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[ "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: The single-stranded RNA genome of the 2019-nCoV was 29891 nucleotides in size, encoding 9860 amino acids. The G + C content was 38%. Similar to other . There are no remarkable differences between the orfs and nsps of 2019-nCoV with those of SARS-CoV . The major distinction between SARSr-CoV and SARS-CoV is in orf3b, Spike and orf8 but especially variable in Spike S1 and orf8 which were previously shown to be recombination hot spots.", "Title: SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons\nPassage: On this occasion information sharing seems to have been rapid and effective . The WHO was notified of the original clustering within days and the full genomic sequence of the new virus was published less than 2 weeks after the cluster was first detected. The WHO has expressed its satisfaction with the actions of the Chinese authorities in sharing information with the WHO.", "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: The complete genome sequence of 2019-nCoV HKU-SZ-005b was available at GenBank . The representative complete genomes of other related βCoVs strains collected from human or mammals were included for comparative analysis. These included strains collected from human, bats, and Himalayan palm civet between 2003 and 2018, with one 229E coronavirus strain as the outgroup.", "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons" ], [ "1b", "Passage: On this occasion information sharing seems to have been rapid and effective ." ], [ "1c", "The WHO was notified of the original clustering within days and the full genomic sequence of the new virus was published less than 2 weeks after the cluster was first detected." ], [ "1d", "The WHO has expressed its satisfaction with the actions of the Chinese authorities in sharing information with the WHO." ] ]

[ "1c" ]

[ "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: After trauma, the injury induces an immediate innate immune response to protect disrupted barriers from pathogens, to clear tissue damage, and to induce healing . Many humoral and cellular mediators including leukocytes, the coagulation, and complement cascades strictly regulate these processes. However, sometimes these processes become dysregulated and severe immune mediated complications can occur . Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes of all innate effector cells, and the first responders to tissue damage and invading pathogens . These cells are able to internalize and kill microbes, as well as to perform tissue debridement and attract monocytes to initiate healing .", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: After trauma, neutrophils help to resolve tissue damage and to form a sufficient defense against bacteria by phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial molecules through degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps . Antimicrobial molecules include proteases and reactive oxygen species . These molecules are essential for bactericidal activity, but can also contribute to collateral organ damage of the host when released into tissues . At the same time, disrupted protective barriers in combination with the presence of immunosuppressive neutrophils and less responsive neutrophils , enhance the susceptibility to post-traumatic infections. The knowledge that there are less responsive and immunosuppressive neutrophils", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: Therefore, neutrophils are known to play a key role in the post-traumatic immune response . Moreover, neutrophils do not only sense and clear molecular danger but also respond to many soluble factors and it is likely that neutrophils therefore represent the cumulative effect of these factors . Hence changes in neutrophil phenotype could be one of the most accurate monitoring opportunities of the immune system currently available. Several reviews focused on neutrophils and post-traumatic complications . Since then, however, new data on the post-traumatic immune response and the role of neutrophils in the development of infectious complications have become available.", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: immune response can potentially avert inflammatory complications, but should not be used liberally because the immune response is tightly regulated and inappropriate use of such treatments could lead to further deterioration. It is tempting to speculate that clinicians could use neutrophil immune monitoring to select those patients who would benefit from neutrophil transfusions, transfusions of specific neutrophil subsets, or intracellular antibiotics functioning inside neutrophils that are unable to adequately kill bacteria and as such function as \"Trojan horse.\"" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma" ], [ "0b", "Passage: After trauma, the injury induces an immediate innate immune response to protect disrupted barriers from pathogens, to clear tissue damage, and to induce healing ." ], [ "0c", "Many humoral and cellular mediators including leukocytes, the coagulation, and complement cascades strictly regulate these processes." ], [ "0d", "However, sometimes these processes become dysregulated and severe immune mediated complications can occur ." ], [ "0e", "Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes of all innate effector cells, and the first responders to tissue damage and invading pathogens ." ], [ "0f", "These cells are able to internalize and kill microbes, as well as to perform tissue debridement and attract monocytes to initiate healing ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0f", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: After trauma, the injury induces an immediate innate immune response to protect disrupted barriers from pathogens, to clear tissue damage, and to induce healing . Many humoral and cellular mediators including leukocytes, the coagulation, and complement cascades strictly regulate these processes. However, sometimes these processes become dysregulated and severe immune mediated complications can occur . Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes of all innate effector cells, and the first responders to tissue damage and invading pathogens . These cells are able to internalize and kill microbes, as well as to perform tissue debridement and attract monocytes to initiate healing .", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: After trauma, neutrophils help to resolve tissue damage and to form a sufficient defense against bacteria by phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial molecules through degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps . Antimicrobial molecules include proteases and reactive oxygen species . These molecules are essential for bactericidal activity, but can also contribute to collateral organ damage of the host when released into tissues . At the same time, disrupted protective barriers in combination with the presence of immunosuppressive neutrophils and less responsive neutrophils , enhance the susceptibility to post-traumatic infections. The knowledge that there are less responsive and immunosuppressive neutrophils", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: Therefore, neutrophils are known to play a key role in the post-traumatic immune response . Moreover, neutrophils do not only sense and clear molecular danger but also respond to many soluble factors and it is likely that neutrophils therefore represent the cumulative effect of these factors . Hence changes in neutrophil phenotype could be one of the most accurate monitoring opportunities of the immune system currently available. Several reviews focused on neutrophils and post-traumatic complications . Since then, however, new data on the post-traumatic immune response and the role of neutrophils in the development of infectious complications have become available.", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: immune response can potentially avert inflammatory complications, but should not be used liberally because the immune response is tightly regulated and inappropriate use of such treatments could lead to further deterioration. It is tempting to speculate that clinicians could use neutrophil immune monitoring to select those patients who would benefit from neutrophil transfusions, transfusions of specific neutrophil subsets, or intracellular antibiotics functioning inside neutrophils that are unable to adequately kill bacteria and as such function as \"Trojan horse.\"" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma" ], [ "1b", "Passage: After trauma, neutrophils help to resolve tissue damage and to form a sufficient defense against bacteria by phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial molecules through degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps ." ], [ "1c", "Antimicrobial molecules include proteases and reactive oxygen species ." ], [ "1d", "These molecules are essential for bactericidal activity, but can also contribute to collateral organ damage of the host when released into tissues ." ], [ "1e", "At the same time, disrupted protective barriers in combination with the presence of immunosuppressive neutrophils and less responsive neutrophils , enhance the susceptibility to post-traumatic infections." ], [ "1f", "The knowledge that there are less responsive and immunosuppressive neutrophils" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0f", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: After trauma, the injury induces an immediate innate immune response to protect disrupted barriers from pathogens, to clear tissue damage, and to induce healing . Many humoral and cellular mediators including leukocytes, the coagulation, and complement cascades strictly regulate these processes. However, sometimes these processes become dysregulated and severe immune mediated complications can occur . Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes of all innate effector cells, and the first responders to tissue damage and invading pathogens . These cells are able to internalize and kill microbes, as well as to perform tissue debridement and attract monocytes to initiate healing .", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: After trauma, neutrophils help to resolve tissue damage and to form a sufficient defense against bacteria by phagocytosis, release of antimicrobial molecules through degranulation, and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps . Antimicrobial molecules include proteases and reactive oxygen species . These molecules are essential for bactericidal activity, but can also contribute to collateral organ damage of the host when released into tissues . At the same time, disrupted protective barriers in combination with the presence of immunosuppressive neutrophils and less responsive neutrophils , enhance the susceptibility to post-traumatic infections. The knowledge that there are less responsive and immunosuppressive neutrophils", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: Therefore, neutrophils are known to play a key role in the post-traumatic immune response . Moreover, neutrophils do not only sense and clear molecular danger but also respond to many soluble factors and it is likely that neutrophils therefore represent the cumulative effect of these factors . Hence changes in neutrophil phenotype could be one of the most accurate monitoring opportunities of the immune system currently available. Several reviews focused on neutrophils and post-traumatic complications . Since then, however, new data on the post-traumatic immune response and the role of neutrophils in the development of infectious complications have become available.", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma\nPassage: immune response can potentially avert inflammatory complications, but should not be used liberally because the immune response is tightly regulated and inappropriate use of such treatments could lead to further deterioration. It is tempting to speculate that clinicians could use neutrophil immune monitoring to select those patients who would benefit from neutrophil transfusions, transfusions of specific neutrophil subsets, or intracellular antibiotics functioning inside neutrophils that are unable to adequately kill bacteria and as such function as \"Trojan horse.\"" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Neutrophil heterogeneity and its role in infectious complications after severe trauma" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Therefore, neutrophils are known to play a key role in the post-traumatic immune response ." ], [ "2c", "Moreover, neutrophils do not only sense and clear molecular danger but also respond to many soluble factors and it is likely that neutrophils therefore represent the cumulative effect of these factors ." ], [ "2d", "Hence changes in neutrophil phenotype could be one of the most accurate monitoring opportunities of the immune system currently available." ], [ "2e", "Several reviews focused on neutrophils and post-traumatic complications ." ], [ "2f", "Since then, however, new data on the post-traumatic immune response and the role of neutrophils in the development of infectious complications have become available." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0f", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\nPassage: Text: Nucleoside analogs have been historically used for anti-cancer chemotherapy because they inhibit cellular DNA/RNA polymerases . More recently, nucleoside analogs have expanded their therapeutic applications and are being used to develop antiviral drugs against a wide range of serious and life-threatening viruses. Some nucleoside analog drugs targeting specific viral polymerases , and sofosbuvir for hepatitis C virus ) have been successful in clinical trials and are currently in use for the treatment of virus-infected patients. Another class of nucleoside analog drugs such as ribavirin, more broadly-acting on various viruses, has been used in conjunction with IFN-α . Importantly, extensive", "Title: Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus\nPassage: POLRMT nucleotide incorporation assay. The nucleoside triphosphates tested were AT-9010 , 2'-F-2'-C-methyl UTP and 2'-C-methyl GTP . GTP and UTP were used as positive controls. Single nucleotide incorporation and chain termination experiments were conducted and analyzed as described by Cameron et al .", "Title: Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus\nPassage: Since the toxicity of several nucleoside triphosphate analogs are thought to be the result of their ability to inhibit human mitochondrial RNA polymerase , thus disrupting mitochondrial RNA transcription and protein synthesis , the potential for AT-9010 to inhibit POLRMT was assessed in parallel with the active TP of SOF , and the active TP of BMS-986094 , a drug known to cause toxicity via its inhibition of POLRMT . Although the active form of all three drugs were utilized by POLRMT in vitro, and this incorporation prevented subsequent cycles of nucleotide addition , their efficiency of incorporation was poor", "Title: Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\nPassage: The primary mechanism to explain the antiviral effect of nucleoside analogs is based on their direct action on viral polymerization. Nucleoside analogs are transported into the cells and phosphorylated by the consecutive action of viral or cellular kinases, eventually generating nucleotide triphosphates. Mature nucleotide analogs, which are similar to physiological nucleotides, can directly incorporate into the growing viral genome during polymerization, resulting in the termination of chain reaction or the accumulation of mutations . Alternatively, nucleotide analogs can bind to the nucleotide-binding region on viral polymerases and block the entry of incoming natural nucleotides. The other mechanism is based on" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus" ], [ "1b", "Passage: POLRMT nucleotide incorporation assay." ], [ "1c", "The nucleoside triphosphates tested were AT-9010 , 2'-F-2'-C-methyl UTP and 2'-C-methyl GTP ." ], [ "1d", "GTP and UTP were used as positive controls." ], [ "1e", "Single nucleotide incorporation and chain termination experiments were conducted and analyzed as described by Cameron et al ." ] ]

[ "1a", "1c", "2a", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\nPassage: Text: Nucleoside analogs have been historically used for anti-cancer chemotherapy because they inhibit cellular DNA/RNA polymerases . More recently, nucleoside analogs have expanded their therapeutic applications and are being used to develop antiviral drugs against a wide range of serious and life-threatening viruses. Some nucleoside analog drugs targeting specific viral polymerases , and sofosbuvir for hepatitis C virus ) have been successful in clinical trials and are currently in use for the treatment of virus-infected patients. Another class of nucleoside analog drugs such as ribavirin, more broadly-acting on various viruses, has been used in conjunction with IFN-α . Importantly, extensive", "Title: Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus\nPassage: POLRMT nucleotide incorporation assay. The nucleoside triphosphates tested were AT-9010 , 2'-F-2'-C-methyl UTP and 2'-C-methyl GTP . GTP and UTP were used as positive controls. Single nucleotide incorporation and chain termination experiments were conducted and analyzed as described by Cameron et al .", "Title: Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus\nPassage: Since the toxicity of several nucleoside triphosphate analogs are thought to be the result of their ability to inhibit human mitochondrial RNA polymerase , thus disrupting mitochondrial RNA transcription and protein synthesis , the potential for AT-9010 to inhibit POLRMT was assessed in parallel with the active TP of SOF , and the active TP of BMS-986094 , a drug known to cause toxicity via its inhibition of POLRMT . Although the active form of all three drugs were utilized by POLRMT in vitro, and this incorporation prevented subsequent cycles of nucleotide addition , their efficiency of incorporation was poor", "Title: Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity\nPassage: The primary mechanism to explain the antiviral effect of nucleoside analogs is based on their direct action on viral polymerization. Nucleoside analogs are transported into the cells and phosphorylated by the consecutive action of viral or cellular kinases, eventually generating nucleotide triphosphates. Mature nucleotide analogs, which are similar to physiological nucleotides, can directly incorporate into the growing viral genome during polymerization, resulting in the termination of chain reaction or the accumulation of mutations . Alternatively, nucleotide analogs can bind to the nucleotide-binding region on viral polymerases and block the entry of incoming natural nucleotides. The other mechanism is based on" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Preclinical evaluation of AT-527, a novel guanosine nucleotide prodrug with potent, pan-genotypic activity against hepatitis C virus" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Since the toxicity of several nucleoside triphosphate analogs are thought to be the result of their ability to inhibit human mitochondrial RNA polymerase , thus disrupting mitochondrial RNA transcription and protein synthesis , the potential for AT-9010 to inhibit POLRMT was assessed in parallel with the active TP of SOF , and the active TP of BMS-986094 , a drug known to cause toxicity via its inhibition of POLRMT ." ], [ "2c", "Although the active form of all three drugs were utilized by POLRMT in vitro, and this incorporation prevented subsequent cycles of nucleotide addition , their efficiency of incorporation was poor" ] ]

[ "1a", "1c", "2a", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan\nPassage: Spike glycoprotein comprised of S1 and S2 subunits. The S1 subunit contains a signal peptide, followed by an N-terminal domain and receptor-binding domain , while the S2 subunit contains conserved fusion peptide , heptad repeat 1 and 2, transmembrane domain , and cytoplasmic domain . We found that the S2 subunit of 2019-nCoV is highly conserved and shares 99% identity with those of the two bat SARS-like CoVs and human SARS-CoV . Thus the broad spectrum antiviral peptides against S2 would be an important preventive and treatment modality for testing in animal models before clinical trials . Though the S1", "Title: Arenavirus Stable Signal Peptide Is the Keystone Subunit for Glycoprotein Complex Organization\nPassage: with the remaining extracellular spike GP1 subunit.", "Title: Arenavirus Stable Signal Peptide Is the Keystone Subunit for Glycoprotein Complex Organization\nPassage: Second, SSP is an important structural component within virions alongside the spike GP1 and transmembrane GP2 subunits.", "Title: Arenavirus Stable Signal Peptide Is the Keystone Subunit for Glycoprotein Complex Organization\nPassage: GP2 subunit. We used flow cytometry to measure the surface expression of the glycoprotein using live cells stained with a conformation-specific GP1 antibody . Mutations within the WT GPC did not alter the amount of surface GP1 expression. The GP1/2 and the GP1/2 RRAA samples failed to produce a GP1 signal above background levels. Cotransfection of wild-type SSP with both the WT GPC RR-to-AA and with the GP1/2 RR-to-AA protein restored both GP2 processing and surface expression of GP1, suggesting the dibasic motif within the LCMV glycoprotein is not the driving force for secretory pathway trafficking, but rather this function" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Spike glycoprotein comprised of S1 and S2 subunits." ], [ "0c", "The S1 subunit contains a signal peptide, followed by an N-terminal domain and receptor-binding domain , while the S2 subunit contains conserved fusion peptide , heptad repeat 1 and 2, transmembrane domain , and cytoplasmic domain ." ], [ "0d", "We found that the S2 subunit of 2019-nCoV is highly conserved and shares 99% identity with those of the two bat SARS-like CoVs and human SARS-CoV ." ], [ "0e", "Thus the broad spectrum antiviral peptides against S2 would be an important preventive and treatment modality for testing in animal models before clinical trials ." ], [ "0f", "Though the S1" ] ]

[ "0c" ]

[ "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: demonstrated that cholera toxin subunit A1-conjugated sM2 resulted in significant enhancements to the sM2-specific IgG and mucosal IgA levels compared with sM2 alone or with controls immunized with pgsA/ L. casei or PBS.", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: demonstrated that cholera toxin subunit A1-conjugated sM2 resulted in significant enhancements to the sM2-specific IgG and mucosal IgA levels compared with sM2 alone or with controls immunized with pgsA/ L. casei or PBS.", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: Abstract: To develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against pathogenic influenza viruses, we constructed recombinant Lactobacillus casei strains that express conserved matrix protein 2 with or without cholera toxin subunit A1 on the surface. The surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by cellular fractionation analyses, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Oral and nasal inoculations of recombinant L. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin G and mucosal IgA. However, the conjugation of cholera toxin subunit A1 induced more potent mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. In a challenge test with 10 MLD of A/EM/Korea/W149/06,", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: The pgsA-expressing vector was used to construct plasmids containing the highly conserved consensus sM2 gene, with or without the cholera toxin subunit A1 . Plasmids were transformed into L. casei cells. The expression levels of pgsA-sM2 and pgsA-CTA1-sM2 were monitored by immunoblotting using anti-pgsA, anti-M2 or anti-CT polyclonal antibodies ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Abstract: To develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against pathogenic influenza viruses, we constructed recombinant Lactobacillus casei strains that express conserved matrix protein 2 with or without cholera toxin subunit A1 on the surface." ], [ "2c", "The surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by cellular fractionation analyses, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy." ], [ "2d", "Oral and nasal inoculations of recombinant L. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin G and mucosal IgA." ], [ "2e", "However, the conjugation of cholera toxin subunit A1 induced more potent mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses." ], [ "2f", "In a challenge test with 10 MLD of A/EM/Korea/W149/06," ] ]

[ "2b", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: demonstrated that cholera toxin subunit A1-conjugated sM2 resulted in significant enhancements to the sM2-specific IgG and mucosal IgA levels compared with sM2 alone or with controls immunized with pgsA/ L. casei or PBS.", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: demonstrated that cholera toxin subunit A1-conjugated sM2 resulted in significant enhancements to the sM2-specific IgG and mucosal IgA levels compared with sM2 alone or with controls immunized with pgsA/ L. casei or PBS.", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: Abstract: To develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against pathogenic influenza viruses, we constructed recombinant Lactobacillus casei strains that express conserved matrix protein 2 with or without cholera toxin subunit A1 on the surface. The surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by cellular fractionation analyses, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Oral and nasal inoculations of recombinant L. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin G and mucosal IgA. However, the conjugation of cholera toxin subunit A1 induced more potent mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. In a challenge test with 10 MLD of A/EM/Korea/W149/06,", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice\nPassage: The pgsA-expressing vector was used to construct plasmids containing the highly conserved consensus sM2 gene, with or without the cholera toxin subunit A1 . Plasmids were transformed into L. casei cells. The expression levels of pgsA-sM2 and pgsA-CTA1-sM2 were monitored by immunoblotting using anti-pgsA, anti-M2 or anti-CT polyclonal antibodies ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Mucosal Vaccination with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei-Displayed CTA1-Conjugated Consensus Matrix Protein-2 (sM2) Induces Broad Protection against Divergent Influenza Subtypes in BALB/c Mice" ], [ "3b", "Passage: The pgsA-expressing vector was used to construct plasmids containing the highly conserved consensus sM2 gene, with or without the cholera toxin subunit A1 ." ], [ "3c", "Plasmids were transformed into L. casei cells." ], [ "3d", "The expression levels of pgsA-sM2 and pgsA-CTA1-sM2 were monitored by immunoblotting using anti-pgsA, anti-M2 or anti-CT polyclonal antibodies ." ] ]

[ "2b", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: disinfectant, wipe twice with 75% ethanol for non-corrosion resistance, once /4 hours.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: In addition to the above, disinfect the examination bed and ground with chlorinated disinfectant", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: disinfectant, once /4 hours.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: In addition to the above routine disinfection procedure, air disinfection is conducted for 30 min" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management" ], [ "0b", "Passage: disinfectant, wipe twice with 75% ethanol for non-corrosion resistance, once /4 hours." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: disinfectant, wipe twice with 75% ethanol for non-corrosion resistance, once /4 hours.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: In addition to the above, disinfect the examination bed and ground with chlorinated disinfectant", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: disinfectant, once /4 hours.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: In addition to the above routine disinfection procedure, air disinfection is conducted for 30 min" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management" ], [ "1b", "Passage: In addition to the above, disinfect the examination bed and ground with chlorinated disinfectant" ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: disinfectant, wipe twice with 75% ethanol for non-corrosion resistance, once /4 hours.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: In addition to the above, disinfect the examination bed and ground with chlorinated disinfectant", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: disinfectant, once /4 hours.", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management\nPassage: In addition to the above routine disinfection procedure, air disinfection is conducted for 30 min" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: The Battle Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emergency Management" ], [ "3b", "Passage: In addition to the above routine disinfection procedure, air disinfection is conducted for 30 min" ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: In China, strict movement restrictions and other measures including case isolation and quarantine", "Title: Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A\nPassage: who might have been exposed to SARS to voluntarily quarantine themselves. In China, police cordoned off buildings, organized checkpoints on roads, and even installed Web cameras in private homes. There was stronger control of persons in the lower social strata . Public health officials in some areas resorted to repressive police measures, using laws with extremely severe punishments , against those who violated quarantine. As had occurred in the past, the strategies adopted in some countries during this public health emergency contributed to the discrimination and stigmatization of persons and communities and raised protests and complaints against limitations and travel", "Title: Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Quarantined Close Contacts, Beijing, People’s Republic of China\nPassage: Because of the high rates of illness and death among the initial case-patients with pandemic 2009 , the Chinese government decided to prevent and contain the rapid spread of disease through tracing and quarantine of persons who had close contact with persons with confi rmed cases of pandemic 2009. Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, took strict containment and control measures through October 2009. The Beijing municipal government implemented border entry screening, ILI screening in hospitals, health follow-up of travelers from overseas, and quarantine and testing of close contacts to identify new introduction of cases and local", "Title: Early responses to H7N9 in southern Mainland China\nPassage: of a separation between military and public healthcare . Indeed it was not until SARS had spread to several neighbouring countries that it was publicly announced in China . Partially as a result of criticism of their handling of the SARS crisis the Chinese government was keen to rapidly release accurate information about the novel H7N9 threat. Two weeks after the first case the Emergency Office of the Ministry of Health provided a series of behavioural recommendations, including taking greater care when preparing poultry or eggs, increasing hand-washing, ventilating homes and distancing oneself from those seeming to be infected ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "0b", "Passage: In China, strict movement restrictions and other measures including case isolation and quarantine" ] ]

[ "0b", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: In China, strict movement restrictions and other measures including case isolation and quarantine", "Title: Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A\nPassage: who might have been exposed to SARS to voluntarily quarantine themselves. In China, police cordoned off buildings, organized checkpoints on roads, and even installed Web cameras in private homes. There was stronger control of persons in the lower social strata . Public health officials in some areas resorted to repressive police measures, using laws with extremely severe punishments , against those who violated quarantine. As had occurred in the past, the strategies adopted in some countries during this public health emergency contributed to the discrimination and stigmatization of persons and communities and raised protests and complaints against limitations and travel", "Title: Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Quarantined Close Contacts, Beijing, People’s Republic of China\nPassage: Because of the high rates of illness and death among the initial case-patients with pandemic 2009 , the Chinese government decided to prevent and contain the rapid spread of disease through tracing and quarantine of persons who had close contact with persons with confi rmed cases of pandemic 2009. Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, took strict containment and control measures through October 2009. The Beijing municipal government implemented border entry screening, ILI screening in hospitals, health follow-up of travelers from overseas, and quarantine and testing of close contacts to identify new introduction of cases and local", "Title: Early responses to H7N9 in southern Mainland China\nPassage: of a separation between military and public healthcare . Indeed it was not until SARS had spread to several neighbouring countries that it was publicly announced in China . Partially as a result of criticism of their handling of the SARS crisis the Chinese government was keen to rapidly release accurate information about the novel H7N9 threat. Two weeks after the first case the Emergency Office of the Ministry of Health provided a series of behavioural recommendations, including taking greater care when preparing poultry or eggs, increasing hand-washing, ventilating homes and distancing oneself from those seeming to be infected ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Quarantined Close Contacts, Beijing, People’s Republic of China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Because of the high rates of illness and death among the initial case-patients with pandemic 2009 , the Chinese government decided to prevent and contain the rapid spread of disease through tracing and quarantine of persons who had close contact with persons with confi rmed cases of pandemic 2009." ], [ "2c", "Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, took strict containment and control measures through October 2009." ], [ "2d", "The Beijing municipal government implemented border entry screening, ILI screening in hospitals, health follow-up of travelers from overseas, and quarantine and testing of close contacts to identify new introduction of cases and local" ] ]

[ "0b", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: In China, strict movement restrictions and other measures including case isolation and quarantine", "Title: Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A\nPassage: who might have been exposed to SARS to voluntarily quarantine themselves. In China, police cordoned off buildings, organized checkpoints on roads, and even installed Web cameras in private homes. There was stronger control of persons in the lower social strata . Public health officials in some areas resorted to repressive police measures, using laws with extremely severe punishments , against those who violated quarantine. As had occurred in the past, the strategies adopted in some countries during this public health emergency contributed to the discrimination and stigmatization of persons and communities and raised protests and complaints against limitations and travel", "Title: Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Quarantined Close Contacts, Beijing, People’s Republic of China\nPassage: Because of the high rates of illness and death among the initial case-patients with pandemic 2009 , the Chinese government decided to prevent and contain the rapid spread of disease through tracing and quarantine of persons who had close contact with persons with confi rmed cases of pandemic 2009. Beijing, the capital of the People's Republic of China, took strict containment and control measures through October 2009. The Beijing municipal government implemented border entry screening, ILI screening in hospitals, health follow-up of travelers from overseas, and quarantine and testing of close contacts to identify new introduction of cases and local", "Title: Early responses to H7N9 in southern Mainland China\nPassage: of a separation between military and public healthcare . Indeed it was not until SARS had spread to several neighbouring countries that it was publicly announced in China . Partially as a result of criticism of their handling of the SARS crisis the Chinese government was keen to rapidly release accurate information about the novel H7N9 threat. Two weeks after the first case the Emergency Office of the Ministry of Health provided a series of behavioural recommendations, including taking greater care when preparing poultry or eggs, increasing hand-washing, ventilating homes and distancing oneself from those seeming to be infected ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Early responses to H7N9 in southern Mainland China" ], [ "3b", "Passage: of a separation between military and public healthcare ." ], [ "3c", "Indeed it was not until SARS had spread to several neighbouring countries that it was publicly announced in China ." ], [ "3d", "Partially as a result of criticism of their handling of the SARS crisis the Chinese government was keen to rapidly release accurate information about the novel H7N9 threat." ], [ "3e", "Two weeks after the first case the Emergency Office of the Ministry of Health provided a series of behavioural recommendations, including taking greater care when preparing poultry or eggs, increasing hand-washing, ventilating homes and distancing oneself from those seeming to be infected ." ] ]

[ "0b", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3d" ]

[ "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Study has shown that about 40-80% of cats are detected with FECV shedding in their faeces . About 12% of these FECV-positive cats have developed immune-mediated fatal FIP disease . The prevalence of FIP among felines is due to continual cycles of infection and reinfection of FECV and indiscernible clinical symptoms of infected cats with FECV at an early stage before the progressive development of FIPV.", "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Text: Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus is an enveloped virus with a nonsegmented, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. FIPV is grouped as feline coronavirus , under the family Coronaviridae. FCoV is divided into two biotypes, namely, Feline Enteric Coronavirus , a ubiquitous enteric biotype of FCoV, and FIPV, a virulent biotype of FCoV . The relationship between these two biotypes still remains unclear. Two hypotheses have been proposed, internal mutation theory and circulating high virulent-low virulent theory. Internal mutation theory stated that the development of FIP is due to the exposure of cat to variants of FCoV which have been mutated", "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Vaccination against FIPV with an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV induces low antibody titre in kittens that have not been exposed to FCoV. However, there is considerable controversy on the safety and efficacy of this vaccine, since the vaccine contains type 2 strain, whereas type 1 viruses are more prevalent in the field . In addition, antibodies against FIPV do not protect infected cats but enhance the infection of monocytes and macrophages via a mechanism known as Antibody-Dependent Enhancement . Besides vaccines, several antiviral drugs such as ribavirin, 2 BioMed Research International interferons, and immunosuppressive drugs have been", "Title: Pathology in Captive Wild Felids at German Zoological Gardens\nPassage: Fourteen animals suffered from enteritis. Morphologic findings in the small intestine of 6 of these animals shared feature of feline parvovirus infection consisting of crypt dilation with accumulated cellular debris, villous atrophy, fusion and crypt regeneration. Concurrent panmyelophthisis was only present in a 3-year-old Bengal tiger . However, neither parvovirus-nor FeLV-antigen was detected immunohistologically within the intestinal tract of these animals. FIV antibodies were shown in 2 lions suffering from enteritis . Similarly, chronic enteritis is reported to occur in 19% of FIV-infected domestic cats . Although an impact of FIV infection on the development of enteritis could not be" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Study has shown that about 40-80% of cats are detected with FECV shedding in their faeces ." ], [ "0c", "About 12% of these FECV-positive cats have developed immune-mediated fatal FIP disease ." ], [ "0d", "The prevalence of FIP among felines is due to continual cycles of infection and reinfection of FECV and indiscernible clinical symptoms of infected cats with FECV at an early stage before the progressive development of FIPV." ] ]

[ "0c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "1g" ]

[ "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Study has shown that about 40-80% of cats are detected with FECV shedding in their faeces . About 12% of these FECV-positive cats have developed immune-mediated fatal FIP disease . The prevalence of FIP among felines is due to continual cycles of infection and reinfection of FECV and indiscernible clinical symptoms of infected cats with FECV at an early stage before the progressive development of FIPV.", "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Text: Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus is an enveloped virus with a nonsegmented, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome. FIPV is grouped as feline coronavirus , under the family Coronaviridae. FCoV is divided into two biotypes, namely, Feline Enteric Coronavirus , a ubiquitous enteric biotype of FCoV, and FIPV, a virulent biotype of FCoV . The relationship between these two biotypes still remains unclear. Two hypotheses have been proposed, internal mutation theory and circulating high virulent-low virulent theory. Internal mutation theory stated that the development of FIP is due to the exposure of cat to variants of FCoV which have been mutated", "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication\nPassage: Vaccination against FIPV with an attenuated, temperature-sensitive strain of type II FIPV induces low antibody titre in kittens that have not been exposed to FCoV. However, there is considerable controversy on the safety and efficacy of this vaccine, since the vaccine contains type 2 strain, whereas type 1 viruses are more prevalent in the field . In addition, antibodies against FIPV do not protect infected cats but enhance the infection of monocytes and macrophages via a mechanism known as Antibody-Dependent Enhancement . Besides vaccines, several antiviral drugs such as ribavirin, 2 BioMed Research International interferons, and immunosuppressive drugs have been", "Title: Pathology in Captive Wild Felids at German Zoological Gardens\nPassage: Fourteen animals suffered from enteritis. Morphologic findings in the small intestine of 6 of these animals shared feature of feline parvovirus infection consisting of crypt dilation with accumulated cellular debris, villous atrophy, fusion and crypt regeneration. Concurrent panmyelophthisis was only present in a 3-year-old Bengal tiger . However, neither parvovirus-nor FeLV-antigen was detected immunohistologically within the intestinal tract of these animals. FIV antibodies were shown in 2 lions suffering from enteritis . Similarly, chronic enteritis is reported to occur in 19% of FIV-infected domestic cats . Although an impact of FIV infection on the development of enteritis could not be" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Circular Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide RNA towards Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Replication" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Text: Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus is an enveloped virus with a nonsegmented, positive sense, single-stranded RNA genome." ], [ "1c", "FIPV is grouped as feline coronavirus , under the family Coronaviridae." ], [ "1d", "FCoV is divided into two biotypes, namely, Feline Enteric Coronavirus , a ubiquitous enteric biotype of FCoV, and FIPV, a virulent biotype of FCoV ." ], [ "1e", "The relationship between these two biotypes still remains unclear." ], [ "1f", "Two hypotheses have been proposed, internal mutation theory and circulating high virulent-low virulent theory." ], [ "1g", "Internal mutation theory stated that the development of FIP is due to the exposure of cat to variants of FCoV which have been mutated" ] ]

[ "0c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "1g" ]

[ "Title: Managing emerging transnational public health security threats: lessons learned from the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak\nPassage: The response by the US arguably began in March 2014 when CDC deployed personnel to investigate Ebola cases in Guinea, and further on July 9, 2014 with the activation of CDC's Emergency Operations Center. However, because EVD was largely out of the public's eye until the fall of 2014, its response was similarly delayed. That is, the peak number of EVD cases in Liberia was September 21, 2014; one week after President Obama's announcement to commit 3000 troops and provide additional aid to the Ebola response effort and one month after WHO declared it a public health emergency of international", "Title: European Monitoring Systems and Data for Assessing Environmental and Climate Impacts on Human Infectious Diseases\nPassage: The EC funds human surveillance systems through ECDC and research projects. Severe animal disease outbreaks are notified to the European Commission as well as to ADNS and OIE. The Commission coordinate several systems and platform to address public health threats and emergencies in the EU, including the network of the Early Warning and Response system . DG-SANCO G2 coordinates notification of outbreaks in animals.", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: An important part of CDC’s role during a public health emergency is to develop a test for the pathogen and equip state and local public health labs with testing capacity.", "Title: Health care workers indicate ill preparedness for Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in Ashanti Region of Ghana\nPassage: At both facilities, we contacted the Medical Superintendents to obtain permission to attend their morning meetings to explain the aims and objectives of the work to HCWs. During this time, HCWs were given the opportunity to ask questions. Two field assistants were stationed at each of the study sites for data capture. Some of the questions asked included the organism responsible for EVD, the mode of transmission of the disease, HCW preparedness to handle any EVD case and among other things early clinical features of the infection." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: European Monitoring Systems and Data for Assessing Environmental and Climate Impacts on Human Infectious Diseases" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The EC funds human surveillance systems through ECDC and research projects." ], [ "1c", "Severe animal disease outbreaks are notified to the European Commission as well as to ADNS and OIE." ], [ "1d", "The Commission coordinate several systems and platform to address public health threats and emergencies in the EU, including the network of the Early Warning and Response system ." ], [ "1e", "DG-SANCO G2 coordinates notification of outbreaks in animals." ] ]

[ "1b", "1d" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: to the infection fatality ratio.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: population-averaged infection fatality ratio (adjusted for the age structure and contact patterns of", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: 19 infection-fatality-ratio ifr 9 together with a distribution oftimes", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: individuals per day given the infection fatality ratio and the infection-to-death distribution on" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "1b", "Passage: population-averaged infection fatality ratio (adjusted for the age structure and contact patterns of" ] ]

[ "1b" ]

[ "Title: Perturbation of Thymocyte Development Underlies the PRRS Pandemic: A Testable Hypothesis\nPassage: have a broad range of specificities, although their affinity for any particular pathogen might be low . Either scenario requires the host to expend energy to produce antibodies that are poorly designed to neutralize or eliminate the pathogen. Since polyclonal B cell activation appears to parallel a deficiency of antigen-specific T cells, it suggests that the phenomenon reflects a kind of \"desperation\" by the host, or \"all-out-war\" in hopes that the pathogenic threat can be handled using the \"brute force\" of natural antibodies.", "Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens\nPassage: While some studies have suggested that Gn glycoproteins are directed more rapidly into the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway than are apathogenic forms, others have interpreted differences in the handling of Gn glycoproteins across hantavirus species by the ubiquitin-proteosomal system as independent of pathogenicity . Some investigators have directed their efforts toward identifying a differential capacity, either kinetic or in absolute magnitude, in the ability of pathogenic and apathogenic hantaviruses to elicit an interferon response in cells. One premise that emerges is that apathogenic forms would tend to induce an earlier innate response that would render it more likely that the virus would", "Title: Using the Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Nonhuman Primate Model for Studying Non-AIDS Comorbidities\nPassage: the integrity of mucosal barrier, and consequently, there is no increase in microbial translocation . Therefore, there is a general consensus that lack of disease progression in natural hosts is due to their ability to avoid the negative consequences of SIVrelated inflammatory responses. We confirmed the impact of chronic immune activation and inflammation on driving disease progression by administering Ontak to chronically SIVagm-infected AGMs. Ontak administration resulted in the increased levels of immune activation and inflammation and consequently enhanced viral replication and mucosal CD4 + T cell depletion . In other sets of experiments, we mimicked microbial translocation by administering", "Title: Using the Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Nonhuman Primate Model for Studying Non-AIDS Comorbidities\nPassage: Intestinal permeability is also increased in multiple pathogenic conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, graft-versus-host disease, excessive alcohol consumption, as well as obesity and diabetes or with age . The extensive studies of this process show that microbial products can stimulate the innate and adaptive effectors both locally and systemically. In addition to these effects on the immune system, microbial products may also stimulate nonimmune cells . In HIV-infected patients, microbial translocation has characteristic features: thus, generalized immune activation is associated with preferential loss of cell subsets involved in maintaining epithelial integrity at mucosal surfaces and antimicrobial immunity, such" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens" ], [ "1b", "Passage: While some studies have suggested that Gn glycoproteins are directed more rapidly into the ubiquitin-proteosome pathway than are apathogenic forms, others have interpreted differences in the handling of Gn glycoproteins across hantavirus species by the ubiquitin-proteosomal system as independent of pathogenicity ." ], [ "1c", "Some investigators have directed their efforts toward identifying a differential capacity, either kinetic or in absolute magnitude, in the ability of pathogenic and apathogenic hantaviruses to elicit an interferon response in cells." ], [ "1d", "One premise that emerges is that apathogenic forms would tend to induce an earlier innate response that would render it more likely that the virus would" ] ]

[ "1c", "1d" ]

[ "Title: In China, Students in Crowded Dormitories with a Low Ventilation Rate Have More Common Colds: Evidence for Airborne Transmission\nPassage: is that the virus is transferred through airborne spread . During the SARS epidemic, early preventive messages to the public were to wash hands and, generally to avoid ''direct'' contact spread. Later, analysis of the temporal and spatial distributions of SARS cases in a large community outbreak in Hong Kong and the correlation of these data with the three-dimensional spread of a virus-laden aerosol plume indicated an important role for airborne spread of droplet nuclei .", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: Similar to other coronavirus infections, SARS-CoV is easily spread from person-to-person via respiratory droplets and secretions as well as through nosocomial contacts . In addition to transmission of SARS-CoV through natural aerosols from infected patients, it was found that in Hong Kong the SARS-CoV could also be transmitted by mechanical aerosols . Environmental factors had an important role when it was discovered that during the Amoy Gardens housing estate outbreak as many as two-thirds of infected persons had diarrhea, SARS-CoV was excreted in their stools, and that aerosols arising from the flushing of toilets could transmit the virus . Healthcare", "Title: In memory of Patrick Manson, founding father of tropical medicine and the discovery of vector-borne infections\nPassage: Amoy was known as just another white man's grave in the tropics which is hot and humid. The streets were narrow, irregular and filthy with excreta and litters. In those days, the only machinery for sanitation at Amoy was the pigs and dogs which ate up the excreta and litters. The inhabitants were in extreme poverty who subsisted on rice and sweet potatoes occasionally flavoured with vegetable pickles and salted fish. The area was highly endemic for malaria, typhoid fever, dengue fever and leprosy. His estimation by survey showed that about 1 in 450 inhabitants were infected by leprosy. In", "Title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak\nPassage: Transmission of respiratory viruses generally happens through large respiratory droplets, but some respiratory viruses can spread through fine particle aerosols , and indirect transmission via fomites can also play a role. Coronaviruses can also infect the human gastrointestinal tract , and faecal-oral transmission might also play a role in this instance. The SARS-CoV superspreading event at Amoy Gardens where more than 300 cases were infected was attributed to faecal-oral, then airborne, spread through pressure differentials between contaminated effluent pipes, bathroom floor drains and flushing toilets . The first large identifiable superspreading event during the present 2019-nCoV outbreak has apparently taken" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Similar to other coronavirus infections, SARS-CoV is easily spread from person-to-person via respiratory droplets and secretions as well as through nosocomial contacts ." ], [ "1c", "In addition to transmission of SARS-CoV through natural aerosols from infected patients, it was found that in Hong Kong the SARS-CoV could also be transmitted by mechanical aerosols ." ], [ "1d", "Environmental factors had an important role when it was discovered that during the Amoy Gardens housing estate outbreak as many as two-thirds of infected persons had diarrhea, SARS-CoV was excreted in their stools, and that aerosols arising from the flushing of toilets could transmit the virus . Healthcare" ] ]

[ "1d", "3d" ]

[ "Title: In China, Students in Crowded Dormitories with a Low Ventilation Rate Have More Common Colds: Evidence for Airborne Transmission\nPassage: is that the virus is transferred through airborne spread . During the SARS epidemic, early preventive messages to the public were to wash hands and, generally to avoid ''direct'' contact spread. Later, analysis of the temporal and spatial distributions of SARS cases in a large community outbreak in Hong Kong and the correlation of these data with the three-dimensional spread of a virus-laden aerosol plume indicated an important role for airborne spread of droplet nuclei .", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: Similar to other coronavirus infections, SARS-CoV is easily spread from person-to-person via respiratory droplets and secretions as well as through nosocomial contacts . In addition to transmission of SARS-CoV through natural aerosols from infected patients, it was found that in Hong Kong the SARS-CoV could also be transmitted by mechanical aerosols . Environmental factors had an important role when it was discovered that during the Amoy Gardens housing estate outbreak as many as two-thirds of infected persons had diarrhea, SARS-CoV was excreted in their stools, and that aerosols arising from the flushing of toilets could transmit the virus . Healthcare", "Title: In memory of Patrick Manson, founding father of tropical medicine and the discovery of vector-borne infections\nPassage: Amoy was known as just another white man's grave in the tropics which is hot and humid. The streets were narrow, irregular and filthy with excreta and litters. In those days, the only machinery for sanitation at Amoy was the pigs and dogs which ate up the excreta and litters. The inhabitants were in extreme poverty who subsisted on rice and sweet potatoes occasionally flavoured with vegetable pickles and salted fish. The area was highly endemic for malaria, typhoid fever, dengue fever and leprosy. His estimation by survey showed that about 1 in 450 inhabitants were infected by leprosy. In", "Title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak\nPassage: Transmission of respiratory viruses generally happens through large respiratory droplets, but some respiratory viruses can spread through fine particle aerosols , and indirect transmission via fomites can also play a role. Coronaviruses can also infect the human gastrointestinal tract , and faecal-oral transmission might also play a role in this instance. The SARS-CoV superspreading event at Amoy Gardens where more than 300 cases were infected was attributed to faecal-oral, then airborne, spread through pressure differentials between contaminated effluent pipes, bathroom floor drains and flushing toilets . The first large identifiable superspreading event during the present 2019-nCoV outbreak has apparently taken" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Epidemiological research priorities for public health control of the ongoing global novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Transmission of respiratory viruses generally happens through large respiratory droplets, but some respiratory viruses can spread through fine particle aerosols , and indirect transmission via fomites can also play a role." ], [ "3c", "Coronaviruses can also infect the human gastrointestinal tract , and faecal-oral transmission might also play a role in this instance." ], [ "3d", "The SARS-CoV superspreading event at Amoy Gardens where more than 300 cases were infected was attributed to faecal-oral, then airborne, spread through pressure differentials between contaminated effluent pipes, bathroom floor drains and flushing toilets ." ], [ "3e", "The first large identifiable superspreading event during the present 2019-nCoV outbreak has apparently taken" ] ]

[ "1d", "3d" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: For people who are ill with COVID-19, but are not sick enough to be hospitalized, please follow CDC guidance on how to reduce the risk of spreading your illness to others. People who are mildly ill with COVID-19 are able to isolate at home during their illness.", "Title: Hospital Triage System for Adult Patients Using an Influenza-Like Illness Scoring System during the 2009 Pandemic—Mexico\nPassage: to calculate patients' ILI-scores . Clinicians used an ILI-score $16 , their judgment of patients' severity of illness and proximity to the hospital to decided whether to admit the patient and treat them with oseltamivir. Patients with intermediate ILI-scores were discharged from the ER, treated with oseltamivir and followed daily by phone for 10 days. Those with low ILI-scores were discharged without antiviral treatment, and instructed to return if their symptoms worsened.", "Title: Influenza pandemic intervention planning using InfluSim: pharmaceutical and non- pharmaceutical interventions\nPassage: Severe cases seek medical help on average one day after onset of symptoms, whereby the waiting time until visiting a doctor is exponentially distributed. Very sick and extremely sick patients who visit a doctor may be offered antiviral treatment. Very sick patients are advised to withdraw to their home until the disease is over whereas extremely sick cases are immediately hospitalized . Death rates of extremely sick and hospitalized cases are age-dependent. Whereas asymptomatic and moderately sick patients who have passed their duration of infectivity are considered healthy immunes, very sick and extremely sick patients first become convalescent before they", "Title: A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)\nPassage: Mild patients generally use a nasal catheter and a mask for oxygen. Adjust the oxygen flow as appropriate according to the patient's condition and doctor's instruction, and Requirements to the medical staff request 6. Medical personnel enter the isolation area with proper self-protection through designated channels." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020," ], [ "0b", "Passage: For people who are ill with COVID-19, but are not sick enough to be hospitalized, please follow CDC guidance on how to reduce the risk of spreading your illness to others." ], [ "0c", "People who are mildly ill with COVID-19 are able to isolate at home during their illness." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: For people who are ill with COVID-19, but are not sick enough to be hospitalized, please follow CDC guidance on how to reduce the risk of spreading your illness to others. People who are mildly ill with COVID-19 are able to isolate at home during their illness.", "Title: Hospital Triage System for Adult Patients Using an Influenza-Like Illness Scoring System during the 2009 Pandemic—Mexico\nPassage: to calculate patients' ILI-scores . Clinicians used an ILI-score $16 , their judgment of patients' severity of illness and proximity to the hospital to decided whether to admit the patient and treat them with oseltamivir. Patients with intermediate ILI-scores were discharged from the ER, treated with oseltamivir and followed daily by phone for 10 days. Those with low ILI-scores were discharged without antiviral treatment, and instructed to return if their symptoms worsened.", "Title: Influenza pandemic intervention planning using InfluSim: pharmaceutical and non- pharmaceutical interventions\nPassage: Severe cases seek medical help on average one day after onset of symptoms, whereby the waiting time until visiting a doctor is exponentially distributed. Very sick and extremely sick patients who visit a doctor may be offered antiviral treatment. Very sick patients are advised to withdraw to their home until the disease is over whereas extremely sick cases are immediately hospitalized . Death rates of extremely sick and hospitalized cases are age-dependent. Whereas asymptomatic and moderately sick patients who have passed their duration of infectivity are considered healthy immunes, very sick and extremely sick patients first become convalescent before they", "Title: A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)\nPassage: Mild patients generally use a nasal catheter and a mask for oxygen. Adjust the oxygen flow as appropriate according to the patient's condition and doctor's instruction, and Requirements to the medical staff request 6. Medical personnel enter the isolation area with proper self-protection through designated channels." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version)" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Mild patients generally use a nasal catheter and a mask for oxygen." ], [ "3c", "Adjust the oxygen flow as appropriate according to the patient's condition and doctor's instruction, and Requirements to the medical staff request 6." ], [ "3d", "Medical personnel enter the isolation area with proper self-protection through designated channels." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The VEE replicon systems are particularly appealing as the VEE targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphatic tissues, priming rapid and robust immune responses . VEE replicon systems can induce robust mucosal immune responses through intranasal or subcutaneous immunization , and subcutaneous immunization with virus-like replicon particles expressing HA-induced antigen-specific systemic IgG and fecal IgA antibodies . VRPs derived from VEE virus have been developed as candidate vaccines for cytomegalovirus . A phase I clinical trial with the CMV VRP showed the vaccine was immunogenic, inducing CMV-neutralizing antibody responses and potent T cell responses. Moreover, the vaccine was well tolerated and", "Title: Mosquito cell-derived West Nile virus replicon particles mimic arbovirus inoculum and have reduced spread in mice\nPassage: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon , lacks its structural protein genes and expresses green fluorescent protein under its subgenomic promoter. Transformed Escherichia coli containing the WNV and VEE replicon plasmids were grown at 37˚C. E. coli stocks containing the packaging vector were grown at 25˚C. WNV, VEE, and Semliki Forest virus replicon plasmids were linearized with Xba1, Not1, or Spe1 , respectively. RNA was in vitro transcribed using mMESSAGE mMACHINE mRNA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.", "Title: Mosquito cell-derived West Nile virus replicon particles mimic arbovirus inoculum and have reduced spread in mice\nPassage: experimental procedure, allowing for more efficient optimization of other parameters, we used FlyFectin in subsequent experiments at an RNA to reagent ratio of 1 μg RNA to 4 μL FlyFectin. Transfection efficiency for these parameters was quantified using a VEE replicon RNA that expresses high levels of GFP under the subgenomic promoter. Both VEE and WNV efficiently replicate in C6/36 cells . The VEE system was used because it is more specific and sensitive than using an antibody to detect cells transfected with WNV replicon in C6/36 cells, which are highly autofluorescent. The percentage of GFP-positive cells was determined by", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: VEE is an appealing vaccine vector, as it was previously shown that VEE mainly targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphoid tissues and therefore primes rapid and robust immune responses. 103 SIN, SFV and VEE have all been tested as influenza vaccine vectors . An SFV vaccine expressing the HA and NP genes could protect mice from infection with A virus; 99 the same held true for a SIN replicon expressing either the HA gene or an immunodominant CD8 C T-cell NP epitope. 104, 105 VEE was more extensively evaluated as an influenza vaccine vector, VEE-H1 vaccination protected mice from infection" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The VEE replicon systems are particularly appealing as the VEE targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphatic tissues, priming rapid and robust immune responses ." ], [ "0c", "VEE replicon systems can induce robust mucosal immune responses through intranasal or subcutaneous immunization , and subcutaneous immunization with virus-like replicon particles expressing HA-induced antigen-specific systemic IgG and fecal IgA antibodies ." ], [ "0d", "VRPs derived from VEE virus have been developed as candidate vaccines for cytomegalovirus ." ], [ "0e", "A phase I clinical trial with the CMV VRP showed the vaccine was immunogenic, inducing CMV-neutralizing antibody responses and potent T cell responses." ], [ "0f", "Moreover, the vaccine was well tolerated and" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0e", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The VEE replicon systems are particularly appealing as the VEE targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphatic tissues, priming rapid and robust immune responses . VEE replicon systems can induce robust mucosal immune responses through intranasal or subcutaneous immunization , and subcutaneous immunization with virus-like replicon particles expressing HA-induced antigen-specific systemic IgG and fecal IgA antibodies . VRPs derived from VEE virus have been developed as candidate vaccines for cytomegalovirus . A phase I clinical trial with the CMV VRP showed the vaccine was immunogenic, inducing CMV-neutralizing antibody responses and potent T cell responses. Moreover, the vaccine was well tolerated and", "Title: Mosquito cell-derived West Nile virus replicon particles mimic arbovirus inoculum and have reduced spread in mice\nPassage: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon , lacks its structural protein genes and expresses green fluorescent protein under its subgenomic promoter. Transformed Escherichia coli containing the WNV and VEE replicon plasmids were grown at 37˚C. E. coli stocks containing the packaging vector were grown at 25˚C. WNV, VEE, and Semliki Forest virus replicon plasmids were linearized with Xba1, Not1, or Spe1 , respectively. RNA was in vitro transcribed using mMESSAGE mMACHINE mRNA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.", "Title: Mosquito cell-derived West Nile virus replicon particles mimic arbovirus inoculum and have reduced spread in mice\nPassage: experimental procedure, allowing for more efficient optimization of other parameters, we used FlyFectin in subsequent experiments at an RNA to reagent ratio of 1 μg RNA to 4 μL FlyFectin. Transfection efficiency for these parameters was quantified using a VEE replicon RNA that expresses high levels of GFP under the subgenomic promoter. Both VEE and WNV efficiently replicate in C6/36 cells . The VEE system was used because it is more specific and sensitive than using an antibody to detect cells transfected with WNV replicon in C6/36 cells, which are highly autofluorescent. The percentage of GFP-positive cells was determined by", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: VEE is an appealing vaccine vector, as it was previously shown that VEE mainly targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphoid tissues and therefore primes rapid and robust immune responses. 103 SIN, SFV and VEE have all been tested as influenza vaccine vectors . An SFV vaccine expressing the HA and NP genes could protect mice from infection with A virus; 99 the same held true for a SIN replicon expressing either the HA gene or an immunodominant CD8 C T-cell NP epitope. 104, 105 VEE was more extensively evaluated as an influenza vaccine vector, VEE-H1 vaccination protected mice from infection" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines" ], [ "3b", "Passage: VEE is an appealing vaccine vector, as it was previously shown that VEE mainly targets antigen-presenting cells in the lymphoid tissues and therefore primes rapid and robust immune responses." ], [ "3c", "103 SIN, SFV and VEE have all been tested as influenza vaccine vectors ." ], [ "3d", "An SFV vaccine expressing the HA and NP genes could protect mice from infection with A virus; 99 the same held true for a SIN replicon expressing either the HA gene or an immunodominant CD8 C T-cell NP epitope." ], [ "3e", "104, 105 VEE was more extensively evaluated as an influenza vaccine vector, VEE-H1 vaccination protected mice from infection" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0e", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating spatiotemporally varying malaria reproduction numbers in a near elimination setting\nPassage: Determining the transmission likelihood. We assume cases were classified correctly from case investigation as imported or locally-acquired based on recent travel history. Following this assumption, locally acquired cases could have both infected others and been infected themselves. However imported cases could only infect others, as we assume their infection was acquired outside of the country. There were no confirmed relapse cases in the dataset, and all cases were treated with primaquine and chloroquine after being detected. Treatment is initiated before cases are confirmed by microscopy . Active case detection is initiated locally following a confirmed case and in active foci", "Title: Analysis of spatial mobility in subjects from a Dengue endemic urban locality in Morelos State, Mexico\nPassage: There was no significant difference between cases and population controls, regardless of age. When comparing cases versus intradomestic controls, we observed a statistically significant difference in time spent in area out of the municipality but in the State .", "Title: Estimating spatiotemporally varying malaria reproduction numbers in a near elimination setting\nPassage: Supplementary Note 2: Sensitivity analysis 71 We explored the sensitivity of our approach by varying the threshold likelihood for linking cases, , 72 and the threshold gain in marginal likelihood used to define the number of edges to create, K. We We assume cases were classified correctly from case investigation as imported or locally-acquired 85 based on recent travel history. Following this assumption, locally acquired cases could have both 86 infected others and been infected themselves. Imported cases could only infect others, as we assume 87 their infection was acquired outside of the country. We also assume a case showing", "Title: Identifying Locations with Possible Undetected Imported Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Cases by Using Importation Predictions,\nPassage: The model requires data on imported-and-reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, daily air travel volume, and surveillance capacity. We obtained data on imported-and-reported cases aggregated by destination from the World Health Organization technical report issued February 4, 2020 . We assumed a case count of 0 for locations not listed. We used February 4 as the cutoff for cumulative imported-and-reported case counts because exported cases from Hubei Province dropped rapidly after this date , likely because of travel restrictions for the province implement on January 23. We defined imported-and-reported cases as those with known travel history from China; of those, 83%" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Estimating spatiotemporally varying malaria reproduction numbers in a near elimination setting" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Determining the transmission likelihood." ], [ "0c", "We assume cases were classified correctly from case investigation as imported or locally-acquired based on recent travel history." ], [ "0d", "Following this assumption, locally acquired cases could have both infected others and been infected themselves." ], [ "0e", "However imported cases could only infect others, as we assume their infection was acquired outside of the country." ], [ "0f", "There were no confirmed relapse cases in the dataset, and all cases were treated with primaquine and chloroquine after being detected." ], [ "0g", "Treatment is initiated before cases are confirmed by microscopy ." ], [ "0h", "Active case detection is initiated locally following a confirmed case and in active foci" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Estimating spatiotemporally varying malaria reproduction numbers in a near elimination setting\nPassage: Determining the transmission likelihood. We assume cases were classified correctly from case investigation as imported or locally-acquired based on recent travel history. Following this assumption, locally acquired cases could have both infected others and been infected themselves. However imported cases could only infect others, as we assume their infection was acquired outside of the country. There were no confirmed relapse cases in the dataset, and all cases were treated with primaquine and chloroquine after being detected. Treatment is initiated before cases are confirmed by microscopy . Active case detection is initiated locally following a confirmed case and in active foci", "Title: Analysis of spatial mobility in subjects from a Dengue endemic urban locality in Morelos State, Mexico\nPassage: There was no significant difference between cases and population controls, regardless of age. When comparing cases versus intradomestic controls, we observed a statistically significant difference in time spent in area out of the municipality but in the State .", "Title: Estimating spatiotemporally varying malaria reproduction numbers in a near elimination setting\nPassage: Supplementary Note 2: Sensitivity analysis 71 We explored the sensitivity of our approach by varying the threshold likelihood for linking cases, , 72 and the threshold gain in marginal likelihood used to define the number of edges to create, K. We We assume cases were classified correctly from case investigation as imported or locally-acquired 85 based on recent travel history. Following this assumption, locally acquired cases could have both 86 infected others and been infected themselves. Imported cases could only infect others, as we assume 87 their infection was acquired outside of the country. We also assume a case showing", "Title: Identifying Locations with Possible Undetected Imported Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Cases by Using Importation Predictions,\nPassage: The model requires data on imported-and-reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, daily air travel volume, and surveillance capacity. We obtained data on imported-and-reported cases aggregated by destination from the World Health Organization technical report issued February 4, 2020 . We assumed a case count of 0 for locations not listed. We used February 4 as the cutoff for cumulative imported-and-reported case counts because exported cases from Hubei Province dropped rapidly after this date , likely because of travel restrictions for the province implement on January 23. We defined imported-and-reported cases as those with known travel history from China; of those, 83%" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Estimating spatiotemporally varying malaria reproduction numbers in a near elimination setting" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Supplementary Note 2: Sensitivity analysis 71 We explored the sensitivity of our approach by varying the threshold likelihood for linking cases, , 72 and the threshold gain in marginal likelihood used to define the number of edges to create, K. We We assume cases were classified correctly from case investigation as imported or locally-acquired 85 based on recent travel history." ], [ "2c", "Following this assumption, locally acquired cases could have both 86 infected others and been infected themselves." ], [ "2d", "Imported cases could only infect others, as we assume 87 their infection was acquired outside of the country." ], [ "2e", "We also assume a case showing" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Time-of-addition experiments revealed that maximal effects were achieved when glycyrrhizin was continuously present starting with a 1 h pre-incubation period . Addition of glycyrrhizin post infection showed reduced antiviral effects while pre-incubation alone or glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not significantly affect H5N1 replication.", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment reduced H5N1-induced mortality in mice . Therefore, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects exerted by glycyrrhizin may be beneficial for treatment of H5N1. Also, glycyrrhizin is a known antioxidant and antioxidants were already shown to interfere with influenza A virus replication and virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses .", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Experimental results suggested that glycyrrhizin might be able to affect seasonal influenza A virus disease by antiviral and immunomodulatory effects . Mice were prevented from lethal H2N2 infection by glycyrrhizin although no influence on virus replication was detected. The mechanism was suggested to be induction of interferon-c in T-cells by glycyrrhizin . Moreover, glycyrrhizin was shown to influence seasonal influenza A virus replication through interaction with the cell membrane . However, these effects were observed only in concentrations $200 mg/ml when glycyrrhizin was added during the virus adsorption period. Since glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not influence H5N1", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: as constituents of anti-influenza treatment strategies that may save lives in an influenza pandemic situation . Therefore, glycyrrhizin may complement the arsenal of potential drugs for the treatment of H5N1-caused disease." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Time-of-addition experiments revealed that maximal effects were achieved when glycyrrhizin was continuously present starting with a 1 h pre-incubation period ." ], [ "0c", "Addition of glycyrrhizin post infection showed reduced antiviral effects while pre-incubation alone or glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not significantly affect H5N1 replication." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Time-of-addition experiments revealed that maximal effects were achieved when glycyrrhizin was continuously present starting with a 1 h pre-incubation period . Addition of glycyrrhizin post infection showed reduced antiviral effects while pre-incubation alone or glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not significantly affect H5N1 replication.", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment reduced H5N1-induced mortality in mice . Therefore, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects exerted by glycyrrhizin may be beneficial for treatment of H5N1. Also, glycyrrhizin is a known antioxidant and antioxidants were already shown to interfere with influenza A virus replication and virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses .", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Experimental results suggested that glycyrrhizin might be able to affect seasonal influenza A virus disease by antiviral and immunomodulatory effects . Mice were prevented from lethal H2N2 infection by glycyrrhizin although no influence on virus replication was detected. The mechanism was suggested to be induction of interferon-c in T-cells by glycyrrhizin . Moreover, glycyrrhizin was shown to influence seasonal influenza A virus replication through interaction with the cell membrane . However, these effects were observed only in concentrations $200 mg/ml when glycyrrhizin was added during the virus adsorption period. Since glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not influence H5N1", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: as constituents of anti-influenza treatment strategies that may save lives in an influenza pandemic situation . Therefore, glycyrrhizin may complement the arsenal of potential drugs for the treatment of H5N1-caused disease." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression" ], [ "1b", "Passage: antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment reduced H5N1-induced mortality in mice ." ], [ "1c", "Therefore, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects exerted by glycyrrhizin may be beneficial for treatment of H5N1." ], [ "1d", "Also, glycyrrhizin is a known antioxidant and antioxidants were already shown to interfere with influenza A virus replication and virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Time-of-addition experiments revealed that maximal effects were achieved when glycyrrhizin was continuously present starting with a 1 h pre-incubation period . Addition of glycyrrhizin post infection showed reduced antiviral effects while pre-incubation alone or glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not significantly affect H5N1 replication.", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment reduced H5N1-induced mortality in mice . Therefore, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects exerted by glycyrrhizin may be beneficial for treatment of H5N1. Also, glycyrrhizin is a known antioxidant and antioxidants were already shown to interfere with influenza A virus replication and virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses .", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Experimental results suggested that glycyrrhizin might be able to affect seasonal influenza A virus disease by antiviral and immunomodulatory effects . Mice were prevented from lethal H2N2 infection by glycyrrhizin although no influence on virus replication was detected. The mechanism was suggested to be induction of interferon-c in T-cells by glycyrrhizin . Moreover, glycyrrhizin was shown to influence seasonal influenza A virus replication through interaction with the cell membrane . However, these effects were observed only in concentrations $200 mg/ml when glycyrrhizin was added during the virus adsorption period. Since glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not influence H5N1", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: as constituents of anti-influenza treatment strategies that may save lives in an influenza pandemic situation . Therefore, glycyrrhizin may complement the arsenal of potential drugs for the treatment of H5N1-caused disease." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Experimental results suggested that glycyrrhizin might be able to affect seasonal influenza A virus disease by antiviral and immunomodulatory effects ." ], [ "2c", "Mice were prevented from lethal H2N2 infection by glycyrrhizin although no influence on virus replication was detected." ], [ "2d", "The mechanism was suggested to be induction of interferon-c in T-cells by glycyrrhizin ." ], [ "2e", "Moreover, glycyrrhizin was shown to influence seasonal influenza A virus replication through interaction with the cell membrane ." ], [ "2f", "However, these effects were observed only in concentrations $200 mg/ml when glycyrrhizin was added during the virus adsorption period." ], [ "2g", "Since glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not influence H5N1" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Time-of-addition experiments revealed that maximal effects were achieved when glycyrrhizin was continuously present starting with a 1 h pre-incubation period . Addition of glycyrrhizin post infection showed reduced antiviral effects while pre-incubation alone or glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not significantly affect H5N1 replication.", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: antiviral plus immunomodulator treatment reduced H5N1-induced mortality in mice . Therefore, antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects exerted by glycyrrhizin may be beneficial for treatment of H5N1. Also, glycyrrhizin is a known antioxidant and antioxidants were already shown to interfere with influenza A virus replication and virus-induced pro-inflammatory responses .", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: Experimental results suggested that glycyrrhizin might be able to affect seasonal influenza A virus disease by antiviral and immunomodulatory effects . Mice were prevented from lethal H2N2 infection by glycyrrhizin although no influence on virus replication was detected. The mechanism was suggested to be induction of interferon-c in T-cells by glycyrrhizin . Moreover, glycyrrhizin was shown to influence seasonal influenza A virus replication through interaction with the cell membrane . However, these effects were observed only in concentrations $200 mg/ml when glycyrrhizin was added during the virus adsorption period. Since glycyrrhizin addition during the adsorption period did not influence H5N1", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression\nPassage: as constituents of anti-influenza treatment strategies that may save lives in an influenza pandemic situation . Therefore, glycyrrhizin may complement the arsenal of potential drugs for the treatment of H5N1-caused disease." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Glycyrrhizin Exerts Antioxidative Effects in H5N1 Influenza A Virus-Infected Cells and Inhibits Virus Replication and Pro-Inflammatory Gene Expression" ], [ "3b", "Passage: as constituents of anti-influenza treatment strategies that may save lives in an influenza pandemic situation ." ], [ "3c", "Therefore, glycyrrhizin may complement the arsenal of potential drugs for the treatment of H5N1-caused disease." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in China\nPassage: The employed recombination detection methods revealed that SAIBK is a chimera virus, with recombination by the SC021202 strain as a major parent and the H120 vaccine strain as a minor parent. The first and second recombination regions were located at positions 7231 to 9126 and 13437 to 14473 in genes 1a and 1b, respectively. There were two other recombination regions detected at positions 951 to 1067 and 5393 to 5605 of SAIBK, which were recombined with the SC021202 strain as a major parent and the H52 vaccine strain as a minor parent. The recombination detection results suggested that SAIBK is", "Title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in China\nPassage: The complete genome of the SAIBK strain is 27,534 nucleotides in length, including the poly tail. It has a classical IBV genome organization with 10 open reading frames :", "Title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in China\nPassage: Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome results indicated that the SAIBK strain clusters into the same branch as the IBV YN strain and the SC021202 strain . The S1 subunit of the IBV genome is the major determinant of serotype , and S1 analysis indicated that the SAIBK strain has a 4/91-like serotype.", "Title: GI-type T4SS-mediated horizontal transfer of the 89K pathogenicity island in epidemic Streptococcus suis serotype 2\nPassage: As the name implies, 89K is approximately 89 kb in length, flanked by a perfect 15 bp direct repeat, and contains a putative phage-related integrase gene at its 3′ end. These architectural features strongly suggest that it may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer . Meanwhile, the internal modular organization of 89K indicates that it was generated by multiple recombination events because it carries several unrelated gene blocks found in widely divergent species, making it difficult to ascertain its initial origin. A better understanding of the molecular biology of 89K will undoubtedly provide important insight into the emergence, virulence," ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Complete Genome Sequence of a Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus Strain Isolated in China" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The complete genome of the SAIBK strain is 27,534 nucleotides in length, including the poly tail." ], [ "1c", "It has a classical IBV genome organization with 10 open reading frames :" ] ]

[ "1b" ]

[ "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: conditions. This involvement of proteases may lead them to produce a therapeutic agent against deadly diseases, such as cancer and AIDS . Proteases similar in sequences and structures are grouped into clans and families, which are available in the MEROPS database . The proposed review highlights the proteolysis, function, and wide range of sources among different bacteria of microbial proteases. It also discusses the broad range of applications and upcoming advancement for the discovery of new and fresh proteases, especially alkaline proteases from bacteria .", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: Proteases have been successfully produced by researchers from different microbial sources. Microbes account a two-thirds share of commercial protease around the globe . Since the advent of enzymology, microbial proteolytic proteases have been the most widely studied enzyme. These enzymes have gained interest not only due to their vital role in metabolic activities but also due to their immense utilization in industries . The proteases available in the market are of microbial origin because of their high yield, less time consumption, less space requirement, lofty genetic manipulation, and cost-effectiveness, which have made them suitable for biotechnological application in the market", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: of existing life on earth, such as animals, plants, and microbes. By a process of fermentation, proteases can be isolated and purified in a relatively shorter period of time, exhibiting high substrate specificity and catalytic activity . It is estimated that proteases account for 1-5% of the genome of infectious organisms and 2% of the human genome . According to researchers, proteases control the activation, synthesis, and turnover of proteins to regulate physiological processes . Different physiological processes, such as formation, birth, aging, and even death are regulated by proteases . Proteases are involved in normal and pathophysiological processes or", "Title: Early Days of Food and Environmental Virology\nPassage: reported , but these are not necessarily agents of human infection, nor are they necessarily infectious as detected. We were able to show that some proteases and some microbes would attack enteroviruses ; CA9 was especially susceptible to enzyme attack . By differential radionuclide labeling, we demonstrated that CA9 and PO1 in lake water were inactivated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which selectively used their coat protein, but not the RNA, as substrate ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications Passage: conditions." ], [ "0b", "This involvement of proteases may lead them to produce a therapeutic agent against deadly diseases, such as cancer and AIDS ." ], [ "0c", "Proteases similar in sequences and structures are grouped into clans and families, which are available in the MEROPS database ." ], [ "0d", "The proposed review highlights the proteolysis, function, and wide range of sources among different bacteria of microbial proteases." ], [ "0e", "It also discusses the broad range of applications and upcoming advancement for the discovery of new and fresh proteases, especially alkaline proteases from bacteria ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1e", "2e", "2f", "2g" ]

[ "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: conditions. This involvement of proteases may lead them to produce a therapeutic agent against deadly diseases, such as cancer and AIDS . Proteases similar in sequences and structures are grouped into clans and families, which are available in the MEROPS database . The proposed review highlights the proteolysis, function, and wide range of sources among different bacteria of microbial proteases. It also discusses the broad range of applications and upcoming advancement for the discovery of new and fresh proteases, especially alkaline proteases from bacteria .", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: Proteases have been successfully produced by researchers from different microbial sources. Microbes account a two-thirds share of commercial protease around the globe . Since the advent of enzymology, microbial proteolytic proteases have been the most widely studied enzyme. These enzymes have gained interest not only due to their vital role in metabolic activities but also due to their immense utilization in industries . The proteases available in the market are of microbial origin because of their high yield, less time consumption, less space requirement, lofty genetic manipulation, and cost-effectiveness, which have made them suitable for biotechnological application in the market", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: of existing life on earth, such as animals, plants, and microbes. By a process of fermentation, proteases can be isolated and purified in a relatively shorter period of time, exhibiting high substrate specificity and catalytic activity . It is estimated that proteases account for 1-5% of the genome of infectious organisms and 2% of the human genome . According to researchers, proteases control the activation, synthesis, and turnover of proteins to regulate physiological processes . Different physiological processes, such as formation, birth, aging, and even death are regulated by proteases . Proteases are involved in normal and pathophysiological processes or", "Title: Early Days of Food and Environmental Virology\nPassage: reported , but these are not necessarily agents of human infection, nor are they necessarily infectious as detected. We were able to show that some proteases and some microbes would attack enteroviruses ; CA9 was especially susceptible to enzyme attack . By differential radionuclide labeling, we demonstrated that CA9 and PO1 in lake water were inactivated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which selectively used their coat protein, but not the RNA, as substrate ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Proteases have been successfully produced by researchers from different microbial sources." ], [ "1c", "Microbes account a two-thirds share of commercial protease around the globe ." ], [ "1d", "Since the advent of enzymology, microbial proteolytic proteases have been the most widely studied enzyme." ], [ "1e", "These enzymes have gained interest not only due to their vital role in metabolic activities but also due to their immense utilization in industries ." ], [ "1f", "The proteases available in the market are of microbial origin because of their high yield, less time consumption, less space requirement, lofty genetic manipulation, and cost-effectiveness, which have made them suitable for biotechnological application in the market" ] ]

[ "0b", "1e", "2e", "2f", "2g" ]

[ "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: conditions. This involvement of proteases may lead them to produce a therapeutic agent against deadly diseases, such as cancer and AIDS . Proteases similar in sequences and structures are grouped into clans and families, which are available in the MEROPS database . The proposed review highlights the proteolysis, function, and wide range of sources among different bacteria of microbial proteases. It also discusses the broad range of applications and upcoming advancement for the discovery of new and fresh proteases, especially alkaline proteases from bacteria .", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: Proteases have been successfully produced by researchers from different microbial sources. Microbes account a two-thirds share of commercial protease around the globe . Since the advent of enzymology, microbial proteolytic proteases have been the most widely studied enzyme. These enzymes have gained interest not only due to their vital role in metabolic activities but also due to their immense utilization in industries . The proteases available in the market are of microbial origin because of their high yield, less time consumption, less space requirement, lofty genetic manipulation, and cost-effectiveness, which have made them suitable for biotechnological application in the market", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications\nPassage: of existing life on earth, such as animals, plants, and microbes. By a process of fermentation, proteases can be isolated and purified in a relatively shorter period of time, exhibiting high substrate specificity and catalytic activity . It is estimated that proteases account for 1-5% of the genome of infectious organisms and 2% of the human genome . According to researchers, proteases control the activation, synthesis, and turnover of proteins to regulate physiological processes . Different physiological processes, such as formation, birth, aging, and even death are regulated by proteases . Proteases are involved in normal and pathophysiological processes or", "Title: Early Days of Food and Environmental Virology\nPassage: reported , but these are not necessarily agents of human infection, nor are they necessarily infectious as detected. We were able to show that some proteases and some microbes would attack enteroviruses ; CA9 was especially susceptible to enzyme attack . By differential radionuclide labeling, we demonstrated that CA9 and PO1 in lake water were inactivated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which selectively used their coat protein, but not the RNA, as substrate ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Microbial Proteases Applications" ], [ "2b", "Passage: of existing life on earth, such as animals, plants, and microbes." ], [ "2c", "By a process of fermentation, proteases can be isolated and purified in a relatively shorter period of time, exhibiting high substrate specificity and catalytic activity ." ], [ "2d", "It is estimated that proteases account for 1-5% of the genome of infectious organisms and 2% of the human genome ." ], [ "2e", "According to researchers, proteases control the activation, synthesis, and turnover of proteins to regulate physiological processes ." ], [ "2f", "Different physiological processes, such as formation, birth, aging, and even death are regulated by proteases ." ], [ "2g", "Proteases are involved in normal and pathophysiological processes or" ] ]

[ "0b", "1e", "2e", "2f", "2g" ]

[ "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings\nPassage: 6) Ensure that potential participants are free to refuse or withdraw from the research at any stage without penalty.. authority or partner is encouraged. If relevant and possible, consultation with a body representing the community is desirable. 7. If the decision for exemption from review is taken by the medical directors, the MSF responsibility to ensure that ethical requirements are met is similar to reviewed projects. This exemption, in addition, does not exempt MSF from compliance with regulatory requirements in the country from where the data originate. National or institutional ethical review may still be required.", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: The Sphere Handbook, a collection of rights-based guidelines for humanitarian response, is the foremost authority on minimum standards for humanitarian assistance . However, despite the indisputable evidence for the efficacy of hand hygiene for reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission, humanitarian WASH standards are based on evidence pertaining to the prevention of illnesses transmitted by the faecal-oral route, with the focus on hand hygiene proximate to latrines . And yet, latrines in crisis settings are often shared and distant from residential shelters, conferring a high risk of gender-based violence . Gender-based violence around latrines is an important deterrent for", "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings\nPassage: or other difficult circumstances, where there is great vulnerability and pressing humanitarian needs.", "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings\nPassage: First, the impact of any new framework should be continuously assessed. While, in this case, we can already sense after six months implementation, that it has been adopted very easily and seems to be much more \"intuitive\" than the previous framework, a more rigorous evaluation of its acceptance, implementation and impact on the quality of research protocols would be useful not only for MSF, but also for other organisations that are facing the same challenges and might wish to adopt and/or adapt it." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The Sphere Handbook, a collection of rights-based guidelines for humanitarian response, is the foremost authority on minimum standards for humanitarian assistance ." ], [ "1c", "However, despite the indisputable evidence for the efficacy of hand hygiene for reducing both bacterial and viral pathogen transmission, humanitarian WASH standards are based on evidence pertaining to the prevention of illnesses transmitted by the faecal-oral route, with the focus on hand hygiene proximate to latrines ." ], [ "1d", "And yet, latrines in crisis settings are often shared and distant from residential shelters, conferring a high risk of gender-based violence ." ], [ "1e", "Gender-based violence around latrines is an important deterrent for" ] ]

[ "1b" ]

[ "Title: Multiplexed Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays\nPassage: These results indicate that M-NAPPA can be used for preliminary high throughput screening of novel protein-protein interactions. The screen can then be followed by a verification step using deconvoluted spots via NAPPA to identify the specific proteins that are involved.", "Title: Multiplexed Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays\nPassage: Third, we showed that M-NAPPA can be used in protein-protein interaction and serological screening studies. The results from M-NAPPA agreed strongly with those observed with non-multiplexed NAPPA . These data indicate that M-NAPPA presents a labor-and cost-effective strategy to initially screen for hits.", "Title: Evaluation of Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for Detection of Bovine Pathogens in Clinical Samples\nPassage: the enteric and respiratory syndromes, for cases of E. coli infection, the PPA was 70% and the NPA was 100%, and for C. perfringens, the PPA was 56% and the NPA was 100%. For respiratory cases, the PPA for Mannheimia haemolytica was 78% and the NPA was 67%, and for Pasteurella multocida, the PPA was 71% and the NPA was 63%. The PPA for Histophilus somni was 100% and the NPA was 70%, and the PPA and NPA for Mycoplasma bovis were both 100%.", "Title: Multiplexed Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays\nPassage: To test whether M-NAPPA can be used to detect proteomic serological response, we screened ten serum samples from patients with type 1 diabetes that had been previously characterized using NAPPA arrays . A dozen hits were observed with M-NAPPA and NAPPA . Forty-nine of the 53 antigens identified by NAPPA were also detected by M-NAPPA. Four antigens, however, were detected with only one platform . These uncommon discrepancies may be due to variations in surface chemistry, plasmid concentration, printing or array processing." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Evaluation of Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing for Detection of Bovine Pathogens in Clinical Samples" ], [ "2b", "Passage: the enteric and respiratory syndromes, for cases of E. coli infection, the PPA was 70% and the NPA was 100%, and for C. perfringens, the PPA was 56% and the NPA was 100%." ], [ "2c", "For respiratory cases, the PPA for Mannheimia haemolytica was 78% and the NPA was 67%, and for Pasteurella multocida, the PPA was 71% and the NPA was 63%." ], [ "2d", "The PPA for Histophilus somni was 100% and the NPA was 70%, and the PPA and NPA for Mycoplasma bovis were both 100%." ] ]

[ "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Viruses and Evolution – Viruses First? A Personal Perspective\nPassage: There are elements with zero genes that fulfill many criteria for early life: ribozymes, catalytic RNAs closely related to viroids. They were recovered in vitro from 10 15 molecules , 220 nucleotides in length, by 10 rounds of selection. Among the many RNA species present in this collection of quasispecies RNAs were catalytically active members, enzymatically active ribozymes. The sequence space for 220-mer RNAs is about 3 × 10 132 .", "Title: Group Selection and Contribution of Minority Variants during Virus Adaptation Determines Virus Fitness and Phenotype\nPassage: further evidence for the quasispecies behavior of RNA viruses under certain conditions. It is important to note, however, that the group selection observed in this study resulted from relatively large population size in passages that reached high MOI by the time cell monolayers were lysed for subsequent passage. It is possible that in conditions where MOI is low, or when population bottlenecks occur , that the emergence of such minority variants would be delayed or impeded.", "Title: Differential Shape of Geminivirus Mutant Spectra Across Cultivated and Wild Hosts With Invariant Viral Consensus Sequences\nPassage: Animal and plant RNA viruses exist as viral quasispecies that adapt to changing environments by evolving rapidly . Viral quasispecies are defined as distributions of nonidentical but related genomes subjected to a continuous process of genetic variation, competition, selection and genetic drift, and which act as a unit of selection . Their high genetic diversity in host populations is partially explained by the low replication fidelity of viral RNA-dependent DNA or RNA polymerases , which lack proofreading activity . Eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses do not encode DNA polymerases and replicate their genomes using unknown host cell polymerases. High mutation frequencies", "Title: Group Selection and Contribution of Minority Variants during Virus Adaptation Determines Virus Fitness and Phenotype\nPassage: variants to the overall fitness of the entire population. Our results underscore the importance of characterizing RNA virus quasispecies during adaptation and virus evolution." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Viruses and Evolution – Viruses First?" ], [ "0b", "A Personal Perspective" ], [ "0c", "Passage: There are elements with zero genes that fulfill many criteria for early life: ribozymes, catalytic RNAs closely related to viroids." ], [ "0d", "They were recovered in vitro from 10 15 molecules , 220 nucleotides in length, by 10 rounds of selection." ], [ "0e", "Among the many RNA species present in this collection of quasispecies RNAs were catalytically active members, enzymatically active ribozymes." ], [ "0f", "The sequence space for 220-mer RNAs is about 3 × 10 132 ." ] ]

[ "0c" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ,", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ," ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups ." ], [ "0c", "The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation ." ], [ "0d", "The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ,", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ," ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups ." ], [ "1c", "The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation ." ], [ "1d", "The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ,", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ," ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "2b", "Passage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice." ], [ "2c", "The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice." ], [ "2d", "Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups ." ], [ "2e", "The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline." ], [ "2f", "Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ," ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: The filamentous phage particle is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups . The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups make it an ideal scaffold for bioconjugation . The most commonly used approach is functionalization of amine groups with NHS esters , although this can result in unwanted acylation of pIII and any displayed biomolecules. Carboxyl", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ,", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold\nPassage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups . The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline. Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ," ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold" ], [ "3b", "Passage: the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice." ], [ "3c", "The filamentous phage virion is made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice." ], [ "3d", "Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups , three carboxyl groups and two hydroxyl groups ." ], [ "3e", "The 12 N-terminal residues generally exposed to the immune system for antibody binding are in bold underline." ], [ "3f", "Figure adapted from structural data of Marvin, 1990 ," ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: stations, long-distance bus stations and passenger terminals. As of January 17, a total of nearly 0.3 million people had been tested for body temperature . In Wuhan, there are about 2.87 million mobile population . We assumed that there was 0.1 million people moving out to Wuhan City per day since January 10, 2020, and we believe that this number would increase until 24 January, 2020. This means that the 2.87 million would move out from Wuhan City in about 14 days. Therefore, we set the moving volume of 0.2 million per day in our model. Since the population of", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: Wuhan was about 11 million at the end of 2018 , the rate of people traveling out from Wuhan City would be 0.018 per day. However, we assumed that the normal population mobility before January 1 was 0.1 times as that after January 10. Therefore, we set the rate of people moving into and moving out from Wuhan City as 0.0018 per day .", "Title: The Extent of Transmission of Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China, 2020\nPassage: cases as of 17 January 2020 . The former study from the United States assumes that the catchment area population is 10 million .", "Title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) related to the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Chinese General Population: a Telephone Survey\nPassage: This study was performed in seven urban regions and two rural areas of China with over one million people in each region. Regarding the urban sites, Beijing as the capital of China locates in the northeast; Shanghai is a municipality in the east of China; Wuhan and Zhengzhou are both in the centre of China; Xi'an in the northwest of China is the provincial capital of Shanxi province; and Shenzhen of the Guangdong province is in the southeast of China. As for the rural sites, Jingzhou county and Zhengzhou county, from Hubei and Henan provinces, respectively, both locate in the" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus" ], [ "0b", "Passage: stations, long-distance bus stations and passenger terminals." ], [ "0c", "As of January 17, a total of nearly 0.3 million people had been tested for body temperature ." ], [ "0d", "In Wuhan, there are about 2.87 million mobile population ." ], [ "0e", "We assumed that there was 0.1 million people moving out to Wuhan City per day since January 10, 2020, and we believe that this number would increase until 24 January, 2020." ], [ "0f", "This means that the 2.87 million would move out from Wuhan City in about 14 days." ], [ "0g", "Therefore, we set the moving volume of 0.2 million per day in our model." ], [ "0h", "Since the population of" ] ]

[ "0d", "1b" ]

[ "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: stations, long-distance bus stations and passenger terminals. As of January 17, a total of nearly 0.3 million people had been tested for body temperature . In Wuhan, there are about 2.87 million mobile population . We assumed that there was 0.1 million people moving out to Wuhan City per day since January 10, 2020, and we believe that this number would increase until 24 January, 2020. This means that the 2.87 million would move out from Wuhan City in about 14 days. Therefore, we set the moving volume of 0.2 million per day in our model. Since the population of", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus\nPassage: Wuhan was about 11 million at the end of 2018 , the rate of people traveling out from Wuhan City would be 0.018 per day. However, we assumed that the normal population mobility before January 1 was 0.1 times as that after January 10. Therefore, we set the rate of people moving into and moving out from Wuhan City as 0.0018 per day .", "Title: The Extent of Transmission of Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China, 2020\nPassage: cases as of 17 January 2020 . The former study from the United States assumes that the catchment area population is 10 million .", "Title: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) related to the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Chinese General Population: a Telephone Survey\nPassage: This study was performed in seven urban regions and two rural areas of China with over one million people in each region. Regarding the urban sites, Beijing as the capital of China locates in the northeast; Shanghai is a municipality in the east of China; Wuhan and Zhengzhou are both in the centre of China; Xi'an in the northwest of China is the provincial capital of Shanxi province; and Shenzhen of the Guangdong province is in the southeast of China. As for the rural sites, Jingzhou county and Zhengzhou county, from Hubei and Henan provinces, respectively, both locate in the" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Wuhan was about 11 million at the end of 2018 , the rate of people traveling out from Wuhan City would be 0.018 per day." ], [ "1c", "However, we assumed that the normal population mobility before January 1 was 0.1 times as that after January 10." ], [ "1d", "Therefore, we set the rate of people moving into and moving out from Wuhan City as 0.0018 per day ." ] ]

[ "0d", "1b" ]

[ "Title: Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak\nPassage: Any statement that is factually inaccurate but stated as question of hearsay \"Some are asking if Ebola is spread through the air\"", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: what to do, or question the veracity of the advice offered, they are more likely to respond by denying the risk or transferring it to others . Whilst most of the participants in the general population groups regarded swine flu as \"bit of a joke, really\" others reported feelings of anxiety, fear or panic. In particular, reports of flu-related deaths gave rise to more serious concern.", "Title: The swine flu vaccine, public attitudes, and researcher interpretations: a systematic review of qualitative research\nPassage: Some participants questioned the extent to which the H1N1 virus really represented a pandemic or a \"true emergency\", referring to the fact that their own personal experiences did not confirm this impression with regard to either severity or spread . Most participants regarded the disease as relatively mild and as similar to other types of influenza , felt that the danger or risk was exaggerated, and did not take the government's urgent messages seriously . However, others saw the disease as more severe or potentially serious and sometimes deadly , and referred to the relatively high risk to young people", "Title: Avian influenza outbreak in Turkey through health personnel's views: a qualitative study\nPassage: things. She slept with the doll for many nights. Why didn't anyone underline this occasion? Why was the people's psychological status not taken into account? Why wasn't attention paid to the problems related to the housing infrastructure or the lack of clean water? I still can't accept this; it still affects me.\"" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Avian influenza outbreak in Turkey through health personnel's views: a qualitative study Passage: things." ], [ "3b", "She slept with the doll for many nights." ], [ "3c", "Why didn't anyone underline this occasion?" ], [ "3d", "Why was the people's psychological status not taken into account?" ], [ "3e", "Why wasn't attention paid to the problems related to the housing infrastructure or the lack of clean water?" ], [ "3f", "I still can't accept this; it still affects me.\"" ] ]

[ "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies\nPassage: involving 82 patients in South Korea, and the median incubation period was estimated to be 7 days with a range of 2 to 17 days . At the end of 2015, there were 1621 confirmed MERS with a 36% mortality rate .", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: Although DCs appear to suffer the equivalent of a 'common cold' from MERS-CoV infection, in humans, the virus can be a more serious and opportunistic pathogen associated with the death of up to 40 % of reported cases. It has yet to be established whether infections thought to have been acquired from an animal source produce a more severe outcome than those spread between humans . Studies have established that the mean incubation period for MERS is five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days, with 13 to 14 days between when illness begins in one person and", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\nPassage: families and healthcare settings . Clinical pictures of this infection varied from asymptomatic to mild respiratory symptoms to severe respiratory distress and death . Severe ailment can often cause respiratory catastrophes that need mechanical ventilation and support in ICUs across different healthcare settings . Studies have suggested an incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days , while the median time until death is 11-13 days among severely ill patients . e gold standard test for the detection of this virus is real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays .", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: subsequently spreads to another . Among those with progressive illness, the median time to death is 11 to 13 days, ranging from five to 27 days . Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms may form a prodrome, after which symptoms decline, only to be followed by a more severe systemic and respiratory syndrome ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies" ], [ "0b", "Passage: involving 82 patients in South Korea, and the median incubation period was estimated to be 7 days with a range of 2 to 17 days ." ], [ "0c", "At the end of 2015, there were 1621 confirmed MERS with a 36% mortality rate ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1d", "2e" ]

[ "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies\nPassage: involving 82 patients in South Korea, and the median incubation period was estimated to be 7 days with a range of 2 to 17 days . At the end of 2015, there were 1621 confirmed MERS with a 36% mortality rate .", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: Although DCs appear to suffer the equivalent of a 'common cold' from MERS-CoV infection, in humans, the virus can be a more serious and opportunistic pathogen associated with the death of up to 40 % of reported cases. It has yet to be established whether infections thought to have been acquired from an animal source produce a more severe outcome than those spread between humans . Studies have established that the mean incubation period for MERS is five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days, with 13 to 14 days between when illness begins in one person and", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\nPassage: families and healthcare settings . Clinical pictures of this infection varied from asymptomatic to mild respiratory symptoms to severe respiratory distress and death . Severe ailment can often cause respiratory catastrophes that need mechanical ventilation and support in ICUs across different healthcare settings . Studies have suggested an incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days , while the median time until death is 11-13 days among severely ill patients . e gold standard test for the detection of this virus is real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays .", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: subsequently spreads to another . Among those with progressive illness, the median time to death is 11 to 13 days, ranging from five to 27 days . Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms may form a prodrome, after which symptoms decline, only to be followed by a more severe systemic and respiratory syndrome ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Although DCs appear to suffer the equivalent of a 'common cold' from MERS-CoV infection, in humans, the virus can be a more serious and opportunistic pathogen associated with the death of up to 40 % of reported cases." ], [ "1c", "It has yet to be established whether infections thought to have been acquired from an animal source produce a more severe outcome than those spread between humans ." ], [ "1d", "Studies have established that the mean incubation period for MERS is five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days, with 13 to 14 days between when illness begins in one person and" ] ]

[ "0b", "1d", "2e" ]

[ "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies\nPassage: involving 82 patients in South Korea, and the median incubation period was estimated to be 7 days with a range of 2 to 17 days . At the end of 2015, there were 1621 confirmed MERS with a 36% mortality rate .", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: Although DCs appear to suffer the equivalent of a 'common cold' from MERS-CoV infection, in humans, the virus can be a more serious and opportunistic pathogen associated with the death of up to 40 % of reported cases. It has yet to be established whether infections thought to have been acquired from an animal source produce a more severe outcome than those spread between humans . Studies have established that the mean incubation period for MERS is five to six days, ranging from two to 16 days, with 13 to 14 days between when illness begins in one person and", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\nPassage: families and healthcare settings . Clinical pictures of this infection varied from asymptomatic to mild respiratory symptoms to severe respiratory distress and death . Severe ailment can often cause respiratory catastrophes that need mechanical ventilation and support in ICUs across different healthcare settings . Studies have suggested an incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days , while the median time until death is 11-13 days among severely ill patients . e gold standard test for the detection of this virus is real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays .", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: subsequently spreads to another . Among those with progressive illness, the median time to death is 11 to 13 days, ranging from five to 27 days . Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms may form a prodrome, after which symptoms decline, only to be followed by a more severe systemic and respiratory syndrome ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory" ], [ "2b", "Passage: families and healthcare settings ." ], [ "2c", "Clinical pictures of this infection varied from asymptomatic to mild respiratory symptoms to severe respiratory distress and death ." ], [ "2d", "Severe ailment can often cause respiratory catastrophes that need mechanical ventilation and support in ICUs across different healthcare settings ." ], [ "2e", "Studies have suggested an incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days , while the median time until death is 11-13 days among severely ill patients ." ], [ "2f", "e gold standard test for the detection of this virus is real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1d", "2e" ]

[ "Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case\nPassage: The histopathologic features in different organs are shown in Fig. 2 . Lung showed diffused alveolar damages including intraalveolar edema, focal intra-alveolar hemorrhage, necrosis of alveolar line cells, focal desquamation of pneumocytes in alveolar spaces, interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates, and extensive hyaline membranes. Trachea showed focal denudation of the epithelium with edema, and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates. Spleen showed depletion of lymphocytes with congestion and organized infarcts. Axillary lymph-node was congested with depletion of lymphocytes. The central nervous system showed extensive edema with focal neuronal necrosis in hippocampus. Diastem between Purkinje cells layer and particle cells layer showed focal", "Title: Prognosis of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia correlates with perivascular CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration of the lung\nPassage: All patients underwent high-resolution CT of the chest upon initial evaluation. A radiologist who specializes in diffuse parenchymal lung disease reviewed the CT scans. The extent and prevalence of abnormalities were measured in the areas as follows: from the lung apex to the carina, from the carina to the upper pulmonary vein, and from the upper pulmonary vein to the base of the lung. HRCT images were assessed to determine the extent of parenchymal abnormalities, including ground-glass opacity , reticulation, honeycombing, consolidation, and emphysema. The extent of these abnormalities was determined using a 10 % scale for six zones .", "Title: Autopsy analyses in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis\nPassage: Four-micrometer-thick sections were cut from the lung tissue blocks and stained with H&E for the histopathological examinations in addition to Periodic acid-Schiff stain, Grocott's methenamine silver stain and Gram stain to identify any infectious pathogens in the presence of bronchopneumonia. Bronchopneumonia was conclusively diagnosed based on histopathological evidence, such as neutrophil infiltration, fibrinopurulent exudate accumulation or abscess formation in the broncho-bronchioloalveolar space. For immunohistochemical detection of cytomegalovirus antigens, the sections were incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-CMV antibody for 30 minutes. Secondary antibody peroxidase-linked polymers were then applied, and the sections were incubated with a solution consisting of 20 mg", "Title: Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure\nPassage: 10% formalin-fixed, routinely processed, paraffin-embedded blocks, were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The following methods of histochemical staining were carried out: Grocott's methenamine silver stain, Brown-Brenn, and Ziehl-Neelsen. The following pathological changes were analyzed: a) necrotizing bronchiolitis, b) alveolar collapse, c) dilatation of the airspaces, d) hyaline membrane, e) fibroplasia, f) squamous metaplasia, g) multinucleated cells, h) alveolar hemorrhage, i) acute inflammatory exudates, j) atypical pneumocytes. Pathological changes were graded, using two sections, according to a five-point semiquantitative severity-based scoring system as: 0 = normal lung parenchyma, 1 = changes in 1-25%, 2 = changes in 26-50%, 3 = changes in 51-75%," ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The histopathologic features in different organs are shown in Fig. 2 ." ], [ "0c", "Lung showed diffused alveolar damages including intraalveolar edema, focal intra-alveolar hemorrhage, necrosis of alveolar line cells, focal desquamation of pneumocytes in alveolar spaces, interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates, and extensive hyaline membranes." ], [ "0d", "Trachea showed focal denudation of the epithelium with edema, and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates." ], [ "0e", "Spleen showed depletion of lymphocytes with congestion and organized infarcts." ], [ "0f", "Axillary lymph-node was congested with depletion of lymphocytes." ], [ "0g", "The central nervous system showed extensive edema with focal neuronal necrosis in hippocampus." ], [ "0h", "Diastem between Purkinje cells layer and particle cells layer showed focal" ] ]

[ "0c", "2c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case\nPassage: The histopathologic features in different organs are shown in Fig. 2 . Lung showed diffused alveolar damages including intraalveolar edema, focal intra-alveolar hemorrhage, necrosis of alveolar line cells, focal desquamation of pneumocytes in alveolar spaces, interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates, and extensive hyaline membranes. Trachea showed focal denudation of the epithelium with edema, and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates. Spleen showed depletion of lymphocytes with congestion and organized infarcts. Axillary lymph-node was congested with depletion of lymphocytes. The central nervous system showed extensive edema with focal neuronal necrosis in hippocampus. Diastem between Purkinje cells layer and particle cells layer showed focal", "Title: Prognosis of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia correlates with perivascular CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration of the lung\nPassage: All patients underwent high-resolution CT of the chest upon initial evaluation. A radiologist who specializes in diffuse parenchymal lung disease reviewed the CT scans. The extent and prevalence of abnormalities were measured in the areas as follows: from the lung apex to the carina, from the carina to the upper pulmonary vein, and from the upper pulmonary vein to the base of the lung. HRCT images were assessed to determine the extent of parenchymal abnormalities, including ground-glass opacity , reticulation, honeycombing, consolidation, and emphysema. The extent of these abnormalities was determined using a 10 % scale for six zones .", "Title: Autopsy analyses in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis\nPassage: Four-micrometer-thick sections were cut from the lung tissue blocks and stained with H&E for the histopathological examinations in addition to Periodic acid-Schiff stain, Grocott's methenamine silver stain and Gram stain to identify any infectious pathogens in the presence of bronchopneumonia. Bronchopneumonia was conclusively diagnosed based on histopathological evidence, such as neutrophil infiltration, fibrinopurulent exudate accumulation or abscess formation in the broncho-bronchioloalveolar space. For immunohistochemical detection of cytomegalovirus antigens, the sections were incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-CMV antibody for 30 minutes. Secondary antibody peroxidase-linked polymers were then applied, and the sections were incubated with a solution consisting of 20 mg", "Title: Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure\nPassage: 10% formalin-fixed, routinely processed, paraffin-embedded blocks, were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The following methods of histochemical staining were carried out: Grocott's methenamine silver stain, Brown-Brenn, and Ziehl-Neelsen. The following pathological changes were analyzed: a) necrotizing bronchiolitis, b) alveolar collapse, c) dilatation of the airspaces, d) hyaline membrane, e) fibroplasia, f) squamous metaplasia, g) multinucleated cells, h) alveolar hemorrhage, i) acute inflammatory exudates, j) atypical pneumocytes. Pathological changes were graded, using two sections, according to a five-point semiquantitative severity-based scoring system as: 0 = normal lung parenchyma, 1 = changes in 1-25%, 2 = changes in 26-50%, 3 = changes in 51-75%," ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Autopsy analyses in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Four-micrometer-thick sections were cut from the lung tissue blocks and stained with H&E for the histopathological examinations in addition to Periodic acid-Schiff stain, Grocott's methenamine silver stain and Gram stain to identify any infectious pathogens in the presence of bronchopneumonia." ], [ "2c", "Bronchopneumonia was conclusively diagnosed based on histopathological evidence, such as neutrophil infiltration, fibrinopurulent exudate accumulation or abscess formation in the broncho-bronchioloalveolar space." ], [ "2d", "For immunohistochemical detection of cytomegalovirus antigens, the sections were incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-CMV antibody for 30 minutes." ], [ "2e", "Secondary antibody peroxidase-linked polymers were then applied, and the sections were incubated with a solution consisting of 20 mg" ] ]

[ "0c", "2c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case\nPassage: The histopathologic features in different organs are shown in Fig. 2 . Lung showed diffused alveolar damages including intraalveolar edema, focal intra-alveolar hemorrhage, necrosis of alveolar line cells, focal desquamation of pneumocytes in alveolar spaces, interstitial mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates, and extensive hyaline membranes. Trachea showed focal denudation of the epithelium with edema, and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates. Spleen showed depletion of lymphocytes with congestion and organized infarcts. Axillary lymph-node was congested with depletion of lymphocytes. The central nervous system showed extensive edema with focal neuronal necrosis in hippocampus. Diastem between Purkinje cells layer and particle cells layer showed focal", "Title: Prognosis of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia correlates with perivascular CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration of the lung\nPassage: All patients underwent high-resolution CT of the chest upon initial evaluation. A radiologist who specializes in diffuse parenchymal lung disease reviewed the CT scans. The extent and prevalence of abnormalities were measured in the areas as follows: from the lung apex to the carina, from the carina to the upper pulmonary vein, and from the upper pulmonary vein to the base of the lung. HRCT images were assessed to determine the extent of parenchymal abnormalities, including ground-glass opacity , reticulation, honeycombing, consolidation, and emphysema. The extent of these abnormalities was determined using a 10 % scale for six zones .", "Title: Autopsy analyses in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis\nPassage: Four-micrometer-thick sections were cut from the lung tissue blocks and stained with H&E for the histopathological examinations in addition to Periodic acid-Schiff stain, Grocott's methenamine silver stain and Gram stain to identify any infectious pathogens in the presence of bronchopneumonia. Bronchopneumonia was conclusively diagnosed based on histopathological evidence, such as neutrophil infiltration, fibrinopurulent exudate accumulation or abscess formation in the broncho-bronchioloalveolar space. For immunohistochemical detection of cytomegalovirus antigens, the sections were incubated with a mouse monoclonal anti-CMV antibody for 30 minutes. Secondary antibody peroxidase-linked polymers were then applied, and the sections were incubated with a solution consisting of 20 mg", "Title: Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure\nPassage: 10% formalin-fixed, routinely processed, paraffin-embedded blocks, were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The following methods of histochemical staining were carried out: Grocott's methenamine silver stain, Brown-Brenn, and Ziehl-Neelsen. The following pathological changes were analyzed: a) necrotizing bronchiolitis, b) alveolar collapse, c) dilatation of the airspaces, d) hyaline membrane, e) fibroplasia, f) squamous metaplasia, g) multinucleated cells, h) alveolar hemorrhage, i) acute inflammatory exudates, j) atypical pneumocytes. Pathological changes were graded, using two sections, according to a five-point semiquantitative severity-based scoring system as: 0 = normal lung parenchyma, 1 = changes in 1-25%, 2 = changes in 26-50%, 3 = changes in 51-75%," ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Pathological and ultrastructural analysis of surgical lung biopsies in patients with swine‐origin influenza type A/H1N1 and acute respiratory failure" ], [ "3b", "Passage: 10% formalin-fixed, routinely processed, paraffin-embedded blocks, were stained with hematoxylin-eosin." ], [ "3c", "The following methods of histochemical staining were carried out: Grocott's methenamine silver stain, Brown-Brenn, and Ziehl-Neelsen." ], [ "3d", "The following pathological changes were analyzed: a) necrotizing bronchiolitis, b) alveolar collapse, c) dilatation of the airspaces, d) hyaline membrane, e) fibroplasia, f) squamous metaplasia, g) multinucleated cells, h) alveolar hemorrhage, i) acute inflammatory exudates, j) atypical pneumocytes." ], [ "3e", "Pathological changes were graded, using two sections, according to a five-point semiquantitative severity-based scoring system as: 0 = normal lung parenchyma, 1 = changes in 1-25%, 2 = changes in 26-50%, 3 = changes in 51-75%," ] ]

[ "0c", "2c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase act as novel motile machinery\nPassage: Role of NA in virus movement. Generally, influenza virus NA is thought to mediate progeny virus budding from host cells 25 . Nevertheless, NA inhibitors reportedly suppress virus infection, indicating a major role of NA in infection . However, the specifics of this functional role remained unclear. We hypothesised that NA contributes to the movement of virus particles toward endocytosis regions. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a NA inhibitor, zanamivir, on Aichi2 virus crawling and gliding motions on fetuin-coated surfaces. This NA inhibitor completely blocked virus crawling and gliding, resulting in the immobilisation of virus particles", "Title: Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents\nPassage: Viral neuraminidase enables progeny virus to be cleaved from its receptor and spread to other cells. The neuraminidase inhibitors, which are cyclopentane or pyrrolidine derivatives, can prevent the further spread of influenza by blocking the release of newly formed particles . Four commercial neuraminidase inhibitors have been approved for use in humans . The first two are widely used in most countries and are effective against influenza infection. Particularly for oseltamivir, early administration can not only shorten the duration of ill- Table 2 . Main Characteristics of current available antivirals . npg ness but also facilitate symptom resolution . Neuraminidase", "Title: Replication of H9 influenza viruses in the human ex vivo respiratory tract, and the influence of neuraminidase on virus release\nPassage: a deletion of two amino acids in the stalk region , but also contained similar glycosylation sites with other N2s 12 . NMR spectroscopy was used to assess NA activity of the wild type G1 virus , a reverse genetics virus where the two amino acid deletions were restored and a reverse genetics virus with a mutation in P431K which this substitution could change the orientation of the NA 430 loop and influence Sia binding 24 . The main role of viral NA is to cleave Sia from the epithelial surface as well as facilitate viral penetration through the sialylated", "Title: Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents\nPassage: NA is a viral enzyme that is made up of four identical subunits and is anchored to the membrane of the virus . NA plays a key role in the spreading of the virus. The terminal neuraminic acid residues of the glycoproteins of the newly formed virion progeny form glycosidic linkages with the neuraminic acid receptor on the host-cell surface; this glycosidic linkage is cleaved by NA, which thereby assists in the release of the virion progeny from the infected cells . Therefore NA is an attractive target for anti-influenza research, and inhibitors of NA containing a Neu core have" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase act as novel motile machinery" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Role of NA in virus movement." ], [ "0c", "Generally, influenza virus NA is thought to mediate progeny virus budding from host cells 25 ." ], [ "0d", "Nevertheless, NA inhibitors reportedly suppress virus infection, indicating a major role of NA in infection ." ], [ "0e", "However, the specifics of this functional role remained unclear." ], [ "0f", "We hypothesised that NA contributes to the movement of virus particles toward endocytosis regions." ], [ "0g", "To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a NA inhibitor, zanamivir, on Aichi2 virus crawling and gliding motions on fetuin-coated surfaces." ], [ "0h", "This NA inhibitor completely blocked virus crawling and gliding, resulting in the immobilisation of virus particles" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase act as novel motile machinery\nPassage: Role of NA in virus movement. Generally, influenza virus NA is thought to mediate progeny virus budding from host cells 25 . Nevertheless, NA inhibitors reportedly suppress virus infection, indicating a major role of NA in infection . However, the specifics of this functional role remained unclear. We hypothesised that NA contributes to the movement of virus particles toward endocytosis regions. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a NA inhibitor, zanamivir, on Aichi2 virus crawling and gliding motions on fetuin-coated surfaces. This NA inhibitor completely blocked virus crawling and gliding, resulting in the immobilisation of virus particles", "Title: Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents\nPassage: Viral neuraminidase enables progeny virus to be cleaved from its receptor and spread to other cells. The neuraminidase inhibitors, which are cyclopentane or pyrrolidine derivatives, can prevent the further spread of influenza by blocking the release of newly formed particles . Four commercial neuraminidase inhibitors have been approved for use in humans . The first two are widely used in most countries and are effective against influenza infection. Particularly for oseltamivir, early administration can not only shorten the duration of ill- Table 2 . Main Characteristics of current available antivirals . npg ness but also facilitate symptom resolution . Neuraminidase", "Title: Replication of H9 influenza viruses in the human ex vivo respiratory tract, and the influence of neuraminidase on virus release\nPassage: a deletion of two amino acids in the stalk region , but also contained similar glycosylation sites with other N2s 12 . NMR spectroscopy was used to assess NA activity of the wild type G1 virus , a reverse genetics virus where the two amino acid deletions were restored and a reverse genetics virus with a mutation in P431K which this substitution could change the orientation of the NA 430 loop and influence Sia binding 24 . The main role of viral NA is to cleave Sia from the epithelial surface as well as facilitate viral penetration through the sialylated", "Title: Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents\nPassage: NA is a viral enzyme that is made up of four identical subunits and is anchored to the membrane of the virus . NA plays a key role in the spreading of the virus. The terminal neuraminic acid residues of the glycoproteins of the newly formed virion progeny form glycosidic linkages with the neuraminic acid receptor on the host-cell surface; this glycosidic linkage is cleaved by NA, which thereby assists in the release of the virion progeny from the infected cells . Therefore NA is an attractive target for anti-influenza research, and inhibitors of NA containing a Neu core have" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Viral neuraminidase enables progeny virus to be cleaved from its receptor and spread to other cells." ], [ "1c", "The neuraminidase inhibitors, which are cyclopentane or pyrrolidine derivatives, can prevent the further spread of influenza by blocking the release of newly formed particles ." ], [ "1d", "Four commercial neuraminidase inhibitors have been approved for use in humans ." ], [ "1e", "The first two are widely used in most countries and are effective against influenza infection." ], [ "1f", "Particularly for oseltamivir, early administration can not only shorten the duration of ill- Table 2 ." ], [ "1g", "Main Characteristics of current available antivirals ." ], [ "1h", "npg ness but also facilitate symptom resolution . Neuraminidase" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase act as novel motile machinery\nPassage: Role of NA in virus movement. Generally, influenza virus NA is thought to mediate progeny virus budding from host cells 25 . Nevertheless, NA inhibitors reportedly suppress virus infection, indicating a major role of NA in infection . However, the specifics of this functional role remained unclear. We hypothesised that NA contributes to the movement of virus particles toward endocytosis regions. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a NA inhibitor, zanamivir, on Aichi2 virus crawling and gliding motions on fetuin-coated surfaces. This NA inhibitor completely blocked virus crawling and gliding, resulting in the immobilisation of virus particles", "Title: Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents\nPassage: Viral neuraminidase enables progeny virus to be cleaved from its receptor and spread to other cells. The neuraminidase inhibitors, which are cyclopentane or pyrrolidine derivatives, can prevent the further spread of influenza by blocking the release of newly formed particles . Four commercial neuraminidase inhibitors have been approved for use in humans . The first two are widely used in most countries and are effective against influenza infection. Particularly for oseltamivir, early administration can not only shorten the duration of ill- Table 2 . Main Characteristics of current available antivirals . npg ness but also facilitate symptom resolution . Neuraminidase", "Title: Replication of H9 influenza viruses in the human ex vivo respiratory tract, and the influence of neuraminidase on virus release\nPassage: a deletion of two amino acids in the stalk region , but also contained similar glycosylation sites with other N2s 12 . NMR spectroscopy was used to assess NA activity of the wild type G1 virus , a reverse genetics virus where the two amino acid deletions were restored and a reverse genetics virus with a mutation in P431K which this substitution could change the orientation of the NA 430 loop and influence Sia binding 24 . The main role of viral NA is to cleave Sia from the epithelial surface as well as facilitate viral penetration through the sialylated", "Title: Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents\nPassage: NA is a viral enzyme that is made up of four identical subunits and is anchored to the membrane of the virus . NA plays a key role in the spreading of the virus. The terminal neuraminic acid residues of the glycoproteins of the newly formed virion progeny form glycosidic linkages with the neuraminic acid receptor on the host-cell surface; this glycosidic linkage is cleaved by NA, which thereby assists in the release of the virion progeny from the infected cells . Therefore NA is an attractive target for anti-influenza research, and inhibitors of NA containing a Neu core have" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Replication of H9 influenza viruses in the human ex vivo respiratory tract, and the influence of neuraminidase on virus release" ], [ "2b", "Passage: a deletion of two amino acids in the stalk region , but also contained similar glycosylation sites with other N2s 12 ." ], [ "2c", "NMR spectroscopy was used to assess NA activity of the wild type G1 virus , a reverse genetics virus where the two amino acid deletions were restored and a reverse genetics virus with a mutation in P431K which this substitution could change the orientation of the NA 430 loop and influence Sia binding 24 ." ], [ "2d", "The main role of viral NA is to cleave Sia from the epithelial surface as well as facilitate viral penetration through the sialylated" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Influenza A virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase act as novel motile machinery\nPassage: Role of NA in virus movement. Generally, influenza virus NA is thought to mediate progeny virus budding from host cells 25 . Nevertheless, NA inhibitors reportedly suppress virus infection, indicating a major role of NA in infection . However, the specifics of this functional role remained unclear. We hypothesised that NA contributes to the movement of virus particles toward endocytosis regions. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of a NA inhibitor, zanamivir, on Aichi2 virus crawling and gliding motions on fetuin-coated surfaces. This NA inhibitor completely blocked virus crawling and gliding, resulting in the immobilisation of virus particles", "Title: Characteristics of human infection with avian influenza viruses and development of new antiviral agents\nPassage: Viral neuraminidase enables progeny virus to be cleaved from its receptor and spread to other cells. The neuraminidase inhibitors, which are cyclopentane or pyrrolidine derivatives, can prevent the further spread of influenza by blocking the release of newly formed particles . Four commercial neuraminidase inhibitors have been approved for use in humans . The first two are widely used in most countries and are effective against influenza infection. Particularly for oseltamivir, early administration can not only shorten the duration of ill- Table 2 . Main Characteristics of current available antivirals . npg ness but also facilitate symptom resolution . Neuraminidase", "Title: Replication of H9 influenza viruses in the human ex vivo respiratory tract, and the influence of neuraminidase on virus release\nPassage: a deletion of two amino acids in the stalk region , but also contained similar glycosylation sites with other N2s 12 . NMR spectroscopy was used to assess NA activity of the wild type G1 virus , a reverse genetics virus where the two amino acid deletions were restored and a reverse genetics virus with a mutation in P431K which this substitution could change the orientation of the NA 430 loop and influence Sia binding 24 . The main role of viral NA is to cleave Sia from the epithelial surface as well as facilitate viral penetration through the sialylated", "Title: Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents\nPassage: NA is a viral enzyme that is made up of four identical subunits and is anchored to the membrane of the virus . NA plays a key role in the spreading of the virus. The terminal neuraminic acid residues of the glycoproteins of the newly formed virion progeny form glycosidic linkages with the neuraminic acid receptor on the host-cell surface; this glycosidic linkage is cleaved by NA, which thereby assists in the release of the virion progeny from the infected cells . Therefore NA is an attractive target for anti-influenza research, and inhibitors of NA containing a Neu core have" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents" ], [ "3b", "Passage: NA is a viral enzyme that is made up of four identical subunits and is anchored to the membrane of the virus ." ], [ "3c", "NA plays a key role in the spreading of the virus." ], [ "3d", "The terminal neuraminic acid residues of the glycoproteins of the newly formed virion progeny form glycosidic linkages with the neuraminic acid receptor on the host-cell surface; this glycosidic linkage is cleaved by NA, which thereby assists in the release of the virion progeny from the infected cells ." ], [ "3e", "Therefore NA is an attractive target for anti-influenza research, and inhibitors of NA containing a Neu core have" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease . These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide. However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers. Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway . These agents elicit", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: Text: The prevalence of chronic airway inflammatory disease is increasing worldwide especially in developed nations . This disease is characterized by airway inflammation leading to complications such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The disease can manifest in both the upper airway and lower airway which greatly affect the patients' quality of life . Treatment and management vary greatly in efficacy due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. This is further complicated by the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness . Such exacerbations", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: of the classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases . In addition, the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 and bactericidal/permeabilityincreasing fold-containing family member A1 are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway Akram et al., 2018) . These factors may serve as targets to prevent viral-induced exacerbations during the management of acute exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: infection may also alter the nutrient profile in the airway through release of previously inaccessible nutrients that will alter bacterial growth . Furthermore, the destabilization is further compounded by impaired bacterial immune response, either from direct viral influences, or use of corticosteroids to suppress the exacerbation symptoms . All these may gradually lead to more far reaching effect when normal flora is replaced with opportunistic pathogens, altering the inflammatory profiles . These changes may in turn result in more severe and frequent acute exacerbations due to the interplay between virus and pathogenic bacteria in exacerbating chronic airway inflammatory diseases ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium" ], [ "0b", "Passage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease ." ], [ "0c", "These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide." ], [ "0d", "However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers." ], [ "0e", "Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway ." ], [ "0f", "These agents elicit" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease . These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide. However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers. Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway . These agents elicit", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: Text: The prevalence of chronic airway inflammatory disease is increasing worldwide especially in developed nations . This disease is characterized by airway inflammation leading to complications such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The disease can manifest in both the upper airway and lower airway which greatly affect the patients' quality of life . Treatment and management vary greatly in efficacy due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. This is further complicated by the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness . Such exacerbations", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: of the classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases . In addition, the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 and bactericidal/permeabilityincreasing fold-containing family member A1 are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway Akram et al., 2018) . These factors may serve as targets to prevent viral-induced exacerbations during the management of acute exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: infection may also alter the nutrient profile in the airway through release of previously inaccessible nutrients that will alter bacterial growth . Furthermore, the destabilization is further compounded by impaired bacterial immune response, either from direct viral influences, or use of corticosteroids to suppress the exacerbation symptoms . All these may gradually lead to more far reaching effect when normal flora is replaced with opportunistic pathogens, altering the inflammatory profiles . These changes may in turn result in more severe and frequent acute exacerbations due to the interplay between virus and pathogenic bacteria in exacerbating chronic airway inflammatory diseases ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Text: The prevalence of chronic airway inflammatory disease is increasing worldwide especially in developed nations ." ], [ "1c", "This disease is characterized by airway inflammation leading to complications such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath." ], [ "1d", "The disease can manifest in both the upper airway and lower airway which greatly affect the patients' quality of life ." ], [ "1e", "Treatment and management vary greatly in efficacy due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease." ], [ "1f", "This is further complicated by the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness . Such exacerbations" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease . These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide. However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers. Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway . These agents elicit", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: Text: The prevalence of chronic airway inflammatory disease is increasing worldwide especially in developed nations . This disease is characterized by airway inflammation leading to complications such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The disease can manifest in both the upper airway and lower airway which greatly affect the patients' quality of life . Treatment and management vary greatly in efficacy due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. This is further complicated by the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness . Such exacerbations", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: of the classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases . In addition, the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 and bactericidal/permeabilityincreasing fold-containing family member A1 are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway Akram et al., 2018) . These factors may serve as targets to prevent viral-induced exacerbations during the management of acute exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: infection may also alter the nutrient profile in the airway through release of previously inaccessible nutrients that will alter bacterial growth . Furthermore, the destabilization is further compounded by impaired bacterial immune response, either from direct viral influences, or use of corticosteroids to suppress the exacerbation symptoms . All these may gradually lead to more far reaching effect when normal flora is replaced with opportunistic pathogens, altering the inflammatory profiles . These changes may in turn result in more severe and frequent acute exacerbations due to the interplay between virus and pathogenic bacteria in exacerbating chronic airway inflammatory diseases ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium" ], [ "2b", "Passage: of the classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases ." ], [ "2c", "In addition, the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 and bactericidal/permeabilityincreasing fold-containing family member A1 are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway Akram et al., 2018) ." ], [ "2d", "These factors may serve as targets to prevent viral-induced exacerbations during the management of acute exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: are due to the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease . These acute exacerbations are the main cause of morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide. However, due to the complex interactions between the host and the exacerbation agents, the mechanisms of exacerbation may vary considerably in different individuals under various triggers. Acute exacerbations are usually due to the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway . These agents elicit", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: Text: The prevalence of chronic airway inflammatory disease is increasing worldwide especially in developed nations . This disease is characterized by airway inflammation leading to complications such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. The disease can manifest in both the upper airway and lower airway which greatly affect the patients' quality of life . Treatment and management vary greatly in efficacy due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. This is further complicated by the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness . Such exacerbations", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: of the classical symptoms of chronic airway inflammatory diseases . In addition, the expression of vasodilating factors and fluid homeostatic factors such as angiopoietin-like 4 and bactericidal/permeabilityincreasing fold-containing family member A1 are also associated with viral infections and pneumonia development, which may worsen inflammation in the lower airway Akram et al., 2018) . These factors may serve as targets to prevent viral-induced exacerbations during the management of acute exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases.", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: infection may also alter the nutrient profile in the airway through release of previously inaccessible nutrients that will alter bacterial growth . Furthermore, the destabilization is further compounded by impaired bacterial immune response, either from direct viral influences, or use of corticosteroids to suppress the exacerbation symptoms . All these may gradually lead to more far reaching effect when normal flora is replaced with opportunistic pathogens, altering the inflammatory profiles . These changes may in turn result in more severe and frequent acute exacerbations due to the interplay between virus and pathogenic bacteria in exacerbating chronic airway inflammatory diseases ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium" ], [ "3b", "Passage: infection may also alter the nutrient profile in the airway through release of previously inaccessible nutrients that will alter bacterial growth ." ], [ "3c", "Furthermore, the destabilization is further compounded by impaired bacterial immune response, either from direct viral influences, or use of corticosteroids to suppress the exacerbation symptoms ." ], [ "3d", "All these may gradually lead to more far reaching effect when normal flora is replaced with opportunistic pathogens, altering the inflammatory profiles ." ], [ "3e", "These changes may in turn result in more severe and frequent acute exacerbations due to the interplay between virus and pathogenic bacteria in exacerbating chronic airway inflammatory diseases ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: study have implemented all major non-pharmaceutical interventions.", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: through intensive counselling, and demonstration of proper wearing of masks or hand washing.", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: countries, and might have modest effectiveness against the pandemic strain, because of the emergence of antiviral resistance or other reasons . Furthermore, few of these pharmaceutical measures can be applied at pandemic scale. Only non-pharmaceutical interventions including use of face masks, improved hand hygiene, cough etiquette, social distancing measures, and travel restrictions would be available to the majority of the world's population. Interpandemic influenza is associated with thousands of deaths every year in Hong Kong and likely hundreds of thousands worldwide every year , therefore simple personal protective measures could be beneficial during annual epidemics if found to be effective", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: The face masks and hand washing interventions will include an intensive counselling session to describe and demonstrate proper use of the respective hygiene aids." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households" ], [ "1b", "Passage: through intensive counselling, and demonstration of proper wearing of masks or hand washing." ] ]

[ "1b", "2d", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: study have implemented all major non-pharmaceutical interventions.", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: through intensive counselling, and demonstration of proper wearing of masks or hand washing.", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: countries, and might have modest effectiveness against the pandemic strain, because of the emergence of antiviral resistance or other reasons . Furthermore, few of these pharmaceutical measures can be applied at pandemic scale. Only non-pharmaceutical interventions including use of face masks, improved hand hygiene, cough etiquette, social distancing measures, and travel restrictions would be available to the majority of the world's population. Interpandemic influenza is associated with thousands of deaths every year in Hong Kong and likely hundreds of thousands worldwide every year , therefore simple personal protective measures could be beneficial during annual epidemics if found to be effective", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: The face masks and hand washing interventions will include an intensive counselling session to describe and demonstrate proper use of the respective hygiene aids." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households" ], [ "2b", "Passage: countries, and might have modest effectiveness against the pandemic strain, because of the emergence of antiviral resistance or other reasons ." ], [ "2c", "Furthermore, few of these pharmaceutical measures can be applied at pandemic scale." ], [ "2d", "Only non-pharmaceutical interventions including use of face masks, improved hand hygiene, cough etiquette, social distancing measures, and travel restrictions would be available to the majority of the world's population." ], [ "2e", "Interpandemic influenza is associated with thousands of deaths every year in Hong Kong and likely hundreds of thousands worldwide every year , therefore simple personal protective measures could be beneficial during annual epidemics if found to be effective" ] ]

[ "1b", "2d", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: study have implemented all major non-pharmaceutical interventions.", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: through intensive counselling, and demonstration of proper wearing of masks or hand washing.", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: countries, and might have modest effectiveness against the pandemic strain, because of the emergence of antiviral resistance or other reasons . Furthermore, few of these pharmaceutical measures can be applied at pandemic scale. Only non-pharmaceutical interventions including use of face masks, improved hand hygiene, cough etiquette, social distancing measures, and travel restrictions would be available to the majority of the world's population. Interpandemic influenza is associated with thousands of deaths every year in Hong Kong and likely hundreds of thousands worldwide every year , therefore simple personal protective measures could be beneficial during annual epidemics if found to be effective", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households\nPassage: The face masks and hand washing interventions will include an intensive counselling session to describe and demonstrate proper use of the respective hygiene aids." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households" ], [ "3b", "Passage: The face masks and hand washing interventions will include an intensive counselling session to describe and demonstrate proper use of the respective hygiene aids." ] ]

[ "1b", "2d", "3b" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: On March 16, the White House announced a program called “15 Days to Slow the Spread,”pdf iconexternal icon which is a nationwide effort to slow the spread of COVID-19 through the implementation of social distancing at all levels of society.", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: most important response strategy to try to delay the spread of the virus and reduce the impact of disease.", "Title: Quantifying social distancing arising from pandemic influenza\nPassage: Things changed on the weekend of 22-23 March, when 20 people died of influenza; infection control measures were reimposed around the end of March. We assume that, from 25 March, the perceived severity of the disease was high enough to reduce transmission. These measures were continued throughout the first wave .", "Title: Quantifying social distancing arising from pandemic influenza\nPassage: A second wave began shortly after the infection control measures were lifted , and was clearly apparent by mid-June. Even though infection control measures were not reimposed, we assume that the high incidence was a sufficient threat to alter people's behaviour. We define this period of altered behaviour as running from mid-June to 12 August." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020," ], [ "0b", "Passage: On March 16, the White House announced a program called “15 Days to Slow the Spread,”pdf iconexternal icon which is a nationwide effort to slow the spread of COVID-19 through the implementation of social distancing at all levels of society." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b" ]

[ "Title: Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\nPassage: to define two major genotypes or groups, A and B, which are further classified into four subgroups . HMPV A2, the most frequently observed subgroup, is further divided into two proposed sub-lineages .", "Title: Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\nPassage: used to define two major genotypes or groups, A and B, which are further classified into four subgroups . HMPV A2, the most frequently observed subgroup, is further divided into two proposed sub-lineages .", "Title: Human metapneumovirus as cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: insights from a ten-year molecular and epidemiological analysis\nPassage: Genotyping of hMPV was performed in 27 cases, being ten cases of hMPV group A and 17 of hMPV group B . The viral strains belonged to sublineages A2 , B1 and B2 . Group A strains predominated until 2011 , while later, the most frequent was genotype B . After excluding seven patients with bacterial coinfection, there were not significant differences in the genotype of hMPV between six patients who developed ARDS and 15 who did not .", "Title: Human metapneumovirus as cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: insights from a ten-year molecular and epidemiological analysis\nPassage: Based on genetic and antigenic variability, hMPV strains have been classified in two groups or lineages and four sublineages . The virus has been reported as a common respiratory pathogen in childhood, associated mainly with upper but also with lower respiratory tract infections . During the annual epidemics, hMPV has been associated with a significant number of hospital admissions in young children ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia" ], [ "0b", "Passage: to define two major genotypes or groups, A and B, which are further classified into four subgroups ." ], [ "0c", "HMPV A2, the most frequently observed subgroup, is further divided into two proposed sub-lineages ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c" ]

[ "Title: Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\nPassage: to define two major genotypes or groups, A and B, which are further classified into four subgroups . HMPV A2, the most frequently observed subgroup, is further divided into two proposed sub-lineages .", "Title: Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia\nPassage: used to define two major genotypes or groups, A and B, which are further classified into four subgroups . HMPV A2, the most frequently observed subgroup, is further divided into two proposed sub-lineages .", "Title: Human metapneumovirus as cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: insights from a ten-year molecular and epidemiological analysis\nPassage: Genotyping of hMPV was performed in 27 cases, being ten cases of hMPV group A and 17 of hMPV group B . The viral strains belonged to sublineages A2 , B1 and B2 . Group A strains predominated until 2011 , while later, the most frequent was genotype B . After excluding seven patients with bacterial coinfection, there were not significant differences in the genotype of hMPV between six patients who developed ARDS and 15 who did not .", "Title: Human metapneumovirus as cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults: insights from a ten-year molecular and epidemiological analysis\nPassage: Based on genetic and antigenic variability, hMPV strains have been classified in two groups or lineages and four sublineages . The virus has been reported as a common respiratory pathogen in childhood, associated mainly with upper but also with lower respiratory tract infections . During the annual epidemics, hMPV has been associated with a significant number of hospital admissions in young children ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of human metapneumovirus strains from Kenya and Zambia" ], [ "1b", "Passage: used to define two major genotypes or groups, A and B, which are further classified into four subgroups ." ], [ "1c", "HMPV A2, the most frequently observed subgroup, is further divided into two proposed sub-lineages ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c" ]

[ "Title: Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\nPassage: on endothelial cells compromises BBB integrity and enhances monocytes adhesion and transmigration across the BBB . It is thus possible that reduced expression of DC-SIGNR, particularly the membranebound isoforms, on placental capillary endothelial cells might favour HIV-1 binding to CCR5 receptor, instead of DC-SIGNR receptor, facilitating the migration of maternal HIV-1-infected cells across the placental barrier resulting in IU transmission of HIV-1.", "Title: Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\nPassage: DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission.", "Title: Naturally-Occurring Genetic Variants in Human DC-SIGN Increase HIV-1 Capture, Cell-Transfer and Risk of Mother-To-Child Transmission\nPassage: it is not surprising that mutations increasing the affinity of DC-SIGN for pathogens have appeared that can compensate for mutations that reduce its expression. Interestingly, HIV-1 itself can also affect DC-SIGN expression. Indeed, HIV-or antibody-stimulated DC-SIGN signalling in monocytes-derived dendritic cells reduced DC-SIGN expression and prevented cell maturation . In infants harbouring the WT sequence, levels of DC-SIGN expression were significantly lower in infants born from HIV-1-positive mothers than those born from HIV-1-negative mothers . However, the impact of HIV-1 was negligible or not noticeable in infants carrying the promoter variants since baseline DC-SIGN expression levels were already low in", "Title: Naturally-Occurring Genetic Variants in Human DC-SIGN Increase HIV-1 Capture, Cell-Transfer and Risk of Mother-To-Child Transmission\nPassage: In vitro studies have shown that the interaction between DC-SIGN and HIV-1 can enhance short-term viral transfer to other susceptible cell types such as T lymphocytes . Based on these findings, a Trojan horse model has been proposed whereby was compared in CD163+ and CD1632 subsets from infants bearing or not promoter variants and born from HIV-1-negative mothers or from HIV-1-positive mothers . Results in C and D are mean 6 S.E.M. values of MFI and difference between subsets or variants was calculated with Student's t test. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040706.g002 HIV-1 may subvert DC-SIGN-expressing submucosal dendritic cells to promote dissemination from the" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1" ], [ "0b", "Passage: on endothelial cells compromises BBB integrity and enhances monocytes adhesion and transmigration across the BBB ." ], [ "0c", "It is thus possible that reduced expression of DC-SIGNR, particularly the membranebound isoforms, on placental capillary endothelial cells might favour HIV-1 binding to CCR5 receptor, instead of DC-SIGNR receptor, facilitating the migration of maternal HIV-1-infected cells across the placental barrier resulting in IU transmission of HIV-1." ] ]

[ "0a", "0c", "1a", "1b" ]

[ "Title: Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\nPassage: on endothelial cells compromises BBB integrity and enhances monocytes adhesion and transmigration across the BBB . It is thus possible that reduced expression of DC-SIGNR, particularly the membranebound isoforms, on placental capillary endothelial cells might favour HIV-1 binding to CCR5 receptor, instead of DC-SIGNR receptor, facilitating the migration of maternal HIV-1-infected cells across the placental barrier resulting in IU transmission of HIV-1.", "Title: Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1\nPassage: DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission.", "Title: Naturally-Occurring Genetic Variants in Human DC-SIGN Increase HIV-1 Capture, Cell-Transfer and Risk of Mother-To-Child Transmission\nPassage: it is not surprising that mutations increasing the affinity of DC-SIGN for pathogens have appeared that can compensate for mutations that reduce its expression. Interestingly, HIV-1 itself can also affect DC-SIGN expression. Indeed, HIV-or antibody-stimulated DC-SIGN signalling in monocytes-derived dendritic cells reduced DC-SIGN expression and prevented cell maturation . In infants harbouring the WT sequence, levels of DC-SIGN expression were significantly lower in infants born from HIV-1-positive mothers than those born from HIV-1-negative mothers . However, the impact of HIV-1 was negligible or not noticeable in infants carrying the promoter variants since baseline DC-SIGN expression levels were already low in", "Title: Naturally-Occurring Genetic Variants in Human DC-SIGN Increase HIV-1 Capture, Cell-Transfer and Risk of Mother-To-Child Transmission\nPassage: In vitro studies have shown that the interaction between DC-SIGN and HIV-1 can enhance short-term viral transfer to other susceptible cell types such as T lymphocytes . Based on these findings, a Trojan horse model has been proposed whereby was compared in CD163+ and CD1632 subsets from infants bearing or not promoter variants and born from HIV-1-negative mothers or from HIV-1-positive mothers . Results in C and D are mean 6 S.E.M. values of MFI and difference between subsets or variants was calculated with Student's t test. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040706.g002 HIV-1 may subvert DC-SIGN-expressing submucosal dendritic cells to promote dissemination from the" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Functional Genetic Variants in DC-SIGNR Are Associated with Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1" ], [ "1b", "Passage: DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission." ] ]

[ "0a", "0c", "1a", "1b" ]

[ "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: care workers. A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression ), anxiety ), insomnia ), and distress ). Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 vs 5.0 ; P = .007; median Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Insomnia Severity Index scores among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Impact of Event", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale–Revised, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1257 of 1830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%. A total of 813 were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 were women. Of all participants, 764 were nurses, and 493 were physicians; 760 worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 were frontline health", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19.", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: Abstract: IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia," ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019" ], [ "0b", "Passage: care workers." ], [ "0c", "A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression ), anxiety ), insomnia ), and distress )." ], [ "0d", "Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 vs 5.0 ; P = .007; median Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Insomnia Severity Index scores among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Impact of Event" ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2b", "3b", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: care workers. A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression ), anxiety ), insomnia ), and distress ). Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 vs 5.0 ; P = .007; median Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Insomnia Severity Index scores among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Impact of Event", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale–Revised, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1257 of 1830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%. A total of 813 were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 were women. Of all participants, 764 were nurses, and 493 were physicians; 760 worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 were frontline health", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19.", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: Abstract: IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia," ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019" ], [ "1b", "Passage: and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale–Revised, respectively." ], [ "1c", "Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes." ], [ "1d", "RESULTS: A total of 1257 of 1830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%." ], [ "1e", "A total of 813 were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 were women." ], [ "1f", "Of all participants, 764 were nurses, and 493 were physicians; 760 worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 were frontline health" ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2b", "3b", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: care workers. A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression ), anxiety ), insomnia ), and distress ). Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 vs 5.0 ; P = .007; median Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Insomnia Severity Index scores among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Impact of Event", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale–Revised, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1257 of 1830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%. A total of 813 were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 were women. Of all participants, 764 were nurses, and 493 were physicians; 760 worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 were frontline health", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19.", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: Abstract: IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia," ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019" ], [ "2b", "Passage: this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19." ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2b", "3b", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: care workers. A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression ), anxiety ), insomnia ), and distress ). Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 vs 5.0 ; P = .007; median Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Insomnia Severity Index scores among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 vs 4.0 ; P < .001; median Impact of Event", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale–Revised, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1257 of 1830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%. A total of 813 were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 were women. Of all participants, 764 were nurses, and 493 were physicians; 760 worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 were frontline health", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19.", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019\nPassage: Abstract: IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 could be psychologically stressed. OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia," ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Abstract: IMPORTANCE: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 could be psychologically stressed." ], [ "3c", "OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China." ], [ "3d", "DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS: This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China." ], [ "3e", "Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible." ], [ "3f", "MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia," ] ]

[ "0c", "1b", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2b", "3b", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: immunocompromised patients and people with underlying comorbidities . The overall CFR of MERS is approximately 34.4% . Most fatalities have been associated with pre-existing medical conditions like chronic lung disease, diabetes, and renal failure, as well as weakened immune systems , making such individuals high risk. As a result of the immunological changes that occur during pregnancy, women who are pregnant are included in this high-risk group. Pregnant women may develop severe disease and fatal maternal and/or fetal outcomes as a result of MERS-CoV infection; however, little is known of the pathophysiology of this infection during pregnancy.", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: a case definition released by the KSA Ministry of Health in June 2015 . The KSA has been the source of 79 % of human cases. Severe MERS is notable for its impact among older men with comorbid diseases including diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and various lung, renal and cardiac conditions . Interestingly in June 2015, an outbreak in South Korea followed a similar distribution . Among laboratory confirmed cases, fever, cough and upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms usually occur first, followed within a week by progressive LRT distress and lymphopaenia . Patients often present to a hospital with pneumonia,", "Title: Overview of the 3rd isirv-Antiviral Group Conference – advances in clinical management\nPassage: As of July 2014, the number of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV has exceeded 830, with at least 288 associated deaths. 62 The majority of cases have involved patients with comorbidities and are predominately males with a median age of 47. 63, 64 Fewer than 25% of patients have reported contact with animals including dromedary camels, which have been shown to be one likely animal reservoir based on sero-positivity and detection of MERS-CoV. 65 More than 25% of the infections have been in healthcare workers, and the large number of nosocomial infections is likely due to inadequate infection control in hospitals", "Title: Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses\nPassage: MERS-CoV patients had increased morbidity and mortality if they were obese, immunocompromised, diabetic or had cardiac disease ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections" ], [ "0b", "Passage: immunocompromised patients and people with underlying comorbidities ." ], [ "0c", "The overall CFR of MERS is approximately 34.4% ." ], [ "0d", "Most fatalities have been associated with pre-existing medical conditions like chronic lung disease, diabetes, and renal failure, as well as weakened immune systems , making such individuals high risk." ], [ "0e", "As a result of the immunological changes that occur during pregnancy, women who are pregnant are included in this high-risk group." ], [ "0f", "Pregnant women may develop severe disease and fatal maternal and/or fetal outcomes as a result of MERS-CoV infection; however, little is known of the pathophysiology of this infection during pregnancy." ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: immunocompromised patients and people with underlying comorbidities . The overall CFR of MERS is approximately 34.4% . Most fatalities have been associated with pre-existing medical conditions like chronic lung disease, diabetes, and renal failure, as well as weakened immune systems , making such individuals high risk. As a result of the immunological changes that occur during pregnancy, women who are pregnant are included in this high-risk group. Pregnant women may develop severe disease and fatal maternal and/or fetal outcomes as a result of MERS-CoV infection; however, little is known of the pathophysiology of this infection during pregnancy.", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: a case definition released by the KSA Ministry of Health in June 2015 . The KSA has been the source of 79 % of human cases. Severe MERS is notable for its impact among older men with comorbid diseases including diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and various lung, renal and cardiac conditions . Interestingly in June 2015, an outbreak in South Korea followed a similar distribution . Among laboratory confirmed cases, fever, cough and upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms usually occur first, followed within a week by progressive LRT distress and lymphopaenia . Patients often present to a hospital with pneumonia,", "Title: Overview of the 3rd isirv-Antiviral Group Conference – advances in clinical management\nPassage: As of July 2014, the number of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV has exceeded 830, with at least 288 associated deaths. 62 The majority of cases have involved patients with comorbidities and are predominately males with a median age of 47. 63, 64 Fewer than 25% of patients have reported contact with animals including dromedary camels, which have been shown to be one likely animal reservoir based on sero-positivity and detection of MERS-CoV. 65 More than 25% of the infections have been in healthcare workers, and the large number of nosocomial infections is likely due to inadequate infection control in hospitals", "Title: Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses\nPassage: MERS-CoV patients had increased morbidity and mortality if they were obese, immunocompromised, diabetic or had cardiac disease ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission" ], [ "1b", "Passage: a case definition released by the KSA Ministry of Health in June 2015 ." ], [ "1c", "The KSA has been the source of 79 % of human cases." ], [ "1d", "Severe MERS is notable for its impact among older men with comorbid diseases including diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and various lung, renal and cardiac conditions ." ], [ "1e", "Interestingly in June 2015, an outbreak in South Korea followed a similar distribution ." ], [ "1f", "Among laboratory confirmed cases, fever, cough and upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms usually occur first, followed within a week by progressive LRT distress and lymphopaenia ." ], [ "1g", "Patients often present to a hospital with pneumonia," ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: immunocompromised patients and people with underlying comorbidities . The overall CFR of MERS is approximately 34.4% . Most fatalities have been associated with pre-existing medical conditions like chronic lung disease, diabetes, and renal failure, as well as weakened immune systems , making such individuals high risk. As a result of the immunological changes that occur during pregnancy, women who are pregnant are included in this high-risk group. Pregnant women may develop severe disease and fatal maternal and/or fetal outcomes as a result of MERS-CoV infection; however, little is known of the pathophysiology of this infection during pregnancy.", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: a case definition released by the KSA Ministry of Health in June 2015 . The KSA has been the source of 79 % of human cases. Severe MERS is notable for its impact among older men with comorbid diseases including diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and various lung, renal and cardiac conditions . Interestingly in June 2015, an outbreak in South Korea followed a similar distribution . Among laboratory confirmed cases, fever, cough and upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms usually occur first, followed within a week by progressive LRT distress and lymphopaenia . Patients often present to a hospital with pneumonia,", "Title: Overview of the 3rd isirv-Antiviral Group Conference – advances in clinical management\nPassage: As of July 2014, the number of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV has exceeded 830, with at least 288 associated deaths. 62 The majority of cases have involved patients with comorbidities and are predominately males with a median age of 47. 63, 64 Fewer than 25% of patients have reported contact with animals including dromedary camels, which have been shown to be one likely animal reservoir based on sero-positivity and detection of MERS-CoV. 65 More than 25% of the infections have been in healthcare workers, and the large number of nosocomial infections is likely due to inadequate infection control in hospitals", "Title: Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses\nPassage: MERS-CoV patients had increased morbidity and mortality if they were obese, immunocompromised, diabetic or had cardiac disease ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Overview of the 3rd isirv-Antiviral Group Conference – advances in clinical management" ], [ "2b", "Passage: As of July 2014, the number of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV has exceeded 830, with at least 288 associated deaths." ], [ "2c", "62 The majority of cases have involved patients with comorbidities and are predominately males with a median age of 47." ], [ "2d", "63, 64 Fewer than 25% of patients have reported contact with animals including dromedary camels, which have been shown to be one likely animal reservoir based on sero-positivity and detection of MERS-CoV." ], [ "2e", "65 More than 25% of the infections have been in healthcare workers, and the large number of nosocomial infections is likely due to inadequate infection control in hospitals" ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: immunocompromised patients and people with underlying comorbidities . The overall CFR of MERS is approximately 34.4% . Most fatalities have been associated with pre-existing medical conditions like chronic lung disease, diabetes, and renal failure, as well as weakened immune systems , making such individuals high risk. As a result of the immunological changes that occur during pregnancy, women who are pregnant are included in this high-risk group. Pregnant women may develop severe disease and fatal maternal and/or fetal outcomes as a result of MERS-CoV infection; however, little is known of the pathophysiology of this infection during pregnancy.", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: a case definition released by the KSA Ministry of Health in June 2015 . The KSA has been the source of 79 % of human cases. Severe MERS is notable for its impact among older men with comorbid diseases including diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis and various lung, renal and cardiac conditions . Interestingly in June 2015, an outbreak in South Korea followed a similar distribution . Among laboratory confirmed cases, fever, cough and upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms usually occur first, followed within a week by progressive LRT distress and lymphopaenia . Patients often present to a hospital with pneumonia,", "Title: Overview of the 3rd isirv-Antiviral Group Conference – advances in clinical management\nPassage: As of July 2014, the number of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV has exceeded 830, with at least 288 associated deaths. 62 The majority of cases have involved patients with comorbidities and are predominately males with a median age of 47. 63, 64 Fewer than 25% of patients have reported contact with animals including dromedary camels, which have been shown to be one likely animal reservoir based on sero-positivity and detection of MERS-CoV. 65 More than 25% of the infections have been in healthcare workers, and the large number of nosocomial infections is likely due to inadequate infection control in hospitals", "Title: Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses\nPassage: MERS-CoV patients had increased morbidity and mortality if they were obese, immunocompromised, diabetic or had cardiac disease ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Host resilience to emerging coronaviruses" ], [ "3b", "Passage: MERS-CoV patients had increased morbidity and mortality if they were obese, immunocompromised, diabetic or had cardiac disease ." ] ]

[ "0d", "1d", "2c", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Other bacteria that were developed as DNA vaccine carriers include Listeria monocytogenes , Shigella spp. , and Yersinia enterolica .", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: DNA vaccines are facing challenges in terms of an effective delivery system that effectively targets the immune system. As live vectors, bacteria are new promising agents for vaccine delivery. Bacteria have unique natural characteristics that promote immune responses. However, the main concern about bacteria as vaccine carrier is patient safety. Although some attenuated recombinant strains have been developed, non-pathogenic bacteria such as LAB are considered more suitable DNA vaccine carriers." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Other bacteria that were developed as DNA vaccine carriers include Listeria monocytogenes , Shigella spp." ], [ "0c", ", and Yersinia enterolica ." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1h", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2h", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Other bacteria that were developed as DNA vaccine carriers include Listeria monocytogenes , Shigella spp. , and Yersinia enterolica .", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: DNA vaccines are facing challenges in terms of an effective delivery system that effectively targets the immune system. As live vectors, bacteria are new promising agents for vaccine delivery. Bacteria have unique natural characteristics that promote immune responses. However, the main concern about bacteria as vaccine carrier is patient safety. Although some attenuated recombinant strains have been developed, non-pathogenic bacteria such as LAB are considered more suitable DNA vaccine carriers." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria." ], [ "1c", "The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp." ], [ "1d", ", Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp." ], [ "1e", ", and Listeria monocytogenes ." ], [ "1f", "Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration." ], [ "1g", "However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients ." ], [ "1h", "Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A" ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1h", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2h", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Other bacteria that were developed as DNA vaccine carriers include Listeria monocytogenes , Shigella spp. , and Yersinia enterolica .", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: DNA vaccines are facing challenges in terms of an effective delivery system that effectively targets the immune system. As live vectors, bacteria are new promising agents for vaccine delivery. Bacteria have unique natural characteristics that promote immune responses. However, the main concern about bacteria as vaccine carrier is patient safety. Although some attenuated recombinant strains have been developed, non-pathogenic bacteria such as LAB are considered more suitable DNA vaccine carriers." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria." ], [ "2c", "The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp." ], [ "2d", ", Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp." ], [ "2e", ", and Listeria monocytogenes ." ], [ "2f", "Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration." ], [ "2g", "However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients ." ], [ "2h", "Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A" ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1h", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2h", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Other bacteria that were developed as DNA vaccine carriers include Listeria monocytogenes , Shigella spp. , and Yersinia enterolica .", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: Briefly, as a DNA vaccine carrier, bacteria are divided into two major groups: non-pathogenic bacteria and attenuated pathogen bacteria. The attenuated bacteria that have been studied as the DNA vaccine carrier include Salmonella spp. , Yersinia enterocolitica , Shigella spp. , and Listeria monocytogenes . Pathogen bacteria target the mucous membranes as their infection route and as a result, they are suitable for mucosal administration. However, the main disadvantage includes the likelihood of causing infection, particularly in infants and immunocompromised patients . Therefore, non-pathogen bacteria such as lactic acid bacteria may be preferable for development as DNA vaccine carriers. A", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System\nPassage: DNA vaccines are facing challenges in terms of an effective delivery system that effectively targets the immune system. As live vectors, bacteria are new promising agents for vaccine delivery. Bacteria have unique natural characteristics that promote immune responses. However, the main concern about bacteria as vaccine carrier is patient safety. Although some attenuated recombinant strains have been developed, non-pathogenic bacteria such as LAB are considered more suitable DNA vaccine carriers." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Live Bacterial Vectors—A Promising DNA Vaccine Delivery System" ], [ "3b", "Passage: DNA vaccines are facing challenges in terms of an effective delivery system that effectively targets the immune system." ], [ "3c", "As live vectors, bacteria are new promising agents for vaccine delivery." ], [ "3d", "Bacteria have unique natural characteristics that promote immune responses." ], [ "3e", "However, the main concern about bacteria as vaccine carrier is patient safety." ], [ "3f", "Although some attenuated recombinant strains have been developed, non-pathogenic bacteria such as LAB are considered more suitable DNA vaccine carriers." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1h", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2h", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: In the current study, we propose an improved ANFIS model based on a modified flower pollination algorithm using the salp swarm algorithm . The FPA is an optimization algorithm proposed by Yang , which was inspired by the flow pollination process of the flowering plants. The FPA was employed in various optimization applications, for example to estimate solar PV parameter , solving sudoku puzzles , feature selection , antenna design , and other applications . Moreover, SSA is also an optimization algorithm proposed by Mirjalili et al. inspired by the behavior of salp chains. In recent years, the SSA was", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: An improved ANFIS model is proposed using a modified FPA algorithm, using SSA.", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: On the other hand, the updating phase of the followers' positions in the SSA algorithm is applied to improve the global pollination phase in the FPA algorithm. In this improvement, there is a random variable used to switch between both phases. If r > 0.5, then the operators of the SSA is used; otherwise, the operators of the FPA are used. In general, The FPASSA starts by constructing the population ; afterward, the objective function is calculated for each solution. The solution with the lowest error value is saved to the next iteration. This sequence is repeated until meeting the", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: The proposed method called FPASSA is a hybrid of FPA and SSA, in which the SSA is applied as a local search method for FPA. The proposed FPASSA starts by receiving the historical COVID-19 dataset. Then a set of solutions is generated where each of them represents the value for the parameters of the ANFIS model. Then the quality of each solution is calculated using the fitness value, and the solution that has the best fitness value is chosen to represent the best solution. Then the probability of each solution is computed. Then the current solution will be updated, either" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China" ], [ "0b", "Passage: In the current study, we propose an improved ANFIS model based on a modified flower pollination algorithm using the salp swarm algorithm ." ], [ "0c", "The FPA is an optimization algorithm proposed by Yang , which was inspired by the flow pollination process of the flowering plants." ], [ "0d", "The FPA was employed in various optimization applications, for example to estimate solar PV parameter , solving sudoku puzzles , feature selection , antenna design , and other applications ." ], [ "0e", "Moreover, SSA is also an optimization algorithm proposed by Mirjalili et al. inspired by the behavior of salp chains." ], [ "0f", "In recent years, the SSA was" ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "1a", "1b" ]

[ "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: In the current study, we propose an improved ANFIS model based on a modified flower pollination algorithm using the salp swarm algorithm . The FPA is an optimization algorithm proposed by Yang , which was inspired by the flow pollination process of the flowering plants. The FPA was employed in various optimization applications, for example to estimate solar PV parameter , solving sudoku puzzles , feature selection , antenna design , and other applications . Moreover, SSA is also an optimization algorithm proposed by Mirjalili et al. inspired by the behavior of salp chains. In recent years, the SSA was", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: An improved ANFIS model is proposed using a modified FPA algorithm, using SSA.", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: On the other hand, the updating phase of the followers' positions in the SSA algorithm is applied to improve the global pollination phase in the FPA algorithm. In this improvement, there is a random variable used to switch between both phases. If r > 0.5, then the operators of the SSA is used; otherwise, the operators of the FPA are used. In general, The FPASSA starts by constructing the population ; afterward, the objective function is calculated for each solution. The solution with the lowest error value is saved to the next iteration. This sequence is repeated until meeting the", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: The proposed method called FPASSA is a hybrid of FPA and SSA, in which the SSA is applied as a local search method for FPA. The proposed FPASSA starts by receiving the historical COVID-19 dataset. Then a set of solutions is generated where each of them represents the value for the parameters of the ANFIS model. Then the quality of each solution is calculated using the fitness value, and the solution that has the best fitness value is chosen to represent the best solution. Then the probability of each solution is computed. Then the current solution will be updated, either" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China" ], [ "1b", "Passage: An improved ANFIS model is proposed using a modified FPA algorithm, using SSA." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "1a", "1b" ]

[ "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: Despite extensive testing of candidate MVA vaccines in humans, the basis for the hostrestriction of MVA, which is important to fully understand its attenuation, remains unknown. The large number of deletions, truncations and mutations that occurred during the long passage history of MVA in CEF severely complicates efforts to determine those changes important for its host-range defect. Indeed, a comparison of MVA with its parent CVA revealed 71 orthologous ORFs predicted to encode identical gene products, whereas the remaining 124 ORFs encode gene products with amino acid changes, insertions or deletions . One attempt to investigate the genetic changes responsible", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: Homologous recombination was carried out by infecting CEF with 1 PFU/cell of virus, followed by transfection with assembled PCR products using Lipofectamine 2000 . After 24 h, cells were harvested and lysed by three freeze-thaw cycles. The lysates were diluted 10-fold and used to infect CEF monolayers. Fluorescent recombinant plaques were distinguished from the parental plaques and clonally purified five times. The purities of the recombinant viruses were confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the modified region. MVA and recombinant viruses were propagated in CEF.", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: at MOI of 0.001 and 0.01 . In HeLa and A549 cells, MVA-SPI-1 also exhibited an increase in staining relative to MVA, but the effect was less than in BS-C-1 and MRC-5 cells and was best discerned at a MOI of 0.1 .", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: chicken embryo fibroblasts for the purpose of producing a safe smallpox vaccine . Initial analysis of the MVA genome revealed six major deletions compared to the parent virus . These large deletions as well as numerous additional genetic changes were confirmed by genome sequencing . Notwithstanding the loss of considerable genetic material and the consequent inability to efficiently produce infectious virus in most mammalian cells , MVA retains the ability to express viral as well as recombinant proteins regulated by VACV promoters in non-permissive cells at levels comparable to replicating VACV and to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Despite extensive testing of candidate MVA vaccines in humans, the basis for the hostrestriction of MVA, which is important to fully understand its attenuation, remains unknown." ], [ "0c", "The large number of deletions, truncations and mutations that occurred during the long passage history of MVA in CEF severely complicates efforts to determine those changes important for its host-range defect." ], [ "0d", "Indeed, a comparison of MVA with its parent CVA revealed 71 orthologous ORFs predicted to encode identical gene products, whereas the remaining 124 ORFs encode gene products with amino acid changes, insertions or deletions ." ], [ "0e", "One attempt to investigate the genetic changes responsible" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "3c", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: Despite extensive testing of candidate MVA vaccines in humans, the basis for the hostrestriction of MVA, which is important to fully understand its attenuation, remains unknown. The large number of deletions, truncations and mutations that occurred during the long passage history of MVA in CEF severely complicates efforts to determine those changes important for its host-range defect. Indeed, a comparison of MVA with its parent CVA revealed 71 orthologous ORFs predicted to encode identical gene products, whereas the remaining 124 ORFs encode gene products with amino acid changes, insertions or deletions . One attempt to investigate the genetic changes responsible", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: Homologous recombination was carried out by infecting CEF with 1 PFU/cell of virus, followed by transfection with assembled PCR products using Lipofectamine 2000 . After 24 h, cells were harvested and lysed by three freeze-thaw cycles. The lysates were diluted 10-fold and used to infect CEF monolayers. Fluorescent recombinant plaques were distinguished from the parental plaques and clonally purified five times. The purities of the recombinant viruses were confirmed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the modified region. MVA and recombinant viruses were propagated in CEF.", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: at MOI of 0.001 and 0.01 . In HeLa and A549 cells, MVA-SPI-1 also exhibited an increase in staining relative to MVA, but the effect was less than in BS-C-1 and MRC-5 cells and was best discerned at a MOI of 0.1 .", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells\nPassage: chicken embryo fibroblasts for the purpose of producing a safe smallpox vaccine . Initial analysis of the MVA genome revealed six major deletions compared to the parent virus . These large deletions as well as numerous additional genetic changes were confirmed by genome sequencing . Notwithstanding the loss of considerable genetic material and the consequent inability to efficiently produce infectious virus in most mammalian cells , MVA retains the ability to express viral as well as recombinant proteins regulated by VACV promoters in non-permissive cells at levels comparable to replicating VACV and to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: SPI-1 is a missing host-range factor required for replication of the attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector in human cells" ], [ "3b", "Passage: chicken embryo fibroblasts for the purpose of producing a safe smallpox vaccine ." ], [ "3c", "Initial analysis of the MVA genome revealed six major deletions compared to the parent virus ." ], [ "3d", "These large deletions as well as numerous additional genetic changes were confirmed by genome sequencing ." ], [ "3e", "Notwithstanding the loss of considerable genetic material and the consequent inability to efficiently produce infectious virus in most mammalian cells , MVA retains the ability to express viral as well as recombinant proteins regulated by VACV promoters in non-permissive cells at levels comparable to replicating VACV and to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "3c", "3d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: About 971 of the 2025 cases were positive for at least one viral pathogen. Among them, IAV, RSV, HRV and PIVs were detected in 348 , 296 , 209 and 169 cases, respectively. Single infection was observed in 669 cases, and multiple infection was found in 302 . Our results also showed that RSV, IAV and HRV were the main pathogens in single viral infection cases . The monthly positive rates varied from 32Á5% to 75Á0% with a mean of 45Á1% . In the year 2009, when influenza A was pandemic worldwide, the positive rate started to increase in March", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: 25Á4 to 47Á9%. 40 The relatively lower co-infection rates ranging from 0Á24 to 26Á9% were reported in the studies conducted in various cities of China. 22, In most of these studies, immunofluorescence kits were used to test a lower number of respiratory viruses. It was worth to note that in the study by Peng et al. 32 in Wuhan, China, 69Á5% of co-infection rate was reported with immunofluorescence kit. These variations might be attributed to geographic differences, diagnostic methods for viral agents and study design. 12, 32, 34, 41, 42 Pathogens in those negative patients need to be further investigated", "Title: Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Adult Patients Attending Outpatient and Emergency Departments, Taiwan, 2012–2013: A PCR/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study\nPassage: and PCR/ESI-MS. Throat swabs from 15 patients with bacterial infections and 27 individuals without active infections were included as control samples. Respiratory viruses were found in 23.6%, 47.2%, and 47.9% of the 267 cases by virus isolation, PCR/ESI-MS, and both methods, respectively. When both methods were used, the influenza A virus and rhinoviruses were the most frequently identified viruses, whereas human coronaviruses, human metapneumovirus , enteroviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses were identified in small proportions of cases . Coinfection was observed in 4.1% of cases. In the control group, only 1 sample tested positive for a respiratory", "Title: Volatile fingerprinting of human respiratory viruses from cell culture\nPassage: Infections of the lower respiratory tract, including both influenza and pneumonia, are among the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States , and pneumonia remains one of the world's leading causes of death for children under the age of five . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , approximately 30% of acute respiratory infections of viral etiology in the United States are inappropriately treated with antimicrobial therapies that are not effective against viral pathogens . Furthermore, it is estimated that a causative pathogen is identified in only approximately 40% of pneumonia cases overall, and" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China" ], [ "0b", "Passage: About 971 of the 2025 cases were positive for at least one viral pathogen." ], [ "0c", "Among them, IAV, RSV, HRV and PIVs were detected in 348 , 296 , 209 and 169 cases, respectively." ], [ "0d", "Single infection was observed in 669 cases, and multiple infection was found in 302 ." ], [ "0e", "Our results also showed that RSV, IAV and HRV were the main pathogens in single viral infection cases ." ], [ "0f", "The monthly positive rates varied from 32Á5% to 75Á0% with a mean of 45Á1% ." ], [ "0g", "In the year 2009, when influenza A was pandemic worldwide, the positive rate started to increase in March" ] ]

[ "0b", "0f", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: About 971 of the 2025 cases were positive for at least one viral pathogen. Among them, IAV, RSV, HRV and PIVs were detected in 348 , 296 , 209 and 169 cases, respectively. Single infection was observed in 669 cases, and multiple infection was found in 302 . Our results also showed that RSV, IAV and HRV were the main pathogens in single viral infection cases . The monthly positive rates varied from 32Á5% to 75Á0% with a mean of 45Á1% . In the year 2009, when influenza A was pandemic worldwide, the positive rate started to increase in March", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: 25Á4 to 47Á9%. 40 The relatively lower co-infection rates ranging from 0Á24 to 26Á9% were reported in the studies conducted in various cities of China. 22, In most of these studies, immunofluorescence kits were used to test a lower number of respiratory viruses. It was worth to note that in the study by Peng et al. 32 in Wuhan, China, 69Á5% of co-infection rate was reported with immunofluorescence kit. These variations might be attributed to geographic differences, diagnostic methods for viral agents and study design. 12, 32, 34, 41, 42 Pathogens in those negative patients need to be further investigated", "Title: Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Adult Patients Attending Outpatient and Emergency Departments, Taiwan, 2012–2013: A PCR/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study\nPassage: and PCR/ESI-MS. Throat swabs from 15 patients with bacterial infections and 27 individuals without active infections were included as control samples. Respiratory viruses were found in 23.6%, 47.2%, and 47.9% of the 267 cases by virus isolation, PCR/ESI-MS, and both methods, respectively. When both methods were used, the influenza A virus and rhinoviruses were the most frequently identified viruses, whereas human coronaviruses, human metapneumovirus , enteroviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses were identified in small proportions of cases . Coinfection was observed in 4.1% of cases. In the control group, only 1 sample tested positive for a respiratory", "Title: Volatile fingerprinting of human respiratory viruses from cell culture\nPassage: Infections of the lower respiratory tract, including both influenza and pneumonia, are among the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States , and pneumonia remains one of the world's leading causes of death for children under the age of five . According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , approximately 30% of acute respiratory infections of viral etiology in the United States are inappropriately treated with antimicrobial therapies that are not effective against viral pathogens . Furthermore, it is estimated that a causative pathogen is identified in only approximately 40% of pneumonia cases overall, and" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Adult Patients Attending Outpatient and Emergency Departments, Taiwan, 2012–2013: A PCR/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study" ], [ "2b", "Passage: and PCR/ESI-MS. Throat swabs from 15 patients with bacterial infections and 27 individuals without active infections were included as control samples." ], [ "2c", "Respiratory viruses were found in 23.6%, 47.2%, and 47.9% of the 267 cases by virus isolation, PCR/ESI-MS, and both methods, respectively." ], [ "2d", "When both methods were used, the influenza A virus and rhinoviruses were the most frequently identified viruses, whereas human coronaviruses, human metapneumovirus , enteroviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza viruses were identified in small proportions of cases ." ], [ "2e", "Coinfection was observed in 4.1% of cases." ], [ "2f", "In the control group, only 1 sample tested positive for a respiratory" ] ]

[ "0b", "0f", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of human rhinoviruses in South Africa\nPassage: were not eligible for enrolment.", "Title: Stakeholder views on the acceptability of human infection studies in Malawi\nPassage: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for HIS participants were seen as an important consideration for acceptability among all stakeholder groups. Participants in focus groups and interviews were asked openly about criteria they saw as important and for their views on criteria being considered by the MARVELS team. Views on groups of who should be either targeted for participation or excluded reflected concerns related to informed and voluntary participation, community interest and misconceptions, equitable opportunities for participation between different population groups, burden on livelihoods or other activities, and ensuring research value and validity through a sample population considered relevant and unbiasedprinciples that", "Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors\nPassage: Should more than a third of the expected household members refuse to participate, the particular household will be excluded from the study. However, this will not apply if members are away from the household for extended periods due to work or school.", "Title: Stakeholder views on the acceptability of human infection studies in Malawi\nPassage: \"If we say that participants should be determined by a certain level of education, we are being biased. Someone may be able to understand but not be educated to the standards you want.\"" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Stakeholder views on the acceptability of human infection studies in Malawi" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for HIS participants were seen as an important consideration for acceptability among all stakeholder groups." ], [ "1c", "Participants in focus groups and interviews were asked openly about criteria they saw as important and for their views on criteria being considered by the MARVELS team." ], [ "1d", "Views on groups of who should be either targeted for participation or excluded reflected concerns related to informed and voluntary participation, community interest and misconceptions, equitable opportunities for participation between different population groups, burden on livelihoods or other activities, and ensuring research value and validity through a sample population considered relevant and unbiasedprinciples that" ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of human rhinoviruses in South Africa\nPassage: were not eligible for enrolment.", "Title: Stakeholder views on the acceptability of human infection studies in Malawi\nPassage: Inclusion and exclusion criteria for HIS participants were seen as an important consideration for acceptability among all stakeholder groups. Participants in focus groups and interviews were asked openly about criteria they saw as important and for their views on criteria being considered by the MARVELS team. Views on groups of who should be either targeted for participation or excluded reflected concerns related to informed and voluntary participation, community interest and misconceptions, equitable opportunities for participation between different population groups, burden on livelihoods or other activities, and ensuring research value and validity through a sample population considered relevant and unbiasedprinciples that", "Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors\nPassage: Should more than a third of the expected household members refuse to participate, the particular household will be excluded from the study. However, this will not apply if members are away from the household for extended periods due to work or school.", "Title: Stakeholder views on the acceptability of human infection studies in Malawi\nPassage: \"If we say that participants should be determined by a certain level of education, we are being biased. Someone may be able to understand but not be educated to the standards you want.\"" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Study design and protocol for investigating social network patterns in rural and urban schools and households in a coastal setting in Kenya using wearable proximity sensors" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Should more than a third of the expected household members refuse to participate, the particular household will be excluded from the study." ], [ "2c", "However, this will not apply if members are away from the household for extended periods due to work or school." ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: There are limited studies using AAVs as vaccine vectors for influenza. An AAV expressing an HA antigen was first shown to induce protective in 2001 . Later, a hybrid AAV derived from two non-human primate isolates was used to express influenza NP and protect against PR8 challenge in mice . Most recently, following the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, rAAV vectors were generated expressing the HA, NP and matrix 1 proteins of A/Mexico/4603/2009 , and in murine immunization and challenge studies, the rAAV-HA and rAAV-NP were shown to be protective; however, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + NP + M1 had", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: being made to AAV to increase immunogenicity. 220 A limited number of studies evaluating AAV as a vector for influenza vaccination has been performed . Initially, an AAV expressing the HA gene or NP gene was shown to be protective in mice. 221, 222 A more recent study tested AAV vaccines expressing the HA, NP or M1 genes of H1N1pdm09 in mice. Whereas AAV-HA afforded full protection from H1N1pdm09 infection, AAV-NP protected mice partially and AAV-M1 did not afford protection. Simultaneous vaccination with all 3 constructs afforded protection from homologous challenge infection. 223 Recently, in an alternative vaccination approach, AAV", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: the most robust protection. Also, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + rAAV-NP + rAAV-M1 were also partially protected against heterologous challenge . Most recently, an AAV vector was used to deliver passive immunity to influenza . In these studies, AAV was used to deliver an antibody transgene encoding a broadly cross-protective anti-influenza monoclonal antibody for in vivo expression. Both intramuscular and intranasal delivery of the AAVs was shown to protect against a number of influenza virus challenges in mice and ferrets, including H1N1 and H5N1 viruses . These studies suggest that rAAV vectors are promising vaccine and immunoprophylaxis vectors. To this", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Adeno-associated virus is a parvovirus that is replication-deficient in humans. Like adenovirus, AAV has a broad cell, tissue and host tropism and therefore is a potential good vector vaccine. 218 However, drawbacks of using AAV include: limited capacity for transgenes, presence of pre-existing immunity in humans and the technical challenge of producing high titer stocks. Initially, AAV was not explored as a vaccine vector as it was considered to be poorly immunogenic, however vaccination studies in mice showed that AAV-2 expressing an HSV-2 glycoprotein was immunogenic and a potent inducer of Tcell and antibody responses, 219 and currently modifications are" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines" ], [ "0b", "Passage: There are limited studies using AAVs as vaccine vectors for influenza." ], [ "0c", "An AAV expressing an HA antigen was first shown to induce protective in 2001 ." ], [ "0d", "Later, a hybrid AAV derived from two non-human primate isolates was used to express influenza NP and protect against PR8 challenge in mice ." ], [ "0e", "Most recently, following the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, rAAV vectors were generated expressing the HA, NP and matrix 1 proteins of A/Mexico/4603/2009 , and in murine immunization and challenge studies, the rAAV-HA and rAAV-NP were shown to be protective; however, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + NP + M1 had" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: There are limited studies using AAVs as vaccine vectors for influenza. An AAV expressing an HA antigen was first shown to induce protective in 2001 . Later, a hybrid AAV derived from two non-human primate isolates was used to express influenza NP and protect against PR8 challenge in mice . Most recently, following the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, rAAV vectors were generated expressing the HA, NP and matrix 1 proteins of A/Mexico/4603/2009 , and in murine immunization and challenge studies, the rAAV-HA and rAAV-NP were shown to be protective; however, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + NP + M1 had", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: being made to AAV to increase immunogenicity. 220 A limited number of studies evaluating AAV as a vector for influenza vaccination has been performed . Initially, an AAV expressing the HA gene or NP gene was shown to be protective in mice. 221, 222 A more recent study tested AAV vaccines expressing the HA, NP or M1 genes of H1N1pdm09 in mice. Whereas AAV-HA afforded full protection from H1N1pdm09 infection, AAV-NP protected mice partially and AAV-M1 did not afford protection. Simultaneous vaccination with all 3 constructs afforded protection from homologous challenge infection. 223 Recently, in an alternative vaccination approach, AAV", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: the most robust protection. Also, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + rAAV-NP + rAAV-M1 were also partially protected against heterologous challenge . Most recently, an AAV vector was used to deliver passive immunity to influenza . In these studies, AAV was used to deliver an antibody transgene encoding a broadly cross-protective anti-influenza monoclonal antibody for in vivo expression. Both intramuscular and intranasal delivery of the AAVs was shown to protect against a number of influenza virus challenges in mice and ferrets, including H1N1 and H5N1 viruses . These studies suggest that rAAV vectors are promising vaccine and immunoprophylaxis vectors. To this", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Adeno-associated virus is a parvovirus that is replication-deficient in humans. Like adenovirus, AAV has a broad cell, tissue and host tropism and therefore is a potential good vector vaccine. 218 However, drawbacks of using AAV include: limited capacity for transgenes, presence of pre-existing immunity in humans and the technical challenge of producing high titer stocks. Initially, AAV was not explored as a vaccine vector as it was considered to be poorly immunogenic, however vaccination studies in mice showed that AAV-2 expressing an HSV-2 glycoprotein was immunogenic and a potent inducer of Tcell and antibody responses, 219 and currently modifications are" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines" ], [ "1b", "Passage: being made to AAV to increase immunogenicity." ], [ "1c", "220 A limited number of studies evaluating AAV as a vector for influenza vaccination has been performed ." ], [ "1d", "Initially, an AAV expressing the HA gene or NP gene was shown to be protective in mice." ], [ "1e", "221, 222 A more recent study tested AAV vaccines expressing the HA, NP or M1 genes of H1N1pdm09 in mice." ], [ "1f", "Whereas AAV-HA afforded full protection from H1N1pdm09 infection, AAV-NP protected mice partially and AAV-M1 did not afford protection." ], [ "1g", "Simultaneous vaccination with all 3 constructs afforded protection from homologous challenge infection." ], [ "1h", "223 Recently, in an alternative vaccination approach, AAV" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: There are limited studies using AAVs as vaccine vectors for influenza. An AAV expressing an HA antigen was first shown to induce protective in 2001 . Later, a hybrid AAV derived from two non-human primate isolates was used to express influenza NP and protect against PR8 challenge in mice . Most recently, following the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus pandemic, rAAV vectors were generated expressing the HA, NP and matrix 1 proteins of A/Mexico/4603/2009 , and in murine immunization and challenge studies, the rAAV-HA and rAAV-NP were shown to be protective; however, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + NP + M1 had", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: being made to AAV to increase immunogenicity. 220 A limited number of studies evaluating AAV as a vector for influenza vaccination has been performed . Initially, an AAV expressing the HA gene or NP gene was shown to be protective in mice. 221, 222 A more recent study tested AAV vaccines expressing the HA, NP or M1 genes of H1N1pdm09 in mice. Whereas AAV-HA afforded full protection from H1N1pdm09 infection, AAV-NP protected mice partially and AAV-M1 did not afford protection. Simultaneous vaccination with all 3 constructs afforded protection from homologous challenge infection. 223 Recently, in an alternative vaccination approach, AAV", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: the most robust protection. Also, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + rAAV-NP + rAAV-M1 were also partially protected against heterologous challenge . Most recently, an AAV vector was used to deliver passive immunity to influenza . In these studies, AAV was used to deliver an antibody transgene encoding a broadly cross-protective anti-influenza monoclonal antibody for in vivo expression. Both intramuscular and intranasal delivery of the AAVs was shown to protect against a number of influenza virus challenges in mice and ferrets, including H1N1 and H5N1 viruses . These studies suggest that rAAV vectors are promising vaccine and immunoprophylaxis vectors. To this", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Adeno-associated virus is a parvovirus that is replication-deficient in humans. Like adenovirus, AAV has a broad cell, tissue and host tropism and therefore is a potential good vector vaccine. 218 However, drawbacks of using AAV include: limited capacity for transgenes, presence of pre-existing immunity in humans and the technical challenge of producing high titer stocks. Initially, AAV was not explored as a vaccine vector as it was considered to be poorly immunogenic, however vaccination studies in mice showed that AAV-2 expressing an HSV-2 glycoprotein was immunogenic and a potent inducer of Tcell and antibody responses, 219 and currently modifications are" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines" ], [ "2b", "Passage: the most robust protection." ], [ "2c", "Also, mice vaccinated with rAAV-HA + rAAV-NP + rAAV-M1 were also partially protected against heterologous challenge ." ], [ "2d", "Most recently, an AAV vector was used to deliver passive immunity to influenza ." ], [ "2e", "In these studies, AAV was used to deliver an antibody transgene encoding a broadly cross-protective anti-influenza monoclonal antibody for in vivo expression." ], [ "2f", "Both intramuscular and intranasal delivery of the AAVs was shown to protect against a number of influenza virus challenges in mice and ferrets, including H1N1 and H5N1 viruses ." ], [ "2g", "These studies suggest that rAAV vectors are promising vaccine and immunoprophylaxis vectors. To this" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f" ]

[ "Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: additional studies or reports not retrieved by the initial searches. Studies that examined the mechanisms of diagnostic tests, drug therapy or vaccine efficacy against SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV were excluded. A Google search for 2019-nCoV diagnostics yielded five webpage links from government and international bodies with official information and guidelines , three webpage links on diagnostic protocols and scientific commentaries, and five webpage links on market news and press releases. Six protocols for diagnostics using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from six countries were published on WHO's website . Google search for 2019-nCoV vaccines yielded 19 relevant articles.", "Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: There are eleven studies that focus on SARS-CoV diagnostic testing . These papers described diagnostic methods to detect the virus with the majority of them using molecular testing for diagnosis. Comparison between the molecular test and serological test showed that the molecular test has better sensitivity and specificity. Hence, enhancements to the current molecular test were conducted to improve the diagnosis. Studies looked at using nested PCR to include a pre-amplification step or incorporating N gene as an additional sensitive molecular marker to improve on the sensitivity .", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: Clinicians working with local public health departments must arrange to have specimens from patients under investigation sent to the CDC laboratory. At this time, the CDC has the only laboratory that can definitively test for 2019-nCoV, though laboratory testing capacity is being rapidly expanded. Polymerase chain reaction assays conducted on samples from a patient's upper and lower respiratory tracts will be used to confirm potential cases. In addition, serum antibody titers can be analyzed for confirmation of infection or evidence of immunity. Up-to-date information about the needed specimens and handling requirements to test for 2019-nCoV are available on the CDC", "Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: criteria for review. Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction have been published. A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia. However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate. A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Clinicians working with local public health departments must arrange to have specimens from patients under investigation sent to the CDC laboratory." ], [ "2c", "At this time, the CDC has the only laboratory that can definitively test for 2019-nCoV, though laboratory testing capacity is being rapidly expanded." ], [ "2d", "Polymerase chain reaction assays conducted on samples from a patient's upper and lower respiratory tracts will be used to confirm potential cases." ], [ "2e", "In addition, serum antibody titers can be analyzed for confirmation of infection or evidence of immunity." ], [ "2f", "Up-to-date information about the needed specimens and handling requirements to test for 2019-nCoV are available on the CDC" ] ]

[ "2d", "2e", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: additional studies or reports not retrieved by the initial searches. Studies that examined the mechanisms of diagnostic tests, drug therapy or vaccine efficacy against SARS, MERS and 2019-nCoV were excluded. A Google search for 2019-nCoV diagnostics yielded five webpage links from government and international bodies with official information and guidelines , three webpage links on diagnostic protocols and scientific commentaries, and five webpage links on market news and press releases. Six protocols for diagnostics using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from six countries were published on WHO's website . Google search for 2019-nCoV vaccines yielded 19 relevant articles.", "Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: There are eleven studies that focus on SARS-CoV diagnostic testing . These papers described diagnostic methods to detect the virus with the majority of them using molecular testing for diagnosis. Comparison between the molecular test and serological test showed that the molecular test has better sensitivity and specificity. Hence, enhancements to the current molecular test were conducted to improve the diagnosis. Studies looked at using nested PCR to include a pre-amplification step or incorporating N gene as an additional sensitive molecular marker to improve on the sensitivity .", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: Clinicians working with local public health departments must arrange to have specimens from patients under investigation sent to the CDC laboratory. At this time, the CDC has the only laboratory that can definitively test for 2019-nCoV, though laboratory testing capacity is being rapidly expanded. Polymerase chain reaction assays conducted on samples from a patient's upper and lower respiratory tracts will be used to confirm potential cases. In addition, serum antibody titers can be analyzed for confirmation of infection or evidence of immunity. Up-to-date information about the needed specimens and handling requirements to test for 2019-nCoV are available on the CDC", "Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review\nPassage: criteria for review. Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction have been published. A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia. However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future. Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate. A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Potential Rapid Diagnostics, Vaccine and Therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A Systematic Review" ], [ "3b", "Passage: criteria for review." ], [ "3c", "Several laboratory protocols for confirmation of suspected 2019-nCoV cases using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction have been published." ], [ "3d", "A commercial RT-PCR kit developed by the Beijing Genomic Institute is currently widely used in China and likely in Asia." ], [ "3e", "However, serological assays as well as point-of-care testing kits have not been developed but are likely in the near future." ], [ "3f", "Several vaccine candidates are in the pipeline." ], [ "3g", "The likely earliest Phase 1 vaccine trial is a synthetic DNA-based candidate." ], [ "3h", "A number of novel compounds as well as therapeutics licensed for other conditions appear to have in vitro efficacy" ] ]

[ "2d", "2e", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: exacerbations but to a much lesser extent . More recently, other viruses including bocavirus , human metapneumovirus , certain coronavirus strains, a specific enterovirus strain EV-D68, human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus have been reported as contributing to acute exacerbations . The common feature these viruses share is that they can infect both the upper and/or lower airway, further increasing the inflammatory conditions in the diseased airway .", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation . However, with the advent of PCR technology, more viruses were recovered during acute exacerbations events and reports implicating their role emerged in the late 1980s . Rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus are the predominant viruses linked to the development and exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases . Other viruses such as parainfluenza virus , influenza virus and adenovirus have also been implicated in acute", "Title: Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department visits\nPassage: In this study, the commonly identified viruses in patients with COPD exacerbations requiring ED visits were PIV3, Inf A virus, and human rhinovirus. This result was similar to the finding of Cameron et al from a study in Australia in which the most frequently detected viral etiologies were Inf A, PIV3, and rhinovirus. 21 In a recent review of eight studies, picornavirus was the most common virus in western countries and influenza virus was most common in Asia. 7 H. influenzae was the most common bacterial pathogen in COPD exacerbations in a previous study. 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae", "Title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations\nPassage: In the past, it was believed that only bacteria were capable of generating exacerbations in patients with COPD. 48, 52 However, the occurrence of these in the winter and symptoms similar to cold led to the belief that viruses were also associated with the complications of this obstructive pathology of the airways. 53 On the other hand, viral infections of the respiratory tract have been shown to influence the lung microbiome in patients with COPD, which indicates that both microorganisms can coexist and predispose to exacerbations. 54 The most prevalent viruses during acute exacerbations of COPD are rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza," ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium" ], [ "0b", "Passage: exacerbations but to a much lesser extent ." ], [ "0c", "More recently, other viruses including bocavirus , human metapneumovirus , certain coronavirus strains, a specific enterovirus strain EV-D68, human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus have been reported as contributing to acute exacerbations ." ], [ "0d", "The common feature these viruses share is that they can infect both the upper and/or lower airway, further increasing the inflammatory conditions in the diseased airway ." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e" ]

[ "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: exacerbations but to a much lesser extent . More recently, other viruses including bocavirus , human metapneumovirus , certain coronavirus strains, a specific enterovirus strain EV-D68, human cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus have been reported as contributing to acute exacerbations . The common feature these viruses share is that they can infect both the upper and/or lower airway, further increasing the inflammatory conditions in the diseased airway .", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium\nPassage: Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation . However, with the advent of PCR technology, more viruses were recovered during acute exacerbations events and reports implicating their role emerged in the late 1980s . Rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus are the predominant viruses linked to the development and exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases . Other viruses such as parainfluenza virus , influenza virus and adenovirus have also been implicated in acute", "Title: Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein cannot differentiate bacterial or viral infection in COPD exacerbation requiring emergency department visits\nPassage: In this study, the commonly identified viruses in patients with COPD exacerbations requiring ED visits were PIV3, Inf A virus, and human rhinovirus. This result was similar to the finding of Cameron et al from a study in Australia in which the most frequently detected viral etiologies were Inf A, PIV3, and rhinovirus. 21 In a recent review of eight studies, picornavirus was the most common virus in western countries and influenza virus was most common in Asia. 7 H. influenzae was the most common bacterial pathogen in COPD exacerbations in a previous study. 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae", "Title: Th17 profile in COPD exacerbations\nPassage: In the past, it was believed that only bacteria were capable of generating exacerbations in patients with COPD. 48, 52 However, the occurrence of these in the winter and symptoms similar to cold led to the belief that viruses were also associated with the complications of this obstructive pathology of the airways. 53 On the other hand, viral infections of the respiratory tract have been shown to influence the lung microbiome in patients with COPD, which indicates that both microorganisms can coexist and predispose to exacerbations. 54 The most prevalent viruses during acute exacerbations of COPD are rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza," ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Respiratory Viral Infections in Exacerbation of Chronic Airway Inflammatory Diseases: Novel Mechanisms and Insights From the Upper Airway Epithelium" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation ." ], [ "1c", "However, with the advent of PCR technology, more viruses were recovered during acute exacerbations events and reports implicating their role emerged in the late 1980s ." ], [ "1d", "Rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus are the predominant viruses linked to the development and exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases ." ], [ "1e", "Other viruses such as parainfluenza virus , influenza virus and adenovirus have also been implicated in acute" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e" ]

[ "Title: Vaccinations against respiratory infections in Arabian Gulf countries: Barriers and motivators\nPassage: for adults, except for certain groups in some countries such as HCWs and pregnant women. The surprisingly higher uptake reported among participants from Oman needs further research to validate, and if confirmed, to explore reasons for this better coverage. The results of studies from Australia and Canada revealed a coverage rate of pertussis vaccine among adults to be around 10%, despite the recommendation of Tdap for those who are likely to come in contact with children, and for pregnant women . Nevertheless, unfortunately findings from other studies show that public health recommendations alone are not enough to increase the vaccination", "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal\nPassage: Ltd), scheduled for administration at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, is received with significant delays . These data support the WHO's recommendation that countries using whole cell pertussis vaccine continue to do so given that the majority of outbreaks have been concentrated in countries using the acellular pertussis vaccine . Recent studies suggest that protection from acellular pertussis vaccine is not as strong or long lasting as that conferred by the whole cell pertussis vaccine .", "Title: Vaccinations against respiratory infections in Arabian Gulf countries: Barriers and motivators\nPassage: Overall, only 16% respondents reported receiving pertussis vaccine, the remaining 84% denied taking the vaccine. The coverage varied very widely across the countries ranging from 7% among Saudi participants to 75% among Omani participants. The uptake of pertussis vaccine among \"at risk\" people was 31% .", "Title: Vaccinations against respiratory infections in Arabian Gulf countries: Barriers and motivators\nPassage: recommended for individuals with preexisting diseases and elderly adults , and pertussis vaccine is generally advised for HCWs and pregnant women." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Ltd), scheduled for administration at 6, 10, and 14 weeks, is received with significant delays ." ], [ "1c", "These data support the WHO's recommendation that countries using whole cell pertussis vaccine continue to do so given that the majority of outbreaks have been concentrated in countries using the acellular pertussis vaccine ." ], [ "1d", "Recent studies suggest that protection from acellular pertussis vaccine is not as strong or long lasting as that conferred by the whole cell pertussis vaccine ." ] ]

[ "1c", "1d" ]

[ "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: The proposed method called FPASSA is a hybrid of FPA and SSA, in which the SSA is applied as a local search method for FPA. The proposed FPASSA starts by receiving the historical COVID-19 dataset. Then a set of solutions is generated where each of them represents the value for the parameters of the ANFIS model. Then the quality of each solution is calculated using the fitness value, and the solution that has the best fitness value is chosen to represent the best solution. Then the probability of each solution is computed. Then the current solution will be updated, either", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: The rest of this study is organized as follows. The preliminaries of ANFIS, FPA, and SSA are described in Section 2. Section 3 presents the proposed FPASSA, and Section 4 presents the experimental setup and results. We conclude this study in Section 5.", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: After finishing the training phase, the testing phase is started with the best solution to compute the final output. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the real data with the predicted data using the performance measures. Finally, the FPASSA produces a foretasted value for confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China in the next day. The steps of the proposed FPASSA are presented in Algorithm 1.", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: In this section, the performance of the proposed FPASSA to predict the DS1 and DS2 is discussed. It can be concluded from Table 3 that the performance of FPASSA outperformed the compared methods in all measures, whereas the FPA is ranked second. The results of DS2 indicate that the FPASSA is ranked first in terms of RMSE, MAPE, R 2 , and the CPU time. Whereas, the PSO is ranked second, followed by the FPA, GA, then ABC. These results denote that the proposed method can optimize the parameters of the ANFIS model effectively and produce good results in terms" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The proposed method called FPASSA is a hybrid of FPA and SSA, in which the SSA is applied as a local search method for FPA." ], [ "0c", "The proposed FPASSA starts by receiving the historical COVID-19 dataset." ], [ "0d", "Then a set of solutions is generated where each of them represents the value for the parameters of the ANFIS model." ], [ "0e", "Then the quality of each solution is calculated using the fitness value, and the solution that has the best fitness value is chosen to represent the best solution." ], [ "0f", "Then the probability of each solution is computed." ], [ "0g", "Then the current solution will be updated, either" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: The proposed method called FPASSA is a hybrid of FPA and SSA, in which the SSA is applied as a local search method for FPA. The proposed FPASSA starts by receiving the historical COVID-19 dataset. Then a set of solutions is generated where each of them represents the value for the parameters of the ANFIS model. Then the quality of each solution is calculated using the fitness value, and the solution that has the best fitness value is chosen to represent the best solution. Then the probability of each solution is computed. Then the current solution will be updated, either", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: The rest of this study is organized as follows. The preliminaries of ANFIS, FPA, and SSA are described in Section 2. Section 3 presents the proposed FPASSA, and Section 4 presents the experimental setup and results. We conclude this study in Section 5.", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: After finishing the training phase, the testing phase is started with the best solution to compute the final output. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the real data with the predicted data using the performance measures. Finally, the FPASSA produces a foretasted value for confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China in the next day. The steps of the proposed FPASSA are presented in Algorithm 1.", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China\nPassage: In this section, the performance of the proposed FPASSA to predict the DS1 and DS2 is discussed. It can be concluded from Table 3 that the performance of FPASSA outperformed the compared methods in all measures, whereas the FPA is ranked second. The results of DS2 indicate that the FPASSA is ranked first in terms of RMSE, MAPE, R 2 , and the CPU time. Whereas, the PSO is ranked second, followed by the FPA, GA, then ABC. These results denote that the proposed method can optimize the parameters of the ANFIS model effectively and produce good results in terms" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Optimization Method for Forecasting Confirmed Cases of COVID-19 in China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: After finishing the training phase, the testing phase is started with the best solution to compute the final output." ], [ "2c", "The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by comparing the real data with the predicted data using the performance measures." ], [ "2d", "Finally, the FPASSA produces a foretasted value for confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China in the next day." ], [ "2e", "The steps of the proposed FPASSA are presented in Algorithm 1." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "2b" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: cases in the United States by age group found that 80% of deaths were among adults 65 years and older with the highest percentage of severe outcomes occurring in people 85 years and older.", "Title: Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015)\nPassage: During the 2010-2015 seasons 1400 cases of SHCLCI were recorded, 462 required ICU admission and 167 died: 778 were male. The median age was 61 years . The most-affected age group was the ≥ 65 years age group with 633 cases . The median age of the ≥ 65 years age group was 79 years and the mean age was 78.7 years : 296 were aged ≥ 80 years. Of deaths, 111 occurred in patients aged ≥ 65 years and 55 in patients aged > 80 years .", "Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017–2018\nPassage: in the 14-59 and > 60 groups.", "Title: Global Mortality Impact of the 1957–1959 Influenza Pandemic\nPassage: Age-specific excess mortality rates were highest at both extremes of the age spectrum . However, when excess mortality was compared to baseline mortality rates, the age groups with highest relative burden were 15-24 years , followed by 5-14 years . In contrast, children aged <5 years and seniors aged ≥65 years only experienced a minor elevation over baseline . The sharp mortality elevation in schoolaged children and young adults was consistent throughout Europe , even though the all-age impact of the pandemic on mortality was generally low in this region." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020," ], [ "0b", "Passage: cases in the United States by age group found that 80% of deaths were among adults 65 years and older with the highest percentage of severe outcomes occurring in people 85 years and older." ] ]

[ "0b", "1d", "1f", "3d" ]

[ "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: cases in the United States by age group found that 80% of deaths were among adults 65 years and older with the highest percentage of severe outcomes occurring in people 85 years and older.", "Title: Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015)\nPassage: During the 2010-2015 seasons 1400 cases of SHCLCI were recorded, 462 required ICU admission and 167 died: 778 were male. The median age was 61 years . The most-affected age group was the ≥ 65 years age group with 633 cases . The median age of the ≥ 65 years age group was 79 years and the mean age was 78.7 years : 296 were aged ≥ 80 years. Of deaths, 111 occurred in patients aged ≥ 65 years and 55 in patients aged > 80 years .", "Title: Clinical characteristics and outcomes during a severe influenza season in China during 2017–2018\nPassage: in the 14-59 and > 60 groups.", "Title: Global Mortality Impact of the 1957–1959 Influenza Pandemic\nPassage: Age-specific excess mortality rates were highest at both extremes of the age spectrum . However, when excess mortality was compared to baseline mortality rates, the age groups with highest relative burden were 15-24 years , followed by 5-14 years . In contrast, children aged <5 years and seniors aged ≥65 years only experienced a minor elevation over baseline . The sharp mortality elevation in schoolaged children and young adults was consistent throughout Europe , even though the all-age impact of the pandemic on mortality was generally low in this region." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015)" ], [ "1b", "Passage: During the 2010-2015 seasons 1400 cases of SHCLCI were recorded, 462 required ICU admission and 167 died: 778 were male." ], [ "1c", "The median age was 61 years ." ], [ "1d", "The most-affected age group was the ≥ 65 years age group with 633 cases ." ], [ "1e", "The median age of the ≥ 65 years age group was 79 years and the mean age was 78.7 years : 296 were aged ≥ 80 years." ], [ "1f", "Of deaths, 111 occurred in patients aged ≥ 65 years and 55 in patients aged > 80 years ." ] ]

[ "0b", "1d", "1f", "3d" ]