Datasets:

qanastek
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Biosses-BLUE

id stringlengths 1 2	sentence1 stringlengths 71 337	sentence2 stringlengths 40 335	score float32 0 4
0	Here, looking for agents that could specifically kill KRAS mutant cells, they found that knockdown of GATA2 was synthetically lethal with KRAS mutation	Not surprisingly, GATA2 knockdown in KRAS mutant cells resulted in a striking reduction of active GTP-bound RHO proteins, including the downstream ROCK kinase	2.2
1	MLL-FKBP and MLL-AF9 transformed cells showed persistent expression of Hox a7 and Hox a9 as well as the Hox cofactor Meis 1.	Regardless of the mechanism for transcriptional activation, increasing data suggest that Hox a7, Hox a9, and Meis1 are pivotal targets for MLL fusion protein-mediated transformation.	3.2
2	The oncogenic activity of mutant Kras appears dependent on functional Craf.	Oncogenic KRAS mutations are common in cancer.	2
3	Consequently miRNAs have been demonstrated to act either as oncogenes (e.g., miR-155, miR-17−5p and miR-21) or tumor suppressors (e.g., miR-34, miR-15a, miR-16−1 and let-7)	Given the extensive involvement of miRNA in physiology, dysregulation of miRNA expression can be associated with cancer pathobiology including oncogenesis], proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, aberrations in metabolism, and angiogenesis, among others	2.8
4	We then sought to reassess the regulation of miR-223 in the exactly same experimental system adopted in the previous work	Importantly, our reassessment revealed that this conserved promoter is probably active in the induction of miR-223 during All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced differentiation of the APL cell line, NB4 cells, which is the main experimental system adopted in the previous study	2.4
5	Furthermore, transiently expressed exogenous LATS2 is localized to centrosomes.	LATS1 and LATS2 have been detected on interphase and mitotic centrosomes	3
6	In PC9 cells, loss of GATA6 and/or HOPX did not alter cell growth, whereas reduction of GATA2 and EGFR inhibited cell viability as previously reported.	Aurora-A is required for the correct localisation and function of centrosomal components like centrosomin, NDEL1, LATS and TACC proteins	0.2
7	It has recently been shown that Craf is essential for Kras G12D-induced NSCLC.	It has recently become evident that Craf is essential for the onset of Kras-driven non-small cell lung cancer.	4
8	T47D, MCF-7, Skbr3, HeLa, and Caco-2 cells were transfected by electroporation as described previously.	MCF7 or HeLa cells were electroporated as described previously to more than 95% efficiency with pSuper constructs against the various targets, and 72 hr later, protein expression was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting.	3
9	The recent reports demonstrated that the first eight nucleotides of the 5′ end of miRNA could correlate with the efficient translational repression.	Mismatches near the 5′ end of the small RNA completely abrogated translational suppression.	3.2
10	Ironically, Rest has recently been described as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene.	REST is a transcription factor that represses neuronal genes in non-neural tissues, and plays a prominent tumor suppressor role in epithelial tissues	3
11	Finally, researchers combined available inhibitors selective for two of the pathways regulated by GATA2 to treat mice with Kras-driven NSCLCs.	In PC9 cells, loss of GATA6 and/or HOPX did not alter cell growth, whereas reduction of GATA2 and EGFR inhibited cell viability as previously reported.	1.8
12	Oct-4-dependent transcriptional networks have been described regulating self-renewal and pluripotency in human and mouse ES and EC cells and in human mesenchymal cells.	Co-transfection of miRVec-miR-204 and the Renilla-3′ UTR plasmid was in HEK293T cells with TransIT-LT1 Transfection Reagent (Mirus)	0
13	In eukaryotic cells, small G-proteins are critically regulated by Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) and GTPase Activating Proteins (GAPs).	Eukaryotic small G-proteins are often controlled through the balancing actions of GAPs and GEFs.	4
14	A gene that warrants further studies is the erythropoietin receptor that is 7.4-fold higher expressed in TEL-AML1-positive cases compared to other precursor B-ALL cases confirming other gene expression classification studies.	Another recent gene expression study of large numbers of cases provided support for the hypothesis that distinct leukemias are specified by each of the unique chromosomal abnormalities found in lymphoblastic leukemias.	0.6
15	For example, loss of, or functional alterations in, the two major tumor suppressor proteins pRB and p53 cause an up-regulation of ribosome biogenesis in cancer tissues.	E2F1 stabilizes p53 by inducing the expression of p19(p14)/ARF, an inhibitor of the mdm2 ubiquitin ligase that targets p53 for proteolysis.	2
16	We found no obvious effect of LATS2-depletion on the Aurora-A kinase activity when monitored by phosphorylation state of Thr288 on Aurora-A [18] (Fig. S2), suggesting that LATS2 may be a downstream of Aurora-A as mentioned in a previous report [8]	Among them, miR-143, miR-145 and miR-34a have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, and miR-146a and miR-21 to increase cell growth	0.2
17	The in vivo data is still preliminary and other potential roadblocks such as drug resistance have not been examined.	The GEM model used in this study retains wild-type Tp53, suggesting that the tumors successfully treated with bortezomib and fasudil might not be as aggressive as those in most NSCLC patients	0
18	Recently, miR-126 was identified as a metastasis suppressing miRNA that is downregulated in relapsing breast cancer, leukemia, and cervical cancer.	Subsequent reports showed that miR-126 targeted the oncogene IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1) in breast cancer cells and miR-126 was downregulated in cervical cancer.	3.2
19	n view of the evidence that many tumors occurring in nature arise from the selection of cells with genetic and/or epigenetic changes.	The phenomena of neoplastic development and neoplastic transformation, whether they occur in vivo or in vitro, are thought to represent the accumulation of a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations that disrupt the normal processes of cell division and tissue integrity.	3
20	They identified that some genes involved in RHO-related signaling pathways were occupied by GATA2 in KRAS mutant but not wild-type tumor cells.	The researchers combined available inhibitors selective for two of the pathways regulated by GATA2 to treat mice with Kras-driven NSCLCs	2
21	These findings were identical to the pattern of expression seen in human acute lymphoid and myeloid leukemias with MLL rearrangements.	These genes are consistently expressed in leukemias with MLL rearrangements.	3.6
22	Several computational target prediction approaches, such as TargetScan, PicTar, miRanda, PITA, DIANA-microT and RNAhybrid, have been developed to predict target genes.	Three programs, PicTar, miRanda, and TargetScan , were used to predict the targets of miR-21.	2.4
23	In addition, genetic and functional studies suggest that neomorphic IDH mutations contribute to myeloid transformation, at least in part, by inhibiting TET enzymatic function.	In addition, up-regulation of miR-24 has also been observed in gastric and cervical cancers	0.2
24	A few studies have reported the control of APC/C by genotoxic stress in mammalian cells, Ionizing radiation was shown to activate the APC/C to degrade cyclin D1, which triggers an immediate p53-independent G1 arrest.	In fact, genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation have been demonstrated to trigger rapid proteolysis of cyclin D1, leading to p53-independent G1 arrest.	3.8
25	Since in S. cerevisiae DBF2 was shown to be associated with anaphase and/or telophase progression, we examined whether the deletion of the kinase would also affect cell cycle progression in N. crassa	Taking into consideration the role that DBF2 homologs have been shown to play in cell cycle progression, predominant localization of DBF-2 in N.crassa is expected.	2
26	In many tumors, there is either overexpression of so-called oncogenic miRNAs (e.g., miR-155, miR-17−5p and miR-21) or downregulation of tumor suppressor miRNAs (e.g., miR-34, miR-15a, miR-16−1 and let-7)	Of note, miR-373 had been previously identified as a potential oncogene (together with miR-372) in testicular germ-cell tumors, although it has been proposed that the prometastatic and the oncogenic properties of this miRNA are due to the regulation of different genes (CD44 and LATS2, respectively)	1.8
27	In lung tumors, TRAF6 levels can become elevated by several mechanisms:	GATA2lox/lox Sporadic infection of lung cells with Adeno-Cre virus GATA2 loss induces regression of established tumors	1.4
28	This form of necrosis, also termed necroptosis, requires the activity of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and its related kinase, RIP3	TNF-mediated programmed necrosis typically involves the receptor-interacting serine-threonine kinases 1 and 3 (RIP1 and RIP3), as evidenced in human, mouse, and zebrafish cell lines, as well as in a murine sepsis model	3
29	The oncogenic activity of mutant Kras appears dependent on functional Craf, but not on Braf	Notably, c-Raf has recently been found essential for development of K-Ras-driven NSCLCs	3
30	The up-regulation of miR-146a was also detected in cervical cancer tissues.	The expression of miR-146a has been found to be up-regulated in cervical cancer.	4
31	Unique segments of homologous sequences in RIP1 and RIP3 (RIP homotypic interaction motifs, RHIMs) were shown to mediate their interaction	RIP1 was reported to interact with RIP3.	3.4
32	For the analysis of expression at different stages of differentiation, data were obtained for 43 mouse samples in StemBase , originating from 16 studies with Affymetrix MOE430A microarray chips, as used in an Oct4 expression profiling study covering murine ESCs, embryonal carcinoma cell lines, and several early differentiated lineages.	We investigated the patterns of expression of the Oct4-associated data set in cells at different stages of differentiation, including embryonic carcinoma, embryonic stem cells, embryoid bodies, and various differentiated cell types, on the basis of transcriptomics data.	3.6
33	We, and others, have recently described the inducible-Krasp53+/− (iKrasp53+/−) mouse model of pancreatic cancer, that allows tissue-specific, inducible and reversible expression of mutant Kras in combination with a loss of function allele of the tumor suppressor p53.	There is a certain variability in these findings: for instance, metastatic potential has been described by other groups using KC or iKras* mice combined with loss of function allele of p53.	3
34	Up-regulation of miR-24 has been observed in a number of cancers, including OSCC.	In addition, miR-24 is one of the most abundant miRNAs in cervical cancer cells, and is reportedly up-regulated in solid stomach cancers.	3
35	This form of necrosis, also termed necroptosis, requires the activity of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and its related kinase, RIP3	Moreover, other reports have also shown that necroptosis could be induced via modulating RIP1 and RIP3.	4
36	The phenomena of neoplastic development and neoplastic transformation, whether they occur in vivo or in vitro, are thought to represent the accumulation of a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations that disrupt the normal processes of cell division and tissue integrity.	Neoplastic development represents cumulative genetic and epigenetic events leading to the emergence of cells that can attain a tumorigenic phenotype.	3
37	These models have facilitated the identification of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes	The development of genome-scale libraries of RNAi reagents has facilitated loss-of-function approaches in mammalian cells that have identified candidate tumor-suppressor genes	2.6
38	Recently, it was reported that expression of IDH1R132H suppresses TET2 activity and the mutations of IDH1 and IDH2 genes occur in a mutual exclusive manner with that of TET2 gene in AML.	This large-scale study showed that IDH1/IDH2 mutations were mutually exclusive with inactivating TET2 mutations, suggesting that the two types of mutations had similar effects and were thus functionally redundant.	3.2
39	Tumorigenesis is a multistage process that involves multiple cell types.	Previous studies have suggested a number of hallmark functions that need to be acquired for a cancer to generate, helping researchers understand the complexity in tumor progression in a way of logical, scientific manner.	1
40	To clarify the roles of miRNAs in erythropoiesis, four miRNAs were selected (miR-155, miR-221, miR-223, and miR-451) because their expression seems to be relevant to hematopoiesis.	In myelopoiesis, miR-223 has been shown to regulate granulocyte development in both humans and mice.	2
41	For Sox11 repression by miR-204, Neuro-2a cells (ATCC) were grown on coverslips in 24-well plates for 24 h and then co-transfected with 500 ng of pCAG-GFP expression plasmid and either 500 ng of scrambled-miRVec or miR-204-miRVec expression plasmid containing the pre-miRNA of miR-204	Co-transfection of miRVec-miR-204 and the Renilla-3′ UTR plasmid was in HEK293T cells with TransIT-LT1 Transfection Reagent (Mirus)	1.8
42	Furthermore, ablation of both Erk1 and Erk2 impaired tumor development, whereas inactivation of either one alone had no effect.	Only concomitant ablation of ERK1 and ERK2 impairs tumor growth.	4
43	Importantly, the role of ERK phosphorylation in Kras-driven NSCLCs has been recently highlighted by the demonstration that ERK activity is essential for Kras-driven lung tumorigenesis.	As mentioned above, high ERK activity is crucial for the development of Kras-driven NSCLCs.	3.4
44	In spite of these caveats, the results of research represent a very important advance in the long-standing fight to conquer lung cancer	We should consider the data of research as an exciting but early step in the long process of drug discovery.	0.8
45	The mammalian Arp, BAF53 (BRG-associated factor), and β-actin were initially found as components of the mammalian SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin-remodeling complex.	In addition, Arp4-related BAF53 and β-actin are components of the human SWI/SNF complex and could play a role in its signal-regulated binding to the chromatin/nuclear matrix	3.4
46	At the onset of mitosis, LATS2 is activated by phosphorylation and plays important roles in G2/M transition in cultured cells	Lats2/Kpm is homologous to Lats1 and undergoes cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation	3
47	Oct-4-dependent transcriptional networks have been described regulating self-renewal and pluripotency in human and mouse ES and EC cells and in human mesenchymal cells.	One study reports upregulation of this miR as revealed by qRT-PCR whereas a sequencing approach and microarray analysis point to a repression of miR-133b in tumor tissue	0.6
48	BAF53 and β-actin subunits have been implicated in mammalian SWI/SNF-regulated binding to the chromatin/nuclear matrix.	In addition, Arp4-related BAF53 and β-actin are components of the human SWI/SNF complex and could play a role in its signal-regulated binding to the chromatin/nuclear matrix	3.8
49	Further, INPP4B was identified out of a collection of RNAis to give rise to anchorage-independent growth in human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC)	On the other hand, RASA4/CAPRI (RAS p21 protein activator 4), a suppressor of epithelial cell transformation, functions as a Ca(2+)-dependent Ras GTPase-activating 0protein (GAP) to inactivate the Ras-MAPK pathway following a stimulus that elevates intracellular calcium	0.6
50	The overall accuracy of our gene expression classifier was ~88%, and all T-ALL, TEL-AML1-positive, hyperdiploid and E2A-rearranged cases were correctly classified (i.e., 100% sensitivity) which resembled the data previously reported using other strategies for probe set selection and classifier construction.	A gene that warrants further studies is the erythropoietin receptor that is 7.4-fold higher expressed in TEL-AML1-positive cases compared to other precursor B-ALL cases confirming other gene expression classification studies.	2
51	As p16INK4a blocks the inactivation of pRb by cyclin-dependent kinases, and Arf blocks the inactivation of p53 by Mdm2-mediated proteolysis, both have the capacity to cause cell cycle arrest.	By inducing Arf and Ink4a in primary rodent fibroblasts, oncogenic Ras expression leads to growth arrest and premature senescence.	2.4
52	Several lines of evidence suggest that the known principal RB pathway lesions in human tumors act in a mutual exclusive manner.	In individual human tumor specimens, these principal components of the pathway—RB-CDK4/6-p16INK4A—are reported to be targeted in a mutually exclusive manner.	3.4
53	Recent in vitro studies using shRNA-based approaches have suggested a role for TET2 in regulating myeloid differentiation and in regulating stem/progenitor cell proliferation.	Two recent studies used RNAi-mediated Tet2 knock-down in vitro to suggest that TET2 depletion led to impaired hematopoietic differentiation and to preferential myeloid commitment.	3.2
54	This oxidative branch activity is elevated in comparison to many cancer cell lines, where the oxidative branch is typically reduced and accounts for <20% of the carbon flow through PPP.	The Downward laboratory went all the way from identifying GATA2 as a novel synthetic lethal gene to validating it using Kras-driven GEM models.	0
55	Activated Ras will transform established lines, such as NIH3T3 cells, it causes a senescence-like growth arrest in primary cells	Moreover, oncogenes such as H-RASV12 provoke a stress response in primary cells that results in an irreversible growth arrest, termed premature senescence.	3
56	These cells (herein termed TLM-HMECs) are immortal but do not proliferate in the absence of extracellular matrix (ECM)	HMECs expressing hTERT and SV40 LT (TLM-HMECs) were cultured in mammary epithelial growth medium (MEGM, Lonza)	1.4
57	Previous studies demonstrated that the decrease level of 5 hmC in tumors was due to the reduced expression of TET1/2/3 and IDH2 genes or tumor derived IDH1 and IDH2 mutations.	In addition, genetic and functional studies suggest that neomorphic IDH mutations contribute to myeloid transformation, at least in part, by inhibiting TET enzymatic function.	2.2
58	A number of studies have identified unbiased strategies to treat KRAS mutant cancers through RNA interference screens, including inhibition of TAK1, STK33, TBK1, WT1, GATA2, and BCL-XL/MEK.	This would also permit the use of inhibitors that target a single normal protein on which in particular the tumor cells depend as the result of a mutation in a defined pathway.	1.4
59	Three programs, PicTar, miRanda, and TargetScan , were used to predict the targets of miR-21.	The genes that decreased 2-fold or more were further screened for possible miR-372/3 target sites using a local version of the TargetScan algorithm.	2.4
60	The Retinoblastoma protein, pRb, was among the first recognized tumor suppressor proteins, and loss or repression of pRb function is thought to play a causative role in most human cancers.	Mutation of the retinoblastoma tumor susceptibility gene (RB1) is the rate-limiting step in the genesis of retinoblastoma and over 90% of human tumors exhibit reduced pRB function.	3
61	More recently, IDH mutations and resultant 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) production in leukemia cells were reported to induce global DNA hypermethylation through impaired TET2 catalytic function.	It has also been recently reported that mutations of the isocitrate dehydrogenase genes IDH1 and IDH2 can lead to the aberrant production of 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), a metabolite that inhibits TET2 enzymatic activity, resulting in a hypermethylated promoter phenotype in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) tumors carrying IDH1/2 mutations.	3.2
62	Necrotic death was augmented when caspase activities were compromised by either viral or chemical inhibitors.	Intriguingly, in the presence of caspase inhibitors or following caspase-8 gene ablation, death receptors have also recently been shown to induce necrotic cell death, a process which is dependent on the kinase activity of RIPK1 and RIPK3	2.8
63	The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor roscovitine has been reported to down-regulate the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1	Recent work in model systems and acute myelogenous leukemia has suggested that expression of MCL-1 is a key determinant of resistance to ABT-737	2

Dataset Card for BIOSSES

Dataset Summary

BIOSSES is a benchmark dataset for biomedical sentence similarity estimation. The dataset comprises 100 sentence pairs, in which each sentence was selected from the TAC (Text Analysis Conference) Biomedical Summarization Track Training Dataset containing articles from the biomedical domain. The sentence pairs in BIOSSES were selected from citing sentences, i.e. sentences that have a citation to a reference article.

The sentence pairs were evaluated by five different human experts that judged their similarity and gave scores ranging from 0 (no relation) to 4 (equivalent). In the original paper the mean of the scores assigned by the five human annotators was taken as the gold standard. The Pearson correlation between the gold standard scores and the scores estimated by the models was used as the evaluation metric. The strength of correlation can be assessed by the general guideline proposed by Evans (1996) as follows:

very strong: 0.80–1.00
strong: 0.60–0.79
moderate: 0.40–0.59
weak: 0.20–0.39
very weak: 0.00–0.19

Data Splits (From BLUE Benchmark)

name	Train	Dev	Test
biosses	64	16	20

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

Biomedical Semantic Similarity Scoring.

Languages

English.

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

For each instance, there are two sentences (i.e. sentence 1 and 2), and its corresponding similarity score (the mean of the scores assigned by the five human annotators).

{
    "id": "0",
    "sentence1": "Centrosomes increase both in size and in microtubule-nucleating capacity just before mitotic entry.", 
    "sentence2": "Functional studies showed that, when introduced into cell lines, miR-146a was found to promote cell proliferation in cervical cancer cells, which suggests that miR-146a works as an oncogenic miRNA in these cancers.",
    "score": 0.0
}

Data Fields

sentence 1: string
sentence 2: string
score: float ranging from 0 (no relation) to 4 (equivalent)

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Source Data

The TAC (Text Analysis Conference) Biomedical Summarization Track Training Dataset.

Annotations

Annotation process

The sentence pairs were evaluated by five different human experts that judged their similarity and gave scores ranging from 0 (no relation) to 4 (equivalent). The score range was described based on the guidelines of SemEval 2012 Task 6 on STS (Agirre et al., 2012). Besides the annotation instructions, example sentences from the biomedical literature were provided to the annotators for each of the similarity degrees.

The table below shows the Pearson correlation of the scores of each annotator with respect to the average scores of the remaining four annotators. It is observed that there is strong association among the scores of the annotators. The lowest correlations are 0.902, which can be considered as an upper bound for an algorithmic measure evaluated on this dataset.

	Correlation r
Annotator A	0.952
Annotator B	0.958
Annotator C	0.917
Annotator D	0.902
Annotator E	0.941

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

Gizem Soğancıoğlu, gizemsogancioglu@gmail.com
Hakime Öztürk, hakime.ozturk@boun.edu.tr
Arzucan Özgür, gizemsogancioglu@gmail.com Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey

Licensing Information

BIOSSES is made available under the terms of The GNU Common Public License v.3.0.

Citation Information

@article{10.1093/bioinformatics/btx238,
    author = {Soğancıoğlu, Gizem and Öztürk, Hakime and Özgür, Arzucan},
    title = "{BIOSSES: a semantic sentence similarity estimation system for the biomedical domain}",
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    volume = {33},
    number = {14},
    pages = {i49-i58},
    year = {2017},
    month = {07},
    abstract = "{The amount of information available in textual format is rapidly increasing in the biomedical domain. Therefore, natural language processing (NLP) applications are becoming increasingly important to facilitate the retrieval and analysis of these data. Computing the semantic similarity between sentences is an important component in many NLP tasks including text retrieval and summarization. A number of approaches have been proposed for semantic sentence similarity estimation for generic English. However, our experiments showed that such approaches do not effectively cover biomedical knowledge and produce poor results for biomedical text.We propose several approaches for sentence-level semantic similarity computation in the biomedical domain, including string similarity measures and measures based on the distributed vector representations of sentences learned in an unsupervised manner from a large biomedical corpus. In addition, ontology-based approaches are presented that utilize general and domain-specific ontologies. Finally, a supervised regression based model is developed that effectively combines the different similarity computation metrics. A benchmark data set consisting of 100 sentence pairs from the biomedical literature is manually annotated by five human experts and used for evaluating the proposed methods.The experiments showed that the supervised semantic sentence similarity computation approach obtained the best performance (0.836 correlation with gold standard human annotations) and improved over the state-of-the-art domain-independent systems up to 42.6\\% in terms of the Pearson correlation metric.A web-based system for biomedical semantic sentence similarity computation, the source code, and the annotated benchmark data set are available at: http://tabilab.cmpe.boun.edu.tr/BIOSSES/.}",
    issn = {1367-4803},
    doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btx238},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btx238},
    eprint = {https://academic.oup.com/bioinformatics/article-pdf/33/14/i49/25157316/btx238.pdf},
}