Meaning of だわで in this sentence", "view_count": 102 }

[ { "body": "It's [〜わ〜わで](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-\ngrammar/%E3%82%8F%E3%80%9C%E3%82%8F%E3%81%A7-wa-wade-meaning/).\n\nだ is needed to link 〜そう to わ.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T08:51:44.707", "id": "99534", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T08:51:44.707", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "26542", "parent_id": "99530", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99560", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I'm currently learning the usage of から and got some sample sentences with a\nsimilar meaning, but I can't wrap my head around why in one example から is\nomitted. If used, is it just giving more emphasis of it being the being, but\nnot really necessary? Does it have something to do with the time?\n\nExample Sentences:\n\n来週は恋人と付き合ってから三年記念日です。\n\n今日は、私と彼が付き合って一年記念日です。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T06:29:23.483", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99531", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T07:45:08.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56466", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "particle-から" ], "title": "What is the significance of から?", "view_count": 91 }

[ { "body": "This type of から is optional, and removing it won't change the meaning of the\nsentence. There is virtually no difference in nuance, and I feel neither is\nmore emphatic than the other.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T07:45:08.663", "id": "99560", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T07:45:08.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99531", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99533", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Leaving aside the issue of whose world view is correct, there seem to be two\nJapanese readings for the Korean word for the body of water between the two\ncountries:\n\nNHK writes 東海 【とんへ】 but wwwjdic writes 東海 【とうかい】\n\nアメリカ軍【ぐん】「日本海【にほんかい】を『東海【とんへ】』と書 【か】いたのは間違 【まちが】い」\n\n_U.S. military: \"Writing 'East Sea' for Sea of Japan was a mistake\"_\n\n<https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/easy/k10012936691000/k10012936691000.html>\n\nWhy are there two Japanese readings for the Korean word? Are they\ninterchangeable and equally acceptable as readings of the Korean name?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T08:00:02.110", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99532", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T08:28:31.220", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "31150", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "readings", "multiple-readings" ], "title": "Why are there two Japanese readings for a Korean word?", "view_count": 82 }

[ { "body": "In both languages the word is formed of borrowed Chinese elements, which after\nborrowing went through several changes. トンヘ is the Japanese approximation of\nthe Korean pronunciation, while とうかい uses the on'yomi (Chinese-derived)\npronunciations of the characters that are common in Japanese.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T08:28:31.220", "id": "99533", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T08:28:31.220", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "99532", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "> 冷えているのでろうタオルを顔に当てたまま、ソイツがペコリと頭を下げる。\n\nWhat exactly is のでろう here doing and nuance does it add?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T13:53:34.793", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99536", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T13:53:34.793", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "particle-の", "sentence" ], "title": "のでろう in the middle of a sentence", "view_count": 51 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99555", "answer_count": 1, "body": "The particles in question are てこそ and ば\n\nThe sentence I found them in is 競ってこそ花 負けて落ちれば泥. For context, the speaker has\njust met the listener.\n\nてこそ is odd to understand because the way the sentence is translated and the\ndefinition that I searched does not seem to match up.\n\nThe sentence is translated to \"Surely, if you compete against a flower, you\nwill lose and fall in the mud\".\n\nOn one hand, this does match up with the definition for こそ which is \"for\nsure\". However, てこそ is described as \"now that\" or \"since\".\n\nThe next particle I have trouble understanding is ば. If and then does not seem\nto fit here so I am assuming the particle is indicating supposition. Yet, if\nてこそ does mean \"Surely\", doesn't ば contradict that?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T14:02:27.820", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99537", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T05:06:09.937", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56253", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles" ], "title": "What do these particles exactly do in this sentence? 「競ってこそ花 負けて落ちれば泥 」", "view_count": 98 }

[ { "body": "A little googling seems to show the full phrase is 「女は競ってこそ花 負けて落ちれば泥」which is\nfrom a well-known haiku made popular by the movie The Geisha (陽暉楼).\n\nSince it was originally a haiku, an equally poetic translation would give it\njustice, but for an easy-to-understand translation, you could say it means \"\n**It's precisely because women compete that they become (beautiful) like\nflowers, and if they lose, they fall into the mud** \"\n\nThe phrase highlights the harsh world of woman and is saying that they shine\nmost when competing with each other, but if they lose, they end up in disgrace\nor humiliation.\n\nAs for grammar, there is nothing unusual or tricky about it. It's just the\ntranslation that seems to have tripped you up. There are many ways to\ntranslate something, and some are better than others (and some are just\nwrong).\n\nThe てこそ here is just a verb in the て-form + koso which means something like\n\"precisely because of\" as explained [here](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-\njapanese-grammar/%E3%81%93%E3%81%9D-koso-meaning/).\n\nThe ば is a conditional form of a verb that means \"if\" or \"when\" explained\n[here](https://jlptsensei.com/learn-japanese-grammar/%E3%81%B0-ba-conditional-\nform-meaning/).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T03:32:31.540", "id": "99555", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T05:06:09.937", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-08T05:06:09.937", "last_editor_user_id": "55721", "owner_user_id": "55721", "parent_id": "99537", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99540", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I heard the word \"conohen\" in a video (pronounced somewhat like \"conoheng\").\n\nWhat is the word and what does it mean?\n\nIs it kansaiben?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T15:24:26.043", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99538", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T15:30:33.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56476", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "words" ], "title": "Japanese spelling and meaning of \"conohen\" or \"conoheng\"?", "view_count": 66 }

[ { "body": "No, this is regular standard Japanese この辺 which means “in these parts, around\nhere”.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T15:30:33.620", "id": "99540", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T15:30:33.620", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "99538", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99542", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In the context of people entering and leaving a room how is 出入り(する)\npronounced? Is it でいり, ではいり or しゅつにゅう? In what situations would the other\nreadings be used?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T15:29:48.723", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99539", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T17:38:09.567", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "pronunciation", "readings" ], "title": "Pronunciation of 出入り", "view_count": 92 }

[ { "body": "でいり refers to the abstract activity of people visiting the place often,\nwhereas ではいり would refer to the physical act of going in and coming out.\n\nE.g. you can say 人のでいりを記帳する but it would be odd to say 人のではいりを記帳する。Conversely,\n段差をなくしではいりを楽にしましたmakes sense, whereas 段差をなくしでいりを楽にしました is not wrong but is a\nbit odd because it suggests this improvement made it easier for people to\nfrequent the place.\n\nしゅつにゅう is rare and the only example I can think of is 出入国。I’d guess it was\ncreated by concatenation 出国 and 入国rather than 出入 and 国 though I’m not sure.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T17:38:09.567", "id": "99542", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T17:38:09.567", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "99539", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "**Could you please help me to find an example of a ～局, ～部 and ～課 in a\ncompany?**\n\nLooking for the definition of ～部 in Jisho, it says ～部 refers to a department\nin a company, for example, 経理部 (accounting department), and as a little note,\nJisho adds \"above 課, below 局\".\n\nHowever, looking for ～局 and ～課 on Jisho, I can't find examples of ～局 and ～課\nreferring to divisions inside a company.\n\nThen, my doubt would be the following.\n\n1) **For example, the 経理部 of a company, inside which ～局 it is?**\n\n**And inside that 経理部, which several ～課 there are?**\n\n2) **Or as another example, the マーケティング部 of a company, inside which ～局 it\nis?**\n\n**And inside that マーケティング部, which several～課 there are?**\n\nAs a side note, I've also consulted this post\n\n[Concrete meaning of 部 , 課 and\n局](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/97496/concrete-meaning-\nof-%e9%83%a8-%e8%aa%b2-and-%e5%b1%80)\n\nbut if possible, I would like to find concrete examples of ～局, ～部 and ～課 in a\ncompany (or if not a company, in another type of organization) to illustrate\nthese hierarchically organized divisions/subdivisions.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T17:03:12.047", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99541", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-06T17:03:12.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "29677", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "words" ], "title": "Example of a ～局, ～部 and ～課 in a company", "view_count": 74 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "彼に買っていくついでのような感じになっている気がするのは、きっと気のせいだ。\n\nThe character is buying sweets for someone, when in the middle of it he also\ndecides to buy something for his friend (彼)\n\nWhat does ついでのような here add over ついでに\n\n\"The hunch I have that it became the sense of \"I may as well buy something for\nhim\" is surely my imagination\"? (very literally)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-06T23:11:54.363", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99543", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T16:00:44.663", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "sentence", "reading-comprehension" ], "title": "ついでのような vs ついでに what's the difference here?", "view_count": 92 }

[ { "body": "It's not particularly a matter of added nuance, but more of understanding ついで\nas a noun.\n\n[Daijisen](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A7/#jn-146090)\nhas the following:\n\n> １ あることを行うときに、いっしょに他のことにも利用できる機会。「―があったら届けてください」「―の折に立ち寄る」\n\nXのついで roughly means _the opportunity that was brought about by X_. In Xのついで\n**に** Yする, X is the main thing and Y is secondary ('do Y **at** the\nopportunity accompanying doing X').\n\nSlightly by extension, Xのついで is often used as 'a thing that is secondary to\nX'. 彼に買っていくついで means 'a secondary thing attached to buying the sweets for him'\nand のような感じになっている just literally 'something like'. In the sentence, the subject\n(which should be something like 'buying sweets for somebody') is omitted, and\nthe whole phrase means buying the sweets for him feels like the main thing.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T05:30:59.117", "id": "99557", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T05:30:59.117", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99543", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 }, { "body": "ついでに doesn't connect well to 感じ but directly to なっている.\n\n> 彼に買っていくついでになっている気がする\n\nIf you are asking about the difference between the original sentence and this\none, this sentence would mean the speaker feels buying sweets has actually\nbecome a secondary purpose with the primary purpose being buying something for\nhim.\n\n> I have a feeling that it (= buying sweets) has become secondary to buying\n> something for him\n\nような感じ in the original sentence is understood as referring to an impression an\noutside observer would get from what he's doing.\n\n> I have a feeling that it (= the current situation) has taken on an\n> appearance as if it (= buying sweets) has become secondary to buying\n> something for him\n\nThe original sentence, including the part where it says 気のせい, sounds like the\nspeaker is trying to convince himself that buying something for him is not the\nmain reason for being there although it might look like it.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T15:36:26.817", "id": "99567", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T16:00:44.663", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-08T16:00:44.663", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "99543", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99545", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In 「角が3あるので三角と言います」:\n\n * The dictionary pitch of 三角 is Atamadaka (`SAnkaku`)\n * According to OJAD, く followed by a と should lead to the く being devoiced (`SAnkak_to`)\n\nYet, at 22s of <https://youtu.be/oXlUnvr52jg?t=22>, the speaker pretty clearly\nsays \"SAnkaKUto\", which gives 三角 two accents, and removes its devoiced vowel.\n\nIs this normal and/or part of some general pitch rule phenomenon?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T00:31:34.647", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99544", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-07T17:42:23.753", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-07T17:42:23.753", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "51280", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "pitch-accent" ], "title": "Can words before quotative と have 2 pitch accents?", "view_count": 124 }

[ { "body": "As I understand it (and this is definitely something I've observed a lot\nmyself), the so-called \"quotative\" と generally* creates an accent kernel\nbefore it, i.e. you get 〇＼と.\n\nApparently there's no(t always a) need to raise the 〇 mora (whereas usually\nthere's a small rise on \"regular\" accent kernels), just to drop _after_ it (as\nyou move to the と). The clearly raised く here sounds to me like it was a\nmatter of intonation and/or a result of hyper-enunciation (but then again,\nwhat do _I_ know).\n\nThe (re-)introduction of voicing is just a thing that sometimes happens when\nan accent falls on a devoiced mora. Devoiced morae carry no vocal pitch, which\nhas the effect of obscuring any accent that falls on them (HL becomes _L).\nSometimes voicing is (subconsciously) reintroduced to make the accent clearer.\n\n * Sources: [one](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KSlRA.jpg), [two](https://www.reddit.com/r/LearnJapanese/comments/w700mk/comment/ihj20ti/?context=8), [2.5](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-vQqcyUkdU&t=5051s) (up to 1:31:08)\n\n*I say \"generally\" because, as you can see in the first source above, both はな＼すと and はなす＼と are given to be valid. My _assumption_ is that, usually, you won't have to choose between two alternatives, but will rather realise _both_ the word's accent _and_ the downstep before the と (as with 三角と here). It's just that in the case of a [-2] word like 話す, realising both accents would require two consecutive downsteps, which might sound awkward / be tricky to pull off / be impossible(??). Again though, just guesswork.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T02:20:48.983", "id": "99545", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-07T04:01:57.030", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-07T04:01:57.030", "last_editor_user_id": "55494", "owner_user_id": "55494", "parent_id": "99544", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99559", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Is there any difference between the suffixes 製 and 造り used to describe what\nsomething is made from? e.g. 石{せき}製{せい} and 石{いし}造り{づくり} (made from stone).\n\nI notice in my example above that 製 pairs with an 音読み reading, whereas 造り\npairs with a 訓読み reading. Is this generally true? Is the difference simply the\nusual 漢語/和語 level of fanciness or is there more to it?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T10:55:32.793", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99546", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T06:09:13.237", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7944", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "word-choice" ], "title": "Difference between 製 and 造り", "view_count": 81 }

[ { "body": "-造り【づくり】 is basically a suffix for architectural style; it not only refers to what a building is made of, but also the generic style. For example, [校倉造り](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azekura-zukuri) and [書院造り](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoin-zukuri). 石造り is rather an exceptional use of 造り because it says nothing more than that it's made of stone. Besides, 造り is used almost exclusively for Japanese traditional building architectures. To describe western architectures, we usually use -様式 (e.g., ヴィクトリアン様式).\n\n-造【ぞう】 is sometimes used as a suffix when only the material of a building is important; for example, 木造【もくぞう】, RC造 and 金属造【きんぞくぞう】. But anything other than 木造 sounds like construction industry jargon.\n\n-製 is broadly used for industrial products. It may attach to both on-yomi (木製【もくせい】, 金属製【きんぞくせい】) and kun-yomi (紙製【かみせい】, 布製【ぬのせい】) kanji, as well as gairaigo (プラスチック製). It can also attach to makers (ソニー製). You must say 木造 instead of 木製 when it refers to a building; you need to say 木 **製** の机 and 木 **造** の家.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T06:03:55.143", "id": "99559", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T06:09:13.237", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-08T06:09:13.237", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99546", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "I'm completely lost on how university studies work in Japan, and I don't know\nwhat exactly Japanese university students mean when they talk about 科 (か).\nOften when they mention the studies they are doing, I see things like:\n\n私は文学部史学科に通っています。\n\nI go to the Faculty of Letters, to the **\" Department\"?** of History.\n\n私は理工学部機械工学科に通っています。\n\nI go to the Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, to the **\" Department\"?** of\nMechanical Engineering.\n\nIn all the dictionaries I have consulted, 科 (か) always appears translated as\n\"department\", but making a comparison with what it would be in other countries\n(at least in mine), **wouldn't 科 (か) be rather the Bachelor's Degree you are\nstudying (i.e. the undergraduate course generally of 4 years, divided in x\nsubjects each year)?** For example, Bachelor's Degree in History or Bachelor's\nDegree in Mechanical Engineering.\n\nHowever, from how they express it, it seems that 科 (か) is a physical place\nwhere they go, as if inside the building that is the faculty (文学部 or 理工学部)\nthere were several sections, and each one of these sections It was a\n\"department\" with x assigned classrooms.\n\nOn the other hand, I have never heard or read a word they use to say\n\"Bachelor's Degree\". **If the \"Department\" of History (史学科) or the\n\"Department\" of Mechanical Engineering (機械工学科) are physical locations, I have\nto assume that each of those departments offers a range of Bachelor's Degrees\n(courses to study), right?** **So I wonder how (with which word) Japanese\nuniversity students refer to the Bachelor's Degree they study.**", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T14:02:49.217", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99548", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T07:16:55.633", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "29677", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "meaning", "words" ], "title": "Meaning of 科 and how to say \"Bachelor's degree\" in Japanese", "view_count": 206 }

[ { "body": "Ultimately it depends on universities (as a body awarding degrees), but\ntraditionally 学士 is subdivided only to the faculty level as in 理学士, 文学士. To my\nknowledge, this continues and Bachelor comes with the major at the faculty\nlevel in parentheses as you can see [in\nWikipedia](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB). This\nshould be a convention (I'm aware of no strict regulations for what can come\nas xx in 学士(xx). )\n\nSo I guess you are assuming that the title is fine-grained, which it is not.\nIf you attend \"Dept of History, Faculty of Letters, University A\" for 4 years,\nyou usually get 学士(文学). The fact you are educated in history is only\nrecognized by the name of the department on CV.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T03:27:45.073", "id": "99554", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T03:27:45.073", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99548", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "Here are the words you need when taking about something like this:\n\n * **学部** (がくぶ): Faculty\n * **学科** (がっか): Department (subcategory of 学部)\n * **学位** (がくい): (academic) degree\n\nNotice that they all have 学 as the first character to avoid confusion. ぶ, か\nand い are [too short and\nambiguous](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/53782/5010), especially in\nspeech.\n\n> Wouldn't 科 (か) be rather the Bachelor's Degree you are studying\n\nNo. Bachelor's Degree is translated as 学士, which is one of 学位. Other common\nJapanese 学位 include 修士 (Master) and 博士 (Ph.D). These are something you\n_obtain_ when graduating, but not something you _belong to_ as a student. For\nexample, you enter as a 文学部の学生, and you obtain 文学部の学士 when you graduate.\n\n> However, from how they express it, it seems that 科 (か) is a physical place\n> where they go\n\nNo. 学部/学科 might refer to a specific building depending on the context (in a\nlarge campus with lots of buildings, it's safe to ask 看護科はどこですか instead of\nbothering to say 看護科の建物はどこですか), but it's not the primary meaning of 学部/学科. If\nyou are a student and someone asks you 学部はどこですか, you have to respond with your\nfaculty name (e.g., 文学部です), not the place name of a building (e.g., 新宿です).", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T05:34:06.650", "id": "99558", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T07:16:55.633", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-08T07:16:55.633", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99548", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> けれど、気が合うから。相手のことに探りは入れずただ話して、遊ぶことだけを望む。\n>\n> 変だけど、別にいいじゃないか。\n>\n> 友達って楽しいことを共有して笑い合うためにある、そういう明るくて優しいもので俺はあってほしいから。\n>\n> それがきっと、疲れてしまった時の救いになるんだって\n\n友達って楽しいことを共有して笑い合うためにある\n\nHere he explains friends are something that exist for the sake of spending\ntime together and laughing together.\n\nそういう明るくて優しいもので俺はあってほしいから I'm really struggling to understand the structure of\nthis sentence.\n\nWhat is もので here ding with あってほしい? Is it 会う?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T19:42:32.687", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99549", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-07T19:49:01.600", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "て-form", "particle-で" ], "title": "Meaning of あってほしい in this sentence", "view_count": 371 }

[ { "body": "This actually a use of the copula である, which is not one indivisible whole but\nmade up of components で and ある, which can be split, as you may already be\nfamiliar with from the negative form で＋は＋ない.\n\n'Friends are for sharing the fun things with and laughing together, I'd like\nthem to be that kind of gentle and bright thing anyway.'\n\nWhy is 俺は between で and ある though? I feel it emphasizes that it's the speakers\nown opinion. I often find myself overusing a similar phrase, ～と僕・私は思います, when\nI write in Japanese.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T19:49:01.600", "id": "99550", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-07T19:49:01.600", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "9971", "parent_id": "99549", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99556", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I have noticed reading manga/light novel and speaking with friends that,\ndespite talking in informal way, sometimes they use 敬語 (like ますand です) for one\nor two sentences, then switch back to informal speaking. There are a\nparticular reasons why these kinds of things happen?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T21:05:20.127", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99551", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T04:20:54.497", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56116", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "spoken-language", "formality", "informal" ], "title": "敬語 in Informal Situation", "view_count": 81 }

[ { "body": "Generally speaking, this typically happens (almost unconsciously) when the\nspeaker wants their statement to sound more formal, important, official,\nserious, dignified, and so on. For example, when:\n\n * Talking about something serious (money, business, funeral, ...)\n * Talking about something difficult\n * Declaring/swearing something strongly and/or dignifiedly \n * Esp. Making a counterargument (e.g., 言いましたー！ \"I _did_ say it!\")\n * Their boss is nearby\n\nIf you still have trouble understanding your particular example, please share\nthe concrete example sentences.\n\nAlso note that, depending on the relationship, mixture of keigo and plain form\nis not really uncommon, and I do this all the time when talking with my\nfriends (see [my answer in the first\nlink](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/64475/5010) below).\n\nRelated\n\n * [How do Japanese speakers transition from polite to plain form amongst friends?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/25109/5010)\n * [When speaking openly with a group of people, is it okay to speak casually with some and formally with others?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/98851/5010)\n * [What (if anything) does it typically mean when a native speaker switches from casual to keigo with you?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/98054/5010)", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T04:20:54.497", "id": "99556", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T04:20:54.497", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99551", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99553", "answer_count": 1, "body": "The sentence\n\n> 小説を始め、本なら何でも読みます\n\nis taken from a grammar point in [Bunpro](https://bunpro.jp/) and is\ntranslated as:\n\n> Starting with short novels, I read all kinds of books.\n\nI understand that なら commonly appears in conditional sentences and means \"if\"\nor \"in the case/if it's the case\". But neither seems to make much sense here.\n\nIs this a typo and they meant to use など？", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-07T21:14:25.573", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99552", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T02:10:08.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "48332", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "conditionals" ], "title": "Purpose of なら in 小説を始め、本なら何でも読みます", "view_count": 66 }

[ { "body": "This なら _is_ conditional (\"if\" or \"as long as\"). Read 本なら何でも読みます as \"as long\nas it's a book, I read it\".\n\n`～なら + なん/だれ/どこ + でも` is a common pattern meaning \"anything/anyone called a ～\"\nor \"anything that is ～\".\n\n * 紙ならなんでもいいから持ってきて。 \nAny paper will do, bring it.\n\n * 静かな場所ならどこでもいいです。 \nAs long as it's a quiet place, wherever is fine. / Any quiet place is fine.\n\n * 大学生なら誰でもわかる問題ではありません。 \nThis is not a problem that any college student can understand.\n\n本 **など** 何でも (\"everything such as books\") makes little sense in this context.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T02:10:08.853", "id": "99553", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T02:10:08.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99552", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "> 「それぐらいのこと気にすんな。このまますぐ帰るのもなんだし。飯でも奢ってやろうか」\n\nWhat exactly is the meaning here? He's telling the other person \"Don't worry\nabout this much\" and the then \"let me at least offer you lunch?\"\n\nこのまますぐ帰る is \"like this you'll go home immediately\". What nuance does のもなんだし\nprovide?\n\nIt's not ものだ given that it's のもなんだ, so?\n\nFor context, they were going to visit someone but it turns out he wasn't home.\nSo the narrator apologizes for wasting his friend's time and tells him this.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T11:29:38.897", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99561", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T02:00:15.863", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-08T11:34:42.060", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "particle-の", "sentence-final-particles", "particle-し" ], "title": "What is the exact meaning of のもなんだし?", "view_count": 143 }

[ { "body": "の is nominalizing the このまますぐ帰る and the explanatory なんだ with the し particle is\nlisting it as a reason.\n\nLiterally: \"There's also the fact that you're going home like this\nimmediately, so I might as well buy you a meal.\"\n\nI find it useful to translate japanese word to word like this, sounds weird in\nenglish, but helps with understanding the sentence.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T12:16:03.930", "id": "99562", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T12:16:03.930", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41888", "parent_id": "99561", "post_type": "answer", "score": -2 }, { "body": "なんだし is derived from 何だし, and here なに is sort of an euphemism/placeholder you\ncan use to refer to something without precisely describing it. It usually\nrefers to something slightly negative / problematic / unnatural etc.\n(generally something negative).\n\nIn this context, the speaker is saying something like \"it wouldn't feel right\nif we go home now\", \"it would be inconvenient if we go home now\".\n\nBy adding the し, it adds the meaning of \"therefore\".\n\nIn this specific context, without knowing anything else I'd guess that the\nother person had maybe a rough day, had something hard happen to them or\nsomething so that the speaker feels they should give them an opportunity to\ntalk/decompress etc.\n\nなんだし is a common pattern when using なに as euphemism, but you can also use it\nin different ways. Like 起こしちゃったらなんだから、アラームは切っておこう or 遅刻したらなんだぞ。", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T02:00:15.863", "id": "99587", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T02:00:15.863", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "99561", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "The sentence: 悪い、拳 当たったよな リキっちまって…\n\nIn Oshi No Ko anime there's a scene where a guy punches the MC with force,\ndespite it being supposed to be an act. I know that リキ here refers to the\nforce/power, but where does the ちまって in 「リキっちまって」come from? is it a\ncontraction of 行っちまって?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T12:25:44.707", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99563", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T13:21:42.173", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-08T13:21:42.173", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "41888", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "colloquial-language", "anime" ], "title": "「リキっちまって」What is っちまって suposed to mean here?", "view_count": 94 }

[ { "body": "It sounds like a form of リキる, contraction of リキってしまって→リキっちまって, but I'm not\nsure that's a common word even as a slang. I would guess the meaning is the\nsame as [力む](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E5%8A%9B%E3%82%80/) - exerting\nextra/unnecessary force.\n\n(If it was リキむ instead, the same form would be リキんじまって.)", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T13:19:41.047", "id": "99564", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T13:19:41.047", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99563", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I was reading a lyric of a song from an anime called bocchi the rock and there\nwas a line that I didn't really understand what it means\n\n> いいな 君は みんなから愛されて 「いいや 僕は ずっと一人きりさ」\n\nWhat does 愛されて here actually means. I know that it is a passive + te form of\nthe 愛す but I don't know how it functions.\n\nI did search the internet for the translated version of the lyrics but I find\ntwo possible translation for that line\n\n> Must be nice, to be loved by everyone. \n> “No such thing, I have always been alone”\n\nand\n\n> How lucky would it be, for everyone to have loved you. \n> \"The thing is, I've really been all alone this whole time.\"\n\nSo I really don't know which is the correct translation for 愛されて in this\ncontext.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T13:36:36.260", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99565", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T14:08:33.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54641", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "て-form", "passive-form" ], "title": "What does 愛されて mean in this song", "view_count": 94 }

[ { "body": "It's part of a longer sentence. The sentence, in a more \"prosaic\" word order,\nis:\n\n> 君はみんなから愛されて、いいな。\n>\n> How wonderful it is that you're loved by everyone! \n> You're loved by everyone, and/so I envy you!\n\nHere, 愛されて is functioning as the reason for the corresponding predicate (いいな).\nIn other words, it's the [te-form (て-form) for Cause or\nReason](https://www.learn-japanese-adventure.com/te-form-cause-reason.html).\n\nAlso note that いいな, いいなぁ and so on often express the feeling of envy.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-08T14:08:33.760", "id": "99566", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-08T14:08:33.760", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99565", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I didn't really know how to word the title, so I'll try to explain better now.\n\nSo, I know that the standard, かっこいいと思う would be I think it's cool, but I was\nplaying a game, and it said, クラーラはかっこいいと思います, and the translation was \"I think\nit's cool\" (spoken by Clara). But couldn't this also translate to \"I think\nClara is cool.\n\nFor example, if I said, 「私はかっこいいと思う」. Could it translate to both, \"I think\nit's cool\" and \"I think I am cool\"? the standard thing that goes into my mind\nwould be \"I think I am cool,\" but could it also mean, \"I think it is cool,\"?\nLike in the sentence mentioned earlier?\n\nIf it could mean both, then I guess its just depends content to understand it?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-09T00:00:53.573", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99569", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-09T01:20:24.853", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55638", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "How would you say \"[someone] thinks it is cool\" vs \"I think [someone] is cool?", "view_count": 113 }

[ { "body": "You're correct, クラーラはかっこいいと思います means both \"I, Clara, think it's cool\" and \"I\nthink Clara is cool\" depending mainly on who said this. For the former to\nwork, the character must be someone who uses her own name as the first-person\n\"pronoun\", which is rare in English but [relatively common in\nJapanese](https://dic.pixiv.net/a/%E5%90%8D%E5%89%8D%E3%81%A3%E5%A8%98). Note\nthat クラーラはかっこいいと思います **cannot** mean \"Someone thinks Clara is cool\" because\n思います does not work with a third person's thoughts: [思っている/言っている with a third\nperson subject?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6538/5010)\n\nThe same for 私はかっこいいと思う.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-09T01:15:23.983", "id": "99570", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-09T01:20:24.853", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-09T01:20:24.853", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99569", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99575", "answer_count": 2, "body": "The line reads\n\n> 一礼せんかい\n\nThe translation should be something like \"where is your bow?\" or \"you\nshould/must bow\" but I have never seen **せんかい** used in that way before. The\nonly thing I can possibly think of is that せんかい is **千回** and is actually\nemphasizing the importance of the bow but just wanted to check if there's\nsomething else I'm missing?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-09T20:16:54.090", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99571", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-09T23:55:44.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "40207", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "word-choice" ], "title": "Use of せんかい in this sentence?", "view_count": 323 }

[ { "body": "せんかい here is actually せん (= しない in dialect) + [sentence final\nかい](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2864/in-what-situation-can-i-\nuse-%E3%81%8B%E3%81%84-for-interrogative-question), and so the intended\ninterpretation is \"Aren't you going to give a bow?\" as you surmised.", "comment_count": 4, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-09T22:40:29.507", "id": "99572", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-09T22:40:29.507", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "99571", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "It’s a western dialect. In Kansai-ben it is pronounced せんかい【HHHL】. せんかえ【HHHL】\nis another variant. In standard Japanese it would correspond to しないか【LHLL】\nwith a strong demanding tone, and it basically means しろ（よ）.\n\nThis かい is different from the かい in the question linked from the other answer,\nwhich is used to soften a question.\n\n* * *\n\nSome standard Japanese speakers, particularly men of a certain age or above,\nmight say せんか【HLL】.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-09T23:55:44.553", "id": "99575", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-09T23:55:44.553", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "43676", "parent_id": "99571", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "> **治療費が未納の方は** お断りしています。\n\n方 is かた, not ほう, right? \nI didn't know you could write/say this in this way. I would have said 治療費\n**の** 未納 **の** 方 **は**.\n\nCan you make similar examples?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-09T23:34:16.567", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99573", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-09T23:34:16.567", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41400", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "particle-の", "particle-が" ], "title": "How does \"noun + が + noun + の + noun + は\" work?", "view_count": 48 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": "99576", "answer_count": 1, "body": "> 二度と来る **か** こんな病院!!\n\nThe character is an old man who is angry. He's not going to go in that\nhospital once again. Why doesn't he say 来ない?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-09T23:50:12.960", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99574", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T00:27:25.960", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "41400", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "particle-か" ], "title": "What does か mean here?", "view_count": 54 }

[ { "body": "This か is a question marker, and the sentence is a rhetorical question to\nemphasize the sentence. It literally means \"Will I come\", but actually means\n\"I'll never come (again)\".\n\nThis is one of the common usages of か (or かよ). Similar examples:\n\n * 「食べる？」「食べるか(よ)！」 \n\"Wanna eat it?\" \"No way!\"\n\n * 知るか(よ)！ \nWho knows! / I don't give a damn!\n\n * 出来るか(よ)！ \nNo way (I can do it)!\n\n * そんなわけあるか(よ)! \nThat's impossible/nonsense!", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T00:21:40.177", "id": "99576", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T00:27:25.960", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-10T00:27:25.960", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99574", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "So, I'm not sure how to word it, but I hear majority of people say des-ne and\ndes-yo. But following this: [What are the rules regarding \"mute vowels\" (\"u\"\nafter \"s\" and \"i\" after\n\"sh\")?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/1095/what-are-the-rules-\nregarding-mute-vowels-u-after-s-and-i-after-sh)\n\nIt seems that you aren't actually supposed to drop pronunce the u. So my\nquestion is, is this some type of special case, or do people just like to make\nthe u silent. If I said desU-ne or desU-yo, would that be ok? Would that sound\nfeminie/mascuine/strange/cute/serious?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T00:33:13.067", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99577", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T07:14:28.763", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-10T00:51:07.360", "last_editor_user_id": "55638", "owner_user_id": "55638", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "pronunciation" ], "title": "ですね and ですよ regarding the silent u (silent vowels)", "view_count": 118 }

[ { "body": "> Would that sound feminine/masculine/strange/cute/serious?\n\nIt would sound... accented, to some.\n\nIn **very** rough terms, [Japanese has two major dialects/dialect\ngroups](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_dialects), termed \"eastern\" and\n\"western\".\n\nEastern Japanese is largely characterized by the standard Japanese spoken in\nTokyo1. Among other things, this normally features the devoiced u-vowels\nyou're describing (not necessarily silent), the \"compressed\" sound for the\nu-vowel when it _is_ voiced. Inflection-wise, it features everything you (most\nlikely) see in your Japanese textbook.\n\nWestern Japanese is typified by what's commonly just thought of as Kansai-ben.\nThere exist finer distinctions (between Osaka and Kyoto dialects), and broader\ngeneralizations (the Kansai region vs. everywhere west of that); but that's\nthe archetype.\n\nKansai-ben is marked by differences [in pitch-accent, rendering of sounds, and\nthe actual inflections](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/6966).\nHistorically, there was a period when Kansai-ben was the prestige dialect; in\nmore recent history, the Tokyo dialect has been treated as \"standard\".\n\n(That's about the end of what I can cite. The rest of this is based on my\nsubjective interpretation of an inherently biased and personal listening\ninput.)\n\nIn particular, it's common for u-vowels that would be devoiced in Eastern\nJapanese to be fully voiced. and for the voiced u to be uncompressed - i.e.,\nthe Kansai-ben vowel chart is _even more_ like the Spanish vowel chart, with\nfive simple, ordinary, \"pure\" vowel sounds. The top answer at the other\nquestion says that おう commonly gets rendered as お rather than おお, but what I\nhear more often is that it actually becomes おう, and then the う is subject to\nun-compression and even significant rounding. It gets to the point where a\n-ましょう ending on a verb sounds a lot like a southern American saying \"my show\",\nand the u-vowel in です gets prominent emphasis.\n\nIn the modern era, the question of \"prestige\" is not so straightforward.\nKansai-ben seems to be gaining popularity and \"coolness\" nowadays from what I\ncan see, especially in the entertainment industry.2 On the other hand, I\nunderstand that it's still used in anime to signal that a character is\nsupposed to be, shall we say, on the less sophisticated side.\n\n1 To my understanding, pretty much everywhere north of Tokyo is fairly similar\naccent-wise. It does drift further from the standard - [northern Touhoku\ndialects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect) has some major\nphonetic shifts, and things are different again on the island of Hokkaido -\nbut speech patterns here are certainly more similar to each other than they\nare to Western dialects.\n\n2 I commonly hear these features used by MCs, Vtubers and other タレント - and [I\nguess it's not just me](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/654). The\nsound shifts seem to be more common than the inflection changes; やばい->やべぇ is\ncommon, 分からない->分からん less so, although I think I've heard わかんない. I am pretty\nconfident that all of these features reflect a consistent \"Western Japanese\"\ndialect, although it might be a different/more specific one.", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T07:14:28.763", "id": "99605", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T07:14:28.763", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "627", "parent_id": "99577", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99583", "answer_count": 1, "body": "In the song キティ, the first line states:\n\n> 伝わらない想いだけが心染めて \n> 悲しみに溺れたような泡沫の爆ずバラッド\n\nI really don't understand if it's だ after ballad, or になる, or is it describing\n泡沫 or 泡沫のはずバラッド It's probably not 泡沫, and I don't get how after a transitive\nverb with a object a noun can still describe. How does this structure work?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T00:41:38.903", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99578", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T19:30:29.570", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-10T16:01:09.817", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "50287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "song-lyrics", "omission" ], "title": "What does this grammar mean?", "view_count": 152 }

[ { "body": "A grammatically faithful translation would be:\n\n> 悲しみに溺れたような泡沫【うたかた】の爆ず【はず】バラッド \n> A ballad where bubbles looking as if drowned in sorrow burst.\n\n * 泡沫の爆ず (\"in which bubbles burst\"): A relative clause that modifies バラッド. \n * 泡沫 (\"bubbles\") is the subject of 爆ず.\n * 爆ず is an intransitive verb meaning \"to burst\".\n * の is a subject marker here ([How does the の work in 「日本人の知らない日本語」?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/12825/5010)).\n * Lastly, 悲しみに溺れたような (\"(looking) as if drowned in sorrow\") is an adjectival phrase that modifies 泡沫. It's lyrics, so don't ask me how a bubble can be drowned.\n\nThis is a [体言止め \"sentence\"](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/14524/5010).\nA noun phrase is forming an entire sentence, and nothing is omitted after\nバラッド. If you're uncomfortable with this idea, you might choose to translate it\nassuming some verb like \"(I) hear (a ballad)\" is implied.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T16:36:25.627", "id": "99583", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T19:30:29.570", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-11T19:30:29.570", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99578", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99581", "answer_count": 1, "body": "Last weekish or so I made a question about てを verb, and a person told me it\nwas a duplicate question, and that 輪廻 in the case my question was being asked\nwas transitive. So I searched on wiktionary and found a definition for it that\nmeant cycle. But when I searched 輪廻とは, I didn't find any dictionaries that\nsupported that definition on the front page. I know it can mean attachment,\nreincarnation or any other thing on that list but I am not finding the cycle\nmeaning. Does 輪廻 have a cycle meaning?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T01:58:29.927", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99580", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T03:16:05.937", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "50287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "etymology", "particle-を", "definitions", "transitivity" ], "title": "輪廻's meanings (cycle) where does it come from?", "view_count": 93 }

[ { "body": "The use of （を）輪廻する as a transitive verb to mean 'repeat something/some action'\nseems like poetic license considering [the use mentioned is from a\nsong](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/99525/why-does-the-\ncomposer-of-%e3%82%ad%e3%83%86%e3%82%a3-use-%e3%82%92-after-a-\nverbs-%e3%81%a6-form-and-before-a-suru-verb). In other words, it's a stretch\nof the word's current usage, which is possible in a song but not much\nelsewhere. Nobody says ロボットが部屋の掃除を輪廻している in modern Japanese with a straight\nface.\n\nThe concept of 輪廻 does involve cyclicity, though. [The word 輪廻 is originally\nthe Chinese translation of\nsaṃsāra](https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%BC%AA%E5%BB%BB-150461). \"Popularly, it\nis the cycle of death and rebirth\" -\n<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra> . It is usually not\nemployed outside of the context of Buddhism and Indian religions.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T03:10:39.723", "id": "99581", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T03:16:05.937", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-10T03:16:05.937", "last_editor_user_id": "10531", "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99580", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "If I'm trying to write: 今朝自転車で仕事へ行きました。\n\nShould I write it as above, or should it be 今朝は、自転車で仕事へ行きました。\n\nIs there a general guide for this? Should I prefer it one way or the other\nwhen speaking versus when writing?", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T15:18:15.810", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99582", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T15:18:15.810", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "51811", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles" ], "title": "To Particle or Not to Particle: 今朝は or 今朝", "view_count": 49 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> 他人への暴力を振るってしまうこともあれば、自傷行為にもなり、平常時ではありえないことを行ってしまう場合もある。\n\nIf you end up resorting to violence against other people, it will also result\nin self harm, and cases where you end up doing things unthinkable in normal\ntimes? and\n\n> 遊馬が次に瞼を開いた時、眼前に広がっていたのは真っ白な天井だった。\n\n> 瞼を開くことができるまでの時間は途方もなく長かったように感じれば、刹那のように短かった感覚もある。\n\n\"If the time up until the point I'm able to open my eyes feels like it's long,\nit also feels like short?\"\n\nThis is narration for context.", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T18:39:56.767", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99584", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T23:00:44.820", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-10T20:18:04.993", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "reading-comprehension", "conditionals" ], "title": "How is the ば form being used in this sentence?", "view_count": 61 }

[ { "body": "It is for enumerating things. [Daijisen\nentry](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E3%81%B0/#jn-172830):\n\n> 3 ㋐（口語で仮定形に付いて）共存する事柄を並列・列挙する意を表す。「野球もすれ―テニスもする」「きれいな空もあれ―澄んだ空気もある」\n\nFor the first sentence, it is _there are times the person ends up ..., and at\nother times in self harm ..._.\n\nFor the other one, it is meant as _I felt... and at the same felt the duration\nwas very short_. But to me, using ば is a little odd here. I'd expect\n長かったようにも感じたし for example.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T23:00:44.820", "id": "99586", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-10T23:00:44.820", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99584", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99604", "answer_count": 1, "body": "The kanji 達 as a suffix is used to make explicit a plurality, like in 私/私たち\nand 子供/子供達. Also is used with person's name to indicate he/she and his/her\ngroup, like in ヒナ達 Hina and her group, サトシ達 Satoshi and his group. So my\nquestion is: what is the parameters with which I choose a certain name or\nanother to attach to 達? Why should I use ヒナ, and not サトシ to indicate the same\ngroup?\n\nOne reason is, of course, that I don't know the other person's name, but what\nelse?", "comment_count": 7, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-10T20:23:39.793", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99585", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T03:16:21.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56116", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "suffixes", "plural-suffixes" ], "title": "達 usage as suffix with person's name", "view_count": 145 }

[ { "body": "Linguistically, you are free to pick any of the members when calling the group\nin the format of name-たち. It depends on which person you want to highlight for\nwhatever reason. It's not like some names are grammatically compatible with たち\nand others aren't.\n\nI would probably choose the name of a person both I and the listener know,\nbecause, well, otherwise they will be confused. I'm sure this is not specific\nto the Japanese language.\n\nThat said, if you, A and B form a three-person group, it will be weird for you\nto call the group Aたち or Bたち, instead of 私たち (and for me to call Aたち or Bたち,\ninstead of あなたたち or its variations). There is a sense that name-たち is a third\nparty and doesn't include \"you\" and \"me\".", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T03:16:21.433", "id": "99604", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T03:16:21.433", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "10531", "parent_id": "99585", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "From Naruto chapter 670,\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/xiYFX.jpg)\n\nI have doubts about とは in this sentence\n\n> 言葉の探求一般、学問全般 **とは** あいまいなものであり\n\nI wonder if this と is used for comparison. 言葉の探求 is あいまいなもの compared to 学問全般?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T03:44:41.640", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99588", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T02:38:53.653", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-11T07:08:16.673", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "55287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Doubt about とは in this sentence", "view_count": 66 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "I want to make the sentence, \"You two seem pretty close.\" and I've come up\nwith 二人はかなり仲が良さそうだ。 Now I'm wondering if かなり is correct or natural to use here\nwith そうだ and if it's even necessary. Thanks.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T04:48:23.223", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99589", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T04:48:23.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55146", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "usage" ], "title": "Can かなり be used with ーそうだ？", "view_count": 66 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": ">\n> ものすごく若くて、ものすごく浅はかだった三十年ばかり前のわたしは、細長い箱に入ったバラの花の贈りものというのに憧れていた。どんな人から贈られることを想像していたの\n> **か** 。ともかく、箱入りバラを受けとるにふさわしい女性になりたいと思ったのである\n\nis this か the same as か in 君は中国人ですか？ \nif so, how does it differ from どんな人から贈られることを想像していた ?", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T07:27:09.340", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99590", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-16T20:08:46.060", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-15T07:03:34.537", "last_editor_user_id": "45347", "owner_user_id": "45347", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "what does か here mean?", "view_count": 238 }

[ { "body": "> is this か the same as か in 君は中国人ですか？\n\nYes it is. It's the question particle か. Your sentence\n`どんな人から贈られることを想像していたのか。` was a question addressed to the narrator herself, so\nit's just a normal question, nothing extraordinary.\n\n> if so, how does it differ from どんな人から贈られることを想像していた?\n\nGrammatically, these two sentences carry the same meaning. It's just that with\nか, it is more natural-sounding. Without the か, the narrator has to raise the\ntone on the final syllable to make it a question(just like in English), but\nwith か, no tone-raising needed and it's perceived as a question to self.\n\n> どんな人から贈られることを想像していたのか。 \n> What sort of people was I imagining to receive (this flower) from!\n\nYou see, a more fitting translation would be to use exclamation mark(!) rather\nthan the question mark(?) in English, as the narrator is not really asking, as\nin begging for an answer, but merely sighing/exclaiming (感嘆・嘆息する)\n\nSuch usages of か is actually quite common, for example:\n\n> Someone walks into a room, sees someone unexpected: \n> あっ、君か。 \n> Literal translation: Ah! Is that you? \n> More accurate translation: Ah! It's you!", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-17T19:12:42.510", "id": "99665", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-17T19:12:42.510", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "39855", "parent_id": "99590", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 2, "body": "想いがこみ上げて、目に涙が滲んでいくのがわかった。\n\n会いたい。会って話がしたい。\n\nそれが叶わない以前に、今更叶えたらいけないことだと分かっているから、ぐっ…と唇を噛み締めて堪える。\n\nThe character is wishing to meet his family (who is alive but he can't meet\nthem for reasons) and he says this.\n\nHow is 以前に being used in this sentence exactly?\n\n\"Far not coming true, I can't grant it\"?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T14:51:04.470", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99591", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T02:51:31.440", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "particles", "particle-に", "reading-comprehension" ], "title": "Use of 以前に in this sentence", "view_count": 95 }

[ { "body": "以前に sets the tone that we are thinking or talking about (taking into\nconsideration) something from beforehand in this case. Pairing this with\nそれが叶わない we get something like \"Before that (meeting / seeing his family) would\nnot have come true\".\n\nWith the rest of it added in we get something like:\n\n> 想いがこみ上げて、目に涙が滲んでいくのがわかった。\n>\n> 会いたい。会って話がしたい。\n>\n> それが叶わない以前に、今更叶えたらいけないことだと分かっているから、ぐっ…と唇を噛み締めて堪える。\n>\n> The thought of it makes me sick. I know the tears will come.\n>\n> I want to meet. I want to meet and talk.\n>\n> Before that wouldn't have come true (as in happen / come to fruition). I\n> bite my lip and endure, because I now know if it were to come true it won't\n> be good.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T16:36:51.013", "id": "99593", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T21:42:11.730", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-11T21:42:11.730", "last_editor_user_id": "30339", "owner_user_id": "30339", "parent_id": "99591", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 }, { "body": "This type of 以前に is used to describe there is a more important or fundamental\nproblem to begin with. Think of it as \"before considering ～\".\n\n> 行きたいかどうか以前に、お金がない。 \n> = 行きたいかどうか以前の問題として、お金がない。\n>\n> Before even considering if I want to go, I have no money (in the first\n> place). \n> The question is not whether I want to go; I don't have money to begin with.\n\nIn your case, the sentence says it's not even a matter of whether he can meet\nhis family again. He knows he shouldn't even hope for that anymore in the fist\nplace.\n\nRelated: <https://nihongo-arekore.com/post-6230/>", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T02:51:31.440", "id": "99601", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T02:51:31.440", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99591", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99595", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I swear I hear \"その\\子\" ”この\\子たち” but my pitch perception is not that good and it\nmight drop after 子 but I can't really tell", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T18:02:30.740", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99594", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T19:09:19.653", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56235", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "pitch-accent" ], "title": "Does the pitch fall before 子?", "view_count": 88 }

[ { "body": "Yep, この子・その子・あの子 all have an accent on の (〇の＼こ).\n\nThis doesn't generalise to \"子 places an accent on the previous mora\" (neither\nare この・その・あの odaka). It's just that この子 etc. have each kind of become their\nown word, with its own unique accent (and they don't simply equal この・その・あの +\n子).", "comment_count": 5, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T19:09:19.653", "id": "99595", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T19:09:19.653", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55494", "parent_id": "99594", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "I know が and は have been done to death, (like this [What's the difference\nbetween wa (は) and ga\n(が)?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/22/whats-the-difference-\nbetween-wa-%e3%81%af-and-ga-%e3%81%8c)) but i recently read a line a it got me\nkind of confused.\n\nIt was 「なんで大人はいるの？」\n\nSo, I believe は emphasizes what comes after, and が emphasizes what comes\nbefore. (is this true?)\n\nSo my guesses are は is like, why are THERE adults, (out of all places, why\nhere)\n\nAnd が is something like, why are there ADULTS, (out of kids and adults, why\nadults)\n\nBut they still both mean the same thing? So I'm kinda confused? What does the\nsentence truly mean?\n\n(Also, could this sentence mean, why are adults here, or would that have to be\nなんで大人はここにいるの？) Even after reading so many explnations, は vs が for these type\nof sentences still make no sense :) Like if I said, マクドナルドがあります vs\nマクドナルドはあります, they both mean the same thing.\n\nありがとうございます", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-11T23:51:15.190", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99596", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-11T23:51:15.190", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55638", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar" ], "title": "Word choice of は vs が for this sentence", "view_count": 79 }

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{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "**Example 1**\n\n> Me: 明日は先生が来る（そうだ）。\n\n**Example 2**\n\n> Me: 田中さんはこの小説を読んだ（そうだ）。\n\nAssume both Examples 1 and 2 are the information I heard from other people,\nnot from 田中さん or 先生.\n\nCan I say the Examples without そうだ?\n\nIn what situation can I not use そうだ? If the sources of information are\ntrustworthy?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T01:00:39.503", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99597", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T02:26:42.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "7610", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "usage" ], "title": "田中さんはこの小説を読んだ（そうだ）-　do we need そうだ all the time if we did not actuality get the info from the person?", "view_count": 51 }

[ { "body": "そうだ is a hearsay marker that roughly corresponds to \"I heard\" or \"[They] said\n(to me)\". It's useful when you want to express that it's secondhand\ninformation rather than a fact you confirmed yourself. But it's not mandatory\nat all if you don't want to express such a nuance. The difference is simply:\n\n * 明日は先生が来ます。 \nSensei will come tomorrow. \n(You're expressing this as a simple fact.)\n\n * 明日は先生が来る **そうです** 。 \n**I heard** Sensei will come tomorrow. \n(Who you heard this from is not expressed; it may have been from the teacher\nthemself or someone else.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T02:26:42.907", "id": "99598", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T02:26:42.907", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99597", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99613", "answer_count": 1, "body": "I'm not sure if this is the right term, but it seems like \"interogative\npronouns\" like 何, 幾つ, 誰 and so forth typically have Atamadaka pitches\nofficially in dictionaries.\n\nNow consider the phrase\n\n> 誰でしょう\n\nAccording to the dictionary, this should be だれでしょう{HLLLLL}, and indeed here is\nan example of it I found in the wild: <https://youtu.be/htycKsJg3KE?t=118>\n(1m58s).\n\nYet here are two examples of what sounds to me like だれでしょう{LHHLLL} (where 誰\nsuddenly becomes Heiban):\n\n * <https://youtu.be/OW_KFY4r_0M?t=162> (2m42s)\n * <https://youtu.be/pGt9IXTxiag?t=90> (1m30s)\n\nAs an another example, at 2m39s in <https://youtu.be/HIqKOifGSAs?t=159>, the\nspeaker says\n\n> 幾つありますか\n\nwith pitch いくつ{LHL}. But according to dictionaries it should be いくつ{HLL}.\n\n**Question:** Am I hearing this pitch right? If so, is this part of a general\npitch accent phenomenon? Does it have a name and a well understood pattern\nthat can be referenced? To me it seems like Atamadaka \"interrogative pronoun\"\nwords are becoming Heiban when emphasized in a certain way.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T02:37:51.157", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99599", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-13T19:57:27.410", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-13T19:57:27.410", "last_editor_user_id": "51280", "owner_user_id": "51280", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "pitch-accent" ], "title": "Pitch Accent Shifts in \"Interrogative Pronouns\"?", "view_count": 123 }

[ { "body": "You have misheard all of the samples. The 幾つ sample is clearly atamadaka. The\nother two I would classify as atamadaka with\n[おそ下がり](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/94787/3097) (basically a\nphenomenon where the accent comes a little late but still gets interpreted by\nlisteners as coming on the expected mora).", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T17:18:37.273", "id": "99613", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-13T17:18:37.273", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "3097", "parent_id": "99599", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99602", "answer_count": 2, "body": "The original sentence is:\n\n> 今までに明らかになった被害者と思われる心臓麻痺死者の全ては、日本で情報を得る事が可能だった者と裏付けが取れました\n\nI think **〜者と裏付け** is the abbreviation for **〜者という裏付け**. And my question is:\nshould I add a **だ** behind **〜者** , so that the sentence becomes:\n\n> 今までに明らかになった被害者と思われる心臓麻痺死者の全ては、日本で情報を得る事が可能だった者 **だ** と（いう）裏付けが取れました？\n\nI think the modified sentence is more natural. Is it? Or did the original\nsentence just omit the **だ**?", "comment_count": 12, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T02:42:34.923", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99600", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T03:04:31.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "56516", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning", "sentence" ], "title": "Understanding of a sentence from Death Note", "view_count": 646 }

[ { "body": "You are right, と and という are interchangeable here. And it's generally safer to\nkeep だ before this type of と, although it's often dropped in reality. Omission\nof this type of だ is sometimes called **だ抜き** , and some people frown upon it\nif it happens in formal text. See the following article from NHK.\n\n * [「だ抜きことば」？](https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/summary/kotoba/term/140.html)\n\nBut also note that there are similar but different cases where だ _can_ be\nomitted safely. See the discussion here: [Difference between だと vs と before\n認める](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/55990/5010)", "comment_count": 15, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T03:02:47.897", "id": "99602", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T03:02:47.897", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99600", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 }, { "body": "I think both are fine. When we focus on the former:\n\n> 今までに明らかになった被害者と思われる心臓麻痺死者の全ては、日本で情報を得る事が可能だった者と裏付けが取れました\n\nYou can see that there is a construct 全ては - だった者 which is considered neat\nbecause this then allows the 裏付け to refer to that entire part. 全ては -\nだった者だという裏付け is fine, too but it's less compact and the reference to 全ては is\narguably less clearer than the former form.\n\nBut again, both forms are fine IMO.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T03:04:31.113", "id": "99603", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-12T03:04:31.113", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "499", "parent_id": "99600", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "『公園では偶然にも彼と会った。少し焦ったけれど、自然に話していれば別に全然平気だった』\n\nWhat is the specific use of ていれば in this? He's describing how at the park he\nmeet a friend. He was a bit nervous on what he should talk/how he should act\nwith him.\n\nIs it an \"after\" conditional? After I did x?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-12T15:03:18.607", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99606", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-12T01:07:20.850", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "conditionals" ], "title": "Use of ていれば + だった", "view_count": 69 }

[ { "body": "\"as far as talking naturally, there were no problems\"", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T00:46:28.843", "id": "99608", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-13T00:46:28.843", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "36261", "parent_id": "99606", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": ">\n> さて、この目の前の長細い箱のなかみなら、開ける前からわかっている。長ねぎである。夫の実家の畑からやってきた長ねぎ。実家のあるあたりは、深谷ねぎや下仁田ねぎで有名な地\n> **も** ほど近い **の** を見 **ても** 、ねぎとは相性のいい土壌なのだろうか。どの季節のねぎも、おいしい。\n\n 1. how does も in this sentence work?\n 2. what does の refer to in this sentence?\n 3. how do ても work in this sentence? since I don't see two clauses before and after ても contradict eatch other\n\nI don't know whether or not this site allow me to ask several quesitons under\none post,but split them into several posts will be laborious.I will very\nappreciate to your answer", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T02:41:18.303", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99609", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-13T23:43:08.483", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-13T02:54:33.207", "last_editor_user_id": "45347", "owner_user_id": "45347", "post_type": "question", "score": 4, "tags": [ "readings" ], "title": "how to analyze this sentence?", "view_count": 119 }

[ { "body": "(I suppose there's a typo: 有名な **土** 地)\n\nThe easy one is Q2: の is a nominalizer. It is equivalent to ほど近い **こと** を...\n\nAs for Q1, も should be the standard _also_ , but it is not very clear in\naddition to what. Putting aside the added meaning, it can be replaced by が:\n有名な土地 **が** ほど近いのを...\n\nQ3: it is the same as the following question:\n\n * [How to interpret 見ても in this paragraph?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/52995/45489)\n\nIn the whole sentence, the main structure is 実家のあるあたりは、ねぎとは相性のいい土壌なのだろうか and\nthere is inserted 深谷ねぎや下仁田ねぎで有名な地もほど近いのを見ても、 ('even looking at the fact\nthat..., is the neighborhood good for leeks?').\n\n* * *\n\nAs for Q2 も, one explanation is that the inserted clause as an addition to\nどの季節のねぎも、おいしい. That is, something like _on top of leeks being very good in all\nseasons, looking also at the fact that areas of famous leeks are close, is the\nneighborhood particularly suited to grow leeks?_.\n\nA similar usage:\n\n * テストも近いから一生懸命勉強しなければならない Since the exam is coming, I have to study hard.", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T23:43:08.483", "id": "99616", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-13T23:43:08.483", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99609", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99614", "answer_count": 1, "body": "For context in the below panel, the girls just took photos together and is\nheading home. I have trouble understanding the nuance of ...されて返ってくる.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/JwI5V.jpg)\n\nWhy されて not して? Why it is passive? Also what 返ってくる means? Does it mean she\nreceives a modified two-shot photo?\n\n* * *\n\nP.S. Does 諦めている means already quit?", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T09:25:33.507", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99611", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-13T23:11:26.397", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "manga" ], "title": "Understanding されて返ってくる", "view_count": 59 }

[ { "body": "One thing is that the subject of 返ってくる is ツーショ, photo of two girls (Yuzu and\nthe one who is speaking) and it is more natural to use passive (photo is\naffected by 顔ちっちゃくする and not doing 顔ちっちゃくする).\n\nAnother thing is so-called 迷惑の受け身 as mentioned e.g. in [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/50421/how-to-\nuse-%E3%82%8F%E3%82%81%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8C%E3%81%9F/50432#50432). The sentence\nsuggests that Yuzu always makes the size of her own face smaller than the\nspeaker's, which kind of annoys the speaker. ('I'm damaged by making my own\nface relatively bigger than Yuzu's'.)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T23:11:26.397", "id": "99614", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-13T23:11:26.397", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99611", "post_type": "answer", "score": 3 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": "99627", "answer_count": 2, "body": "The answers and comments of my question [Understanding of a sentence from\nDeath Note](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/99600/understanding-\nof-a-sentence-from-death-note) make me think about the use of 思われる and the\nparticles before it. And I've read some questions about it: \n[Interpretation of 思われる (spontaneous or\npassive?)](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/12849/interpretation-\nof-%E6%80%9D%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B-spontaneous-or-passive) \n[Uses of に思う in this\nstatement](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/72511/uses-\nof-%E3%81%AB%E6%80%9D%E3%81%86-in-this-statement) \n[Can 思う take を and と at the same\ntime?](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/24374/can-%E6%80%9D%E3%81%86-take-%E3%82%92-and-%E3%81%A8-at-\nthe-same-time) \n\nThere are some rules of transforming regular verbs into their passive or\nspontaneous form, such as changing を to が for a direct passive or spontaneous\nof a transitive verb. Based on these rules, considering 思われる is the passive\nand spontaneous form of 思う which is a transitive verb, we can make some\nsentences of 思われる transformed from those of 思う. But I'm not sure whether these\nsentences sound natural or not. For example: \n\n**〜を〜(だ)と思う** \n\n> (他者が)彼を学者と思う => (他者に)彼が学者と思われる \n> (他者が)彼を学者だと思う => (他者に)彼が学者だと思われる \n>\n\nIf the structure of latter is [彼が学者だ]と思われる, it may be also seen as made from\n[彼が学者だ]と思う. But here I just want to say the possibility of just changing が・を\nto に・が. \n\n**〜を〜に思う \n**\n\n> (他者が)彼を立派に思う => (他者に)彼が立派に思われる \n>\n\nI'm not sure 彼を立派に思う can be used for expressing 彼を立派だと思う, just assume it. \n\n**Indirect Passive \n** I wonder if 思われる can be used as the indirect passive. If I want to say my\nson is considered to be a criminal (which makes me sad and annoyed).\n\n> (他者が)息子を犯罪者と思う => 私は(他者に)息子を犯罪者と思われる \n> (他者が)息子を犯罪者だと思う => 私は(他者に)息子を犯罪者だと思われる \n>\n\njust like\n\n> (犬が)手を噛んだ => 私は(犬に)手を噛まれた \n>\n\nI'm not sure here it should be **思われている** for it's passive. And if changing\nthe structure:\n\n> (他者が)[息子が犯罪者だ]と思う => 私は(他者に)[息子が犯罪者だ]と思われる \n>\n\nI wonder if the sentences I've written are natural and the transformations\nmake sense.", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T11:11:13.317", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99612", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T14:13:43.463", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-14T02:14:35.087", "last_editor_user_id": "30339", "owner_user_id": "56516", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "grammar", "particles", "passive-voice" ], "title": "Are these sentences of 思われる transformed from those of 思う natural?", "view_count": 191 }

[ { "body": "Whether they are natural or not is a matter of context or aspect.\n\nIt **is** possible to see 彼が学者だと思われる as part of a sentence, but as a\ntranslation of _He is considered to be a scholar_ , it should use は and 思われている\n\n * 彼 **は** 学者だと **思われている**\n\nLikewise for the others\n\n * 彼は町の人から誇りに思われている (Using passive is not too natural here, though.)\n\n * 私は息子が犯罪者だと思われている\n\n* * *\n\nTypically, 思われる is used in a clause:\n\n * 彼が犯人だと思われることはない (because he has a perfect alibi)\n * 息子が犯罪者だと思われるのは不愉快だ (in this case, the subject is usually omitted).\n\n* * *\n\nThe following may sound 'spontaneous' by default.\n\n * 彼が犯人だと思われる It seems that he is the culprit\n\nBut I guess it is hardly distinguishable from passive ( _He is considered to\nbe the culprit_ )", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-13T23:20:31.387", "id": "99615", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-14T06:04:24.383", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-14T06:04:24.383", "last_editor_user_id": "45489", "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99612", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 }, { "body": "The `AをBと + verb` (`verb + A as B`) construction can be made into the passive\nform like so:\n\n 1. [non-passive] 山田氏を学者だと思う。 \n(I) regard Mr. Yamada as a scholar.\n\n 2. [(direct) passive] 山田氏は学者だと思われる。 \nMr. Yamada will be regarded (by someone) as a scholar.\n\n 3. [indirect passive] (私は)山田氏を学者だと思われる。 \nI will have Mr. Yamada (incorrectly) regarded as a scholar.\n\n 4. [relativize 2/3] 学者だと思われる山田氏 \nMr. Yamada, who will be (incorrectly) regarded as a scholar\n\n**I added \"will\"** in some of the corresponding English translations because\n[you need to use 思われている when it's about something at present and the subject\nof \"think\" is a third person](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6538/5010).\n\nSince these are still `AをBと`, [だ can be safely\ndropped](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/56003/5010):\n\n 5. [non-passive] 山田氏を学者と思う。 \n(I) regard Mr. Yamada as a scholar.\n\n 6. [(direct) passive] 山田氏は学者と思われる。 \nMr. Yamada will be regarded (by someone) as a scholar.\n\n 7. [indirect passive] (私は)山田氏を学者と思われる。 \nI will have Mr. Yamada (incorrectly) regarded as a scholar.\n\n 8. [relativize 6/7] 学者と思われる山田氏 \nMr. Yamada, who will be (incorrectly) regarded as a scholar\n\nSentence 3 and 7 are indirect passive sentences (unambiguously). **However,\nSentences 2, 4, 6 and 8 are usually not interpreted as above when there is no\ncontext.** Instead, this type of 思われる is taken as spontaneous-れる by default:\n\n 9. 山田氏は学者だと思われる。 \n[spontaneous] I (spontaneously) think that Mr. Yamada is a scholar. / It\nappears that Mr. Yamada is a scholar.\n\nNote that this sentence no longer has anything to do with passive voice even\nthough it has れる. This れる just adds the mood of _spontaneously_ (or _somehow_\n, _vaguely_ , etc.)\n\nApplying the rules of relative clauses, you can construct these noun phrases:\n\n 10. 学者(だ)と思われる山田氏 \n[from 2/6] Mr. Yamada, who will be (incorrectly) thought of as a scholar\n\n 11. 学者だと思われる山田氏 \n[from 9] Mr. Yamada, who appears to be a scholar\n\nThese look the same, but **11 is the default interpretation**. The\ninterpretation like 10 is not unnatural, but there needs to be a context such\nas that Mr. Yamada is clearly annoyed by being mistaken for a scholar.\n\nPrescriptively speaking, when 11 is intended, だ should not be dropped. This is\nbecause it's from 山田氏は学者だ, which is a sentence. So this 学者だ is still a\nsentence, just like 大丈夫だ in 大丈夫(だ)と思います is a sentence. But I somehow feel it's\nsafe to drop this だ in a very short case like this.\n\nYou can apply the same discussion with 彼が立派に思われる. Technically, it can mean\nboth \"He is going to be _(incorrectly)_ thought of as being respectable\"\n(passive) and \"I feel he is respectable\" (spontaneous). But for the former to\nmake sense, you need some rare context where being thought of as a respectable\nperson is undesirable to the speaker for some reason.\n\nFortunately, [thanks to this\nrule](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/6538/5010), you will see 思われている\n(not 思われる) when the passive voice is intended and the sentence is not about\nsomething in the future. Compare:\n\n 12. 学者だと思われる山田氏 \nMr. Yamada, who appears to be a scholar\n\n 13. 学者(だ)と思われ **ている** 山田氏 \nMr. Yamada, who **is** (incorrectly) thought of as a scholar\n\nTherefore, the rule of thumb is that when you see 思われる (and 感じられる, 考えられる) for\nsomething _not_ in the future, you can say it's spontaneous (or\n[honorific](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/23921/5010)). Also note that\nsomething like 認める is always an intentional action, so 認められる does not allow a\n\"spontaneous\" interpretation.", "comment_count": 9, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-15T01:22:02.310", "id": "99627", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T14:13:43.463", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-15T14:13:43.463", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99612", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "when hearing いう, it sounds a little like ゆ, like the う sounds like it said a\nlittle y before is. Am I hearing it correct. I feel like is sounds like いyう or\nsomething like that", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T04:11:44.930", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99617", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-14T13:53:13.580", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55638", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "pronunciation" ], "title": "Is いう supposed to sound a little like ゆ", "view_count": 95 }

[ { "body": "いう _is_ written いう but pronounced (indistinguishably from, as far as I know)\nゆう. Make sure to pronounce it for two moras (and not one mora, as if it was\nwritten ゆ).", "comment_count": 1, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T04:29:04.673", "id": "99618", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-14T13:53:13.580", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-14T13:53:13.580", "last_editor_user_id": "816", "owner_user_id": "816", "parent_id": "99617", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "1. \n\n> 愉快な仲間 **ばかりで** 頼もしいぜ\n\nI can not understand the ばかりで in this sentence. Are ばかり and で stand together\nor both of them stand alone?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T08:28:30.930", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99619", "last_activity_date": "2023-06-13T15:08:51.070", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-14T08:38:54.407", "last_editor_user_id": "55786", "owner_user_id": "55786", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "grammar", "meaning", "translation", "phrases" ], "title": "What does ばかりで in \"愉快な仲間ばかりで頼もしいぜ\" mean", "view_count": 80 }

[ { "body": "[ばかり](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/%E8%A8%B1%E3%82%8A/#jn-174835) is a\nparticle, so ばかり and で stand alone in the sense that it is not a form of ばかりだ\n(there is no such na-adjective).\n\n * 愉快な仲間ばかりだ All my companions are cheerful\n * 頼もしい I feel confident/assured\n\nだ is the standard auxiliary verb for assertion and is transformed into its\n連用形=で. The construction is called 連用中止. See [this\nquestion](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/67999/45489) for example. So\nthe sentence means the above two sentence combined with _and_.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T14:59:07.770", "id": "99621", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-14T14:59:07.770", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99619", "post_type": "answer", "score": 0 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "そんなこんなで彼岸花には縁起でもなかったり『死』のイメージが強く、煙たがられることが圧倒的に多い花なのだ。\n\n煙たがられることが圧倒的に多い花なのだ。\n\nWhat exactly is the grammar of this sentence? It cannot be \"numerous flowers\"\nbut it has to be \"numerous instances\" but I don't understand why it's written\nlike this?\n\n\"A flower with numerous instances of being disliked\"?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T11:27:36.210", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99620", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-14T15:16:18.157", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-14T12:00:32.433", "last_editor_user_id": "7944", "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "passive-voice", "i-adjectives" ], "title": "Use of 多い to modify the noun in this sentence", "view_count": 57 }

[ { "body": "You are parsing the sentence wrongly. 煙たがられる..多い is a clause modifying 花. It\nis not really about _why_ , but ことが多い is simply an idiomatic expression\nmeaning _(subject) often..._ Here 圧倒的に strengthens its 'often-ness'.\n\n * [Difference between よく + verb, and verb + ことが多い](https://japanese.stackexchange.com/q/56075/45489)\n\nCompare:\n\n * その花は **煙たがられることが圧倒的に多い** The flower is quite often disliked.\n * それは煙たがられることが圧倒的に多い花だ That is a flower which is quite often disliked.\n\nIn the latter, the bold part is put in the relative clause preceding 花 in the\nsame way as\n\n * その本は広く読まれている That book is widely read.\n * それは広く読まれている本だ That is a book which is widely read.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T15:16:18.157", "id": "99622", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-14T15:16:18.157", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45489", "parent_id": "99620", "post_type": "answer", "score": 2 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "> いい成績を取れば褒められたし、交友関係に煩く口出しもしなかったし、漫画やゲームといった娯楽を無駄だと言って一切封じられていたわけでもない。\n\n> 、漫画やゲームといった娯楽を無駄だと言って一切封じられていた\n\nSpecially concerning this line.\n\nDoes it imply they called these things 無駄 but they didn't forbid them it OR is\nit that didn't call them 無駄 and neither did forbid them?\n\nEssentially is the わけでもない。 acting for と言って too?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T19:15:00.877", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99623", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T02:53:16.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "55492", "post_type": "question", "score": 1, "tags": [ "て-form", "reading-comprehension" ], "title": "Use of the て form in a sentence like this", "view_count": 39 }

[ { "body": "I'm pretty sure the わけでもない here applies to both 娯楽を無駄だと言って and 一切封じられていた.\n\nI don't know the grammatical mechanisms behind it well enough to give you an\nargument as to why using that sort of information, but if you look for\ntranslated example sentences that also have that construction, all of them\ninclude the clause with て as being included in わけでもない\n\nFor example, from [here](https://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-\njapanese-grammar-n2-%E3%82%8F%E3%81%91%E3%81%A7%E3%81%AF%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84/).\nI've omitted surrounding information to make it easier to read. Roughly\ncorresponding parts are bolded.\n\n[] **アメリカを追って** 底辺に駆け込もうとしているわけではない。 \n[] are not **racing young Americans** to the bottom.\n\n[] わたしは **心から楽しんで** 英語を勉強していたわけではありません。 \n[] I didn’t **truly enjoy** studying English at first.\n\nAlso note that in the second sentence the part with 〜て is necessary for\nわけではない. 英語を勉強していたわけではありません would be a false statement\n\nThat's not to say that 〜て〜わけでもない or わけではない never excludes the 〜て in わけでもない,\nbut it certainly is a possibility that it includes it. There are certain\nscenarios where it is excluded more than included.\n\nWhen you look at situations in which 〜て isn't included specifically for 言って,\nit seems to mostly be when the statement before 言って is opposing the statement\nafter it from the point of view of the speaker in one of two constructions. I\nused Google search tools to check for sentences containing \"と言って*わけでもない.\"\nThere are several categories to those: those that are と言っているわけでもない (accidental\nresults), those that contain かと言って or からと言って, and those that contain だと言って,\n[adjective]と言って, or [verb]と言って. I then searched for each individually, with\nthe main considerations here being that Google refuses to show all of the\nresults it display as existing, and therefore the sample size is low. (And\nalso that there's no easy way to search for [adjective]と言って, or [verb]と言って)\n\nかと言って and からと言って are often listed as grammar points in their own right and\nboth generally indicate that the clause before them opposes the clause after\nin a sort of \"even if this is is the case\" way. Listed below are some examples\nwith loose translations I've provided that I think can be assumed to be so\nfrom context.\n\nからと言って \n**遅いからと言って** 悪いわけでもない ([source](https://taesunworld.com/post_lp/aim/)) \n**Just because (you)'re slow** doesn't mean that's a bad thing.\n\n**失禁したからと言って** 死ぬわけでもない\n([source](https://ameblo.jp/narachaaan/entry-12794331645.html)) \nYou're not going to die **from being incontinent.**\n\nNote: neither of these appear on the actual websites but do appear in the\npreviews for whatever reason \nかと言って \nちゃんと重量感もあり、 **かと言って重いわけでもない** ([source](https://www.amalgamated-\nbronx.coop/item/m644204310)) \nIt has a good feeling of weight to it, **but despite that it's not heavy**\n\n薄めた醤油で蕎麦をすすってる感じ **かと言ってまずいわけでもない**\n([source](https://%20%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B7%20%E7%A8%AE%2010%E5%80%8B%20%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B7%20%7C%20basz-\narq.com%20%20basz-arq.com%20https://basz-arq.com%20%E2%80%BA%20...)) \nIt's like slurping soba through thinned shoyu, **but that's not to say it's\nbad**\n\nだと言って (only contained one result) \nキレイだと言って欲しいわけでもないんですね\n([source](https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1369670408))\n\nIt does appear almost like the speaker is saying \"just because someone is\npretty doesn't mean they're wanted,\" but within the context of the post (she\nis referring to literally being told she is pretty) + the use of だと言って and not\nかと言って or からと言って, it seems like it's actually \"it's not like you call me pretty\nand you want me.\" The fact that she was called pretty is known, so the わけでもない\nhas to not apply to キレイだと言って. However, following the logic of the first\nexamples, in a different context it should also be able to apply to both\nstatements. I think it can't be determined whether or not キレイだと言う is something\nthat actually happened without more information.\n\nTo summarize this unnecessarily longwinded answer, 漫画やゲームといった娯楽を無駄だと言って封じられていた\nas a whole (the saying AND the preventing put together) 100% did not happen,\nbut the sentence doesn't have any concrete information on whether or not\n漫画やゲームといった娯楽を無駄だと言って happened or not.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-15T02:53:16.223", "id": "99630", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T02:53:16.223", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54303", "parent_id": "99623", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "As the title suggests, I'm struggling to understand the rules of using 余裕,\nゆとり, and 余地 properly.\n\nThere is a [GOO thesaurus\npage](https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/en/%E4%BD%99%E8%A3%95/#je-78609), but\nit confuses me as well. It mentions a distinction between 余裕 and ゆとり in terms\nof seats, where ゆとり is about the spaciousness of a seat, while 余裕 is about\nthere being some number of seats remaining.\n\nThen, to distinguish between those two and 余地 it indicates that with 余地 there\nis just enough to suit the needs, but not additional beyond that.\n\nHowever, I think there are more nuances between these than that, and it shows\nin the example sentences.\n\n * All 3 can be used as X in 客を泊めるXはある, which I think I understand. If I understand correctly, ゆとり would refer to physical space, 余裕 would refer to sufficient number of rooms, and 余地 would refer to just enough space/number of rooms for the purpose. Is this interpretation right?\n * 生活にXがある only admits ゆとり and 余裕. Why? Couldn't 余地 be used if it was \"just enough?\" Also, what is the difference between ゆとり and 余裕 here, since that seat example seems to no longer be relevant.\n * 三階席ならまだXがある only works for 余裕. The fact that ゆとり doesn't work makes sense from the previous explanation. But what about 余地? It worked in the room example from before, so why not here?\n * 弁解のXはない only works for 余地. Why? Is it just some fixed phrase, or is there some logic/reasoning behind this?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T21:47:57.670", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99624", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-16T16:31:03.957", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "38831", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "word-choice", "nuances" ], "title": "余裕 vs ゆとり vs 余地", "view_count": 79 }

[ { "body": "余裕 and ゆとり may need some efforts to distingush,but 余地 is more easy to\ndistingush with the other two.\n\n余地 mean room to perform action,whenever you use 余地，a sentence have to involve\naction; But you can use ゆとり and 余裕 without involving a action.\n\n> 客を泊めるXはある\n\nI am not a native Japanese,so I don't has a say in your interpretation\n\n> 生活にXがある \n>\n\nand\n\n> 三階席ならまだXがある\n\ndoesn't work for 余地，because this sentence doesn't involve action.you can use\n余地 in 客を泊めるXはある,because 泊める is action and purpose.\n\n> 弁解のXはない\n\nXの余地はない means there is no more room for perform action or purpose,as far as I\nknow,only 余地 can be used in this pattern.\n\n> 自業自得で、同情の余地はない(There is no room for sympathy) \n> 弁解の余地はない(there is no room for pretext) \n> 彼の行動が犯罪であることは証拠により疑う余地がない(no room for suspect)", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-16T16:31:03.957", "id": "99655", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-16T16:31:03.957", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "45347", "parent_id": "99624", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "I'm having some problems understanding the following sentence (it comes from a\nTaisho era story):\n\n> 丁度女が額の真廂《まびさし》をむきつけに電燈の光で射向けられるやうな寂しくもけうとい感じがした\n\nMy understanding of it is:\n\n> I felt forlorn and lonely, just as if a woman had pointed her **visor** in\n> my direction, and the light reflected therein had blinded me\n\nMy problems with it are\n\n 1. I'm not sure how **女が額の真廂《まびさし》をむきつけに** relates to **電燈の光で射向けられる** (my guess is that that **に** at the end of the first part works as a **ので** or **のに** , but I'm not sure)\n 2. I'm not sure what those verbs ( **むきつける・射向ける** ) mean. I haven't been able to find them in any online dictionaries. They are compounds, and from the constituents I get something like \"direct and fix\" and \"point and shine {on something}\". But that's just guesswork.\n\nAdditional problem (This one intrigues me, but might not have an answer so you\nare welcome to ignore it)\n\n 3. I wonder if **額の真廂《まびさし》.** refer to any specif accesory or clothing item women wore in those days? (My gut say it must. Otherwise, the comparison would not make a lot sense. And even then, why would this incident be interpreted as **寂しくもけうとい**? to my lay ears it sound as depressing as the sun being reflected on a window (i.e: not at all).)\n\nCheers", "comment_count": 2, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-14T23:12:21.930", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99625", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T10:17:16.733", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-15T10:17:16.733", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "55393", "post_type": "question", "score": 3, "tags": [ "translation", "words" ], "title": "Grammar and meaning of a Taisho era sentence", "view_count": 175 }

[ { "body": "It's from [this\nnovel](https://www.aozora.gr.jp/cards/000076/files/4194_17922.html).\nTranslation first:\n\n> 蔦なき門の家に住んでゐたときの家の出入りを憶ひ返し、丁度女が額の真廂をむきつけに電燈の光で射向けられるやうな寂しくも気うとい感じがした。\n>\n> Recalling how I went in and out of the house when I lived in a house with an\n> ivy-less gate, I felt a sense of loneliness and eeriness, just like when a\n> woman is having her forelock directly illuminated with the light of an\n> electric lamp.\n\n * This sentence has an indirect passive construction, 女 **が** 額の真廂 **を** 射向け **られる** , \"A woman has her forelock illuminated\" (Compare: 私 **は** 財布 **を** 盗ま **れ** た \"I had my wallet stolen\").\n * むきつけ is a na-adjective, and むきつけに (\"directly, bluntly, unreservedly\") is an adverbial phrase modifying 射向ける. 射向ける is a rare verb but you should be able to understand it along the lines of \"direct/aim and shot\". I translated it like 照らす.\n * I have never seen the expression 額の真廂 (lit. \"forehead visor\"). I guess this refers to the front part of [this hairstyle](https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%B1) rather than a part of a hat. Based on the atmosphere of the novel, it is unlikely that it refers to Western-style hats, but I may be wrong. And don't ask me why hair (or a hat) illuminated by a lamp gives off a sense of loneliness. I don't think such an aesthetic sense is something shared by Japanese people.", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-15T03:50:18.040", "id": "99636", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T05:55:57.833", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-15T05:55:57.833", "last_editor_user_id": "5010", "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99625", "post_type": "answer", "score": 4 } ]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 0, "body": "I was writing pseudo-漢文 as a fun exercise between a friend and me, and I found\nmy sentence (What it is isn't particularly important. It was most certainly\nvarious degrees of ungrammatical) required the following order (Sorry about\nthe inconvenient formatting)\n\n```\n\n 　　1\n 　　8\n 　　9\n 　　10\n 　　5\n 　　2\n 　　4\n 　　3\n 　　6\n 　　7\n \n```\n\nI tried to put 返り点 in order to achieve this and ended up with\n\n```\n\n 　　1\n 　下8\n 　 ｜\n 　　9\n 　 ｜\n 　　10\n 　二5\n 　　2\n 一レ4\n 　　3\n 　　6\n 　上7\n \n```\n\nHowever, I haven't seen ｜ used before to connect three characters like that,\nand when I tried asking a Japanese person they said it might be odd to.\nNeither of us are particular experts on 漢文, but it's true that although I\nthink it's said it could be any number of characters more than one, I can't\nfind any actual examples of 漢文 where ｜ is used to connect more than two\ncharacters. Is there something about maybe Classical Chinese, Classical\nJapanese, or 漢文 which might stop this from being necessary? Are the ハイフン okay\nthere or is the order impossible?", "comment_count": 3, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-15T00:27:32.943", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99626", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T00:27:32.943", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "54303", "post_type": "question", "score": 2, "tags": [ "classical-japanese", "kanbun" ], "title": "Are these 返り点 correct for this Sino-Japanese/Kanbun/漢文 order?", "view_count": 64 }

[]

{ "accepted_answer_id": null, "answer_count": 1, "body": "For context, a speaker got her friend to help her to carry her belongings to a\nstorage room and her friend collapsed. The below panel shows the speaker\nexplaining her situation to somebody.\n\n[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/cqj10.png)\n\nI have trouble deciding whether the の here is a nominalizer or a sentence-\nending particle. If it is the latter, then how 運んでもらうの is understood? I'd be\nfine with 運ぶの. もらう is redundant to me in this case.\n\nMaybe I should add that the speaker recently moved to a new place and all her\nstuff is stored in a moving truck. Maybe the moving company is responsible for\n運ぶ?", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-15T01:52:43.097", "favorite_count": 0, "id": "99628", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T03:16:31.690", "last_edit_date": "2023-05-15T02:44:09.273", "last_editor_user_id": "43676", "owner_user_id": "55287", "post_type": "question", "score": 0, "tags": [ "grammar", "manga" ], "title": "How to interpret の here?", "view_count": 43 }

[ { "body": "This の is a nominalizer, and を has been omitted after it. The action of\n荷物(を)運んでもらう is working as the subject of 手伝う.\n\n> 物置に荷物(を)運んでもらうの(を)手伝ってもらってて、… \n> I was having her help me move my stuff into the storage, and ...\n\nThe two もらう _do_ look a little redundant to me. An improved version of this\nsentence is 物置に荷物(を)運ぶの(を)手伝ってもらってて. Still, having two もらう does not make this\nsentence incorrect (and の as a sentence-ending particle does not make sense to\nme in this context).", "comment_count": 0, "content_license": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "creation_date": "2023-05-15T03:16:31.690", "id": "99634", "last_activity_date": "2023-05-15T03:16:31.690", "last_edit_date": null, "last_editor_user_id": null, "owner_user_id": "5010", "parent_id": "99628", "post_type": "answer", "score": 1 } ]