Datasets:

param-bharat

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ragbench-context-relevance-filtered

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[ "Title: Design and Experimental Approach to the Construction of a Human Signal-Molecule-Profiling Database\nPassage: away from hospitals . The subjects for this investigation were randomly selected and unfiltered. The time period of each group was consistent and was evenly distributed in two weeks. We made further inquiries 189 amicable interviewees who were willing to take the SMP tests about their background, as well as the privacy protection in SMP data. The patients were fully informed before the voluntary agreements for SMP tests were signed. The researchers obtained the respective remaining samples from nurses after the ordinary blood tests were performed. No extra sampling of blood was performed in this study.", "Title: Design and Experimental Approach to the Construction of a Human Signal-Molecule-Profiling Database\nPassage: room for blood sampling. Our researchers were permitted to wait in the room and give the patients suggestions to permit the additional SMP tests accompanied by their original blood tests. The data acquisition was performed in a passive way, i.e., the participators were randomly involved in. We orally interviewed the patients, doctors and nurses regarding their attitude towards the SMP test. The investigators for survey studies were divided into two groups: one group interviewed the people who will get their blood tested in the blood-collection room of hospitals, whereas the other group randomly interviewed the pedestrians in city streets far", "Title: A simple novel device for air sampling by electrokinetic capture\nPassage: Authors' contributions JG contributed to experimental design, performed the air sampling and mold spore data reduction, and had primary responsibility for drafting the manuscript. PG contributed to the experimental design and reviewing of the manuscript. GS performed the atomic force microscopy and interpretation of the results therefrom. AF performed the PCR and amplicon analysis and wrote that part of the methods section. JH-M was responsible for the PCR and amplicon analysis experimental design and data reduction and contributed to the manuscript writing. JAG contributed to the experimental design and manuscript review and writing. All authors read and approved the final", "Title: Near-Patient Sampling to Assist Infection Control—A Case Report and Discussion\nPassage: After discussion with our local institutional review board it was agreed that this air sampling constituted environmental sampling and therefore did not require a formal ethics approval." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: A simple novel device for air sampling by electrokinetic capture" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Authors' contributions JG contributed to experimental design, performed the air sampling and mold spore data reduction, and had primary responsibility for drafting the manuscript." ], [ "2c", "PG contributed to the experimental design and reviewing of the manuscript." ], [ "2d", "GS performed the atomic force microscopy and interpretation of the results therefrom." ], [ "2e", "AF performed the PCR and amplicon analysis and wrote that part of the methods section." ], [ "2f", "JH-M was responsible for the PCR and amplicon analysis experimental design and data reduction and contributed to the manuscript writing." ], [ "2g", "JAG contributed to the experimental design and manuscript review and writing." ], [ "2h", "All authors read and approved the final" ] ]

[ "0g", "1c", "1d", "2b" ]

[ "Title: Treatment of Neuroterrorism\nPassage: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is an alphavirus that is most commonly found in Central and South America. It is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes. In case of a bioterrorist attack, the distribution would be made through aerosols . The virus usually leads to an initial severe febrile illness in nearly everyone exposed at 1 to 6 days after exposure.", "Title: Evolution and spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus in the Americas\nPassage: within the VEE subtype, subtype II Everglades virus , which is found only in Florida, can cause neurologic disease in humans and equids . Subtype IIIA, Mucambo virus, also causes febrile disease in humans .", "Title: Evolution and spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus in the Americas\nPassage: hundreds-of-thousands of cases over a period of months to a few years. Prior to the 1980s, VEE epizootics involving high case-fatality rates were frequently recorded. Because horses have been an important component of the local agricultural economies within many Latin American regions, VEE has often had a sizeable economic impact as well as a direct effect on public and veterinary health . Recent outbreaks during the 1990s in Venezuela, Colombia and Mexico have demonstrated the potential for VEEV to re-emerge periodically from enzootic progenitors . The emergence of VEEV into an epidemic/ epizootic form has been associated with specific mutations", "Title: Evolution and spread of Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex alphavirus in the Americas\nPassage: climate change, which also increases the potential for other VEEV subtypes to spread northwards and establish enzootic transmission cycles. Although many VEE complex viruses have not been implicated in human disease, those that are associated with human disease can cause acute, often severe febrile illness that may progress to encephalitis, causing severe human morbidity and mortality . Patients who survive encephalitis are often left with permanent neurologic sequelae, and the cost for treatment and long-term care related to a single case can be several million dollars . In addition to VEEV , which cases the majority of the encephalitis cases" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Treatment of Neuroterrorism" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is an alphavirus that is most commonly found in Central and South America." ], [ "0c", "It is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes." ], [ "0d", "In case of a bioterrorist attack, the distribution would be made through aerosols ." ], [ "0e", "The virus usually leads to an initial severe febrile illness in nearly everyone exposed at 1 to 6 days after exposure." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d" ]

[ "Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus\nPassage: Email address", "Title: Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak\nPassage: Arabia, Sweden, Turkey, Poland, and the United States.", "Title: Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak\nPassage: lay press sources. Of note, errors in newspaper writings were associated with anonymous authorship and being a letter to the editor or editorial.", "Title: Contrasting academic and lay press print coverage of the 2013-2016 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak\nPassage: of this manuscript." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Email address" ] ]

[ "0a", "0b" ]

[ "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: The results of stratification analysis by anomalies are shown in Additional file 1: Table S2 . The estimates were similar to those for the periods defined by absolute values of meteorological factors, in terms of magnitude and changing patterns. But the likelihood ratio tests showed more significant interaction for temperature or vapor pressure, and less for relative humidity.", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: There are several limitations in our study. Firstly, our study is based on 3 years of surveillance data which may not have enough power to allow assessment of exposureresponse curves for the effects of environmental factors. Nevertheless, our findings did suggest an increasing trend of influenza associated mortality risks across the periods of low, middle and high vapor pressure, although such findings may be applicable only to the warm climates. Secondly, we only investigated the effect modification of environmental factors through a simple interaction model, but there were other unadjusted factors, including host susceptibility and virulence of influenza strains. These", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: guinea pig experiments showed dramatically reduced transmission rates . In future, we may examine the seasonal variation in influenza effects in other cities to assess whether such a seasonal variation, if common in subtropical and tropical cities, is consistently determined by environmental factors, or by other factors such as host immunity and virus virulence. The results for the different age groups suggested that the modification effects of environmental factors may mainly lie in the elderly aged over 65 years, as the consistent increasing trend over the low to high vapor pressure periods was only observed in this age group. However,", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: factors are unlikely to work independently with environmental factors. Other environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation , rainfall have been proposed to play a role in the regulation of influenza seasonality, although evidence is rather limited compared with the three factors we chose to investigate . Lastly, we did not adjust for the vaccination rate in our model. In 2003, vaccination rate was 191 doses per 1,000 total population in Hong Kong , slightly higher than the rate of 129 doses/1,000 total population in Guangzhou . However, it is not clear when people received vaccination; therefore we were unable to" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The results of stratification analysis by anomalies are shown in Additional file 1: Table S2 ." ], [ "0c", "The estimates were similar to those for the periods defined by absolute values of meteorological factors, in terms of magnitude and changing patterns." ], [ "0d", "But the likelihood ratio tests showed more significant interaction for temperature or vapor pressure, and less for relative humidity." ] ]

[ "1d", "2d", "0d", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: The results of stratification analysis by anomalies are shown in Additional file 1: Table S2 . The estimates were similar to those for the periods defined by absolute values of meteorological factors, in terms of magnitude and changing patterns. But the likelihood ratio tests showed more significant interaction for temperature or vapor pressure, and less for relative humidity.", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: There are several limitations in our study. Firstly, our study is based on 3 years of surveillance data which may not have enough power to allow assessment of exposureresponse curves for the effects of environmental factors. Nevertheless, our findings did suggest an increasing trend of influenza associated mortality risks across the periods of low, middle and high vapor pressure, although such findings may be applicable only to the warm climates. Secondly, we only investigated the effect modification of environmental factors through a simple interaction model, but there were other unadjusted factors, including host susceptibility and virulence of influenza strains. These", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: guinea pig experiments showed dramatically reduced transmission rates . In future, we may examine the seasonal variation in influenza effects in other cities to assess whether such a seasonal variation, if common in subtropical and tropical cities, is consistently determined by environmental factors, or by other factors such as host immunity and virus virulence. The results for the different age groups suggested that the modification effects of environmental factors may mainly lie in the elderly aged over 65 years, as the consistent increasing trend over the low to high vapor pressure periods was only observed in this age group. However,", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: factors are unlikely to work independently with environmental factors. Other environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation , rainfall have been proposed to play a role in the regulation of influenza seasonality, although evidence is rather limited compared with the three factors we chose to investigate . Lastly, we did not adjust for the vaccination rate in our model. In 2003, vaccination rate was 191 doses per 1,000 total population in Hong Kong , slightly higher than the rate of 129 doses/1,000 total population in Guangzhou . However, it is not clear when people received vaccination; therefore we were unable to" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities" ], [ "1b", "Passage: There are several limitations in our study." ], [ "1c", "Firstly, our study is based on 3 years of surveillance data which may not have enough power to allow assessment of exposureresponse curves for the effects of environmental factors." ], [ "1d", "Nevertheless, our findings did suggest an increasing trend of influenza associated mortality risks across the periods of low, middle and high vapor pressure, although such findings may be applicable only to the warm climates." ], [ "1e", "Secondly, we only investigated the effect modification of environmental factors through a simple interaction model, but there were other unadjusted factors, including host susceptibility and virulence of influenza strains. These" ] ]

[ "1d", "2d", "0d", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: The results of stratification analysis by anomalies are shown in Additional file 1: Table S2 . The estimates were similar to those for the periods defined by absolute values of meteorological factors, in terms of magnitude and changing patterns. But the likelihood ratio tests showed more significant interaction for temperature or vapor pressure, and less for relative humidity.", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: There are several limitations in our study. Firstly, our study is based on 3 years of surveillance data which may not have enough power to allow assessment of exposureresponse curves for the effects of environmental factors. Nevertheless, our findings did suggest an increasing trend of influenza associated mortality risks across the periods of low, middle and high vapor pressure, although such findings may be applicable only to the warm climates. Secondly, we only investigated the effect modification of environmental factors through a simple interaction model, but there were other unadjusted factors, including host susceptibility and virulence of influenza strains. These", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: guinea pig experiments showed dramatically reduced transmission rates . In future, we may examine the seasonal variation in influenza effects in other cities to assess whether such a seasonal variation, if common in subtropical and tropical cities, is consistently determined by environmental factors, or by other factors such as host immunity and virus virulence. The results for the different age groups suggested that the modification effects of environmental factors may mainly lie in the elderly aged over 65 years, as the consistent increasing trend over the low to high vapor pressure periods was only observed in this age group. However,", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: factors are unlikely to work independently with environmental factors. Other environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation , rainfall have been proposed to play a role in the regulation of influenza seasonality, although evidence is rather limited compared with the three factors we chose to investigate . Lastly, we did not adjust for the vaccination rate in our model. In 2003, vaccination rate was 191 doses per 1,000 total population in Hong Kong , slightly higher than the rate of 129 doses/1,000 total population in Guangzhou . However, it is not clear when people received vaccination; therefore we were unable to" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities" ], [ "2b", "Passage: guinea pig experiments showed dramatically reduced transmission rates ." ], [ "2c", "In future, we may examine the seasonal variation in influenza effects in other cities to assess whether such a seasonal variation, if common in subtropical and tropical cities, is consistently determined by environmental factors, or by other factors such as host immunity and virus virulence." ], [ "2d", "The results for the different age groups suggested that the modification effects of environmental factors may mainly lie in the elderly aged over 65 years, as the consistent increasing trend over the low to high vapor pressure periods was only observed in this age group. However," ] ]

[ "1d", "2d", "0d", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: The results of stratification analysis by anomalies are shown in Additional file 1: Table S2 . The estimates were similar to those for the periods defined by absolute values of meteorological factors, in terms of magnitude and changing patterns. But the likelihood ratio tests showed more significant interaction for temperature or vapor pressure, and less for relative humidity.", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: There are several limitations in our study. Firstly, our study is based on 3 years of surveillance data which may not have enough power to allow assessment of exposureresponse curves for the effects of environmental factors. Nevertheless, our findings did suggest an increasing trend of influenza associated mortality risks across the periods of low, middle and high vapor pressure, although such findings may be applicable only to the warm climates. Secondly, we only investigated the effect modification of environmental factors through a simple interaction model, but there were other unadjusted factors, including host susceptibility and virulence of influenza strains. These", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: guinea pig experiments showed dramatically reduced transmission rates . In future, we may examine the seasonal variation in influenza effects in other cities to assess whether such a seasonal variation, if common in subtropical and tropical cities, is consistently determined by environmental factors, or by other factors such as host immunity and virus virulence. The results for the different age groups suggested that the modification effects of environmental factors may mainly lie in the elderly aged over 65 years, as the consistent increasing trend over the low to high vapor pressure periods was only observed in this age group. However,", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities\nPassage: factors are unlikely to work independently with environmental factors. Other environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation , rainfall have been proposed to play a role in the regulation of influenza seasonality, although evidence is rather limited compared with the three factors we chose to investigate . Lastly, we did not adjust for the vaccination rate in our model. In 2003, vaccination rate was 191 doses per 1,000 total population in Hong Kong , slightly higher than the rate of 129 doses/1,000 total population in Guangzhou . However, it is not clear when people received vaccination; therefore we were unable to" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Effect modification of environmental factors on influenza-associated mortality: a time-series study in two Chinese cities" ], [ "3b", "Passage: factors are unlikely to work independently with environmental factors." ], [ "3c", "Other environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation , rainfall have been proposed to play a role in the regulation of influenza seasonality, although evidence is rather limited compared with the three factors we chose to investigate ." ], [ "3d", "Lastly, we did not adjust for the vaccination rate in our model." ], [ "3e", "In 2003, vaccination rate was 191 doses per 1,000 total population in Hong Kong , slightly higher than the rate of 129 doses/1,000 total population in Guangzhou ." ], [ "3f", "However, it is not clear when people received vaccination; therefore we were unable to" ] ]

[ "1d", "2d", "0d", "3d", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Age-Specific Excess Mortality Patterns During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Madrid, Spain\nPassage: The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic, or the so-called Spanish flu, was responsible for more than 50 million deaths worldwide . In Europe, the excess mortality rate associated with the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic has been estimated at 1.1%, or approximately an 86% increase in all-cause mortality . This pandemic rapidly spread in a series of pandemic waves that gripped the world beginning in early 1918 . However, according to results of various phylogenetic and molecularclock analyses, the initial circulation of the virus from avian or swine and other mammal species to humans may have occurred a few years earlier . Moreover, the", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: It is postulated that 10% of the worldwide population is infected by an influenza virus each year, resulting in a total economic burden of $87.1 billion USD . As a testament to the significant toll posed by influenza on public health and healthcare systems, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that from 2010 to 2015, influenza infections resulted in 9.23-35.6 million illnesses and 139,000-707,000 hospitalizations annually in the US alone . It has been suggested that children are likely the primary transmitters of influenza . Lethal influenza infections are primarily associated with high risk populations, including infants", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: z50 million and were arguably as high as 100 mil-", "Title: Age-Specific Excess Mortality Patterns During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Madrid, Spain\nPassage: The name Spanish flu comes from the first news reports of influenza-like-illness in Madrid in the late spring of 1918. However, this pandemic gained its nickname because the first mentions of the virus were published in Spain, where the press faced no censorship during World War I, owing to the country's neutrality . Many people fell ill with respiratory symptoms in May 1918, including King Alfonso XIII, which was well documented in the press . Because respiratory disease outbreaks occurred in neighboring France as early as April 1918, it is likely that the virus was introduced into Spain via Spanish" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Age-Specific Excess Mortality Patterns During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Madrid, Spain" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic, or the so-called Spanish flu, was responsible for more than 50 million deaths worldwide ." ], [ "0c", "In Europe, the excess mortality rate associated with the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic has been estimated at 1.1%, or approximately an 86% increase in all-cause mortality ." ], [ "0d", "This pandemic rapidly spread in a series of pandemic waves that gripped the world beginning in early 1918 ." ], [ "0e", "However, according to results of various phylogenetic and molecularclock analyses, the initial circulation of the virus from avian or swine and other mammal species to humans may have occurred a few years earlier . Moreover, the" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c" ]

[ "Title: Age-Specific Excess Mortality Patterns During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Madrid, Spain\nPassage: The 1918-1920 influenza pandemic, or the so-called Spanish flu, was responsible for more than 50 million deaths worldwide . In Europe, the excess mortality rate associated with the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic has been estimated at 1.1%, or approximately an 86% increase in all-cause mortality . This pandemic rapidly spread in a series of pandemic waves that gripped the world beginning in early 1918 . However, according to results of various phylogenetic and molecularclock analyses, the initial circulation of the virus from avian or swine and other mammal species to humans may have occurred a few years earlier . Moreover, the", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: It is postulated that 10% of the worldwide population is infected by an influenza virus each year, resulting in a total economic burden of $87.1 billion USD . As a testament to the significant toll posed by influenza on public health and healthcare systems, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that from 2010 to 2015, influenza infections resulted in 9.23-35.6 million illnesses and 139,000-707,000 hospitalizations annually in the US alone . It has been suggested that children are likely the primary transmitters of influenza . Lethal influenza infections are primarily associated with high risk populations, including infants", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: z50 million and were arguably as high as 100 mil-", "Title: Age-Specific Excess Mortality Patterns During the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic in Madrid, Spain\nPassage: The name Spanish flu comes from the first news reports of influenza-like-illness in Madrid in the late spring of 1918. However, this pandemic gained its nickname because the first mentions of the virus were published in Spain, where the press faced no censorship during World War I, owing to the country's neutrality . Many people fell ill with respiratory symptoms in May 1918, including King Alfonso XIII, which was well documented in the press . Because respiratory disease outbreaks occurred in neighboring France as early as April 1918, it is likely that the virus was introduced into Spain via Spanish" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919" ], [ "1b", "Passage: It is postulated that 10% of the worldwide population is infected by an influenza virus each year, resulting in a total economic burden of $87.1 billion USD ." ], [ "1c", "As a testament to the significant toll posed by influenza on public health and healthcare systems, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that from 2010 to 2015, influenza infections resulted in 9.23-35.6 million illnesses and 139,000-707,000 hospitalizations annually in the US alone ." ], [ "1d", "It has been suggested that children are likely the primary transmitters of influenza ." ], [ "1e", "Lethal influenza infections are primarily associated with high risk populations, including infants" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c" ]

[ "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Hospitalization for acute lower respiratory infections in young children poses a substantial burden on health services, especially in developing countries. In spite of this, the evidence regarding the risk factors for this major burden of disease is in many cases sparse, of variable quality, and not generalizable. However, since the majority of these risk factors are potentially preventable, governments should consider what action can be taken to decrease the prevalence of these risk factors. This, along with increasing coverage of vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B, should substantially decrease the burden of childhood pneumonia in developing countries.", "Title: Determining the Provincial and National Burden of Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa Using a Rapid Assessment Methodology\nPassage: South Africa is a middle-income country, but there is great variation in socioeconomic status with some provinces that are more similar to low-income countries . This results in some populations within the country having a disproportionately higher level of exposure to risk factors for communicable disease. These include environmental risk factors, such as crowded living conditions and exposure to indoor air pollution, as well as biological risk factors, such as malnutrition and underlying infections . These risk factors may drive the burden of influenza in South Africa to be greater than other countries with similar income level . In particular,", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Moreover, the odds ratio meta-estimates reported in this review should be useful for modeling the global, regional, and national estimates of severe ALRI if the national/regional prevalence of these risk factors are known . Future studies should investigate the role of poverty, HIV, and other risk factors currently classified \"likely\" or \"possible\" risk factors for ALRI, and should attempt to obtain more precise estimates of risk for \"definite\" risk factors by studying larger samples in diverse settings and by more careful measurement and analysis of possible confounding factors.", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: We identified 36 studies that investigated 19 risk factors for severe ALRI. Of these, 7 risk factors were significantly associated with severe ALRI in a consistent manner across studies, with the following meta-analysis estimates of odds ratios : low birth weight 3.18 , lack of exclusive breastfeeding 2.34 , crowding -more than 7 persons per household 1.96 , exposure to indoor air pollution 1.57 , incomplete immunization 1.83 , undernutrition -weight-for-age less than 2 standard deviations 4.47 , and HIV infection 4.15 ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Hospitalization for acute lower respiratory infections in young children poses a substantial burden on health services, especially in developing countries." ], [ "0c", "In spite of this, the evidence regarding the risk factors for this major burden of disease is in many cases sparse, of variable quality, and not generalizable." ], [ "0d", "However, since the majority of these risk factors are potentially preventable, governments should consider what action can be taken to decrease the prevalence of these risk factors." ], [ "0e", "This, along with increasing coverage of vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B, should substantially decrease the burden of childhood pneumonia in developing countries." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Hospitalization for acute lower respiratory infections in young children poses a substantial burden on health services, especially in developing countries. In spite of this, the evidence regarding the risk factors for this major burden of disease is in many cases sparse, of variable quality, and not generalizable. However, since the majority of these risk factors are potentially preventable, governments should consider what action can be taken to decrease the prevalence of these risk factors. This, along with increasing coverage of vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B, should substantially decrease the burden of childhood pneumonia in developing countries.", "Title: Determining the Provincial and National Burden of Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa Using a Rapid Assessment Methodology\nPassage: South Africa is a middle-income country, but there is great variation in socioeconomic status with some provinces that are more similar to low-income countries . This results in some populations within the country having a disproportionately higher level of exposure to risk factors for communicable disease. These include environmental risk factors, such as crowded living conditions and exposure to indoor air pollution, as well as biological risk factors, such as malnutrition and underlying infections . These risk factors may drive the burden of influenza in South Africa to be greater than other countries with similar income level . In particular,", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Moreover, the odds ratio meta-estimates reported in this review should be useful for modeling the global, regional, and national estimates of severe ALRI if the national/regional prevalence of these risk factors are known . Future studies should investigate the role of poverty, HIV, and other risk factors currently classified \"likely\" or \"possible\" risk factors for ALRI, and should attempt to obtain more precise estimates of risk for \"definite\" risk factors by studying larger samples in diverse settings and by more careful measurement and analysis of possible confounding factors.", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: We identified 36 studies that investigated 19 risk factors for severe ALRI. Of these, 7 risk factors were significantly associated with severe ALRI in a consistent manner across studies, with the following meta-analysis estimates of odds ratios : low birth weight 3.18 , lack of exclusive breastfeeding 2.34 , crowding -more than 7 persons per household 1.96 , exposure to indoor air pollution 1.57 , incomplete immunization 1.83 , undernutrition -weight-for-age less than 2 standard deviations 4.47 , and HIV infection 4.15 ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Determining the Provincial and National Burden of Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa Using a Rapid Assessment Methodology" ], [ "1b", "Passage: South Africa is a middle-income country, but there is great variation in socioeconomic status with some provinces that are more similar to low-income countries ." ], [ "1c", "This results in some populations within the country having a disproportionately higher level of exposure to risk factors for communicable disease." ], [ "1d", "These include environmental risk factors, such as crowded living conditions and exposure to indoor air pollution, as well as biological risk factors, such as malnutrition and underlying infections ." ], [ "1e", "These risk factors may drive the burden of influenza in South Africa to be greater than other countries with similar income level . In particular," ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Hospitalization for acute lower respiratory infections in young children poses a substantial burden on health services, especially in developing countries. In spite of this, the evidence regarding the risk factors for this major burden of disease is in many cases sparse, of variable quality, and not generalizable. However, since the majority of these risk factors are potentially preventable, governments should consider what action can be taken to decrease the prevalence of these risk factors. This, along with increasing coverage of vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B, should substantially decrease the burden of childhood pneumonia in developing countries.", "Title: Determining the Provincial and National Burden of Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa Using a Rapid Assessment Methodology\nPassage: South Africa is a middle-income country, but there is great variation in socioeconomic status with some provinces that are more similar to low-income countries . This results in some populations within the country having a disproportionately higher level of exposure to risk factors for communicable disease. These include environmental risk factors, such as crowded living conditions and exposure to indoor air pollution, as well as biological risk factors, such as malnutrition and underlying infections . These risk factors may drive the burden of influenza in South Africa to be greater than other countries with similar income level . In particular,", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Moreover, the odds ratio meta-estimates reported in this review should be useful for modeling the global, regional, and national estimates of severe ALRI if the national/regional prevalence of these risk factors are known . Future studies should investigate the role of poverty, HIV, and other risk factors currently classified \"likely\" or \"possible\" risk factors for ALRI, and should attempt to obtain more precise estimates of risk for \"definite\" risk factors by studying larger samples in diverse settings and by more careful measurement and analysis of possible confounding factors.", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: We identified 36 studies that investigated 19 risk factors for severe ALRI. Of these, 7 risk factors were significantly associated with severe ALRI in a consistent manner across studies, with the following meta-analysis estimates of odds ratios : low birth weight 3.18 , lack of exclusive breastfeeding 2.34 , crowding -more than 7 persons per household 1.96 , exposure to indoor air pollution 1.57 , incomplete immunization 1.83 , undernutrition -weight-for-age less than 2 standard deviations 4.47 , and HIV infection 4.15 ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Moreover, the odds ratio meta-estimates reported in this review should be useful for modeling the global, regional, and national estimates of severe ALRI if the national/regional prevalence of these risk factors are known ." ], [ "2c", "Future studies should investigate the role of poverty, HIV, and other risk factors currently classified \"likely\" or \"possible\" risk factors for ALRI, and should attempt to obtain more precise estimates of risk for \"definite\" risk factors by studying larger samples in diverse settings and by more careful measurement and analysis of possible confounding factors." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Hospitalization for acute lower respiratory infections in young children poses a substantial burden on health services, especially in developing countries. In spite of this, the evidence regarding the risk factors for this major burden of disease is in many cases sparse, of variable quality, and not generalizable. However, since the majority of these risk factors are potentially preventable, governments should consider what action can be taken to decrease the prevalence of these risk factors. This, along with increasing coverage of vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type B, should substantially decrease the burden of childhood pneumonia in developing countries.", "Title: Determining the Provincial and National Burden of Influenza-Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness in South Africa Using a Rapid Assessment Methodology\nPassage: South Africa is a middle-income country, but there is great variation in socioeconomic status with some provinces that are more similar to low-income countries . This results in some populations within the country having a disproportionately higher level of exposure to risk factors for communicable disease. These include environmental risk factors, such as crowded living conditions and exposure to indoor air pollution, as well as biological risk factors, such as malnutrition and underlying infections . These risk factors may drive the burden of influenza in South Africa to be greater than other countries with similar income level . In particular,", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: Moreover, the odds ratio meta-estimates reported in this review should be useful for modeling the global, regional, and national estimates of severe ALRI if the national/regional prevalence of these risk factors are known . Future studies should investigate the role of poverty, HIV, and other risk factors currently classified \"likely\" or \"possible\" risk factors for ALRI, and should attempt to obtain more precise estimates of risk for \"definite\" risk factors by studying larger samples in diverse settings and by more careful measurement and analysis of possible confounding factors.", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis\nPassage: We identified 36 studies that investigated 19 risk factors for severe ALRI. Of these, 7 risk factors were significantly associated with severe ALRI in a consistent manner across studies, with the following meta-analysis estimates of odds ratios : low birth weight 3.18 , lack of exclusive breastfeeding 2.34 , crowding -more than 7 persons per household 1.96 , exposure to indoor air pollution 1.57 , incomplete immunization 1.83 , undernutrition -weight-for-age less than 2 standard deviations 4.47 , and HIV infection 4.15 ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Risk factors for severe acute lower respiratory infections in children – a systematic review and meta-analysis" ], [ "3b", "Passage: We identified 36 studies that investigated 19 risk factors for severe ALRI." ], [ "3c", "Of these, 7 risk factors were significantly associated with severe ALRI in a consistent manner across studies, with the following meta-analysis estimates of odds ratios : low birth weight 3.18 , lack of exclusive breastfeeding 2.34 , crowding -more than 7 persons per household 1.96 , exposure to indoor air pollution 1.57 , incomplete immunization 1.83 , undernutrition -weight-for-age less than 2 standard deviations 4.47 , and HIV infection 4.15 ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: This paper proposes a novel method to represent the potentiallyinfected group of people as a graph structure. We also model the principle of close proximity interaction by robustly analyzing the physical distance between subjects in the 3D world. This visionbased approach can re-identify diagnosed patients with infectious diseases and evaluate the infection risk of people who have contacted them. We evaluated our method in various scenarios, including indoor office, bus station, bus compartment, hospital. The comparison with the process of manual analysis shows that our method achieves consistent results but significantly reduces the time cost.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: The key contribution of our method is to quantitatively model the principle of Close Proximity Interaction , based on the state-of-the-art techniques in computer vision. The input to our workflow is video sequences VS i , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , N c , captured by multiple cameras. These cameras are potentially non-overlapping and installed at different locations. The search starts with a diagnosed patient P * , who is confirmed in the clinic with the pandemic disease. The goal of this work is to identify the contact graph and quantitatively evaluate their potential infection risk", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: We use a graph representation to model the contact network. Each edge E is a sequence involving two subjects S A , S B as the graph nodes. Two nodes can be connected with multiple edges since two subjects can encounter each other at multiple locations.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: Inspired by the methods mentioned above, our method solves a multi-tasking problem by effectively taking advantage of the information from a few building blocks. Our method directly applies to real-world scenarios to identify potentially-infected subjects. So far, we found that this problem is under-explored." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction" ], [ "0b", "Passage: This paper proposes a novel method to represent the potentiallyinfected group of people as a graph structure." ], [ "0c", "We also model the principle of close proximity interaction by robustly analyzing the physical distance between subjects in the 3D world." ], [ "0d", "This visionbased approach can re-identify diagnosed patients with infectious diseases and evaluate the infection risk of people who have contacted them." ], [ "0e", "We evaluated our method in various scenarios, including indoor office, bus station, bus compartment, hospital." ], [ "0f", "The comparison with the process of manual analysis shows that our method achieves consistent results but significantly reduces the time cost." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: This paper proposes a novel method to represent the potentiallyinfected group of people as a graph structure. We also model the principle of close proximity interaction by robustly analyzing the physical distance between subjects in the 3D world. This visionbased approach can re-identify diagnosed patients with infectious diseases and evaluate the infection risk of people who have contacted them. We evaluated our method in various scenarios, including indoor office, bus station, bus compartment, hospital. The comparison with the process of manual analysis shows that our method achieves consistent results but significantly reduces the time cost.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: The key contribution of our method is to quantitatively model the principle of Close Proximity Interaction , based on the state-of-the-art techniques in computer vision. The input to our workflow is video sequences VS i , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , N c , captured by multiple cameras. These cameras are potentially non-overlapping and installed at different locations. The search starts with a diagnosed patient P * , who is confirmed in the clinic with the pandemic disease. The goal of this work is to identify the contact graph and quantitatively evaluate their potential infection risk", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: We use a graph representation to model the contact network. Each edge E is a sequence involving two subjects S A , S B as the graph nodes. Two nodes can be connected with multiple edges since two subjects can encounter each other at multiple locations.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: Inspired by the methods mentioned above, our method solves a multi-tasking problem by effectively taking advantage of the information from a few building blocks. Our method directly applies to real-world scenarios to identify potentially-infected subjects. So far, we found that this problem is under-explored." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The key contribution of our method is to quantitatively model the principle of Close Proximity Interaction , based on the state-of-the-art techniques in computer vision." ], [ "1c", "The input to our workflow is video sequences VS i , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , N c , captured by multiple cameras." ], [ "1d", "These cameras are potentially non-overlapping and installed at different locations." ], [ "1e", "The search starts with a diagnosed patient P * , who is confirmed in the clinic with the pandemic disease." ], [ "1f", "The goal of this work is to identify the contact graph and quantitatively evaluate their potential infection risk" ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: This paper proposes a novel method to represent the potentiallyinfected group of people as a graph structure. We also model the principle of close proximity interaction by robustly analyzing the physical distance between subjects in the 3D world. This visionbased approach can re-identify diagnosed patients with infectious diseases and evaluate the infection risk of people who have contacted them. We evaluated our method in various scenarios, including indoor office, bus station, bus compartment, hospital. The comparison with the process of manual analysis shows that our method achieves consistent results but significantly reduces the time cost.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: The key contribution of our method is to quantitatively model the principle of Close Proximity Interaction , based on the state-of-the-art techniques in computer vision. The input to our workflow is video sequences VS i , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , N c , captured by multiple cameras. These cameras are potentially non-overlapping and installed at different locations. The search starts with a diagnosed patient P * , who is confirmed in the clinic with the pandemic disease. The goal of this work is to identify the contact graph and quantitatively evaluate their potential infection risk", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: We use a graph representation to model the contact network. Each edge E is a sequence involving two subjects S A , S B as the graph nodes. Two nodes can be connected with multiple edges since two subjects can encounter each other at multiple locations.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: Inspired by the methods mentioned above, our method solves a multi-tasking problem by effectively taking advantage of the information from a few building blocks. Our method directly applies to real-world scenarios to identify potentially-infected subjects. So far, we found that this problem is under-explored." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction" ], [ "2b", "Passage: We use a graph representation to model the contact network." ], [ "2c", "Each edge E is a sequence involving two subjects S A , S B as the graph nodes." ], [ "2d", "Two nodes can be connected with multiple edges since two subjects can encounter each other at multiple locations." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: This paper proposes a novel method to represent the potentiallyinfected group of people as a graph structure. We also model the principle of close proximity interaction by robustly analyzing the physical distance between subjects in the 3D world. This visionbased approach can re-identify diagnosed patients with infectious diseases and evaluate the infection risk of people who have contacted them. We evaluated our method in various scenarios, including indoor office, bus station, bus compartment, hospital. The comparison with the process of manual analysis shows that our method achieves consistent results but significantly reduces the time cost.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: The key contribution of our method is to quantitatively model the principle of Close Proximity Interaction , based on the state-of-the-art techniques in computer vision. The input to our workflow is video sequences VS i , i = 1, 2, 3, · · · , N c , captured by multiple cameras. These cameras are potentially non-overlapping and installed at different locations. The search starts with a diagnosed patient P * , who is confirmed in the clinic with the pandemic disease. The goal of this work is to identify the contact graph and quantitatively evaluate their potential infection risk", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: We use a graph representation to model the contact network. Each edge E is a sequence involving two subjects S A , S B as the graph nodes. Two nodes can be connected with multiple edges since two subjects can encounter each other at multiple locations.", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction\nPassage: Inspired by the methods mentioned above, our method solves a multi-tasking problem by effectively taking advantage of the information from a few building blocks. Our method directly applies to real-world scenarios to identify potentially-infected subjects. So far, we found that this problem is under-explored." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Droplet-Transmitted Infection Risk Ranking Based on Close Proximity Interaction" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Inspired by the methods mentioned above, our method solves a multi-tasking problem by effectively taking advantage of the information from a few building blocks." ], [ "3c", "Our method directly applies to real-world scenarios to identify potentially-infected subjects." ], [ "3d", "So far, we found that this problem is under-explored." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "0d", "0e", "0f", "1a", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "1f", "2a", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3a", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Text: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome was first described in 1984 as a rare, sudden onset of unilateral chorioretinopathy, with the predominant sign being multifocal yellow-white spots throughout the retina . The clinical spectrum of MEWDS has expanded over the years to include bilaterality and recurrences or an atypical presentation involving the fovea without the white spots . Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity unilaterally accompanied in most cases by photopsia and scotomata. A prodromal flu-like illness has been reported in up to 50% of cases . One report described a patient with elevated levels of total serum", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: The incidence of MEWDS is unknown. Only small case series are reported in the literature . One of the largest described 34 affected patients reviewed over several years' period .", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Although MEWDS is suspected to occur as a consequence of a viral-like infection in genetically susceptible individuals, its precise pathogenesis remains unknown. Recovery is gradual, over weeks to months, and the visual prognosis is very favorable . Treatment is usually not required.", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe an unusual cluster of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome encountered within a 3-month period. METHODS: This retrospective observation study is comprised of seven patients who presented with MEWDS in a 3-month period in central Israel. Data were collected from patients' medical records on clinical, multimodal imaging, and viral serology findings. RESULTS: Six women and one man of mean age 31.5 ± 7.2 years. Three reported a precedent viral infection. All had unilateral decreased vision. Funduscopy revealed foveal granularity. MAIN IMAGING FINDINGS: Hyperfluorescent spots on blue autofluorescence , hypofluorescent spots on indocyanine green angiography, dark lesions on" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Text: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome was first described in 1984 as a rare, sudden onset of unilateral chorioretinopathy, with the predominant sign being multifocal yellow-white spots throughout the retina ." ], [ "0c", "The clinical spectrum of MEWDS has expanded over the years to include bilaterality and recurrences or an atypical presentation involving the fovea without the white spots ." ], [ "0d", "Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity unilaterally accompanied in most cases by photopsia and scotomata." ], [ "0e", "A prodromal flu-like illness has been reported in up to 50% of cases ." ], [ "0f", "One report described a patient with elevated levels of total serum" ] ]

[ "0b", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3e", "3f", "3g", "3h" ]

[ "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Text: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome was first described in 1984 as a rare, sudden onset of unilateral chorioretinopathy, with the predominant sign being multifocal yellow-white spots throughout the retina . The clinical spectrum of MEWDS has expanded over the years to include bilaterality and recurrences or an atypical presentation involving the fovea without the white spots . Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity unilaterally accompanied in most cases by photopsia and scotomata. A prodromal flu-like illness has been reported in up to 50% of cases . One report described a patient with elevated levels of total serum", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: The incidence of MEWDS is unknown. Only small case series are reported in the literature . One of the largest described 34 affected patients reviewed over several years' period .", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Although MEWDS is suspected to occur as a consequence of a viral-like infection in genetically susceptible individuals, its precise pathogenesis remains unknown. Recovery is gradual, over weeks to months, and the visual prognosis is very favorable . Treatment is usually not required.", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe an unusual cluster of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome encountered within a 3-month period. METHODS: This retrospective observation study is comprised of seven patients who presented with MEWDS in a 3-month period in central Israel. Data were collected from patients' medical records on clinical, multimodal imaging, and viral serology findings. RESULTS: Six women and one man of mean age 31.5 ± 7.2 years. Three reported a precedent viral infection. All had unilateral decreased vision. Funduscopy revealed foveal granularity. MAIN IMAGING FINDINGS: Hyperfluorescent spots on blue autofluorescence , hypofluorescent spots on indocyanine green angiography, dark lesions on" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The incidence of MEWDS is unknown." ], [ "1c", "Only small case series are reported in the literature ." ], [ "1d", "One of the largest described 34 affected patients reviewed over several years' period ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3e", "3f", "3g", "3h" ]

[ "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Text: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome was first described in 1984 as a rare, sudden onset of unilateral chorioretinopathy, with the predominant sign being multifocal yellow-white spots throughout the retina . The clinical spectrum of MEWDS has expanded over the years to include bilaterality and recurrences or an atypical presentation involving the fovea without the white spots . Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity unilaterally accompanied in most cases by photopsia and scotomata. A prodromal flu-like illness has been reported in up to 50% of cases . One report described a patient with elevated levels of total serum", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: The incidence of MEWDS is unknown. Only small case series are reported in the literature . One of the largest described 34 affected patients reviewed over several years' period .", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Although MEWDS is suspected to occur as a consequence of a viral-like infection in genetically susceptible individuals, its precise pathogenesis remains unknown. Recovery is gradual, over weeks to months, and the visual prognosis is very favorable . Treatment is usually not required.", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe an unusual cluster of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome encountered within a 3-month period. METHODS: This retrospective observation study is comprised of seven patients who presented with MEWDS in a 3-month period in central Israel. Data were collected from patients' medical records on clinical, multimodal imaging, and viral serology findings. RESULTS: Six women and one man of mean age 31.5 ± 7.2 years. Three reported a precedent viral infection. All had unilateral decreased vision. Funduscopy revealed foveal granularity. MAIN IMAGING FINDINGS: Hyperfluorescent spots on blue autofluorescence , hypofluorescent spots on indocyanine green angiography, dark lesions on" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Although MEWDS is suspected to occur as a consequence of a viral-like infection in genetically susceptible individuals, its precise pathogenesis remains unknown." ], [ "2c", "Recovery is gradual, over weeks to months, and the visual prognosis is very favorable ." ], [ "2d", "Treatment is usually not required." ] ]

[ "0b", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3e", "3f", "3g", "3h" ]

[ "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Text: Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome was first described in 1984 as a rare, sudden onset of unilateral chorioretinopathy, with the predominant sign being multifocal yellow-white spots throughout the retina . The clinical spectrum of MEWDS has expanded over the years to include bilaterality and recurrences or an atypical presentation involving the fovea without the white spots . Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity unilaterally accompanied in most cases by photopsia and scotomata. A prodromal flu-like illness has been reported in up to 50% of cases . One report described a patient with elevated levels of total serum", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: The incidence of MEWDS is unknown. Only small case series are reported in the literature . One of the largest described 34 affected patients reviewed over several years' period .", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Although MEWDS is suspected to occur as a consequence of a viral-like infection in genetically susceptible individuals, its precise pathogenesis remains unknown. Recovery is gradual, over weeks to months, and the visual prognosis is very favorable . Treatment is usually not required.", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome\nPassage: Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe an unusual cluster of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome encountered within a 3-month period. METHODS: This retrospective observation study is comprised of seven patients who presented with MEWDS in a 3-month period in central Israel. Data were collected from patients' medical records on clinical, multimodal imaging, and viral serology findings. RESULTS: Six women and one man of mean age 31.5 ± 7.2 years. Three reported a precedent viral infection. All had unilateral decreased vision. Funduscopy revealed foveal granularity. MAIN IMAGING FINDINGS: Hyperfluorescent spots on blue autofluorescence , hypofluorescent spots on indocyanine green angiography, dark lesions on" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Multimodal Imaging in an Unusual Cluster of Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe an unusual cluster of multiple evanescent white dot syndrome encountered within a 3-month period." ], [ "3c", "METHODS: This retrospective observation study is comprised of seven patients who presented with MEWDS in a 3-month period in central Israel." ], [ "3d", "Data were collected from patients' medical records on clinical, multimodal imaging, and viral serology findings." ], [ "3e", "RESULTS: Six women and one man of mean age 31.5 ± 7.2 years." ], [ "3f", "Three reported a precedent viral infection." ], [ "3g", "All had unilateral decreased vision." ], [ "3h", "Funduscopy revealed foveal granularity." ], [ "3i", "MAIN IMAGING FINDINGS: Hyperfluorescent spots on blue autofluorescence , hypofluorescent spots on indocyanine green angiography, dark lesions on" ] ]

[ "0b", "0d", "0e", "1b", "1c", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3e", "3f", "3g", "3h" ]

[ "Title: Virus contaminations of cell cultures – A biotechnological view\nPassage: controlled conditions led to the production of better quality animals especially in respect of virus infections . Van Wezel et al. could show, by performing serological tests on 18 captive-bred cynomolgous monkeys and 40 imported wild caught parent animals that most of the wild caught animals were positive for antibodies against herpes simplex B, parainfluenza 3, or measles virus, whereas two thirds of the captive bred animals were only positive for antibodies against rotaviruses. Twenty out of 36 imported animals were positive for foamy virus 1 antibodies whereas these antibodies were not observed in the animals bred in captivity .", "Title: Model-Based Design of Growth-Attenuated Viruses\nPassage: Infections caused by viruses persistently threaten human health. For example, 40 million, 350 million, and 170 million people in the world are carrying human immunodeficiency virus type 1 , hepatitis B virus , and hepatitis C virus , respectively . Annually 5% to 15% of the global population is infected with influenza, resulting in 250,000 to 500,000 deaths . Protection against viral infections may be provided by inoculations with live-virus, killed-virus, or subunit vaccines. Live-virus vaccines offer advantages because they activate both humoral and cellmediated immunity, require only a single boosting, and generally provide longer immune protection than other forms", "Title: Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Preferentially Targets Antigen Presenting Cells In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo\nPassage: Vaccination is the cornerstone control measure to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases. However, vaccination against hypervariable and emerging pathogens can be challenging. For example, seasonal influenza vaccines need to be updated almost annually to antigenically match emerging drift variant viruses and to maintain vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, in case of an emerging pandemic strain of influenza virus, timely production of a pandemic influenza vaccine has proven to be challenging 27, 28 . The rapid construction of recombinant viral vaccine vectors, such as MVA, which allows easy insertion of any or multiple antigens of choice and rapid production of", "Title: The human viral challenge model: accelerating the evaluation of respiratory antivirals, vaccines and novel diagnostics\nPassage: Most, if not all, challenge viruses are manufactured according to Good Manufacturing Practice standard. Although controlled nasal inoculation differs from naturally occurring infectionin which exposure to variable quantities of the virus may occur at various mucosal sites -the developed HVC model used in challenge studies mimics natural disease as far as possible ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: The human viral challenge model: accelerating the evaluation of respiratory antivirals, vaccines and novel diagnostics" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Most, if not all, challenge viruses are manufactured according to Good Manufacturing Practice standard." ], [ "3c", "Although controlled nasal inoculation differs from naturally occurring infectionin which exposure to variable quantities of the virus may occur at various mucosal sites -the developed HVC model used in challenge studies mimics natural disease as far as possible ." ] ]

[ "3a", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review\nPassage: a continuous threat to human populations, echoing the recommendations of WHO and other organizations on influenza at the human-animal interface, 41, 89, there is a need for sustained efforts and close collaboration between the animal health and public heath sectors at community, national, and international levels to monitor the dynamics in human, poultry and wild birds, and to conduct early clinical management, while downstream research is encouraged to develop vaccines and antivirals, explore the driving factors behind the epidemic, and evaluate the potential for future pandemics.", "Title: Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans\nPassage: Avian influenza viruses have occurred with increased incidence within the human population, reflecting the delicate and tangled interaction between wildlife, domesticated animals, and humans. Disease in humans can be limited to conjunctivitis or an influenza-like illness, but HPAI H5N1 causes mainly severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death. Most cases have occurred through direct transmission from infected poultry or waterfowl, with only a few limited cases of human to human transmission. Treatment has been successful with the NA inhibitors if started early, and vaccine development is underway with a more immunogenic attenuated H5N1 virus preparation. Infection control measures are the mainstay", "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review\nPassage: America, and Asia, and so far no human cases of infection have been reported, with the exception of three human infections with influenza A virus detected in China in 2014-15. 39, 77 However, the co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs can provide opportunities for these viruses to re-assort and acquire the genetic characteristics that facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission, a necessary trait of pandemic viruses. 3, 87 Vaccines and antivirals are the most effective approaches to prevent influenza virus infection and treat illness respectively. 41, 88, 89 Vaccination of poultry has been implemented in many of the", "Title: Interventions in live poultry markets for the control of avian influenza: A systematic review\nPassage: Human influenza viruses cause seasonal influenza, a globally widespread respiratory illness giving rise to~3-5 million cases of severe illness every year . Influenza viruses can also be found in other mammals and birds, and the greatest diversity of influenza viruses occurs in aquatic birds . Most strains of avian influenza viruses do not pose a risk to human health. Some strains however, e.g. subtypes H7N9 and H5N1 , have acquired the ability to cross the speciesbarrier and infect humans who come into close contact with infected birds or contaminated environments . Occasionally, animal influenza viruses cause global pandemics in humans," ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review" ], [ "0b", "Passage: a continuous threat to human populations, echoing the recommendations of WHO and other organizations on influenza at the human-animal interface, 41, 89, there is a need for sustained efforts and close collaboration between the animal health and public heath sectors at community, national, and international levels to monitor the dynamics in human, poultry and wild birds, and to conduct early clinical management, while downstream research is encouraged to develop vaccines and antivirals, explore the driving factors behind the epidemic, and evaluate the potential for future pandemics." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1e", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review\nPassage: a continuous threat to human populations, echoing the recommendations of WHO and other organizations on influenza at the human-animal interface, 41, 89, there is a need for sustained efforts and close collaboration between the animal health and public heath sectors at community, national, and international levels to monitor the dynamics in human, poultry and wild birds, and to conduct early clinical management, while downstream research is encouraged to develop vaccines and antivirals, explore the driving factors behind the epidemic, and evaluate the potential for future pandemics.", "Title: Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans\nPassage: Avian influenza viruses have occurred with increased incidence within the human population, reflecting the delicate and tangled interaction between wildlife, domesticated animals, and humans. Disease in humans can be limited to conjunctivitis or an influenza-like illness, but HPAI H5N1 causes mainly severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death. Most cases have occurred through direct transmission from infected poultry or waterfowl, with only a few limited cases of human to human transmission. Treatment has been successful with the NA inhibitors if started early, and vaccine development is underway with a more immunogenic attenuated H5N1 virus preparation. Infection control measures are the mainstay", "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review\nPassage: America, and Asia, and so far no human cases of infection have been reported, with the exception of three human infections with influenza A virus detected in China in 2014-15. 39, 77 However, the co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs can provide opportunities for these viruses to re-assort and acquire the genetic characteristics that facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission, a necessary trait of pandemic viruses. 3, 87 Vaccines and antivirals are the most effective approaches to prevent influenza virus infection and treat illness respectively. 41, 88, 89 Vaccination of poultry has been implemented in many of the", "Title: Interventions in live poultry markets for the control of avian influenza: A systematic review\nPassage: Human influenza viruses cause seasonal influenza, a globally widespread respiratory illness giving rise to~3-5 million cases of severe illness every year . Influenza viruses can also be found in other mammals and birds, and the greatest diversity of influenza viruses occurs in aquatic birds . Most strains of avian influenza viruses do not pose a risk to human health. Some strains however, e.g. subtypes H7N9 and H5N1 , have acquired the ability to cross the speciesbarrier and infect humans who come into close contact with infected birds or contaminated environments . Occasionally, animal influenza viruses cause global pandemics in humans," ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Avian influenza viruses have occurred with increased incidence within the human population, reflecting the delicate and tangled interaction between wildlife, domesticated animals, and humans." ], [ "1c", "Disease in humans can be limited to conjunctivitis or an influenza-like illness, but HPAI H5N1 causes mainly severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death." ], [ "1d", "Most cases have occurred through direct transmission from infected poultry or waterfowl, with only a few limited cases of human to human transmission." ], [ "1e", "Treatment has been successful with the NA inhibitors if started early, and vaccine development is underway with a more immunogenic attenuated H5N1 virus preparation." ], [ "1f", "Infection control measures are the mainstay" ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1e", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review\nPassage: a continuous threat to human populations, echoing the recommendations of WHO and other organizations on influenza at the human-animal interface, 41, 89, there is a need for sustained efforts and close collaboration between the animal health and public heath sectors at community, national, and international levels to monitor the dynamics in human, poultry and wild birds, and to conduct early clinical management, while downstream research is encouraged to develop vaccines and antivirals, explore the driving factors behind the epidemic, and evaluate the potential for future pandemics.", "Title: Clinical review: Update of avian influenza A infections in humans\nPassage: Avian influenza viruses have occurred with increased incidence within the human population, reflecting the delicate and tangled interaction between wildlife, domesticated animals, and humans. Disease in humans can be limited to conjunctivitis or an influenza-like illness, but HPAI H5N1 causes mainly severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death. Most cases have occurred through direct transmission from infected poultry or waterfowl, with only a few limited cases of human to human transmission. Treatment has been successful with the NA inhibitors if started early, and vaccine development is underway with a more immunogenic attenuated H5N1 virus preparation. Infection control measures are the mainstay", "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review\nPassage: America, and Asia, and so far no human cases of infection have been reported, with the exception of three human infections with influenza A virus detected in China in 2014-15. 39, 77 However, the co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs can provide opportunities for these viruses to re-assort and acquire the genetic characteristics that facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission, a necessary trait of pandemic viruses. 3, 87 Vaccines and antivirals are the most effective approaches to prevent influenza virus infection and treat illness respectively. 41, 88, 89 Vaccination of poultry has been implemented in many of the", "Title: Interventions in live poultry markets for the control of avian influenza: A systematic review\nPassage: Human influenza viruses cause seasonal influenza, a globally widespread respiratory illness giving rise to~3-5 million cases of severe illness every year . Influenza viruses can also be found in other mammals and birds, and the greatest diversity of influenza viruses occurs in aquatic birds . Most strains of avian influenza viruses do not pose a risk to human health. Some strains however, e.g. subtypes H7N9 and H5N1 , have acquired the ability to cross the speciesbarrier and infect humans who come into close contact with infected birds or contaminated environments . Occasionally, animal influenza viruses cause global pandemics in humans," ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Global epidemiology of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in humans, 1997 – 2015: a systematic review" ], [ "2b", "Passage: America, and Asia, and so far no human cases of infection have been reported, with the exception of three human infections with influenza A virus detected in China in 2014-15." ], [ "2c", "39, 77 However, the co-circulation of influenza A viruses in human and animal reservoirs can provide opportunities for these viruses to re-assort and acquire the genetic characteristics that facilitate sustained human-to-human transmission, a necessary trait of pandemic viruses." ], [ "2d", "3, 87 Vaccines and antivirals are the most effective approaches to prevent influenza virus infection and treat illness respectively." ], [ "2e", "41, 88, 89 Vaccination of poultry has been implemented in many of the" ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "1e", "2c" ]

[ "Title: Digested disorder: Quarterly intrinsic disorder digest (April-May-June, 2013)\nPassage: Crystallization Crystallization experiments and IDPs represent an inherent conflict, as crystallization requires very stable structures in order for diffraction to occur, and IDPs are very dynamic in nature. However, stabilizing these and other transient structures for the purpose of crystallization is possible, as demonstrated by the crystallization of Pup discussed earlier in this digest. Generally, crystallization of disordered proteins is facilitated by partners called 'crystallization chaperones'. A review by Bukowska et al. 76 summarizes the uses and applications of the most common crystallization chaperones and how they have been used to crystallize otherwise non-crystallizable structures. These approaches generally require other", "Title: Structure of a Highly Active Cephalopod S-crystallin Mutant: New Molecular Evidence for Evolution from an Active Enzyme into Lens-Refractive Protein\nPassage: Protein crystallization. Crystals of the S-crystallin Q108F mutant in complex with GSH were obtained at 22 °C by the sitting drop, vapor diffusion method. Initial crystal screens were set up after incubating the protein at 6 mg/ml in 7 mM GSH and 0.35 mM CDNB for 1 h. Poorly diffracting crystals were grown in 0.5% PEG8000, 0.1 M HEPES, pH 6.8 and 1.65 M ammonium sulfate in 3 days and these were used for microseeding. Single crystals of a hexagonal shape and with dimensions of 0.15 mm were obtained in less than a week. All crystals were cryoprotected in reservoir", "Title: Lys-315 at the Interfaces of Diagonal Subunits of δ-Crystallin Plays a Critical Role in the Reversibility of Folding and Subunit Assembly\nPassage: Introduction δ-Crystallin is a taxon-specific eye lens protein. It is the major soluble protein in the eye lens of reptiles and birds and functions as a structural protein to maintain the refraction properties of the lens . δ-Crystallin and argininosuccinate lyase are homologous proteins. ASL is In this study, the effects of this interaction on the folding pathway of wild-type and mutant proteins were investigated using urea as a denaturant. The different distributions of dissociated component from wild-type and mutant proteins, as measured by sedimentation velocity experiment, suggests the quaternary structure dissociates in different ways for wild-type and mutant proteins.", "Title: Lys-315 at the Interfaces of Diagonal Subunits of δ-Crystallin Plays a Critical Role in the Reversibility of Folding and Subunit Assembly\nPassage: A containing 10% glycerol and 1.2 M ammonium sulfate and eluted with a linear gradient to the same buffer lacking ammonium sulfate. The retained proteins were eluted at~0.3 M ammonium sulfate. Fractions were pooled and loaded onto S-300 Sephacryl column pre-equilibrated in 50 mM Tris-acetic acid buffer, pH 7.5. Fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and protein concentrations determined by the method of Bradford . Proteins possessing a C-terminal His 6 tag were purified on Ni affinity column then desalted using a Sephadex G-25 column as previously reported ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Digested disorder: Quarterly intrinsic disorder digest (April-May-June, 2013)" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Crystallization Crystallization experiments and IDPs represent an inherent conflict, as crystallization requires very stable structures in order for diffraction to occur, and IDPs are very dynamic in nature." ], [ "0c", "However, stabilizing these and other transient structures for the purpose of crystallization is possible, as demonstrated by the crystallization of Pup discussed earlier in this digest." ], [ "0d", "Generally, crystallization of disordered proteins is facilitated by partners called 'crystallization chaperones'." ], [ "0e", "A review by Bukowska et al. 76 summarizes the uses and applications of the most common crystallization chaperones and how they have been used to crystallize otherwise non-crystallizable structures." ], [ "0f", "These approaches generally require other" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d" ]

[ "Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens\nPassage: inflammatory responses mediated by NF kappa B . The effects on NF-B expression appeared to be confined to prevention of its nuclear translocation after its attempted activation with lipopolysaccharide, LPS . In the cytoplasm of infected cells, N protein can be found in cellular P bodies where it sequesters and protects 5' caps. It may locate the caps through its interaction with DCP1, a key constituent of P bodies. During hantavirus infection, the viral RNAs become concentrated in P bodies, through their interaction with N and DCP1. The N protein demonstrates preferential protection of mRNAs engineered to prematurely terminate their", "Title: Resistance to Rhabdoviridae Infection and Subversion of Antiviral Responses\nPassage: During early viral infection, different viral proteins transiently colocalize with PML on NBs before disrupting them ). The functional consequences of the altered localization of the PML NBs could be a specific viral strategy to block cellular systems that may hamper viral replication.", "Title: Resistance to Rhabdoviridae Infection and Subversion of Antiviral Responses\nPassage: During early viral infection, different viral proteins transiently colocalize with PML on NBs before disrupting them ). The functional consequences of the altered localization of the PML NBs could be a specific viral strategy to block cellular systems that may hamper viral replication.", "Title: The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology\nPassage: Hantavirus infections are another interesting example of viral persistence. Hantaviruses are segmented, RNA viruses that cause lifelong infections in their reservoir rodent hosts, despite high levels of neutralizing antibodies . Pathogen recognition receptors, such as RIG-I and TLR7, are not elevated in the lungs of infected rats, suggesting that evasion of viral recognition may contribute toward the establishment of a persistent infection. Perhaps, the reason for noninduction of RIG-I is the fact that hantaviruses do not produce detectable amounts of dsRNA . IFNs, such as IFN-b, IFN-k, MxA, and pro-inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and transcription factor genes are elevated midway in" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens" ], [ "0b", "Passage: inflammatory responses mediated by NF kappa B ." ], [ "0c", "The effects on NF-B expression appeared to be confined to prevention of its nuclear translocation after its attempted activation with lipopolysaccharide, LPS ." ], [ "0d", "In the cytoplasm of infected cells, N protein can be found in cellular P bodies where it sequesters and protects 5' caps." ], [ "0e", "It may locate the caps through its interaction with DCP1, a key constituent of P bodies." ], [ "0f", "During hantavirus infection, the viral RNAs become concentrated in P bodies, through their interaction with N and DCP1." ], [ "0g", "The N protein demonstrates preferential protection of mRNAs engineered to prematurely terminate their" ] ]

[ "0f", "0e" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: others.", "Title: Self-Interest versus Group-Interest in Antiviral Control\nPassage: effects. For instance, it is well-documented that oseltamivir frequently leads to nausea and a number of less frequent adverse effects such as hepatitis and skin reactions . Recently, there have been suggestions of more serious adverse effects, including neuropsychiatric syndromes that may have contributed to a number of suicide events in Japan . Table 1 While we have used mortality as the currency to compare the costs and benefits of antiviral drug use, previous game theoretical studies of vaccination focused on the relative perceived risk of vaccination as compared to infection, and thereby also introduced a common currency to compare", "Title: What Effect Did the Global Financial Crisis Have Upon Youth Wellbeing? Evidence From Four Australian Cohorts\nPassage: Matching did result in a decline in the size of effects and the number that were statistically significant. However, eight out of 12 wellbeing factors remained significant, and of those only three had effects sizes greater than .10; namely career prospects, home life, and people in general . Importantly, however, these results tended to be smaller than the comparison at age 19 but generally not significantly so. Indeed, z tests suggested only satisfaction with living standards, independence, and social life had significantly larger effects at age 19 that 22.", "Title: Lost in Translation (LiT)\nPassage: One important item that is often overlooked in early human studies is accurate recording of symptoms using a volunteer or patient completed questionnaire, before and during a drug response. Symptoms represent a record of the input from the subjects' own sensory systems, gut, brain, etc., that are often more sensitive than anything else available. Some symptoms are common, for example, headache, often ascribed to caffeine deprivation, but others such as sedation, sleep disturbance, inattention, nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea and unusual fatigue are early clues to a pharmacodynamic effect. These concerns are often not reported by patients or by carers and" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Self-Interest versus Group-Interest in Antiviral Control Passage: effects." ], [ "1b", "For instance, it is well-documented that oseltamivir frequently leads to nausea and a number of less frequent adverse effects such as hepatitis and skin reactions ." ], [ "1c", "Recently, there have been suggestions of more serious adverse effects, including neuropsychiatric syndromes that may have contributed to a number of suicide events in Japan ." ], [ "1d", "Table 1 While we have used mortality as the currency to compare the costs and benefits of antiviral drug use, previous game theoretical studies of vaccination focused on the relative perceived risk of vaccination as compared to infection, and thereby also introduced a common currency to compare" ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: others.", "Title: Self-Interest versus Group-Interest in Antiviral Control\nPassage: effects. For instance, it is well-documented that oseltamivir frequently leads to nausea and a number of less frequent adverse effects such as hepatitis and skin reactions . Recently, there have been suggestions of more serious adverse effects, including neuropsychiatric syndromes that may have contributed to a number of suicide events in Japan . Table 1 While we have used mortality as the currency to compare the costs and benefits of antiviral drug use, previous game theoretical studies of vaccination focused on the relative perceived risk of vaccination as compared to infection, and thereby also introduced a common currency to compare", "Title: What Effect Did the Global Financial Crisis Have Upon Youth Wellbeing? Evidence From Four Australian Cohorts\nPassage: Matching did result in a decline in the size of effects and the number that were statistically significant. However, eight out of 12 wellbeing factors remained significant, and of those only three had effects sizes greater than .10; namely career prospects, home life, and people in general . Importantly, however, these results tended to be smaller than the comparison at age 19 but generally not significantly so. Indeed, z tests suggested only satisfaction with living standards, independence, and social life had significantly larger effects at age 19 that 22.", "Title: Lost in Translation (LiT)\nPassage: One important item that is often overlooked in early human studies is accurate recording of symptoms using a volunteer or patient completed questionnaire, before and during a drug response. Symptoms represent a record of the input from the subjects' own sensory systems, gut, brain, etc., that are often more sensitive than anything else available. Some symptoms are common, for example, headache, often ascribed to caffeine deprivation, but others such as sedation, sleep disturbance, inattention, nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea and unusual fatigue are early clues to a pharmacodynamic effect. These concerns are often not reported by patients or by carers and" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Lost in Translation (LiT)" ], [ "3b", "Passage: One important item that is often overlooked in early human studies is accurate recording of symptoms using a volunteer or patient completed questionnaire, before and during a drug response." ], [ "3c", "Symptoms represent a record of the input from the subjects' own sensory systems, gut, brain, etc., that are often more sensitive than anything else available." ], [ "3d", "Some symptoms are common, for example, headache, often ascribed to caffeine deprivation, but others such as sedation, sleep disturbance, inattention, nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea and unusual fatigue are early clues to a pharmacodynamic effect." ], [ "3e", "These concerns are often not reported by patients or by carers and" ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Since MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation, dephosphorylation of MAPKs seems to be an efficient process to inactivate their activities. It can be achieved by specific protein kinase phosphatases which can remove the phosphate group from MAPKs. Examples of these phosphatases include tyrosine phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and dual-specificity phosphatases . Some DUSPs are also known as MAPK phosphatases . Currently, there are at least 10 MKPs identified, while MKP-1 is the most studied member of the family. The regulatory role of MKP-1 on cytokine induction is best demonstrated by MKP-1 knockout macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide , a cell wall component", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Since MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation, dephosphorylation of MAPKs seems to be an efficient process to inactivate their activities. It can be achieved by specific protein kinase phosphatases which can remove the phosphate group from MAPKs. Examples of these phosphatases include tyrosine phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and dual-specificity phosphatases . Some DUSPs are also known as MAPK phosphatases . Currently, there are at least 10 MKPs identified, while MKP-1 is the most studied member of the family. The regulatory role of MKP-1 on cytokine induction is best demonstrated by MKP-1 knockout macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide , a cell wall component", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Western blot was done as described . Equal amounts of protein were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes , and followed by probing with specific antibod-ies for Actin, MKP-1 , phospho-p38 MAPK, phospho-ERK1/2 . After three washes, the membranes were incubated with the corresponding secondary antibodies. The bands were detected using the Enhanced Chemiluminescence System as per the manufacturer's instructions.", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Western blot was done as described . Equal amounts of protein were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes , and followed by probing with specific antibod-ies for Actin, MKP-1 , phospho-p38 MAPK, phospho-ERK1/2 . After three washes, the membranes were incubated with the corresponding secondary antibodies. The bands were detected using the Enhanced Chemiluminescence System as per the manufacturer's instructions." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Since MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation, dephosphorylation of MAPKs seems to be an efficient process to inactivate their activities." ], [ "0c", "It can be achieved by specific protein kinase phosphatases which can remove the phosphate group from MAPKs." ], [ "0d", "Examples of these phosphatases include tyrosine phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and dual-specificity phosphatases ." ], [ "0e", "Some DUSPs are also known as MAPK phosphatases ." ], [ "0f", "Currently, there are at least 10 MKPs identified, while MKP-1 is the most studied member of the family." ], [ "0g", "The regulatory role of MKP-1 on cytokine induction is best demonstrated by MKP-1 knockout macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide , a cell wall component" ] ]

[ "0f", "1f" ]

[ "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Since MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation, dephosphorylation of MAPKs seems to be an efficient process to inactivate their activities. It can be achieved by specific protein kinase phosphatases which can remove the phosphate group from MAPKs. Examples of these phosphatases include tyrosine phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and dual-specificity phosphatases . Some DUSPs are also known as MAPK phosphatases . Currently, there are at least 10 MKPs identified, while MKP-1 is the most studied member of the family. The regulatory role of MKP-1 on cytokine induction is best demonstrated by MKP-1 knockout macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide , a cell wall component", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Since MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation, dephosphorylation of MAPKs seems to be an efficient process to inactivate their activities. It can be achieved by specific protein kinase phosphatases which can remove the phosphate group from MAPKs. Examples of these phosphatases include tyrosine phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and dual-specificity phosphatases . Some DUSPs are also known as MAPK phosphatases . Currently, there are at least 10 MKPs identified, while MKP-1 is the most studied member of the family. The regulatory role of MKP-1 on cytokine induction is best demonstrated by MKP-1 knockout macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide , a cell wall component", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Western blot was done as described . Equal amounts of protein were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes , and followed by probing with specific antibod-ies for Actin, MKP-1 , phospho-p38 MAPK, phospho-ERK1/2 . After three washes, the membranes were incubated with the corresponding secondary antibodies. The bands were detected using the Enhanced Chemiluminescence System as per the manufacturer's instructions.", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1\nPassage: Western blot was done as described . Equal amounts of protein were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE, electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes , and followed by probing with specific antibod-ies for Actin, MKP-1 , phospho-p38 MAPK, phospho-ERK1/2 . After three washes, the membranes were incubated with the corresponding secondary antibodies. The bands were detected using the Enhanced Chemiluminescence System as per the manufacturer's instructions." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Since MAPKs are activated by phosphorylation, dephosphorylation of MAPKs seems to be an efficient process to inactivate their activities." ], [ "1c", "It can be achieved by specific protein kinase phosphatases which can remove the phosphate group from MAPKs." ], [ "1d", "Examples of these phosphatases include tyrosine phosphatases, serine/threonine phosphatases, and dual-specificity phosphatases ." ], [ "1e", "Some DUSPs are also known as MAPK phosphatases ." ], [ "1f", "Currently, there are at least 10 MKPs identified, while MKP-1 is the most studied member of the family." ], [ "1g", "The regulatory role of MKP-1 on cytokine induction is best demonstrated by MKP-1 knockout macrophages in response to lipopolysaccharide , a cell wall component" ] ]

[ "0f", "1f" ]

[ "Title: Listeriolysin O Is Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Autophagy during Listeria monocytogenes Infection\nPassage: Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, food-borne pathogen that causes severe disease in pregnant and immunocompromised hosts . L. monocytogenes is also an important model organism that has been used for decades to study bacterial pathogenesis, immunology and cell biology .", "Title: An In Vivo Selection Identifies Listeria monocytogenes Genes Required to Sense the Intracellular Environment and Activate Virulence Factor Expression\nPassage: This study was carried out in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. All protocols were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, Berkeley .", "Title: An In Vivo Selection Identifies Listeria monocytogenes Genes Required to Sense the Intracellular Environment and Activate Virulence Factor Expression\nPassage: For surface associated proteins, bacteria were suspended in 150 μL of LDS buffer containing 5% BME, boiled for 20 minutes, and proteins separated by SDS-PAGE.", "Title: An In Vivo Selection Identifies Listeria monocytogenes Genes Required to Sense the Intracellular Environment and Activate Virulence Factor Expression\nPassage: of these genes is regulated post-transcriptionally in response to the host." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Listeriolysin O Is Necessary and Sufficient to Induce Autophagy during Listeria monocytogenes Infection" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, food-borne pathogen that causes severe disease in pregnant and immunocompromised hosts ." ], [ "0c", "L. monocytogenes is also an important model organism that has been used for decades to study bacterial pathogenesis, immunology and cell biology ." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c" ]

[ "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: Importantly, RASs to NS5B inhibitors were observed in 5 strains out of 26 sequenced samples . C451R was found in two isolates while A421V was found in only one. In 2 of the 3 strains for which we were able to obtain longer sequences, RASs S556G and Q556R were observed.", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: Importantly, RASs to NS5B inhibitors were observed in 5 strains out of 26 sequenced samples . C451R was found in two isolates while A421V was found in only one. In 2 of the 3 strains for which we were able to obtain longer sequences, RASs S556G and Q556R were observed.", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified in 2 strains out of 25 fully sequenced samples. RAPs were found in 3 strains : 2 exhibited the substitution H58P and 1 the substitution K24Q. Although these substitutions were not reported as resistant, some changes at these positions were previously described as RASs in subtype 1a, namely H58D and K24R . Finally, substitution E62D was found in one subtype 1a strain. This change is considered as a secondary substitution because, although it does not confer resistance by itself, when combined with a known RAS it does. In fact, it confers a higher level", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified in 2 strains out of 25 fully sequenced samples. RAPs were found in 3 strains : 2 exhibited the substitution H58P and 1 the substitution K24Q. Although these substitutions were not reported as resistant, some changes at these positions were previously described as RASs in subtype 1a, namely H58D and K24R . Finally, substitution E62D was found in one subtype 1a strain. This change is considered as a secondary substitution because, although it does not confer resistance by itself, when combined with a known RAS it does. In fact, it confers a higher level" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients" ], [ "2b", "Passage: RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified in 2 strains out of 25 fully sequenced samples." ], [ "2c", "RAPs were found in 3 strains : 2 exhibited the substitution H58P and 1 the substitution K24Q." ], [ "2d", "Although these substitutions were not reported as resistant, some changes at these positions were previously described as RASs in subtype 1a, namely H58D and K24R ." ], [ "2e", "Finally, substitution E62D was found in one subtype 1a strain." ], [ "2f", "This change is considered as a secondary substitution because, although it does not confer resistance by itself, when combined with a known RAS it does." ], [ "2g", "In fact, it confers a higher level" ] ]

[ "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: Importantly, RASs to NS5B inhibitors were observed in 5 strains out of 26 sequenced samples . C451R was found in two isolates while A421V was found in only one. In 2 of the 3 strains for which we were able to obtain longer sequences, RASs S556G and Q556R were observed.", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: Importantly, RASs to NS5B inhibitors were observed in 5 strains out of 26 sequenced samples . C451R was found in two isolates while A421V was found in only one. In 2 of the 3 strains for which we were able to obtain longer sequences, RASs S556G and Q556R were observed.", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified in 2 strains out of 25 fully sequenced samples. RAPs were found in 3 strains : 2 exhibited the substitution H58P and 1 the substitution K24Q. Although these substitutions were not reported as resistant, some changes at these positions were previously described as RASs in subtype 1a, namely H58D and K24R . Finally, substitution E62D was found in one subtype 1a strain. This change is considered as a secondary substitution because, although it does not confer resistance by itself, when combined with a known RAS it does. In fact, it confers a higher level", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients\nPassage: RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified in 2 strains out of 25 fully sequenced samples. RAPs were found in 3 strains : 2 exhibited the substitution H58P and 1 the substitution K24Q. Although these substitutions were not reported as resistant, some changes at these positions were previously described as RASs in subtype 1a, namely H58D and K24R . Finally, substitution E62D was found in one subtype 1a strain. This change is considered as a secondary substitution because, although it does not confer resistance by itself, when combined with a known RAS it does. In fact, it confers a higher level" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Pretreatment Hepatitis C Virus NS5A/NS5B Resistance-Associated Substitutions in Genotype 1 Uruguayan Infected Patients" ], [ "3b", "Passage: RASs to NS5A inhibitors were identified in 2 strains out of 25 fully sequenced samples." ], [ "3c", "RAPs were found in 3 strains : 2 exhibited the substitution H58P and 1 the substitution K24Q." ], [ "3d", "Although these substitutions were not reported as resistant, some changes at these positions were previously described as RASs in subtype 1a, namely H58D and K24R ." ], [ "3e", "Finally, substitution E62D was found in one subtype 1a strain." ], [ "3f", "This change is considered as a secondary substitution because, although it does not confer resistance by itself, when combined with a known RAS it does." ], [ "3g", "In fact, it confers a higher level" ] ]

[ "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Designing and conducting tabletop exercises to assess public health preparedness for manmade and naturally occurring biological threats\nPassage: with its known epidemiology, can undermine the credibility of the exercise and can distract participants enough to take them out of their roles, thus disrupting the flow of the exercise.", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: Public distrust in journalists and the sensationalising of health related stories can also be a hindrance to taking the risk seriously and of undertaking precautionary measures . A belief that risk has been exaggerated is associated with an increased sense of helplessness and frustration and a reduction in the likelihood that people will prepare in the short-term .", "Title: Can informal social distancing interventions minimize demand for antiviral treatment during a severe pandemic?\nPassage: We have not explicitly considered school closure in any of these scenarios nor have we considered behavioural changes such as hand hygiene or coughing into your sleeve as the impact of these at a population level is difficult to quantify. We assume a constant level of behaviour change over some duration of time which is likely unrealistic. Some individuals may fatigue such that the magnitude of their behaviour change wanes over time.", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: The reluctance to be vaccinated and the cynicism illustrated by these extracts is consistent with research showing that decisions to engage in preventive and avoidant behaviours is influenced by attitudes towards public health interventions including having confidence in the efficacy of the behaviour . It is worth noting that the latter beliefs influence the level of trust in health agencies and that specifically advising people about why specific preparations are required increases the likelihood of adoption and helps maintain trust in health agency sources of information ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Public distrust in journalists and the sensationalising of health related stories can also be a hindrance to taking the risk seriously and of undertaking precautionary measures ." ], [ "1c", "A belief that risk has been exaggerated is associated with an increased sense of helplessness and frustration and a reduction in the likelihood that people will prepare in the short-term ." ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "2d", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Designing and conducting tabletop exercises to assess public health preparedness for manmade and naturally occurring biological threats\nPassage: with its known epidemiology, can undermine the credibility of the exercise and can distract participants enough to take them out of their roles, thus disrupting the flow of the exercise.", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: Public distrust in journalists and the sensationalising of health related stories can also be a hindrance to taking the risk seriously and of undertaking precautionary measures . A belief that risk has been exaggerated is associated with an increased sense of helplessness and frustration and a reduction in the likelihood that people will prepare in the short-term .", "Title: Can informal social distancing interventions minimize demand for antiviral treatment during a severe pandemic?\nPassage: We have not explicitly considered school closure in any of these scenarios nor have we considered behavioural changes such as hand hygiene or coughing into your sleeve as the impact of these at a population level is difficult to quantify. We assume a constant level of behaviour change over some duration of time which is likely unrealistic. Some individuals may fatigue such that the magnitude of their behaviour change wanes over time.", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: The reluctance to be vaccinated and the cynicism illustrated by these extracts is consistent with research showing that decisions to engage in preventive and avoidant behaviours is influenced by attitudes towards public health interventions including having confidence in the efficacy of the behaviour . It is worth noting that the latter beliefs influence the level of trust in health agencies and that specifically advising people about why specific preparations are required increases the likelihood of adoption and helps maintain trust in health agency sources of information ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Can informal social distancing interventions minimize demand for antiviral treatment during a severe pandemic?" ], [ "2b", "Passage: We have not explicitly considered school closure in any of these scenarios nor have we considered behavioural changes such as hand hygiene or coughing into your sleeve as the impact of these at a population level is difficult to quantify." ], [ "2c", "We assume a constant level of behaviour change over some duration of time which is likely unrealistic." ], [ "2d", "Some individuals may fatigue such that the magnitude of their behaviour change wanes over time." ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "2d", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Designing and conducting tabletop exercises to assess public health preparedness for manmade and naturally occurring biological threats\nPassage: with its known epidemiology, can undermine the credibility of the exercise and can distract participants enough to take them out of their roles, thus disrupting the flow of the exercise.", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: Public distrust in journalists and the sensationalising of health related stories can also be a hindrance to taking the risk seriously and of undertaking precautionary measures . A belief that risk has been exaggerated is associated with an increased sense of helplessness and frustration and a reduction in the likelihood that people will prepare in the short-term .", "Title: Can informal social distancing interventions minimize demand for antiviral treatment during a severe pandemic?\nPassage: We have not explicitly considered school closure in any of these scenarios nor have we considered behavioural changes such as hand hygiene or coughing into your sleeve as the impact of these at a population level is difficult to quantify. We assume a constant level of behaviour change over some duration of time which is likely unrealistic. Some individuals may fatigue such that the magnitude of their behaviour change wanes over time.", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study\nPassage: The reluctance to be vaccinated and the cynicism illustrated by these extracts is consistent with research showing that decisions to engage in preventive and avoidant behaviours is influenced by attitudes towards public health interventions including having confidence in the efficacy of the behaviour . It is worth noting that the latter beliefs influence the level of trust in health agencies and that specifically advising people about why specific preparations are required increases the likelihood of adoption and helps maintain trust in health agency sources of information ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Community responses to communication campaigns for influenza A (H1N1): a focus group study" ], [ "3b", "Passage: The reluctance to be vaccinated and the cynicism illustrated by these extracts is consistent with research showing that decisions to engage in preventive and avoidant behaviours is influenced by attitudes towards public health interventions including having confidence in the efficacy of the behaviour ." ], [ "3c", "It is worth noting that the latter beliefs influence the level of trust in health agencies and that specifically advising people about why specific preparations are required increases the likelihood of adoption and helps maintain trust in health agency sources of information ." ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "2d", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: The lifecycle of the Ebola virus in host cells\nPassage: GP protein is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum as a precursor and transported along the classical secretory pathway from the ER via the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. Precursor GP is processed by the acylation, oglycosylation, and maturation of N-glycans, and finally undergoes proteolytic cleavage by furin . Acylation is another posttranslational modification of viral GP, involved in particle formation, including virus assembly and budding. After those processes, GP is partially recruited to the late endosome to meet with VP40 for assembly and budding .", "Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens\nPassage: During virus maturation, the precursor form GPC is processed using a membrane -bound protease into Gn and Gc, a cleavage that occurs, and appears to be signaled, after the conserved peptide signal WAASA at the C-terminal of Gn . Although the two proteins can be expressed independently through transfection, they can be retained in the wrong cellular compartment ; they thus must be co-expressed to allow them stability so that the two can be assembled correctly in the Golgi .", "Title: The lifecycle of the Ebola virus in host cells\nPassage: Following endocytosis, the next steps consist of the uncoating and fusion of the viral membrane with the endosomal membranes. Precursor GP is cleaved by the host enzyme, furin in the Golgi apparatus, resulting in GP1, GP2, and additional proteins, including sGP, Δ-peptide, and ssGP . GP2 is critical for membrane fusion, as it's composed of five domains: 1) a fusion loop; 2) an N-terminal heptad repeat region; 3) a C-terminal heptad repeat region; 4) a transmembrane region; and 5) a short cytoplasmic tail . The glycan cap of GP1 can interact with the internal fusion loop of GP2 to restrict", "Title: Vesicular Transport of Progeny Parvovirus Particles through ER and Golgi Regulates Maturation and Cytolysis\nPassage: Furthermore, other viruses become processed after assembly. For instance, assembled polioviruses present in autophagosomes, were shown to mature upon acidification of these vesicles prior to their fusion with lysosomes. This acidification induces the cleavage of poliovirus capsid proteins, an essential step for these virions to gain full infectivity . Interestingly, MVM and H-1PV virions were shown to colocalize with the late endosomal/lysosomal marker Lamp2 . This leads us to speculate that the maturation of these viruses may involve the induction of additional post-assembly capsid modifications in these compartments besides the above-mentioned Golgi-associated phosphorylations." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Hantaviruses in the Americas and Their Role as Emerging Pathogens" ], [ "1b", "Passage: During virus maturation, the precursor form GPC is processed using a membrane -bound protease into Gn and Gc, a cleavage that occurs, and appears to be signaled, after the conserved peptide signal WAASA at the C-terminal of Gn ." ], [ "1c", "Although the two proteins can be expressed independently through transfection, they can be retained in the wrong cellular compartment ; they thus must be co-expressed to allow them stability so that the two can be assembled correctly in the Golgi ." ] ]

[ "1b" ]

[ "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: It became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human. Despite ongoing and possibly seasonal introduction of virus to the human population via infected DCs and perhaps other animals yet to be identified, the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission has occurred from infected to uninfected humans in close and prolonged contact through circumstances created by poor infection control in health care settings. This opportunistic virus has had its greatest impact on those with underlying diseases and such vulnerable people, sometimes suffering multiple comorbidities, have been most often associated with hospitals, creating a perfect storm of exposure, transmission and", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS. From intermittent animal-to-human spill-over events, the MERS-CoV spreads sporadically among people, causing more severe disease among older adults, especially males, with pre-existing diseases. The spread of MERS-CoV among humans has often been associated with outbreaks in hospitals, with around 20 % of all cases to date involving healthcare workers .", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: MERS-CoV is characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission events as well as spread between infected patients and close contacts . Nosocomial outbreaks in health care settings-the result of poor infection control and prevention-are widely recognized as the hallmark of MERS . Superspreading events have been recorded in healthcare settings in Jordan, Al Hasa, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi and South Korea . Like other coronaviruses, MERS-CoV can be spread through person-to-person contact, likely via infected respiratory secretions . Transmission dynamics, however, are otherwise poorly understood . Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV, and dromedary camels can have the virus", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\nPassage: Repeatedly touched surfaces, such as door knobs, should be disinfected and cleaned regularly. Intimate personal contact, e.g., kissing, and sharing cups or eating utensils must also be avoided ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission" ], [ "0b", "Passage: It became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human." ], [ "0c", "Despite ongoing and possibly seasonal introduction of virus to the human population via infected DCs and perhaps other animals yet to be identified, the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission has occurred from infected to uninfected humans in close and prolonged contact through circumstances created by poor infection control in health care settings." ], [ "0d", "This opportunistic virus has had its greatest impact on those with underlying diseases and such vulnerable people, sometimes suffering multiple comorbidities, have been most often associated with hospitals, creating a perfect storm of exposure, transmission and" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2e", "3c" ]

[ "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: It became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human. Despite ongoing and possibly seasonal introduction of virus to the human population via infected DCs and perhaps other animals yet to be identified, the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission has occurred from infected to uninfected humans in close and prolonged contact through circumstances created by poor infection control in health care settings. This opportunistic virus has had its greatest impact on those with underlying diseases and such vulnerable people, sometimes suffering multiple comorbidities, have been most often associated with hospitals, creating a perfect storm of exposure, transmission and", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS. From intermittent animal-to-human spill-over events, the MERS-CoV spreads sporadically among people, causing more severe disease among older adults, especially males, with pre-existing diseases. The spread of MERS-CoV among humans has often been associated with outbreaks in hospitals, with around 20 % of all cases to date involving healthcare workers .", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: MERS-CoV is characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission events as well as spread between infected patients and close contacts . Nosocomial outbreaks in health care settings-the result of poor infection control and prevention-are widely recognized as the hallmark of MERS . Superspreading events have been recorded in healthcare settings in Jordan, Al Hasa, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi and South Korea . Like other coronaviruses, MERS-CoV can be spread through person-to-person contact, likely via infected respiratory secretions . Transmission dynamics, however, are otherwise poorly understood . Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV, and dromedary camels can have the virus", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\nPassage: Repeatedly touched surfaces, such as door knobs, should be disinfected and cleaned regularly. Intimate personal contact, e.g., kissing, and sharing cups or eating utensils must also be avoided ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission" ], [ "1b", "Passage: In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS." ], [ "1c", "From intermittent animal-to-human spill-over events, the MERS-CoV spreads sporadically among people, causing more severe disease among older adults, especially males, with pre-existing diseases." ], [ "1d", "The spread of MERS-CoV among humans has often been associated with outbreaks in hospitals, with around 20 % of all cases to date involving healthcare workers ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2e", "3c" ]

[ "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: It became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human. Despite ongoing and possibly seasonal introduction of virus to the human population via infected DCs and perhaps other animals yet to be identified, the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission has occurred from infected to uninfected humans in close and prolonged contact through circumstances created by poor infection control in health care settings. This opportunistic virus has had its greatest impact on those with underlying diseases and such vulnerable people, sometimes suffering multiple comorbidities, have been most often associated with hospitals, creating a perfect storm of exposure, transmission and", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS. From intermittent animal-to-human spill-over events, the MERS-CoV spreads sporadically among people, causing more severe disease among older adults, especially males, with pre-existing diseases. The spread of MERS-CoV among humans has often been associated with outbreaks in hospitals, with around 20 % of all cases to date involving healthcare workers .", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: MERS-CoV is characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission events as well as spread between infected patients and close contacts . Nosocomial outbreaks in health care settings-the result of poor infection control and prevention-are widely recognized as the hallmark of MERS . Superspreading events have been recorded in healthcare settings in Jordan, Al Hasa, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi and South Korea . Like other coronaviruses, MERS-CoV can be spread through person-to-person contact, likely via infected respiratory secretions . Transmission dynamics, however, are otherwise poorly understood . Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV, and dromedary camels can have the virus", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\nPassage: Repeatedly touched surfaces, such as door knobs, should be disinfected and cleaned regularly. Intimate personal contact, e.g., kissing, and sharing cups or eating utensils must also be avoided ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections" ], [ "2b", "Passage: MERS-CoV is characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission events as well as spread between infected patients and close contacts ." ], [ "2c", "Nosocomial outbreaks in health care settings-the result of poor infection control and prevention-are widely recognized as the hallmark of MERS ." ], [ "2d", "Superspreading events have been recorded in healthcare settings in Jordan, Al Hasa, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi and South Korea ." ], [ "2e", "Like other coronaviruses, MERS-CoV can be spread through person-to-person contact, likely via infected respiratory secretions ." ], [ "2f", "Transmission dynamics, however, are otherwise poorly understood ." ], [ "2g", "Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV, and dromedary camels can have the virus" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2e", "3c" ]

[ "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: It became apparent early on that MERS-CoV spread relatively ineffectively from human-to-human. Despite ongoing and possibly seasonal introduction of virus to the human population via infected DCs and perhaps other animals yet to be identified, the vast majority of MERS-CoV transmission has occurred from infected to uninfected humans in close and prolonged contact through circumstances created by poor infection control in health care settings. This opportunistic virus has had its greatest impact on those with underlying diseases and such vulnerable people, sometimes suffering multiple comorbidities, have been most often associated with hospitals, creating a perfect storm of exposure, transmission and", "Title: MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission\nPassage: In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS. From intermittent animal-to-human spill-over events, the MERS-CoV spreads sporadically among people, causing more severe disease among older adults, especially males, with pre-existing diseases. The spread of MERS-CoV among humans has often been associated with outbreaks in hospitals, with around 20 % of all cases to date involving healthcare workers .", "Title: Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from (Wuhan) Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections\nPassage: MERS-CoV is characterized by sporadic zoonotic transmission events as well as spread between infected patients and close contacts . Nosocomial outbreaks in health care settings-the result of poor infection control and prevention-are widely recognized as the hallmark of MERS . Superspreading events have been recorded in healthcare settings in Jordan, Al Hasa, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi and South Korea . Like other coronaviruses, MERS-CoV can be spread through person-to-person contact, likely via infected respiratory secretions . Transmission dynamics, however, are otherwise poorly understood . Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of MERS-CoV, and dromedary camels can have the virus", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory\nPassage: Repeatedly touched surfaces, such as door knobs, should be disinfected and cleaned regularly. Intimate personal contact, e.g., kissing, and sharing cups or eating utensils must also be avoided ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Repeatedly touched surfaces, such as door knobs, should be disinfected and cleaned regularly." ], [ "3c", "Intimate personal contact, e.g., kissing, and sharing cups or eating utensils must also be avoided ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2e", "3c" ]

[ "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children. 1 In the past decade, several new viruses associated with ARTIs such as human metapneumovirus , novel strains of coronaviruses , human bocavirus , WU polyomavirus and KI polyomavirus have been discovered in human respiratory tract specimens. Among them, some have been identified to be causative pathogens of ARTIs. 1, 4, 5 Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses. 1 A better understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in children plays a key role for the prevention, control and treatment of", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Text: Acute respiratory tract infections are a persistent and pervasive public health problem in both developed and developing countries. They cause a great burden of disease worldwide. Especially in developing countries including China, ARTIs, mainly pneumonia, are the leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 years. 1,2 A great variety of pathogens can cause ARTIs, and viruses have been considered as the predominant pathogens in this children population. 3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus , influenza viruses A and B , parainfluenza viruses , human rhinovirus and adenovirus , which are", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: viral distribution patterns. 24, 29, 33 Regardless of the IAV outbreak, RSV and HRV were the two most common viral pathogens in ARTIs, which was consistent with most previous studies. 1, 10, 15, 16, 22, Our study further confirmed the importance of RSV and HRV in children with ARTIs, especially in children < 4 years of age. 10, 14, 23 Our results also showed that 12Á7% of viral pathogens detected were PIV1 and PIV3, which implied that PIVs played an important role in children with ARTIs. Similar findings were obtained in the studies conducted in Shanghai, 14, 34 Changsha, 26", "Title: Prevalence and Correlation of Infectious Agents in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Central China\nPassage: infections . Studies of CAP have traditionally focused little on viral causes . Currently, viral infections are also involved with 80% of episodes of CAP in children under 2 years old and over 40% of older children . The existing studies have showed that respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses are important pathogens among the hospitalized and outpatient children presenting with ARTI .Adenovirus virus and parainfluenza viruses are also associated with a substantial proportion of ALRI in infants and young children ." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China" ], [ "0b", "Passage: responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children." ], [ "0c", "1 In the past decade, several new viruses associated with ARTIs such as human metapneumovirus , novel strains of coronaviruses , human bocavirus , WU polyomavirus and KI polyomavirus have been discovered in human respiratory tract specimens." ], [ "0d", "Among them, some have been identified to be causative pathogens of ARTIs." ], [ "0e", "1, 4, 5 Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses." ], [ "0f", "1 A better understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in children plays a key role for the prevention, control and treatment of" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children. 1 In the past decade, several new viruses associated with ARTIs such as human metapneumovirus , novel strains of coronaviruses , human bocavirus , WU polyomavirus and KI polyomavirus have been discovered in human respiratory tract specimens. Among them, some have been identified to be causative pathogens of ARTIs. 1, 4, 5 Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses. 1 A better understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in children plays a key role for the prevention, control and treatment of", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Text: Acute respiratory tract infections are a persistent and pervasive public health problem in both developed and developing countries. They cause a great burden of disease worldwide. Especially in developing countries including China, ARTIs, mainly pneumonia, are the leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 years. 1,2 A great variety of pathogens can cause ARTIs, and viruses have been considered as the predominant pathogens in this children population. 3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus , influenza viruses A and B , parainfluenza viruses , human rhinovirus and adenovirus , which are", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: viral distribution patterns. 24, 29, 33 Regardless of the IAV outbreak, RSV and HRV were the two most common viral pathogens in ARTIs, which was consistent with most previous studies. 1, 10, 15, 16, 22, Our study further confirmed the importance of RSV and HRV in children with ARTIs, especially in children < 4 years of age. 10, 14, 23 Our results also showed that 12Á7% of viral pathogens detected were PIV1 and PIV3, which implied that PIVs played an important role in children with ARTIs. Similar findings were obtained in the studies conducted in Shanghai, 14, 34 Changsha, 26", "Title: Prevalence and Correlation of Infectious Agents in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Central China\nPassage: infections . Studies of CAP have traditionally focused little on viral causes . Currently, viral infections are also involved with 80% of episodes of CAP in children under 2 years old and over 40% of older children . The existing studies have showed that respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses are important pathogens among the hospitalized and outpatient children presenting with ARTI .Adenovirus virus and parainfluenza viruses are also associated with a substantial proportion of ALRI in infants and young children ." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Text: Acute respiratory tract infections are a persistent and pervasive public health problem in both developed and developing countries." ], [ "1c", "They cause a great burden of disease worldwide." ], [ "1d", "Especially in developing countries including China, ARTIs, mainly pneumonia, are the leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 years." ], [ "1e", "1,2 A great variety of pathogens can cause ARTIs, and viruses have been considered as the predominant pathogens in this children population." ], [ "1f", "3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus , influenza viruses A and B , parainfluenza viruses , human rhinovirus and adenovirus , which are" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children. 1 In the past decade, several new viruses associated with ARTIs such as human metapneumovirus , novel strains of coronaviruses , human bocavirus , WU polyomavirus and KI polyomavirus have been discovered in human respiratory tract specimens. Among them, some have been identified to be causative pathogens of ARTIs. 1, 4, 5 Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses. 1 A better understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in children plays a key role for the prevention, control and treatment of", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Text: Acute respiratory tract infections are a persistent and pervasive public health problem in both developed and developing countries. They cause a great burden of disease worldwide. Especially in developing countries including China, ARTIs, mainly pneumonia, are the leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 years. 1,2 A great variety of pathogens can cause ARTIs, and viruses have been considered as the predominant pathogens in this children population. 3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus , influenza viruses A and B , parainfluenza viruses , human rhinovirus and adenovirus , which are", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: viral distribution patterns. 24, 29, 33 Regardless of the IAV outbreak, RSV and HRV were the two most common viral pathogens in ARTIs, which was consistent with most previous studies. 1, 10, 15, 16, 22, Our study further confirmed the importance of RSV and HRV in children with ARTIs, especially in children < 4 years of age. 10, 14, 23 Our results also showed that 12Á7% of viral pathogens detected were PIV1 and PIV3, which implied that PIVs played an important role in children with ARTIs. Similar findings were obtained in the studies conducted in Shanghai, 14, 34 Changsha, 26", "Title: Prevalence and Correlation of Infectious Agents in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Central China\nPassage: infections . Studies of CAP have traditionally focused little on viral causes . Currently, viral infections are also involved with 80% of episodes of CAP in children under 2 years old and over 40% of older children . The existing studies have showed that respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses are important pathogens among the hospitalized and outpatient children presenting with ARTI .Adenovirus virus and parainfluenza viruses are also associated with a substantial proportion of ALRI in infants and young children ." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: viral distribution patterns." ], [ "2c", "24, 29, 33 Regardless of the IAV outbreak, RSV and HRV were the two most common viral pathogens in ARTIs, which was consistent with most previous studies." ], [ "2d", "1, 10, 15, 16, 22, Our study further confirmed the importance of RSV and HRV in children with ARTIs, especially in children < 4 years of age." ], [ "2e", "10, 14, 23 Our results also showed that 12Á7% of viral pathogens detected were PIV1 and PIV3, which implied that PIVs played an important role in children with ARTIs." ], [ "2f", "Similar findings were obtained in the studies conducted in Shanghai, 14, 34 Changsha, 26" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: responsible for most episodes of ARTIs in children. 1 In the past decade, several new viruses associated with ARTIs such as human metapneumovirus , novel strains of coronaviruses , human bocavirus , WU polyomavirus and KI polyomavirus have been discovered in human respiratory tract specimens. Among them, some have been identified to be causative pathogens of ARTIs. 1, 4, 5 Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses. 1 A better understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in children plays a key role for the prevention, control and treatment of", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: Text: Acute respiratory tract infections are a persistent and pervasive public health problem in both developed and developing countries. They cause a great burden of disease worldwide. Especially in developing countries including China, ARTIs, mainly pneumonia, are the leading cause of death among children under the age of 5 years. 1,2 A great variety of pathogens can cause ARTIs, and viruses have been considered as the predominant pathogens in this children population. 3, 4 The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus , influenza viruses A and B , parainfluenza viruses , human rhinovirus and adenovirus , which are", "Title: A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China\nPassage: viral distribution patterns. 24, 29, 33 Regardless of the IAV outbreak, RSV and HRV were the two most common viral pathogens in ARTIs, which was consistent with most previous studies. 1, 10, 15, 16, 22, Our study further confirmed the importance of RSV and HRV in children with ARTIs, especially in children < 4 years of age. 10, 14, 23 Our results also showed that 12Á7% of viral pathogens detected were PIV1 and PIV3, which implied that PIVs played an important role in children with ARTIs. Similar findings were obtained in the studies conducted in Shanghai, 14, 34 Changsha, 26", "Title: Prevalence and Correlation of Infectious Agents in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Central China\nPassage: infections . Studies of CAP have traditionally focused little on viral causes . Currently, viral infections are also involved with 80% of episodes of CAP in children under 2 years old and over 40% of older children . The existing studies have showed that respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses are important pathogens among the hospitalized and outpatient children presenting with ARTI .Adenovirus virus and parainfluenza viruses are also associated with a substantial proportion of ALRI in infants and young children ." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Prevalence and Correlation of Infectious Agents in Hospitalized Children with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Central China" ], [ "3b", "Passage: infections ." ], [ "3c", "Studies of CAP have traditionally focused little on viral causes ." ], [ "3d", "Currently, viral infections are also involved with 80% of episodes of CAP in children under 2 years old and over 40% of older children ." ], [ "3e", "The existing studies have showed that respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses are important pathogens among the hospitalized and outpatient children presenting with ARTI .Adenovirus virus and parainfluenza viruses are also associated with a substantial proportion of ALRI in infants and young children ." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Recombinant adenoviruses have attractive properties to serve as vaccine vectors: high titer stocks can be grown, genes of interest can easily be inserted into the stable viral genome, long-term storage at 4 degrees is possible and rAd infects a variety of hosts, tissues and cell types. 184 Furthermore, rAd can even induce robust immune responses when administered orally or intra-nasally, potentially bypassing pre-existing immunity against the vector. 184 Finally, even replicationdeficient rAd are known to be immunogenic; adenovirus 5 is a replication-deficient vector that has been evaluated for gene delivery, anti-cancer therapy and as an infectious disease vaccine. An overview", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: Adenovirus vectors are attractive as vaccine vectors because their genome is very stable and there are a variety of recombinant systems available which can accommodate up to 10 kb of recombinant genetic material . Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus which is relatively stable and can be formulated for long-term storage at 4 °C, or even storage up to six months at room temperature . Adenovirus vaccines can be grown to high titers, exceeding 10 1° plaque forming units per mL when cultured on 293 or PER.C6 cells , and the virus can be purified by simple methods . Adenovirus vaccines", "Title: HIV Antigen Incorporation within Adenovirus Hexon Hypervariable 2 for a Novel HIV Vaccine Approach\nPassage: Adenoviral vectors have been used for a variety of vaccine applications including cancer and infectious diseases . Ad vectors have been utilized as vaccine vectors because of several attributes. This broad utility profile has derived from several key attributes: the viral genome is readily manipulated allowing derivation of recombinant viruses; replication-defective Ads can be derived and propagated easily in complementing cell lines making production of large scale vaccines feasible; Ads infect a broad range of target cells ; they possess a large gene delivery payload of up to 8kb; and the vector can achieve unparalleled levels of in vivo gene", "Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?\nPassage: both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses . The adenovirus vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T and B cell responses . They have been extensively examined as a delivery vector in several preclinical and clinical studies for infectious diseases such as anthrax, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus -1, influenza, measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome , malaria and tuberculosis M." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Recombinant adenoviruses have attractive properties to serve as vaccine vectors: high titer stocks can be grown, genes of interest can easily be inserted into the stable viral genome, long-term storage at 4 degrees is possible and rAd infects a variety of hosts, tissues and cell types." ], [ "0c", "184 Furthermore, rAd can even induce robust immune responses when administered orally or intra-nasally, potentially bypassing pre-existing immunity against the vector." ], [ "0d", "184 Finally, even replicationdeficient rAd are known to be immunogenic; adenovirus 5 is a replication-deficient vector that has been evaluated for gene delivery, anti-cancer therapy and as an infectious disease vaccine. An overview" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Recombinant adenoviruses have attractive properties to serve as vaccine vectors: high titer stocks can be grown, genes of interest can easily be inserted into the stable viral genome, long-term storage at 4 degrees is possible and rAd infects a variety of hosts, tissues and cell types. 184 Furthermore, rAd can even induce robust immune responses when administered orally or intra-nasally, potentially bypassing pre-existing immunity against the vector. 184 Finally, even replicationdeficient rAd are known to be immunogenic; adenovirus 5 is a replication-deficient vector that has been evaluated for gene delivery, anti-cancer therapy and as an infectious disease vaccine. An overview", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: Adenovirus vectors are attractive as vaccine vectors because their genome is very stable and there are a variety of recombinant systems available which can accommodate up to 10 kb of recombinant genetic material . Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus which is relatively stable and can be formulated for long-term storage at 4 °C, or even storage up to six months at room temperature . Adenovirus vaccines can be grown to high titers, exceeding 10 1° plaque forming units per mL when cultured on 293 or PER.C6 cells , and the virus can be purified by simple methods . Adenovirus vaccines", "Title: HIV Antigen Incorporation within Adenovirus Hexon Hypervariable 2 for a Novel HIV Vaccine Approach\nPassage: Adenoviral vectors have been used for a variety of vaccine applications including cancer and infectious diseases . Ad vectors have been utilized as vaccine vectors because of several attributes. This broad utility profile has derived from several key attributes: the viral genome is readily manipulated allowing derivation of recombinant viruses; replication-defective Ads can be derived and propagated easily in complementing cell lines making production of large scale vaccines feasible; Ads infect a broad range of target cells ; they possess a large gene delivery payload of up to 8kb; and the vector can achieve unparalleled levels of in vivo gene", "Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?\nPassage: both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses . The adenovirus vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T and B cell responses . They have been extensively examined as a delivery vector in several preclinical and clinical studies for infectious diseases such as anthrax, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus -1, influenza, measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome , malaria and tuberculosis M." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Adenovirus vectors are attractive as vaccine vectors because their genome is very stable and there are a variety of recombinant systems available which can accommodate up to 10 kb of recombinant genetic material ." ], [ "1c", "Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus which is relatively stable and can be formulated for long-term storage at 4 °C, or even storage up to six months at room temperature ." ], [ "1d", "Adenovirus vaccines can be grown to high titers, exceeding 10 1° plaque forming units per mL when cultured on 293 or PER.C6 cells , and the virus can be purified by simple methods . Adenovirus vaccines" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Recombinant adenoviruses have attractive properties to serve as vaccine vectors: high titer stocks can be grown, genes of interest can easily be inserted into the stable viral genome, long-term storage at 4 degrees is possible and rAd infects a variety of hosts, tissues and cell types. 184 Furthermore, rAd can even induce robust immune responses when administered orally or intra-nasally, potentially bypassing pre-existing immunity against the vector. 184 Finally, even replicationdeficient rAd are known to be immunogenic; adenovirus 5 is a replication-deficient vector that has been evaluated for gene delivery, anti-cancer therapy and as an infectious disease vaccine. An overview", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: Adenovirus vectors are attractive as vaccine vectors because their genome is very stable and there are a variety of recombinant systems available which can accommodate up to 10 kb of recombinant genetic material . Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus which is relatively stable and can be formulated for long-term storage at 4 °C, or even storage up to six months at room temperature . Adenovirus vaccines can be grown to high titers, exceeding 10 1° plaque forming units per mL when cultured on 293 or PER.C6 cells , and the virus can be purified by simple methods . Adenovirus vaccines", "Title: HIV Antigen Incorporation within Adenovirus Hexon Hypervariable 2 for a Novel HIV Vaccine Approach\nPassage: Adenoviral vectors have been used for a variety of vaccine applications including cancer and infectious diseases . Ad vectors have been utilized as vaccine vectors because of several attributes. This broad utility profile has derived from several key attributes: the viral genome is readily manipulated allowing derivation of recombinant viruses; replication-defective Ads can be derived and propagated easily in complementing cell lines making production of large scale vaccines feasible; Ads infect a broad range of target cells ; they possess a large gene delivery payload of up to 8kb; and the vector can achieve unparalleled levels of in vivo gene", "Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?\nPassage: both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses . The adenovirus vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T and B cell responses . They have been extensively examined as a delivery vector in several preclinical and clinical studies for infectious diseases such as anthrax, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus -1, influenza, measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome , malaria and tuberculosis M." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: HIV Antigen Incorporation within Adenovirus Hexon Hypervariable 2 for a Novel HIV Vaccine Approach" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Adenoviral vectors have been used for a variety of vaccine applications including cancer and infectious diseases ." ], [ "2c", "Ad vectors have been utilized as vaccine vectors because of several attributes." ], [ "2d", "This broad utility profile has derived from several key attributes: the viral genome is readily manipulated allowing derivation of recombinant viruses; replication-defective Ads can be derived and propagated easily in complementing cell lines making production of large scale vaccines feasible; Ads infect a broad range of target cells ; they possess a large gene delivery payload of up to 8kb; and the vector can achieve unparalleled levels of in vivo gene" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Viral vector-based influenza vaccines\nPassage: Recombinant adenoviruses have attractive properties to serve as vaccine vectors: high titer stocks can be grown, genes of interest can easily be inserted into the stable viral genome, long-term storage at 4 degrees is possible and rAd infects a variety of hosts, tissues and cell types. 184 Furthermore, rAd can even induce robust immune responses when administered orally or intra-nasally, potentially bypassing pre-existing immunity against the vector. 184 Finally, even replicationdeficient rAd are known to be immunogenic; adenovirus 5 is a replication-deficient vector that has been evaluated for gene delivery, anti-cancer therapy and as an infectious disease vaccine. An overview", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: Adenovirus vectors are attractive as vaccine vectors because their genome is very stable and there are a variety of recombinant systems available which can accommodate up to 10 kb of recombinant genetic material . Adenovirus is a non-enveloped virus which is relatively stable and can be formulated for long-term storage at 4 °C, or even storage up to six months at room temperature . Adenovirus vaccines can be grown to high titers, exceeding 10 1° plaque forming units per mL when cultured on 293 or PER.C6 cells , and the virus can be purified by simple methods . Adenovirus vaccines", "Title: HIV Antigen Incorporation within Adenovirus Hexon Hypervariable 2 for a Novel HIV Vaccine Approach\nPassage: Adenoviral vectors have been used for a variety of vaccine applications including cancer and infectious diseases . Ad vectors have been utilized as vaccine vectors because of several attributes. This broad utility profile has derived from several key attributes: the viral genome is readily manipulated allowing derivation of recombinant viruses; replication-defective Ads can be derived and propagated easily in complementing cell lines making production of large scale vaccines feasible; Ads infect a broad range of target cells ; they possess a large gene delivery payload of up to 8kb; and the vector can achieve unparalleled levels of in vivo gene", "Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?\nPassage: both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses . The adenovirus vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T and B cell responses . They have been extensively examined as a delivery vector in several preclinical and clinical studies for infectious diseases such as anthrax, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus -1, influenza, measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome , malaria and tuberculosis M." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Pre-existing immunity against vaccine vectors – friend or foe?" ], [ "3b", "Passage: both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses ." ], [ "3c", "The adenovirus vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, safety profile, genetic stability, the ease of DNA genome manipulation, and the ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses and induce both T and B cell responses ." ], [ "3d", "They have been extensively examined as a delivery vector in several preclinical and clinical studies for infectious diseases such as anthrax, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus -1, influenza, measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome , malaria and tuberculosis M." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: Populations affected by humanitarian crises are expected to be particularly susceptible to COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, due to displacement, crowded housing, malnutrition, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene tools, and stigmatization. Disease outbreaks further reduce access to limited healthcare, which is increasingly disrupted by attacks on health facilities and the persistent overburdening of health systems. These situations escalate both the necessity and the difficulty of delivering accurate and actionable information to potentially affected populations .", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: As the international community responds to SARS-CoV-2, public health authorities in humanitarian crises begin at a disadvantage to enact appropriate infection control to prevent transmission in healthcare settings, identify infectious cases, administer supportive care and novel treatments for the seriously ill, and trace contacts. These standard public health measures are particularly difficult to perform in humanitarian settings. For example, limited public health, laboratory, and primary care services represent a barrier to testing. Providing the limited healthcare worker cadre with appropriate training and personal protective equipment, and ensuring a continuous supply chain for such, is a challenge in all settings, exacerbated", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: in complex humanitarian crises. Frequent displacement and limited contact information may prevent effective contact tracing. Finally, intractable structural challenges such as overcrowding limit the implementation of both quarantine of those exposed and isolation of those who are ill. Given these increased vulnerabilities, humanitarian crises should be viewed as a priority for national and international bodies that seek to combat this unfolding pandemic. Resources must be identified to protect healthcare workers, develop and deploy rapid testing, improve surveillance, and enact quarantine and isolation of contacts and cases.", "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings\nPassage: or other difficult circumstances, where there is great vulnerability and pressing humanitarian needs." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Populations affected by humanitarian crises are expected to be particularly susceptible to COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, due to displacement, crowded housing, malnutrition, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene tools, and stigmatization." ], [ "0c", "Disease outbreaks further reduce access to limited healthcare, which is increasingly disrupted by attacks on health facilities and the persistent overburdening of health systems." ], [ "0d", "These situations escalate both the necessity and the difficulty of delivering accurate and actionable information to potentially affected populations ." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: Populations affected by humanitarian crises are expected to be particularly susceptible to COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, due to displacement, crowded housing, malnutrition, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene tools, and stigmatization. Disease outbreaks further reduce access to limited healthcare, which is increasingly disrupted by attacks on health facilities and the persistent overburdening of health systems. These situations escalate both the necessity and the difficulty of delivering accurate and actionable information to potentially affected populations .", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: As the international community responds to SARS-CoV-2, public health authorities in humanitarian crises begin at a disadvantage to enact appropriate infection control to prevent transmission in healthcare settings, identify infectious cases, administer supportive care and novel treatments for the seriously ill, and trace contacts. These standard public health measures are particularly difficult to perform in humanitarian settings. For example, limited public health, laboratory, and primary care services represent a barrier to testing. Providing the limited healthcare worker cadre with appropriate training and personal protective equipment, and ensuring a continuous supply chain for such, is a challenge in all settings, exacerbated", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: in complex humanitarian crises. Frequent displacement and limited contact information may prevent effective contact tracing. Finally, intractable structural challenges such as overcrowding limit the implementation of both quarantine of those exposed and isolation of those who are ill. Given these increased vulnerabilities, humanitarian crises should be viewed as a priority for national and international bodies that seek to combat this unfolding pandemic. Resources must be identified to protect healthcare workers, develop and deploy rapid testing, improve surveillance, and enact quarantine and isolation of contacts and cases.", "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings\nPassage: or other difficult circumstances, where there is great vulnerability and pressing humanitarian needs." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises" ], [ "1b", "Passage: As the international community responds to SARS-CoV-2, public health authorities in humanitarian crises begin at a disadvantage to enact appropriate infection control to prevent transmission in healthcare settings, identify infectious cases, administer supportive care and novel treatments for the seriously ill, and trace contacts." ], [ "1c", "These standard public health measures are particularly difficult to perform in humanitarian settings." ], [ "1d", "For example, limited public health, laboratory, and primary care services represent a barrier to testing." ], [ "1e", "Providing the limited healthcare worker cadre with appropriate training and personal protective equipment, and ensuring a continuous supply chain for such, is a challenge in all settings, exacerbated" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: Populations affected by humanitarian crises are expected to be particularly susceptible to COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, due to displacement, crowded housing, malnutrition, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene tools, and stigmatization. Disease outbreaks further reduce access to limited healthcare, which is increasingly disrupted by attacks on health facilities and the persistent overburdening of health systems. These situations escalate both the necessity and the difficulty of delivering accurate and actionable information to potentially affected populations .", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: As the international community responds to SARS-CoV-2, public health authorities in humanitarian crises begin at a disadvantage to enact appropriate infection control to prevent transmission in healthcare settings, identify infectious cases, administer supportive care and novel treatments for the seriously ill, and trace contacts. These standard public health measures are particularly difficult to perform in humanitarian settings. For example, limited public health, laboratory, and primary care services represent a barrier to testing. Providing the limited healthcare worker cadre with appropriate training and personal protective equipment, and ensuring a continuous supply chain for such, is a challenge in all settings, exacerbated", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: in complex humanitarian crises. Frequent displacement and limited contact information may prevent effective contact tracing. Finally, intractable structural challenges such as overcrowding limit the implementation of both quarantine of those exposed and isolation of those who are ill. Given these increased vulnerabilities, humanitarian crises should be viewed as a priority for national and international bodies that seek to combat this unfolding pandemic. Resources must be identified to protect healthcare workers, develop and deploy rapid testing, improve surveillance, and enact quarantine and isolation of contacts and cases.", "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings\nPassage: or other difficult circumstances, where there is great vulnerability and pressing humanitarian needs." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises" ], [ "2b", "Passage: in complex humanitarian crises." ], [ "2c", "Frequent displacement and limited contact information may prevent effective contact tracing." ], [ "2d", "Finally, intractable structural challenges such as overcrowding limit the implementation of both quarantine of those exposed and isolation of those who are ill." ], [ "2e", "Given these increased vulnerabilities, humanitarian crises should be viewed as a priority for national and international bodies that seek to combat this unfolding pandemic." ], [ "2f", "Resources must be identified to protect healthcare workers, develop and deploy rapid testing, improve surveillance, and enact quarantine and isolation of contacts and cases." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: Populations affected by humanitarian crises are expected to be particularly susceptible to COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, due to displacement, crowded housing, malnutrition, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene tools, and stigmatization. Disease outbreaks further reduce access to limited healthcare, which is increasingly disrupted by attacks on health facilities and the persistent overburdening of health systems. These situations escalate both the necessity and the difficulty of delivering accurate and actionable information to potentially affected populations .", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: As the international community responds to SARS-CoV-2, public health authorities in humanitarian crises begin at a disadvantage to enact appropriate infection control to prevent transmission in healthcare settings, identify infectious cases, administer supportive care and novel treatments for the seriously ill, and trace contacts. These standard public health measures are particularly difficult to perform in humanitarian settings. For example, limited public health, laboratory, and primary care services represent a barrier to testing. Providing the limited healthcare worker cadre with appropriate training and personal protective equipment, and ensuring a continuous supply chain for such, is a challenge in all settings, exacerbated", "Title: Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in complex humanitarian crises\nPassage: in complex humanitarian crises. Frequent displacement and limited contact information may prevent effective contact tracing. Finally, intractable structural challenges such as overcrowding limit the implementation of both quarantine of those exposed and isolation of those who are ill. Given these increased vulnerabilities, humanitarian crises should be viewed as a priority for national and international bodies that seek to combat this unfolding pandemic. Resources must be identified to protect healthcare workers, develop and deploy rapid testing, improve surveillance, and enact quarantine and isolation of contacts and cases.", "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings\nPassage: or other difficult circumstances, where there is great vulnerability and pressing humanitarian needs." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Innovations in research ethics governance in humanitarian settings" ], [ "3b", "Passage: or other difficult circumstances, where there is great vulnerability and pressing humanitarian needs." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2c", "2d", "2e", "2f", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Gaining Insights into the Codon Usage Patterns of TP53 Gene across Eight Mammalian Species\nPassage: Previously, several studies were conducted on synonymous codon usage bias in a wide variety of organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and till date in many organisms the codon usage patterns have been interpreted for diverse reasons. Many genomic factors such as gene length, GC-content, recombination rate, gene expression level, or modulation in the genetic code are associated with CUB in different organisms . In general, compositional constraints under natural selection or mutation pressure are considered as major factors in the codon usage variation among different organisms . Moreover, studies revealed that mutation pressure, natural or translational selection, secondary protein", "Title: Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Epichloë festucae\nPassage: Studies of codon usage have determined that several factors may influence codon usage patterns, including mutational bias and natural selection. Analysis of codon usage patterns sheds light on the molecular biology of gene regulation, gene expression, secondary protein structure, selective transcription, and the external environment. Among these, the major factors that are responsible for codon usage variation among different organisms are compositional constraints under mutational pressure and natural selection .", "Title: A Coding Sequence-Embedded Principle Governs Translational Reading Frame Fidelity\nPassage: evolutionary optimization of codon sequences that minimizes the consequence of frameshift errors . Unlike missense errors, which are not necessarily destructive to proteins, frameshift errors are deleterious as premature termination often leads to nonfunctional translational products. Therefore, the ribosome must keep the correct reading frame for hundreds to thousands of codons during translation to ensure proper protein production.", "Title: A Coding Sequence-Embedded Principle Governs Translational Reading Frame Fidelity\nPassage: The discrepancy between the experimental FS rates and ribosomal occupancy suggests that the overall frameshift consequence cannot be extrapolated from the local region in a linear manner. To assess the natural reading frame accuracy of individual ribosomal steps, we took advantage of ribosome profiling data sets that permit determination of ribosome positions at a subcodon resolution . Similar to previous reports , the overall ribosome-protected fragments show a strong 3-nucleotide periodicity with approximately 70% of reads mapped to frame 0 . The remaining out-of-frame reads could be due to Using ribosome profiling data in HEK293 cells, the ratio of average" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Gaining Insights into the Codon Usage Patterns of TP53 Gene across Eight Mammalian Species" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Previously, several studies were conducted on synonymous codon usage bias in a wide variety of organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and till date in many organisms the codon usage patterns have been interpreted for diverse reasons." ], [ "0c", "Many genomic factors such as gene length, GC-content, recombination rate, gene expression level, or modulation in the genetic code are associated with CUB in different organisms ." ], [ "0d", "In general, compositional constraints under natural selection or mutation pressure are considered as major factors in the codon usage variation among different organisms ." ], [ "0e", "Moreover, studies revealed that mutation pressure, natural or translational selection, secondary protein" ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Gaining Insights into the Codon Usage Patterns of TP53 Gene across Eight Mammalian Species\nPassage: Previously, several studies were conducted on synonymous codon usage bias in a wide variety of organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and till date in many organisms the codon usage patterns have been interpreted for diverse reasons. Many genomic factors such as gene length, GC-content, recombination rate, gene expression level, or modulation in the genetic code are associated with CUB in different organisms . In general, compositional constraints under natural selection or mutation pressure are considered as major factors in the codon usage variation among different organisms . Moreover, studies revealed that mutation pressure, natural or translational selection, secondary protein", "Title: Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Epichloë festucae\nPassage: Studies of codon usage have determined that several factors may influence codon usage patterns, including mutational bias and natural selection. Analysis of codon usage patterns sheds light on the molecular biology of gene regulation, gene expression, secondary protein structure, selective transcription, and the external environment. Among these, the major factors that are responsible for codon usage variation among different organisms are compositional constraints under mutational pressure and natural selection .", "Title: A Coding Sequence-Embedded Principle Governs Translational Reading Frame Fidelity\nPassage: evolutionary optimization of codon sequences that minimizes the consequence of frameshift errors . Unlike missense errors, which are not necessarily destructive to proteins, frameshift errors are deleterious as premature termination often leads to nonfunctional translational products. Therefore, the ribosome must keep the correct reading frame for hundreds to thousands of codons during translation to ensure proper protein production.", "Title: A Coding Sequence-Embedded Principle Governs Translational Reading Frame Fidelity\nPassage: The discrepancy between the experimental FS rates and ribosomal occupancy suggests that the overall frameshift consequence cannot be extrapolated from the local region in a linear manner. To assess the natural reading frame accuracy of individual ribosomal steps, we took advantage of ribosome profiling data sets that permit determination of ribosome positions at a subcodon resolution . Similar to previous reports , the overall ribosome-protected fragments show a strong 3-nucleotide periodicity with approximately 70% of reads mapped to frame 0 . The remaining out-of-frame reads could be due to Using ribosome profiling data in HEK293 cells, the ratio of average" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Epichloë festucae" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Studies of codon usage have determined that several factors may influence codon usage patterns, including mutational bias and natural selection." ], [ "1c", "Analysis of codon usage patterns sheds light on the molecular biology of gene regulation, gene expression, secondary protein structure, selective transcription, and the external environment." ], [ "1d", "Among these, the major factors that are responsible for codon usage variation among different organisms are compositional constraints under mutational pressure and natural selection ." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Gaining Insights into the Codon Usage Patterns of TP53 Gene across Eight Mammalian Species\nPassage: Previously, several studies were conducted on synonymous codon usage bias in a wide variety of organisms including prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and till date in many organisms the codon usage patterns have been interpreted for diverse reasons. Many genomic factors such as gene length, GC-content, recombination rate, gene expression level, or modulation in the genetic code are associated with CUB in different organisms . In general, compositional constraints under natural selection or mutation pressure are considered as major factors in the codon usage variation among different organisms . Moreover, studies revealed that mutation pressure, natural or translational selection, secondary protein", "Title: Genome-Wide Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Epichloë festucae\nPassage: Studies of codon usage have determined that several factors may influence codon usage patterns, including mutational bias and natural selection. Analysis of codon usage patterns sheds light on the molecular biology of gene regulation, gene expression, secondary protein structure, selective transcription, and the external environment. Among these, the major factors that are responsible for codon usage variation among different organisms are compositional constraints under mutational pressure and natural selection .", "Title: A Coding Sequence-Embedded Principle Governs Translational Reading Frame Fidelity\nPassage: evolutionary optimization of codon sequences that minimizes the consequence of frameshift errors . Unlike missense errors, which are not necessarily destructive to proteins, frameshift errors are deleterious as premature termination often leads to nonfunctional translational products. Therefore, the ribosome must keep the correct reading frame for hundreds to thousands of codons during translation to ensure proper protein production.", "Title: A Coding Sequence-Embedded Principle Governs Translational Reading Frame Fidelity\nPassage: The discrepancy between the experimental FS rates and ribosomal occupancy suggests that the overall frameshift consequence cannot be extrapolated from the local region in a linear manner. To assess the natural reading frame accuracy of individual ribosomal steps, we took advantage of ribosome profiling data sets that permit determination of ribosome positions at a subcodon resolution . Similar to previous reports , the overall ribosome-protected fragments show a strong 3-nucleotide periodicity with approximately 70% of reads mapped to frame 0 . The remaining out-of-frame reads could be due to Using ribosome profiling data in HEK293 cells, the ratio of average" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: A Coding Sequence-Embedded Principle Governs Translational Reading Frame Fidelity" ], [ "2b", "Passage: evolutionary optimization of codon sequences that minimizes the consequence of frameshift errors ." ], [ "2c", "Unlike missense errors, which are not necessarily destructive to proteins, frameshift errors are deleterious as premature termination often leads to nonfunctional translational products." ], [ "2d", "Therefore, the ribosome must keep the correct reading frame for hundreds to thousands of codons during translation to ensure proper protein production." ] ]

[ "0c", "0d", "1b", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Currently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin. Some people have alleged that the human SARS-CoV-2 was leaked directly from a laboratory in Wuhan where a bat CoV was recently reported, which shared ∼96% homology with the SARS-CoV-2 . However, as we know, the human SARS-CoV and intermediate host palm civet SARSlike CoV shared 99.8% homology, with a total of 202 single-nucleotide variations identified across the genome . Given that there are greater than 1,100 nt differences between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV , which are distributed throughout the genome in a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. All three of these viruses have their origins in bats. The sequences from U.S. patients are similar to the one that China initially posted, suggesting a likely single, recent emergence of this virus from an animal reservoir.", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the new viral sequences and a close relative in a wildlife species are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. A search for an intermediate animal host between bats and humans is needed to identify animal CoVs more closely related to human SARS-CoV-2. There is speculation that pangolins might carry CoVs closely related to SARS-CoV-2, but the data to substantiate this is not yet published .", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Evolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes instead of the randomly occurring mutations that are present in naturally isolated viruses such as bat CoV RaTG13. In our view, there is currently no credible evidence to support the claim that SARS-CoV-2 originated from a laboratory-engineered CoV. It is more likely that SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant CoV generated in nature between a bat CoV and another coronavirus in an intermediate animal host. More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Currently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin." ], [ "0c", "Some people have alleged that the human SARS-CoV-2 was leaked directly from a laboratory in Wuhan where a bat CoV was recently reported, which shared ∼96% homology with the SARS-CoV-2 ." ], [ "0d", "However, as we know, the human SARS-CoV and intermediate host palm civet SARSlike CoV shared 99.8% homology, with a total of 202 single-nucleotide variations identified across the genome ." ], [ "0e", "Given that there are greater than 1,100 nt differences between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV , which are distributed throughout the genome in a" ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Currently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin. Some people have alleged that the human SARS-CoV-2 was leaked directly from a laboratory in Wuhan where a bat CoV was recently reported, which shared ∼96% homology with the SARS-CoV-2 . However, as we know, the human SARS-CoV and intermediate host palm civet SARSlike CoV shared 99.8% homology, with a total of 202 single-nucleotide variations identified across the genome . Given that there are greater than 1,100 nt differences between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV , which are distributed throughout the genome in a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. All three of these viruses have their origins in bats. The sequences from U.S. patients are similar to the one that China initially posted, suggesting a likely single, recent emergence of this virus from an animal reservoir.", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the new viral sequences and a close relative in a wildlife species are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. A search for an intermediate animal host between bats and humans is needed to identify animal CoVs more closely related to human SARS-CoV-2. There is speculation that pangolins might carry CoVs closely related to SARS-CoV-2, but the data to substantiate this is not yet published .", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Evolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes instead of the randomly occurring mutations that are present in naturally isolated viruses such as bat CoV RaTG13. In our view, there is currently no credible evidence to support the claim that SARS-CoV-2 originated from a laboratory-engineered CoV. It is more likely that SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant CoV generated in nature between a bat CoV and another coronavirus in an intermediate animal host. More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020," ], [ "1b", "Passage: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV." ], [ "1c", "All three of these viruses have their origins in bats." ], [ "1d", "The sequences from U.S. patients are similar to the one that China initially posted, suggesting a likely single, recent emergence of this virus from an animal reservoir." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Currently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin. Some people have alleged that the human SARS-CoV-2 was leaked directly from a laboratory in Wuhan where a bat CoV was recently reported, which shared ∼96% homology with the SARS-CoV-2 . However, as we know, the human SARS-CoV and intermediate host palm civet SARSlike CoV shared 99.8% homology, with a total of 202 single-nucleotide variations identified across the genome . Given that there are greater than 1,100 nt differences between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV , which are distributed throughout the genome in a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. All three of these viruses have their origins in bats. The sequences from U.S. patients are similar to the one that China initially posted, suggesting a likely single, recent emergence of this virus from an animal reservoir.", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the new viral sequences and a close relative in a wildlife species are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. A search for an intermediate animal host between bats and humans is needed to identify animal CoVs more closely related to human SARS-CoV-2. There is speculation that pangolins might carry CoVs closely related to SARS-CoV-2, but the data to substantiate this is not yet published .", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Evolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes instead of the randomly occurring mutations that are present in naturally isolated viruses such as bat CoV RaTG13. In our view, there is currently no credible evidence to support the claim that SARS-CoV-2 originated from a laboratory-engineered CoV. It is more likely that SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant CoV generated in nature between a bat CoV and another coronavirus in an intermediate animal host. More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2" ], [ "2b", "Passage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2." ], [ "2c", "The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the new viral sequences and a close relative in a wildlife species are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution." ], [ "2d", "A search for an intermediate animal host between bats and humans is needed to identify animal CoVs more closely related to human SARS-CoV-2." ], [ "2e", "There is speculation that pangolins might carry CoVs closely related to SARS-CoV-2, but the data to substantiate this is not yet published ." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Currently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin. Some people have alleged that the human SARS-CoV-2 was leaked directly from a laboratory in Wuhan where a bat CoV was recently reported, which shared ∼96% homology with the SARS-CoV-2 . However, as we know, the human SARS-CoV and intermediate host palm civet SARSlike CoV shared 99.8% homology, with a total of 202 single-nucleotide variations identified across the genome . Given that there are greater than 1,100 nt differences between the human SARS-CoV-2 and the bat RaTG13-CoV , which are distributed throughout the genome in a", "Title: CDC Summary 21 MAR 2020,\nPassage: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a betacoronavirus, like MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. All three of these viruses have their origins in bats. The sequences from U.S. patients are similar to the one that China initially posted, suggesting a likely single, recent emergence of this virus from an animal reservoir.", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: naturally occurring pattern following the evolutionary characteristics typical of CoVs, it is highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2. The absence of a logical targeted pattern in the new viral sequences and a close relative in a wildlife species are the most revealing signs that SARS-CoV-2 evolved by natural evolution. A search for an intermediate animal host between bats and humans is needed to identify animal CoVs more closely related to human SARS-CoV-2. There is speculation that pangolins might carry CoVs closely related to SARS-CoV-2, but the data to substantiate this is not yet published .", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2\nPassage: Evolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes instead of the randomly occurring mutations that are present in naturally isolated viruses such as bat CoV RaTG13. In our view, there is currently no credible evidence to support the claim that SARS-CoV-2 originated from a laboratory-engineered CoV. It is more likely that SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant CoV generated in nature between a bat CoV and another coronavirus in an intermediate animal host. More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: No credible evidence supporting claims of the laboratory engineering of SARS-CoV-2" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Evolution is stepwise and accrues mutations gradually over time, whereas synthetic constructs would typically use a known backbone and introduce logical or targeted changes instead of the randomly occurring mutations that are present in naturally isolated viruses such as bat CoV RaTG13." ], [ "3c", "In our view, there is currently no credible evidence to support the claim that SARS-CoV-2 originated from a laboratory-engineered CoV." ], [ "3d", "It is more likely that SARS-CoV-2 is a recombinant CoV generated in nature between a bat CoV and another coronavirus in an intermediate animal host." ], [ "3e", "More studies are needed to explore this possibility and resolve the natural origin" ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The goal of any vaccine is to protect against infection and disease, while inducing population-based immunity to reduce or eliminate virus transmission within the population. It is clear that currently licensed influenza vaccines have not fully met these goals, nor those specific to inducing long-term, robust immunity. There are a number of vaccine-related issues that must be addressed before population-based influenza vaccination strategies are optimized. The concept of a -one size fits all‖ vaccine needs to be updated, given the recent ability to probe the virus-host interface through RNA interference approaches that facilitate the identification of host genes affecting virus", "Title: Clinical vaccine development\nPassage: One of the most important aspects of vaccinology in the 21st century is the extension of the target population by the development of new vaccines against emerging infections, tumors, and chronic diseases. Ultimately, the goal of modern vaccination may be expressed as to prevent or to cure as many diseases with vaccination as possible. Rappuoli et al. presented this concept in a simple figure . Meeting this challenge requires increasing both the number of vaccine clinical trials in nontraditional populations worldwide and the scientific expertise necessary for the successful development of new vaccines . Many initiatives have been launched recently", "Title: Vaccination against Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens\nPassage: vaccine would be one that induces both mucosal and systemic responses similar to those occurring under natural infection, leading to long-term protection against both disease and infection. Such a vaccine might increase public confidence and result in better vaccine uptake.", "Title: Vaccines for the future: learning from human immunology\nPassage: Vaccination has been one of the most effective measures to control infectious diseases in the 20th century. It is believed that vaccination saves 2-3 million lives per year globally. Smallpox has been eradicated worldwide and polio is almost eliminated. Most of the viral and bacterial diseases traditionally affecting childhood all over the world are now preventable with vaccines and hepatitis B virus , which in some cases cause cancer. In summary vaccination has been -and continues to represent -a success story . However, there is still a long list of viruses , human immunodeficiency virus , Dengue, respiratory syncytial virus" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The goal of any vaccine is to protect against infection and disease, while inducing population-based immunity to reduce or eliminate virus transmission within the population." ], [ "0c", "It is clear that currently licensed influenza vaccines have not fully met these goals, nor those specific to inducing long-term, robust immunity." ], [ "0d", "There are a number of vaccine-related issues that must be addressed before population-based influenza vaccination strategies are optimized." ], [ "0e", "The concept of a -one size fits all‖ vaccine needs to be updated, given the recent ability to probe the virus-host interface through RNA interference approaches that facilitate the identification of host genes affecting virus" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "2b", "3b", "3c", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The goal of any vaccine is to protect against infection and disease, while inducing population-based immunity to reduce or eliminate virus transmission within the population. It is clear that currently licensed influenza vaccines have not fully met these goals, nor those specific to inducing long-term, robust immunity. There are a number of vaccine-related issues that must be addressed before population-based influenza vaccination strategies are optimized. The concept of a -one size fits all‖ vaccine needs to be updated, given the recent ability to probe the virus-host interface through RNA interference approaches that facilitate the identification of host genes affecting virus", "Title: Clinical vaccine development\nPassage: One of the most important aspects of vaccinology in the 21st century is the extension of the target population by the development of new vaccines against emerging infections, tumors, and chronic diseases. Ultimately, the goal of modern vaccination may be expressed as to prevent or to cure as many diseases with vaccination as possible. Rappuoli et al. presented this concept in a simple figure . Meeting this challenge requires increasing both the number of vaccine clinical trials in nontraditional populations worldwide and the scientific expertise necessary for the successful development of new vaccines . Many initiatives have been launched recently", "Title: Vaccination against Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens\nPassage: vaccine would be one that induces both mucosal and systemic responses similar to those occurring under natural infection, leading to long-term protection against both disease and infection. Such a vaccine might increase public confidence and result in better vaccine uptake.", "Title: Vaccines for the future: learning from human immunology\nPassage: Vaccination has been one of the most effective measures to control infectious diseases in the 20th century. It is believed that vaccination saves 2-3 million lives per year globally. Smallpox has been eradicated worldwide and polio is almost eliminated. Most of the viral and bacterial diseases traditionally affecting childhood all over the world are now preventable with vaccines and hepatitis B virus , which in some cases cause cancer. In summary vaccination has been -and continues to represent -a success story . However, there is still a long list of viruses , human immunodeficiency virus , Dengue, respiratory syncytial virus" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Clinical vaccine development" ], [ "1b", "Passage: One of the most important aspects of vaccinology in the 21st century is the extension of the target population by the development of new vaccines against emerging infections, tumors, and chronic diseases." ], [ "1c", "Ultimately, the goal of modern vaccination may be expressed as to prevent or to cure as many diseases with vaccination as possible." ], [ "1d", "Rappuoli et al. presented this concept in a simple figure ." ], [ "1e", "Meeting this challenge requires increasing both the number of vaccine clinical trials in nontraditional populations worldwide and the scientific expertise necessary for the successful development of new vaccines ." ], [ "1f", "Many initiatives have been launched recently" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "2b", "3b", "3c", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The goal of any vaccine is to protect against infection and disease, while inducing population-based immunity to reduce or eliminate virus transmission within the population. It is clear that currently licensed influenza vaccines have not fully met these goals, nor those specific to inducing long-term, robust immunity. There are a number of vaccine-related issues that must be addressed before population-based influenza vaccination strategies are optimized. The concept of a -one size fits all‖ vaccine needs to be updated, given the recent ability to probe the virus-host interface through RNA interference approaches that facilitate the identification of host genes affecting virus", "Title: Clinical vaccine development\nPassage: One of the most important aspects of vaccinology in the 21st century is the extension of the target population by the development of new vaccines against emerging infections, tumors, and chronic diseases. Ultimately, the goal of modern vaccination may be expressed as to prevent or to cure as many diseases with vaccination as possible. Rappuoli et al. presented this concept in a simple figure . Meeting this challenge requires increasing both the number of vaccine clinical trials in nontraditional populations worldwide and the scientific expertise necessary for the successful development of new vaccines . Many initiatives have been launched recently", "Title: Vaccination against Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens\nPassage: vaccine would be one that induces both mucosal and systemic responses similar to those occurring under natural infection, leading to long-term protection against both disease and infection. Such a vaccine might increase public confidence and result in better vaccine uptake.", "Title: Vaccines for the future: learning from human immunology\nPassage: Vaccination has been one of the most effective measures to control infectious diseases in the 20th century. It is believed that vaccination saves 2-3 million lives per year globally. Smallpox has been eradicated worldwide and polio is almost eliminated. Most of the viral and bacterial diseases traditionally affecting childhood all over the world are now preventable with vaccines and hepatitis B virus , which in some cases cause cancer. In summary vaccination has been -and continues to represent -a success story . However, there is still a long list of viruses , human immunodeficiency virus , Dengue, respiratory syncytial virus" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Vaccination against Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens" ], [ "2b", "Passage: vaccine would be one that induces both mucosal and systemic responses similar to those occurring under natural infection, leading to long-term protection against both disease and infection." ], [ "2c", "Such a vaccine might increase public confidence and result in better vaccine uptake." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "2b", "3b", "3c", "3f" ]

[ "Title: Virus-Vectored Influenza Virus Vaccines\nPassage: The goal of any vaccine is to protect against infection and disease, while inducing population-based immunity to reduce or eliminate virus transmission within the population. It is clear that currently licensed influenza vaccines have not fully met these goals, nor those specific to inducing long-term, robust immunity. There are a number of vaccine-related issues that must be addressed before population-based influenza vaccination strategies are optimized. The concept of a -one size fits all‖ vaccine needs to be updated, given the recent ability to probe the virus-host interface through RNA interference approaches that facilitate the identification of host genes affecting virus", "Title: Clinical vaccine development\nPassage: One of the most important aspects of vaccinology in the 21st century is the extension of the target population by the development of new vaccines against emerging infections, tumors, and chronic diseases. Ultimately, the goal of modern vaccination may be expressed as to prevent or to cure as many diseases with vaccination as possible. Rappuoli et al. presented this concept in a simple figure . Meeting this challenge requires increasing both the number of vaccine clinical trials in nontraditional populations worldwide and the scientific expertise necessary for the successful development of new vaccines . Many initiatives have been launched recently", "Title: Vaccination against Paediatric Respiratory Pathogens\nPassage: vaccine would be one that induces both mucosal and systemic responses similar to those occurring under natural infection, leading to long-term protection against both disease and infection. Such a vaccine might increase public confidence and result in better vaccine uptake.", "Title: Vaccines for the future: learning from human immunology\nPassage: Vaccination has been one of the most effective measures to control infectious diseases in the 20th century. It is believed that vaccination saves 2-3 million lives per year globally. Smallpox has been eradicated worldwide and polio is almost eliminated. Most of the viral and bacterial diseases traditionally affecting childhood all over the world are now preventable with vaccines and hepatitis B virus , which in some cases cause cancer. In summary vaccination has been -and continues to represent -a success story . However, there is still a long list of viruses , human immunodeficiency virus , Dengue, respiratory syncytial virus" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Vaccines for the future: learning from human immunology" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Vaccination has been one of the most effective measures to control infectious diseases in the 20th century." ], [ "3c", "It is believed that vaccination saves 2-3 million lives per year globally." ], [ "3d", "Smallpox has been eradicated worldwide and polio is almost eliminated." ], [ "3e", "Most of the viral and bacterial diseases traditionally affecting childhood all over the world are now preventable with vaccines and hepatitis B virus , which in some cases cause cancer." ], [ "3f", "In summary vaccination has been -and continues to represent -a success story ." ], [ "3g", "However, there is still a long list of viruses , human immunodeficiency virus , Dengue, respiratory syncytial virus" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0d", "1c", "2b", "3b", "3c", "3f" ]

[ "Title: SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons\nPassage: The economic impact of major outbreaks can be substantial for the affected country. This was seen clearly in SARS, MERS in RoK and Ebola in West Africa. One analyst estimates that the current coronavirus outbreak's likely impact will range from a 0.8% cut to real GDP if the epidemic is controlled within 3 months, to a 1.9% cost to GDP if the epidemic lasts 9 months . This may increase substantially in the light of the extended restrictions on movement, and therefore trade and commerce, within China.", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: However, the 2009 pandemic, albeit milder than previous pandemics in terms of overall mortality, resulted in significant strains on global healthcare networks and economies . In Canada, direct healthcare costs related to the 2009 pandemic have been estimated at $2 billion CAD, with $250 million CAD related directly to hospital care . A computational modeling study by Smith and colleagues suggested that direct costs related to illness would be between 0.5-4.3% of GDP in the UK for pandemics ranging from low to extreme . Further, the 2002-2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak resulted in~$1 billion total GDP loss in Toronto", "Title: Human H5N1 influenza infections in Cambodia 2005–2011: case series and cost-of-illness\nPassage: An influenza pandemic may not only result in significant loss of life but also have a substantial impact on the economy. The 2003 SARS outbreak demonstrated that even a disease with relatively limited health impacts can have a major effect on the economy of a region . The Asian Development Bank estimate the impact of SARS in East Asia was approximately US$18 billion and suggest that an influenza pandemic could be substantially more . Compared to SARS, HPAI has not significantly impacted tourism however it has been extremely damaging to the poultry industry . The cost to the poultry sector", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: countries between 7 and 43 million individuals have been infected with SARS-CoV-Z up to 28th March," ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919" ], [ "1b", "Passage: However, the 2009 pandemic, albeit milder than previous pandemics in terms of overall mortality, resulted in significant strains on global healthcare networks and economies ." ], [ "1c", "In Canada, direct healthcare costs related to the 2009 pandemic have been estimated at $2 billion CAD, with $250 million CAD related directly to hospital care ." ], [ "1d", "A computational modeling study by Smith and colleagues suggested that direct costs related to illness would be between 0.5-4.3% of GDP in the UK for pandemics ranging from low to extreme ." ], [ "1e", "Further, the 2002-2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak resulted in~$1 billion total GDP loss in Toronto" ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: SARS to novel coronavirus – old lessons and new lessons\nPassage: The economic impact of major outbreaks can be substantial for the affected country. This was seen clearly in SARS, MERS in RoK and Ebola in West Africa. One analyst estimates that the current coronavirus outbreak's likely impact will range from a 0.8% cut to real GDP if the epidemic is controlled within 3 months, to a 1.9% cost to GDP if the epidemic lasts 9 months . This may increase substantially in the light of the extended restrictions on movement, and therefore trade and commerce, within China.", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: However, the 2009 pandemic, albeit milder than previous pandemics in terms of overall mortality, resulted in significant strains on global healthcare networks and economies . In Canada, direct healthcare costs related to the 2009 pandemic have been estimated at $2 billion CAD, with $250 million CAD related directly to hospital care . A computational modeling study by Smith and colleagues suggested that direct costs related to illness would be between 0.5-4.3% of GDP in the UK for pandemics ranging from low to extreme . Further, the 2002-2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak resulted in~$1 billion total GDP loss in Toronto", "Title: Human H5N1 influenza infections in Cambodia 2005–2011: case series and cost-of-illness\nPassage: An influenza pandemic may not only result in significant loss of life but also have a substantial impact on the economy. The 2003 SARS outbreak demonstrated that even a disease with relatively limited health impacts can have a major effect on the economy of a region . The Asian Development Bank estimate the impact of SARS in East Asia was approximately US$18 billion and suggest that an influenza pandemic could be substantially more . Compared to SARS, HPAI has not significantly impacted tourism however it has been extremely damaging to the poultry industry . The cost to the poultry sector", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: countries between 7 and 43 million individuals have been infected with SARS-CoV-Z up to 28th March," ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Human H5N1 influenza infections in Cambodia 2005–2011: case series and cost-of-illness" ], [ "2b", "Passage: An influenza pandemic may not only result in significant loss of life but also have a substantial impact on the economy." ], [ "2c", "The 2003 SARS outbreak demonstrated that even a disease with relatively limited health impacts can have a major effect on the economy of a region ." ], [ "2d", "The Asian Development Bank estimate the impact of SARS in East Asia was approximately US$18 billion and suggest that an influenza pandemic could be substantially more ." ], [ "2e", "Compared to SARS, HPAI has not significantly impacted tourism however it has been extremely damaging to the poultry industry ." ], [ "2f", "The cost to the poultry sector" ] ]

[ "1b", "1c", "1d", "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Development of Real-Time PCR Array for Simultaneous Detection of Eight Human Blood-Borne Viral Pathogens\nPassage: We used the ''Insignia'' program , a bioinformatics on line tool developed in the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland to choose a specific DNA or RNA ''signature'' for targeted viruses. Comparative sequence analysis of the complete genomes was performed using mVISTA . Multiple nucleotide sequence alignments were then created to visualize the most conserved genome areas using MEGA4 .", "Title: DisCVR: Rapid viral diagnosis from high-throughput sequencing data\nPassage: and hence require the operator to have expertise in command line usage and an understanding of bioinformatics, which may be difficult to find in diagnostic settings. To our knowledge, the only tool that has been developed for ease of use and for application on computers with limited resources is Truffle . This is designed to screen for a limited set of user-specified viruses, comes preloaded with probe-sets for grapevine viruses, and cannot easily be updated for large sets of viruses from other hosts.", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: The Identify-Isolate-Inform Tool was initially developed for Ebola virus disease 10,11 and later adapted for measles, 12 MERS, 13 mumps, 14 Zika virus disease, 15 hepatitis A, 16 pertussis, 17 and scabies. 18 This novel tool for suspected 2019-nCoV patients provides frontline clinicians with a simple algorithm to manage an emerging disease. Identification of exposed patients with an epidemiologic risk factor within 14 days of symptom onset is a crucial first step. An automatic prompt in the electronic health record can be useful in assisting clinicians with early identification of patients at risk. Case definitions promulgated by the WHO 24", "Title: The Microbial Detection Array Combined with Random Phi29-Amplification Used as a Diagnostic Tool for Virus Detection in Clinical Samples\nPassage: A common method of choice for clinical pathogen identification is polymerase chain reaction which is a sensitive and specific method. However, each PCR reaction only provides identification of one specific virus, or a group of related viruses. Thus, a clinical hypothesis regarding the suspected pathogen needs to guide the decision as to which PCR analyses to perform, resulting in a large number of PCR protocols needed to facilitate the identification of all human pathogens." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Development of Real-Time PCR Array for Simultaneous Detection of Eight Human Blood-Borne Viral Pathogens" ], [ "0b", "Passage: We used the ''Insignia'' program , a bioinformatics on line tool developed in the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland to choose a specific DNA or RNA ''signature'' for targeted viruses." ], [ "0c", "Comparative sequence analysis of the complete genomes was performed using mVISTA ." ], [ "0d", "Multiple nucleotide sequence alignments were then created to visualize the most conserved genome areas using MEGA4 ." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Development of Real-Time PCR Array for Simultaneous Detection of Eight Human Blood-Borne Viral Pathogens\nPassage: We used the ''Insignia'' program , a bioinformatics on line tool developed in the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland to choose a specific DNA or RNA ''signature'' for targeted viruses. Comparative sequence analysis of the complete genomes was performed using mVISTA . Multiple nucleotide sequence alignments were then created to visualize the most conserved genome areas using MEGA4 .", "Title: DisCVR: Rapid viral diagnosis from high-throughput sequencing data\nPassage: and hence require the operator to have expertise in command line usage and an understanding of bioinformatics, which may be difficult to find in diagnostic settings. To our knowledge, the only tool that has been developed for ease of use and for application on computers with limited resources is Truffle . This is designed to screen for a limited set of user-specified viruses, comes preloaded with probe-sets for grapevine viruses, and cannot easily be updated for large sets of viruses from other hosts.", "Title: 2019-nCoV: The Identify-Isolate-Inform (3I) Tool Applied to a Novel Emerging Coronavirus\nPassage: The Identify-Isolate-Inform Tool was initially developed for Ebola virus disease 10,11 and later adapted for measles, 12 MERS, 13 mumps, 14 Zika virus disease, 15 hepatitis A, 16 pertussis, 17 and scabies. 18 This novel tool for suspected 2019-nCoV patients provides frontline clinicians with a simple algorithm to manage an emerging disease. Identification of exposed patients with an epidemiologic risk factor within 14 days of symptom onset is a crucial first step. An automatic prompt in the electronic health record can be useful in assisting clinicians with early identification of patients at risk. Case definitions promulgated by the WHO 24", "Title: The Microbial Detection Array Combined with Random Phi29-Amplification Used as a Diagnostic Tool for Virus Detection in Clinical Samples\nPassage: A common method of choice for clinical pathogen identification is polymerase chain reaction which is a sensitive and specific method. However, each PCR reaction only provides identification of one specific virus, or a group of related viruses. Thus, a clinical hypothesis regarding the suspected pathogen needs to guide the decision as to which PCR analyses to perform, resulting in a large number of PCR protocols needed to facilitate the identification of all human pathogens." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: The Microbial Detection Array Combined with Random Phi29-Amplification Used as a Diagnostic Tool for Virus Detection in Clinical Samples" ], [ "3b", "Passage: A common method of choice for clinical pathogen identification is polymerase chain reaction which is a sensitive and specific method." ], [ "3c", "However, each PCR reaction only provides identification of one specific virus, or a group of related viruses." ], [ "3d", "Thus, a clinical hypothesis regarding the suspected pathogen needs to guide the decision as to which PCR analyses to perform, resulting in a large number of PCR protocols needed to facilitate the identification of all human pathogens." ] ]

[ "0a", "0b", "3b", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Mortality among patients with tuberculosis requiring intensive care: a retrospective cohort study\nPassage: Twenty four patients had pulmonary disease only, 21 had extrapulmonary disease only, and 22 had association of pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. The most common symptoms were fever , loss of weight , cough , and neurologic ones . Reticular infiltrate was the most common radiographic finding, followed by consolidation . Forty six patients collected a sputum sample, of whom 25 were sputum-smear positive. Mycobacterial cultures were positive in 35 patients . In 9 , TB diagnosis was based on clinical, epidemiologic and radiographic findings. The median interval from hospital admission until initiation of treatment was 3 days .", "Title: Mortality among patients with tuberculosis requiring intensive care: a retrospective cohort study\nPassage: Of them, 62 had ARF and required MV. The mean age of all patients was 43.2 ± 14.1 years and males slightly outnumbered female patients . A history of previous TB was present in only 6 patients . Comorbid illnesses were identified in 58 patients, with coinfection with HIV being the most common, present in 46 patients. The median CD4/ mm 3 count of these patients was 83 , and only 6 were receiving highly active anti-retroviral therapy at the time of hospitalization. A history of alcoholism was present in 25 patients and 20 were current smokers. Demographic and clinical", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: The most striking finding was that a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough. Passive case finding is the routine practice in developing countries where sputum microscopy is performed to identify TB cases among people with persistent cough. A large proportion of TB cases may be missed using this method as 53% of bacteriologically confirmed cases and 45% sputum positive cases in this study had no persistent cough but were identified through abnormal CXRAY. Nearly half of bacteriologically confirmed cases reported no symptoms in the last six months. This finding, although initially surprising, is consistent with reports", "Title: Six-month survival of critically ill patients with HIV-related disease and tuberculosis: a retrospective study\nPassage: No aspect of TB diagnosis or treatment was different in survivors or nonsurvivors. Twenty-two pulmonary TB cases and 22 disseminated TB cases were equally distributed between the 2 groups . Tuberculosis was diagnosed from respiratory samples in the majority of cases. Thirty-two patients were diagnosed through direct visualization of the bacillus using the Ziehl-Neelsen technique ; the diagnosis was only made through culture of respiratory specimens in 5 patients. Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in 6 patients. Eleven patients required invasive procedures for TB diagnosis, such as organ biopsy. The main TB regimens prescribed were per oral or" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: The most striking finding was that a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough." ], [ "2c", "Passive case finding is the routine practice in developing countries where sputum microscopy is performed to identify TB cases among people with persistent cough." ], [ "2d", "A large proportion of TB cases may be missed using this method as 53% of bacteriologically confirmed cases and 45% sputum positive cases in this study had no persistent cough but were identified through abnormal CXRAY." ], [ "2e", "Nearly half of bacteriologically confirmed cases reported no symptoms in the last six months." ], [ "2f", "This finding, although initially surprising, is consistent with reports" ] ]

[ "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: the appendix, and general limitations presented below in the conclusions.", "Title: Globalization and emerging governance modalities\nPassage: me two conclusions.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: 4 Conclusion and Limitations", "Title: Outcome of paediatric intensive care survivors\nPassage: and, therefore, strong conclusive statements difficult." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "0b", "Passage: the appendix, and general limitations presented below in the conclusions." ] ]

[ "0a", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: the appendix, and general limitations presented below in the conclusions.", "Title: Globalization and emerging governance modalities\nPassage: me two conclusions.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: 4 Conclusion and Limitations", "Title: Outcome of paediatric intensive care survivors\nPassage: and, therefore, strong conclusive statements difficult." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "2b", "Passage: 4 Conclusion and Limitations" ] ]

[ "0a", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: the appendix, and general limitations presented below in the conclusions.", "Title: Globalization and emerging governance modalities\nPassage: me two conclusions.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: 4 Conclusion and Limitations", "Title: Outcome of paediatric intensive care survivors\nPassage: and, therefore, strong conclusive statements difficult." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Outcome of paediatric intensive care survivors" ], [ "3b", "Passage: and, therefore, strong conclusive statements difficult." ] ]

[ "0a", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Sounding the Alarm: Health in the Anthropocene\nPassage: Another important aspect of limits to growth is the increasing scarcity of resources, including the scarcity of affordable energy for use by industry, individuals and households. This aspect has received some public health attention, including a special issue in the American Journal of Public Health . In recent years, the price of oil has fallen , leading some commentators to argue that such concerns are overstated. However, few experts argue that the current comparatively low price of oil can be long sustained.", "Title: Sounding the Alarm: Health in the Anthropocene\nPassage: Other forms of worsening resource scarcity include of phosphate, rare earths, helium and some metals. Additional aspects include a limit to the growth of crop yields , falling returns to increasing complexity , and imperfect co-operation. See Butler, 2015, for further review .", "Title: Local risk perception enhances epidemic control\nPassage: Given infinite resources, all three of the decision paradigms would markedly diminish an emerging outbreak. However, interventions may be constrained by limited supplies or lack of population access to medical countermeasures, such as vaccines or antimicrobials. Even social distancing measures, such as self-isolation, may be limited by economic necessity-the need to go to work, school or daycare-or care-giving obligations for extended family. While such limitations should be formally analyzed, our simple analysis suggests that the best paradigm for averting infections also requires the fewest resources. For example, for a flu-like R 0 of two, compare the local count strategy, where", "Title: Sounding the Alarm: Health in the Anthropocene\nPassage: This dilemma illustrates a less appreciated limit to growth. On the one hand, there may not be enough accessible, easily recoverable oil to fuel the global economy for more than a few more decades. But even if there is, the global capacity to safely absorb the carbon emissions released by the burning of this oil is itself critically limited. There is growing academic recognition, and also from some in business that much of the world's oil resources are effectively unburnable , or they would be in a world that prioritises the avoidance of highly dangerous climate change and the acceleration" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Local risk perception enhances epidemic control" ], [ "2b", "Passage: Given infinite resources, all three of the decision paradigms would markedly diminish an emerging outbreak." ], [ "2c", "However, interventions may be constrained by limited supplies or lack of population access to medical countermeasures, such as vaccines or antimicrobials." ], [ "2d", "Even social distancing measures, such as self-isolation, may be limited by economic necessity-the need to go to work, school or daycare-or care-giving obligations for extended family." ], [ "2e", "While such limitations should be formally analyzed, our simple analysis suggests that the best paradigm for averting infections also requires the fewest resources." ], [ "2f", "For example, for a flu-like R 0 of two, compare the local count strategy, where" ] ]

[ "2b", "2c", "2d" ]

[ "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: In mid-August of 1918, reports suggesting a second wave of this severe illness began to surface . In some regions, primarily Northern Europe, the period between the end of the first wave and the beginning of the second wave was incredibly short, making the two waves almost indistinguishable . This second wave, occurring from September-November 1918, was responsible for the majority of illnesses and fatalities associated with the pandemic. Although the origins of the first wave continue to be debated, the origin of the second wave is generally agreed to be the harbour town of Plymouth in Southern England, which", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: A third and final wave of the pandemic appeared in most of the world in the early months of 1919 . This final wave generally overlapped the first wave in terms of regional distribution; however, it seemed to spare areas where the second wave had been especially severe. Overall, morbidity rates were lower throughout this final influenza wave; however, mortality rates are believed to have been just as severe as the second wave . Three successive annual winter post-pandemic recurrences occurred following the third wave of the pandemic with continually decreasing mortality rates, in particular within those 20-40 years of", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: third pandemic waves, are unknown.", "Title: Lessons learned from the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic\nPassage: Those who had suffered from the earlier spring infl uenza generally suffered less discomfort in the second wave which would occur in the early summer of 1918 in Europe, affecting the outcome of the war. The third and most deadly wave of the infl uenza would occur later that year in the late fall. Despite the obvious differences between the strains in each wave, it is suggested that the more virulent form of infl uenza was genetically derived from the spring infl uenza . The antigenic composition of the 1918 virus is related to the H1N1 viral group. Phylogenetic studies" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919" ], [ "0b", "Passage: In mid-August of 1918, reports suggesting a second wave of this severe illness began to surface ." ], [ "0c", "In some regions, primarily Northern Europe, the period between the end of the first wave and the beginning of the second wave was incredibly short, making the two waves almost indistinguishable ." ], [ "0d", "This second wave, occurring from September-November 1918, was responsible for the majority of illnesses and fatalities associated with the pandemic." ], [ "0e", "Although the origins of the first wave continue to be debated, the origin of the second wave is generally agreed to be the harbour town of Plymouth in Southern England, which" ] ]

[ "0d", "1b", "1c", "1d", "3c" ]

[ "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: In mid-August of 1918, reports suggesting a second wave of this severe illness began to surface . In some regions, primarily Northern Europe, the period between the end of the first wave and the beginning of the second wave was incredibly short, making the two waves almost indistinguishable . This second wave, occurring from September-November 1918, was responsible for the majority of illnesses and fatalities associated with the pandemic. Although the origins of the first wave continue to be debated, the origin of the second wave is generally agreed to be the harbour town of Plymouth in Southern England, which", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: A third and final wave of the pandemic appeared in most of the world in the early months of 1919 . This final wave generally overlapped the first wave in terms of regional distribution; however, it seemed to spare areas where the second wave had been especially severe. Overall, morbidity rates were lower throughout this final influenza wave; however, mortality rates are believed to have been just as severe as the second wave . Three successive annual winter post-pandemic recurrences occurred following the third wave of the pandemic with continually decreasing mortality rates, in particular within those 20-40 years of", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: third pandemic waves, are unknown.", "Title: Lessons learned from the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic\nPassage: Those who had suffered from the earlier spring infl uenza generally suffered less discomfort in the second wave which would occur in the early summer of 1918 in Europe, affecting the outcome of the war. The third and most deadly wave of the infl uenza would occur later that year in the late fall. Despite the obvious differences between the strains in each wave, it is suggested that the more virulent form of infl uenza was genetically derived from the spring infl uenza . The antigenic composition of the 1918 virus is related to the H1N1 viral group. Phylogenetic studies" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919" ], [ "1b", "Passage: A third and final wave of the pandemic appeared in most of the world in the early months of 1919 ." ], [ "1c", "This final wave generally overlapped the first wave in terms of regional distribution; however, it seemed to spare areas where the second wave had been especially severe." ], [ "1d", "Overall, morbidity rates were lower throughout this final influenza wave; however, mortality rates are believed to have been just as severe as the second wave ." ], [ "1e", "Three successive annual winter post-pandemic recurrences occurred following the third wave of the pandemic with continually decreasing mortality rates, in particular within those 20-40 years of" ] ]

[ "0d", "1b", "1c", "1d", "3c" ]

[ "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: In mid-August of 1918, reports suggesting a second wave of this severe illness began to surface . In some regions, primarily Northern Europe, the period between the end of the first wave and the beginning of the second wave was incredibly short, making the two waves almost indistinguishable . This second wave, occurring from September-November 1918, was responsible for the majority of illnesses and fatalities associated with the pandemic. Although the origins of the first wave continue to be debated, the origin of the second wave is generally agreed to be the harbour town of Plymouth in Southern England, which", "Title: A year of terror and a century of reflection: perspectives on the great influenza pandemic of 1918–1919\nPassage: A third and final wave of the pandemic appeared in most of the world in the early months of 1919 . This final wave generally overlapped the first wave in terms of regional distribution; however, it seemed to spare areas where the second wave had been especially severe. Overall, morbidity rates were lower throughout this final influenza wave; however, mortality rates are believed to have been just as severe as the second wave . Three successive annual winter post-pandemic recurrences occurred following the third wave of the pandemic with continually decreasing mortality rates, in particular within those 20-40 years of", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: third pandemic waves, are unknown.", "Title: Lessons learned from the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic\nPassage: Those who had suffered from the earlier spring infl uenza generally suffered less discomfort in the second wave which would occur in the early summer of 1918 in Europe, affecting the outcome of the war. The third and most deadly wave of the infl uenza would occur later that year in the late fall. Despite the obvious differences between the strains in each wave, it is suggested that the more virulent form of infl uenza was genetically derived from the spring infl uenza . The antigenic composition of the 1918 virus is related to the H1N1 viral group. Phylogenetic studies" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Lessons learned from the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic" ], [ "3b", "Passage: Those who had suffered from the earlier spring infl uenza generally suffered less discomfort in the second wave which would occur in the early summer of 1918 in Europe, affecting the outcome of the war." ], [ "3c", "The third and most deadly wave of the infl uenza would occur later that year in the late fall." ], [ "3d", "Despite the obvious differences between the strains in each wave, it is suggested that the more virulent form of infl uenza was genetically derived from the spring infl uenza ." ], [ "3e", "The antigenic composition of the 1918 virus is related to the H1N1 viral group. Phylogenetic studies" ] ]

[ "0d", "1b", "1c", "1d", "3c" ]

[ "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: The most striking finding was that a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough. Passive case finding is the routine practice in developing countries where sputum microscopy is performed to identify TB cases among people with persistent cough. A large proportion of TB cases may be missed using this method as 53% of bacteriologically confirmed cases and 45% sputum positive cases in this study had no persistent cough but were identified through abnormal CXRAY. Nearly half of bacteriologically confirmed cases reported no symptoms in the last six months. This finding, although initially surprising, is consistent with reports", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: Participants with positive sputum smear specimens were classified as sputum positive cases. Those with positive smear or culture sputum specimens were classified as sputum bacteriologically confirmed cases. Those being culture negative with abnormal CXRAY suggestive of TB and having been ruled out from other diseases by clinicians and radiologists were classified as CXRAY suggestive bacteriologically negative cases. Due to resource limitations the recommendation of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents to confirm the diagnosis of negative TB cases was not applied in this survey . Newly diagnosed cases were distinguished from previously diagnosed cases through checks during the interviews and against the TB", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: other suspects . The symptom consultation alone identified 308 suspects, including 6 sputum smear positive TB and 9 bacteriologically confirmed TB. Among the 344 suspects with CXRAY abnormalities, 11 had sputum positive TB and 18 had bacteriologically confirmed TB. The yield of bacteriologically confirmed cases was 47.4% by screening consultation and 94.7% by CXRAY. In the population of over 65 years old, symptom consultation and the CXRAY identified 174 and 182 suspected cases respectively, yielding5 and 9 of bacteriologically confirmed cases. Yields of bacteriologically confirmed cases were 55.6% by symptom consultation and 100% by CXRAY among over 65's.", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: All participants of the survey were first screened by symptoms and CXRAY. Those who had symptoms of consistent cough or haemoptysis, or CXRAY abnormalities were then screened by smear and culture. Case identification rates of new bacteriologically confirmed cases from the suspected cases were significantly higher with CXRAY as a primary tool and further increased by both symptom screen of persistent cough and CXRAY compared with symptom screen alone . The same pattern of case identification rate was observed in the sputum positive cases . The proportion reporting persistent cough was not significantly higher among bacteriologically confirmed cases compared with" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China" ], [ "0b", "Passage: The most striking finding was that a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough." ], [ "0c", "Passive case finding is the routine practice in developing countries where sputum microscopy is performed to identify TB cases among people with persistent cough." ], [ "0d", "A large proportion of TB cases may be missed using this method as 53% of bacteriologically confirmed cases and 45% sputum positive cases in this study had no persistent cough but were identified through abnormal CXRAY." ], [ "0e", "Nearly half of bacteriologically confirmed cases reported no symptoms in the last six months." ], [ "0f", "This finding, although initially surprising, is consistent with reports" ] ]

[ "0d", "0e", "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: The most striking finding was that a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough. Passive case finding is the routine practice in developing countries where sputum microscopy is performed to identify TB cases among people with persistent cough. A large proportion of TB cases may be missed using this method as 53% of bacteriologically confirmed cases and 45% sputum positive cases in this study had no persistent cough but were identified through abnormal CXRAY. Nearly half of bacteriologically confirmed cases reported no symptoms in the last six months. This finding, although initially surprising, is consistent with reports", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: Participants with positive sputum smear specimens were classified as sputum positive cases. Those with positive smear or culture sputum specimens were classified as sputum bacteriologically confirmed cases. Those being culture negative with abnormal CXRAY suggestive of TB and having been ruled out from other diseases by clinicians and radiologists were classified as CXRAY suggestive bacteriologically negative cases. Due to resource limitations the recommendation of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents to confirm the diagnosis of negative TB cases was not applied in this survey . Newly diagnosed cases were distinguished from previously diagnosed cases through checks during the interviews and against the TB", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: other suspects . The symptom consultation alone identified 308 suspects, including 6 sputum smear positive TB and 9 bacteriologically confirmed TB. Among the 344 suspects with CXRAY abnormalities, 11 had sputum positive TB and 18 had bacteriologically confirmed TB. The yield of bacteriologically confirmed cases was 47.4% by screening consultation and 94.7% by CXRAY. In the population of over 65 years old, symptom consultation and the CXRAY identified 174 and 182 suspected cases respectively, yielding5 and 9 of bacteriologically confirmed cases. Yields of bacteriologically confirmed cases were 55.6% by symptom consultation and 100% by CXRAY among over 65's.", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: All participants of the survey were first screened by symptoms and CXRAY. Those who had symptoms of consistent cough or haemoptysis, or CXRAY abnormalities were then screened by smear and culture. Case identification rates of new bacteriologically confirmed cases from the suspected cases were significantly higher with CXRAY as a primary tool and further increased by both symptom screen of persistent cough and CXRAY compared with symptom screen alone . The same pattern of case identification rate was observed in the sputum positive cases . The proportion reporting persistent cough was not significantly higher among bacteriologically confirmed cases compared with" ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China" ], [ "2b", "Passage: other suspects ." ], [ "2c", "The symptom consultation alone identified 308 suspects, including 6 sputum smear positive TB and 9 bacteriologically confirmed TB." ], [ "2d", "Among the 344 suspects with CXRAY abnormalities, 11 had sputum positive TB and 18 had bacteriologically confirmed TB." ], [ "2e", "The yield of bacteriologically confirmed cases was 47.4% by screening consultation and 94.7% by CXRAY." ], [ "2f", "In the population of over 65 years old, symptom consultation and the CXRAY identified 174 and 182 suspected cases respectively, yielding5 and 9 of bacteriologically confirmed cases." ], [ "2g", "Yields of bacteriologically confirmed cases were 55.6% by symptom consultation and 100% by CXRAY among over 65's." ] ]

[ "0d", "0e", "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: The most striking finding was that a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough. Passive case finding is the routine practice in developing countries where sputum microscopy is performed to identify TB cases among people with persistent cough. A large proportion of TB cases may be missed using this method as 53% of bacteriologically confirmed cases and 45% sputum positive cases in this study had no persistent cough but were identified through abnormal CXRAY. Nearly half of bacteriologically confirmed cases reported no symptoms in the last six months. This finding, although initially surprising, is consistent with reports", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: Participants with positive sputum smear specimens were classified as sputum positive cases. Those with positive smear or culture sputum specimens were classified as sputum bacteriologically confirmed cases. Those being culture negative with abnormal CXRAY suggestive of TB and having been ruled out from other diseases by clinicians and radiologists were classified as CXRAY suggestive bacteriologically negative cases. Due to resource limitations the recommendation of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents to confirm the diagnosis of negative TB cases was not applied in this survey . Newly diagnosed cases were distinguished from previously diagnosed cases through checks during the interviews and against the TB", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: other suspects . The symptom consultation alone identified 308 suspects, including 6 sputum smear positive TB and 9 bacteriologically confirmed TB. Among the 344 suspects with CXRAY abnormalities, 11 had sputum positive TB and 18 had bacteriologically confirmed TB. The yield of bacteriologically confirmed cases was 47.4% by screening consultation and 94.7% by CXRAY. In the population of over 65 years old, symptom consultation and the CXRAY identified 174 and 182 suspected cases respectively, yielding5 and 9 of bacteriologically confirmed cases. Yields of bacteriologically confirmed cases were 55.6% by symptom consultation and 100% by CXRAY among over 65's.", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China\nPassage: All participants of the survey were first screened by symptoms and CXRAY. Those who had symptoms of consistent cough or haemoptysis, or CXRAY abnormalities were then screened by smear and culture. Case identification rates of new bacteriologically confirmed cases from the suspected cases were significantly higher with CXRAY as a primary tool and further increased by both symptom screen of persistent cough and CXRAY compared with symptom screen alone . The same pattern of case identification rate was observed in the sputum positive cases . The proportion reporting persistent cough was not significantly higher among bacteriologically confirmed cases compared with" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Changes in pulmonary tuberculosis prevalence: evidence from the 2010 population survey in a populous province of China" ], [ "3b", "Passage: All participants of the survey were first screened by symptoms and CXRAY." ], [ "3c", "Those who had symptoms of consistent cough or haemoptysis, or CXRAY abnormalities were then screened by smear and culture." ], [ "3d", "Case identification rates of new bacteriologically confirmed cases from the suspected cases were significantly higher with CXRAY as a primary tool and further increased by both symptom screen of persistent cough and CXRAY compared with symptom screen alone ." ], [ "3e", "The same pattern of case identification rate was observed in the sputum positive cases ." ], [ "3f", "The proportion reporting persistent cough was not significantly higher among bacteriologically confirmed cases compared with" ] ]

[ "0d", "0e", "2c", "2d", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: It is Unlikely That Influenza Viruses Will Cause a Pandemic Again Like What Happened in 1918 and 1919\nPassage: Text: Influenza and influenza viruses are wellknown popular topics to medical professionals and the general public. Influenza viruses had caused a pandemic globally during 1918 and 1919, and that influenza pandemic had taken away more than 20 million people's lives in the world. However, in my opinion, it is unlikely that influenza viruses will again cause a pandemic on a level comparable to what happened in 1918 and 1919.", "Title: Invasive bacterial infections following influenza: a time‐series analysis in Montréal, Canada, 1996–2008\nPassage: well be in fact random variations in the parameters. The comparison of observed and expected S. pyogenes counts before and after influenza counts are added to the model shows a visible improvement in fit. A comparison of the two dark lines shows that, with influenza B in the model, four transient increases in S. pyogenes infections are now modelled that were not before: those in 1997, 2001, 2007 and especially 2008. Looking back at the time series of influenza B counts , one notes that these were years with late, high peaks in the weekly numbers of influenza B-positive tests.", "Title: 1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics\nPassage: Could a 1918-like Pandemic Appear Again?", "Title: Seasonality of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus: A Hong Kong Perspective (1997–2006)\nPassage: One example of such possible viral persistence between influenza seasons was found, with HA and NA sequences from the same viruses , showing a similar clustering pattern for both these genes, separated by at least one year." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Seasonality of Influenza A(H3N2) Virus: A Hong Kong Perspective (1997–2006)" ], [ "3b", "Passage: One example of such possible viral persistence between influenza seasons was found, with HA and NA sequences from the same viruses , showing a similar clustering pattern for both these genes, separated by at least one year." ] ]

[ "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: estimate that interventions across all 11 countries will have averted 59,000 deaths up to 31 March", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: in its epidemic, the recent interventions are forecasted to avert 370 total deaths up to 31 of March.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: much earlier in its epidemic, we predict 370 deaths have been averted.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: our intervention model, we calculated the total deaths averted up to the end of March. We find that," ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "0b", "Passage: estimate that interventions across all 11 countries will have averted 59,000 deaths up to 31 March" ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: estimate that interventions across all 11 countries will have averted 59,000 deaths up to 31 March", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: in its epidemic, the recent interventions are forecasted to avert 370 total deaths up to 31 of March.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: much earlier in its epidemic, we predict 370 deaths have been averted.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: our intervention model, we calculated the total deaths averted up to the end of March. We find that," ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "1b", "Passage: in its epidemic, the recent interventions are forecasted to avert 370 total deaths up to 31 of March." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: estimate that interventions across all 11 countries will have averted 59,000 deaths up to 31 March", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: in its epidemic, the recent interventions are forecasted to avert 370 total deaths up to 31 of March.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: much earlier in its epidemic, we predict 370 deaths have been averted.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: our intervention model, we calculated the total deaths averted up to the end of March. We find that," ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "2b", "Passage: much earlier in its epidemic, we predict 370 deaths have been averted." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: estimate that interventions across all 11 countries will have averted 59,000 deaths up to 31 March", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: in its epidemic, the recent interventions are forecasted to avert 370 total deaths up to 31 of March.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: much earlier in its epidemic, we predict 370 deaths have been averted.", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-\nPassage: our intervention model, we calculated the total deaths averted up to the end of March. We find that," ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-" ], [ "3b", "Passage: our intervention model, we calculated the total deaths averted up to the end of March." ], [ "3c", "We find that," ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: HIV/AIDS prevention in China: A challenge for the new millennium\nPassage: Although positive steps have now been taken by the Chinese government in combating HIV/AIDS, numerous challenges remain. One issue is the structural inadequacy of China's current health care system that was graphically revealed during the SARS outbreak . Tuberculosis offers another pertinent example of how these shortcomings may compound the situation. China now has twice the level of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis of other countries . Providing affordable and accessible health care to the general public has also become increasingly difficult following the introduction of free-market reforms in 1978. In this manner, the rural health cooperatives that once provided health insurance", "Title: Preventing Emerging and Re-emerging Infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Gaps, Challenges, and Priorities\nPassage: For malaria control, low coverage of diagnostic facilities for confirmation of malaria, weak malaria surveillance, limited capacity for developing a comprehensive plan for monitoring, prevention and management of insecticide resistance and limited preparedness to deal with natural and man-made devastations such as floods and civil unrest are current challenges. For vaccine-preventable diseases the main hindrances in achieving the immunization targets continue to be the emergency situations, varying technical and managerial capacity, varying strength of the health systems, the multiple priorities and insufficient government financial allocations, and low community awareness and attitudes towards vaccine.", "Title: Steps to a Sustainable Public Health Surveillance Enterprise A Commentary from the International Society for Disease Surveillance\nPassage: The significant health impacts and economic costs of disease outbreaks illustrate the critical importance of effective public health surveillance and rapid response, as well as the cost of inaction. 11 Table 1 provides examples of the health and financial burdens posed by some naturally occurring and intentional infectious disease outbreaks. The values reported in Table 1 do not fully reflect additional indirect costs of diseases and their potentially crippling effects on a community, nor do they address costs that are underreported/ unreported due to lack of data. Higher rates of illness, for example, can lead to lower worker productivity, 11", "Title: Local risk perception enhances epidemic control\nPassage: As outbreaks emerge, public health agencies often implement a variety of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent epidemic expansion, including vaccination and medical prophylaxis, school closures and other social distancing measures, and information campaigns to promote awareness, hygienic precautions and voluntary isolation . However, such measures require population adherence and are often hindered by failure to take recommended actions . Around the globe, for example, seasonal influenza vaccine coverage falls significantly below the 75% baseline recommended by the World Health Organization, but varies widely between countries and across age groups . In the USA, 2015-2016 uptake was only 59.3% in" ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: HIV/AIDS prevention in China: A challenge for the new millennium" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Although positive steps have now been taken by the Chinese government in combating HIV/AIDS, numerous challenges remain." ], [ "0c", "One issue is the structural inadequacy of China's current health care system that was graphically revealed during the SARS outbreak ." ], [ "0d", "Tuberculosis offers another pertinent example of how these shortcomings may compound the situation." ], [ "0e", "China now has twice the level of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis of other countries ." ], [ "0f", "Providing affordable and accessible health care to the general public has also become increasingly difficult following the introduction of free-market reforms in 1978." ], [ "0g", "In this manner, the rural health cooperatives that once provided health insurance" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0f", "1b", "1c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: HIV/AIDS prevention in China: A challenge for the new millennium\nPassage: Although positive steps have now been taken by the Chinese government in combating HIV/AIDS, numerous challenges remain. One issue is the structural inadequacy of China's current health care system that was graphically revealed during the SARS outbreak . Tuberculosis offers another pertinent example of how these shortcomings may compound the situation. China now has twice the level of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis of other countries . Providing affordable and accessible health care to the general public has also become increasingly difficult following the introduction of free-market reforms in 1978. In this manner, the rural health cooperatives that once provided health insurance", "Title: Preventing Emerging and Re-emerging Infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Gaps, Challenges, and Priorities\nPassage: For malaria control, low coverage of diagnostic facilities for confirmation of malaria, weak malaria surveillance, limited capacity for developing a comprehensive plan for monitoring, prevention and management of insecticide resistance and limited preparedness to deal with natural and man-made devastations such as floods and civil unrest are current challenges. For vaccine-preventable diseases the main hindrances in achieving the immunization targets continue to be the emergency situations, varying technical and managerial capacity, varying strength of the health systems, the multiple priorities and insufficient government financial allocations, and low community awareness and attitudes towards vaccine.", "Title: Steps to a Sustainable Public Health Surveillance Enterprise A Commentary from the International Society for Disease Surveillance\nPassage: The significant health impacts and economic costs of disease outbreaks illustrate the critical importance of effective public health surveillance and rapid response, as well as the cost of inaction. 11 Table 1 provides examples of the health and financial burdens posed by some naturally occurring and intentional infectious disease outbreaks. The values reported in Table 1 do not fully reflect additional indirect costs of diseases and their potentially crippling effects on a community, nor do they address costs that are underreported/ unreported due to lack of data. Higher rates of illness, for example, can lead to lower worker productivity, 11", "Title: Local risk perception enhances epidemic control\nPassage: As outbreaks emerge, public health agencies often implement a variety of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent epidemic expansion, including vaccination and medical prophylaxis, school closures and other social distancing measures, and information campaigns to promote awareness, hygienic precautions and voluntary isolation . However, such measures require population adherence and are often hindered by failure to take recommended actions . Around the globe, for example, seasonal influenza vaccine coverage falls significantly below the 75% baseline recommended by the World Health Organization, but varies widely between countries and across age groups . In the USA, 2015-2016 uptake was only 59.3% in" ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Preventing Emerging and Re-emerging Infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Gaps, Challenges, and Priorities" ], [ "1b", "Passage: For malaria control, low coverage of diagnostic facilities for confirmation of malaria, weak malaria surveillance, limited capacity for developing a comprehensive plan for monitoring, prevention and management of insecticide resistance and limited preparedness to deal with natural and man-made devastations such as floods and civil unrest are current challenges." ], [ "1c", "For vaccine-preventable diseases the main hindrances in achieving the immunization targets continue to be the emergency situations, varying technical and managerial capacity, varying strength of the health systems, the multiple priorities and insufficient government financial allocations, and low community awareness and attitudes towards vaccine." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0f", "1b", "1c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: HIV/AIDS prevention in China: A challenge for the new millennium\nPassage: Although positive steps have now been taken by the Chinese government in combating HIV/AIDS, numerous challenges remain. One issue is the structural inadequacy of China's current health care system that was graphically revealed during the SARS outbreak . Tuberculosis offers another pertinent example of how these shortcomings may compound the situation. China now has twice the level of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis of other countries . Providing affordable and accessible health care to the general public has also become increasingly difficult following the introduction of free-market reforms in 1978. In this manner, the rural health cooperatives that once provided health insurance", "Title: Preventing Emerging and Re-emerging Infections in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: Gaps, Challenges, and Priorities\nPassage: For malaria control, low coverage of diagnostic facilities for confirmation of malaria, weak malaria surveillance, limited capacity for developing a comprehensive plan for monitoring, prevention and management of insecticide resistance and limited preparedness to deal with natural and man-made devastations such as floods and civil unrest are current challenges. For vaccine-preventable diseases the main hindrances in achieving the immunization targets continue to be the emergency situations, varying technical and managerial capacity, varying strength of the health systems, the multiple priorities and insufficient government financial allocations, and low community awareness and attitudes towards vaccine.", "Title: Steps to a Sustainable Public Health Surveillance Enterprise A Commentary from the International Society for Disease Surveillance\nPassage: The significant health impacts and economic costs of disease outbreaks illustrate the critical importance of effective public health surveillance and rapid response, as well as the cost of inaction. 11 Table 1 provides examples of the health and financial burdens posed by some naturally occurring and intentional infectious disease outbreaks. The values reported in Table 1 do not fully reflect additional indirect costs of diseases and their potentially crippling effects on a community, nor do they address costs that are underreported/ unreported due to lack of data. Higher rates of illness, for example, can lead to lower worker productivity, 11", "Title: Local risk perception enhances epidemic control\nPassage: As outbreaks emerge, public health agencies often implement a variety of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent epidemic expansion, including vaccination and medical prophylaxis, school closures and other social distancing measures, and information campaigns to promote awareness, hygienic precautions and voluntary isolation . However, such measures require population adherence and are often hindered by failure to take recommended actions . Around the globe, for example, seasonal influenza vaccine coverage falls significantly below the 75% baseline recommended by the World Health Organization, but varies widely between countries and across age groups . In the USA, 2015-2016 uptake was only 59.3% in" ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Local risk perception enhances epidemic control" ], [ "3b", "Passage: As outbreaks emerge, public health agencies often implement a variety of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent epidemic expansion, including vaccination and medical prophylaxis, school closures and other social distancing measures, and information campaigns to promote awareness, hygienic precautions and voluntary isolation ." ], [ "3c", "However, such measures require population adherence and are often hindered by failure to take recommended actions ." ], [ "3d", "Around the globe, for example, seasonal influenza vaccine coverage falls significantly below the 75% baseline recommended by the World Health Organization, but varies widely between countries and across age groups ." ], [ "3e", "In the USA, 2015-2016 uptake was only 59.3% in" ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "0f", "1b", "1c", "3b", "3c", "3d" ]

[ "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: total of 3711 persons , 199 symptomatic cases have been diagnosed on board as of 24 February, and additional asymptomatic infections and symptomatic cases after disembarkation have also been reported.", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: Text: An outbreak of novel coronavirus disease has occurred on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess . The primary case remains unknown, but the index case, defined as the first identified case, is a passenger who started coughing from 19 January 2020 on board, disembarking the ship in Hong Kong on 25 January. As the case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards. Subsequently, the movement of all passengers was restricted on board from 5 February, for a matter of 14 days of quarantine. Out of a", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: A large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred on a cruise ship. Estimating the incidence, the peak time of infection was shown to have been from 2 to 4 February, and the incidence abruptly declined afterwards. The estimated number of new infections among passengers without close contact was very small from 5 February, on which the movement restriction policy was imposed, and at most there was, on average, one case of infection per day from 8 to 10 February. Other than continued exposure among crew members, the estimated incidence in this study indicates that the movement restriction policy from 5 February 2020", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: February on which a movement restriction policy was imposed. Without the intervention from 5 February, it was predicted that the cumulative incidence with and without close contact would have been as large as 1373 and 766 cases, respectively, while these were kept to be 102 and 47 cases, respectively. Based on an analysis of illness onset data on board, the risk of infection among passengers without close contact was considered to be very limited. Movement restriction greatly reduced the number of infections from 5 February onwards." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess" ], [ "0b", "Passage: total of 3711 persons , 199 symptomatic cases have been diagnosed on board as of 24 February, and additional asymptomatic infections and symptomatic cases after disembarkation have also been reported." ] ]

[ "0b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: total of 3711 persons , 199 symptomatic cases have been diagnosed on board as of 24 February, and additional asymptomatic infections and symptomatic cases after disembarkation have also been reported.", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: Text: An outbreak of novel coronavirus disease has occurred on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess . The primary case remains unknown, but the index case, defined as the first identified case, is a passenger who started coughing from 19 January 2020 on board, disembarking the ship in Hong Kong on 25 January. As the case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards. Subsequently, the movement of all passengers was restricted on board from 5 February, for a matter of 14 days of quarantine. Out of a", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: A large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred on a cruise ship. Estimating the incidence, the peak time of infection was shown to have been from 2 to 4 February, and the incidence abruptly declined afterwards. The estimated number of new infections among passengers without close contact was very small from 5 February, on which the movement restriction policy was imposed, and at most there was, on average, one case of infection per day from 8 to 10 February. Other than continued exposure among crew members, the estimated incidence in this study indicates that the movement restriction policy from 5 February 2020", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: February on which a movement restriction policy was imposed. Without the intervention from 5 February, it was predicted that the cumulative incidence with and without close contact would have been as large as 1373 and 766 cases, respectively, while these were kept to be 102 and 47 cases, respectively. Based on an analysis of illness onset data on board, the risk of infection among passengers without close contact was considered to be very limited. Movement restriction greatly reduced the number of infections from 5 February onwards." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess" ], [ "1b", "Passage: Text: An outbreak of novel coronavirus disease has occurred on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess ." ], [ "1c", "The primary case remains unknown, but the index case, defined as the first identified case, is a passenger who started coughing from 19 January 2020 on board, disembarking the ship in Hong Kong on 25 January." ], [ "1d", "As the case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards." ], [ "1e", "Subsequently, the movement of all passengers was restricted on board from 5 February, for a matter of 14 days of quarantine." ], [ "1f", "Out of a" ] ]

[ "0b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: total of 3711 persons , 199 symptomatic cases have been diagnosed on board as of 24 February, and additional asymptomatic infections and symptomatic cases after disembarkation have also been reported.", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: Text: An outbreak of novel coronavirus disease has occurred on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess . The primary case remains unknown, but the index case, defined as the first identified case, is a passenger who started coughing from 19 January 2020 on board, disembarking the ship in Hong Kong on 25 January. As the case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards. Subsequently, the movement of all passengers was restricted on board from 5 February, for a matter of 14 days of quarantine. Out of a", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: A large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred on a cruise ship. Estimating the incidence, the peak time of infection was shown to have been from 2 to 4 February, and the incidence abruptly declined afterwards. The estimated number of new infections among passengers without close contact was very small from 5 February, on which the movement restriction policy was imposed, and at most there was, on average, one case of infection per day from 8 to 10 February. Other than continued exposure among crew members, the estimated incidence in this study indicates that the movement restriction policy from 5 February 2020", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess\nPassage: February on which a movement restriction policy was imposed. Without the intervention from 5 February, it was predicted that the cumulative incidence with and without close contact would have been as large as 1373 and 766 cases, respectively, while these were kept to be 102 and 47 cases, respectively. Based on an analysis of illness onset data on board, the risk of infection among passengers without close contact was considered to be very limited. Movement restriction greatly reduced the number of infections from 5 February onwards." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Backcalculating the Incidence of Infection with COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess" ], [ "2b", "Passage: A large outbreak of COVID-19 occurred on a cruise ship." ], [ "2c", "Estimating the incidence, the peak time of infection was shown to have been from 2 to 4 February, and the incidence abruptly declined afterwards." ], [ "2d", "The estimated number of new infections among passengers without close contact was very small from 5 February, on which the movement restriction policy was imposed, and at most there was, on average, one case of infection per day from 8 to 10 February." ], [ "2e", "Other than continued exposure among crew members, the estimated incidence in this study indicates that the movement restriction policy from 5 February 2020" ] ]

[ "0b", "1c", "1d", "1e", "2b", "2d" ]

[ "Title: Chest radiographic data acquisition and quality assurance in multicenter studies\nPassage: Recruitment of study subjects began in May 1990 and continued through January 1994, with follow-up continuing through January 1997. At the time of this report, 3,057 chest radiographs had been performed on the children enrolled in this study.", "Title: The Trojan Chicken Study, Minnesota\nPassage: The study design was further limited in that we did not account for time after exposure when photographs were taken. Since participants could drop by any time of the day, the time after exposure and duration of exposure likely varied between participants. In both the feasibility and pilot studies, the return rate was low, and tracking down participants was difficult. If similar studies are conducted in the future, a reward system might be used to increase compliance.", "Title: Surveillance Study of Influenza Occurrence and Immunity in a Wisconsin Cohort During the 2009 Pandemic\nPassage: This report describes a study planned while the pandemic was emerging in spring, 2009, with the hope of evaluating cross-protection. We established a cohort, collected baseline samples, monitored donors for symptoms, and collected follow-up samples. Banked samples were used to characterize pre-existing antibody and T-cell immunity cross-reactive with the pH1N1 virus and responses to infection. The relative mildness of the pandemic was fortunate for public health but resulted in relatively few infections in this cohort. We characterize baseline donor T-cell and antibody responses reactive with pH1N1 plus certain follow-up parameters.", "Title: Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1)\nPassage: responses. In contrast, the telephone-based study of Rubin et al. employed a random-digit-dial sampling design, allowing a more representative sample of the general UK population, but their sample was only 997 respondents and the survey was undertaken after media attention had abated, beginning 8 May 2009. Nonetheless, the results reported in this paper are largely congruent with our own results and we see the studies as strongly complementary." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Chest radiographic data acquisition and quality assurance in multicenter studies" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Recruitment of study subjects began in May 1990 and continued through January 1994, with follow-up continuing through January 1997." ], [ "0c", "At the time of this report, 3,057 chest radiographs had been performed on the children enrolled in this study." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Chest radiographic data acquisition and quality assurance in multicenter studies\nPassage: Recruitment of study subjects began in May 1990 and continued through January 1994, with follow-up continuing through January 1997. At the time of this report, 3,057 chest radiographs had been performed on the children enrolled in this study.", "Title: The Trojan Chicken Study, Minnesota\nPassage: The study design was further limited in that we did not account for time after exposure when photographs were taken. Since participants could drop by any time of the day, the time after exposure and duration of exposure likely varied between participants. In both the feasibility and pilot studies, the return rate was low, and tracking down participants was difficult. If similar studies are conducted in the future, a reward system might be used to increase compliance.", "Title: Surveillance Study of Influenza Occurrence and Immunity in a Wisconsin Cohort During the 2009 Pandemic\nPassage: This report describes a study planned while the pandemic was emerging in spring, 2009, with the hope of evaluating cross-protection. We established a cohort, collected baseline samples, monitored donors for symptoms, and collected follow-up samples. Banked samples were used to characterize pre-existing antibody and T-cell immunity cross-reactive with the pH1N1 virus and responses to infection. The relative mildness of the pandemic was fortunate for public health but resulted in relatively few infections in this cohort. We characterize baseline donor T-cell and antibody responses reactive with pH1N1 plus certain follow-up parameters.", "Title: Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1)\nPassage: responses. In contrast, the telephone-based study of Rubin et al. employed a random-digit-dial sampling design, allowing a more representative sample of the general UK population, but their sample was only 997 respondents and the survey was undertaken after media attention had abated, beginning 8 May 2009. Nonetheless, the results reported in this paper are largely congruent with our own results and we see the studies as strongly complementary." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: The Trojan Chicken Study, Minnesota" ], [ "1b", "Passage: The study design was further limited in that we did not account for time after exposure when photographs were taken." ], [ "1c", "Since participants could drop by any time of the day, the time after exposure and duration of exposure likely varied between participants." ], [ "1d", "In both the feasibility and pilot studies, the return rate was low, and tracking down participants was difficult." ], [ "1e", "If similar studies are conducted in the future, a reward system might be used to increase compliance." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Chest radiographic data acquisition and quality assurance in multicenter studies\nPassage: Recruitment of study subjects began in May 1990 and continued through January 1994, with follow-up continuing through January 1997. At the time of this report, 3,057 chest radiographs had been performed on the children enrolled in this study.", "Title: The Trojan Chicken Study, Minnesota\nPassage: The study design was further limited in that we did not account for time after exposure when photographs were taken. Since participants could drop by any time of the day, the time after exposure and duration of exposure likely varied between participants. In both the feasibility and pilot studies, the return rate was low, and tracking down participants was difficult. If similar studies are conducted in the future, a reward system might be used to increase compliance.", "Title: Surveillance Study of Influenza Occurrence and Immunity in a Wisconsin Cohort During the 2009 Pandemic\nPassage: This report describes a study planned while the pandemic was emerging in spring, 2009, with the hope of evaluating cross-protection. We established a cohort, collected baseline samples, monitored donors for symptoms, and collected follow-up samples. Banked samples were used to characterize pre-existing antibody and T-cell immunity cross-reactive with the pH1N1 virus and responses to infection. The relative mildness of the pandemic was fortunate for public health but resulted in relatively few infections in this cohort. We characterize baseline donor T-cell and antibody responses reactive with pH1N1 plus certain follow-up parameters.", "Title: Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1)\nPassage: responses. In contrast, the telephone-based study of Rubin et al. employed a random-digit-dial sampling design, allowing a more representative sample of the general UK population, but their sample was only 997 respondents and the survey was undertaken after media attention had abated, beginning 8 May 2009. Nonetheless, the results reported in this paper are largely congruent with our own results and we see the studies as strongly complementary." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: Surveillance Study of Influenza Occurrence and Immunity in a Wisconsin Cohort During the 2009 Pandemic" ], [ "2b", "Passage: This report describes a study planned while the pandemic was emerging in spring, 2009, with the hope of evaluating cross-protection." ], [ "2c", "We established a cohort, collected baseline samples, monitored donors for symptoms, and collected follow-up samples." ], [ "2d", "Banked samples were used to characterize pre-existing antibody and T-cell immunity cross-reactive with the pH1N1 virus and responses to infection." ], [ "2e", "The relative mildness of the pandemic was fortunate for public health but resulted in relatively few infections in this cohort." ], [ "2f", "We characterize baseline donor T-cell and antibody responses reactive with pH1N1 plus certain follow-up parameters." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: Chest radiographic data acquisition and quality assurance in multicenter studies\nPassage: Recruitment of study subjects began in May 1990 and continued through January 1994, with follow-up continuing through January 1997. At the time of this report, 3,057 chest radiographs had been performed on the children enrolled in this study.", "Title: The Trojan Chicken Study, Minnesota\nPassage: The study design was further limited in that we did not account for time after exposure when photographs were taken. Since participants could drop by any time of the day, the time after exposure and duration of exposure likely varied between participants. In both the feasibility and pilot studies, the return rate was low, and tracking down participants was difficult. If similar studies are conducted in the future, a reward system might be used to increase compliance.", "Title: Surveillance Study of Influenza Occurrence and Immunity in a Wisconsin Cohort During the 2009 Pandemic\nPassage: This report describes a study planned while the pandemic was emerging in spring, 2009, with the hope of evaluating cross-protection. We established a cohort, collected baseline samples, monitored donors for symptoms, and collected follow-up samples. Banked samples were used to characterize pre-existing antibody and T-cell immunity cross-reactive with the pH1N1 virus and responses to infection. The relative mildness of the pandemic was fortunate for public health but resulted in relatively few infections in this cohort. We characterize baseline donor T-cell and antibody responses reactive with pH1N1 plus certain follow-up parameters.", "Title: Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1)\nPassage: responses. In contrast, the telephone-based study of Rubin et al. employed a random-digit-dial sampling design, allowing a more representative sample of the general UK population, but their sample was only 997 respondents and the survey was undertaken after media attention had abated, beginning 8 May 2009. Nonetheless, the results reported in this paper are largely congruent with our own results and we see the studies as strongly complementary." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: Early Assessment of Anxiety and Behavioral Response to Novel Swine-Origin Influenza A(H1N1) Passage: responses." ], [ "3b", "In contrast, the telephone-based study of Rubin et al. employed a random-digit-dial sampling design, allowing a more representative sample of the general UK population, but their sample was only 997 respondents and the survey was undertaken after media attention had abated, beginning 8 May 2009." ], [ "3c", "Nonetheless, the results reported in this paper are largely congruent with our own results and we see the studies as strongly complementary." ] ]

[ "0b", "1b", "2b", "3b" ]

[ "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: Text: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii , a small, gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium. C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II. The primary reservoir from which human infection occurs consists of sheep, goat and cattle. Although C. burnetii infections in animals are usually asymptomatic, they may cause abortions in sheep and goats . High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals . Humans frequently acquire infection through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool . Because the infectious dose", "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies\nPassage: C. burnetii is a highly pleomorphic Gram-negative coccobacillus and the causative agent of Q fever. Q fever is a zoonosis, and the most common reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats but many other animals can be infected by C. burnetii . When infected, these domestic animals can shed the organism in urine, feces, milk, and especially birth products. The pathogen survives within the phagolysosome of host cells, and a spore stage has been described. This spore stage explains the ability of C. burnetii to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions, and it can be an environmental risk for months to years", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: is very low and C. burnetii is able to survive in a spore-like state for months to years, outbreaks among humans have also occurred through contaminated dust carried by wind over large distances .", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: adults and children was estimated as 20% and 3%, respectively, 25% of cases were hospitalized. The ewe that had lambed as well as 25% of its herd tested positive for C. burnetii antibodies. CONCLUSION: Due to its size and point source nature this outbreak permitted assessment of fundamental, but seldom studied epidemiological parameters. As a consequence of this outbreak, it was recommended that pregnant sheep not be displayed in public during the 3trimester and to test animals in petting zoos regularly for C. burnetii." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany" ], [ "0b", "Passage: Text: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii , a small, gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium." ], [ "0c", "C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II." ], [ "0d", "The primary reservoir from which human infection occurs consists of sheep, goat and cattle." ], [ "0e", "Although C. burnetii infections in animals are usually asymptomatic, they may cause abortions in sheep and goats ." ], [ "0f", "High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals ." ], [ "0g", "Humans frequently acquire infection through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool ." ], [ "0h", "Because the infectious dose" ] ]

[ "0g", "0f", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2b", "3e" ]

[ "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: Text: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii , a small, gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium. C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II. The primary reservoir from which human infection occurs consists of sheep, goat and cattle. Although C. burnetii infections in animals are usually asymptomatic, they may cause abortions in sheep and goats . High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals . Humans frequently acquire infection through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool . Because the infectious dose", "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies\nPassage: C. burnetii is a highly pleomorphic Gram-negative coccobacillus and the causative agent of Q fever. Q fever is a zoonosis, and the most common reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats but many other animals can be infected by C. burnetii . When infected, these domestic animals can shed the organism in urine, feces, milk, and especially birth products. The pathogen survives within the phagolysosome of host cells, and a spore stage has been described. This spore stage explains the ability of C. burnetii to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions, and it can be an environmental risk for months to years", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: is very low and C. burnetii is able to survive in a spore-like state for months to years, outbreaks among humans have also occurred through contaminated dust carried by wind over large distances .", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: adults and children was estimated as 20% and 3%, respectively, 25% of cases were hospitalized. The ewe that had lambed as well as 25% of its herd tested positive for C. burnetii antibodies. CONCLUSION: Due to its size and point source nature this outbreak permitted assessment of fundamental, but seldom studied epidemiological parameters. As a consequence of this outbreak, it was recommended that pregnant sheep not be displayed in public during the 3trimester and to test animals in petting zoos regularly for C. burnetii." ]

[ [ "1a", "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies" ], [ "1b", "Passage: C. burnetii is a highly pleomorphic Gram-negative coccobacillus and the causative agent of Q fever." ], [ "1c", "Q fever is a zoonosis, and the most common reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats but many other animals can be infected by C. burnetii ." ], [ "1d", "When infected, these domestic animals can shed the organism in urine, feces, milk, and especially birth products." ], [ "1e", "The pathogen survives within the phagolysosome of host cells, and a spore stage has been described." ], [ "1f", "This spore stage explains the ability of C. burnetii to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions, and it can be an environmental risk for months to years" ] ]

[ "0g", "0f", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2b", "3e" ]

[ "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: Text: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii , a small, gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium. C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II. The primary reservoir from which human infection occurs consists of sheep, goat and cattle. Although C. burnetii infections in animals are usually asymptomatic, they may cause abortions in sheep and goats . High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals . Humans frequently acquire infection through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool . Because the infectious dose", "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies\nPassage: C. burnetii is a highly pleomorphic Gram-negative coccobacillus and the causative agent of Q fever. Q fever is a zoonosis, and the most common reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats but many other animals can be infected by C. burnetii . When infected, these domestic animals can shed the organism in urine, feces, milk, and especially birth products. The pathogen survives within the phagolysosome of host cells, and a spore stage has been described. This spore stage explains the ability of C. burnetii to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions, and it can be an environmental risk for months to years", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: is very low and C. burnetii is able to survive in a spore-like state for months to years, outbreaks among humans have also occurred through contaminated dust carried by wind over large distances .", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: adults and children was estimated as 20% and 3%, respectively, 25% of cases were hospitalized. The ewe that had lambed as well as 25% of its herd tested positive for C. burnetii antibodies. CONCLUSION: Due to its size and point source nature this outbreak permitted assessment of fundamental, but seldom studied epidemiological parameters. As a consequence of this outbreak, it was recommended that pregnant sheep not be displayed in public during the 3trimester and to test animals in petting zoos regularly for C. burnetii." ]

[ [ "2a", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany" ], [ "2b", "Passage: is very low and C. burnetii is able to survive in a spore-like state for months to years, outbreaks among humans have also occurred through contaminated dust carried by wind over large distances ." ] ]

[ "0g", "0f", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2b", "3e" ]

[ "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: Text: Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii , a small, gram-negative obligate intracellular bacterium. C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II. The primary reservoir from which human infection occurs consists of sheep, goat and cattle. Although C. burnetii infections in animals are usually asymptomatic, they may cause abortions in sheep and goats . High concentrations of C. burnetii can be found in birth products of infected mammals . Humans frequently acquire infection through inhalation of contaminated aerosols from parturient fluids, placenta or wool . Because the infectious dose", "Title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies\nPassage: C. burnetii is a highly pleomorphic Gram-negative coccobacillus and the causative agent of Q fever. Q fever is a zoonosis, and the most common reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats but many other animals can be infected by C. burnetii . When infected, these domestic animals can shed the organism in urine, feces, milk, and especially birth products. The pathogen survives within the phagolysosome of host cells, and a spore stage has been described. This spore stage explains the ability of C. burnetii to survive in unfavorable environmental conditions, and it can be an environmental risk for months to years", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: is very low and C. burnetii is able to survive in a spore-like state for months to years, outbreaks among humans have also occurred through contaminated dust carried by wind over large distances .", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany\nPassage: adults and children was estimated as 20% and 3%, respectively, 25% of cases were hospitalized. The ewe that had lambed as well as 25% of its herd tested positive for C. burnetii antibodies. CONCLUSION: Due to its size and point source nature this outbreak permitted assessment of fundamental, but seldom studied epidemiological parameters. As a consequence of this outbreak, it was recommended that pregnant sheep not be displayed in public during the 3trimester and to test animals in petting zoos regularly for C. burnetii." ]

[ [ "3a", "Title: A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers' market in Germany" ], [ "3b", "Passage: adults and children was estimated as 20% and 3%, respectively, 25% of cases were hospitalized." ], [ "3c", "The ewe that had lambed as well as 25% of its herd tested positive for C. burnetii antibodies." ], [ "3d", "CONCLUSION: Due to its size and point source nature this outbreak permitted assessment of fundamental, but seldom studied epidemiological parameters." ], [ "3e", "As a consequence of this outbreak, it was recommended that pregnant sheep not be displayed in public during the 3trimester and to test animals in petting zoos regularly for C. burnetii." ] ]

[ "0g", "0f", "1c", "1d", "1f", "2b", "3e" ]

[ "Title: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial coinfection\nPassage: In conclusion, our study suggests that bacterial coinfection is not uncommon in H1N1 infected patients and laboratory investigations should go beyond establishing a viral cause alone. Bacterial coinfection was more frequently seen in the older age group and was associated with higher rates of complications. As adjunct to clinical findings, clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion if neutrophilia was identified on admission as it may denote bacterial coinfection. A larger scale study will be useful to further confirm our findings.", "Title: Severe novel influenza A (H1N1) infection in cancer patients\nPassage: In our study, we detected bacterial coinfection in seven of the eight patients. The CDC reported that 29% of fatal cases in the United States presented at least one bacterial coinfection . Mauad et al. found evidence of bacterial coinfection in 38% of fatal cases in Sao Paulo.", "Title: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial coinfection\nPassage: Forty-five patients had lower respiratory tract specimens sent for bacterial cultures. The 5 patients without these specimens were children who had difficulty in producing respiratory secretions, however, they appeared generally well with no evidence of pneumonia. Blood cultures were performed in 23 patients and Mycoplasma pneumoniae serology in 27 patients . Of the 50 H1N1 patients, 17 were coinfected with a second respiratory pathogen; 14 bacterial and only 3 viral. Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the commonest bacterial coinfection followed by Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Moraxella catarrhalis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae .", "Title: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial coinfection\nPassage: The bacterial coinfection rate of 28% amongst our H1N1 hospitalized patients was higher compared to other studies . A large laboratory-based study in the United States demonstrated comparable bacterial coinfection rates to our study with similarly very low frequency of viral copathogen detection . Whilst our finding concurred with several studies that showed H1N1 infections having a predilection for younger patients, patients > 50 years had higher risk of bacterial coinfection in our study." ]

[ [ "0a", "Title: Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections: the effects of bacterial coinfection" ], [ "0b", "Passage: In conclusion, our study suggests that bacterial coinfection is not uncommon in H1N1 infected patients and laboratory investigations should go beyond establishing a viral cause alone." ], [ "0c", "Bacterial coinfection was more frequently seen in the older age group and was associated with higher rates of complications." ], [ "0d", "As adjunct to clinical findings, clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion if neutrophilia was identified on admission as it may denote bacterial coinfection." ], [ "0e", "A larger scale study will be useful to further confirm our findings." ] ]

[ "0b", "0c", "1b", "1c", "1d", "2e", "3b" ]