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Honey , I Blew up the Kid - wikipedia Honey , I Blew up the Kid Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Theatrical release poster Directed by Randal Kleiser Produced by Dawn Steel Edward S. Feldman Screenplay by Garry Goodrow Thom Eberhardt Peter Elbling Story by Garry Goodrow Based on Characters by : Stuart Gordon Brian Yuzna Ed Naha Starring Rick Moranis Marcia Strassman Lloyd Bridges Robert Oliveri John Shea Music by Bruce Broughton Cinematography John Hora Edited by Harry Hitner Production company Walt Disney Pictures Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date July 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 17 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $76 million Honey , I Blew Up the Kid is a 1992 American comedy science fiction film and the sequel to the 1989 film Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . Directed by Randal Kleiser and released by Walt Disney Pictures , the film stars Rick Moranis , Marcia Strassman , Robert Oliveri and Amy O'Neill , who reprise their roles as Wayne , Diane , Nick , and Amy Szalinski respectively , as well as newcomer Keri Russell as Mandy Park , Nick 's love interest and babysitter of Adam , the Szalinskis ' new two - year - old son , whose accidental exposure to Wayne 's new industrial - sized growth machine causes him to gradually grow to enormous size . Made only three years after Honey , I Shrunk the Kids , this film is set three years after the events depicted in the previous film . It was filmed in 1991 . The antagonist to the Szalinskis is Dr. Charles Hendrickson ( John Shea ) , who wants the giant Adam stopped at all costs and would like to take over Wayne 's invention that is now owned by the major corporation they work for , which is in turn owned by the kind Clifford Sterling ( Lloyd Bridges ) . This film would be followed by one last sequel in 1997 , this time a direct - to - video film , Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves . A TV show would also follow the film in 1997 , called Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Direction 3.3 Lawsuit before release 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical 5 Soundtrack 5.1 1992 Track listing 5.2 2017 Track listing 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Four years after inventor Wayne Szalinski accidentally shrunk his and his neighbors ' children , his family have moved to Nevada and have welcomed a new son , mischievous 2 1 / 2 - year old Adam . Wayne 's wife Diane leaves on a Friday with their daughter Amy to help her settle for college , leaving Wayne to look after Adam and their teenage son Nick , who struggles with puberty . He develops a crush on Mandy Park , who Wayne later arranges to babysit Adam . The next day , Saturday , Wayne takes his sons to Sterling Labs , where he has constructed an advanced derivative of his shrink ray which could make objects grow . He tests it out on Adam 's toy Big Bunny . However , when Wayne and Nick 's backs are turned , Adam attempts to retrieve his toy and is zapped by the machine , which appears to short circuit and not enlarge the targeted object . Back home , Adam and Big Bunny are exposed to electrical waves from the microwave oven and grow in size , now seven feet tall . Wayne and Nick try to take Adam back to the lab to reverse the process , but are caught by Wayne 's superior Doctor Charles Hendrickson , who dislikes Wayne , later discovering his folly . Diane returns home and discovers the truth , and she , Wayne and Nick have a hard time trying to take care of the large Adam . Later , Wayne and Diane drive to a warehouse and retrieve Wayne 's first prototype to turn Adam back to normal . When Mandy arrives to babysit Adam , she panics and faints . Nick then ties her to a chair and gags her so she can not run away or scream . As Nick explains the situation to Mandy , Adam is exposed to a television 's electrical waves and grows to fourteen feet , before escaping through a wall . Nick and Mandy search for him , but they and Adam are taken into custody , with the latter placed into a truck . Wayne and Diane return home , finding the smug Hendrickson waiting for them . He has summoned Clifford Sterling , the company chairman , with the plan to fire Wayne and experiment on Adam . Sterling arrives , praising Wayne when he admits his mistake and agrees to help Adam , firing the rude Hendrickson as well . At the same time , Adam 's truck passes by high voltage lines , exposing Adam to more electrical waves and causing him to grow even larger , escaping confinement . Adam mistakes Nick and Mandy for toys and puts them in his overalls pocket before headng for Las Vegas , pursued by his family and the authorities . Wayne and Sterling figure out the cause of Adam 's growth and realize that exposure to Vegas 's neon lights will make Adam grow bigger than ever . Hendrickson turns to board director Terrence Wheeler , who wants to start a boardroom coup to take Sterling out of power . With his permission , Hendrickson forcefully boards a military helicopter to attempt to tranquilize Adam , despite the pilot 's reluctance . Wayne is determined to use his shrink machine to shrink Adam back to normal , but needs Adam to stand still for twelve seconds so he can be shrunk . At first , he tries using Big Bunny to pacify Adam , but it backfires when Wayne suggests his son takes a nap ( which he hates ) . After wandering through Las Vegas , Adam saves the escaped Nick and Mandy in a sports car from falling off the Kicking Lady of Glitter Gulch ( Fremont Street ) and puts the car inside his pocket again , before pursuing an ice cream truck driven by Marshall Brooks to distract him away from the city . However , he grows to a max height of 112 feet and heads towards the Hard Rock Café , where he plays the lit up guitar . Hendrickson arrives in the helicopter shooting tranquilizer cartridges at Adam , hitting the guitar instead and causing him to drop the guitar , crying from electric shock . Diane convinces Wayne to enlarge her so she can get to Adam , preventing Hendrickson from harming her son and getting Adam to stand still for the needed time period for the shrinking ray to work . Wayne then fires the shrink ray , returning Adam and Diane to normal size , but Nick and Mandy are gone . Hendrickson arrives , attempting to justify his actions , but an unforgiving Diane punches him in the face . In the closing scene , Nick and Mandy are revealed to have been shrunk inside the car from inside Adam 's pocket to the size of insects . They are quickly found by Wayne , who decides to give them a few minutes of privacy before unshrinking them . The only problem left now is how to shrink the gigantic Big Bunny back to normal size . Cast ( edit ) Rick Moranis as Wayne Szalinski , a wacky inventor . Marcia Strassman as Diane Szalinski , Wayne 's wife . Amy O'Neill as Amy Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's daughter . Robert Oliveri as Nick Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's teenage son . Daniel & Joshua Shalikar as Adam Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's two - year - old son . John Shea as Dr. Charles Hendrickson , Wayne 's insolent boss . Lloyd Bridges as Clifford Sterling , the president of Sterling Labs . Keri Russell as Mandy Park , Adam 's babysitter and Nick 's love interest . Ron Canada as Marshall Brooks Gregory Sierra as Terence Wheeler , a board member at Sterling Labs who is allied with Hendrickson . Michael Milhoan as Captain Ed Myerson , a military pilot who reluctantly pilots Hendrickson to confront Adam . Leslie Neale as Constance Winters Julia Sweeney as a Nosy neighbor Linda Carlson as another Nosy neighbor Production ( edit ) The film was not originally written as a sequel to Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . Originally titled Big Baby , it was about a toddler who grew to giant size by a freak accident involving a growth ray and eventually terrorized Las Vegas in a non-violent , yet Godzillaesque way . Disney saw the possibilities of making this into a sequel to Honey and rewrote the script . Whereas most of the characters from Big Baby were rewritten as characters from Honey , I Shrunk the Kids , there was no character in the original that `` Amy Szalinski '' could replace , so she is seen going away to college in the beginning of the film . Prior to this , sequel development was offered to screenwriter and teacher David Trottier . Casting ( edit ) Rick Moranis returns from the original film to portray `` wacky '' inventor Wayne Szalinski . Also returning is his wife , Diane , who is portrayed by Marcia Strassman . Amy O'Neill and Robert Oliveri return to portray the Szalinski children , Amy and Nick . Nick has matured in his personality and interests since the last film . He is still considered `` nerdy '' , but has taken more interest in girls and guitars . Casting director Renee Rousselot searched over 1,000 small children for someone to portray Adam , the newest addition to the Szalinski clan . She searched for mostly three - to four - year - old boys because a younger child was thought to be problematic . She came across twins Daniel and Joshua Shalikar , from New Jersey and immediately cast them in December 1990 . One twin would act in the morning , while the other was eating lunch or taking a nap . Baby consultant Elaine Hall Katz and director Randal Kleiser would plan the twins ' scenes a week in advance . Tom Smith reported that , `` On his own , Dan was almost too adventuresome to repeat one move , and Josh seemed very cautious . Put them together and they could do anything . '' However , the film did have difficulties in working with such small children , and one crew member later remarked it was `` like playing hopscotch on hot coals '' . At the time , the Shalikar twins were scheduled to appear in two more Honey films . They did appear once , but were recast in Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves . In the film , Nick has a crush on a girl named Mandy Park , played by Keri Russell in her first feature film . John Shea portrays Dr. Charles Hendrickson , who is scheming to get Wayne 's control of the project , while Lloyd Bridges portrays Clifford Sterling , the owner of Sterling Labs . Fred Rogers and Richard Simmons are also seen in videos in TV scenes in the film . Direction ( edit ) Randal Kleiser , of Grease and White Fang fame , was chosen to direct this film , replacing Joe Johnston . Kleiser would return to film with the cast in the 3D show , Honey , I Shrunk the Audience , which was at several Disney parks until 2010 . Like its predecessor , and Grease , Honey , I Blew Up the Kid had animated opening credits . Production began on June 17 , 1991 . Filming took place in Simi Valley , California for the parts involving the Szalinskis ' house . Also used extensively was well known places in Las Vegas such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino , the Mirage Hotel , and Fremont Street . The water park where Nick worked and where Mandy is first introduced is Wet ' n Wild in Las Vegas . It closed in 2004 , twelve years after the film . Special effects were used heavily throughout the film , but some were not . When Adam knocks down his bedroom 's door , production designer Leslie Dilley created a set with miniature furniture about four feet away from the camera , while the adult actors would be about fifteen feet away . Kleiser recalled , `` Danny was generally better at improvising and fresh reactions . Josh was better at following directions , so we would alternate . '' Lawsuit before release ( edit ) Disney would later find itself the subject of a lawsuit as a result of the film . The suit was filed in 1991 by Mark Goodson Productions director Paul Alter , who claimed to have come up with the idea of an oversized toddler after babysitting his granddaughter and watching her topple over building blocks . He wrote a screenplay titled `` Now , That 's a Baby ! '' , which had not been made into a film but had received some sort of treatment beforehand . Alter claimed there were several similarities between the movie and his script , which consisted of the baby daughter of two scientists falling victim to a genetic experiment gone wrong instead of an enlarging ray . The case went to trial in 1993 , with the jury finding in Alter 's favor . Disney was forced to pay $300,000 in damages . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film opened on July 17 , 1992 to 2,492 theatres , almost twice as many as the first film . It was No. 1 on opening weekend with $11,083,318 , and grossed $58,662,452 in the U.S. Critical ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2015 ) The film has received generally mixed reviews . It has a `` rotten '' rating of 39 % at Rotten Tomatoes based on 18 reviews . Desson Thompson and Hal Hinson , both writers from the Washington Post , agreed that the film was `` a one - joke film '' . Roger Ebert , from the Chicago Sun - Times , said that Adam `` did n't participate in the real world but simply toddled around '' . Soundtrack ( edit ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Soundtrack album by Bruce Broughton Released 1992 , 2017 ( expansion ) Genre Soundtrack Length 39 : 57 ( original ) 69 : 34 ( expansion ) Label Intrada Records Producer Bruce Broughton Intrada Records released the record in 1992 , in time for the film 's release . The score was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton , who would return to provide the score for Honey , I Shrunk the Audience . `` Stayin Alive '' by the Bee Gees appears in the film . So does `` Loco - Motion '' by Carole King , Gerry Goffin , and `` Ours If We Want It '' written by Tom Snow and Mark Mueller . The soundtrack album consists of just the score . In 2017 the label released an expanded edition included Broughton 's score for Off His Rockers , the animated short that preceded the film in cinemas . 1992 Track listing ( edit ) `` Main Title '' -- 3 : 03 `` To the Lab '' -- 1 : 53 `` Adam Gets Zapped '' -- 0 : 35 `` Putting on Weight ? '' -- 1 : 19 `` Macrowaved '' -- 3 : 15 `` How 'd She Take It ? '' -- 3 : 11 `` Sneaking Out '' -- 1 : 12 `` Do n't Touch That Switch ! '' -- 0 : 26 `` The Bunny Trick '' -- 2 : 41 `` Get Big Bunny '' -- 4 : 11 `` Clear the Streets ! '' -- 3 : 00 `` Car Flight '' -- 4 : 38 `` Ice Cream ! '' -- 3 : 47 `` Look at That Mother ! '' -- 2 : 26 `` That 's All , Folks ! '' -- 4 : 20 2017 Track listing ( edit ) Off His Rockers : Music From The Cartoon Short ( 4 : 27 ) Main Title ( 3 : 10 ) Meet The Szalinskis ( 1 : 04 ) Just Like Your Dad ( 1 : 36 ) To The Lab ( 1 : 58 ) Us Guys ( 1 : 02 ) Back To The Lab ( 1 : 14 ) Adam Gets Zapped ( 0 : 35 ) Putting On Weight ? ( 1 : 24 ) Macrowaved ( 3 : 20 ) Hi Guys , I 'm Home ( 0 : 57 ) How 'd She Take It ? ( 3 : 17 ) The Playpen ( 1 : 10 ) Sneaking Out ( 1 : 17 ) The Warehouse ( 2 : 07 ) Do n't Touch That Switch ! ( 0 : 26 ) He 's Out And He 's Bigger ( 0 : 34 ) The Bunny Trick ( 2 : 55 ) Truck Ride ( 0 : 35 ) Hendrickson Gets Sacked ( 0 : 46 ) Get Big Bunny ( 4 : 18 ) No Naaap ( 1 : 47 ) Clear The Streets ! ( 3 : 01 ) Car Flight ( 4 : 43 ) Ice Cream ! ( 3 : 53 ) Look At That Mother ! ( 2 : 30 ) Diane Decks Hendrickson ( 0 : 51 ) End Credits -- That 's All , Folks ! ( 4 : 25 ) Mandy ? ( 0 : 38 ) How Was Your Flight ? ( 0 : 14 ) Starting To Get Big ( 0 : 17 ) Wayne Gets Fired ( 0 : 22 ) It 's Not A Morphis ( 0 : 09 ) The Crate ( 0 : 15 ) He 's Headed For Vegas ( 0 : 10 ) Adam Catches The Car ( 0 : 20 ) Ca n't We Go Faster ? ( 0 : 20 ) Adam Cries ( 0 : 15 ) Mandy 's Room ( Rock Source # 2 ) ( 1 : 36 ) T.V. Commercial Source ( 0 : 17 ) End Credits -- That 's All , Folks ! ( Alternate ) ( 4 : 44 ) Home media ( edit ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid was first released on VHS and Laserdisc on January 6 , 1993 . The film was released on a bare - bones DVD in 2002 . While the VHS release contained no bonus material besides a music video , the laserdisc release contains the 1992 animated short film , Off His Rockers directed by Barry Cook , which accompanied the theatrical release . To date , Off His Rockers has only appeared on the laserdisc release of this film , making its availability rare , although the short can be viewed on YouTube . The film was released on VHS in 1997 , alongside its predecessor to coincide with the release of the third film in the series , Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.scriptmag.com/reviews/tool-reviews/how-the-writers-store-changed-my-life Jump up ^ Steve Daley ( August 7 , 1992 ) . `` Honey , the Kids Coulda Blown the Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Levitan , Corey ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Las Vegas is Cinema City '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Steve Daley ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Blowing Up Baby '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Disney , the Mouse Betrayed '' by Peter and Rochelle Schweitzer Jump up ^ Welkos , Robert W. ( 1993 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Jury Tells Disney to Pay $300,000 in ' Honey ' Case : Movies : A game show producer who claimed his treatment was used as the basis for ' Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ' wins suit . Disney says the film was a sequel to ' Honey , I Shrunk the Kids . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Honey , I Blew Up the Kid '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's Report on ' Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . 2000 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Official website Honey , I Blew Up the Kid on IMDb Honey , I Blew Up the Kid at the TCM Movie Database Honey , I Blew Up the Kid at AllMovie Honey , I Blew Up the Kid at Rotten Tomatoes Honey , I Shrunk the Kids Films Honey , I Shrunk the Kids Honey , I Blew Up the Kid Honey , We Shrunk Ourselves Television Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : The TV Show ( episodes ) Attractions Honey , I Shrunk the Audience ! Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : Movie Set Adventure Journey into Imagination with Figment Films directed by Randal Kleiser Peege ( 1973 ) Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) The Boy in the Plastic Bubble ( 1976 ) The Gathering ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) The Blue Lagoon ( 1980 ) Summer Lovers ( 1982 ) Grandview , U.S.A. ( 1984 ) Flight of the Navigator ( 1986 ) Big Top Pee - wee ( 1988 ) Getting It Right ( 1989 ) White Fang ( 1991 ) Honey , I Blew Up the Kid ( 1992 ) It 's My Party ( 1996 ) Shadow of Doubt ( 1998 ) Love Wrecked ( 2005 ) Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) Film portal 1990s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey,_I_Blew_Up_the_Kid&oldid=864818259 '' Categories : 1992 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s comedy science fiction films 1990s sequel films American films American children 's comedy films American comedy science fiction films American sequel films Films about size change Films directed by Randal Kleiser Films set in 1992 Films set in Nevada Films with live action and animation Honey , I Shrunk the Kids ( franchise ) Fiction about size change Walt Disney Pictures films Fictional portrayals of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Films scored by Bruce Broughton Films about giants Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from April 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 17 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	full cast of honey i blew up the kid	Rick Moranis as Wayne Szalinski , a wacky inventor . Marcia Strassman as Diane Szalinski , Wayne 's wife . Amy O'Neill as Amy Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's daughter . Robert Oliveri as Nick Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's teenage son . Daniel & Joshua Shalikar as Adam Szalinski , Wayne and Diane 's two - year - old son . John Shea as Dr. Charles Hendrickson , Wayne 's insolent boss . Lloyd Bridges as Clifford Sterling , the president of Sterling Labs . Keri Russell as Mandy Park , Adam 's babysitter and Nick 's love interest . Ron Canada as Marshall Brooks Gregory Sierra as Terence Wheeler , a board member at Sterling Labs who is allied with Hendrickson . Michael Milhoan as Captain Ed Myerson , a military pilot who reluctantly pilots Hendrickson to confront Adam . Leslie Neale as Constance Winters Julia Sweeney as a Nosy neighbor Linda Carlson as another Nosy neighbor
Miller - wikipedia Miller Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For other uses , see Miller ( disambiguation ) . Miller Miller at work in the De Hoed , Waarde windmill , Netherlands . Occupation vocation Activity sectors Agriculture Description Competencies Buying & Selling , Math , Machine repair , A miller is a person who operates a mill , a machine to grind a cereal crop to make flour . Milling is among the oldest of human occupations . `` Miller '' , `` Milne '' , and other variants are common surnames , as are their equivalents in other languages around the world ( `` Meunier '' in French , `` Müller '' or `` Mueller '' in German , `` Mulder '' and `` Molenaar '' in Dutch , `` Molnár '' in Hungarian , `` Molinero '' in Spanish , `` Molinaro '' or `` Molinari '' in Italian etc . ) . Milling existed in hunter - gatherer communities , and later millers were important to the development of agriculture . The materials ground by millers are often foodstuffs and particularly grain . The physical grinding of the food allows for the easier digestion of its nutrients and saves wear on the teeth . Non-food substances needed in a fine , powdered form , such as building materials , may be processed by a miller . Contents ( hide ) 1 Quern - stone 2 Status 3 Carnival 4 Miller 's thumb 5 See also 6 References Quern - stone ( edit ) A bedstone and rind . Dalgarven Mill , Scotland . The most basic tool for a miller was the quern - stone -- simply a large , fixed stone as a base and another movable stone operated by hand , similar to a mortar and pestle . As technology and millstones ( the bedstone and rynd ) improved , more elaborate machines such as watermills and windmills were developed to do the grinding work . These mills harnessed available energy sources including animal , water , wind , and electrical power . Mills are some of the oldest factories in human history , so factories making other items are sometimes known as mills , for example , cotton mills and steel mills . These factory workers are also called millers . The rynd in pre-reformation Scotland was often carved on millers ' gravestones as a symbol of their trade . Status ( edit ) In a traditional rural society , a miller is often wealthier than ordinary peasants , which can lead to jealousy and to millers being targeted in bread riots at times of famine . Conversely , millers might be in a stronger position vis - a-vis feudal land owners than are ordinary peasants . Carnival ( edit ) A man dressed as a medieval miller at a festival in Monselice , in Italy . The traditional carnival held annually in the city of Ivrea , Italy commemorates a spirited `` Mugnaia '' ( miller 's daughter ) who supposedly refused to let a local duke exercise his right of the first night , and proceeded to chop the duke 's head off and spark a revolution . Whatever the historical validity of the story , it is significant it was the daughter of a miller to whom folk tradition assigned this rebellious role . Miller 's thumb ( edit ) As an important part of his job , the miller repeatedly takes into his hand samples of the ground meal coming out of the spout in order to feel the quality and character of the product . The miller rubs the grain between his thumb and forefinger . After years of doing this the miller 's thumb changes shape and becomes broad and flattened . This is known as a `` miller 's thumb '' . Sayings such as `` worth a millerˈs thumb '' and `` an honest miller hath a golden thumb '' refers to the profit the miller makes as a result of this skill . The shape of a miller 's thumb is said to have the appearance of the head of a fish . The European bullhead ( Cottus gobio ) , a freshwater fish , is commonly called a miller 's thumb for this reason . See also ( edit ) Gristmill , a name for grain mills Medieval watermills , a list of early medieval watermills References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Surname Book and Racial History : A Compilation and Arrangement of ... , p. 165 , at Google Books Jump up ^ The Athenaeum , Issues 375 - 426 ( London , 1835 ) p. 297 . GND : 4208219 - 5 NDL : 00570306 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miller&oldid=809372934 '' Categories : Industrial occupations Grinding mills Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Français Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Magyar Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Walon Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 18 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what did a miller do in colonial times	A miller is a person who operates a mill , a machine to grind a cereal crop to make flour . Milling is among the oldest of human occupations . `` Miller '' , `` Milne '' , and other variants are common surnames , as are their equivalents in other languages around the world ( `` Meunier '' in French , `` Müller '' or `` Mueller '' in German , `` Mulder '' and `` Molenaar '' in Dutch , `` Molnár '' in Hungarian , `` Molinero '' in Spanish , `` Molinaro '' or `` Molinari '' in Italian etc . ) . Milling existed in hunter - gatherer communities , and later millers were important to the development of agriculture .
National Democratic alliance ( India ) - wikipedia National Democratic alliance ( India ) National Democratic Alliance Abbreviation NDA Chairperson Amit Shah Lok Sabha leader Narendra Modi Rajya Sabha leader Arun Jaitley Former Prime Minister ( s ) Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1996 , 1998 , 1999 -- 2004 ) Founder Bharatiya Janata Party Founded 1998 Political position Majority : Centre - right to Right - wing No. of members 46 Parties Seats in Lok Sabha 314 / 545 ( currently 533 members + 1 Speaker ) Seats in Rajya Sabha 85 / 245 Present Members 244 Number of states and union territories in government 19 / 31 Politics of India Political parties Elections The National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) is a centre - right coalition of political parties in India . At the time of its formation in 1998 , it was led by the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) and had thirteen constituent parties . Its chairman was former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee . Also representing the alliance are L.K. Advani , former Deputy Prime Minister , who is the acting chairman of the Alliance , Narendra Modi , current Prime Minister and Leader of the House in Lok Sabha ; and Arun Jaitley , Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha and Finance minister . The coalition was in power from 1998 to 2004 . The alliance returned to power in the 2014 General election with a combined vote share of 38.5 % . Its leader , Narendra Modi , was sworn in as Prime Minister of India on 26 May 2014 . Contents 1 History 2 Structure 3 Present Members and Seats in Parliament 4 NDA Governments in various states 4.1 List of Current NDA Chief Ministers 4.2 BJP Strength in State Legislatives Vidhan Sabha 5 List of Prime Ministers 6 List of NDA Candidates for 2014 7 Alliance Election wise 7.1 For Lok Sabha Election 2014 7.2 For Lok Sabha Election 2009 7.3 For Lok Sabha Election 2004 7.4 For Lok Sabha Election 1999 7.5 For Lok Sabha Election 1998 8 Past members 9 Year by year changes 9.1 2011 9.2 2012 Presidential election 9.3 2013 9.4 2014 9.5 2015 9.6 2016 9.7 2017 9.8 2018 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) Prime Minister Narendra Modi The National Democratic Alliance was formed in May 1998 as a coalition to contest the general elections . It was led by the Bharatiya Janata Party , and included several regional parties , including the Samta Party and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( AIADMK ) , as well as Shiv Sena , the only member which shared the Hindutva ideology of the BJP . With outside support provided by the Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) , the NDA was able to muster a slim majority in the elections of 1998 , and Atal Bihari Vajpayee returned as prime minister . The government collapsed within a year because the ( AIADMK ) withdrew its support . After the entry of a few more regional parties , the NDA proceeded to win the 1999 elections with a larger majority . Vajpayee became Prime Minister for a third time , this time for a full five - year term . The NDA called elections in early 2004 , six months ahead of schedule . Its campaign was based around the slogan of `` India Shining '' which attempted to depict the NDA government as responsible for a rapid economic transformation of the country . However , the NDA suffered a defeat , winning only a 186 seats in the Lok Sabha , compared to the 222 of the United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress , with Manmohan Singh succeeding Vajpayee as prime minister . Some commentators have stated that the NDA 's failure to reach out to the rural masses was the explanation for its defeat ; others have pointed to its `` divisive '' policy agenda as the reason . Structure ( edit ) The National Democratic Alliance does not have a formal governing structure in place , such as an executive board or politburo . It has been up to the leaders of the individual parties to make decisions on issues such as sharing of seats in elections , allocation of ministries and the issues that are raised in Parliament . Given the varied ideologies among the parties , there have been many cases of disagreement and split voting among the allies . Owing to ill health , George Fernandes , who was the NDA convener until 2008 , was discharged of his responsibility and replaced by Sharad Yadav , the then national president of the Janata Dal ( United ) political party . On 16 June 2013 , the JD ( U ) left the coalition and Sharad Yadav resigned from the role of the NDA convener . Then the CM of Andhra Pradesh Chandrababu Naidu was made the NDA convener . On 27 July 2017 JD ( U ) with the help of BJP formed the government in Bihar . Later , on 19 Aug 2017 JD ( U ) formally joined the NDA after 4 years . Present Members and Seats in Parliament ( edit ) Main article : List of National Democratic Alliance members Currently , the parties in and supporting the NDA are : No Party Current No. of MPs in Lok Sabha ( As of 18 July 2018 ) Current No. of MPs in Rajya Sabha ( As of 18 July 2018 ) Base State Bharatiya Janata Party 274 ( 271 Elected + 2 Nominated + 1 Speaker ) 69 ( 65 Elected + 4 Nominated ) National Party Shiv Sena 18 Maharashtra Lok Janshakti Party 6 0 Bihar , Manipur Shiromani Akali Dal Punjab 5 Rashtriya Lok Samta Party 0 Bihar 6 Apna Dal 0 Uttar Pradesh 7 Pattali Makkal Katchi 0 Tamil Nadu 8 National People 's Party 0 Meghalaya 9 All India N.R. Congress 0 Puducherry 10 Naga People 's Front 0 Nagaland 11 Republican Party of India ( A ) 0 Maharashtra 12 Bodoland People 's Front 0 Assam 13 Janata Dal ( United ) 6 Bihar 14 Sikkim Democratic Front Sikkim 15 Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party 0 Nagaland 16 Mizo National Front 0 0 Mizoram 17 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha 0 0 Maharashtra 18 Shiv Sangram 0 0 Maharashtra 19 Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi 0 0 Tamil Nadu 20 Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi 0 0 Tamil Nadu 21 Puthiya Needhi Katchi 0 0 Tamil Nadu 22 Jana Sena Party 0 0 Telangana , Andhra Pradesh 23 Gorkha Janmukti Morcha 0 0 West Bengal 24 Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party 0 0 Goa 25 Goa Forward Party 0 0 Goa 26 Goa Vikas Party 0 0 Goa 27 All Jharkhand Students Union 0 0 Jharkhand 28 Indigenous People 's Front of Tripura 0 0 Tripura 29 Manipur Peoples Party 0 0 Manipur 30 Kamtapur People 's Party 0 0 West Bengal 31 Jammu and Kashmir People 's Conference 0 0 Jammu and Kashmir 32 Kerala Congress ( Thomas ) 0 0 Kerala 33 Bharath Dharma Jana Sena 0 0 Kerala 34 Asom Gana Parishad 0 0 Assam 35 Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy 0 0 Kerala 36 People 's Party of Arunachal 0 0 Arunachal Pradesh 37 United Democratic Party 0 0 Meghalaya 38 Hill State People 's Democratic Party 0 0 Meghalaya 39 Praja Socialist Party 0 0 Kerala 40 Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha 0 0 Kerala 41 Kerala Vikas Congress 0 0 Kerala 42 Pravasi Nivasi Party 0 0 Kerala 43 Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party 0 0 Uttar Pradesh 44 Kerala Congress ( Nationalist ) 0 0 Kerala 45 People 's Democratic Front 0 0 Meghalaya 46 Manipur Democratic People 's Front 0 0 Manipur - Total 314 85 India NDA governments in various states ( edit ) Current ruling parties in India President 's rule BJP Coalition with BJP INC Coalition with INC Other parties ( AITC , BJD , TRS , TDP , AIADMK , CPI ( M ) , AAP ) As of July 2018 , the BJP holds a majority of Legislative Assembly in 13 states - Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Chhattisgarh , Gujarat , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Madhya Pradesh , Manipur , Rajasthan , Tripura , Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh . In 2 states - Goa and Maharashtra BJP shares power as Senior Partner ( Chief Ministers of BJP ) with other political parties of NDA coalition . In 4 other states , Bihar , Meghalaya , Nagaland and Sikkim . It shares power as Junior Partner with other political parties of the NDA coalition . The BJP has previously been the sole party in power in National Capital Territory of Delhi and Karnataka . It has also ruled Andhra Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir , Odisha , Punjab and Puducherry as part of coalition governments . List of Current NDA Chief Ministers ( edit ) See also : List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party No State / UT Govt Since Chief Minister CM 's Party CM Since Alliance Partner Seats in Assembly Percentage of Seats 01 Arunachal Pradesh 16 September 2016 Pema Khandu BJP 16 September 2016 Independents 50 / 60 98 02 Assam 19 May 2016 Sarbananda Sonowal BJP 19 May 2016 AGP , BPF 87 / 126 68 03 Bihar 27 July 2017 Nitish Kumar JD ( U ) 27 July 2017 BJP , LJP , RLSP , Independents 131 / 243 54 04 Chhattisgarh 4 December 2003 Raman Singh BJP 7 December 2003 None 49 / 90 54 05 Goa 9 March 2012 Manohar Parrikar BJP 14 March 2017 MGP , GFP , Independents 24 / 40 60 06 Gujarat 28 February 1998 Vijay Rupani BJP 7 August 2016 1 Independent 100 / 182 54 07 Haryana 19 October 2014 Manohar Lal Khattar BJP 26 October 2014 None 47 / 90 52 08 Jharkhand 23 December 2014 Raghubar Das BJP 28 December 2014 AJSU 47 / 81 57 09 Madhya Pradesh 4 December 2003 Shivraj Singh Chouhan BJP 29 November 2005 None 166 / 230 72 10 Maharashtra 19 October 2014 Devendra Fadnavis BJP 31 October 2014 Shiv Sena 186 / 288 65 11 Manipur 11 March 2017 Nongthombam Biren Singh BJP 15 March 2017 NPF , NPP , LJP 41 / 60 68 12 Nagaland 8 March 2018 Neiphiu Rio NDPP 8 March 2018 BJP , NPP , JD ( U ) , Independent 34 / 60 56 13 Rajasthan 8 December 2013 Vasundhara Raje BJP 13 December 2013 None 160 / 200 80 14 Sikkim 12 December 1994 Pawan Kumar Chamling SDF 12 December 1994 BJP 22 / 32 65 15 Tripura 9 March 2018 Biplab Kumar Deb BJP 9 March 2018 IPFT 44 / 60 73 16 Uttar Pradesh 11 March 2017 Yogi Adityanath BJP 19 March 2017 AD ( S ) , SBSP 325 / 403 84 17 Uttarakhand 11 March 2017 Trivendra Singh Rawat BJP 18 March 2017 None 57 / 70 83 18 Himachal Pradesh 18 December 2017 Jai Ram Thakur BJP 27 December 2017 None 44 / 68 68 19 Meghalaya 6 March 2018 Conrad Sangma NPP 6 March 2018 BJP , UDP , PDF , HSPDP , Independents 37 / 60 56 BJP Strength in State Legislatives Vidhan Sabha ( edit ) No State / UT Seats in Assembly Seats - BJP Seats - NDA Partners Government Ref ( s ) Andhra Pradesh 175 NA TDP Arunachal Pradesh 60 48 Independents ( 2 ) BJP Assam 126 61 Bodoland People 's Front ( 12 ) , Asom Gana Parishad ( 14 ) , Ganashakti Party ( 1 ) BJP Bihar 243 53 Janata Dal ( United ) ( 70 ) , Lok Janshakti Party ( 2 ) , Rashtriya Lok Samata Party ( 2 ) , Independent ( 4 ) NDA 5 Chhattisgarh 90 49 NA BJP 6 Goa 40 14 Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party ( 3 ) , Goa Forward Party ( 3 ) , Independents ( 3 ) BJP 7 Gujarat 182 100 1 Independent BJP 8 Haryana 90 47 NA BJP 9 Himachal Pradesh 68 44 NA BJP 10 Jammu and Kashmir 87 25 NA President 's rule 11 Jharkhand 81 43 All Jharkhand Students Union ( 4 ) BJP 12 Karnataka 224 104 NA UPA 13 Kerala 140 NA LDF 14 Madhya Pradesh 230 166 NA BJP 15 Maharashtra 288 122 Shiv Sena ( 63 ) , Rashtriya Samaj Paksha ( 1 ) , Independent ( 1 ) BJP 16 Manipur 60 31 Naga People 's Front ( 4 ) , Lok Janshakti Party ( 1 ) , National People 's Party ( 4 ) , All India Trinamool Congress ( 1 ) , Independent ( 1 ) BJP 17 Meghalaya 60 National People 's Party ( 19 ) , United Democratic Party ( 7 ) , People 's Democratic Front ( 4 ) , HSPDP ( 2 ) Independents ( 2 ) NDA 18 Mizoram 40 0 Mizo National Front ( 5 ) Congress 19 Nagaland 60 12 Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party ( 18 ) , National People 's Party ( 2 ) , Janata Dal ( United ) ( 1 ) , Independent ( 1 ) NDA 20 Odisha 147 10 NA BJD 21 Punjab 117 Shiromani Akali Dal ( 14 ) Congress 22 Rajasthan 200 160 National People 's Party ( 1 ) BJP 23 Sikkim 32 0 Sikkim Democratic Front ( 29 ) NDA 24 Tamil Nadu 234 0 NA AIADMK 25 Telangana 119 5 NA TRS 26 Tripura 60 36 Indigenous People 's Front of Tripura ( 8 ) BJP 27 Uttar Pradesh 403 312 Apna Dal ( S ) ( 9 ) , Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party ( 4 ) BJP 28 Uttarakhand 70 58 NA BJP 29 West Bengal 294 Gorkha Janmukti Morcha ( 3 ) AITC 30 NCT of Delhi 70 NA AAP 31 Puducherry 30 0 All India N.R. Congress ( 8 ) Congress Total 4120 1527 446 NDA States - 19 List of Prime Ministers ( edit ) No . Prime Ministers Year Duration Constituency Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1996 , 1998 -- 04 6 years Lucknow Narendra Modi 2014 Incumbent Varanasi List of NDA Candidates for 2014 ( edit ) Main article : List of NDA Candidates for 2014 Election Alliance election wise ( edit ) For Lok Sabha election 2014 ( edit ) Party Base State Seats Contested Seats Won Seat Change Bharatiya Janata Party National Party 426 282 166 Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 15 0 0 Pattali Makkal Katchi Tamil Nadu 8 Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 7 0 Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi Tamil Nadu 0 0 Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi Tamil Nadu 0 0 New Justice Party Tamil Nadu 0 0 Telugu Desam Party AP , Telangana 30 16 10 Jana Sena Party AP , Telangana 0 -- -- Shiv Sena Maharashtra 20 18 7 Swabhimani Paksha Maharashtra 0 Republican Party of India ( Athvale ) Maharashtra 0 0 Rashtriya Samaj Paksha Maharashtra 0 0 Shiromani Akali Dal Punjab 10 0 Lok Janshakti Party Bihar 7 6 6 Rashtriya Lok Samata Party Bihar Haryana Janhit Congress Haryana 0 Apna Dal Uttar Pradesh Kerala Congress ( Nationalist ) Kerala 0 0 Revolutionary Socialist Party ( Bolshevik ) Kerala 0 0 All India N.R. Congress Puducherry National People 's Party ( India ) Meghalaya Naga People 's Front Nagaland 0 Mizo National Front Mizoram 0 0 Manipur Peoples Party Manipur 0 -- -- Gorkha Janmukti Morcha West Bengal 0 -- -- Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party Goa 0 -- -- Goa Vikas Party Goa 0 -- -- North - East Regional Political Front North East # -- -- National Democratic Alliance -- Total India 543 336 195 ^ BJP had fielded 427 candidates on 427 seats out of 543 but nomination of BJP candidate S. Gurumoorthy was rejected from Niligiris for failing to submit mandatory forms during his nomination . ( # ) NPP , NPF and MNF are contesting in each Seats & Other 8 Members supporting NDA Candidates For Lok Sabha Election 2009 ( edit ) Prime minister candidate Parties L.K. Advani Bharatiya Janata Party Janata Dal ( United ) Shiromani Akali Dal Shiv Sena Indian National Lok Dal Rashtriya Lok Dal Asom Gana Parishad Nagaland People 's Front Gorkha Janmukti Morcha Uttarakhand Kranti Dal Kamtapur Progressive Party Ladakh Union Territory Front Telangana Rashtra Samithi For Lok Sabha Election 2004 ( edit ) Prime Minister Candidate Parties AB Vajpayee Bharatiya Janata Party Janata Dal ( United ) All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Telugu Desam Party Biju Janata Dal Shiromani Akali Dal All India Trinamool Congress Shiv Sena Janata Party Mizo National Front Indian Federal Democratic Party Manipur State Congress Party For Lok Sabha Election 1999 ( edit ) Prime Minister Candidate Parties AB Vajpayee Bharatiya Janata Party Janata Dal ( United ) Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Samata Party Biju Janata Dal Shiromani Akali Dal Nationalist Trinamool Congress Shiv Sena Pattali Makkal Katchi Lok Shakti Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhhagam Haryana Vikas Party Indian National Lok Dal Mizo National Front Sikkim Democratic Front Manipur State Congress Party Telugu Desam Party ( External Support ) For Lok Sabha Election 1998 ( edit ) Prime Minister Candidate Parties AB Vajpayee Bharatiya Janata Party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Samata Party Biju Janata Dal Shiromani Akali Dal Nationalist Trinamool Congress Shiv Sena Pattali Makkal Katchi Lok Shakti Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhhagam Haryana Vikas Party Janata Party Mizo National Front NTR TDP ( LP ) Past members ( edit ) No Party Base State Withdrawal Date Reason for Withdrawal Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 1999 Aligned with Indian National Congress during 1999 elections Lok Shakti Bihar 1999 Merged with Janata Dal ( United ) for 1999 Elections J & K National Conference J & K 2002 Blaming the BJP for its loss in the Jammu and Kashmir state elections . Samta Party Bihar 2003 Merged with Janata Dal ( United ) in 2003 5 Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu Aligned with Congress Party during 2004 elections 6 Haryana Vikas Party Haryana Aligned with Congress Party during 2004 elections 7 Indian Federal Democratic Party Kerala Following the 2004 election , Merged with Kerala Congress 8 All India Trinamool Congress West Bengal 2007 Aligned with the Congress party before the 2009 elections . 9 Indian National Lok Dal Haryana 2009 Left due to seat sharing disagreements during assembly elections 2009 . 10 Biju Janata Dal Odisha 2009 Left the alliance just over a month before the 2009 elections . 11 Telangana Rashtra Samithi Telangana 2009 Left the alliance post defeat in 2009 election . 12 Janata Dal ( Secular ) Karnataka Left the alliance in 2010 13 Ladakh Union Territory Front J & K Merged with BJP . 14 Kamtapur Progressive Party West Bengal Withdrew Support due to Merger with Kamtapur People 's Party . 15 Uttarakhand Kranti Dal Uttarakhand 2012 Withdrew Support before State Elections 16 Rashtriya Lok Dal UP 2012 Has allied with Congress for 2012 Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly election 17 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Jharkhand 2012 Withdrew from alliance in 2012 18 Janata Party Tamil Nadu 2013 Merged with BJP 19 Haryana Janhit Congress ( BL ) Haryana 2014 Withdrew from alliance before Haryana Legislative Assembly election , 2014 20 Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 2014 Withdrew alliance in a view to Tamil Nadu Elections 2016 21 Kerala Congress ( Nationalist ) ( Noble Mathew ) Kerala 2016 Merged with BJP 22 Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam Tamil Nadu 2016 Withdrew alliance in a view to Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election , 2016 23 Kerala Janapaksham Kerala 2016 Merged with BJP 24 Revolutionary Socialist Party of Kerala ( Bolshevik ) Kerala 2016 Withdrew alliance in a view to Kerala Legislative Assembly election , 2016 25 Maraland Democratic Front Mizoram 2017 Merged with BJP 26 Swabhimani Paksha Maharashtra 2017 Broke the alliance 27 Telugu Desam Party Andhra Pradesh 2018 Withdrawn Support from NDA on 16 March 2018 over the demand of Special Category status to Andhra Pradesh and failure to Implement the corresponding Bifurcation Act . 28 Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party Jammu and Kashmir 2018 BJP withdrawn support from JKPDP - led government on 19 June 2018 . Year by year changes ( edit ) 2011 ( edit ) New parties that have joined NDA coalition are Haryana based Haryana Janhit Congress ( BL ) and Maharashtra based Republican Party of India . Ajit Singh led Rashtriya Lok Dal withdrew from the NDA . 2012 presidential election ( edit ) Main article : Indian presidential election , 2012 NDA nominated P.A. Sangma as its presidential candidate who lost against UPA 's Pranab Mukherjee . Vice-Presidential election Jaswant Singh was named as the candidate for the post of Vice-President against UPA 's Hamid Ansari . Ansari won his second term in office . 2013 ( edit ) On 16 June 2013 , Nitish Kumar led Janta Dal United has withdrawn from NDA . On 13 September 2013 , Narendra Modi declared as PM candidate for 2014 Elections . On 11 August 2013 , after a discussion with BJP President Rajnath Singh , Janata Party Chairman Dr. Subramanian Swamy officially joined Bharatiya Janata Party and merged his Janata Party with the Bharatiya Janata Party in presence of BJP president Rajnath Singh. The announcement was made by Mr Swamy and BJP president Rajnath Singh after they met at the latter 's residence in Delhi . Former BJP chief Nitin Gadkari and senior party leader Arun Jaitley were also present at the meet . 2014 ( edit ) On 1 January 2014 , Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhhagam leader Vaiko has announced that MDMK formally joined back to NDA . Vaiko also announced Modi will be the best candidate for Prime Minister . The two small parties viz Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam and Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi have also joined NDA Alliance . The BJP would like Two more southern parties such as Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam , Pattali Makkal Katchi to also join the alliance . In Maharashtra , two regional political outfits , Swabhimani Paksha and Rashtriya Samaj Paksha , joined NDA in January . The coalition of Five parties is termed as Mahayuti . So in Maharashtra now NDA alliance consist of 5 Parties viz BJP , Shiv Sena , Republican Party of India , Swabhimani Paksha and Rashtriya Samaj Paksha . On 23 February 2014 , Rashtriya Lok Samata Party led by Upendra Kushwaha joined NDA and will be contesting at 3 Lok Sabha seats in Bihar . On 27 February 2014 Lok Janshakti Party led by Ramvilas Paswan joined NDA It would contest at 7 Lok Sabha Seats in Bihar during 2014 Elections . DMDK will be fighting Lok Sabha Election through an alliance with BJP led NDA . MDMK , PMK led Social Democratic Alliance are the other allies of NDA in Tamil Nadu . Maharashtra Navnirman Sena : Its President , Raj Thackeray announced external support to NDA on 9 March 2014 which is marked as Party 's formation day , supporting Narendra Modi as Prime Ministerial Candidate . Indian National Lok Dal : Its Gen. Sec. , Sh . Ajay Singh Chautala announced external support to NDA , supporting Sh . Narendra Modi as Prime Ministerial Candidate . Lok Satta Party : President Shri JP Narayan announced external support to NDA , supporting Sh . Narendra Modi as Prime Ministerial Candidate All India NR Congress ( AINRC ) formally joined NDA on 13 March 2014 and will be contesting in Puducherry . Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) rejoined NDA on 6 April , after breaking alliance in 2004 post general election defeat . Shiv Sena Though Shiv Sena has quit Mahayuti in Maharashtra , before Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Elections 2014 , but has decided to remain with NDA at the Centre . All Jharkhand Students Union clinched an alliance with BJP for Jharkhand Assembly elections under which its junior partner will contest eight of the 81 seats in the state . 2015 ( edit ) Bharatiya Janata Party on February 27 , 2015 clinched an alliance with People 's Democratic Party for Government Formation in Jammu & Kashmir under which its CM will be from PDP . 2016 ( edit ) In January 2016 , Bharatiya Janata Party clinched an alliance with Bodoland People 's Front in Assam . In March 2016 , after a meeting with AGP President Atul Bora and Former Chief minister Prafulla Kumar Mahanta , BJP formed an alliance with Asom Gana Parishad for upcoming Assam legislative assembly election 2016 . BJP also aligned with Rabha and Tiwa Tribe outfit Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch and Tiwa Jatiya Aikya Manch . In March 2016 , BJP forged an alliance with Kerala - based Ezhava outfit Bharath Dharma Jana Sena Party for Kerala Elections 2016 . Following BJP 's victory in the Assam Legislative Assembly Elections 2016 , the party formed an alliance of like - minded non-Congress parties in the Northeast , called the North - East Democratic Alliance , consisting of 11 regional parties of Northeast India . Himanta Biswa Sarma , BJP leader from Assam has been appointed Convener of the regional alliance . On December 21 , 2016 , Khandu was suspended from the party by the party president and Takam Pario was named as the next likely Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh replacing Khandu after People 's Party of Arunachal suspended Khandu along with 6 other MLAs . In December 2016 , Khandu proved majority on the floor with 33 of the People 's Party of Arunachal 's 43 legislators joining the Bharatiya Janata Party as the BJP party increased its strength to 45 and it has the support of two independents . He became second Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh of Bharatiya Janata Party in Arunachal Pradesh after the 44 days lead Gegong Apang government in 2003 . 2017 ( edit ) In January 2017 , Bharatiya Janata Party 's alliance partner Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party in Goa and Shiv Sena in Maharashtra came together to contest Goa Legislative Assembly election in 2017 against the BJP with another Sangh Pariwar group called Goa Suraksha Manch . The results of the 2017 Goa Assembly election gave rise to a hung assembly since no political party could achieve a complete majority of 21 in the 40 member Goa Legislative Assembly . The Indian National Congress emerged the largest party with 17 seats but ultimately , the Bharatiya Janata Party which emerged victorious in 13 constituencies formed the government with the support of the Goa Forward Party , Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party and independents . The Goa Forward Party expressed its support to the Bharatiya Janata Party on the condition that the then Union Defence Minister of India Manohar Parrikar would return to Goa as the Chief Minister of Goa . On 15 March 2017 , N. Biren Singh was sworn as the Chief Minister by having coalition with NPP , NPF , LJP and others , the first time that BJP formed a government in Manipur , though the INC emerged as the single largest party . On 27 July 2017 , Janata Dal ( United ) rejoined NDA and formed a coalition government with Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) in Bihar with Nitish Kumar as the Chief Minister and Sushil Kumar Modi as the Deputy Chief Minister , and with that BJP completed its domination in Hindi belt . 2018 ( edit ) On 9 March 2018 , Biplab Kumar Deb was sworn as the Chief Minister having pre-poll alliance with IPFT , the first time that BJP formed a government in Tripura . Telugu Desam Party ( TDP ) had withdrawn from NDA on 16 March 2018 . See also ( edit ) Coalition government United Progressive Alliance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Members : Lok Sabha '' . loksabha.nic.in . Lok Sabha Secretariat . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Simta Prakash ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` NDA implodes '' . Mid-day.com . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BJP 's 31 % lowest vote share of any party to win majority '' . Jump up ^ Keith Jones ( 9 October 1999 ) . `` Hindu chauvinist - led coalition to form India 's next government '' . World Socialist Web Site . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sen , Amartya ( 2005 ) . The Argumentative Indian . Penguin . p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` Rediff on the NeT : TDP helps Vajpayee wins confidence vote '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Sen , Amartya ( 2005 ) . The Argumentative Indian . Penguin . Jump up ^ Ramesh , Randeep ( 14 May 2004 ) . `` News World news Shock defeat for India 's Hindu nationalists '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Editorial ( 14 May 2004 ) . `` The Meaning of Verdict 2004 '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live : It was time to remove Cong from Centre , not to break ties , says Rajnath '' . IBN Live . 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nitish Kumar - led JD ( U ) passes resolution to join NDA '' . The Economy Times . 19 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Small parties , independents in great demand . Retrieved 15 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NDA hopeful of more pre-poll and post-poll friends '' . Business Standard . 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Tiwari , Ravish ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` Partners & possibles in BJP 's target 272 Page 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dutta , Debjani ( 13 March 2014 ) . `` Rangasamy in NDA , Names Ex-Speaker as LS Candidate '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BJP Forms State Chapter of NDA with 4 Parties '' . The New Indian Express . 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MPP to back BJP in Manipur LS polls '' . The Telegraph . Kolkota. 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apna Dal allies with NDA '' . The Hindu . 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northeast parties stitch alliance with NDA '' . Daily News and Analysis . Indo - Asian News Service . 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ R Guhambika ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` Homilies apart , TN NDA Tally Zilch on Women Candidates '' . The New Indian Express . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BJP Projects Grand Alliance of 28 Parties '' . The New Indian Express . 9 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goa Vikas party pledges support for BJP in Lok Sabha election '' . The Times of India . 29 March 2014 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Varma , Gyan ( 13 June 2015 ) . `` Manjhi joins NDA ahead of Bihar polls '' . livemint.com . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kerala Cong PC Thomas Faction Joins NDA '' . New Indian Express . 19 August 2015 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Ehsan , Mir . `` J&K govt formation : PDP against inducting Lone in cabinet '' . Srinagar : Indian Express . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mukane , Pratik ( 21 October 2014 ) . `` Maharashtra assembly polls : 36 of 58 candidates who defected to BJP failed to woo voters '' . Mumbai : Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved 23 August 2015 . Three other candidates who lost the election include alliance partner and Shiv Sangram 's leader Vinayak Mete Jump up ^ Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Assam Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Bihar Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Goa Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Gujarat Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Haryana Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Karnataka Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Kerala Legislature Jump up ^ Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Manipur Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Meghalaya Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Mizoram Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Nagaland Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Odisha Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Punjab Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Sikkim Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Telangana Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Tripura Legislative Assembly election , 2018 Jump up ^ Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ West Bengal Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Delhi Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ Puducherry Legislative Assembly Jump up ^ BJP suspends Nilgiris ( SC ) LS seat candidate S Gurumurthy . Daily News and Analysis . ( 5 May 2014 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ BJP suspends Nilgiris ' candidate ' for nomination goof . The Times of India . ( 6 May 2014 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Rejected candidate accuses RO of bias towards BJP . Zeenews.india.com . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Will NDA support AIADMK in Nilgiris ? . Business Standard ( 11 April 2014 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhushan Casts Doubts Over BJP Nilgiris Goof - up . The New Indian Express ( 13 April 2014 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ BJP members angry over Nilgiris nomination fiasco . Indiatvnews.com ( 15 April 2014 ) . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nitish shares stage with Modi in Ludhiana ; TRS joins NDA '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` Third Front is born , asks for nation 's trust '' . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Haryana Janhit Congress snaps ties with BJP '' . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` KC ( Nationalist ) to merge with BJP '' . The Hindu : Mobile Edition . Jump up ^ `` RSP ( B ) offers support to UDF '' . The Hindu : Mobile Edition . Jump up ^ http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/regional-party-in-mizoram-maraland-democratic-front-to-merge-with-bjp/805816/lite/&ved=0ahUKEwjQ86mCzdPVAhXBso8KHSo8A18QFggsMAI&usg=AFQjCNHhvrUU Jump up ^ `` Raju Shetti leaves NDA '' . The Hindu . New Delhi , India . 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NDA names Jaswant Singh as its vice-presidential candidate '' . 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Modi will become PM , says Vaiko '' . 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Can Modi 's magic help win BJP allies ? Three southern parties to decide soon '' . Hindustan Times . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Setback to AAP plans as Swabhimani Shetkari Sanghatana joins Sena - BJP led combine '' . The Economic Times . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SSS joins NDA , threat to NCP '' . The Indian Express . 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LS polls : BJP joins hands with Upendra Kushwaha 's Rashtriya Lok Samata Party -- IBNLive '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ram Vilas Paswan 's LJP returns lo to NDA , to contest from 7 seats in Bihar '' . Zeenews.india.com . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LJP rejoins NDA , would contest 7 seats in Bihar in 2014 Elections '' . news.biharprabha.com . Indo - Asian News Service . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Panwar , Preeti ( 26 February 2014 ) . `` Confirmed : DMDK - BJP form alliance in Tamil Nadu for LS polls -- News Oneindia '' . News.oneindia.in . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TDP back to NDA '' . The New Indian Express . 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shiv Sena to stay in NDA : Shiv Sena '' . THE CITY NEWS . Jump up ^ `` BJP clinches deal with AJSU in Jharkhand '' . Archived from the original on 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JK govt formation : PM Modi to attend swearing in of PDP - BJP govt led by Mufti Sayeed '' . The Indian Express . 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BJP forms alliance with Bodoland Peoples ' Front for Assam elections '' . The Times of India . Jump up ^ Alok Pandey ; Ketki Angre ; Sandeep Phukan ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` BJP Teams Up With Asom Gana Parishad For Assam Polls '' . NDTV.com . Jump up ^ Radhakrishnan Kuttoor . `` Kerala BJP to ride the Dharma Jana Sena '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ After Pema Khandu 's suspension , Takam Pario to be new Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh , PPA Chairman says Jump up ^ Takam Pario likely to be Arunachal CM in 2017 after PPA suspendsKhandu Jump up ^ Takam Pario , the richest Arunachal MLA , may replace Pema Khandu as CM Jump up ^ Khandu wins musical chairs game for BJP Jump up ^ Shifting to BJP , Pema Khandu drops 3 ministers , 2 advisors , 5 parliamentary secretaries Jump up ^ MGP - Sena - GSM form grand alliance to contest Goa polls Jump up ^ `` Goa Election 2017 : Manohar Parrikar resigns as defence minister , to be sworn - in as CM at 5 pm Tuesday '' . 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Defence Minister Manohar Parrikar Likely To Return To Goa As Chief Minister '' . Jump up ^ `` With Bihar in their pocket , Narendra Modi and Amit Shah have conquered the Hindi heartland '' . 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Lady and the Tramp - wikipedia Lady and the Tramp Jump to : navigation , search Lady and the Tramp Original theatrical release poster Directed by Clyde Geronimi Wilfred Jackson Hamilton Luske Produced by Walt Disney Story by Erdman Penner Joe Rinaldi Ralph Wright Don DaGradi Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene Starring Peggy Lee Barbara Luddy Larry Roberts Verna Felton Bill Thompson Bill Baucom Music by Oliver Wallace Edited by Don Halliday Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Distribution Release date June 22 , 1955 ( 1955 - 06 - 22 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $4 million Box office $93.6 million Lady and the Tramp is a 1955 American animated romantic musical comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney and released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 by Buena Vista Distribution . The 15th Disney animated feature film , it was the first animated feature filmed in the CinemaScope widescreen film process . Based on Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog by Ward Greene , Lady and the Tramp tells the story of a female American Cocker Spaniel named Lady who lives with a refined , upper - middle - class family , and a male stray mongrel called the Tramp . When the two dogs meet , they embark on many romantic adventures and fall in love . A direct - to - video sequel , Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure , was released in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.2. 1 CinemaScope 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.1. 1 Accolades 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Other media 7.1 Sequel 7.2 Live - action adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . '' Eventually , the baby arrives and the couple introduces Lady to the infant , of whom Lady grows fond . Soon after , Jim Dear and Darling leave for a trip , with their Aunt Sarah looking after the baby and the house . Aunt Sarah 's two trouble - making Siamese cats , Si and Am , deliberately mess up the house and trick her into thinking that Lady attacked them . Aunt Sarah then takes Lady to a pet shop to get a muzzle . Terrifed , Lady flees , only to be pursued by a trio of stray dogs . Tramp rescues her and finds a beaver at the local zoo who can remove the muzzle . Later , Tramp shows Lady how he lives `` footloose and collar - free '' , eventually leading into a candlelit dinner at Tony 's . Lady begins to fall in love with Tramp , but she chooses to return home in order to watch over the baby . Tramp offers to escort Lady back home , but when Tramp decides to chase hens around a farmyard for fun , Lady is captured by the dog catcher and brought to the local dog pound . While at the pound , the other dogs ( including Peg and Bull , who have been caught ) reveal to Lady that Tramp previously had multiple girlfriends and feel it is unlikely he will ever settle down . She is eventually claimed by Aunt Sarah , who chains her in the backyard as punishment for running away . Jock and Trusty visit to comfort Lady , but when Tramp arrives to apologize , Lady angrily confronts him about his past girlfriends and failure to rescue her from the pound . Tramp sadly leaves , but immediately thereafter a rat sneaks into the house . Lady sees the rat and barks frantically at it , but Aunt Sarah tells her to be quiet . Tramp hears her barking and rushes back , entering the house and cornering the rat in the nursery . Lady breaks free and rushes to the nursery , where Tramp inadvertently knocks over the baby 's crib before ultimately killing the rat . The commotion alerts Aunt Sarah , who sees both dogs and thinks they are responsible . She pushes Tramp in a closet and locks Lady in the basement , then calls the pound to take Tramp away . Jim Dear and Darling return home as the dog catcher departs , and when they release Lady , she leads them to the dead rat . Overhearing everything , Jock and Trusty chase after the dog catcher 's wagon . The dogs are able to track down the wagon and scare the horses , causing the wagon to crash . Jim Dear arrives in a taxi with Lady , and she reunites with Tramp , but their joy is short - lived when they find Trusty pinned underneath the wagon 's wheel , motionless , with Jock howling mournfully . That Christmas , Tramp has been adopted into the family , and he and Lady have started their own family , with three daughters who look like Lady and a son who looks similar to Tramp . Jock comes to see the family along with Trusty , who is still alive and merely suffered a broken leg , which is still healing . Thanks to the puppies , Trusty has a fresh audience for his old stories about his Grandpappy Old Reliable , but he has forgotten them . Cast Barbara Luddy as Lady , an American Cocker Spaniel . Larry Roberts as Tramp , a mongrel with a knack for dodging dog - catchers and the ability to pick locks with his nose . He calls Lady `` Pidge '' , short for Pigeon . Bill Thompson as Jock , a Scottish Terrier who is one of Lady 's neighbors . Thompson also voiced Joe , Tony 's assistant chef ; Bull , a stray male bulldog from the dog pound who speaks with a slight Cockney - Australian accent ; Dachsie , a stray male dachshund at the dog pound who speaks with a German accent ; and a policeman . Bill Baucom as Trusty , a bloodhound who used to track criminals with his Grandpappy , Old Reliable , until he lost his sense of smell . Verna Felton as Aunt Sarah , Darling 's sister who comes to take care of the baby when Jim Dear and Darling leave for a few days . Aunt Sarah is strict ; she does not understand dogs and thinks they are trouble . She blames both Lady and Tramp for the baby 's crib being knocked over , not knowing that they were actually protecting the baby from a vicious rat . However , she sends a box of dog biscuits in the final scene of the film in a presumed attempt to make amends for her mistreatment of the two dogs . George Givot as Tony , owner and chef of Tony 's Italian restaurant . He and Joe both have great affection for Tramp . Lee Millar as Jim Dear , the fatherly human figure and Darling 's husband . Millar also voiced the Dogcatcher . Peggy Lee as Darling , the motherly human figure and Jim Dear 's wife . Lee also voiced Si and Am , Aunt 's Sarah 's twin Siamese cats with a knack for mischief and never - ending trouble ; and Peg , a stray female Pekingese whom Lady meets at the pound ( along with the other dog inmates she was put in a cage with ) . The names of Si and Am are a play on the country of Siam and the idea of `` Siamese twins '' , the terminology of the time for conjoined twins . It is implied that Peg had a relationship with Tramp in the past , through the lyrics of the song she sings ( He 's a Tramp ) . Peg was formerly from the `` Dog and Pony Follies '' ( dog and pony show ) ; either the show ended or she was left behind . Peg has a Brooklyn Accent . Stan Freberg as the beaver , a clever , hard - working beaver at the zoo who speaks with a lisp . He gnaws off the muzzle that Aunt Sarah had placed upon Lady after Tramp realizes that the muzzle is just what the beaver needs for pulling logs . This character would later serve as the inspiration for Gopher from Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree . Alan Reed as Boris , a stray male Borzoi from the dog pound . He speaks with a Russian accent . Thurl Ravenscroft as Al the alligator Dallas McKennon as Toughy , a stray male mutt from the dog pound . He speaks with a slight Brooklyn accent , like Peg . McKennon also voiced Pedro , a stray male Chihuahua from the dog pound who speaks with a Mexican accent ; a professor , and a laughing hyena . The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , Bob Hamlin and Bob Stevens ) as Dog Chorus Production Story development In 1937 , Disney story man Joe Grant came up with an idea inspired by the antics of his English Springer Spaniel Lady , and how she got `` shoved aside '' by Joe 's new baby . He approached Walt Disney with sketches of Lady . Disney enjoyed the sketches and commissioned Grant to start story development on a new animated feature entitled Lady . Through the late 1930s and early 1940s , Joe Grant and other artists worked on the story , taking a variety of approaches , but Disney was not pleased with any of them , primarily because he thought Lady was too sweet , and there was not enough action . In the early 1940s , Walt read the short story written by Ward Greene , `` Happy Dan , The Whistling Dog '' , in Cosmopolitan magazine . He thought Grant 's story would be improved if Lady fell in love with a cynical dog character like the one in Greene 's story and bought the rights to it . The cynical dog had various names during development , including Homer , Rags , and Bozo , before `` Tramp '' was chosen . The finished film is slightly different from what was originally planned . Lady was to have only one next - door neighbor , a Ralph Bellamy - type canine named Hubert . Hubert was later replaced by Jock and Trusty . Aunt Sarah was the traditional overbearing mother - in - law . In the final film , she is softened to a busybody . Aunt Sarah 's Nip and Tuck were later renamed Si and Am. Originally , Lady 's owners were called Jim Brown and Elizabeth . These were changed to highlight Lady 's point of view . They were briefly referred to as `` Mister '' and `` Missis '' before settling on the names `` Jim Dear '' and `` Darling '' . To maintain a dog 's perspective , Darling and Jim 's faces are rarely shown , similar to Mammy Two Shoes in the Tom and Jerry cartoons . The rat was a somewhat comic character in early sketches , but became a great deal more frightening , due to the need to raise dramatic tension . A scene created but then deleted was one in which after Trusty says `` Everybody knows , a dog 's best friend is his human '' , Tramp describes a world in which the roles of both dogs and humans are switched ; the dogs are the masters and vice versa . There was a love triangle among Lady , Tramp , and a Russian wolfhound named Boris ( who appears in the dog pound in the final version ) . The film 's opening sequence , in which Darling unwraps a hat box on Christmas morning and finds Lady inside , is inspired by an incident when Walt Disney presented his wife Lily with a Chow puppy as a gift in a hat box . In 1949 , Grant left the studio , yet Disney story men were continually pulling Grant 's original drawings and story off the shelf to retool . A solid story began taking shape in 1953 , based on Grant 's storyboards and Greene 's short story . Greene later wrote a novelization of the film that was released two years before the film itself , at Walt Disney 's insistence , so that audiences would be familiar with the story . Grant did not receive film credit for his story work , an issue that animation director Eric Goldberg hoped to rectify in the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition 's behind - the - scenes vignette that explained Grant 's role . Singer Peggy Lee not only voiced four characters but co-wrote six songs for the movie . Animation As they had done with deer on Bambi , the animators studied many dogs of different breeds to capture the movement and personality of dogs . Although the spaghetti eating sequence is probably now the best known scene from the film , Walt Disney was prepared to cut it , thinking that it would not be romantic and that dogs eating spaghetti would look silly . Animator Frank Thomas was against Walt 's decision and animated the entire scene himself without any lay - outs . Walt was impressed by Thomas 's work and how he romanticized the scene and kept the scene in . On viewing the first take of the scene , the animators felt that the action should be slowed down , so an apprentice trainee was assigned to create `` half numbers '' in between many of the original frames . Originally , the background artist was supposed to be Mary Blair and she did some inspirational sketches for the film . However , she left the studio to become a children 's book illustrator in 1953 . Claude Coats was then appointed as the key background artist . Coats made models of the interiors of Jim Dear and Darling 's house , and shot photos and film at a low perspective as reference to maintain a dog 's view . Eyvind Earle ( who later became the art director of Disney 's Sleeping Beauty ) did almost 50 miniature concept sketches for the Bella Notte sequence and was a key contributor to the film . CinemaScope Further information : CinemaScope Originally , Lady and the Tramp was planned to be filmed in a regular full frame aspect ratio . However , due to the growing interest of widescreen film among movie - goers , Disney decided to animate the film in CinemaScope making Lady and the Tramp the first animated feature filmed in the process . This new innovation presented additional problems for the animators : the expansion of space created more realism but gave fewer closeups . It also made it difficult for a single character to dominate the screen so that groups had to be spread out to keep the screen from appearing sparse . Longer takes become necessary since constant jump - cutting would seem too busy or annoying . Layout artists essentially had to reinvent their technique . Animators had to remember that they had to move their characters across a background instead of the background passing behind them . Yet the animators overcame these obstacles during the action scenes , such as Tramp killing the rat . More problems arose as the premiere date got closer since not all theaters had the capability to show CinemaScope at the time . Upon learning this , Walt issued two versions of the film : one in widescreen , and another in the Academy ratio . This involved gathering the layout artists to restructure key scenes when characters were on the edges of the screen . Release Lady and the Tramp was originally released to theaters on June 22 , 1955 . At the time , the film took in a higher figure than any other Disney animated feature since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . An episode of Disneyland called `` A Story of Dogs '' aired before the film 's release . The film was also reissued to theaters in 1962 , 1972 , 1980 , and 1986 . Lady and the Tramp also played a limited engagement in select Cinemark Theatres from February 16 -- 18 , 2013 . Home media Lady and the Tramp was first released on North American VHS and Laserdisc in 1987 as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series and in the UK in 1990 . It was released on VHS in 1998 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection video series . A Disney Limited Issue series DVD of the film was released on November 23 , 1999 . After the first release on video tapes , Peggy Lee sought performance and song royalties on the video sales . Disney CEO Eisner refused , thus she filed suite in 1988 . Eventually in 1992 , the California Court of Appeals order Disney to pay Lee $3.2 million in compensation or about a 4 % on the video sales . Lady and the Tramp was remastered and restored for DVD on February 28 , 2006 , as the seventh installment of Disney 's Platinum Editions series . One million copies of the Platinum Edition were sold on February 28 , 2006 . The Platinum Edition DVD went on moratorium on January 31 , 2007 , along with the 2006 DVD reissue of the film 's sequel Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Lady and the Tramp was released on Blu - ray on February 7 , 2012 as a part of Disney 's Diamond Editions series . A standalone 1 - disc DVD edition was released on March 20 , 2012 . Reception Critical reception Despite being an enormous success at the box office , the film was also initially panned by critics ; one indicated that the dogs had `` the dimensions of hippos '' , another that `` the artists ' work is below par '' . However , the film has since gone on to become regarded as a classic . The sequence of Lady and Tramp sharing a plate of spaghetti -- climaxed by an accidental kiss as they swallow opposite ends of the same strand of spaghetti -- is considered an iconic scene in American film history . Lady and the Tramp was named number 95 out of the `` 100 Greatest Love Stories of All Time '' by the American Film Institute in their 100 Years ... 100 Passions special , as one of only two animated films to appear on the list , along with Disney 's Beauty and the Beast which ranked 34th . In 2010 , Rhapsody called its accompanying soundtrack one of the all - time great Disney and Pixar soundtracks . In June 2011 , TIME named it one of `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received an 89 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus states that `` A nostalgic charmer , Lady and the Tramp 's token sweetness is mighty but the songs and richly colored animation are technically superb and make for a memorable experience . '' Accolades Year Ceremony Award Result 1956 BAFTA Awards Best Animated Film Nominated David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Producer ( Walt Disney ) Won 2006 Satellite Awards Best Youth DVD Nominated American Film Institute Lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 95 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : He 's a Tramp -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- Nominated Animated Film Music Lady and the Tramp Soundtrack album by Various artists Released 9 September 1997 Genre Classical Length 48 : 00 Label Walt Disney Producer Ted Kryczko ( executive ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The score for the film was composed and conducted by Oliver Wallace . Recording artist Peggy Lee wrote the songs with Sonny Burke and assisted with the score as well . In the film , she sings `` La La Lu '' , `` The Siamese Cat Song '' , and `` He 's a Tramp '' . She helped promote the film on the Disney TV series , explaining her work with the score and singing a few of the film 's numbers . These appearances are available as part of the Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD set . On November 16 , 1988 , Peggy Lee sued the Walt Disney Company for breach of contract , claiming that she retained the rights to transcriptions of the music , arguing that videotape editions were transcriptions . After a protracted legal battle , she was awarded $2.3 million in 1991 . The remastered soundtrack of Lady and the Tramp was released on CD by Walt Disney Records on September 9 , 1997 , and was released as a digital download on September 26 , 2006 . Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Main Title ( Bella Notte ) / The Wag of a Dog 's Tail '' 2 : 03 2 . `` Peace on Earth ( Silent Night ) '' 1 : 01 3 . `` It Has a Ribbon / Lady to Bed / A Few Mornings Later '' 3 : 53 4 . `` Sunday / The Rat / Morning Paper '' 1 : 44 5 . `` A New Blue Collar / Lady Talks To Jock & Trusty / It 's Jim Dear '' 3 : 17 6 . `` What a Day ! / Breakfast at Tony 's '' 1 : 05 7 . `` Warning / Breakout / Snob Hill / A Wee Bairn '' 2 : 44 8 . `` Countdown to B - Day '' 2 : 05 9 . `` Baby 's First Morning / What Is a Baby / La La Lu '' 3 : 11 10 . `` Going Away / Aunt Sarah '' 1 : 51 11 . `` The Siamese Cat Song / What 's Going on Down There ? '' 2 : 35 12 . `` The Muzzle / Wrong Side of the Tracks '' 1 : 54 13 . `` You Poor Kid / He 's Not My Dog '' 1 : 23 14 . `` Through the Zoo / A Log Puller '' 1 : 59 15 . `` Footloose and Collar - Free / A Night at the Restaurant / Bella Notte '' 4 : 22 16 . `` It 's Morning / Ever Chase Chickens / Caught '' 2 : 51 17 . `` Home Sweet Home '' 1 : 30 18 . `` The Pound '' 1 : 27 19 . `` What a Dog / He 's a Tramp '' 2 : 24 20 . `` In the Doghouse / The Rat Returns / Falsely Accused / We 've Got to Stop That Wagon / Trusty 's Sacrifice '' 6 : 05 21 . `` Watch the Birdie / Visitors '' 2 : 05 22 . `` Finale ( Peace on Earth ) '' 0 : 31 Total length : 48 : 00 Other media Sequel Main article : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure On February 27 , 2001 , Disney Television Animation released a direct - to - video sequel to the film entitled Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure . Produced 46 years after its predecessor , the film centers on the adventures of Lady and Tramp 's only son , Scamp , who desires to be a wild dog . He runs away from his family and joins a gang of junkyard dogs to fulfill his longing for freedom and a life without rules . Reviews for the sequel were generally mixed to negative , with critics panning its plot . Live - action adaptation A live - action remake of Lady and the Tramp is in active developement for Disney 's planned streaming service . See also List of American films of 1955 References ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Christopher ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 8 : Interruption and Innovations '' . The Art of Walt Disney . pp. 234 -- 244 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 2702 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Goldberg . Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes : Story Development '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady and the Tramp History '' . Disney Archives . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Postwar Films '' . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Hercules . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6241 - 6 . Jump up ^ Deleted Scenes , Backstage Disney Diamond Edition , Lady and the Tramp 2012 Blu - ray Jump up ^ Walt : The Man Behind the Myth : Pre-production of Lady and the Tramp ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD . Disc 2 : `` Disney Backstage '' . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( August 7 , 1995 ) . `` It 's a Small World After All , Mr. Eisner '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( September 1986 ) . `` Willie Ito '' . Comics Interview ( 38 ) . Fictioneer Books . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp Platinum Edition DVD , Disc 2 : `` Behind the Scenes '' . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1955 ' , Variety Weekly , January 25 , 1956 Jump up ^ Newcomb ( 2001 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Wire , Business ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Cinemark Announces the Return of Favorite Disney Classic Animated Movies to the Big Screen '' . Dailyfinance.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Platinum Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Sales information of the DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp II information '' . Jump up ^ Liu , Ed ( November 11 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Release Two Amazing Classics From the Vault in 2012 '' . Toon Zone . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp DVD Movie '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Lady and the Tramp : Bill Thompson , Peggy Lee , Larry Roberts , Barbara Luddy , Bill Baucom : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Walt and Education : Part I '' . The Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` 100 Most Iconic Film Images , Moments , or Scenes '' . filmsite . AMC . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Years ... 100 Passions List of 100 Winning Movies '' ( PDF ) . AFI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Essential Disney & Pixar Soundtracks '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Corliss ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films -- Lady and the Tramp '' . Time . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bafta Awards http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1955 Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Academia del Cinema Italiano `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Press Academy `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Ballot '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lady and the Tramp at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Peggy Lee 's Film Appearances '' . Peggy Lee 's Official Website . Jump up ^ Collins , Glenn ( November 17 , 1988 ) . `` Peggy Lee article '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Stars share royalties victory '' . BBC News . June 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( Disney ) - Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` Disney Unveils Inaugural Streaming Service Launch Slate To Town ; No R - Rated Fare '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . External links Official website Lady and the Tramp on IMDb Lady and the Tramp at Rotten Tomatoes Lady and the Tramp at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Hamilton Luske Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Ben and Me ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_and_the_Tramp&oldid=825368527 '' Categories : 1955 films English - language films 1955 animated films 1950s American animated films 1950s comedy - drama films 1950s romantic comedy films 1950s romantic drama films 1950s romantic musical films American films American children 's animated films American children 's drama films American comedy - drama films American musical comedy films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated duos Animated films about dogs Animated musical films Animated romance films Children 's comedy - drama films CinemaScope films Films directed by Clyde Geronimi Films directed by Hamilton Luske Films directed by Wilfred Jackson Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1900s Films set in the United States Rotoscoped films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Articles with Italian - language external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 00 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the lady and the tramp take place	On Christmas morning , 1909 , in a quaint Midwestern town , Jim Dear gives his wife Darling an American cocker spaniel puppy that she names Lady . Lady enjoys a happy life with the couple and befriends two local neighborhood dogs , Jock , a Scottish terrier , and Trusty , a bloodhound . Meanwhile , across town , a stray mongrel called the Tramp lives on his own , dining on scraps from Tony 's Italian restaurant and protecting his fellow strays Peg ( a Pekingese ) and Bull ( a bulldog ) from the local dogcatcher . One day , Lady is saddened after her owners begin treating her rather coldly . Jock and Trusty visit her and determine that their change in behavior is due to Darling expecting a baby . While Jock and Trusty try to explain what a baby is , Tramp interrupts the conversation and offers his own thoughts on the matter , making Jock and Trusty take an immediate dislike to the stray and order him out of the yard . As Tramp leaves , he reminds Lady that `` when the baby moves in , the dog moves out . ''
Religion in the United States - Wikipedia Religion in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Mythology Folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Pastimes Sport Media Radio Cinema Television Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal Religion in the United States is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices . Various religious faiths have flourished within the United States . A majority of Americans report that religion plays a very important role in their lives , a proportion unique among developed countries . Historically , the United States has always been marked by religious pluralism and diversity , beginning with various native beliefs of the pre-colonial time . In colonial times , Anglicans , Catholics and mainline Protestants , as well as Jews , arrived from Europe . Eastern Orthodoxy has been present since the Russian colonization of Alaska . Various dissenting Protestants , who left the Church of England , greatly diversified the religious landscape . The Great Awakenings gave birth to multiple Evangelical Protestant denominations ; membership in Methodist and Baptist churches increased drastically in the Second Great Awakening . In the 18th century , deism found support among American upper classes and thinkers . The Episcopal Church , splitting from the Church of England , came into being in the American Revolution . New Protestant branches like Adventism emerged ; Restorationists and other Christians like the Jehovah 's Witnesses , the Latter Day Saint movement , Churches of Christ and Church of Christ , Scientist , as well as Unitarian and Universalist communities all spread in the 19th century . Pentecostalism emerged in the early 20th century as a result of the Azusa Street Revival . Scientology emerged in the 1950s . Unitarian Universalism resulted from the merge of Unitarian and Universalist churches in the 20th century . Beginning in 1990s , the religious share of Christians is decreasing due to secularization , while Buddhism , Hinduism , Islam , and other religions are spreading . Protestantism , historically dominant , ceased to be the religious category of the majority in the early 2010s . The majority of U.S. adults self - identify as Christians , while close to a quarter claim no religious affiliation . According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 70.6 % of the adult population identified themselves as Christians , with 46.5 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 20.8 % professing Catholic beliefs . The same study says that other religions ( including Judaism , Buddhism , Hinduism , and Islam ) collectively make up about 6 % of the population . According to a 2012 survey by the Pew forum , 36 % of U.S. adults state that they attend services nearly every week or more . According to a 2016 Gallup poll , Mississippi ( with 63 % of its adult population described as very religious , saying that religion is important to them and attending religious services almost every week ) is the most religious state in the country , while New Hampshire ( with only 20 % of its adult population described as very religious ) is the least religious state . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Freedom of religion 3 Abrahamic religions 3.1 Christianity 3.1. 1 Mainline Protestant denominations 3.1. 2 Christian settlers 3.2 Judaism 3.3 Islam 3.4 Bahá'í Faith 3.5 Rastafarianism 4 Asian religions 4.1 Buddhism 4.2 Hinduism 4.3 Jainism 4.4 Sikhism 4.5 Taoism 5 No religion 5.1 Agnosticism , atheism , and humanism 5.1. 1 Deism 5.1. 2 Belief in the existence of a god 5.2 Spiritual but not religious 6 Others 6.1 Native American religions 6.2 Neopaganism 6.2. 1 Druidry 6.2. 2 Wicca 6.3 New Thought Movement 6.4 Unitarian Universalism 7 Major religious movements founded in the United States 7.1 Christian 7.2 Other 8 Government positions 9 Statistics 9.1 Gallup , Inc. data 9.2 Pew Research Center data 9.3 PROLADES data 9.4 Attendance 10 Religion and politics 11 Membership reported by congregations 11.1 Christian bodies 11.2 ARDA survey 12 ARIS findings regarding self - identification 13 Ethnicity 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Bibliography 15.2 Historiography 16 External links History Main article : History of religion in the United States From early colonial days , when some English and German settlers came in search of religious freedom , America has been profoundly influenced by religion . That influence continues in American culture , social life , and politics . Several of the original Thirteen Colonies were established by settlers who wished to practice their own religion within a community of like - minded people : the Massachusetts Bay Colony was established by English Puritans ( Congregationalists ) , Pennsylvania by British Quakers , Maryland by English Catholics , and Virginia by English Anglicans . Despite these , and as a result of intervening religious strife and preference in England the Plantation Act 1740 would set official policy for new immigrants coming to British America until the American Revolution . The text of the First Amendment to the country 's Constitution states that `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech , or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble , and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances . '' It guarantees the free exercise of religion while also preventing the government from establishing a state religion . However the states were not bound by the provision and as late as the 1830s Massachusetts provided tax money to local Congregational churches . The Supreme Court since the 1940s has interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the First Amendment to the state and local governments . President John Adams and a unanimous Senate endorsed the Treaty of Tripoli in 1797 that stated : `` the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion . '' Going forward from its foundation , the United States has been called a Protestant nation by a variety of sources . According to a 2002 survey by the Pew Research Center , nearly 6 in 10 Americans said that religion plays an important role in their lives , compared to 33 % in Great Britain , 27 % in Italy , 21 % in Germany , 12 % in Japan , and 11 % in France . The survey report stated that the results showed America having a greater similarity to developing nations ( where higher percentages say that religion plays an important role ) than to other wealthy nations , where religion plays a minor role . In 1963 , 90 % of U.S. adults claimed to be Christian while only 2 % professed no religious identity . In 2014 , close to 70 % identify as Christian while close to 23 % claim no religious identity . Freedom of religion The United States federal government was the first national government to have no official state - endorsed religion . However , some states had established religions in some form until the 1830s . Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , the framers of the Constitution rejected any religious test for office , and the First Amendment specifically denied the federal government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise , thus protecting any religious organization , institution , or denomination from government interference . The decision was mainly influenced by European Rationalist and Protestant ideals , but was also a consequence of the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups and small states that did not want to be under the power or influence of a national religion that did not represent them . Abrahamic religions Christianity Main article : Christianity in the United States The most popular religion in the U.S. is Christianity , comprising the majority of the population ( 70.6 % of adults in 2014 ) . According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March 2017 , based on data from 2010 , Christians were the largest religious population in all 3,143 counties in the country . Roughly 46.5 % of Americans are Protestants , 20.8 % are Catholics , 1.6 % are Mormons ( the name commonly used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ) , and 1.7 % have affiliations with various other Christian denominations . Christianity was introduced during the period of European colonization . Washington National Cathedral , the Episcopal cathedral in Washington , D.C. According to a 2012 review by the National Council of Churches , the five largest denominations are : The Catholic Church , 68,202,492 members The Southern Baptist Convention , 16,136,044 members The United Methodist Church , 7,679,850 members The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , 6,157,238 members The Church of God in Christ , 5,499,875 members The Southern Baptist Convention , with over 16 million adherents , is the largest of more than 200 distinctly named Protestant denominations . In 2007 , members of evangelical churches comprised 26 % of the American population , while another 18 % belonged to mainline Protestant churches , and 7 % belonged to historically black churches . A 2015 study estimates some 450,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in the country , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . In 2010 there were approximately 180,000 Arab Americans and about 130,000 Iranian Americans who converted from Islam to Christianity . Dudley Woodbury , a Fulbright scholar of Islam , estimates that 20,000 Muslims convert to Christianity annually in the United States . Mainline Protestant denominations Historians agree that members of mainline Protestant denominations have played leadership roles in many aspects of American life , including politics , business , science , the arts , and education . They founded most of the country 's leading institutes of higher education . According to Harriet Zuckerman , 72 % of American Nobel Prize Laureates between 1901 and 1972 , have identified from Protestant background . Episcopalians and Presbyterians tend to be considerably wealthier and better educated than most other religious groups , and numbers of the most wealthy and affluent American families as the Vanderbilts and Astors , Rockefeller , Du Pont , Roosevelt , Forbes , Whitneys , Morgans and Harrimans are Mainline Protestant families , though those affiliated with Judaism are the wealthiest religious group in the United States and those affiliated with Catholicism , owing to sheer size , have the largest number of adherents of all groups in the top income bracket . Some of the first colleges and universities in America , including Harvard , Yale , Princeton , Columbia , Dartmouth , Williams , Bowdoin , Middlebury , and Amherst , all were founded by mainline Protestant denominations . By the 1920s most had weakened or dropped their formal connection with a denomination . James Hunter argues that : The private schools and colleges established by the mainline Protestant denominations , as a rule , still want to be known as places that foster values , but few will go so far as to identify those values as Christian ... Overall , the distinctiveness of mainline Protestant identity has largely dissolved since the 1960s . Christian settlers Beginning around 1600 European settlers introduced Anglican and Puritans religion , as well as Baptist , Presbyterian , Lutheran , Quaker , and Moravian denominations . The Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City , Utah Beginning in the 16th century , the Spanish ( and later the French and English ) introduced Catholicism . From the 19th century to the present , Catholics came to the US in large numbers due to immigration of Italians , Hispanics , Portuguese , French , Polish , Irish , Highland Scots , Dutch , Flemish , Hungarians , Germans , Lebanese ( Maronite ) , and other ethnic groups . Eastern Orthodoxy was brought to America by Greek , Ukrainian , Armenian , and other immigrant groups . The Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington , D.C. , is the largest Catholic church in the US . Several Christian groups were founded in America during the Great Awakenings . Interdenominational evangelicalism and Pentecostalism emerged ; new Protestant denominations such as Adventism ; non-denominational movements such as the Restoration Movement ( which over time separated into the Churches of Christ , the Christian churches and churches of Christ , and the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) ) ; Jehovah 's Witnesses ( called `` Bible Students '' in the latter part of the 19th century ) ; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( Mormonism ) . The strength of various sects varies greatly in different regions of the country , with rural parts of the South having many evangelicals but very few Catholics ( except Louisiana and the Gulf Coast , and from among the Hispanic community , both of which consist mainly of Catholics ) , while urbanized areas of the north Atlantic states and Great Lakes , as well as many industrial and mining towns , are heavily Catholic , though still quite mixed , especially due to the heavily Protestant African - American communities . In 1990 , nearly 72 % of the population of Utah was Mormon , as well as 26 % of neighboring Idaho . Lutheranism is most prominent in the Upper Midwest , with North Dakota having the highest percentage of Lutherans ( 35 % according to a 2001 survey ) . The largest religion , Christianity , has proportionately diminished since 1990 . While the absolute number of Christians rose from 1990 to 2008 , the percentage of Christians dropped from 86 % to 76 % . A nationwide telephone interview of 1,002 adults conducted by The Barna Group found that 70 % of American adults believe that God is `` the all - powerful , all - knowing creator of the universe who still rules it today '' , and that 9 % of all American adults and 0.5 % young adults hold to what the survey defined as a `` biblical worldview '' . Episcopalian , Presbyterian , Eastern Orthodox and United Church of Christ members have the highest number of graduate and post-graduate degrees per capita of all Christian denominations in the United States , as well as the most high - income earners. However , owing to the sheer size or demographic head count of Catholics , more individual Catholics have graduate degrees and are in the highest income brackets than have or are individuals of any other religious community . Judaism Main articles : American Jews and History of the Jews in the United States After Christianity , Judaism is the next largest religious affiliation in the US , though this identification is not necessarily indicative of religious beliefs or practices . There are between 5.3 and 6.6 million Jews . A significant number of people identify themselves as American Jews on ethnic and cultural grounds , rather than religious ones . For example , 19 % of self - identified American Jews do not believe God exists . The 2001 ARIS study projected from its sample that there are about 5.3 million adults in the American Jewish population : 2.83 million adults ( 1.4 % of the U.S. adult population ) are estimated to be adherents of Judaism ; 1.08 million are estimated to be adherents of no religion ; and 1.36 million are estimated to be adherents of a religion other than Judaism . ARIS 2008 estimated about 2.68 million adults ( 1.2 % ) in the country identify Judaism as their faith . Touro Synagogue , ( built 1759 ) in Newport , Rhode Island has the oldest still existing synagogue building in the United States . Jews have been present in what is now the US since the 17th century , and specifically allowed since the British colonial Plantation Act 1740 . Although small Western European communities initially developed and grew , large - scale immigration did not take place until the late 19th century , largely as a result of persecutions in parts of Eastern Europe . The Jewish community in the United States is composed predominantly of Ashkenazi Jews whose ancestors emigrated from Central and Eastern Europe . There are , however , small numbers of older ( and some recently arrived ) communities of Sephardi Jews with roots tracing back to 15th century Iberia ( Spain , Portugal , and North Africa ) . There are also Mizrahi Jews ( from the Middle East , Caucasia and Central Asia ) , as well as much smaller numbers of Ethiopian Jews , Indian Jews , Kaifeng Jews and others from various smaller Jewish ethnic divisions . Approximately 25 % of the Jewish American population lives in New York City . According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March , 2017 , based on data from 2010 , Jews were the largest minority religion in 231 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country . According to a 2014 survey conducted by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public life , 1.7 % of adults in the U.S. identify Judaism as their religion . Among those surveyed , 44 % said they were Reform Jews , 22 % said they were Conservative Jews , and 14 % said they were Orthodox Jews . According to the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey , 38 % of Jews were affiliated with the Reform tradition , 35 % were Conservative , 6 % were Orthodox , 1 % were Reconstructionists , 10 % linked themselves to some other tradition , and 10 % said they are `` just Jewish '' . Congregation Shearith Israel ( founded 1655 ) in New York is the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States . The Pew Research Center report on American Judaism released in October 2013 revealed that 22 % of Jewish Americans say they have `` no religion '' and the majority of respondents do not see religion as the primary constituent of Jewish identity . 62 % believe Jewish identity is based primarily in ancestry and culture , only 15 % in religion . Among Jews who gave Judaism as their religion , 55 % based Jewish identity on ancestry and culture , and 66 % did not view belief in God as essential to Judaism . A 2009 study estimated the Jewish population ( including both those who define themselves as Jewish by religion and those who define themselves as Jewish in cultural or ethnic terms ) to be between 6.0 and 6.4 million . According to a study done in 2000 there were an estimated 6.14 million Jewish people in the country , about 2 % of the population . According to the 2001 National Jewish Population Survey , 4.3 million American Jewish adults have some sort of strong connection to the Jewish community , whether religious or cultural . Jewishness is generally considered an ethnic identity as well as a religious one . Among the 4.3 million American Jews described as `` strongly connected '' to Judaism , over 80 % have some sort of active engagement with Judaism , ranging from attendance at daily prayer services on one end of the spectrum to attending Passover Seders or lighting Hanukkah candles on the other . The survey also discovered that Jews in the Northeast and Midwest are generally more observant than Jews in the South or West . Reflecting a trend also observed among other religious groups , Jews in the Northwestern United States are typically the least observant of tradition . The Jewish American community has higher household incomes than average , and is one of the best educated religious communities in the United States . Islam Main article : Islam in the United States The Islamic Center of Washington in the nation 's capital is a leading American Islamic Center . Islam is the third largest faith in the United States , after Christianity and Judaism , representing 0.9 % of the population . According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March , 2017 , based on data from 2010 , Muslims were the largest minority religion in 392 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country . Islam in America effectively began with the arrival of African slaves . It is estimated that about 10 % of African slaves transported to the United States were Muslim . Most , however , became Christians , and the United States did not have a significant Muslim population until the arrival of immigrants from Arab and East Asian Muslim areas . According to some experts , Islam later gained a higher profile through the Nation of Islam , a religious group that appealed to black Americans after the 1940s ; its prominent converts included Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali . The first Muslim elected in Congress was Keith Ellison in 2006 , followed by André Carson in 2008 . The Islamic Center of America in Dearborn , Michigan , is the largest mosque in the United States . Research indicates that Muslims in the United States are generally more assimilated and prosperous than their counterparts in Europe . Like other subcultural and religious communities , the Islamic community has generated its own political organizations and charity organizations . Bahá'í faith Main article : Bahá'í Faith in North America Bahá'í House of Worship ( built 1953 ) in Wilmette , Illinois , is the oldest still existing Bahá'í house of worship in the world and the only one in the United States . The United States has perhaps the second largest Bahá'í community in the world . First mention of the faith in the U.S. was at the inaugural Parliament of World Religions , which was held at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 . In 1894 , Ibrahim George Kheiralla , a Syrian Bahá'í immigrant , established a community in the U.S. He later left the main group and founded a rival movement . According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March , 2017 , based on data from 2010 , Bahá'ís were the largest minority religion in 80 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country . Rastafarianism Main article : Rastafari movement in the United States Rastafarians began migrating to the United States in the 1950s , ' 60s and ' 70s from the religion 's 1930s birthplace , Jamaica . Marcus Garvey , who is considered a prophet by many Rastafarians , rose to prominence and cultivated many of his ideas in the United States . Asian religions Buddhism Main article : Buddhism in the United States Hsi Lai Temple ( `` Coming West Temple '' ) , a Buddhist monastery in Hacienda Heights , California , near Los Angeles Buddhism entered the US during the 19th century with the arrival of the first immigrants from East Asia . The first Buddhist temple was established in San Francisco in 1853 by Chinese Americans . During the late 19th century Buddhist missionaries from Japan came to the US . During the same time period , US intellectuals started to take interest in Buddhism . Tibetan Buddhist temple in Seattle , Washington The first prominent US citizen to publicly convert to Buddhism was Henry Steel Olcott in 1880 who is still honored in Sri Lanka for these efforts ... An event that contributed to the strengthening of Buddhism in the US was the Parliament of the World 's Religions in 1893 , which was attended by many Buddhist delegates sent from India , China , Japan , Vietnam , Thailand and Sri Lanka . The early 20th century was characterized by a continuation of tendencies that had their roots in the 19th century . The second half , by contrast , saw the emergence of new approaches , and the move of Buddhism into the mainstream and making itself a mass and social religious phenomenon . Estimates of the number of Buddhists in the United States vary between 0.5 % and 0.9 % , with 0.7 % reported by both the CIA and Pew . According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March , 2017 , based on data from 2010 , Buddhists were the largest minority religion in 186 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country . Hinduism Main article : Hinduism in the United States Detail of Malibu Hindu Temple in Calabasas , California Hinduism is the fourth largest faith in the United States , representing 0.7 % of the population . The first time Hinduism entered the U.S. is not clearly identifiable . However , large groups of Hindus have immigrated from India and other Asian countries since the enactment of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 . During the 1960s and 1970s Hinduism exercised fascination contributing to the development of New Age thought . During the same decades the International Society for Krishna Consciousness ( a Vaishnavite Hindu reform organization ) was founded in the US . In 2001 , there were an estimated 766,000 Hindus in the US , about 0.2 % of the total population . According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies newsletter published March , 2017 , based on data from 2010 , Hindus were the largest minority religion in 92 counties out of the 3143 counties in the country . In 2004 the Hindu American Foundation -- a national institution protecting rights of the Hindu community of U.S. -- was founded . American Hindus have one of the highest rates of educational attainment and household income among all religious communities , and tend to have lower divorce rates . Jainism Main article : Jainism in the United States Jain Center of Greater Phoenix ( JCGP ) Adherents of Jainism first arrived in the United States in the 20th century . The most significant time of Jain immigration was in the early 1970s . The United States has since become a center of the Jain Diaspora . The Federation of Jain Associations in North America is an umbrella organization of local American and Canadian Jain congregations to preserve , practice , and promote Jainism and the Jain way of life . Sikhism Main article : Sikhism in the United States Sikh Center of San Francisco Bay Area , a Sikh gurdwara in El Sobrante , California Sikhism is a religion originating from South Asia ( predominantly in modern - day India ) which was introduced into the United States when , around the turn of the 20th century , Sikhs started emigrating to the United States in significant numbers to work on farms in California . They were the first community to come from India to the US in large numbers . The first Sikh Gurdwara in America was built in Stockton , California , in 1912 . In 2007 , there were estimated to be between 250,000 and 500,000 Sikhs living in the United States , with the largest populations living on the East and West Coasts , with additional populations in Detroit , Chicago , and Austin . The United States also has a number of non-Punjabi converts to Sikhism . Taoism In 2004 there were an estimated 56,000 Taoists in the US . Taoism was popularized throughout the world through the writings and teachings of Lao Tzu and other Taoists as well as the practice of Qigong , Tai Chi Chuan and other Chinese martial arts . No religion Main article : Irreligion in the United States This group includes atheists , agnostics and people who describe their religion as `` nothing in particular '' . `` Unaffiliated '' does not necessarily mean `` non-religious '' . Some people who are unaffiliated with any particular religion express religious beliefs ( such as belief in one or more gods or in reincarnation ) and engage in religious practices ( such as prayer ) . Agnosticism , atheism , and humanism See also : Discrimination against atheists in the United States and Anti-atheist sentiment in the United States A 2001 survey directed by Dr. Ariela Keysar for the City University of New York indicated that , amongst the more than 100 categories of response , `` no religious identification '' had the greatest increase in population in both absolute and percentage terms . This category included atheists , agnostics , humanists , and others with no stated religious preferences . Figures are up from 14.3 million in 1990 to 34.2 million in 2008 , representing an increase from 8 % of the total population in 1990 to 15 % in 2008 . A nationwide Pew Research study published in 2008 put the figure of unaffiliated persons at 16.1 % , while another Pew study published in 2012 was described as placing the proportion at about 20 % overall and roughly 33 % for the 18 -- 29 - year - old demographic . In a 2006 nationwide poll , University of Minnesota researchers found that despite an increasing acceptance of religious diversity , atheists were generally distrusted by other Americans , who trusted them less than Muslims , recent immigrants and other minority groups in `` sharing their vision of American society '' . They also associated atheists with undesirable attributes such as amorality , criminal behavior , rampant materialism and cultural elitism . However , the same study also reported that `` The researchers also found acceptance or rejection of atheists is related not only to personal religiosity , but also to one 's exposure to diversity , education and political orientation -- with more educated , East and West Coast Americans more accepting of atheists than their Midwestern counterparts . '' Some surveys have indicated that doubts about the existence of the divine were growing quickly among Americans under 30 . On 24 March 2012 , American atheists sponsored the Reason Rally in Washington , D.C. , followed by the American Atheist Convention in Bethesda , Maryland . Organizers called the estimated crowd of 8,000 -- 10,000 the largest - ever US gathering of atheists in one place . Deism In the United States , Enlightenment philosophy ( which itself was heavily inspired by deist ideals ) played a major role in creating the principle of religious freedom , expressed in Thomas Jefferson 's letters and included in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . American Founding Fathers , or Framers of the Constitution , who were especially noted for being influenced by such philosophy of deism include Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , Cornelius Harnett , Gouverneur Morris , and Hugh Williamson . Their political speeches show distinct deistic influence . Other notable Founding Fathers may have been more directly deist . These include Thomas Paine , James Madison , possibly Alexander Hamilton , and Ethan Allen . Belief in the existence of a God Various polls have been conducted to determine Americans ' actual beliefs regarding a god : In 2014 the Pew Research Center 's Religious Landscape Study showed 63 % of Americans believed in God and were `` absolutely certain '' in their view , while the figure rose to 89 % including those who were agnostic . A 2012 WIN - Gallup International poll showed that 5 % of Americans considered themselves `` convinced '' atheists , which was a fivefold increase from the last time the survey was taken in 2005 , and 5 % said they did not know or else did not respond . A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that doubts about the existence of a god had grown among younger Americans , with 68 % telling Pew they never doubt God 's existence , a 15 - point drop in five years . In 2007 , 83 % of American millennials said they never doubted God 's existence . A 2011 Gallup poll found 92 % of Americans said yes to the basic question `` Do you believe in God ? '' , while 7 % said no and 1 % had no opinion . A 2010 Gallup poll found 80 % of Americans believe in a god , 12 % believe in a universal spirit , 6 % do n't believe in either , 1 % chose `` other '' , and 1 % had no opinion . 80 % is a decrease from the 1940s , when Gallup first asked this question . A late 2009 online Harris poll of 2,303 U.S. adults ( 18 and older ) found that `` 82 % of adult Americans believe in God '' , the same number as in two earlier polls in 2005 and 2007 . Another 9 % said they did not believe in God , and 9 % said that they were not sure . It further concluded , `` Large majorities also believe in miracles ( 76 % ) , heaven ( 75 % ) , that Jesus is God or the Son of God ( 73 % ) , in angels ( 72 % ) , the survival of the soul after death ( 71 % ) , and in the resurrection of Jesus ( 70 % ) . Less than half ( 45 % ) of adults believe in Darwin 's theory of evolution but this is more than the 40 % who believe in creationism ... Many people consider themselves Christians without necessarily believing in some of the key beliefs of Christianity . However , this is not true of born - again Christians . In addition to their religious beliefs , large minorities of adults , including many Christians , have `` pagan '' or pre-Christian beliefs such as a belief in ghosts , astrology , witches and reincarnation ... Because the sample is based on those who agreed to participate in the Harris Interactive panel , no estimates of theoretical sampling error can be calculated . '' A 2008 survey of 1,000 people concluded that , based on their stated beliefs rather than their religious identification , 69.5 % of Americans believe in a personal God , roughly 12.3 % of Americans are atheist or agnostic , and another 12.1 % are deistic ( believing in a higher power / non-personal God , but no personal God ) . Mark Chaves , a Duke University professor of sociology , religion and divinity , found that 92 % of Americans believed in God in 2008 , but that significantly fewer Americans have great confidence in their religious leaders than a generation ago . According to a 2008 ARIS survey , belief in God varies considerably by region . The lowest rate is in the West with 59 % reporting a belief in God , and the highest rate is in the South at 86 % . Spiritual but not religious Main article : Spiritual but not religious `` Spiritual but not religious '' ( SBNR ) is self - identified stance of spirituality that takes issue with organized religion as the sole or most valuable means of furthering spiritual growth . Spirituality places an emphasis upon the wellbeing of the `` mind - body - spirit , '' so holistic activities such as tai chi , reiki , and yoga are common within the SBNR movement . In contrast to religion , spirituality has often been associated with the interior life of the individual . One fifth of the US public and a third of adults under the age of 30 are reportedly unaffiliated with any religion , however they identify as being spiritual in some way . Of these religiously unaffiliated Americans , 37 % classify themselves as spiritual but not religious . Others Many other religions are represented in the United States , including Shinto , Caodaism , Thelema , Santería , Kemetism , Religio Romana , Kaldanism , Zoroastrianism , Vodou , Pastafarianism , and many forms of New Age spirituality . Native American religions Main article : Native American religion Native American religions historically exhibited much diversity , and are often characterized by animism or panentheism . The membership of Native American religions in the 21st century comprises about 9,000 people . Neopaganism Main article : Contemporary Paganism Neopaganism in the United States is represented by widely different movements and organizations . The largest Neopagan religion is Wicca , followed by Neo-Druidism . Other neopagan movements include Germanic Neopaganism , Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism , Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism , and Semitic neopaganism . Druidry According to the American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) , there are approximately 30,000 druids in the United States . Modern Druidism came to North America first in the form of fraternal Druidic organizations in the nineteenth century , and orders such as the Ancient Order of Druids in America were founded as distinct American groups as early as 1912 . In 1963 , the Reformed Druids of North America ( RDNA ) was founded by students at Carleton College , Northfield , Minnesota . They adopted elements of Neopaganism into their practices , for instance celebrating the festivals of the Wheel of the Year . Wicca Wicca advanced in North America in the 1960s by Raymond Buckland , an expatriate Briton who visited Gardner 's Isle of Man coven to gain initiation . Universal Eclectic Wicca was popularized in 1969 for a diverse membership drawing from both Dianic and British Traditional Wiccan backgrounds . New Thought movement Main article : New Thought A group of churches which started in the 1830s in the United States is known under the banner of `` New Thought '' . These churches share a spiritual , metaphysical and mystical predisposition and understanding of the Bible and were strongly influenced by the Transcendentalist movement , particularly the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson . Another antecedent of this movement was Swedenborgianism , founded on the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg in 1787 . The New Thought concept was named by Emma Curtis Hopkins ( `` teacher of teachers '' ) after Hopkins broke off from Mary Baker Eddy 's Church of Christ , Scientist . The movement had been previously known as the Mental Sciences or the Christian Sciences . The three major branches are Religious Science , Unity Church and Divine Science . Unitarian Universalism Main article : Unitarian Universalism Unitarian Universalists ( UU 's ) are among the most liberal of all religious denominations in America . The shared creed includes beliefs in inherent dignity , a common search for truth , respect for beliefs of others , compassion , and social action . They are unified by their shared search for spiritual growth and by the understanding that an individual 's theology is a result of that search and not obedience to an authoritarian requirement. . UU 's have historical ties to anti-war , civil rights , and LGBT rights movements , as well as providing inclusive church services for the broad spectrum of liberal Christians , liberal Jews , secular humanists , LGBT , Jewish - Christian parents and partners , Earth - centered / Wicca , and Buddhist meditation adherents . Major religious movements founded in the United States Christian Pentecostalism -- movement which emphasizes the role of the Holy Spirit , finds its historic roots in the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles from 1904 to 1906 , sparked by Charles Parham . It is estimated to have over 279 million followers worldwide , many in Africa and South America . Adventism -- began as an inter-denominational movement . Its most vocal leader was William Miller , who in the 1830s in New York became convinced of an imminent Second Coming of Jesus . The most prominent modern group to emerge from this is the Seventh - day Adventists . The Latter Day Saint movement founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith in upstate New York . Multiple Latter Day Saint denominations can be found throughout the United States . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , the largest denomination , is headquartered in Salt Lake City , Utah , and it has members in many countries . The Community of Christ , the second - largest denomination , is headquartered in Independence , Missouri . Worldwide they claim about 15 million members . Jehovah 's Witnesses -- originated with the religious movement known as Bible Students , which was founded in Pennsylvania in the late 1870s by Charles Taze Russell . In their early years , the Bible Students were loosely connected with Adventism , and the Jehovah 's Witnesses still share some similarities with it . They claim about 7.69 million active members worldwide . Christian Science -- founded by Mary Baker Eddy in the late 19th century . The church claims some 400,000 members worldwide . Churches of Christ / Disciples of Christ -- a restoration movement with no governing body . The Restoration Movement solidified as a historical phenomenon in 1832 when restorationists from two major movements championed by Barton W. Stone and Alexander Campbell merged . It has an estimated 3 million followers worldwide . Metropolitan Community Church -- founded by Troy Perry in Los Angeles , 1968 . Unitarianism Developed out of the Congregational Churches . In 1825 the American Unitarian Association was formed in Boston , MA . Universalist Church of America 's first regional conference was founded in 1793 . Other New Thought Movement -- two of the early proponents of New Thought beliefs during the mid to late 19th century were Phineas Parkhurst Quimby and the Mother of New Thought , Emma Curtis Hopkins . The three major branches are Religious Science , Unity Church and Divine Science . Scientology -- founded by L. Ron Hubbard in 1954 . Numbers estimated from a few tens of thousands to 15 million ( latter is the religion 's estimation in 2004 ) . Reconstructionist Judaism -- founded by Mordecai Kaplan and started in the 1920s . Native American Church -- founded by Quanah Parker beginning in the 1890s and incorporating in 1918 . An estimated 250,000 followers . Nation of Islam -- a sect of Islam , created and followed predominantly by African - Americans . Church of Satan -- founded in San Francisco in 1966 by Anton LaVey . Eckankar -- founded in Las Vegas in 1965 by Paul Twitchell . Self - Realization Fellowship - founded in Los Angeles by Paramahansa Yogananda in 1920 . Unitarian Universalist Association in 1961 from the consolidation of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America . Historically Christian denominations the UUA is no longer Christian and is the largest Unitarian Universalist denomination in the world . Government positions The First Amendment guarantees both the free practice of religion and the non-establishment of religion by the federal government ( later court decisions have extended that prohibition to the states ) . The U.S. Pledge of Allegiance was modified in 1954 to add the phrase `` under God '' , in order to distinguish itself from the state atheism espoused by the Soviet Union . Various American presidents have often stated the importance of religion . On February 20 , 1955 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower stated that `` Recognition of the Supreme Being is the first , the most basic , expression of Americanism . '' President Gerald Ford agreed with and repeated this statement in 1974 . Statistics The U.S. Census does not ask about religion . Various groups have conducted surveys to determine approximate percentages of those affiliated with each religious group . Gallup , Inc. data Religion in the United States according to Gallup , Inc. ( 2016 ) Christian ( 73.7 % ) None / Atheist / Agnostic ( 18.2 % ) Jewish ( 2.1 % ) Muslim ( 0.8 % ) Other non-Christian religion ( 2.5 % ) No response given ( 2.6 % ) Religion in the United States according to Gallup , Inc. ( 2016 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 73.7 73.7 Protestant / Other Christian 48.9 48.9 Catholic 23.0 23 Mormon 1.8 1.8 None / Atheist / Agnostic 18.2 18.2 Non-Christian faiths 5.4 5.4 Jewish 2.1 2.1 Muslim 0.8 0.8 Other non-Christian religion 2.5 2.5 No response given 2.6 2.6 Total 100 100 Pew Research Center data Religion in the United States according to the Pew Research Center ( 2014 ) Christian ( 70.6 % ) Unaffiliated ( 22.8 % ) Jewish ( 1.9 % ) Muslim ( 0.9 % ) Buddhist ( 0.7 % ) Hindu ( 0.7 % ) Other Non-Christian faiths ( 1.8 % ) Do n't know / refused answer ( 0.6 % ) Religion in the United States according to the Pew Research Center ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Unaffiliated 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Non-Christian faiths 5.9 5.9 Jewish 1.9 1.9 Muslim 0.9 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Hindu 0.7 0.7 Other Non-Christian faiths 1.8 1.8 Do n't know / refused answer 0.6 0.6 Total 100 100 PROLADES data Religion in the United States ( 1962 - 2012 ) Date Christianity Protestantism Catholicism Other Christian groups Non-Christian groups Non-religious / Non-response 1962 93.0 % 70.0 % 23.0 % 0.0 % 5.0 % 2.0 % 1970 91.0 % 65.0 % 26.0 % 0.0 % 4.0 % 7.0 % 1980 89.3 % 61.0 % 28.0 % 0.3 % 2.0 % 3.0 % 1990 86.2 % 59.4 % 26.5 % 0.3 % 3.2 % 7.5 % 1995 85.0 % 56.0 % 27.0 % 1.0 % 7.0 % 8.0 % 2000 76.5 % 53.9 % 21.4 % 1.2 % 2.6 % 13.2 % 2001 78.7 % 52.2 % 24.5 % 2.9 % 3.7 % 14.2 % 2007 78.5 % 51.3 % 23.9 % 3.3 % 5.4 % 16.1 % 2008 78.0 % 52.9 % 25.1 % 3.1 % 3.9 % 17.2 % 78.5 % 52.7 % 23.2 % 2.6 % 2.2 % 17.4 % 2011 75.6 % 48.3 % 25.2 % 2.8 % 4.4 % 21.0 % 2012 77.3 % 51.9 % 23.3 % 2.1 % 4.9 % 18.2 % Attendance Church , synagogue , or mosque attendance by state ( 2009 ) A 2013 survey reported that 31 % of Americans attend religious services at least weekly . It was conducted by the Public Religion Research Institute with a margin of error of 2.5 . In 2006 , an online Harris Poll ( they stated that the magnitude of errors can not be estimated due to sampling errors , non-response , etc. ; 2,010 U.S. adults were surveyed ) found that 26 % of those surveyed attended religious services `` every week or more often '' , 9 % went `` once or twice a month '' , 21 % went `` a few times a year '' , 3 % went `` once a year '' , 22 % went `` less than once a year '' , and 18 % never attend religious services . In a 2009 Gallup International survey , 41.6 % of American citizens said that they attended a church , synagogue , or mosque once a week or almost every week . This percentage is higher than other surveyed Western countries . Church attendance varies considerably by state and region . The figures , updated to 2014 , ranged from 51 % in Utah to 17 % in Vermont . Weekly church attendance by state Rank State Percent Utah 51 % Mississippi 47 % Alabama 46 % Louisiana 46 % 5 Arkansas 45 % 6 South Carolina 42 % 7 Tennessee 42 % 8 Kentucky 41 % 9 North Carolina 40 % 10 Georgia 39 % 11 Texas 39 % 12 Oklahoma 39 % 13 New Mexico 36 % 14 Nebraska 35 % 15 Indiana 35 % 16 Virginia 35 % 17 Delaware 35 % 18 Missouri 35 % 19 Idaho 34 % 20 West Virginia 34 % 21 Arizona 33 % 22 Kansas 33 % 23 Michigan 32 % 24 Ohio 32 % 25 Illinois 32 % 26 North Dakota 32 % 27 Pennsylvania 32 % 28 Iowa 32 % 29 Florida 32 % 30 Maryland 31 % 31 South Dakota 31 % 32 Minnesota 31 % 33 New Jersey 30 % 34 Wisconsin 29 % 35 Rhode Island 28 % 36 Wyoming 28 % 37 California 28 % 38 New York 27 % 39 Nevada 27 % 40 Montana 27 % 41 Alaska 26 % 42 Connecticut 25 % 43 Colorado 25 % 44 Hawaii 25 % 45 Oregon 24 % 46 Washington 24 % 47 District of Columbia 23 % 48 Massachusetts 22 % 49 Maine 20 % 50 New Hampshire 20 % 51 Vermont 17 % Religion and politics Main article : Religion and politics in the United States See also : Religious affiliations of Presidents of the United States and Religious affiliation in the United States Senate The U.S. guarantees freedom of religion , and some churches in the U.S. take strong stances on political subjects . In August 2010 , 67 % of Americans said religion was losing influence , compared with 59 % who said this in 2006 . Majorities of white evangelical Protestants ( 79 % ) , white mainline Protestants ( 67 % ) , black Protestants ( 56 % ) , Catholics ( 71 % ) , and the religiously unaffiliated ( 62 % ) all agreed that religion was losing influence on American life ; 53 % of the total public said this was a bad thing , while just 10 % see it as a good thing . Politicians frequently discuss their religion when campaigning , and fundamentalists and black Protestants are highly politically active . However , to keep their status as tax - exempt organizations they must not officially endorse a candidate . Historically Catholics were heavily Democratic before the 1970s , while mainline Protestants comprised the core of the Republican Party . Those patterns have faded away -- Catholics , for example , now split about 50 -- 50 . However , white evangelicals since 1980 have made up a solidly Republican group that favors conservative candidates . Secular voters are increasingly Democratic . Only three presidential candidates for major parties have been Catholics , all for the Democratic party : Alfred E. Smith in presidential election of 1928 was subjected to anti-Catholic rhetoric , which seriously hurt him in the Baptist areas of the South and Lutheran areas of the Midwest , but he did well in the Catholic urban strongholds of the Northeast . John F. Kennedy secured the Democratic presidential nomination in 1960 . In the 1960 election , Kennedy faced accusations that as a Catholic president he would do as the Pope would tell him to do , a charge that Kennedy refuted in a famous address to Protestant ministers . John Kerry , a Catholic , won the Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 . In the 2004 election religion was hardly an issue , and most Catholics voted for his Protestant opponent George W. Bush . Joe Biden is the first Catholic vice president . Joe Lieberman was the first major presidential candidate that was Jewish , on the Gore - Lieberman campaign of 2000 ( although John Kerry and Barry Goldwater both had Jewish ancestry , they were practicing Christians ) . Bernie Sanders ran against Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primary of 2016 . He was the first major Jewish candidate to compete in the presidential primary process . However , Sanders noted during the campaign that he does not actively practice any religion . In 2006 Keith Ellison of Minnesota became the first Muslim elected to Congress ; when re-enacting his swearing - in for photos , he used the copy of the Qur'an once owned by Thomas Jefferson . André Carson is the second Muslim to serve in Congress . A Gallup poll released in 2007 indicated that 53 % of Americans would refuse to vote for an atheist as president , up from 48 % in 1987 and 1999 . But then the number started to drop again and reached record low 43 % in 2012 and 40 % in 2015 . Mitt Romney , the Republican presidential nominee in 2012 , is Mormon and a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . He is the former governor of the state of Massachusetts , and his father George Romney was the governor of the state of Michigan . The Romneys were involved in Mormonism in their states and in the state of Utah . On January 3 , 2013 , Tulsi Gabbard became the first Hindu member of Congress , using a copy of the Bhagavad Gita while swearing - in . Membership reported by congregations Christian Bodies The table below is based mainly on data reported by individual denominations to the Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches , and published in 2011 by the National Council of Churches of Christ in USA . It only includes religious bodies reporting 60,000 or more members . The definition of a member is determined by each religious body . Religious body Year reported Places of worship reported Membership ( thousands ) Number of ministers African Methodist Episcopal Church 1999 0 - sm = n 2,500 7,741 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 2002 3,226 1,431 3,252 American Baptist Association 1998 1,760 275 1,740 American Baptist Churches USA 1998 3,800 1,507 4,145 Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America 1998 220 65 263 Armenian Apostolic Church 1998 28 200 25 Assemblies of God USA 2009 12,371 2,914 34,504 Baptist Bible Fellowship International 1997 4,500 1,200 -- Baptist General Conference 1998 876 141 -- Baptist Missionary Association of America 1999 1,334 235 1,525 Christian and Missionary Alliance , The 1998 1,964 346 1,629 Plymouth Brethren Christian Church 1997 1,150 100 -- Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) 1997 3,818 879 3,419 Christian churches and churches of Christ 1998 5,579 1,072 5,525 Christian Congregation , Inc. , The 1998 1,438 117 1,436 Christian Methodist Episcopal Church 2,340 719 -- Christian Reformed Church in North America 1998 733 199 655 Church of God in Christ 1991 15,300 5,500 28,988 Church of God of Prophecy 1997 1,908 77 2,000 Church of God ( Anderson , Indiana ) 1998 2,353 234 3034 Church of God ( Cleveland , Tennessee ) 1995 6,060 753 3,121 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( Mormons ) 2006 13,010 5,779 39,030 Church of the Brethren 1997 1,095 141 827 Church of the Nazarene 1998 5,101 627 4,598 Churches of Christ 1999 15,000 1,500 14,500 Conservative Baptist Association of America 1998 1,200 200 -- Community of Christ 1998 1,236 140 19,319 Coptic Orthodox Church 2003 200 1,000 200 Cumberland Presbyterian Church 1998 774 87 634 Episcopal Church 7,390 2,365 8,131 Evangelical Covenant Church , The 1998 628 97 607 Evangelical Free Church of America , The 1995 1,224 243 1,936 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 1998 10,862 5,178 9,646 Evangelical Presbyterian Church 1998 187 61 262 Free Methodist Church of North America 1998 990 73 -- Full Gospel Fellowship 1999 896 275 2,070 General Association of General Baptists 1997 790 72 1,085 General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 1998 1,415 102 -- U.S. Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches 368 82 590 Grace Gospel Fellowship 1992 128 60 160 Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America 1998 523 1,955 596 Independent Fundamental Churches of America 1999 659 62 -- International Church of the Foursquare Gospel 1998 1,851 238 4,900 International Council of Community Churches 1998 150 250 182 International Pentecostal Holiness Church 1998 1,716 177 1,507 Jehovah 's Witnesses 2011 13,309 1,200 -- Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod , The 1998 6,218 2,594 5,227 Mennonite Church USA 2005 943 114 -- National Association of Congregational Christian Churches 1998 416 67 534 National Association of Free Will Baptists 1998 2,297 210 2,800 National Baptist Convention of America , Inc . 2,500 3,500 8,000 National Baptist Convention , USA , Inc . 1992 33,000 8,200 32,832 National Missionary Baptist Convention of America 1992 -- 2,500 -- Old Order Amish Church 898 81 3,592 Orthodox Church in America 1998 625 28 700 Pentecostal Assemblies of the World , Inc . 1998 1,750 1,500 4,500 Pentecostal Church of God 1998 1,237 104 -- Presbyterian Church in America 1997 1,340 280 1,642 Presbyterian Church ( U.S.A. ) 1998 11,260 3,575 9,390 Progressive National Baptist Convention , Inc . 1995 2,000 2,500 -- Reformed Church in America 1998 902 296 915 Conservative Friends ( Quakers ) 1,200 104 -- Catholic Church 2002 19,484 66,404 -- Romanian Orthodox Episcopate 37 65 37 Salvation Army , The 1998 1,388 471 2,920 Serbian Orthodox Church 1986 68 67 60 Seventh - day Adventist Church 1998 4,405 840 2,454 Southern Baptist Convention 1998 40,870 16,500 71,520 United Church of Christ 1998 6,017 1,421 4,317 United Methodist Church , The 1998 36,170 8,400 -- Wesleyan Church , The 1998 1,590 120 1,806 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 1997 1,240 411 1,222 ARDA survey The Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) surveyed congregations for their memberships . Churches were asked for their membership numbers . Adjustments were made for those congregations that did not respond and for religious groups that reported only adult membership . ARDA estimates that most of the churches not responding were black Protestant congregations . Significant difference in results from other databases include the lower representation of adherents of 1 ) all kinds ( 62.7 % ) , 2 ) Christians ( 59.9 % ) , 3 ) Protestants ( less than 36 % ) ; and the greater number of unaffiliated ( 37.3 % ) . Percentage of religion against average , 2001 Percentage of state populations that identify with a religion rather than `` no religion '' , 2001 Plurality of religious preference by state , 2001 . Data are unavailable for Alaska and Hawaii . Religious groups Religious group Number in year % in year Total US pop year 2010 308,745,538 100.0 % Evangelical Protestant 50,013,107 16.2 % Mainline Protestant 22,568,258 7.3 % Black Protestant 4,877,067 1.6 % Protestant total 77,458,432 25.1 % Catholic 58,934,906 19.1 % Orthodox 1,056,535 0.3 % adherents ( unadjusted ) 150,596,792 48.8 % unclaimed 158,148,746 51.2 % other -- including Mormon & Christ Scientist 13,146,919 4.3 % The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( Mormon , LDS ) 6,144,582 2.0 % other -- excluding Mormon 7,002,337 2.3 % Jewish estimate 6,141,325 2.0 % Buddhist estimate 2,000,000 0.7 % Muslim estimate 2,600,082 0.8 % Hindu estimate 400,000 0.4 % Source : ARDA ARIS findings regarding self - Identification The United States government does not collect religious data in its census . The survey below , the American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) of 2008 , was a random digit - dialed telephone survey of 54,461 American residential households in the contiguous United States . The 1990 sample size was 113,723 ; 2001 sample size was 50,281 . Adult respondents were asked the open - ended question , `` What is your religion , if any ? '' Interviewers did not prompt or offer a suggested list of potential answers . The religion of the spouse or partner was also asked . If the initial answer was `` Protestant '' or `` Christian '' further questions were asked to probe which particular denomination . About one third of the sample was asked more detailed demographic questions . Religious Self - Identification of the U.S. Adult Population : 1990 , 2001 , 2008 Figures are not adjusted for refusals to reply ; investigators suspect refusals are possibly more representative of `` no religion '' than any other group . Source : ARIS 2008 Group 1990 adults x 1,000 2001 adults x 1,000 2008 adults x 1,000 Numerical Change 1990 -- 2008 as % of 1990 1990 % of adults 2001 % of adults 2008 % of adults change in % of total adults 1990 -- 2008 Adult population , total 175,440 207,983 228,182 30.1 % Adult population , responded 171,409 196,683 216,367 26.2 % 97.7 % 94.6 % 94.8 % − 2.9 % Total Christian 151,225 159,514 173,402 14.7 % 86.2 % 76.7 % 76.0 % − 10.2 % Catholic 46,004 50,873 57,199 24.3 % 26.2 % 24.5 % 25.1 % − 1.2 % non-Catholic Christian 105,221 108,641 116,203 10.4 % 60.0 % 52.2 % 50.9 % − 9.0 % Baptist 33,964 33,820 36,148 6.4 % 19.4 % 16.3 % 15.8 % − 3.5 % Mainline Christian 32,784 35,788 29,375 − 10.4 % 18.7 % 17.2 % 12.9 % − 5.8 % Methodist 14,174 14,039 11,366 − 19.8 % 8.1 % 6.8 % 5.0 % − 3.1 % Lutheran 9,110 9,580 8,674 − 4.8 % 5.2 % 4.6 % 3.8 % − 1.4 % Presbyterian 4,985 5,596 4,723 − 5.3 % 2.8 % 2.7 % 2.1 % − 0.8 % Episcopal / Anglican 3,043 3,451 2,405 − 21.0 % 1.7 % 1.7 % 1.1 % − 0.7 % United Church of Christ 438 1,378 736 68.0 % 0.2 % 0.7 % 0.3 % 0.1 % Christian Generic 25,980 22,546 32,441 24.9 % 14.8 % 10.8 % 14.2 % − 0.6 % Christian Unspecified 8,073 14,190 16,384 102.9 % 4.6 % 6.8 % 7.2 % 2.6 % Non-denominational Christian 194 2,489 8,032 4040.2 % 0.1 % 1.2 % 3.5 % 3.4 % Protestant -- Unspecified 17,214 4,647 5,187 − 69.9 % 9.8 % 2.2 % 2.3 % − 7.5 % Evangelical / Born Again 546 1,088 2,154 294.5 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.9 % 0.6 % Pentecostal / Charismatic 5,647 7,831 7,948 40.7 % 3.2 % 3.8 % 3.5 % 0.3 % Pentecostal -- Unspecified 3,116 4,407 5,416 73.8 % 1.8 % 2.1 % 2.4 % 0.6 % Assemblies of God 617 1,105 810 31.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % 0.4 % 0.0 % Church of God 590 943 663 12.4 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.3 % 0.0 % Other Protestant Denominations 4,630 5,949 7,131 54.0 % 2.6 % 2.9 % 3.1 % 0.5 % Churches of Christ 1,769 2,593 1,921 8.6 % 1.0 % 1.2 % 0.8 % − 0.2 % Jehovah 's Witness 1,381 1,331 1,914 38.6 % 0.8 % 0.6 % 0.8 % 0.1 % Seventh - Day Adventist 668 724 938 40.4 % 0.4 % 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.0 % Mormon / Latter Day Saints 2,487 2,697 3,158 27.0 % 1.4 % 1.3 % 1.4 % 0.0 % Total non-Christian religions 5,853 7,740 8,796 50.3 % 3.3 % 3.7 % 3.9 % 0.5 % Jewish 3,137 2,837 2,680 − 14.6 % 1.8 % 1.4 % 1.2 % − 0.6 % Eastern Religions 687 2,020 1,961 185.4 % 0.4 % 1.0 % 0.9 % 0.5 % Buddhist 404 1,082 1,189 194.3 % 0.2 % 0.5 % 0.5 % 0.3 % Muslim 527 1,104 1,349 156.0 % 0.3 % 0.5 % 0.6 % 0.3 % New Religious Movements & Others 1,296 1,770 2,804 116.4 % 0.7 % 0.9 % 1.2 % 0.5 % None / No religion , total 14,331 29,481 34,169 138.4 % 8.2 % 14.2 % 15.0 % 6.8 % Agnostic + Atheist 1,186 1,893 3,606 204.0 % 0.7 % 0.9 % 1.6 % 0.9 % Did Not Know / Refused to reply 4,031 11,300 11,815 193.1 % 2.3 % 5.4 % 5.2 % 2.9 % Highlights : The ARIS 2008 survey was carried out during February -- November 2008 and collected answers from 54,461 respondents who were questioned in English or Spanish . The American population self - identifies as predominantly Christian , but Americans are slowly becoming less Christian . 86 % of American adults identified as Christians in 1990 and 76 % in 2008 . The historic mainline churches and denominations have experienced the steepest declines , while the non-denominational Christian identity has been trending upward , particularly since 2001 . The challenge to Christianity in the U.S. does not come from other religions but rather from a rejection of all forms of organized religion . 34 % of American adults considered themselves `` Born Again or Evangelical Christians '' in 2008 . The U.S. population continues to show signs of becoming less religious , with one out of every seven Americans failing to indicate a religious identity in 2008 . The `` Nones '' ( no stated religious preference , atheist , or agnostic ) continue to grow , though at a much slower pace than in the 1990s , from 8.2 % in 1990 , to 14.1 % in 2001 , to 15.0 % in 2008 . Asian Americans are substantially more likely to indicate no religious identity than other racial or ethnic groups . One sign of the lack of attachment of Americans to religion is that 27 % do not expect a religious funeral at their death . Based on their stated beliefs rather than their religious identification in 2008 , 70 % of Americans believe in a personal God , roughly 12 % of Americans are atheist ( no God ) or agnostic ( unknowable or unsure ) , and another 12 % are deistic ( a higher power but no personal God ) . America 's religious geography has been transformed since 1990 . Religious switching along with Hispanic immigration has significantly changed the religious profile of some states and regions . Between 1990 and 2008 , the Catholic population proportion of the New England states fell from 50 % to 36 % and in New York fell from 44 % to 37 % , while it rose in California from 29 % to 37 % and in Texas from 23 % to 32 % . Overall the 1990 -- 2008 ARIS time series shows that changes in religious self - identification in the first decade of the 21st century have been moderate in comparison to the 1990s , which was a period of significant shifts in the religious composition of the United States . Ethnicity The table below shows the religious affiliations among the ethnicities in the United States , according to the Pew Forum 2014 survey . People of Black ethnicity were most likely to be part of a formal religion , with 85 % percent being Christians . Protestant denominations make up the majority of the Christians in the ethnicities . Religion Non-Hispanic White Black Hispanic Other / mixed Christian 70 % 79 % 77 % 49 % Protestant 48 % 71 % 26 % 33 % Catholic 19 % 5 % 48 % 13 % Mormon 2 % < 0.5 % 1 % 1 % Jehovah 's Witness < 0.5 % 2 % 1 % 1 % Orthodox 1 % < 0.5 % < 0.5 % 1 % Other < 0.5 % 1 % < 0.5 % 1 % Non-Christian faiths 5 % 3 % 2 % 21 % Jewish 3 % < 0.5 % 1 % 1 % Muslim < 0.5 % 2 % < 0.5 % 3 % Buddhist < 0.5 % < 0.5 % 1 % 4 % Hindu < 0.5 % < 0.5 % < 0.5 % 8 % Other world religions < 0.5 % < 0.5 % < 0.5 % 2 % Other faiths 2 % 1 % 1 % 2 % Unaffiliated ( including atheist and agnostic ) 24 % 18 % 20 % 29 % See also American civil religion Freedom of religion in the United States Historical religious demographics of the United States List of religious movements that began in the United States Relationship between religion and science Religion in United States prisons School prayer # United States Separation of church and state in the United States References ^ Jump up to : `` Among Wealthy Nations U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion '' . Pew Global Attitudes Project . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life -- Asian Americans : A Mosaic of Faiths '' . Pewforum.org. 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Newport , Frank ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) . `` New Hampshire Now Least Religious State in U.S '' . Gallup . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( Yale UP , 2nd ed. 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 10012 - 4 Jump up ^ Kevin M. Schultz , and Paul Harvey , `` Everywhere and Nowhere : Recent Trends in American Religious History and Historiography '' , Journal of the American Academy of Religion , March 2010 , Vol. 78 Issue 1 , pp. 129 -- 162 Jump up ^ See : English Civil War , Glorious Revolution , Restoration ( England ) and Nonconformists Jump up ^ David E. Swift ( 1989 ) . Black Prophets of Justice : Activist Clergy Before the Civil War . LSU Press . p. 180 . Jump up ^ The treaty is online Jump up ^ Tri-Faith America : How Catholics and Jews Held Postwar America to Its Protestant Promise by Kevin M. Schultz , p. 9 Jump up ^ Obligations of Citizenship and Demands of Faith : Religious Accommodation in Pluralist Democracies by Nancy L. Rosenblum , Princeton University Press , 2000 - 438 , p. 156 Jump up ^ The Protestant Voice in American Pluralism by Martin E. Marty , chapter 1 Jump up ^ 10 facts about religion in America Jump up ^ Gilleland , Don ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` 50 years of change '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 9A . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , pg. 10 ( `` For the first time in recorded history , they designed a government with no established religion at all . '' ) Jump up ^ Marsden , George M. 1990 . Religion and American Culture . 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The original Trustees of Princeton University `` were acting in behalf of the evangelical or New Light wing of the Presbyterian Church , but the college had no legal or constitutional identification with that denomination . Its doors were to be open to all students , ' any different sentiments in religion notwithstanding . ' '' Jump up ^ McCaughey , Robert ( 2003 ) . Stand , Columbia : A History of Columbia University in the City of New York . New York , New York : Columbia University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0231130082 . Jump up ^ Childs , Francis Lane ( December 1957 ) . `` A Dartmouth History Lesson for Freshman '' . Dartmouth Alumni Magazine . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ W.L. Kingsley et al. , `` The College and the Church , '' New Englander and Yale Review 11 ( Feb 1858 ) : 600 . accessed 2010 - 6 - 16 Note : Middlebury is considered the first `` operating '' college in Vermont as it was the first to hold classes in Nov 1800 . It issued the first Vermont degree in 1802 ; UVM followed in 1804 . Jump up ^ James Davison Hunter ( March 31 , 2010 ) . To Change the World : The Irony , Tragedy , and Possibility of Christianity in the Late Modern World . Oxford UP . p. 85 . Jump up ^ Sydney E. Ahlstrom , A religious history of the American people ( 1976 ) pp 121 - 59 . Jump up ^ Thomas FitzGerald , `` Eastern Christianity in the United States . '' in Ken Parry , ed. , The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity ( 2010 ) : 269 - 79 . Jump up ^ Alexei D. Krindatch , ed. , Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches ( Holy Cross Orthodox Press , 2011 ) online . Jump up ^ `` Largest Latter - day Saint Communities ( Mormon / Church of Jesus Christ Statistics ) '' . adherents.com. 2005 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` American Religious Identification Survey '' . Exhibit 15 . The Graduate Center , City University of New York . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar ( 2009 ) . `` American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Hartford , Connecticut , US : Trinity College . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Barna Survey Examines Changes in Worldview Among Christians over the Past 13 Years '' . The Barna Group . 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Religious Landscape Survey : Diverse and Dynamic ( PDF ) , The Pew Forum , February 2008 , p. 85 , retrieved 2012 - 09 - 17 Jump up ^ `` The most and least educated U.S. religious group '' . Pew Research Center . 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Leonhardt , David ( 2011 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Faith , Education and Income '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How income varies among U.S. religious groups '' . Pew Research Center . 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The most and least educated U.S. religious groups , '' and `` how income varies among U.S. religious groups '' in Pew Research Center : 26 % and 19 % of 75 million Catholics are college graduates and high income earners , respectively . No religious community can match those numbers Jump up ^ Taylor , Humphrey ( October 15 , 2003 ) , `` While Most Americans Believe in God , Only 36 % Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often '' ( PDF ) , The Harris Poll # 59 , HarrisInteractive.com , Harris Interactive , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 Jump up ^ Kosmin , Mayer & Keysar ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) . `` American Identification Survey , 2001 '' ( PDF ) . The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York . pp. 8 -- 9 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Community Study of New York '' ( PDF ) . United Jewish Appeal - Federation of New York . 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA Fact Book '' . CIA World Fact Book . 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jack Wertheimer ( 2002 ) . Jews in the Center : Conservative Synagogues and Their Members . Rutgers University Press . p. 68 . Jump up ^ Adele Reinhartz ( 2014 ) . `` The Vanishing Jews of Antiquity '' . Los Angeles Review of Books . Jump up ^ Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky , University of Miami and University of Connecticut ( 2009 ) . `` Jewish Population of the United States , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Mandell L. Berman North American Jewish Data Bank in cooperation with the Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry and the Jewish Federations of North America . The authors concluded the 6,543,820 figure was an over-count , due to people who live in more than one state during a year . ^ Jump up to : `` The Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , Year 2000 Report '' . ARDA. 2000 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 04 . Churches were asked for their membership numbers . ARDA estimates that most of the churches not reporting were black Protestant congregations . Jump up ^ `` 2001 National Jewish Population Survey '' . Ujc.org . Archived from the original on 2004 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Demographics '' . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweed , Thomas A. `` Islam in America : From African Slaves to Malcolm X '' . National Humanities Center . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kambiz GhaneaBassiri , A History of Islam in America : From the New World to the New World Order ( Cambridge University Press , 2010 ) pp. 59 -- 94 Jump up ^ Timothy Miller ( 1995 ) . America 's alternative religions . State University of New York Press . p. 280 . Jump up ^ Mattias Gardell , In the Name of Elijah Muhammad : Louis Farrakhan and The Nation of Islam ( Duke University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ C. Eric Lincoln , The Black Muslims in America ( 3rd ed . Eerdmans , 1994 ) Jump up ^ `` First Muslim Elected to Congress '' . Cbsnews.com. 2009 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Cebula , Judith ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Second Muslim elected to Congress '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Zogby phone survey '' ( PDF ) . Projectmaps.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Muslims after 9 / 11 '' . Voice of America . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Americans , Pew Research Center '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Melton , Encyclopedia of American Religions ( 2003 ) pp. 992 -- 995 Jump up ^ `` Rastafarian history '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Loadenthal , Michael . `` Jah People : The cultural hybridity of white Rastafarians '' . GlocalismJournal.net . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rastafarianism '' . Religionfacts.com . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rastari History '' . Religionfacts.com . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Buddhist Vibes '' . Utne . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Faces of Buddhism in America '' . University of California Press . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Religious Freedom Page '' . University of Virginia Library . Jump up ^ `` Religious Composition of the U.S '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Religious Landscape Survey . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kosmin , Mayer & Keysar ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) . `` American Identification Survey , 2001 '' ( PDF ) . The Graduate Center of the City University of New York New York . p. 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Religious Composition of the U.S '' ( PDF ) . U.S Religious Landscape Survey . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . February 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` About JAINA '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Pioneers , America , `` A historical perspective of Americans of Asian Indian origin 1790 -- 1997 '' October 31 , 2006 Jump up ^ Stockton Gurdwara , America , `` Stockton California '' October 31 , 2006 Jump up ^ Buddhists , Hindus and Sikhs in America : A Short History , p. 120 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ The Racialization of Hinduism , Islam , and Sikhism in the United States , Khyati Y . Joshi , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ronald H. Bayor ( 31 July 2011 ) . Multicultural America : An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans . ABC - CLIO . pp. 985 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35787 - 9 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` largest religious groups in the US '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Taoism at a glance '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Unaffiliated '' . Pew Forum . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Erica E. ; Kesling , Ben ( 9 -- 10 March 2013 ) . `` Some Church Folk Ask : ' What Would Jesus Brew ? ' '' . The Wall Street Journal ( paper ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Atheists Are Distrusted '' . May 3 , 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Paulos , John Allen ( April 2 , 2006 ) . `` Who 's Counting : Distrusting Atheists '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Atheists identified as America 's most distrusted minority , according to new U of M study '' . UMN News . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pew survey : Doubt of God growing quickly among millennials '' . Religion.blogs.cnn.com. 2012 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Raushenbush , Paul ( 2012 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Atheists Rally on National Mall '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from Allen 's Reason The Only Oracle Of Man '' . Ethan Allen Homestead Museum . 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Jump up ^ Funk , Cary ; Smith , Greg . `` '' Nones '' on the Rise : One - in - Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation '' ( PDF ) . pewforum.org . The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life . Jump up ^ Utter , Jack . American Indians : Answers to Today 's Questions . 2nd edition . University of Oklahoma Press , 2001 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Or about . 003 % of the U.S. population of 300 million . James T. Richardson ( 2004 ) . Regulating Religion : Case Studies from Around the Globe . Springer . p. 543 . Jump up ^ Barbara Jane Davy , Introduction to Pagan Studies , p. 151 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Rosemary Guiley , The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy , p. 84 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Trinity ARIS 2008 ; Trinity ARIS 2001 Jump up ^ Adler 2006 . pp. 337 -- 339 . Jump up ^ Raymond Buckland , Scottish Witchcraft : The history & magick of the Picts , p. 246 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Wyrmstar , Tamryn . `` Silver Chalice Ancestry '' . Tamryn 's Abode http://www.angelfire.com/rant/ingwitch/sca.html . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ William James , `` The Varieties of Religious Experience '' . pp. 92 -- 93 . New York 1929 Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org/2017/06/24/534248664/unitarian-universalists-denounce-white-supremacy-make-leadership-changes Jump up ^ https://www.uua.org/beliefs/what-we-believe/principles Jump up ^ ( The 4th principle of Unitarian Universalism ) UUA.org Seven principles Jump up ^ https://www.uua.org/beliefs/who-we-are/history/faith Jump up ^ http://www.uucnc.org/100q.html#q84 Jump up ^ Global Christianity ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education Jump up ^ Thomas Berg . `` The Pledge of Allegiance and the Limited State '' . Texas Review of Law and Politics , Vol. 8 , Fall 2003 . SSRN 503622 . The inclusion of `` under God '' in the Pledge , the report says , `` would serve to deny the atheistic and materialistic conceptions of communism with its attendant subservience of the individual '' . Jump up ^ Scott A. Merriman . Religion and the Law in America : An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . The United States , wanting to distinguish itself from the USSR and its atheist positions , went to great extremes to demonstrate that God was still supreme in this country . Jump up ^ Natalie Goldstein , Walton Brown - Foster . Religion and the State . Infobase Publishing . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . In the early 1950s , a Presbyterian minister in New York gave a sermon in which he railed against the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance because it contained no references to God . According to the reverend , the American pledge could serve just as well in the atheistic Soviet Union ; there was nothing in the U.S. pledge to distinguish it from an oath to the godless communist state . So in 1954 , Congress passed a law that inserted the phrase `` under God '' into the Pledge of Allegiance . Jump up ^ Ann W. Duncan , Steven L. Jones . Church - State Issues in America Today : Volume 2 , Religion , Family , and Education . Præger . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Including God in the nation 's pledge would send a clear message to the world that unlike communist regimes that denied God 's existence , the United States recognized a Supreme Being . Official acknowledgement of God would further distinguish freedom - loving Americans from their atheist adversaries . Jump up ^ John Micklethwait , Adrian Wooldridge . God Is Back : How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World . Penguin Books . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Recognition of the Supreme Being is the first , the most basic , expression of Americanism , '' he declared in a speech launching the American Legion 's `` Back to God '' campaign in 1955 . `` Without God , there could be no American form of government , nor an American way of life . Jump up ^ William J. Federer . Back Fired . Amerisearch . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . In a National Day of Prayer Proclamation , December 5 , 1974 , President Gerald R. Ford , quoted President Dwight David Eisenhower 's 1955 statement : Without God there could be no American form of government , nor an American way of life . Recognition of the Supreme Being is the first -- the most basic -- expression of Americanism . ^ Jump up to : Five Key Findings on Religion in the US Jump up ^ The Latin American Socio - Religious Studies Program / Programa Latinoamericano de Estudios Sociorreligiosos ( PROLADES ) PROLADES Religion in America by country Jump up ^ Kaleem , Jaweed ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/17/religious-attendance-exaggeration-survey_n_5344535.html '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive survey '' . Harrisinteractive.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippians Go to Church the Most ; Vermonters , Least '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' One in 10 ' attends church weekly '' . BBC News . April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ NCLS releases latest estimates of church attendance , National Church Life Survey , media release , February 28 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Frequent Church Attendance Highest in Utah , Lowest in Vermont '' . Gallup.com . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Religion Losing Influence in America '' . Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the 2006 Elections '' . Pew Forum. 2006 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Exit poll - Decision 2004 - NBCNews.com '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The First Catholic Vice President ? '' . NPR.org. 9 January 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Bernie Sanders does n't participate in organized religion '' . www.washingtonpost.com. 27 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Isikoff , `` I 'm a Sunni Muslim '' , Newsweek Jan. 4 , 2007 Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Jones ( 2007 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Some Americans Reluctant to Vote for Mormon , 72 - Year - Old Presidential Candidates . Strong support for black , women , Catholic candidates '' . Gallup News Service . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey M. Jones ( 2012 - 06 - 21 ) . `` Atheists , Muslims See Most Bias as Presidential Candidates '' . Gallup News Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Justin Mccarthy ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) . `` In U.S. , Socialist Presidential Candidates Least Appealing '' . Gallup News Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kaleem , Jaweed ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Tulsi Gabbard , First Hindu In Congress , Uses Bhagavad Gita At Swearing - In '' . HuffPost . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ see `` Trends continue in church membership growth or decline , reports 2011 Yearbook of American & Canadian Churches '' , News from the National Council of Churches ( Feb. 14 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` ARDA Sources for Religious Congregations & Membership Data '' . ARDA. 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives ( ARDA ) , Year 2010 Report '' . ARDA. 2010 . Bibliography Buck , Christopher ( 2009 ) . Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America 's world role . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35959 - 0 ... Richard Dawkins , `` Secularism , the Founding Fathers and the religion of America '' , in The God Delusion , Black Swan , 2007 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 552 - 77429 - 1 ) . De La Torre , Miguel A. , Encyclopedia on Hispanic American Religious Culture 2 vol , ABC - CLIO Publishers , 2009 . Gaustad , Edwin ( 1962 ) . `` Historical atlas of religion in America '' . Harper & Row ... Gordon , Melton , J. Encyclopedia of American Religions ( 7th ed . Thomson , 2003 ) 1408pp Hill , Samuel S. , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , eds . Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) Lippy , Charles H. , ed . Encyclopedia of the American Religious Experience ( 3 vol Scribners , 1988 ) National Council of the Churches of Christ . Yearbook of American Churches : 2010 ( 2010 ) Putnam , Robert D. , and David E Campbell American Grace : How Religion Divides and Unites Us ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Queen , Edward L. et al. eds , Encyclopedia of American Religious History ( 3rd ed. 3 vol , Facts on File , 2009 ) Historiography Goff , Philip , ed . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the largest religious group in the united states	The majority of U.S. adults self - identify as Christians , while close to a quarter claim no religious affiliation . According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , 70.6 % of the adult population identified themselves as Christians , with 46.5 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant , and 20.8 % professing Catholic beliefs . The same study says that other religions ( including Judaism , Buddhism , Hinduism , and Islam ) collectively make up about 6 % of the population . According to a 2012 survey by the Pew forum , 36 % of U.S. adults state that they attend services nearly every week or more . According to a 2016 Gallup poll , Mississippi ( with 63 % of its adult population described as very religious , saying that religion is important to them and attending religious services almost every week ) is the most religious state in the country , while New Hampshire ( with only 20 % of its adult population described as very religious ) is the least religious state .
Construction of electronic cigarettes - wikipedia Construction of electronic cigarettes Disassembled parts of a first generation e-cigarette . A. LED light cover B. battery ( also houses circuitry ) C. atomizer ( heating element ) D. cartridge ( mouthpiece ) Parts of a second generation e-cigarette . An electronic cigarette is a battery - powered vaporizer . The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece , a cartridge ( tank ) , a heating element / atomizer , a microprocessor , a battery , and possibly a LED light on the end . An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil . When the user pushes a button , or ( in some variations ) activates a pressure sensor by inhaling , the heating element then atomizes the liquid solution The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100 - 250 ° C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor . The user inhales the aerosol , commonly called vapor , rather than cigarette smoke . The aerosol provides a flavor and feel similar to tobacco smoking . There are three main types of e-cigarettes : cigalikes , looking like cigarettes ; eGos , bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks ; and mods , assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products . As the e-cigarette industry continues to evolve , new products are quickly developed and brought to market . First generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called `` cigalikes '' . Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size . Second generation devices are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes . Third generation devices include mechanical mods and variable voltage devices . The fourth generation includes Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices . The power source is the biggest component of an e-cigarette , which is frequently a rechargeable lithium - ion battery . Contents 1 Use 1.1 Function 1.2 Perception 2 Construction 3 Device generations 3.1 First - generation 3.2 Second - generation 3.3 Third - generation 3.4 Fourth - generation 4 Atomizer and tank 4.1 Cartomizers 4.2 Clearomizers 4.3 Rebuildable atomizers 4.4 Squonk mods 5 Power 5.1 Variable power and voltage devices 5.1. 1 Temperature control devices 5.2 Mechanical devices 6 References 7 External links Use ( edit ) Function ( edit ) A later - generation box mod e-cigarette . Image courtesy of Ecigclick An e-cigarette is a handheld battery - powered vaporizer that simulates smoking , but without tobacco combustion . Once the user inhales , the airflow activates the pressure sensor , and then the heating element atomizes the liquid solution . Most devices have a manual push - button switch to turn them on or off . E-cigarettes do not turn on by trying to `` light '' the device with a flame . The e-liquid reaches a temperature of roughly 100 - 250 ° C within a chamber to create an aerosolized vapor . However , variable voltage devices can raise the temperature . A glycerin - only liquid vaporizes at a higher temperature than a propylene glycol - glycerin liquid . Rather than cigarette smoke , the user inhales an aerosol , commonly but inaccurately called vapor . E-cigarettes do not create vapor between puffs . Perception ( edit ) Vaping is different than tobacco smoking , but there are some similarities with their behavioral habits , including the hand - to - mouth action and a vapor that looks like cigarette smoke . E-cigarettes provide a flavor and feel similar to smoking . A noticeable difference between the traditional cigarette and the e-cigarette is sense of touch . A traditional cigarette is smooth and light but an e-cigarette is rigid , cold and slightly heavier . Since e-cigarettes are more complex than traditional cigarettes , a learning curve is needed to use them correctly . Compared to traditional cigarettes , the general e-cigarette puff time is much longer , and requires a more forceful suction than a regular cigarette . The volume of vapor created by e-cigarette devices in 2012 declined with vaping . Thus , to create the same volume of vapor increasing puff force is needed . Later - generation e-cigarettes with concentrated nicotine liquids may deliver nicotine at levels similar to traditional cigarettes . Many e-cigarette versions include a voltage potentiometer to adjust the volume of vapor created . The amount of vapor produced is controlled by the power from the battery , which has led some users to adjust their devices to increase battery power . Construction ( edit ) An ordinary cigarette compared to a `` cigalike '' e-cigarette E-cigarettes are usually approximately cylindrical , with many variations : pen - styles , tank - styles etc . Some e-cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes , but others do not . There are three main types of e-cigarettes : cigalikes , looking like cigarettes ; eGos , bigger than cigalikes with refillable liquid tanks ; and mods , assembled from basic parts or by altering existing products . The primary parts that make up an e-cigarette are a mouthpiece , a cartridge ( tank ) , a heating element / atomizer , a microprocessor , a battery , and possibly a LED light on the end . The only exception to this are mechanical e-cigarettes ( mods ) which contain no electronics and the circuit is closed by using a mechanical action switch . E-cigarettes are sold in disposable or reusable variants . Disposable e-cigarettes are discarded once the liquid in the cartridge is used up , while rechargeable e-cigarettes may be used indefinitely . A disposable e-cigarette lasts to around 400 puffs . Reusable e-cigarettes are refilled by hand or exchanged for pre-filled cartridges , and general cleaning is required . A wide range of disposable and reusable e-cigarettes exist . Disposable e-cigarettes are offered for a few dollars , and higher - priced reusable e-cigarettes involve an up - front investment for a starter kit . Some e-cigarettes have a LED at the tip to resemble the glow of burning tobacco . The LED may also indicate the battery status . The LED is not generally used in personal vaporizers or mods . First - generation e-cigarettes usually simulated smoking implements , such as cigarettes or cigars , in their use and appearance . Later - generation e-cigarettes often called mods , PVs ( personal vaporizer ) or APVs ( advanced personal vaporizer ) have an increased nicotine - dispersal performance , house higher capacity batteries , and come in various shapes such as metal tubes and boxes . They contain silver , steel , metals , ceramics , plastics , fibers , aluminum , rubber and spume , and lithium batteries . A growing subclass of vapers called cloud - chasers configure their atomizers to produce large amounts of vapor by using low - resistance heating coils . This practice is known as cloud - chasing . Many e-cigarettes are made of standardized replaceable parts that are interchangeable between brands . A wide array of component combinations exists . Many e-cigarettes are sold with a USB charger . E-cigarettes that resemble pens or USB memory sticks are also sold for those who may want to use the device unobtrusively . Device generations ( edit ) As the e-cigarette industry continues to evolve , new products are quickly developed and brought to market . First - generation ( edit ) Various types of e-cigarettes . First - generation e-cigarettes tend to look like tobacco cigarettes and so are called `` cigalikes '' . The three parts of a cigalike e-cigarette initially were a cartridge , an atomizer , and a battery . A cigalike e-cigarette currently contains a cartomizer ( cartridge atomizer ) , which is connected to a battery . Most cigalikes look like cigarettes but there is some variation in size . They may be a single unit comprising a battery , coil and filling saturated with e-juice in a single tube to be used and discarded after the battery or e-liquid is depleted . They may also be a reusable device with a battery and cartridge called a cartomizer . The cartomizer cartridge can be separated from the battery so the battery can be charged and the empty cartomizer replaced when the e-juice runs out . The battery section may contain an electronic airflow sensor triggered by drawing breath through the device . Other models use a power button that must be held during operation . An LED in the power button or on the end of the device may also show when the device is vaporizing . Charging is commonly accomplished with a USB charger that attaches to the battery . Some manufacturers also have a cigarette pack - shaped portable charging case ( PCC ) , which contains a larger battery capable of recharging the individual e-cigarette batteries . Reusable devices can come in a kit that contains a battery , a charger , and at least one cartridge . Varying nicotine concentrations are available and nicotine delivery to the user also varies based on different cartomizers , e-juice mixtures , and power supplied by the battery . These manufacturing differences affect the way e-cigarettes convert the liquid solution to an aerosol , and thus the levels of ingredients , that are delivered to the user and the surrounding air for any given liquid . First - generation e-cigarettes use lower voltages , around 3.7 V . Second - generation ( edit ) Second - generation PV . Second generation devices tend to be used by people with more experience . They are larger overall and look less like tobacco cigarettes . They usually consist of two sections , basically a tank and a separate battery . Their batteries have higher capacity , and are not removable . Being rechargeable , they use a USB charger that attaches to the battery with a threaded connector . Some batteries have a `` passthrough '' feature so they can be used even while they are charging . Second - generation e-cigarettes commonly use a tank or a `` clearomizer '' . Clearomizer tanks are meant to be refilled with e-juice , while cartomizers are not . Because they 're refillable and the battery is rechargeable , their cost of operation is lower . Hovever , they can also use cartomizers , which are pre-filled only . Some cheaper battery sections use a microphone that detects the turbulence of the air passing through to activate the device when the user inhales . Other batteries like the eGo style can use an integrated circuit , as well as a button for manual activation . The LED shows battery status . The power button can also switch off the battery so it is not activated accidentally . Second generation e-cigarettes may have lower voltages , around 3.7 V. However , adjustable - voltage devices can be set between 3 V and 6 V . Third - generation ( edit ) Third - generation PV . The third - generation includes mechanical mods and variable voltage devices . Battery sections are commonly called `` mods , '' referencing their past when user modification was common . Mechanical mods do not contain integrated circuits . They are commonly cylindrical or box - shaped , and typical housing materials are wood , aluminium , stainless steel , or brass . A larger `` box mod '' can hold bigger and sometimes multiple batteries . Mechanical mods and variable devices use larger batteries than those found in previous generations . Common battery sizes used are 18350 , 18490 , 18500 and 18650 . The battery is often removable , so it can be changed when depleted . The battery must be removed and charged externally . Variable devices permit setting wattage , voltage , or both . These often have a USB connector for recharging ; some can be used while charging , called a `` passthrough '' feature . The power section may include additional options such as screen readout , support for a wide range of internal batteries , and compatibility with different types of atomizers . Third - generation devices can have rebuildable atomizers with different wicking materials . These rebuildables use handmade coils that can be installed in the atomizer to increase vapor production . Hardware in this generation is sometimes modified to increase power or flavor . The larger battery sections used also allow larger tanks to be attached that can hold more e-liquid . Recent devices can go up to 8 V , which can heat the e-liquid significantly more than earlier generations . Fourth - generation ( edit ) A fourth - generation e-cigarette became available in the U.S. in 2014 . Fourth - generation e-cigarettes can be made from stainless steel and pyrex glass , and contain very little plastics . Included in the fourth - generation are Sub ohm tanks and temperature control devices . Atomizer and tank ( edit ) An e-cigarette atomizer with the coil ( heating element ) in view . An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and a wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil . Along with a battery and e-liquid the atomizer is the main component of every personal vaporizer . A small length of resistance wire is coiled around the wicking material and connected to the integrated circuit , or in the case of mechanical devices , the atomizer is connected directly to the battery through either a 510 , 808 , or ego threaded connector . 510 being the most common . When activated , the resistance wire coil heats up and vaporizes the liquid , which is then inhaled by the user . The electrical resistance of the coil , the voltage output of the device , the airflow of the atomizer and the efficiency of the wick all affect the vapor coming from the atomizer . They also affect the vapor quantity or volume yielded . Atomizer coils made of kanthal usually have resistances that vary from 0.2 Ω ( ohms ) to 2.8 Ω . Coils of lower ohms have increased vapor production but could risk fire and dangerous battery failures if the user is not knowledgeable enough about electrical principles and how they relate to battery safety . Wicking materials vary from one atomizer to another . `` Rebuildable '' or `` do it yourself '' atomizers can use silica , cotton , rayon , porous ceramic , hemp , bamboo yarn , oxidized stainless steel mesh and even wire rope cables as wicking materials . Cartomizers ( edit ) A 45mm length , extra-long cartomizer . The cartomizer was invented in 2007 , integrating the heating coil into the liquid chamber . A `` cartomizer '' ( a portmanteau of cartridge and atomizer . ) or `` carto '' consists of an atomizer surrounded by a liquid - soaked poly - foam that acts as an e-liquid holder . They can have up to 3 coils and each coil will increase vapor production . The cartomizer is usually discarded when the e-liquid starts to taste burnt , which usually happens when the e-cigarette is activated with a dry coil or when the cartomizer gets consistently flooded ( gurgling ) because of sedimentation of the wick . Most cartomizers are refillable even if not advertised as such . Cartomizers can be used on their own or in conjunction with a tank that allows more e-liquid capacity . The portmanteau word `` cartotank '' has been coined for this . When used in a tank , the cartomizer is inserted in a plastic , glass or metal tube and holes or slots have to be punched on the sides of the cartomizer so liquid can reach the coil . Clearomizers ( edit ) eGo style e-cigarette with a top - coil clearomizer . Silica fibers are hanging down freely inside of the tank , drawing e-liquid by capillary action to the coil that is located directly under the mouthpiece . The clearomizer was invented in 2009 that originated from the cartomizer design . It contained the wicking material , an e-liquid chamber , and an atomizer coil within a single clear component . This allows the user to monitor the liquid level in the device . Clearomizers or `` clearos '' , are like cartotanks , in that an atomizer is inserted into the tank . There are different wicking systems used inside clearomizers . Some rely on gravity to bring the e-liquid to the wick and coil assembly ( bottom coil clearomizers for example ) and others rely on capillary action or to some degree the user agitating the e-liquid while handling the clearomizer ( top coil clearomizers ) . The coil and wicks are typically inside a prefabricated assembly or `` head '' that is replaceable by the user . Clearomizers are made with adjustable air flow control . Tanks can be plastic or borosilicate glass . Some flavors of e-juice have been known to damage plastic clearomizer tanks . Rebuildable atomizers ( edit ) Box mod e-cigarette fitted with a rebuildable dripping atomizer ( RDA ) . A view of the RDA deck showing the wicks and coils , juice is dripped into a hopper where the wicks rest as well as atop the coil assembly . A rebuildable atomizer or an RBA is an atomizer that allows the user to assemble or `` build '' the wick and coil themselves instead of replacing them with off - the - shelf atomizer `` heads '' . They are generally considered advanced devices . They also allow the user to build atomizers at any desired electrical resistance . These atomizers are divided into two main categories ; rebuildable tank atomizers ( RTAs ) and rebuildable dripping atomizers ( RDAs ) . Rebuildable tank atomizers ( RTAs ) have a tank to hold liquid that is absorbed by the wick . They can hold up to 4ml of e-liquid . The tank can be either plastic , glass , or metal . One form of tank atomizers was the Genesis style atomizers . They can use ceramic wicks , stainless steel mesh or rope for wicking material . The steel wick must be oxidized to prevent arcing of the coil . Another type is the Sub ohm tank . These tanks have rebuildabe or RBA kits . They can also use coilheads of 0.2 ohm 0.4 ohm and 0.5 ohm . These coilheads can have stainless steel coils . Rebuildable dripping atomizers ( RDAs ) are atomizers where the e-juice is dripped directly onto the coil and wick . The common nicotine strength of e-liquids used in RDA 's is 3 mg and 6 mg . Liquids used in RDA 's tend to have more vegetable glycerin . They typically consist only of an atomizer `` building deck '' , commonly with three posts with holes drilled in them , which can accept one or more coils . The user needs to manually keep the atomizer wet by dripping liquid on the bare wick and coil assembly , hence their name . Kanthal wire can be used in an RDA , RTA or RTDA , or the builder may opt for stainless steel , nickel , titanium , nichrome and other custom combination wires . Wattage and Bypass modes allow for any type of wire , not every type of wide can be used when the mod is set to temperature control . Squonk mods ( edit ) This gives squonk boxes the advantages of holding more e-juice than RTAs and reducing the need to carry separate e-juice bottles throughout the day . Power ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Various issues ; see talk page . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this section if you can . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Variable power and voltage devices ( edit ) Variable devices are variable wattage , variable voltage or both . Variable power and / or variable voltage have an electronic chip allowing the user to adjust the power applied to the heating element . The amount of power applied to the coil affects the heat produced , thus changing the vapor output . Greater heat from the coil increases vapor production . Variable power devices monitor the coil 's resistance and automatically adjust the voltage to apply the user - specified level of power to the coil . Recent devices can go up to 8 V . They are often rectangular but can also be cylindrical . They usually have a screen to show information such as voltage , power , and resistance of the coil . To adjust the settings , the user presses buttons or rotates a dial to turn the power up or down . Some of these devices include additional settings through their menu system such as : atomizer resistance meter , remaining battery voltage , puff counter , and power - off or lock . The power source is the biggest component of an e-cigarette , which is frequently a rechargeable lithium - ion battery . Smaller devices contain smaller batteries and are easier to carry but typically require more repeated recharging . Some e-cigarettes use a long lasting rechargeable battery , a non-rechargeable battery or a replaceable battery that is either rechargeable or non-rechargeable for power . Some companies offer portable chargeable cases to recharge e-cigarettes . Nickel - cadmium ( NiCad ) , nickel metal - hydride ( NiMh ) , lithium ion ( Li - ion ) , alkaline and lithium polymer ( Li - poly ) , and lithium manganese ( LiMn ) batteries have been used for the e-cigarettes power source . PV with variable and regulated power offering battery protection . Temperature control devices ( edit ) Temperature control devices allow the user to set the temperature . There is a predictable change to the resistance of a coil when it is heated . The resistance changes are different for different types of wires , and must have a high temperature coefficient of resistance . Temperature control is done by detecting that resistance change to estimate the temperature and adjusting the voltage to the coil to match that estimate . Nickel , titanium , NiFe alloys , and certain grades of stainless steel are common materials used for wire in temperature control . The most common wire used , kanthal , can not be used because it has a stable resistance regardless of the coil temperature . Nickel was the first wire used because of it has the highest coefficient of the common metals . Mechanical PV with a rebuildable atomizer . The temperature can be adjusted in Celsius or Fahrenheit . The DNA40 and SX350J are common control boards used in temperature control devices . Temperature control can stop dry wicks from burning , or e-liquid overheating . Mechanical devices ( edit ) Mechanical PVs or mechanical `` mods '' , often called `` mechs '' , are devices without integrated circuits , electronic battery protection , or voltage regulation . They are activated by a switch . They rely on the natural voltage output of the battery and the metal that the mod is made of often is used as part of the circuit itself . The term `` mod '' was originally used instead of `` modification '' . Users would modify existing hardware to get better performance , and as an alternative to the e-cigarettes that looked like traditional cigarettes . Users would also modify other unrelated items like flashlights as battery compartments to power atomizers . The word mod is often used to describe most personal vaporizers . Mechanical PVs have no power regulation and are unprotected . Because of this ensuring that the battery does not over-discharge and that the resistance of the atomizer requires electric current within the safety limits of the battery is the responsibility of the user . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Caponnetto , Pasquale ; Campagna , Davide ; Papale , Gabriella ; Russo , Cristina ; Polosa , Riccardo ( 2012 ) . `` The emerging phenomenon of electronic cigarettes '' . Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine . 6 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 74 . doi : 10.1586 / ers. 11.92 . ISSN 1747 - 6348 . PMID 22283580 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electronic Cigarette Fires and Explosions '' ( PDF ) . United States Fire Administration . October 2014 . pp. 1 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vaper Talk -- The Vaper 's Glossary '' . Spinfuel eMagazine. 5 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Orellana - Barrios , Menfil A. ; Payne , Drew ; Mulkey , Zachary ; Nugent , Kenneth ( 2015 ) . `` Electronic cigarettes - a narrative review for clinicians '' . The American Journal of Medicine . 128 : 674 -- 81 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amjmed. 2015.01. 033 . ISSN 0002 - 9343 . PMID 25731134 . ^ Jump up to : Rahman MA , Hann N , Wilson A , Worrall - Carter L ( 2014 ) . `` Electronic cigarettes : patterns of use , health effects , use in smoking cessation and regulatory issues '' . Tob Induc Dis. 12 ( 1 ) : 21 . doi : 10.1186 / 1617 - 9625 - 12 - 21 . PMC 4350653 . PMID 25745382 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Rowell , Temperance R ; Tarran , Robert ( 2015 ) . `` Will Chronic E-Cigarette Use Cause Lung Disease ? '' . American Journal of Physiology . Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. 309 : ajplung. 00272.2015 . doi : 10.1152 / ajplung. 00272.2015 . ISSN 1040 - 0605 . PMC 4683316 . PMID 26408554 . ^ Jump up to : Cheng , T. ( 2014 ) . `` Chemical evaluation of electronic cigarettes '' . Tobacco Control . 23 ( Supplement 2 ) : ii11 -- ii17 . doi : 10.1136 / tobaccocontrol - 2013 - 051482 . ISSN 0964 - 4563 . PMC 3995255 . PMID 24732157 . ^ Jump up to : Ebbert , Jon O. ; Agunwamba , Amenah A. ; Rutten , Lila J. ( 2015 ) . `` Counseling Patients on the Use of Electronic Cigarettes '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 90 ( 1 ) : 128 -- 134 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mayocp. 2014.11. 004 . ISSN 0025 - 6196 . PMID 25572196 . ^ Jump up to : Glasser , A.M. ; Cobb , C.O. ; Teplitskaya , L. ; Ganz , O. ; Katz , L. ; Rose , S.W. ; Feirman , S. ; Villanti , A.C. ( 2015 ) . `` Electronic nicotine delivery devices , and their impact on health and patterns of tobacco use : a systematic review protocol '' . BMJ Open . 5 ( 4 ) : e007688 -- e007688 . doi : 10.1136 / bmjopen - 2015 - 007688 . ISSN 2044 - 6055 . PMC 4420972 . PMID 25926149 . ^ Jump up to : Farsalinos , Konstantinos E. ; Spyrou , Alketa ; Tsimopoulou , Kalliroi ; Stefopoulos , Christos ; Romagna , Giorgio ; Voudris , Vassilis ( 2014 ) . `` Nicotine absorption from electronic cigarette use : comparison between first and new - generation devices '' . Scientific Reports . 4 . doi : 10.1038 / srep04133 . ISSN 2045 - 2322 . PMC 3935206 . PMID 24569565 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar , A. ; Whitsel , L.P. ; Ribisl , K.M. ; Bullen , C. ; Chaloupka , F. ; Piano , M.R. ; Robertson , R.M. ; McAuley , T. ; Goff , D. ; Benowitz , N. ( 24 August 2014 ) . `` AHA Policy Statement - Electronic Cigarettes '' . Circulation. 130 ( 16 ) : 1418 -- 1436 . doi : 10.1161 / cir. 0000000000000107 . PMID 25156991 . ^ Jump up to : Hayden McRobbie ( 2014 ) . `` Electronic cigarettes '' ( PDF ) . National Centre for Smoking Cessation and Training . pp. 1 -- 16 . ^ Jump up to : Konstantinos Farsalinos . `` Electronic cigarette evolution from the first to fourth - generation and beyond '' ( PDF ) . gfn.net.co . Global Forum on Nicotine . p. 23 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rom , Oren ; Pecorelli , Alessandra ; Valacchi , Giuseppe ; Reznick , Abraham Z. ( 2014 ) . `` Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking ? '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 1340 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 74 . doi : 10.1111 / nyas. 12609 . ISSN 0077 - 8923 . PMID 25557889 . Jump up ^ Garner , Charles ; Stevens , Robert ( February 2014 ) . `` A Brief Description of History , Operation and Regulation '' ( PDF ) . Coresta . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaisar , Mohammad Abul ; Prasad , Shikha ; Liles , Tylor ; Cucullo , Luca ( 2016 ) . `` A Decade of e-Cigarettes : Limited Research & Unresolved Safety Concerns '' . Toxicology. 365 : 67 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tox. 2016.07. 020 . ISSN 0300 - 483X . PMID 27477296 . ^ Jump up to : Bertholon , J.F. ; Becquemin , M.H. ; Annesi - Maesano , I. ; Dautzenberg , B. ( 2013 ) . `` Electronic Cigarettes : A Short Review '' . Respiration. 86 : 433 -- 8 . doi : 10.1159 / 000353253 . ISSN 1423 - 0356 . PMID 24080743 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting regulation of electronic cigarettes '' . www.apha.org . US : American Public Health Association . 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pepper , J.K. ; Brewer , N.T. ( 2013 ) . `` Electronic nicotine delivery system ( electronic cigarette ) awareness , use , reactions and beliefs : a systematic review '' . Tobacco Control . 23 ( 5 ) : 375 -- 384 . doi : 10.1136 / tobaccocontrol - 2013 - 051122 . ISSN 0964 - 4563 . PMC 4520227 . PMID 24259045 . Jump up ^ Evans , S.E. ; Hoffman , A.C. ( 2014 ) . `` Electronic cigarettes : abuse liability , topography and subjective effects '' . Tobacco Control . 23 ( Supplement 2 ) : ii23 -- ii29 . doi : 10.1136 / tobaccocontrol - 2013 - 051489 . ISSN 0964 - 4563 . PMC 3995256 . PMID 24732159 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon , T.H. ; Goniewicz , M.L. ; Hanna , N.H. ; Hatsukami , D.K. ; Herbst , R.S. ; Hobin , J.A. ; Ostroff , J.S. ; Shields , P.G. ; Toll , B.A. ; Tyne , C.A. ; Viswanath , K. ; Warren , G.W. ( 2015 ) . `` Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems : A Policy Statement from the American Association for Cancer Research and the American Society of Clinical Oncology '' . Clinical Cancer Research . 21 : 514 -- 525 . doi : 10.1158 / 1078 - 0432. CCR - 14 - 2544 . ISSN 1078 - 0432 . PMID 25573384 . ^ Jump up to : Grana , R ; Benowitz , N ; Glantz , SA ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` E-cigarettes : a scientific review '' . Circulation. 129 ( 19 ) : 1972 -- 86 . doi : 10.1161 / circulationaha. 114.007667 . PMC 4018182 . PMID 24821826 . Jump up ^ Steve K ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` What is an e-Cigarette MOD E-cig 101 '' . Steve K 's Vaping World . Jump up ^ Franck , C. ; Budlovsky , T. ; Windle , S.B. ; Filion , K.B. ; Eisenberg , M.J. ( 2014 ) . `` Electronic Cigarettes in North America : History , Use , and Implications for Smoking Cessation '' . Circulation. 129 ( 19 ) : 1945 -- 1952 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 113.006416 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 24821825 . Jump up ^ Oscar Raymundo ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` How to Get Started with E-Cigarettes '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Brown , C.J. ; Cheng , J.M. ( 2014 ) . `` Electronic cigarettes : product characterisation and design considerations '' . Tobacco Control . 23 ( Supplement 2 ) : ii4 -- ii10 . doi : 10.1136 / tobaccocontrol - 2013 - 051476 . ISSN 0964 - 4563 . PMC 3995271 . PMID 24732162 . Jump up ^ McQueen , Amy ; Tower , Stephanie ; Sumner , Walton ( 2011 ) . `` Interviews with `` vapers '' : implications for future research with electronic cigarettes `` . Nicotine & Tobacco Research . 13 ( 9 ) : 860 -- 7 . doi : 10.1093 / ntr / ntr088 . PMID 21571692 . Jump up ^ SA , Meo ; SA , Al Asiri ( 2014 ) . `` Effects of electronic cigarette smoking on human health '' ( PDF ) . Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 18 ( 21 ) : 3315 -- 9 . PMID 25487945 . Jump up ^ Mary Plass ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` The Cloud Chasers '' . Vape News Magazine . Jump up ^ Dominique Mosbergen ( 5 August 2014 ) . `` This Man Is An Athlete In The Sport Of ' Cloud Chasing ' '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Jérôme Cartegini ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` A la découverte de la cigarette électronique '' . Clubic . ^ Jump up to : Couts , Andrew ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Inside the world of vapers , the subculture that might save smokers ' lives '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Alex Hern ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Now e-cigarettes can give you malware '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Schraufnagel , Dean E. ; Blasi , Francesco ; Drummond , M. Bradley ; Lam , David C.L. ; Latif , Ehsan ; Rosen , Mark J. ; Sansores , Raul ; Van Zyl - Smit , Richard ( 2014 ) . `` Electronic Cigarettes . A Position Statement of the Forum of International Respiratory Societies '' . American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine . 190 ( 6 ) : 611 -- 618 . doi : 10.1164 / rccm. 201407 - 1198PP . ISSN 1073 - 449X . PMID 25006874 . ^ Jump up to : Bhatnagar , A. ; Whitsel , L.P. ; Ribisl , K.M. ; Bullen , C. ; Chaloupka , F. ; Piano , M.R. ; Robertson , R.M. ; McAuley , T. ; Goff , D. ; Benowitz , N. ( 2014 ) . `` Electronic Cigarettes : A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association '' . Circulation. 130 ( 16 ) : 1418 -- 1436 . doi : 10.1161 / CIR. 0000000000000107 . ISSN 0009 - 7322 . PMID 25156991 . Jump up ^ `` The skyrocketing popularity of e-cigarettes : A guide '' . The Week . 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tim Stevens . `` Thanko 's USB - powered Health E-Cigarettes sound healthy '' . Engagdet . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Terrence O'Brien . `` E-Lites electronic cigarette review '' . Engagdet . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Crotty Alexander LE , Vyas A , Schraufnagel DE , Malhotra A ( 2015 ) . `` Electronic cigarettes : the new face of nicotine delivery and addiction '' . J Thorac Dis. 7 ( 8 ) : E248 -- 51 . doi : 10.3978 / j. issn. 2072 - 1439.2015. 07.37 . PMC 4561260 . PMID 26380791 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vaper Talk -- The Vaper 's Glossary page 2 '' . Spinfuel eMagazine. 5 July 2013 . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Farsalinos , K.E. ; Polosa , R. ( 2014 ) . `` Safety evaluation and risk assessment of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes : a systematic review '' . Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety . 5 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 86 . doi : 10.1177 / 2042098614524430 . ISSN 2042 - 0986 . PMC 4110871 . PMID 25083263 . Jump up ^ `` Joyetech eCom '' . PCMag . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom McBride ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` Vaping Basics -- VAPE GEAR '' . Spinfuel eMagazine . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniel Culpan ( 21 May 2015 ) . `` E-cigarettes may only be harmful under ' extreme conditions ' '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Benson ( 9 January 2015 ) . `` Are Third Generation Vaping Devices A Step Too Far ? '' . Spinfuel eMagazine . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Grothaus ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` Trading addictions : the inside story of the e-cig modding scene '' . Engadget . ^ Jump up to : Sean Cooper ( 23 May 2014 ) . `` What you need to know about vaporizers '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` Understanding MilliAmp Hours '' . Spinfuel eMagazine. 2 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vapologist will see you now : Inside New York 's first e-cigarette bar '' . The Week . 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Larson ( 25 January 2014 ) . `` Pimp My Vape : The Rise of E-Cigarette Hackers '' . Mashable . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Castle ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` E Cigarettes And Clearomizers '' . Spinfuel eMagazine . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ EP application 2614731 , Yonghai Li , Zhongli Xu , `` An atomizer for electronic cigarette '' , published 17 July 2013 ^ Jump up to : Joseph C. Martin , III ( 2 September 2015 ) . `` The World of the ( RDA ) Coil '' . Spinfuel eMagazine . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harding Battery Handbook For '' ( PDF ) . Harding Energy , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ngonngo , Nancy . `` As e-cigarette stores pop up in Twin Cities , so do the questions '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mike K ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` What Does The Future Hold For Vaping Technology ? '' . Steve K 's Vaping World . Jump up ^ `` Logic Premium Electronic Cigarettes '' . PC Magazine . 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` lgaurejen '' . 17 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Greg Olson ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` Smoking going electronic '' . Civistas Media . Journal - Courier . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Arvid Sollom ( 9 May 2015 ) . `` Sub ohm tanks and the end of non hobbyist building '' . Vape Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ VAPE Magazine March EU Special . Vape Magazine . March 2015 . p. 50 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lindsay Fox ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` E-Liquid and Tank Safety '' . EcigaretteReviewed . Retrieved 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rebuildable Atomizer -- An Introduction And Overview '' . Spinfuel Magazine . 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3 steps to rebuilding atomizers '' . Vapenews Magazine . Vapenews Magazine . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erick Potter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` How to prepare a stainless steel wick and wrap a coil for a Genesis style rebuildable atomizer '' . Vape Magazine . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Julia Hartley - Barnes ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Vaping with Julia `` Sub Ohm Tanks '' `` . Spinfuel eMagazine . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ John Manzione ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` Aspire Triton Full Review '' . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Little ( 13 July 2015 ) . `` Guide To Dripping e Liquid '' . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom McBride ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Taking The Mystery Out Of Variable Wattage '' . Spinfuel eMagazine . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Beach , Dania ( 29 January 2014 ) . `` Vapor Corp . Launches New Store - in - Store VaporX ( R ) Retail Concept at Tobacco Plus Convenience Expo in Las Vegas '' . Wall Street Journal . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JoyeTech eVic Review '' . Real Electric Cigarettes Reviews . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Temperature Coefficients and Coil Wires '' . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom McBride ( 8 December 2015 ) . `` Temperature Control Vaping : The Decision Is Yours '' . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Spinfuel Staff ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` HCigar VT40 Evolv DNA40 Mod '' . Spinfuel eMagazine . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tim Hanlon ( 15 February 2015 ) . `` Temperature - controlled e-cigs : The next giant leap in harm reduction of nicotine use ? '' . Gizmag . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dale Amann ( 10 February 2014 ) . `` Battery Safety and Ohm 's Law '' . onVaping . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Electronic cigarettes at Wikimedia Commons Cigarettes Types Fashion Fire safe Kretek Lights Menthol Beedi Components Tobacco Rolling paper Filter Additives Peripherals Ashtray Case Holder Lighter Pack Receptacles Vending machine Culture Cigarette card Cigarette smoking among college students Loosie Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Health issues Chain smoking Cigarette smoking for weight loss Nicotine poisoning Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smoking cessation Tobacco harm reduction Related products Electronic cigarette E-liquid Candy cigarette Herbal cigarette Heat - not - burn tobacco product Nicotine patch Nicotine gum Nicotine inhaler Nicotine lozenge Tobacco industry Cultivation of tobacco Egyptian cigarette industry History of commercial tobacco in the United States Tobacco advertising Government and the law Cigarette smuggling Illicit cigarette trade Plain cigarette packaging Smoking age Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco control movement Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco politics WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Lists Cigarette brands Cigarette smoke carcinogens Countries by cigarette consumption per capita Rolling papers Smoking bans Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Construction_of_electronic_cigarettes&oldid=855227362 '' Categories : 2003 introductions Cigarette types Electronic cigarettes Smoking cessation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2018 Articles needing cleanup from June 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 20 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what part is the atomizer on a vape	An atomizer comprises a small heating element that vaporizes e-liquid and a wicking material that draws liquid onto the coil . Along with a battery and e-liquid the atomizer is the main component of every personal vaporizer . A small length of resistance wire is coiled around the wicking material and connected to the integrated circuit , or in the case of mechanical devices , the atomizer is connected directly to the battery through either a 510 , 808 , or ego threaded connector . 510 being the most common . When activated , the resistance wire coil heats up and vaporizes the liquid , which is then inhaled by the user .
One Day at a Time ( song ) - wikipedia One Day at a Time ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` One Day at a Time '' Single by Marilyn Sellars from the album One Day at a Time Released Genre Country Length 3 : 32 Label Mega Songwriter ( s ) Marijohn Wilkin , Kris Kristofferson Producer ( s ) Steven C. Anderson Marilyn Sellars singles chronology `` One Day at a Time '' ( 1974 ) `` He 's Everywhere '' ( 1974 ) `` One Day at a Time '' ( 1974 ) `` He 's Everywhere '' ( 1974 ) `` One Day at a Time '' is a popular Country and Western - style Christian song written by Marijohn Wilkin and Kris Kristofferson . It has been recorded by over 200 artists and has reached No. 1 in several territories . Contents ( hide ) 1 Marilyn Sellars version 1.1 Chart positions 2 Gloria version 2.1 Chart positions 3 Cristy Lane version 3.1 Chart positions 4 Other versions 5 See also 6 References Marilyn Sellars version ( edit ) The song was first recorded by American Country singer Marilyn Sellars in 1974 . This version became a US top 40 hit and top 20 hit on the Country Charts . Following this , it won the 1975 Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) Dove Awards for best song . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 19 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 37 Gloria version ( edit ) `` One Day at a Time '' Single by Gloria from the album When I Sing for Him Released August 1977 Genre Country Songwriter ( s ) Marijohn Wilkin , Kris Kristofferson Gloria singles chronology `` One Day at a Time '' ( 1977 ) `` TBA '' ( String Module Error : Match not found ) `` One Day at a Time '' ( 1977 ) `` TBA '' ( TBA ) `` One Day at a Time '' was recorded by Gloria who released it as a single in August 1977 . The song originally peaked at No. 5 in the Irish singles charts , before being re-released a year later . From here it peaked at No. 1 ( over a year after it had entered the chart ) and remained on the charts throughout the whole of 1979 and into 1980 , eventually spending a total of 97 weeks in the Irish top 30 - the longest run by any song in Irish Chart history . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) Cristy Lane version ( edit ) `` One Day at a Time '' Single by Cristy Lane from the album Ask Me to Dance B - side `` I Knew the Mason '' Released February 1980 Format Country , country gospel Recorded November 19 , 1979 Genre Country Length 3 : 12 Label United Artists X1342 - Y Songwriter ( s ) Marijohn Wilkin and Kris Kristofferson Producer ( s ) Charlie Black Cristy Lane singles chronology `` Come to My Love '' ( 1979 ) `` One Day at a Time '' ( 1980 ) `` Sweet Sexy Eyes '' ( 1980 ) `` Come to My Love '' ( 1979 ) `` One Day at a Time '' ( 1980 ) `` Sweet Sexy Eyes '' ( 1980 ) `` One Day at a Time '' became best known among country fans when recorded by American country gospel singer Cristy Lane . Lane had started enjoying mainstream success in the late 1970s through the release of several secular hits , including `` Let Me Down Easy '' and `` Simple Little Words . '' In 1979 , Lane recorded the song after it became a No. 1 hit in the United Kingdom by Lena Martell . At first , United Artists Records balked at releasing the song , despite its previous track record of success , but Lane 's husband - manager , Lee Stoller , predicted the song would be successful , and UA relented . The song was released in the late winter of 1980 , and by the end of the spring , the song was No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart . `` One Day at a Time '' was Lane 's only No. 1 hit . For Kristofferson , the song was his sixth No. 1 as a songwriter and first in six years ( his last being 1974 's `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' by Ronnie Milsap ) . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles Canadian RPM Country Tracks 10 New Zealand Singles Chart 5 Other versions ( edit ) The song went on to be recorded by many artists . Scottish singer Lena Martell recorded the song for the UK market in 1979 . The song again became a big success and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in October 1979 for three weeks . The song was also recorded by the following ; Javier Galvan ( Tejano Gospel Singer ) recorded the Spanish version `` Un Dia a La Vez '' www.javiergalvan.com The Alexander Brothers ; Judy Collins ; Phil Coulter ; Floyd Cramer ; Carlene Davis ; Florida Boys ; Roger Whittaker ; Tennessee Ernie Ford ; Foster and Allen ; Bill Gaither ; Don Gibson ; Arthur Greenslade ; Lee Greenwood ; Roy Drusky ; George Hamilton IV ; Lulu Roman , Brotherhood of Man and the quebec country singer André Breton recorded the french version `` Un jour à la fois '' . See also ( edit ) Dove Award for Song of the Year References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Sellars One Day At a Time Midwest Entertainer for Hire '' . marilynsellars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` GMA Dove Awards - Song of the Year History '' . Christianmusic.about.com. 2014 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive - The Chart Archive '' . Chartstats.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Preceded by `` Summer Night City '' by ABBA `` Sandy '' by John Travolta Irish Singles Chart number - one single ( Gloria version ) 30 September 1978 11 November 1978 Succeeded by `` Summer Nights '' by John Travolta and Olivia Newton - John `` Hopelessly Devoted to You '' by Olivia Newton - John Preceded by `` Video Killed the Radio Star '' by Buggles UK Singles Chart number one single ( Lena Martell version ) 27 October 1979 -- 16 November 1979 Succeeded by `` When You 're in Love with a Beautiful Woman '' by Dr. Hook Preceded by `` My Heart '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Cristy Lane version ) June 21 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Trying to Love Two Women '' by The Oak Ridge Boys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Day_at_a_Time_(song)&oldid=837447918 '' Categories : UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Gospel songs Contemporary Christian songs Marilyn Sellars songs Kris Kristofferson songs Cristy Lane songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Songs written by Marijohn Wilkin Songs written by Kris Kristofferson 1974 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 21 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang the original one day at a time sweet jesus	The song was first recorded by American Country singer Marilyn Sellars in 1974 . This version became a US top 40 hit and top 20 hit on the Country Charts . Following this , it won the 1975 Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) Dove Awards for best song .
Special session - Wikipedia Special session Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a legislature , a special session ( also extraordinary session ) is a period when the body convenes outside of the normal legislative session . This most frequently occurs in order to complete unfinished tasks for the year ( often delayed by conflict between political parties ) , such as outlining the government 's budget for the next fiscal year , biennium , or other period . Special sessions may also be called during an economic downturn in order to cut the budget . In other cases , a special session may be convened to address special topics , or emergencies such as war or natural disaster . Who calls a special session varies - by vote of the legislature during regular session , by the executive , or by the legislature 's speaker or presiding officer . The United Nations has both special sessions and emergency special sessions . United States ( edit ) In the United States of America , Article II , Section 3 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the power to `` on extraordinary occasions , convene both Houses or either of them . '' This power exists for urgent or extraordinary situations that require congressional action when Congress is adjourned . Presidents have exercised this power 46 times to recall only the Senate and 28 times to recall both Chambers of Congress , most recently by Harry Truman in 1948 . The Senate itself differentiates between `` extraordinary sessions '' called by the Presidential proclamation and `` special sessions '' that merely indicate a session not normally scheduled . The term `` session '' can refer to either the formal start and end of a Congressional session or the daily sessions of the chambers of Congress . Thus a formal `` special session '' will only happen when Congress has adjourned sine die and is not simply in recess ( in other words Congress may or may not already be in an official session , but in recess , when convened ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Archives : Transcript of the Constitution Jump up ^ U.S. Senate History Jump up ^ `` Types of Sessions '' . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Beth , Richard ; Tollestrup , Jessica ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Sessions , Adjournments , and Recesses of Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . pp. Summary . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . This government - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_session&oldid=800662514 '' Categories : Parliamentary procedure Government stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 22 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the ability to call for a special legislative session	Who calls a special session varies - by vote of the legislature during regular session , by the executive , or by the legislature 's speaker or presiding officer . The United Nations has both special sessions and emergency special sessions .
List of Bizaardvark episodes - wikipedia List of Bizaardvark episodes Bizaardvark is an American comedy television series created by Kyle Stegina and Josh Lehrman that premiered on Disney Channel on June 24 , 2016 . The series stars Madison Hu , Olivia Rodrigo , Jake Paul , DeVore Ledridge , Ethan Wacker , Maxwell Simkins , and Elie Samouhi . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series has also aired shorts under the title of Bizaardvark Shorts . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Bizaardvark Shorts ( 2017 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 22 June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) TBA July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` First ! '' David Kendall Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 101 2.41 Best friends Paige and Frankie , who have an online channel titled Bizaardvark , hit 10,000 subscribers and get accepted into the Vuuugle studios , a place for other Internet stars . Their friend , Bernie , tags along and tries to convince the girls to let him represent them . The girls meet Dirk , from DareMeBro , a series in which he takes dare requests . Dirk asks the girls if they want some of his cake . Frankie smashes the cake , thinking it is a cake smash dare , but Dirk tells them it was a birthday cake . The girls leave and meet Amelia , from Perfect Perfection with Amelia , a series about fashion . Amelia is stressed because her video will not upload to the Internet . Paige tells her she knows a trick to fix it , and in the process of doing such , she deletes Amelia 's video . This leads the whole room to shun the girls . Later , the girls meet Liam , the son of the creator of Vuuugle , who asks them about their channel . Frankie and Paige say the channel was named by thinking of random words and combining them : `` bizarre '' and `` aardvark '' . They also tell him about their video idea for the upcoming VidView party , and he tells them he does not get it , leading Paige and Frankie to believe they are too weird . They try to change their video , but they get stuck thinking everything they do is too weird . Upset , the girls leave the studio , deciding to quit with Bizaardvark . When Bernie reminds them of their fans , they remember why they make their videos and they resume their original video idea , `` The Comeback Song '' . They show their video at the VidView party and receive praise from Dirk and Amelia who have forgiven them for what happened . The girls decide to let Bernie be their manager . Guest stars : Johnathan McClain as Liam , Joshua Carlon as Theo , Jimmy Fowlie as Angelo , Sean Lew as Robbie `` Draw My Life '' David Kendall Michael Curtis & Roger S.H. Schulman July 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 10 ) 102 1.19 Frankie and Paige are chosen to do a `` Draw My Life '' , in which they create an animated story of their lives . When the girls realize they have nothing interesting to write about , they take up various new hobbies to create compelling stories . Dirk is dared to leap over a pond of snapping turtles , but declines due to a childhood fear of the animals . Bernie makes various attempts to help Dirk overcome his fear . Guest star : Jimmy Fowlie as Angelo `` Frankie Has a Hater '' Savage Steve Holland Eric Friedman July 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 17 ) 105 1.07 Frankie becomes obsessed with locating the person who wrote a negative online comment about her , claiming that she is not funny . Paige tries unsuccessfully to convince Frankie not to worry about the comment . When Amelia discovers that she has been criticized for not being a good role model , she goes undercover at Paige and Frankie 's school to learn about science so she can improve her image . Amelia discovers that the girls in the science club all watch her online series , and becomes convinced that she already is a good role model . After interrogating a classmate named Leon , Paige and Frankie discover that the negative comment came from a little girl who was merely complaining on the Internet using her older brother 's laptop without any intention of insulting Frankie . Guest stars : Deborah Baker Jr. as Marge the Barista , Veronica McFarlane as Celeste , Jimmy Fowlie as Angelo , Joe Matthews as Leon , Zachary Conneen as Jeff Casoli , Tessa Espinola as Eva `` Superfan '' David Kendall Heather Flanders July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) 103 1.41 Bernie arranges for Paige and Frankie to perform songs live at a club on two consecutive nights . Paige and Frankie meet an obsessive fan of theirs named Belissa , who becomes an annoyance and eventually disrupts their performance . Bernie convinces the manager not to cancel the girls ' second night at the club . Bernie wants to impress his critical grandmother and receives advice from Dirk . At the club , Bernie pretends that Amelia is his girlfriend to impress his grandmother . Amelia learns of Bernie 's plan and agrees to go along with it . On the second night at the club , Bernie ends the fake relationship after being forced by Amelia to dress in tight clothing . Bernie 's grandmother informs him that she knew the relationship was fake the entire time , but that she is proud of him . Guest stars : Maya Jade Frank as Belissa , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Jimmy Fowlie as Angelo , Philip AJ Smithey as Booker 5 5 `` The Collab '' Savage Steve Holland Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman July 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 31 ) 106 1.04 According to Liam , those who have a million subscribers like JiffPom can get more studio time at Vuuugle . In order to raise their subscribers for Bizaardvark , Paige and Frankie plan to collaborate with the other Vuuuglers . They end up working with Victor of `` Prank Town '' because nobody else wanted to collaborate with the `` newbies . '' What Paige and Frankie do n't know is that Victor was secretly known for ruining the other Internet stars that used to work for Vuuugle . Meanwhile , Dirk and Amelia do their video collaboration . Guest stars : Calum Worthy as Victor , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Nick Galarza as Teddy , Sanai Victoria as Girl , Mark Bloom as Guy Special appearance by : JiffPom 6 6 `` Unboxing '' David Kendall Tim Brenner August 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) 104 1.74 Frankie , Paige , Amelia , and Bernie discover that Dirk has been moonlighting as the unseen Princess Unboxer at Vuuugle . When in the truth circle , Paige admits that she takes mixed martial arts as part of her alone time as Frankie tries to join her in it . While learning of Amelia having made a lot of money , Dirk and Bernie try to impress her through various things . Guest stars : Kevin A. Makely as Sensei , Albert Malafronte as Mayor Rollercoaster 7 7 `` The First Law of Dirk '' David Kendall Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman August 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 14 ) 108 1.53 Following Dirk 's latest dare , Paige gets worried about his safety and finds that he is good at physics where she brings him to Ms. Tyson 's physics class . This leads Dirk to work on perfecting his dares even when his brother Kirk shows up . Meanwhile , Frankie and Bernie try to get Liam to give Bernie an official office much different from the makeshift one that involves also having to keep Vuuugle 's servers from overheating so that Bernie can meet with a TV network owner . Guest stars : Logan Paul as Kirk , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Devika Parikh as Ms. Tyson , Jonathan Runyon as TV Guy / Earl Squirrelson Absent : DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 8 8 `` Best Friend Tag '' Savage Steve Holland Tracy Bitterolf & Miranda Russo September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) 107 1.21 Paige and Frankie are suspicious about Amelia having an actual best friend named Becky who she claims travels the world . So Paige and Frankie invite Amelia over for a sleepover where Amelia 's antics annoy Paige and Frankie . Meanwhile , a dare involving a bowling ball return causes Dirk and Bernie to accidentally destroy the robotic monitor that Liam speaks through as they work to dispose of it before someone finds out that they `` killed '' Liam . Guest stars : Johnathan McClain as Liam , Bryana Salaz as Becky , Jeremy Briggs as Rug Doug 9 9 `` Bernie 's in Charge '' David Kendall Eric Friedman September 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 18 ) 109 1.04 Liam suspends Paige and Frankie from Vuuugle 's studio for two weeks when he finds out that they plan to have pyrotechnics in their latest video . Bernie convinces Liam to take a vacation and leave him in charge . While Liam is away , Bernie actually listens to the other Vuuugler 's issues which Liam never deals with . Meanwhile , Amelia enlists Marge to help her with Gliiink , a one second video app . Guest stars : Johnathan McClain as Liam , Deborah Baker Jr. as Marge the Barista , Danny Woodburn as Pyro Steve Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 10 10 `` Pretty Con '' David Kendall Michael Curtis & Roger S.H. Schulman September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 110 1.20 The beauty convention Pretty Con has come to Vuuugle and is being hosted by Meredith Foster . Due to Angelo resigning in order to finish med school and work in doctor-less countries , Paige and Frankie work with Amelia in exchange for showing the latest Bizaardvark video if she wins . Amelia ends up in a competition with a nine - year - old beauty guru named Didi . Meanwhile , Bernie goes through the initiations in order to attend Dirk 's Dude Con . Guest stars : Meredith Foster as herself , Mckenna Grace as Didi , Cleo Berry as Sweaty Phil , David Light as Judge , Gregory Ballora as Puppeteer 11 11 `` Puff & Frankie '' Jon Rosenbaum Tim Brenner October 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 02 ) 112 1.28 Bernie is still trying to get some other Vuuuglers to let him be his agent with no success . At the suggestion of Paige and Frankie , Bernie starts to meet with different Internet animal stars until he manages to land some cats and does some cat - themed videos mixed with some Bizaardvark songs which lands him on a spot for Britt Pickle 's upcoming series at Vuuugle . Meanwhile , Belissa returns where she is interning at Vuuugle as Amelia tries to get Belissa to subscribe to Amelia 's page . Guest stars : Maya Jade Frank as Belissa , Shakira Barrera as Britt Pickles Special appearance by : Grumpy Cat Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 12 12 `` Halloweenvark '' David Kendall Eric Friedman October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 116 1.92 On Halloween , Liam is asking Paige , Frankie , Dirk , Amelia , and Bernie for a Halloween video idea to post on Bizaardvark 's main page . Each one does their Halloween video pitch : Paige and Frankie 's story takes place at Hollander Prep where they are haunted by the ghost of Hollander Prep 's founder . Dirk 's story deals with a dystopian future where dares are outlawed . Amelia 's story deals with a new shampoo turning everyone into zombie - like Ameliacs . After the stories are pitched , Liam ends up going with the Halloween video that Horse Face Guy just posted of him in a skeleton costume . In the final scene , Bernie tells his story after being disappointed with dying in each one . While claiming in the story that is invincible , he is zapped by Liam in the story who then quotes to the viewers `` Happy Halloween ! '' Guest star : Johnathan McClain as Liam 13 13 `` Spoiler Alert : Belissa Returns '' Linda Mendoza Heather Flanders October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 111 0.86 When Paige and Frankie have a hard time trying to write a song for Bizaardvark , Frankie accidentally wishes for bad things to happen to them . Still interning at Vuuugle , Belissa overhears this and `` helps '' them out where she steals Paige 's phone , drops water on Paige 's electric guitar and on Frankie 's keyboard , tries to drop a studio light on Frankie , and later frames the girls for breaking inside the mayor 's house . Meanwhile , Dirk and Amelia try to find Dirk 's lucky bandage after it went missing when Amelia did an ambush reorganizing in Dirk 's area . Guest stars : Maya Jade Frank as Belissa , Devika Parikh as Ms. Tyson , Dan Oster as Reporter / Cop Absent : Ethan Wacker as Bernard `` Bernie '' Schotz 14 14 `` Bizaardvark vs. Vicki ' Hot Head ' Fuego '' Robbie Countryman Tracy Bitterolf & Miranda Russo November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 114 1.29 Inspired by Amelia 's fake feud with JoJo Siwa and the feud between Horse Face Guy and Bagpipe Ninja , Paige and Frankie start a fake feud with Internet MMA fighter Vicki `` Hot Head '' Fuego which soon starts to turn into an actual feud within the ring that results in them asking Paige 's sensei to help them train for the fight . Meanwhile , Bernie works for Amelia when he is unable to pay back the $500.00 she loaned to him and tries to make money from the upcoming live feuds at Vuuugle . Guest stars : JoJo Siwa as herself , Kevin Makely as Sensei , Ciara Wilson as Vicki `` Hot Head '' Fuego Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 15 15 `` Moosetashio : A Cautionary Tale '' Sean Mulcahy Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 115 1.17 Paige and Frankie create the character named Moosetashio , where it becomes popular with the children and the child stars at Vuuugle Jr . Meanwhile , Dirk stays over at Bernie 's house , but his antics annoy Bernie 's grandmother . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , O'Neill Monahan as Milo , Katya Lidsky as Mommy Blogger Absent : DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 16 16 `` Control ( Plus ) Alt ( Plus ) Escape ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Eric Friedman November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 121 0.97 A rich fan named Hugh invites Paige and Frankie to his mansion as guests under cover of paying for their next project so that he can trap them and Amelia in order to help him become an Internet star . While trapped , they also meet Eva Gutowski who states that Hugh never lets his Internet star guests go . Guest stars : Eva Gutowski as herself , Annalisa Cochrane as Dare - Me - Girl , Elijah Nelson as Hugh 17 17 `` Agh , Humbug '' Jon Rosenbaum Vincent Brown December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 120 0.91 Vuuugle is having a Christmas party ; unfortunately , Liam wo n't allow Bernie to attend since he is not a Vuuugler . After a plan for Paige and Frankie to have Rosanna Pansino sneak Bernie in a cake fails , Liam suggests that Bernie gets 10,000 subscribers of his own in order to join . Meanwhile , Dirk is having a hard time trying to figure out what to get Horse Face Guy for Christmas . Guest stars : Rosanna Pansino as herself , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Jackie Flynn as Chief Pulaski , Nicholas Oteri as Kid , JR Reed as Middle - Aged Man Role 18 18 `` Mom ! Stop ! '' Robbie Countryman Matthew Roman January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 113 0.95 Paige 's mother Gina invites Paige and Frankie to work for them at her restaurant where they can balance between singing their songs and waiting tables . This proves to be difficult for Paige when her mother tells embarrassing facts about her . Meanwhile , Dirk gets trapped in an avalanche of props as he struggles to get out . Guest stars : Tessie Santiago as Gina Olvera , Rebecca Bloom as Katie , Casey Campbell as Punching Bag Man Absent : DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth , Ethan Wacker as Bernard `` Bernie '' Schotz 19 19 `` Paige 's Birthday Is Gonna Be Great '' Jody Margolin Hahn Michael Curtis & Roger S.H. Schulman January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 117 1.16 Paige is displeased that she did n't win a day off from school for her upcoming birthday party . In order to remedy this , Frankie enlists the Vuuuglers to help put together the best birthday party for Paige . As Amelia struggles to make a sideways cake , Frankie enlists her to help convince Lilly Singh to attend Paige 's birthday party . Meanwhile , Dirk and Bernie are assigned to obtain ice for the party . Guest stars : Lilly Singh as herself , Devika Parikh as Ms. Tyson , Joshua Carlon as Theo 20 20 `` In Your Space ! '' Leslie Kolins Small Tim Brenner January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 119 0.99 The latest season of the web - based reality show `` In Your Space ! '' hosted by Ian Finkelman is going to be filmed at Vuuugle . Paige and Frankie end up in a competition against Dirk , Bagpipe Ninja , Sore Loser Guy , Horse Face Guy , Victor , and Teddy . The competition is fierce until Paige and Frankie are left . They are unaware that Victor and Teddy have come up with a way to break them up . Meanwhile , Amelia watches `` In Your Space ! '' from the house of Bernie 's grandmother since she wo n't have access to the showers if she competed and due to the fact that the Wi - Fi at her house is down . Bernie takes this opportunity to impress Amelia in front of his grandmother . Guest stars : Calum Worthy as Victor , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Nick Galarza as Teddy , Thomas Sanders as Ian , Steve Zaragoza as Sore Loser Guy , Ryan Rich as Man Season 2 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` First Day of School '' Bob Koherr Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 201 1.49 Paige , Frankie , Bernie , and Amelia begin their first day at Sierra High School . Paige and Frankie are disappointed when they learn that they will not have any classes together , but they decide to make the best of the situation and try to work through it . While Paige enjoys the new school and immediately makes several new friends , Frankie believes that she does not fit in after having a bad first day , as she has difficulty making new friends and keeps getting her hair caught in her locker . Paige cheers Frankie up and convinces her that it will take time before she fits in and makes new friends . Frankie becomes happy when several students recognize her and Paige from Bizaardvark . Meanwhile , Amelia realizes that her teacher and none of her classmates like her except for Bernie , who cheers her up . Dirk returns to the high school to perform a dare in which he uses rocket - powered leaf blowers to propel him through a wall . In the post-credits , Paige cuts Frankie 's hair as they do their latest video about their first day of school . Guest stars : Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , David Theune as Mr. Hattleberg , Isabella Revel as Claire , Tyler Cornell as Daniel , David Hadinger as Janitor , Zack Michael as Kid at Table , Sofie Dossi as herself 22 `` Chocolate Bananas '' Jody Margolin Hahn Tim Brenner June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) 203 0.83 Paige and Frankie film a video for Bizaardvark in which they are dressed as chocolate bananas while singing a song . When they begin editing the video , they realize that their costumes actually resemble feces and decide not to publish the video . The next day , graffiti is discovered on some of Sierra High School 's lockers . Paige and Frankie realize that they caught the suspect in the background on their video , but they are hesitant to show the embarrassing tape to Principal Karen . More graffiti appears the next day , and Amelia becomes the suspect after a security guard spotted her leaving school the night before . After Amelia receives detention , Paige and Frankie plan to secretly create new graffiti during a school event that she will be attending , in order to demonstrate that she is not the vandal . However , Paige and Frankie are caught with spray paint and are brought into Principal Karen 's office . The real culprit Simon Vandalman is caught by Security Guard Clark before Paige and Frankie hand over their video to Karen , but the footage is taken anyways as possible evidence , leading to the video being aired on a news program . Meanwhile , Bernie considers Dirk to be his best friend and says so to him , but he is upset when Dirk does not repeat it back . Guest stars : Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , Isabella Revel as Claire , Ross Ryman as Security Guard Clark , Garrett Westton as Bondo , Cady Walls as herself 23 `` The Doctor Will See You Now '' Bob Koherr Jessica Kaminsky July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 202 1.39 Dr. Wong , Frankie 's father who works as a medical doctor , takes two weeks off from work so he can spend more time with her . Frankie neglects an upcoming test and term paper so she can spend time with her father , who began working more often after divorcing her mother so he could afford to provide Frankie with whatever she wanted . When Frankie becomes stressed out about not getting her homework finished on time , she tells her father , who decides to work less often from now on so they can spend more time together . Meanwhile , when Dirk becomes tired of Vuuugle 's hot chocolate bar , a group of Vuuuglers unite with him to have it torn out for something better . The group rejects Amelia 's idea to replace the hot chocolate bar with a beverage bar that would offer a variety of drinks . Dirk is unable to think of a concept worthy of replacing the hot chocolate bar , which he then unsuccessfully tries to put back together . Liam then has the space converted into a first - floor office for himself so that Viking Guy no longer has to carry his mobile monitor up the stairs , while Dirk and the other Vuuuglers set up a dart board outside the new office for their enjoyment . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Zabeth Russell as Nurse Colleen , Kate Sullivan as Lemonade Stand Girl # 1 , Jayden Long as Lemonade Stand Girl # 2 24 `` Paige Bugs Out '' David Kendall Eric Friedman July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 205 1.16 Paige goes on a date with a boy she likes named Reese , who requests that she not make him the subject of any Bizaardvark videos ; Paige assures him that she does not plan to do so , but Frankie encourages her to keep the possibility open . During a date , Reese reveals to Paige that he has a caterpillar named Roger , which inspires her and Frankie with numerous video ideas . Frankie convinces Paige to proceed with the videos and end the relationship with Reese . When Frankie realizes how much Reese likes Paige , she tells her to get back together with him . When Paige reveals to Reese her idea for a Bizaardvark video about his caterpillar , he approves of it and later appears in the video . Meanwhile , Bernie joins the school wrestling team and obtains a wrestling jacket , which gains him attention from girls , including an invitation from Amelia to a party she is having . Bernie is initially the only child in his weight class , but when Coach Carlson discovers that Bernie has gained weight , he is put in a wrestling match against a boy known as The Brick . After Bernie loses the match , his jacket is revoked and he is disinvited to the party . In the post-credits , Paige and Reese do their video with Frankie portraying Reese 's caterpillar . Guest stars : Austin Kane as Reese Maynard , Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Americus Abesamis as Sumo Wrestler 25 5 `` Friend Fight ! '' David Kendall Ron Rappaport July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 204 1.47 Paige and Frankie are given a Vuuugle studio after Bizaardvark reaches 100,000 subscribers . However , they disagree on how to decorate the new studio . Frankie wants Paige and herself to decorate the studio , while Paige wants to let their fans decide how to decorate it . Their disagreement escalates when Frankie accuses Paige of being insecure and worrying about what other people think of her . Frankie , who is not insecure , later tells Paige that she has tried not to care about what other people think after her mother left the family . Paige and Frankie rekindle their friendship and decorate the studio themselves . Meanwhile , Amelia agrees to dance in a school fundraising event so she can become friends with the event 's organizer , Rachel . However , Amelia does not know how to dance , so Bernie offers to teach her . Bernie also does not know how to dance , but learns from his grandmother by dancing with her . During practice , Bernie realizes that his grandmother only taught him how to perform dance moves meant for the role of a female dance partner , such as the dip . Instead , Amelia and Bernie decide to perform their own dance moves , but their performance is poorly received . In the post-credits , Paige and Frankie give the viewers a tour of their studio . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Alexa Sutherland as Rachel Massey Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 26 6 `` Hawkward '' Adam Weissman Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 118 1.01 Paige is upset to see that Sierra High School 's mascot , an owl named Hawk , is confined to a cage . Paige secretly brings the owl to Frankie 's house so she can eventually set it free , but then the girls learn that the animal will not be able to survive in the wild because it has no survival skills . Principal Karen locates the owl , and Paige confesses to taking it . Principal Karen tells them that Hawk is only put in a cage during school events , and that it otherwise lives at a 100 - acre nature sanctuary . As punishment for their actions , the girls are required to take Principal Karen 's six - hour owl safety seminar , pay a fine , and perform community service . Meanwhile , Dirk has agreed to watch his friend 's eight - year - old brother Patrick who enjoys destroying things . Amelia and her friend , Alisha Marie , have created a shower chandelier which is meant to hang above a shower and dispense soap and shampoo . Patrick convinces Dirk and Bernie that he is actually an undercover CIA agent who has been tasked with destroying the shower chandelier because it poses a national security risk . Patrick eventually succeeds in destroying the shower chandelier much to the dismay of Amelia and Alisha . Guest stars : Alisha Marie as herself , Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , Caleb Brown as Patrick 27 7 `` Frankie and Amelia 's Fun Friend Weekend '' Sean Mulcahy Alex Fox & Rachel Lewis August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 206 1.11 Bernie 's grandmother decides to take Paige and Dirk camping so Bernie can demonstrate the skills he learned from a camp school . However , Bernie secretly tells Dirk that he did not attend camp school , choosing instead to play a dancing arcade game at Vuuugle during each day that the camp was held . Bernie pretends to have camping skills , but eventually tells his grandmother the truth . Meanwhile , Frankie and Amelia decline to go on the trip as they do not like camping . Frankie and Amelia decide to become closer friends , and learn that they both share an interest in winning a hot - wing - eating contest at a restaurant . However , after winning the contest , they struggle to think of any other interests that they share . When a raccoon enters Frankie 's house , the two girls wind up camping outside to stay away from the animal . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Galen Howard as Wolftooth , E.J. Callahan as Wing Time Willy , Charles Dougherty as Seamus , Alexander Dominguez as Shoe Salesman 28 8 `` Frankie 's Cheating Teacher '' David Kendall Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) 207 1.10 When Frankie 's father , Douglas , decides to start dating , she and Paige take him to a school meeting , hoping that he will meet a single woman there . The girls are surprised when Douglas takes an interest in their teacher , Ms. Dana Bates . The two begin dating , which discomforts Frankie , as she begins having delusions that the cool children at school are mocking her because of her father 's new relationship . Frankie and Paige look through Dana 's office , hoping to find something that will make Douglas want to end the relationship . The girls then overhear Dana during a phone conversation and believe that she is cheating on Douglas with a man named Max . Paige and Frankie confront Dana at a restaurant , where they learn that Max is actually her son . Frankie later approves of the relationship when she sees how happy Douglas and Dana are . Meanwhile , Dirk 's back is hurting after two months of sleeping on the floor at Bernie 's house , so the two decide to buy a bunk bed designed to look like a yacht . However , they lack the money needed to purchase the bed , and their request for a bank loan is rejected . Out of anger , Dirk punches a hole in the wall at the DareMeBro studio , and Bernie notices money inside the wall . Dirk explains that he uses the money as insulation . When Bernie attempts to punch a hole into the wall to retrieve more money , he breaks all the bones in his arm and the money is spent on medical treatment for him . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Jessica Makinson as Ms. Bates , Taylor Gregory as Max , David Fickas as Banker Absent : DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 29 9 `` Softball : The Musical '' Robbie Countryman Eric Friedman August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) 208 1.09 Paige and Frankie have Dirk join the Vuuugle softball team , but they are disappointed to discover that he does not play well . To avoid hurting Dirk 's feelings , Paige and Frankie tell him that the upcoming softball game was cancelled . However , Dirk sees the team return to Vuuugle from the game while they are still wearing their softball uniforms . The team devises a cover story by telling Dirk that they were rehearsing for a Vuuugle musical titled Softball : The Musical . Dirk intends to see the show , forcing the softball team to put a real musical together , but he later announces that he now has plans to attend a wedding on the day of the show . Viking Guy , an unintelligent member of the softball team , tells Dirk that the musical can be rescheduled so Dirk can attend , thus forcing the team to continue with the show . Amelia invites her subscribers to see the musical . After the musical concludes , Viking Guy tells Dirk that it was only put on to avoid telling him the truth about his lack of softball skills . Paige and Frankie apologize to Dirk , and promise to be truthful from there on . Guest star : Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy 30 10 `` Yes and No '' Robbie Countryman Ron Rappaport September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 209 1.21 Paige and Frankie have a disagreement about what their next video should be , with Frankie saying no to each suggestion that Paige makes . Paige points this out to Frankie , who notes that Paige usually says yes to things . They make a bet in which Paige can only say no when asked questions , while Frankie can only say yes . The winner gets to choose how to spend their collection of arcade tickets . Paige realizes how relaxing her life can be when she says no to people , as she has more time for herself . Bernie introduces Gaby , a young girl , to Paige . Bernie says Gaby has traveled from Fiji to hear Paige sing , but Paige rejects her request as part of the bet . Paige then learns that Gaby was hired by Frankie in an attempt to make Paige lose the bet . Paige meets an unsanitary student named Marlene , who is in search of a school mentor . Paige tells Marlene to ask Frankie to be her mentor , and Frankie reluctantly accepts the request to avoid losing the bet . When Frankie tells Paige how tired she is of Marlene , Paige offers to spend some time with Marlene to give Frankie a break from her . Paige loses the bet when says yes during their conversation . Frankie had intended to get a fighting robot with the tickets , but she does not have enough tickets and instead settles for thousands of spider rings . Meanwhile , Amelia learns that her Vuuugle channel could gain new subscribers by posting outtakes of herself . However , she has never made a mistake during her videos , so Dirk and Bernie help her . Guest stars : Alexa Sutherland as Rachel Massey , Lori Mae Hernandez as Marlene , Alessandra Marino as Gaby , Molly Erdman as Teacher 31 11 `` Science ( Un ) Fair '' Sean Mulcahy Jessica Kaminsky September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 210 1.03 Frankie babysits her neighbor , a girl named Savannah , who is working on a science fair project about crickets . After learning that one of Savannah 's classmates is getting help from his parents on his science fair project , Paige and Frankie are reminded of an earlier science project that they worked on , which lost to a boy whose project also received help from his parents . Paige and Frankie decide to help Savannah with her project , to avoid a repeat of what happened to them . Paige and Frankie have a Vuuugle science channel build a functioning satellite as Savannah 's project , which they believe will easily win the contest . At the science fair , Savannah tells Paige and Frankie that she does not care about winning . Instead , Savannah presents her cricket project with help from Paige and Frankie , who portray the roles of cricket puppets . Meanwhile , Bernie is told by Liam that he must do a presentation for Bizaardvark so it can remain a Vuuugle channel . However , Bernie is occupied with thoughts of his presentation , and inadvertently ignores Liam 's instructions on how it should be done . Bernie later gives his presentation and hopes for it to be adequate . Liam , busy fantasizing about quitting his job , inadvertently ignores the presentation but allows Bizaardvark to remain at Vuuugle . Guest stars : Johnathan McClain as Liam , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Jordyn Curet as Savannah , Sarah Yarkin as Science Girl , Shemika Charles as herself Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann , DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 32 12 `` Promposal Problems '' A. Laura James Tim Brenner September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 211 1.08 Paige and Frankie help their fellow students to ask people out for prom by putting together elaborate prom proposals known as promposals . Paige and Frankie have successfully helped nine children get dates for the prom , but they are worried about disrupting their winning streak when Bernie asks them if they can get him a date with Kate , a tall tennis player who is an honor roll student and the president of her class . Paige and Frankie do not believe Kate would want to go to prom with Bernie , so they have Amelia ask him instead to spare him of public rejection . After Bernie learns the truth , Paige and Frankie decide to proceed with a promposal for Kate . Bernie eventually gets a date with Kate on his own , but because of his clumsiness , he inadvertently disrupts the prom and hurts Kate . Meanwhile , Dirk tries to avoid hearing spoilers about the season finale of a television series until he can watch it with his brother . However , Amelia and Viking Guy repeatedly discuss the finale while Dirk is around . After Dirk watches the finale , he learns that Amelia and Viking Guy are no longer interested in discussing it as they have begun watching a new television series . Guest stars : Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Elizabeth Sawatzky as Kate 33 13 `` Halloweenvark : Part Boo ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 213 1.07 Paige , Frankie , and their friends decide to tell Halloween stories after the power goes out at Vuuugle . In Paige and Frankie 's story , Bernie visits a store that is operated by a witch who resembles Amelia . As a present for Paige and Frankie , Bernie purchases cursed dolls that resemble the girls . The dolls come to life and create their own Vuuugle web show , with plans to become more popular than Bizaardvark . Paige and Frankie destroy the dolls and eat them , not realizing that consuming them will turn the girls into dolls . In Dirk 's story , he is dared to spend Halloween night at his Vuuugle studio . Dirk and Bernie visit the witch 's store to buy him a coffin to sleep in . The morning after the dare , Dirk awakens as a vampire and later convinces Amelia , Bernie and Viking Guy to let him turn them into vampires . In Bernie 's story , he purchases a cursed cologne from the witch and is transformed into a werewolf at school , where he becomes popular among the students . Paige , Frankie , Amelia and Dirk express disappointment with Bernie 's story , leading him to expand it with further details that he adds in as the story progresses . Guest stars : Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Maya Jade Frank as Belissa 34 14 `` A Killer Robot Christmas '' Robbie Countryman Amy - Jo Perry December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 220 1.23 Paige and Frankie invite several children to a Christmas party at Vuuugle , but Liam declares that the holiday has been cancelled after he started reading A Christmas Carol . Amelia , who has taken some computer coding lessons , reprograms Liam 's robot so he can not see that the children are continuing with their Christmas party . Amelia also gives the robot arms and a Santa Claus personality . Bernie accidentally disrupts Amelia 's computer code , giving the robot an evil Santa personality who attacks the children and locks them inside the building . Frankie , Paige , and the children flee to the Bizaardvark studio . Frankie later returns to the main lobby to retrieve a key that opens an exit in their studio . Frankie , who does not enjoy Christmas , encounters the robot again and discovers that he only hurts people who like Christmas . Frankie lures the robot away from the studio and the children by pretending to like Christmas . Meanwhile , Bernie and Amelia have taken refuge in his office , where they send out a message for help . Liam arrives at Vuuugle in person and destroys the robot . Later , Paige , Frankie , Amelia , and Bernie celebrate Christmas by opening gifts from Horse Face Guy . Guest stars : Ariel Martin as Tiffany , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Reece Joy Caddell as Ramona Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 35 15 `` Clash of the Superfans '' Jody Margolin Hahn Alex Fox & Rachel Lewis February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 212 1.10 Principal Karen has developed an obsession with Bizaardvark and becomes a nuisance to Paige and Frankie , who visit Belissa for advice on what to do . The girls learn that Belissa was sent to a military school after she kidnapped them . Belissa advises the girls to tell Karen that her obsession with Bizaardvark is not helping them . After following Belissa 's advice , Paige and Frankie then learn that she has escaped her military school and is searching for Karen . Believing that Belissa is jealous of Karen and wants to harm her , the girls hide Karen in the Bizaardvark studio . However , Belissa finds them and reveals that she only wanted to meet Karen because they are both super fans of Bizaardvark . Karen and Belissa then become friends . Meanwhile , Dirk and Bernie play a board game with Amelia and are upset that she keeps beating them . Guest stars : Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , Maya Jade Frank as Belissa , Aaron Hendry as Sergeant Brenner 36 16 `` Do n't Think , Just Dare '' Erika Kaestle Vincent Brown March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 214 1.00 Paige has become tired of Reese 's boring behavior lately and decides to end their relationship , but she is not brave enough to do so . At Paige 's request , Dirk helps her overcome her fear through various methods . As Paige is about to end the relationship , Reese tells her that they should break up and just be friends . Reese also reveals that he intentionally acted boring in the hope that she would be the one to end the relationship rather than him . Meanwhile , Frankie , Amelia and Bernie enroll in a dinosaur history class at school in hopes of easily earning A 's to make up for their poor grades in Coach Carlson 's gym class . However , their teacher , Mr. Trifone , has a calm voice that makes them fall asleep whenever they hear it , a problem that he has encountered at previous schools . Trifone eventually quits his teaching job to work for a sleep therapy company , where he will record his voice to help people fall asleep . Guest stars : Austin Kane as Reese Maynard , Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Alex Alcheh as Mr. Trifone 37 17 `` Bernie Moves Out '' A. Laura James Eric Friedman March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 215 1.02 Bernie is tired of his grandmother 's strict rules and her treating him like a baby , and Frankie is disappointed that he would rather talk to Paige about his issues . Frankie , wanting to show that she can be a good friend , convinces Bernie to talk to her , and she convinces him to stand up to his grandmother and her rules . Bernie eventually decides to move into Frankie 's house , becoming a nuisance to her . To get rid of Bernie without hurting his feelings , Frankie pretends to have romantic feelings for him , hoping to make him feel uncomfortable enough to leave . However , Bernie realizes Frankie 's plan and tells her she is a bad friend before moving into Dirk 's Vuuugle studio . Frankie and Dirk learn that Bernie and his grandmother miss each other and help them get back together . Meanwhile , Paige is excited to audition for a co-starring role in singer Jessie Grant 's new music video , but she is passed up instead for Amelia , who does not want to be in the video . Paige convinces Amelia to appear in the video and insists to Jessie that they appear as a duo . However , during the video shoot , Paige ends her involvement with the project after learning that the song and video are about Jessie 's dislike for sea otters . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Belle Adams as Jessie Grant 38 18 `` The BFF ( Before Frankie Friend ) '' David Kendall Ron Rappaport March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 216 0.95 Paige is excited when her childhood friend Izzy comes to visit for a week . Although Paige had wanted Frankie and Izzy to become friends , she becomes jealous when they wind up spending time together without her , especially when they go to a horror film festival rather than join her for a three - person sundae dessert . Paige becomes further upset when Frankie and Izzy make a video together without her . Paige reveals her feelings to Frankie and they have an argument before they ultimately reconcile . Meanwhile , Bernie 's grandmother pranks him into thinking he has inherited $1 million from his great uncle . Believing that he is now rich and better than everyone else , Bernie criticizes students at school and people at Vuuugle , including Amelia , Horse Face Guy , and Viking Guy . After Bernie 's grandmother reveals the prank , he convinces people from Vuuugle to pull a revenge prank on her by scaring her one night when she returns home . However , because it is dark , she beats up everyone without realizing who they are . Guest stars : Jenna Ortega as Izzy , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 39 19 `` Amelia 's Perfectly Imperfect Volleyball Adventure '' Jon Rosenbaum Jessica Kaminsky March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 217 1.00 Amelia is initially excited to try out for the Sierra High School volleyball team until she learns she may have to work hard to be accepted by Coach Carlson . Paige trains Amelia and motivates her to try her best rather than give up . Later , Paige learns that Carlson has rejected Amelia , and that he is also at risk of being fired . Paige arranges a deal with him to save his job in exchange for him letting Amelia onto the team . Amelia , still inspired by Paige , challenges the state volleyball champion team to a match . Sierra High School 's volleyball team loses to the champion team , and Paige reveals to Amelia that she was not actually accepted by Carlson . Amelia says she is glad that Paige pushed her to try hard . Meanwhile , Frankie discovers that Bernie had written a graphic novel , and she is surprised to find how good it is . However , she is disappointed to learn that Bernie never wrote the ending , so she makes him write it . Guest stars : Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Clement von Franckenstein as Martin R.R. George Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 40 20 `` Paige Is Wrong '' Jon Rosenbaum Tim Brenner March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 218 0.99 Frankie is certain of her suspicions that a new girl at school named Jade is a bad person , so Paige sets out to prove her wrong . Paige and Frankie introduce themselves to Jade , who turns out to be nice and invites them to her house . However , Paige and Frankie are unaware that Jade is actually a burglar planning to rob the house where she claims to live . Jade tells Paige and Frankie that she forgot her key , so they enter the house through a window while the real residents are away . Jade then tells the girls that they must pack up expensive items in the house to be donated . Jade eventually reveals that she is a burglar and then flees the house with the stolen items as the real residents return . Frankie and Paige are arrested for the burglary but are soon released after Jade is captured . Meanwhile , Paige 's visiting cousin , Tessa , is a big fan of Bernie . Tessa is hired by Bernie as his assistant , and she convinces him to expand his current business , Bernie Schotz Entertainment , which represents Vuuugle stars . Together , they form Bernie Schotz Enterprises , focusing on sports , concerts , and fashion . Guest stars : Hello Kylie as Tessa , Savannah May as Jade , Larry Bates as Homeowner , Cate Cohen as Investor Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann , DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 41 21 `` Spring Break Video Spectacular '' Robbie Countryman Matt Roman April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 221 1.14 To celebrate spring break , Paige and Frankie create various videos and sketches with their friends , including television advertisements for their fictional law firm . In addition , they also create a game show hosted by Bernie 's grandmother , who questions contestants on what Bernie is and is not allowed to do . Paige and Frankie also create a video with their friend , Annie LeBlanc , in which they make ice cream sandwiches using random foods as cookies to hold the ice cream . Paige , Frankie , Amelia and Bernie then appear in a music video about Coach Carlson taking them on a field trip , which is actually a series of errands he has to complete with their help . In another sketch , Frankie portrays an evil clock who continually delays the beginning of spring break for a classroom because she is upset that the students always leave at the end of each school day , so the classroom 's teacher takes the clock with her on her Hawaiian spring break vacation to cheer her up . Next , Paige and Frankie create and practice several dance moves with their friend , Jordyn Jones . Later , Paige , Frankie , Amelia and Bernie play telephone with their friends , Johnny and Lauren Orlando . In another sketch , Amelia is the judge of her own courtroom , followed by a music video by Paige and Frankie about winning participation awards . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Annie LeBlanc as herself , Jordyn Jones as herself , Johnny Orlando as himself , Lauren Orlando as herself Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 42 22 `` Her , Me , and Hermie '' Bob Koherr Alex Fox & Rachel Lewis April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 219 0.97 Paige agrees to take care of Horse Face Guy 's hermit crab , Hermie , while he goes out of town . Convinced that something is wrong with Hermie , Paige takes him to a veterinarian named Yvette who has a Vuuugle animal channel . Yvette discovers and removes a splinter from Hermie . Paige , who has an interest in animals , decides she may want to become a veterinarian some day , and she eventually volunteers for Yvette 's channel . Frankie becomes concerned about the future of Bizaardvark and her friendship with Paige , as Paige has become too busy with Yvette 's channel to spend time with Frankie . To discourage Paige from becoming a veterinarian , Frankie hides Hermie and tells Paige that he has escaped , which convinces Paige that she could not be a good veterinarian . When Paige becomes too sad about Hermie 's disappearance to make Bizaardvark videos , Frankie reveals the truth and Paige forgives her . Meanwhile , Amelia is excited to do morning school announcements on television because it will increase the attention she receives at school , but she is disappointed when she is paired up with Bernie as a co-anchor . Guest stars : Peter Oldring as Mr. Cunningham , Sara Guarnieri as Yvette Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 `` The Summer of Us '' Jon Rosenbaum Eric Friedman July 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) TBA 0.76 Frankie , Paige and Amelia are accepted into the Vuuugle House , a mansion located on Malibu Beach where Vuuuglers live and create Vuuugle videos during the summer . Frankie and Paige meet Zane and Rodney , noisy 10 - year - old boys who have their own Vuuugle shows . Frankie and Paige become annoyed by the boys and plot to frame them so they will be removed from the house , but their scheme is overheard by Liam through a television monitor . Liam is disappointed that Frankie and Paige were not role models for Zane and Rodney , so he evicts the girls from the house . Later , Paige and Frankie learn that Zane and Rodney are big Bizaardvark fans , and they forgive the girls for their plot . Liam is then convinced to let Frankie and Paige back into the house . Bernie also now lives at the Vuuugle House , but only because his grandmother was hired as one of the adult chaperones . Bernie wants to fit in at the house with the other Vuuuglers , who were chosen because of their talents , so he decides to create a vlog in which he films the Vuuuglers during the summer . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Johnathan McClain as Liam 44 `` Two Me 's in a Pod '' Jon Rosenbaum Ron Rappaport July 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) TBA 0.74 Amelia 's younger sister Sarah visits the Vuuugle House to appear on Perfect Perfection , but Amelia is surprised at how different Sarah has become since they last saw each other , as her interests have changed and she now goes by the name Willow . On Perfect Perfection , Willow becomes upset when Amelia tries to give her a makeover . Willow later reveals that she is tired of always being compared to Amelia , as it makes her feel imperfect . Amelia accepts Willow for who she is now , and changes her channel to Imperfect Imperfection to focus on people 's unique characteristics . Meanwhile , the Vuuuglers are divided on whether to purchase an air hockey table or a pinball machine in light of Grandma Schotz and Horse Face Guy accidentally breaking the ping pong table , and Bernie is left as the deciding vote . Paige and Zane want an air hockey table , while Frankie and Rodney want a pinball machine ; both groups try to influence Bernie 's decision . Later , Rodney overhears Zane saying that he has wanted an air hockey table since he was five years old . When Bernie is ready to announce his decision , Rodney and Frankie change their votes to an air hockey table for Zane . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Caitlin Reagan as Willow 45 `` House Moms '' Jon Rosenbaum Jessica Kaminsky July 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) TBA 0.53 Paige and Frankie are upset when they learn that Zane and Rodney view them as the mother figures of the Vuuugle House . To prove they are cool , Paige and Frankie throw a party at the house . They allow Rodney to ride an electric scooter through the house and allow Zane to eat as much ice cream cake as he wants . Zane vomits after eating too much , and Rodney injures his knee when he crashes the scooter . After comforting the boys , Paige and Frankie realize that there is nothing wrong with being viewed as motherly . Meanwhile , Willow convinces Amelia that Bernie would be the perfect guest to have on Imperfect Imperfection . However , Bernie is upset when he later learns that the only reason he was chosen to be on the channel was because of his imperfections . On Imperfect Imperfection , Amelia has set up an elegant dinner to demonstrate Bernie 's messy and clumsy behavior , but she is surprised when he arrives in a suit and behaves perfectly . Amelia winds up making a mess of the dinner , but is happy when she later learns that her fans enjoyed seeing her imperfect behavior . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Caitlin Reagan as Willow 46 `` No Way , Whoa ! '' David Kendall Justin Varava August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) TBA 0.75 Rory Finch , the star of a popular online entertainment show titled No Way , Woah ! , visits the Vuuugle House to do a piece on it . Paige and Frankie are nervous during their interview with Rory , and they are later disappointed to learn that she was more interested in Zane and Rodney . Rory becomes upset and leaves after she realizes that Paige and Frankie have been competing against Zane and Rodney for her attention . Liam is worried about the Vuuugle House receiving a bad reputation as a result of the recent rivalry , but Rory is convinced to return to the house to see a dance performance by Paige , Frankie , Zane , and Rodney . Meanwhile , Bernie and Amelia become trapped in his basement bedroom when their only exit is blocked by a delivery of heavy boxes , containing Bernie 's weight - lifting equipment . They become delirious but eventually escape through an air conditioning duct . As the others begin their performance , Bernie and Amelia fall from the air duct and become Rory 's new interest . Guest stars : Johnathan McClain as Liam , Cyrina Fiallo as Rory Finch 47 5 `` Tree 's Company '' Sean Mulcahy Tim Brenner August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) TBA 0.56 Amelia wants to spend time with Willow , but she realizes that they no longer have common interests . Later , Amelia climbs a tree to retrieve her hat , which had been blown away . Willow , who enjoys saving trees , sees Amelia in the tree and believes that she is there to protest against it being cut down ; Amelia fakes an interest in the tree to spend time with Willow . The two sit in the tree until the arrival of a windstorm , when Amelia admits that she does not care about the tree , although Willow is still appreciative of Amelia 's effort . Meanwhile , Bernie has decided to portray himself as the villain of the Vuuugle House to make his web show more interesting . Frankie believes she would be a more entertaining villain , and Bernie decides to hold auditions for the role . Bernie eventually hires Frankie , but only to upset her later when he tells her that he actually chose Zane and Rodney . Bernie then reveals to Frankie that this was his plan to convince her that he could be a suitable villain . Guest stars : Caitlin Reagan as Willow , David Lengel as Lou Scoopmaker 48 6 `` Summer Schooled '' Erika Kaestle Alex Fox & Rachel Lewis August 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) TBA 0.56 Frankie learns she did not pass her chemistry class and will need to attend summer school . Paige , who has a vivid imagination , becomes suspicious when she learns that Principal Karen is filling in as the chemistry teacher . Paige concludes that the class is fake and part of a plan by Principal Karen to convince Frankie that she should be a starring member of Bizaardvark . Frankie starts to believe Paige 's suspicions , so the two devise a plan to choose Principal Karen as the third member of Bizaardvark , hoping to expose her fake class . However , the girls learn that the class is real , and Paige is then enrolled in summer school as well when Principal Karen realizes that she failed to turn in her final project . Meanwhile , Amelia and Bernie appear on Zane 's unboxing channel , but they are upset when Zane decides not to post their footage , as he believes they lack the skills needed to make interesting unboxing videos . Amelia and Bernie fail Zane 's training to become better unboxers , but he later injures his wrist and enlists them to star in his latest video , in which they wind up impressing him . Guest star : Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen Absent : Elie Samouhi as Rodney Bizaardvark shorts ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Bizaardvark Shorts consists of 2 -- 4 - minute shorts . No . Title Original air date `` BizaArmBox '' May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) `` BizaArm Wrestling '' May 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 09 ) `` BizHard Time '' May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) `` BizaArtists '' May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 5 `` BizaArxercise '' May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 6 `` BizaAnticipation '' June 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) 7 `` BizaRock Paper Scissors '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 8 `` BizaArtifacts '' June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 9 `` BizaArmed & Dangerous '' June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 10 `` BizHaircut '' June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 11 `` BizaArgentina '' June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 12 `` BizaArmageddon '' July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 13 `` BizaAroma '' July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 14 `` BizFeet '' July 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 21 ) Paige and Frankie used their feet to do the tasks that would mostly require their hands to do . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bizaardvark Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Bizaardvark '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : From the United States Copyright Office catalog : `` Public Catalog - Copyright Catalog ( 1978 to present ) - Basic Search ( search : `` Disney Bizaardvark '' ) `` . United States Copyright Office . Jump up ^ `` Bizaardvark Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 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About Wikipedia	what episode does alisha marie star in bizaardvark	No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` First Day of School '' Bob Koherr Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 201 1.49 Paige , Frankie , Bernie , and Amelia begin their first day at Sierra High School . Paige and Frankie are disappointed when they learn that they will not have any classes together , but they decide to make the best of the situation and try to work through it . While Paige enjoys the new school and immediately makes several new friends , Frankie believes that she does not fit in after having a bad first day , as she has difficulty making new friends and keeps getting her hair caught in her locker . Paige cheers Frankie up and convinces her that it will take time before she fits in and makes new friends . Frankie becomes happy when several students recognize her and Paige from Bizaardvark . Meanwhile , Amelia realizes that her teacher and none of her classmates like her except for Bernie , who cheers her up . Dirk returns to the high school to perform a dare in which he uses rocket - powered leaf blowers to propel him through a wall . In the post-credits , Paige cuts Frankie 's hair as they do their latest video about their first day of school . Guest stars : Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , David Theune as Mr. Hattleberg , Isabella Revel as Claire , Tyler Cornell as Daniel , David Hadinger as Janitor , Zack Michael as Kid at Table , Sofie Dossi as herself 22 `` Chocolate Bananas '' Jody Margolin Hahn Tim Brenner June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) 203 0.83 Paige and Frankie film a video for Bizaardvark in which they are dressed as chocolate bananas while singing a song . When they begin editing the video , they realize that their costumes actually resemble feces and decide not to publish the video . The next day , graffiti is discovered on some of Sierra High School 's lockers . Paige and Frankie realize that they caught the suspect in the background on their video , but they are hesitant to show the embarrassing tape to Principal Karen . More graffiti appears the next day , and Amelia becomes the suspect after a security guard spotted her leaving school the night before . After Amelia receives detention , Paige and Frankie plan to secretly create new graffiti during a school event that she will be attending , in order to demonstrate that she is not the vandal . However , Paige and Frankie are caught with spray paint and are brought into Principal Karen 's office . The real culprit Simon Vandalman is caught by Security Guard Clark before Paige and Frankie hand over their video to Karen , but the footage is taken anyways as possible evidence , leading to the video being aired on a news program . Meanwhile , Bernie considers Dirk to be his best friend and says so to him , but he is upset when Dirk does not repeat it back . Guest stars : Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , Isabella Revel as Claire , Ross Ryman as Security Guard Clark , Garrett Westton as Bondo , Cady Walls as herself 23 `` The Doctor Will See You Now '' Bob Koherr Jessica Kaminsky July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 202 1.39 Dr. Wong , Frankie 's father who works as a medical doctor , takes two weeks off from work so he can spend more time with her . Frankie neglects an upcoming test and term paper so she can spend time with her father , who began working more often after divorcing her mother so he could afford to provide Frankie with whatever she wanted . When Frankie becomes stressed out about not getting her homework finished on time , she tells her father , who decides to work less often from now on so they can spend more time together . Meanwhile , when Dirk becomes tired of Vuuugle 's hot chocolate bar , a group of Vuuuglers unite with him to have it torn out for something better . The group rejects Amelia 's idea to replace the hot chocolate bar with a beverage bar that would offer a variety of drinks . Dirk is unable to think of a concept worthy of replacing the hot chocolate bar , which he then unsuccessfully tries to put back together . Liam then has the space converted into a first - floor office for himself so that Viking Guy no longer has to carry his mobile monitor up the stairs , while Dirk and the other Vuuuglers set up a dart board outside the new office for their enjoyment . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Zabeth Russell as Nurse Colleen , Kate Sullivan as Lemonade Stand Girl # 1 , Jayden Long as Lemonade Stand Girl # 2 24 `` Paige Bugs Out '' David Kendall Eric Friedman July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 205 1.16 Paige goes on a date with a boy she likes named Reese , who requests that she not make him the subject of any Bizaardvark videos ; Paige assures him that she does not plan to do so , but Frankie encourages her to keep the possibility open . During a date , Reese reveals to Paige that he has a caterpillar named Roger , which inspires her and Frankie with numerous video ideas . Frankie convinces Paige to proceed with the videos and end the relationship with Reese . When Frankie realizes how much Reese likes Paige , she tells her to get back together with him . When Paige reveals to Reese her idea for a Bizaardvark video about his caterpillar , he approves of it and later appears in the video . Meanwhile , Bernie joins the school wrestling team and obtains a wrestling jacket , which gains him attention from girls , including an invitation from Amelia to a party she is having . Bernie is initially the only child in his weight class , but when Coach Carlson discovers that Bernie has gained weight , he is put in a wrestling match against a boy known as The Brick . After Bernie loses the match , his jacket is revoked and he is disinvited to the party . In the post-credits , Paige and Reese do their video with Frankie portraying Reese 's caterpillar . Guest stars : Austin Kane as Reese Maynard , Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Americus Abesamis as Sumo Wrestler 25 5 `` Friend Fight ! '' David Kendall Ron Rappaport July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 204 1.47 Paige and Frankie are given a Vuuugle studio after Bizaardvark reaches 100,000 subscribers . However , they disagree on how to decorate the new studio . Frankie wants Paige and herself to decorate the studio , while Paige wants to let their fans decide how to decorate it . Their disagreement escalates when Frankie accuses Paige of being insecure and worrying about what other people think of her . Frankie , who is not insecure , later tells Paige that she has tried not to care about what other people think after her mother left the family . Paige and Frankie rekindle their friendship and decorate the studio themselves . Meanwhile , Amelia agrees to dance in a school fundraising event so she can become friends with the event 's organizer , Rachel . However , Amelia does not know how to dance , so Bernie offers to teach her . Bernie also does not know how to dance , but learns from his grandmother by dancing with her . During practice , Bernie realizes that his grandmother only taught him how to perform dance moves meant for the role of a female dance partner , such as the dip . Instead , Amelia and Bernie decide to perform their own dance moves , but their performance is poorly received . In the post-credits , Paige and Frankie give the viewers a tour of their studio . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Alexa Sutherland as Rachel Massey Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 26 6 `` Hawkward '' Adam Weissman Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 118 1.01 Paige is upset to see that Sierra High School 's mascot , an owl named Hawk , is confined to a cage . Paige secretly brings the owl to Frankie 's house so she can eventually set it free , but then the girls learn that the animal will not be able to survive in the wild because it has no survival skills . Principal Karen locates the owl , and Paige confesses to taking it . Principal Karen tells them that Hawk is only put in a cage during school events , and that it otherwise lives at a 100 - acre nature sanctuary . As punishment for their actions , the girls are required to take Principal Karen 's six - hour owl safety seminar , pay a fine , and perform community service . Meanwhile , Dirk has agreed to watch his friend 's eight - year - old brother Patrick who enjoys destroying things . Amelia and her friend , Alisha Marie , have created a shower chandelier which is meant to hang above a shower and dispense soap and shampoo . Patrick convinces Dirk and Bernie that he is actually an undercover CIA agent who has been tasked with destroying the shower chandelier because it poses a national security risk . Patrick eventually succeeds in destroying the shower chandelier much to the dismay of Amelia and Alisha . Guest stars : Alisha Marie as herself , Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , Caleb Brown as Patrick 27 7 `` Frankie and Amelia 's Fun Friend Weekend '' Sean Mulcahy Alex Fox & Rachel Lewis August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) 206 1.11 Bernie 's grandmother decides to take Paige and Dirk camping so Bernie can demonstrate the skills he learned from a camp school . However , Bernie secretly tells Dirk that he did not attend camp school , choosing instead to play a dancing arcade game at Vuuugle during each day that the camp was held . Bernie pretends to have camping skills , but eventually tells his grandmother the truth . Meanwhile , Frankie and Amelia decline to go on the trip as they do not like camping . Frankie and Amelia decide to become closer friends , and learn that they both share an interest in winning a hot - wing - eating contest at a restaurant . However , after winning the contest , they struggle to think of any other interests that they share . When a raccoon enters Frankie 's house , the two girls wind up camping outside to stay away from the animal . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Galen Howard as Wolftooth , E.J. Callahan as Wing Time Willy , Charles Dougherty as Seamus , Alexander Dominguez as Shoe Salesman 28 8 `` Frankie 's Cheating Teacher '' David Kendall Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) 207 1.10 When Frankie 's father , Douglas , decides to start dating , she and Paige take him to a school meeting , hoping that he will meet a single woman there . The girls are surprised when Douglas takes an interest in their teacher , Ms. Dana Bates . The two begin dating , which discomforts Frankie , as she begins having delusions that the cool children at school are mocking her because of her father 's new relationship . Frankie and Paige look through Dana 's office , hoping to find something that will make Douglas want to end the relationship . The girls then overhear Dana during a phone conversation and believe that she is cheating on Douglas with a man named Max . Paige and Frankie confront Dana at a restaurant , where they learn that Max is actually her son . Frankie later approves of the relationship when she sees how happy Douglas and Dana are . Meanwhile , Dirk 's back is hurting after two months of sleeping on the floor at Bernie 's house , so the two decide to buy a bunk bed designed to look like a yacht . However , they lack the money needed to purchase the bed , and their request for a bank loan is rejected . Out of anger , Dirk punches a hole in the wall at the DareMeBro studio , and Bernie notices money inside the wall . Dirk explains that he uses the money as insulation . When Bernie attempts to punch a hole into the wall to retrieve more money , he breaks all the bones in his arm and the money is spent on medical treatment for him . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Jessica Makinson as Ms. Bates , Taylor Gregory as Max , David Fickas as Banker Absent : DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 29 9 `` Softball : The Musical '' Robbie Countryman Eric Friedman August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) 208 1.09 Paige and Frankie have Dirk join the Vuuugle softball team , but they are disappointed to discover that he does not play well . To avoid hurting Dirk 's feelings , Paige and Frankie tell him that the upcoming softball game was cancelled . However , Dirk sees the team return to Vuuugle from the game while they are still wearing their softball uniforms . The team devises a cover story by telling Dirk that they were rehearsing for a Vuuugle musical titled Softball : The Musical . Dirk intends to see the show , forcing the softball team to put a real musical together , but he later announces that he now has plans to attend a wedding on the day of the show . Viking Guy , an unintelligent member of the softball team , tells Dirk that the musical can be rescheduled so Dirk can attend , thus forcing the team to continue with the show . Amelia invites her subscribers to see the musical . After the musical concludes , Viking Guy tells Dirk that it was only put on to avoid telling him the truth about his lack of softball skills . Paige and Frankie apologize to Dirk , and promise to be truthful from there on . Guest star : Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy 30 10 `` Yes and No '' Robbie Countryman Ron Rappaport September 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) 209 1.21 Paige and Frankie have a disagreement about what their next video should be , with Frankie saying no to each suggestion that Paige makes . Paige points this out to Frankie , who notes that Paige usually says yes to things . They make a bet in which Paige can only say no when asked questions , while Frankie can only say yes . The winner gets to choose how to spend their collection of arcade tickets . Paige realizes how relaxing her life can be when she says no to people , as she has more time for herself . Bernie introduces Gaby , a young girl , to Paige . Bernie says Gaby has traveled from Fiji to hear Paige sing , but Paige rejects her request as part of the bet . Paige then learns that Gaby was hired by Frankie in an attempt to make Paige lose the bet . Paige meets an unsanitary student named Marlene , who is in search of a school mentor . Paige tells Marlene to ask Frankie to be her mentor , and Frankie reluctantly accepts the request to avoid losing the bet . When Frankie tells Paige how tired she is of Marlene , Paige offers to spend some time with Marlene to give Frankie a break from her . Paige loses the bet when says yes during their conversation . Frankie had intended to get a fighting robot with the tickets , but she does not have enough tickets and instead settles for thousands of spider rings . Meanwhile , Amelia learns that her Vuuugle channel could gain new subscribers by posting outtakes of herself . However , she has never made a mistake during her videos , so Dirk and Bernie help her . Guest stars : Alexa Sutherland as Rachel Massey , Lori Mae Hernandez as Marlene , Alessandra Marino as Gaby , Molly Erdman as Teacher 31 11 `` Science ( Un ) Fair '' Sean Mulcahy Jessica Kaminsky September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 210 1.03 Frankie babysits her neighbor , a girl named Savannah , who is working on a science fair project about crickets . After learning that one of Savannah 's classmates is getting help from his parents on his science fair project , Paige and Frankie are reminded of an earlier science project that they worked on , which lost to a boy whose project also received help from his parents . Paige and Frankie decide to help Savannah with her project , to avoid a repeat of what happened to them . Paige and Frankie have a Vuuugle science channel build a functioning satellite as Savannah 's project , which they believe will easily win the contest . At the science fair , Savannah tells Paige and Frankie that she does not care about winning . Instead , Savannah presents her cricket project with help from Paige and Frankie , who portray the roles of cricket puppets . Meanwhile , Bernie is told by Liam that he must do a presentation for Bizaardvark so it can remain a Vuuugle channel . However , Bernie is occupied with thoughts of his presentation , and inadvertently ignores Liam 's instructions on how it should be done . Bernie later gives his presentation and hopes for it to be adequate . Liam , busy fantasizing about quitting his job , inadvertently ignores the presentation but allows Bizaardvark to remain at Vuuugle . Guest stars : Johnathan McClain as Liam , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Jordyn Curet as Savannah , Sarah Yarkin as Science Girl , Shemika Charles as herself Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann , DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 32 12 `` Promposal Problems '' A. Laura James Tim Brenner September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 211 1.08 Paige and Frankie help their fellow students to ask people out for prom by putting together elaborate prom proposals known as promposals . Paige and Frankie have successfully helped nine children get dates for the prom , but they are worried about disrupting their winning streak when Bernie asks them if they can get him a date with Kate , a tall tennis player who is an honor roll student and the president of her class . Paige and Frankie do not believe Kate would want to go to prom with Bernie , so they have Amelia ask him instead to spare him of public rejection . After Bernie learns the truth , Paige and Frankie decide to proceed with a promposal for Kate . Bernie eventually gets a date with Kate on his own , but because of his clumsiness , he inadvertently disrupts the prom and hurts Kate . Meanwhile , Dirk tries to avoid hearing spoilers about the season finale of a television series until he can watch it with his brother . However , Amelia and Viking Guy repeatedly discuss the finale while Dirk is around . After Dirk watches the finale , he learns that Amelia and Viking Guy are no longer interested in discussing it as they have begun watching a new television series . Guest stars : Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Elizabeth Sawatzky as Kate 33 13 `` Halloweenvark : Part Boo ! '' Jon Rosenbaum Kyle Stegina & Josh Lehrman October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) 213 1.07 Paige , Frankie , and their friends decide to tell Halloween stories after the power goes out at Vuuugle . In Paige and Frankie 's story , Bernie visits a store that is operated by a witch who resembles Amelia . As a present for Paige and Frankie , Bernie purchases cursed dolls that resemble the girls . The dolls come to life and create their own Vuuugle web show , with plans to become more popular than Bizaardvark . Paige and Frankie destroy the dolls and eat them , not realizing that consuming them will turn the girls into dolls . In Dirk 's story , he is dared to spend Halloween night at his Vuuugle studio . Dirk and Bernie visit the witch 's store to buy him a coffin to sleep in . The morning after the dare , Dirk awakens as a vampire and later convinces Amelia , Bernie and Viking Guy to let him turn them into vampires . In Bernie 's story , he purchases a cursed cologne from the witch and is transformed into a werewolf at school , where he becomes popular among the students . Paige , Frankie , Amelia and Dirk express disappointment with Bernie 's story , leading him to expand it with further details that he adds in as the story progresses . Guest stars : Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Maya Jade Frank as Belissa 34 14 `` A Killer Robot Christmas '' Robbie Countryman Amy - Jo Perry December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 220 1.23 Paige and Frankie invite several children to a Christmas party at Vuuugle , but Liam declares that the holiday has been cancelled after he started reading A Christmas Carol . Amelia , who has taken some computer coding lessons , reprograms Liam 's robot so he can not see that the children are continuing with their Christmas party . Amelia also gives the robot arms and a Santa Claus personality . Bernie accidentally disrupts Amelia 's computer code , giving the robot an evil Santa personality who attacks the children and locks them inside the building . Frankie , Paige , and the children flee to the Bizaardvark studio . Frankie later returns to the main lobby to retrieve a key that opens an exit in their studio . Frankie , who does not enjoy Christmas , encounters the robot again and discovers that he only hurts people who like Christmas . Frankie lures the robot away from the studio and the children by pretending to like Christmas . Meanwhile , Bernie and Amelia have taken refuge in his office , where they send out a message for help . Liam arrives at Vuuugle in person and destroys the robot . Later , Paige , Frankie , Amelia , and Bernie celebrate Christmas by opening gifts from Horse Face Guy . Guest stars : Ariel Martin as Tiffany , Johnathan McClain as Liam , Reece Joy Caddell as Ramona Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 35 15 `` Clash of the Superfans '' Jody Margolin Hahn Alex Fox & Rachel Lewis February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 212 1.10 Principal Karen has developed an obsession with Bizaardvark and becomes a nuisance to Paige and Frankie , who visit Belissa for advice on what to do . The girls learn that Belissa was sent to a military school after she kidnapped them . Belissa advises the girls to tell Karen that her obsession with Bizaardvark is not helping them . After following Belissa 's advice , Paige and Frankie then learn that she has escaped her military school and is searching for Karen . Believing that Belissa is jealous of Karen and wants to harm her , the girls hide Karen in the Bizaardvark studio . However , Belissa finds them and reveals that she only wanted to meet Karen because they are both super fans of Bizaardvark . Karen and Belissa then become friends . Meanwhile , Dirk and Bernie play a board game with Amelia and are upset that she keeps beating them . Guest stars : Rachna Khatau as Principal Karen , Maya Jade Frank as Belissa , Aaron Hendry as Sergeant Brenner 36 16 `` Do n't Think , Just Dare '' Erika Kaestle Vincent Brown March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 214 1.00 Paige has become tired of Reese 's boring behavior lately and decides to end their relationship , but she is not brave enough to do so . At Paige 's request , Dirk helps her overcome her fear through various methods . As Paige is about to end the relationship , Reese tells her that they should break up and just be friends . Reese also reveals that he intentionally acted boring in the hope that she would be the one to end the relationship rather than him . Meanwhile , Frankie , Amelia and Bernie enroll in a dinosaur history class at school in hopes of easily earning A 's to make up for their poor grades in Coach Carlson 's gym class . However , their teacher , Mr. Trifone , has a calm voice that makes them fall asleep whenever they hear it , a problem that he has encountered at previous schools . Trifone eventually quits his teaching job to work for a sleep therapy company , where he will record his voice to help people fall asleep . Guest stars : Austin Kane as Reese Maynard , Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Alex Alcheh as Mr. Trifone 37 17 `` Bernie Moves Out '' A. Laura James Eric Friedman March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 215 1.02 Bernie is tired of his grandmother 's strict rules and her treating him like a baby , and Frankie is disappointed that he would rather talk to Paige about his issues . Frankie , wanting to show that she can be a good friend , convinces Bernie to talk to her , and she convinces him to stand up to his grandmother and her rules . Bernie eventually decides to move into Frankie 's house , becoming a nuisance to her . To get rid of Bernie without hurting his feelings , Frankie pretends to have romantic feelings for him , hoping to make him feel uncomfortable enough to leave . However , Bernie realizes Frankie 's plan and tells her she is a bad friend before moving into Dirk 's Vuuugle studio . Frankie and Dirk learn that Bernie and his grandmother miss each other and help them get back together . Meanwhile , Paige is excited to audition for a co-starring role in singer Jessie Grant 's new music video , but she is passed up instead for Amelia , who does not want to be in the video . Paige convinces Amelia to appear in the video and insists to Jessie that they appear as a duo . However , during the video shoot , Paige ends her involvement with the project after learning that the song and video are about Jessie 's dislike for sea otters . Guest stars : Tom Choi as Dr. Wong , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Belle Adams as Jessie Grant 38 18 `` The BFF ( Before Frankie Friend ) '' David Kendall Ron Rappaport March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 216 0.95 Paige is excited when her childhood friend Izzy comes to visit for a week . Although Paige had wanted Frankie and Izzy to become friends , she becomes jealous when they wind up spending time together without her , especially when they go to a horror film festival rather than join her for a three - person sundae dessert . Paige becomes further upset when Frankie and Izzy make a video together without her . Paige reveals her feelings to Frankie and they have an argument before they ultimately reconcile . Meanwhile , Bernie 's grandmother pranks him into thinking he has inherited $1 million from his great uncle . Believing that he is now rich and better than everyone else , Bernie criticizes students at school and people at Vuuugle , including Amelia , Horse Face Guy , and Viking Guy . After Bernie 's grandmother reveals the prank , he convinces people from Vuuugle to pull a revenge prank on her by scaring her one night when she returns home . However , because it is dark , she beats up everyone without realizing who they are . Guest stars : Jenna Ortega as Izzy , Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 39 19 `` Amelia 's Perfectly Imperfect Volleyball Adventure '' Jon Rosenbaum Jessica Kaminsky March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 217 1.00 Amelia is initially excited to try out for the Sierra High School volleyball team until she learns she may have to work hard to be accepted by Coach Carlson . Paige trains Amelia and motivates her to try her best rather than give up . Later , Paige learns that Carlson has rejected Amelia , and that he is also at risk of being fired . Paige arranges a deal with him to save his job in exchange for him letting Amelia onto the team . Amelia , still inspired by Paige , challenges the state volleyball champion team to a match . Sierra High School 's volleyball team loses to the champion team , and Paige reveals to Amelia that she was not actually accepted by Carlson . Amelia says she is glad that Paige pushed her to try hard . Meanwhile , Frankie discovers that Bernie had written a graphic novel , and she is surprised to find how good it is . However , she is disappointed to learn that Bernie never wrote the ending , so she makes him write it . Guest stars : Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Clement von Franckenstein as Martin R.R. George Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 40 20 `` Paige Is Wrong '' Jon Rosenbaum Tim Brenner March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) 218 0.99 Frankie is certain of her suspicions that a new girl at school named Jade is a bad person , so Paige sets out to prove her wrong . Paige and Frankie introduce themselves to Jade , who turns out to be nice and invites them to her house . However , Paige and Frankie are unaware that Jade is actually a burglar planning to rob the house where she claims to live . Jade tells Paige and Frankie that she forgot her key , so they enter the house through a window while the real residents are away . Jade then tells the girls that they must pack up expensive items in the house to be donated . Jade eventually reveals that she is a burglar and then flees the house with the stolen items as the real residents return . Frankie and Paige are arrested for the burglary but are soon released after Jade is captured . Meanwhile , Paige 's visiting cousin , Tessa , is a big fan of Bernie . Tessa is hired by Bernie as his assistant , and she convinces him to expand his current business , Bernie Schotz Entertainment , which represents Vuuugle stars . Together , they form Bernie Schotz Enterprises , focusing on sports , concerts , and fashion . Guest stars : Hello Kylie as Tessa , Savannah May as Jade , Larry Bates as Homeowner , Cate Cohen as Investor Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann , DeVore Ledridge as Amelia Duckworth 41 21 `` Spring Break Video Spectacular '' Robbie Countryman Matt Roman April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 221 1.14 To celebrate spring break , Paige and Frankie create various videos and sketches with their friends , including television advertisements for their fictional law firm . In addition , they also create a game show hosted by Bernie 's grandmother , who questions contestants on what Bernie is and is not allowed to do . Paige and Frankie also create a video with their friend , Annie LeBlanc , in which they make ice cream sandwiches using random foods as cookies to hold the ice cream . Paige , Frankie , Amelia and Bernie then appear in a music video about Coach Carlson taking them on a field trip , which is actually a series of errands he has to complete with their help . In another sketch , Frankie portrays an evil clock who continually delays the beginning of spring break for a classroom because she is upset that the students always leave at the end of each school day , so the classroom 's teacher takes the clock with her on her Hawaiian spring break vacation to cheer her up . Next , Paige and Frankie create and practice several dance moves with their friend , Jordyn Jones . Later , Paige , Frankie , Amelia and Bernie play telephone with their friends , Johnny and Lauren Orlando . In another sketch , Amelia is the judge of her own courtroom , followed by a music video by Paige and Frankie about winning participation awards . Guest stars : Ellen Ratner as Grandma , Adam Haas Hunter as Viking Guy , Kevin Will as Coach Carlson , Annie LeBlanc as herself , Jordyn Jones as herself , Johnny Orlando as himself , Lauren Orlando as herself Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann 42 22 `` Her , Me , and Hermie '' Bob Koherr Alex Fox & Rachel Lewis April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 219 0.97 Paige agrees to take care of Horse Face Guy 's hermit crab , Hermie , while he goes out of town . Convinced that something is wrong with Hermie , Paige takes him to a veterinarian named Yvette who has a Vuuugle animal channel . Yvette discovers and removes a splinter from Hermie . Paige , who has an interest in animals , decides she may want to become a veterinarian some day , and she eventually volunteers for Yvette 's channel . Frankie becomes concerned about the future of Bizaardvark and her friendship with Paige , as Paige has become too busy with Yvette 's channel to spend time with Frankie . To discourage Paige from becoming a veterinarian , Frankie hides Hermie and tells Paige that he has escaped , which convinces Paige that she could not be a good veterinarian . When Paige becomes too sad about Hermie 's disappearance to make Bizaardvark videos , Frankie reveals the truth and Paige forgives her . Meanwhile , Amelia is excited to do morning school announcements on television because it will increase the attention she receives at school , but she is disappointed when she is paired up with Bernie as a co-anchor . Guest stars : Peter Oldring as Mr. Cunningham , Sara Guarnieri as Yvette Absent : Jake Paul as Dirk Mann
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina - wikipedia NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina Jump to : navigation , search NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina Part of the Bosnian War A US Navy EA - 6B Prowler aircraft over Bosnia in support of NATO Operation Joint Endeavor Date July 16 , 1992 -- December 2 , 2004 Location Bosnia and Herzegovina NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina Maritime Monitor Sky Monitor Maritime Guard Deny Flight Sharp Guard Deliberate Force IFOR SFOR The NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a series of actions undertaken by NATO whose stated aim was to establish long - term peace during and after the Bosnian War . NATO 's intervention began as largely political and symbolic , but gradually expanded to include large - scale air operations and the deployment of approximately 60,000 soldiers under Operation Joint Endeavor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early involvement and monitoring 2 Enforcing compliance 1992 - 1993 3 Growing role of air power 1994 4 Operations in 1995 and Operation Deliberate Force 4.1 Srebrenica and the London Conference 4.2 Operation Deliberate Force 5 The Dayton Accords and IFOR 6 References 7 Further reading Early involvement and monitoring ( edit ) NATO 's first involvement in both the Bosnian War and the Yugoslav wars in general came in February 1992 , when the alliance issued a statement urging all the belligerents in the conflict to allow the deployment of United Nations peacekeepers . While primarily symbolic , this statement paved the way for later NATO actions . On July 10 , 1992 , NATO foreign ministers agreed , at a meeting in Helsinki , to assist the United Nations in monitoring compliance with sanctions established under United Nations Security Council resolutions 713 ( 1991 ) and 757 ( 1992 ) . This led to the commencement of Operation Maritime Monitor off the coast of Montenegro , which was coordinated with the Western European Union Operation Sharp Guard in the Strait of Otranto on July 16 . On October 9 , 1992 , the Security Council passed Resolution 781 , establishing a no - fly zone over Bosnia - Herzegovina . In response , on October 16 , NATO expanded its mission in the area to include Operation Sky Monitor , which monitored Bosnian airspace for flights from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Enforcing compliance 1992 - 1993 ( edit ) On November 16 , 1992 , the Security Council issued Resolution 787 , which called upon member states to `` halt all inward and outbound maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargos '' to ensure compliance with sanctions . In response to this resolution , NATO deactivated Maritime Monitor on November 22 , and replaced it with Operation Maritime Guard , under which NATO forces were authorized to stop ships and inspect their cargos . Unlike Sky Monitor and Maritime Monitor , this was a true enforcement mission , not just a monitoring one . NATO 's air mission also switched from monitoring to enforcement . The Security Council issued Resolution 816 , which authorized states to use measures `` to ensure compliance '' with the no - fly zone over Bosnia . In response , on April 12 , 1993 , NATO initiated Operation Deny Flight which was tasked with enforcing the no - fly zone , using fighter aircraft based in the region . Throughout 1993 , the role of NATO forces in Bosnia gradually grew . On June 10 , 1993 , NATO and the UN agreed that aircraft acting under Deny Flight would provide close air support to UNPROFOR at the request of the UN . On June 15 , NATO integrated Operation Maritime Guard and Western European Union naval activities in the region into Operation Sharp Guard , and expanded its role to include greater enforcement powers . Growing role of air power 1994 ( edit ) Main article : Operation Deny Flight On February 28 , 1994 , the scope of NATO involvement in Bosnia increased dramatically . In an incident near Banja Luka , NATO fighters operating under Deny Flight shot down four Serb jets . This was the first combat operation in the history of NATO and opened the door for a steadily growing NATO presence in Bosnia . In April , the presence of NATO airpower continued to grow during a Serb attack on Goražde . In response , NATO launched its first close air support mission on April 10 , 1994 , bombing several Serb targets at the request of UN commanders . NATO launched several other limited air strikes throughout the year , acting in coordination with the United Nations . Operations in 1995 and Operation Deliberate Force ( edit ) NATO continued its air operations over Bosnia in the first half of 1995 . During this period , American pilot Scott O'Grady was shot down over Bosnia by a surface - to - air missile fired by Bosnian Serb soldiers . He was eventually rescued safely , but his downing caused concern in the United States and other NATO countries about NATO air superiority in Bosnia and prompted some calls for more aggressive NATO action to eliminate Serb anti-air capabilities . Srebrenica and the London conference ( edit ) In July 1995 , the Bosnian Serbs launched an attack on the Bosnian town of Srebrenica , ending with the deaths of approximately 8,000 civilians in the Srebrenica massacre . After the horrifying events at Srebrenica , 16 nations met at the London Conference , beginning on July 21 , 1995 , to consider new options for Bosnia . As a result of the conference , UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros - Ghali gave General Bernard Janvier , the UN military commander , the authority to request NATO airstrikes without consulting civilian UN officials , as a way to streamline the process . As a result of the conference , the North Atlantic Council and the UN also agreed to use NATO air strikes in response to attacks on any of the other safe areas in Bosnia . The participants at the conference also agreed in principle to the use of large - scale NATO air strikes in response to future acts of aggression by Serbs . Operation Deliberate Force ( edit ) Main article : Operation Deliberate Force After the London Conference , NATO planned an aggressive new air campaign against the Bosnian Serbs . On August 28 , 1995 , Serb forces launched a mortar shell at the Sarajevo marketplace killing 37 people . Admiral Leighton Smith , the NATO commander recommended that NATO launch retaliatory air strikes under Operation Deliberate Force . On August 30 , 1995 , NATO officially launched Operation Deliberate Force with large - scale bombing of Serb targets . The bombing lasted until September 20 , 1995 and involved attacks on 338 individual targets . The Dayton accords and IFOR ( edit ) Largely as a result of the bombing under Operation Deliberate Force and changes in the battlefield situation , the belligerents in the Bosnian War met in Dayton , Ohio in November 1995 , and signed the Dayton Accords , a peace treaty . As part of the accords , NATO agreed to provide 60,000 peacekeepers for the region , as part of the Implementation Force ( IFOR ) . In December 1995 , under Operation Joint Endeavor , NATO deployed these forces . These forces remained deployed until December 1996 , when those remaining in the region were transferred to the Stabilization Force ( SFOR ) . SFOR peacekeepers remained in Bosnia until 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kay , Sean ( 1998 - 01 - 01 ) . NATO and the Future of European Security . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 87 . ISBN 9780847690015 . ^ Jump up to : `` JFC Naples / AFSOUTH , 1951 - 2009 : OVER FIFTY YEARS WORKING FOR PEACE AND STABILITY '' . Allied Joint Forces Command Naples . Jump up ^ `` Operation Maritime Monitor '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Resolution 757 ( 1992 ) '' . May 30 , 1992 . 6. a . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 787 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Resolution 816 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Security Council Resolutions . UN Security Council . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Beale , Michael . Bombs over Bosnia : The Role of Airpower in Bosnia - Herzegovina . Air University Press , 1997 . p. 19 Jump up ^ Beale , Michael . Bombs over Bosnia : The Role of Airpower in Bosnia - Herzegovina . Air University Press , 1997 . p. 2 - 3 Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael ( April 11 , 1994 ) . `` Conflict in the Balkans : NATO ; Modest Air Operation in Bosnia Crosses a Major Political Frontier '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Beale , Michael . Bombs over Bosnia : The Role of Airpower in Bosnia - Herzegovina . Air University Press , 1997 . p. 34 Jump up ^ Bucknam , Mark . Responsibility of Command . Air University Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 115 - 5 p. 253 Jump up ^ Davis , Bradley . `` The Planning Background '' . Deliberate Force . Air University Press , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 076 - 0 Further reading ( edit ) Phillips , R. Cody . Bosnia - Herzegovina : The U.S. Army 's Role in Peace Enforcement Operations 1995 - 2004 . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 70 - 97 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 14 . Bosnian War Part of the Yugoslav Wars Belligerents Bosnian side Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1st Corps 2nd Corps 3rd Corps 4th Corps 5th Corps 6th Corps 7th Corps Paramilitary Patriotic League Green Berets Black Swans Mujahideen Croat side Croatian Defence Council 1OZ 2OZ 3OZ 4OZ Paramilitary Croatian Defence Forces Knights Serb side Army of Republika Srpska 1st Krajina Corps 2nd Krajina Corps 3rd Corps East Bosnia Corps Herzegovina Corps Sarajevo - Romanija Corps Drina Corps Paramilitary Wolves of Vučjak White Eagles Serb Volunteer Guard Scorpions Yellow Wasps Prelude Karađorđevo meeting Zulfikarpašić -- Karadžić agreement RAM Plan Serb Autonomous Regions Bosanska Krajina Herzegovina North - East Bosnia Romanija Establishment of Republika Srpska Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum Sarajevo wedding shooting Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Battle of Bosanski Brod Sijekovac killings Bijeljina massacre Battle of Kupres Siege of Sarajevo Foča massacres Siege of Srebrenica Zvornik massacre Doboj Snagovo massacre Prijedor ethnic cleansing Sarajevo column incident Graz agreement Glogova massacre Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing Tuzla column incident Zaklopača massacre Vilina Vlas Bijeli Potok massacre Operation Jackal Višegrad massacres ( Barimo Bosanska Jagodina Paklenik Sjeverin ) Čemerno massacre Siege of Bihać Ahatovići massacre Croat -- Bosniak War Operation Vrbas ' 92 Operation Corridor 92 Croatian Republic of Herzeg - Bosnia Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Korićani Cliffs massacre Kravica attack Duša killings Štrpci Siege of Mostar 12 April 1993 Srebrenica shelling Ahmići massacre Trusina killings Sovići and Doljani massacres Vranica case Dobrinja mortar attack Battle of Žepče Operation Irma Operation Neretva ' 93 Grabovica massacre Mokronoge massacre Stupni Do massacre Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia Operation Deny Flight Križančevo Selo killings Operation Tvigi 94 First Markale massacre Banja Luka incident Washington Agreement Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Operation Bøllebank Attack on Spin magazine journalists Operation Tiger Battle of Kupres Operation Amanda Operation Spider Operation Winter ' 94 1995 Operation Leap 1 Battle of Orašje Operation Leap 2 Split Agreement Operation Summer ' 95 Tuzla massacre Battle of Vrbanja Bridge Srebrenica massacre ( Kravica ) Battle for Vozuća Operation Miracle Operation Storm Second Markale massacre NATO bombing campaign Operation Mistral 2 Operation Sana Operation Una Operation Southern Move Dayton Agreement Bosnia and Herzegovina Internment camps Silos Manjača Liplje Luka Omarska Keraterm Trnopolje Sušica Čelebići Batković Dretelj Uzamnica Heliodrom Gabela Vojno Aspects Ethnic cleansing and massacres Bosnian genocide Rape Peace plans Foreign fighters Timeline of the Bosnian War ( Timeline of the Croat -- Bosniak War ) Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&oldid=799823388 '' Categories : NATO intervention in the former Yugoslavia Bosnian War United States Marine Corps in the 20th century Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Português Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 02 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the us help in the bosnian war	NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina Part of the Bosnian War A US Navy EA - 6B Prowler aircraft over Bosnia in support of NATO Operation Joint Endeavor Date July 16 , 1992 -- December 2 , 2004 Location Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cranial nerves - wikipedia Cranial nerves Jump to : navigation , search Cranial nerves Left View of the human brain from below , showing origins of cranial nerves . Right Juxtaposed skull base with foramina in which many nerves exit the skull . Cranial nerves as they pass through the skull base to the brain . Details Identifiers Latin nervus cranialis ( pl : nervi craniales ) TA A14. 2.01. 001 A14. 2.00. 038 FMA 5865 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Cranial nerves CN 0 -- Terminal CN I -- Olfactory CN II -- Optic CN III -- Oculomotor CN IV -- Trochlear CN V -- Trigeminal CN VI -- Abducens CN VII -- Facial CN VIII -- Vestibulocochlear CN IX -- Glossopharyngeal CN X -- Vagus CN XI -- Accessory CN XII -- Hypoglossal Overview Table Cranial nerves are the nerves that emerge directly from the brain ( including the brainstem ) , in contrast to spinal nerves ( which emerge from segments of the spinal cord ) . 10 of 12 of the cranial nerves originate in the brainstem . Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body , primarily to and from regions of the head and neck . Spinal nerves emerge sequentially from the spinal cord with the spinal nerve closest to the head ( C1 ) emerging in the space above the first cervical vertebra . The cranial nerves , however , emerge from the central nervous system above this level . Each cranial nerve is paired and is present on both sides . Depending on definition in humans there are twelve or thirteen cranial nerves pairs , which are assigned Roman numerals I -- XII , sometimes also including cranial nerve zero . The numbering of the cranial nerves is based on the order in which they emerge from the brain , front to back ( brainstem ) . The terminal nerves , olfactory nerves ( I ) and optic nerves ( II ) emerge from the cerebrum or forebrain , and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem , which is the lower part of the brain . The cranial nerves are considered components of the peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) , although on a structural level the olfactory , optic and terminal nerves are more accurately considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Anatomy 1.1 Terminology 1.2 Intracranial course 1.2. 1 Nuclei 1.2. 2 Ganglia 1.2. 3 Exiting the skull and extracranial course 2 Function 2.1 Smell ( I ) 2.2 Vision ( II ) 2.3 Eye movement ( III , IV , VI ) 2.4 Trigeminal nerve ( V ) 2.5 Facial expression ( VII ) 2.6 Hearing and balance ( VIII ) 2.7 Oral sensation , taste , and salivation ( IX ) 2.8 Vagus nerve ( X ) 2.9 Shoulder elevation and head - turning ( XI ) 2.10 Tongue movement ( XII ) 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Examination 3.2 Damage 3.2. 1 Compression 3.2. 2 Stroke 3.2. 3 Inflammation 3.2. 4 Other 4 History 5 Other animals 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Anatomy ( edit ) See also : Table of cranial nerves View of the human brain from below showing the cranial nerves on an autopsy specimen View from below of the brain and brainstem showing the cranial nerves , numbered from olfactory to hypoglossal after the order in which they emerge The brainstem , with deeper cranial nerve nuclei and tracts inside the brain - stem shaded red . Most typically , humans are considered to have twelve pairs of cranial nerves ( I -- XII ) . They are : the olfactory nerve ( I ) , the optic nerve ( II ) , oculomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) , trigeminal nerve ( V ) , abducens nerve ( VI ) , facial nerve ( VII ) , vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) , glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , vagus nerve ( X ) , accessory nerve ( XI ) , and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) . ( There may be a thirteenth cranial nerve , the terminal nerve ( nerve O or N ) , which is very small and may or may not be functional in humans ) Terminology ( edit ) Cranial nerves are generally named according to their structure or function . For example , the olfactory nerve ( I ) supplies smell , and the facial nerve ( VII ) supplies motor innervation to the face . Because Latin was the lingua franca ( common language ) of the study of Anatomy when the nerves were first documented , recorded , and discussed , many nerves maintain Latin or Greek names , including the trochlear nerve ( IV ) , named according to its structure , as it supplies a muscle that attaches to a pulley ( Greek : trochlea ) . The trigeminal nerve ( V ) is named in accordance with its three components ( Latin : tri-geminus meaning triplets ) , and the vagus nerve ( X ) is named for its wandering course ( Latin : vagus ) . Cranial nerves are numbered based on their rostral - caudal ( front - back ) position , when viewing the brain . If the brain is carefully removed from the skull the nerves are typically visible in their numeric order . Cranial nerves have paths within and outside of the skull . The paths within the skull are called `` intracranial '' and the paths outside the skull are called `` extracranial '' . There are many holes in the skull called `` foramina '' by which the nerves can exit the skull . All cranial nerves are paired , which means that they occur on both the right and left sides of the body . The muscle , skin , or additional function supplied by a nerve on the same side of the body as the side it originates from , is referred to an ipsilateral function . If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve , this is known as a contralateral function . Intracranial course ( edit ) Nuclei ( edit ) Main article : Cranial nerve nucleus The cell bodies of many of the neurons of most of the cranial nerves are contained in one or more nuclei in the brainstem . These nuclei are important relative to cranial nerve dysfunction because damage to these nuclei such as from a stroke or trauma can mimic damage to one or more branches of a cranial nerve . In terms of specific cranial nerve nuclei , the midbrain of the brainstem has the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve ( III ) and trochlear nerve ( IV ) ; the pons has the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve ( V ) , abducens nerve ( VI ) , facial nerve ( VII ) and vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) ; and the medulla has the nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , vagus nerve ( X ) , accessory nerve ( XI ) and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) . The fibers of these cranial nerves exit the brainstem from these nuclei . Ganglia ( edit ) Main article : Cranial nerve ganglia Some of the cranial nerves have sensory or parasympathetic ganglia ( collections of cell bodies ) of neurons , which are located outside of the brain ( but can be inside or outside of the skull ) . The sensory ganglia are directly correspondent to dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and are known as cranial sensory ganglia . Sensory ganglia exist for nerves with sensory function : V , VII , VIII , IX , X . There are also parasympathetic ganglia , which are part of the autonomic nervous system for cranial nerves III , VII , IX and X . The trigeminal ganglia of the trigeminal nerve ( V ) occupies a space in the dura mater called Trigeminal cave . This ganglion contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of the three branches of the trigeminal nerve . The geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve ( VII ) is found just after the nerve enters the facial canal ; it contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of the facial nerve . Superior and inferior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , are located just after the nerve passes through the jugular foramen and contain the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of this nerve . inferior ganglion of vagus nerve ( nodose ganglion ) is located below the jugular foramen and contains the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of the vagus nerve ( X ) . Exiting the skull and extracranial course ( edit ) Exits of cranial nerves from the skull . Location Nerve cribriform plate Olfactory nerve ( I ) optic foramen Optic nerve ( II ) superior orbital fissure Oculomotor ( III ) Trochlear ( IV ) Abducens ( VI ) Trigeminal V1 ( ophthalmic ) Foramen rotundum Trigeminal V2 ( maxillary ) Foramen ovale Trigeminal V3 ( mandibular ) internal auditory canal Facial ( VII ) Vestibulocochlear ( VIII ) jugular foramen Glossopharyngeal ( IX ) Vagus ( X ) Accessory ( XI ) hypoglossal canal Hypoglossal ( XII ) See also : List of foramina of the human body After emerging from the brain , the cranial nerves travel within the skull , and some must leave this bony compartment in order to reach their destinations . Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull , called foramina , as they travel to their destinations . Other nerves pass through bony canals , longer pathways enclosed by bone . These foramina and canals may contain more than one cranial nerve , and may also contain blood vessels . The olfactory nerve ( I ) , actually composed of many small separate nerve fibers , passes through perforations in the cribiform plate part of the ethmoid bone . These fibers terminate in the upper part of the nasal cavity and function to convey impulses containing information about odors to the brain . The optic nerve ( II ) passes through the optic foramen in the sphenoid bone as it travels to the eye . It conveys visual information to the brain . The oculomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) , abducens nerve ( VI ) and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve ( V1 ) travel through the cavernous sinus into the superior orbital fissure , passing out of the skull into the orbit . These nerves control the small muscles that move the eye and also provide sensory innervation to the eye and orbit . The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve ( V2 ) passes through foramen rotundum in the sphenoid bone to supply the skin of the middle of the face . The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve ( V3 ) passes through foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone to supply the lower face with sensory innervation . This nerve also sends branches to almost all of the muscles that control chewing . The facial nerve ( VII ) and vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) both enter the internal auditory canal in the temporal bone . The facial nerve then reaches the side of the face by using the stylomastoid foramen , also in the temporal bone . Its fibers then spread out to reach and control all of the muscles of facial expression . The vestibulocochlear nerve reaches the organs that control balance and hearing in the temporal bone , and therefore does not reach the external surface of the skull . The glossopharyngeal ( IX ) , vagus ( X ) and accessory nerve ( XI ) all leave the skull via the jugular foramen to enter the neck . The glossopharyngeal nerve provides innervation to the upper throat and the back of the tongue , the vagus provides innervation to the muscles in the voicebox , and continues downward to supply parasympathetic innervation to the chest and abdomen . The accessory nerve controls the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the neck and shoulder . The hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) exits the skull using the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone and reaches the tongue to control almost all of the muscles involved in movements of this organ . Function ( edit ) The cranial nerves provide motor and sensory innervation mainly to the structures within the head and neck . The sensory innervation includes both `` general '' sensation such as temperature and touch , and `` special '' innervation such as taste , vision , smell , balance and hearing The vagus nerve ( X ) provides sensory and autonomic ( parasympathetic ) motor innervation to structures in the neck and also to most of the organs in the chest and abdomen . Smell ( I ) ( edit ) The olfactory nerve ( I ) conveys the sense of smell . Damage to the olfactory nerve ( I ) can cause an inability to smell ( anosmia ) , a distortion in the sense of smell ( parosmia ) , or a distortion or lack of taste . If there is suspicion of a change in the sense of smell , each nostril is tested with substances of known odors such as coffee or soap . Intensely smelling substances , for example ammonia , may lead to the activation of pain receptors ( nociceptors ) of the trigeminal nerve that are located in the nasal cavity and this can confound olfactory testing . Vision ( II ) ( edit ) The optic nerve ( II ) transmits visual information . Damage to the optic nerve ( II ) affects specific aspects of vision that depend on the location of the lesion . A person may not be able to see objects on their left or right sides ( homonymous hemianopsia ) , or may have difficulty seeing objects on their outer visual fields ( bitemporal hemianopsia ) if the optic chiasm is involved . Vision may be tested by examining the visual field , or by examining the retina with an ophthalmoscope , using a process known as funduscopy . Visual field testing may be used to pin - point structural lesions in the optic nerve , or further along the visual pathways . Eye movement ( III , IV , VI ) ( edit ) Various deviations of the eyes due to abnormal function of the targets of the cranial nerves The oculomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) and abducens nerve ( VI ) coordinate eye movement . Damage to nerves III , IV , or VI may affect the movement of the eyeball ( globe ) . Both or one eye may be affected ; in either case double vision ( diplopia ) will likely occur because the movements of the eyes are no longer synchronized . Nerves III , IV and VI are tested by observing how the eye follows an object in different directions . This object may be a finger or a pin , and may be moved at different directions to test for pursuit velocity . If the eyes do not work together , the most likely cause is damage to a specific cranial nerve or its nuclei . Damage to the oculomotor nerve ( III ) can cause double vision ( diplopia ) and inability to coordinate the movements of both eyes ( strabismus ) , also eyelid drooping ( ptosis ) and pupil dilation ( mydriasis ) . Lesions may also lead to inability to open the eye due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle . Individuals suffering from a lesion to the oculomotor nerve may compensate by tilting their heads to alleviate symptoms due to paralysis of one or more of the eye muscles it controls . Damage to the trochlear nerve ( IV ) can also cause diplopia with the eye adducted and elevated . The result will be an eye which can not move downwards properly ( especially downwards when in an inward position ) . This is due to impairment in the superior oblique muscle , which is innervated by the trochlear nerve . Damage to the abducens nerve ( VI ) can also result in diplopia . This is due to impairment in the lateral rectus muscle , which is innervated by the abducens nerve . Trigeminal nerve ( V ) ( edit ) The trigeminal nerve ( V ) comprises three distinct parts : The Ophthalmic ( V1 ) , the Maxillary ( V2 ) , and the Mandibular ( V3 ) nerves . Combined , these nerves provide sensation to the skin of the face and also controls the muscles of mastication ( chewing ) . Conditions affecting the trigeminal nerve ( V ) include trigeminal neuralgia , cluster headache , and trigeminal zoster . Trigeminal neuralgia occurs later in life , from middle age onwards , most often after age 60 , and is a condition typically associated with very strong pain distributed over the area innervated by the maxillary or mandibular nerve divisions of the trigeminal nerve ( V and V ) . The facial nerve passes through the petrous temporal bone , internal auditory meatus , facial canal , stylomastoid foramen , and then the parotid gland . Facial expression ( VII ) ( edit ) Lesions of the facial nerve ( VII ) may manifest as facial palsy . This is where a person is unable to move the muscles on one or both sides of their face . A very common and generally temporary facial palsy is known as Bell 's palsy . Bell 's Palsy is the result of an idiopathic ( unknown ) , unilateral lower motor neuron lesion of the facial nerve and is characterized by an inability to move the ipsilateral muscles of facial expression , including elevation of the eyebrow and furrowing of the forehead . Patients with Bell 's palsy often have a drooping mouth on the affected side and often have trouble chewing because the buccinator muscle is affected . Hearing and balance ( VIII ) ( edit ) The vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) splits into the vestibular and cochlear nerve . The vestibular part is responsible for innervating the vestibules and semicircular canal of the inner ear ; this structure transmits information about balance , and is an important component of the vestibuloocular reflex , which keeps the head stable and allows the eyes to track moving objects . The cochlear nerve transmits information from the cochlea , allowing sound to be heard . When damaged , the vestibular nerve may give rise to the sensation of spinning and dizziness . Function of the vestibular nerve may be tested by putting cold and warm water in the ears and watching eye movements caloric stimulation . Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve can also present as repetitive and involuntary eye movements ( nystagmus ) , particularly when looking in a horizontal plane . Damage to the cochlear nerve will cause partial or complete deafness in the affected ear . Oral sensation , taste , and salivation ( IX ) ( edit ) Deviating uvula due to cranial nerve IX lesion The glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) innervates the stylopharyngeus muscle and provides sensory innervation to the oropharynx and back of the tongue . The glossopharyngeal nerve also provides parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland . Unilateral absence of a gag reflex suggests a lesion of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , and perhaps the vagus nerve ( X ) . Vagus nerve ( X ) ( edit ) Loss of function of the vagus nerve ( X ) will lead to a loss of parasympathetic innervation to a very large number of structures . Major effects of damage to the vagus nerve may include a rise in blood pressure and heart rate . Isolated dysfunction of only the vagus nerve is rare , but can be diagnosed by a hoarse voice , due to dysfunction of one of its branches , the recurrent laryngeal nerve . Damage to this nerve may result in difficulties swallowing . Shoulder elevation and head - turning ( XI ) ( edit ) Winged scapula may occur due to lesion of the spinal accessory . Damage to the accessory nerve ( XI ) will lead to ipsilateral weakness in the trapezius muscle . This can be tested by asking the subject to raise their shoulders or shrug , upon which the shoulder blade ( scapula ) will protrude into a winged position . Additionally , if the nerve is damaged , weakness or an inability to elevate the scapula may be present because the levator scapulae muscle is now solely able to provide this function . Depending on the location of the lesion there may also be weakness present in the sternocleidomastoid muscle , which acts to turn the head so that the face points to the opposite side . Tongue movement ( XII ) ( edit ) A damaged hypoglossal nerve will result in an inability to stick the tongue out straight . A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery . The hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) is unique in that it is innervated from both the motor cortex of both hemispheres of the brain . Damage to the nerve at lower motor neuron level may lead to fasciculations or atrophy of the muscles of the tongue . The fasciculations of the tongue are sometimes said to look like a `` bag of worms '' . Upper motor neuron damage will not lead to atrophy or fasciculations , but only weakness of the innervated muscles . When the nerve is damaged , it will lead to weakness of tongue movement on one side . When damaged and extended , the tongue will move towards the weaker or damaged side , as shown in the image . Clinical significance ( edit ) Examination ( edit ) Main article : Cranial nerve examination Physicians , neurologists , and other medical professionals may conduct a cranial nerve examination as part of a neurological examination to examine the functionality of the cranial nerves . This is a highly formalized series of tests that assess the status of each nerve . A cranial nerve exam begins with observation of the patient because some cranial nerve lesions may affect the symmetry of the eyes or face . The visual fields are tested for nerve lesions or nystagmus via an analysis of specific eye movements . The sensation of the face is tested , and patients are asked to perform different facial movements , such as puffing out of the cheeks . Hearing is checked by voice and tuning forks . The position of the patient 's uvula is examined because asymmetry in the position could indicate a lesion of the glossopharyngeal nerve . After the ability of the patient to use their shoulder to assess the accessory nerve ( XI ) , and the patient 's tongue function is assessed by observing various tongue movements . Damage ( edit ) Compression ( edit ) Nerves may be compressed because of increased intracranial pressure , a mass effect of an intracerebral haemorrhage , or tumour that presses against the nerves and interferes with the transmission of impulses along the nerve . A loss of functionality of a single cranial nerve may sometimes be the first symptom of an intracranial or skull base cancer . An increase in intracranial pressure may lead to impairment of the optic nerves ( II ) due to compression of the surrounding veins and capillaries , causing swelling of the eyeball ( papilloedema ) . A cancer , such as an optic glioma , may also impact the optic nerve ( II ) . A pituitary tumour may compress the optic tracts or the optic chiasm of the optic nerve ( II ) , leading to visual field loss . A pituitary tumour may also extend into the cavernous sinus , compressing the oculuomotor nerve ( III ) , trochlear nerve ( IV ) and abducens nerve ( VI ) , leading to double - vision and strabismus . These nerves may also be affected by herniation of the temporal lobes of the brain through the falx cerebri . The cause of trigeminal neuralgia , in which one side of the face is exquisitely painful , is thought to be compression of the nerve by an artery as the nerve emerges from the brain stem . An acoustic neuroma , particularly at the junction between the pons and medulla , may compress the facial nerve ( VII ) and vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) , leading to hearing and sensory loss on the affected side . Stroke ( edit ) Occlusion of blood vessels that supply the nerves or their nuclei , an ischemic stroke , may cause specific signs and symptoms that can localise where the occlusion occurred . A clot in a blood vessel draining the cavernous sinus ( cavernous sinus thrombosis ) affects the oculomotor ( III ) , trochlear ( IV ) , opthalamic branch of the trigeminal nerve ( V1 ) and the abducens nerve ( VI ) . Inflammation ( edit ) Inflammation resulting from infection may impair the function of any of the cranial nerves . Inflammation of the facial nerve ( VII ) may result in Bell 's palsy . Multiple sclerosis , an inflammatory process that may produce a loss of the myelin sheathes which surround the cranial nerves , may cause a variety of shifting symptoms affecting multiple cranial nerves . Other ( edit ) Trauma to the skull , disease of bone such as Paget 's disease , and injury to nerves during neurosurgery ( such as tumor removal ) are other possible causes of cranial nerve damage . History ( edit ) The Graeco - Roman anatomist Galen ( AD 129 -- 210 ) named seven pairs of cranial nerves . Much later , in 1664 , English anatomist Sir Thomas Willis suggested that there were actually 9 pairs of nerves . Finally , in 1778 , German anatomist Samuel Soemmering named the 12 pairs of nerves that are generally accepted today . However , because many of the nerves emerge from the brain stem as rootlets , there is continual debate as to how many nerves there actually are , and how they should be grouped . There is reason to consider both the olfactory ( I ) and Optic ( II ) nerves to be brain tracts , rather than cranial nerves . Further , the very small terminal nerve ( nerve N or O ) exists in humans but may not be functional . In other animals , it appears to be important to sexual receptivity based on perceptions of phermones Other animals ( edit ) Dog - fish brain in two projections . top ; ventral bottom ; lateral The accessory nerve ( XI ) and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) can not be seen , as they are not always present in all vertebrates . Cranial nerves are also present in other vertebrates . Other amniotes ( non-amphibian tetrapods ) have cranial nerves similar to those of humans . In anamniotes ( fishes and amphibians ) , the accessory nerve ( XI ) and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) do not exist , with the accessory nerve ( XI ) being an integral part of the vagus nerve ( X ) ; the hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) is represented by a variable number of spinal nerves emerging from vertebral segments fused into the occiput . These two nerves only became discrete nerves in the ancestors of amniotes ( non-amphibian tetrapods ) . Diagrammatic view of the cranial nerves of the horse . Ventral view of the sheep 's brain . The exits of the various cranial nerves are marked with red . See also ( edit ) Cranial nerve mnemonics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vilensky , Joel ; Robertson , Wendy ; Suarez - Quian , Carlos ( 2015 ) . The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves : The Nerves of `` On Olympus Towering Top '' . Ames , Iowa : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 49201 - 7 . Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ; Borley , Neil R. ( 2008 ) . `` Overview of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei '' . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06684 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ( 2013 ) . Principles of neural science ( 5 ed . ) . Appleton and Lange : McGraw Hill . pp. 1019 -- 1036 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 139011 - 8 . Jump up ^ Board Review Series -- Neuroanatomy , Fourth Edition , Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , Maryland 2008 , p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7245 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Trigeminal Nerve '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Matthew C. ; Griessenauer , Christoph J. ; Bosmia , Anand N. ; Tubbs , R. Shane ; Shoja , Mohammadali M. `` The naming of the cranial nerves : A historical review '' . Clinical Anatomy. 27 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 19 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22345 . ^ Jump up to : Mallatt , Elaine N. Marieb , Patricia Brady Wilhelm , Jon ( 2012 ) . Human anatomy ( 6th ed. media update . ed . ) . Boston : Benjamin Cummings . pp. 431 -- 432 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 75327 - 4 . Jump up ^ Albert , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary . ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . pp. 800 -- 807 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mtui , M.J. Turlough FitzGerald , Gregory Gruener , Estomih ( 2012 ) . Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience ( 6th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3738 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ( 2013 ) . Principles of neural science ( 5 . ed . ) . Appleton and Lange : McGraw Hill . pp. 1533 -- 1549 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 139011 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Norton , Neil ( 2007 ) . Netter 's head and neck anatomy for dentistry . Philadelphia , Pa. : Saunders Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929007 - 88 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nesbitt AD , Goadsby PJ ( Apr 11 , 2012 ) . `` Cluster headache '' . BMJ ( Clinical research ed . ) ( Review ) . 344 : e2407 . PMID 22496300 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. e2407 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzgerald , M.J. Turlough FitzGerald , Gregory Gruener , Estomih Mtui ( 2012 ) . Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience ( 6th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3738 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mtui , M.J. Turlough FitzGerald , Gregory Gruener , Estomih ( 2012 ) . Clinical neuroanatomy and neuroscience ( 6th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Saunders / Elsevier . pp. 220 -- 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3738 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bickley , Lynn S. , Peter G. Szilagyi , and Barbara Bates . Bates ' Guide to Physical Examination and History - taking . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwer Health / Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , 2013 . Print . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Sudipta ; Gowshami , Chandra ; Salam , Abdus ; Kuddus , Ruhul ; Farazi , Mohshin ; Baksh , Jahid ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A case with unilateral hypoglossal nerve injury in branchial cyst surgery '' . Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury . 7 ( 01 ) : 2 . PMC 3395866 . PMID 22296879 . doi : 10.1186 / 1749 - 7221 - 7 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Nicholas J. Talley , Simon ( 2009 ) . Clinical examination : a systematic guide to physical diagnosis ( 6th ed . ) . Chatswood , N.S.W. : Elsevier Australia . pp. 330 -- 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7295 - 3905 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine . ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 787 , 1215 -- 1217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kumar ( ) , Vinay ; et al. ( 2010 ) . Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease ( 8th ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 1266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 3121 - 5 . Jump up ^ Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 1166 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Fauci , Anthony S. ; Harrison , T.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Harrison 's principles of internal medicine ( 17th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 2583 -- 2587 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 147693 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 1164 -- 1170 , 1192 -- 1193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Matthew C. ; Griessenauer , Christoph J. ; Bosmia , Anand N. ; Tubbs , R. Shane ; Shoja , Mohammadali M. ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The naming of the cranial nerves : A historical review '' . Clinical Anatomy. 27 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 19 . ISSN 1098 - 2353 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22345 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , JA ( January 2014 ) . `` The neglected cranial nerve : nervus terminalis ( cranial nerve N ) '' . Clin Anat. 27 : 46 -- 53 . PMID 22836597 . doi : 10.1002 / ca. 22130 . Jump up ^ Quiring , Daniel Paul ( 1950 ) . Functional anatomy of the vertebrates . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 249 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cranial nerves . Cranial nerve video ( Brainfacts.org ) Cranial Nerves ( Yale School of Medicine ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric The cranial nerves terminal Nuclei Septal nuclei Course no significant branches olfactory Nuclei Anterior olfactory nucleus Course olfactory bulb olfactory tract optic Nuclei Lateral geniculate nucleus Course optic chiasm optic tract oculomotor Nuclei Oculomotor nucleus Edinger - Westphal nucleus Branches superior parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion / ciliary ganglion inferior trochlear Nucleus Branches no significant branches trigeminal Nuclei PSN Spinal trigeminal nucleus MN TMN Course trigeminal ganglion Branches ophthalmic maxillary mandibular abducens Nucleus Branches no significant branches facial near origin intermediate nerve geniculate inside facial canal greater petrosal pterygopalatine ganglion nerve to the stapedius chorda tympani lingual nerve submandibular ganglion at stylomastoid foramen posterior auricular suprahyoid digastric stylohyoid parotid plexus temporal zygomatic buccal mandibular cervical Nuclei Facial motor nucleus Solitary nucleus Superior salivary nucleus vestibulocochlear Nuclei Vestibular nuclei Cochlear nuclei cochlear nerve striae medullares lateral lemniscus vestibular Scarpa 's ganglion glossopharyngeal before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa tympanic tympanic plexus lesser petrosal otic ganglion stylopharyngeal branch pharyngeal branches tonsillar branches lingual branches carotid sinus Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Inferior salivatory nucleus Solitary nucleus vagus before jugular fossa ganglia superior inferior after jugular fossa meningeal branch auricular branch neck pharyngeal branch pharyngeal plexus superior laryngeal external internal recurrent laryngeal ( inferior ) superior cervical cardiac thorax inferior cardiac pulmonary vagal trunks anterior posterior abdomen celiac renal hepatic anterior gastric posterior gastric Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Solitary nucleus accessory Nuclei Nucleus ambiguus Spinal accessory nucleus cranial spinal hypoglossal Nucleus Branches lingual NDL : 00568706 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cranial_nerves&oldid=797015054 '' Categories : Cranial nerves Hidden categories : Good articles Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 12 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do cranial nerves 1 and 2 originate	The terminal nerves , olfactory nerves ( I ) and optic nerves ( II ) emerge from the cerebrum or forebrain , and the remaining ten pairs arise from the brainstem , which is the lower part of the brain .
Historia regum Britanniae - wikipedia Historia regum Britanniae Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Historia regum Britanniae The History of the Kings of Britain Illumination of a 15th - century manuscript of Historia regum Britanniae showing Vortigern and Ambros watching the fight between two dragons . Author ( s ) Geoffrey of Monmouth Ascribed to Geoffrey claims to have translated `` a very ancient book in the British tongue '' into Latin Dedicated to Robert , earl of Gloucester and Waleran , count of Meulan Language Latin Date c. 1136 Manuscript ( s ) 215 manuscripts , notably Bern , Burgerbibliothek , MS . 568 Genre Pseudohistory Subject Legendary kings of the Britons Setting Mainly Great Britain Personages See , e.g. , List of legendary kings of Britain Adapted and translated , e.g. , by Wace , Layamon and the authors of the Brut y Brenhinedd . Historia regum Britanniae ( The History of the Kings of Britain ) , originally called De gestis Britonum ( On the Deeds of the Britons ) , is a pseudohistorical ( fictitious ) account of British history , written around 1136 by Geoffrey of Monmouth . It chronicles the lives of the kings of the Britons over the course of two thousand years , beginning with the Trojans founding the British nation and continuing until the Anglo - Saxons assumed control of much of Britain around the 7th century . It is one of the central pieces of the Matter of Britain . Although credited uncritically well into the 16th century , it is now considered to have no value as history . When events described , such as Julius Caesar 's invasions of Britain , can be corroborated from contemporary histories , Geoffrey 's account can be seen to be wildly inaccurate . It remains , however , a valuable piece of medieval literature , which contains the earliest known version of the story of King Lear and his three daughters , and helped popularise the legend of King Arthur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contents 1.1 Dedication 1.2 Book One 1.3 Book Two 1.4 Book Three 1.5 Book Four 1.6 Books Five and Six 1.7 Book Seven : The Prophecies of Merlin 1.8 Book Eight 1.9 Books Nine and Ten 1.10 Books Eleven and Twelve 2 Sources 3 Influence 4 Manuscript tradition and textual history 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Contents ( edit ) Dedication ( edit ) Geoffrey starts the book with a statement of his purpose in writing the history : `` I have not been able to discover anything at all on the kings who lived here before the Incarnation of Christ , or indeed about Arthur and all the others who followed on after the Incarnation . Yet the deeds of these men were such that they deserve to be praised for all time . '' He claims that he was given a source for this period by Archdeacon Walter of Oxford , who presented him with a `` certain very ancient book written in the British language '' from which he has translated his history . He also cites Gildas and Bede as sources . Then follows a dedication to Robert , earl of Gloucester and Waleran , count of Meulan , whom he enjoins to use their knowledge and wisdom to improve his tale . Book one ( edit ) The Historia itself begins with the Trojan Aeneas , who according to Roman legend settled in Italy after the Trojan War . His great - grandson Brutus is banished , and , after a period of wandering , is directed by the goddess Diana to settle on an island in the western ocean . Brutus lands at Totnes and names the island , then called Albion , `` Britain '' after himself . Brutus defeats the giants who are the only inhabitants of the island , and establishes his capital , Troia Nova , on the banks of the Thames ; after his time it is renamed London . Book two ( edit ) When Brutus dies , his three sons , Locrinus , Kamber and Albanactus , divide the county between themselves ; the three kingdoms are named Loegria , Kambria ( Wales ) and Albany ( Scotland ) . The story then progresses rapidly through the reigns of the descendants of Locrinus , including Bladud , who uses magic and even tries to fly . Bladud 's son Leir reigns for sixty years . He has no sons , so upon reaching old age he decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters , Goneril , Regan and Cordelia . To decide who should get the largest share , he asks his daughters how much they love him . Goneril and Regan give extravagant answers , but Cordelia answers simply and sincerely ; angered , he gives Cordelia no land . Goneril and Regan are to share half the island with their husbands , the Dukes of Albany and Cornwall . Cordelia marries Aganippus , King of the Franks , and departs for Gaul . Soon Goneril and Regan and their husbands rebel and take the whole kingdom . After Leir has had all his attendants taken from him , he begins to regret his actions towards Cordelia and travels to Gaul . Cordelia receives him compassionately and restores his royal robes and retinue . Aganippus raises a Gaulish army for Leir , who returns to Britain , defeats his sons - in - law and regains the kingdom . Leir rules for three years and then dies ; Cordelia inherits the throne and rules for five years before Marganus and Cunedagius , her sisters ' sons , rebel against her . They imprison Cordelia ; grief - stricken , she kills herself . Marganus and Cunedagius divide the kingdom between themselves , but soon quarrel and go to war with each other . Cunedagius eventually kills Marganus in Wales and retains the whole kingdom , ruling for thirty - three years . He is succeeded by his son . A later descendant of Cunedagius , King Gorboduc , has two sons called Ferreux and Porrex . They quarrel and both are eventually killed , sparking a civil war . This leads to Britain being ruled by five kings , who keep attacking each other . Dunvallo Molmutius , the son of the King of Cornwall , becomes pre-eminent . He eventually defeats the other kings and establishes his rule over the whole island . He is said to have `` established the so - called Molmutine Laws which are still famous today among the English '' . Book three ( edit ) Dunvallo 's sons , Belinus and Brennius , fight a civil war before being reconciled , and proceed to sack Rome . Victorious , Brennius remains in Italy , while Belinus returns to rule Britain . Numerous brief accounts of successive kings follow . These include Lud , who renames Trinovantum `` Kaerlud '' after himself ; this later becomes corrupted to Lon don . Lud is succeeded by his brother , Cassibelanus . Book four ( edit ) After his conquest of Gaul , Julius Caesar looks over the sea and resolves to order Britain to swear obedience and pay tribute to Rome . His commands are answered by a letter of refusal from Cassivellaunus . Caesar sails a fleet to Britain , but he is overwhelmed by Cassivellaunus 's army and forced to retreat to Gaul . Two years later he makes another attempt , but is again pushed back . Then Cassivellaunus quarrels with one of his dukes , Androgeus , who sends a letter to Caesar asking him to help avenge the duke 's honour . Caesar invades once more and besieges Cassivellaunus on a hill . After several days Cassivellaunus offers to make peace with Caesar , and Androgeus , filled with remorse , goes to Caesar to plead with him for mercy . Cassivellaunus pays tribute and makes peace with Caesar , who then returns to Gaul . Cassivelaunus dies and is succeeded by Androgeus 's son Tenvantius , who is succeeded in turn by his son Kymbelinus , and then Kymbelinus 's son Guiderius . Guiderius refuses to pay tribute to emperor Claudius , who then invades Britain . After Guiderius is killed in battle with the Romans , his brother Arvirargus continues the defence , but eventually agrees to submit to Rome , and is given the hand of Claudius 's daughter Genvissa in marriage . Claudius returns to Rome , leaving the province under Arviragus 's governorship . The line of British kings continues under Roman rule , and includes Lucius , Britain 's first Christian king , and several Roman figures , including the emperor Constantine I , the usurper Allectus and the military commander Asclepiodotus . After a long period of Roman rule , the Romans decide they no longer wish to defend the island and depart . The Britons are immediately besieged by attacks from Picts , Scots and Danes . In desperation the Britons send letters to the general of the Roman forces , asking for help , but receive no reply ( this passage borrows heavily from the corresponding section in Gildas ' De Excidio Britanniae ) . Books five and six ( edit ) After the Romans leave , Vortigern comes to power , and invites the Saxons under Hengist and Horsa to fight for him as mercenaries , but they rise against him . Book seven : the prophecies of Merlin ( edit ) At this point Geoffrey abruptly pauses his narrative by inserting a series of prophecies attributed to Merlin . Some of the prophecies act as an epitome of upcoming chapters of the Historia , while others are veiled allusions to historical people and events of the Norman world in the 11th - 12th centuries . The remainder are obscure . Book eight ( edit ) After Aurelius Ambrosius defeats and kills Vortigern , becoming king , Britain remains in a state of war under him and his brother Uther . They are both assisted by the wizard Merlin . At one point during the continuous string of battles , Ambrosius takes ill and Uther must lead the army for him . This allows an enemy assassin to pose as a physician and poison Ambrosius . When the king dies , a comet taking the form of a dragon 's head ( pendragon ) appears in the night sky , which Merlin interprets as a sign that Ambrosius is dead and that Uther will be victorious and succeed him . So after defeating his latest enemies , Uther adds `` Pendragon '' to his name and is crowned king . But another enemy strikes , forcing Uther to make war again . This time he is temporarily defeated , gaining final victory only with the help of Duke Gorlois of Cornwall . But while celebrating this victory with Gorlois , he falls in love with the duke 's wife , Igerna . This leads to war between Uther Pendragon and Gorlois of Cornwall , during which Uther clandestinely lies with Igerna through the magic of Merlin . Arthur is conceived that night . Then Gorlois is killed and Uther marries Igerna . But he must war against the Saxons again . Although Uther ultimately triumphs , he dies after drinking water from a spring the Saxons had poisoned . Books nine and ten ( edit ) Uther 's son Arthur assumes the throne and defeats the Saxons so severely that they cease to be a threat until after his death . In the meantime , Arthur conquers most of northern Europe and ushers in a period of peace and prosperity that lasts until the Roman emperor Lucius Hiberius demands that Britain once again pay tribute to Rome . Arthur defeats Lucius in Gaul , but in his absence , his nephew Mordred seduces and marries Guinevere and seizes the throne . Books eleven and twelve ( edit ) Arthur returns and kills Mordred at the Battle of Camlann , but , mortally wounded , he is carried off to the isle of Avalon , and hands the kingdom to his cousin Constantine , son of Cador and Duke of Cornwall . The Saxons returned after Arthur 's death , but would not end the line of British kings until the death of Cadwallader . Sources ( edit ) See also : Brut y Brenhinedd § Brut Tysilio and Geoffrey 's putative British source Geoffrey claimed to have translated the Historia into Latin from `` a very ancient book in the British tongue '' , given to him by Walter , Archdeacon of Oxford . However , no modern scholars take this claim seriously . Much of the work appears to be derived from Gildas 's 6th - century polemic The Ruin of Britain , Bede 's 8th - century Ecclesiastical History of the English People , the 9th - century History of the Britons ascribed to Nennius , the 10th - century Welsh Annals , medieval Welsh genealogies ( such as the Harleian Genealogies ) and king - lists , the poems of Taliesin , the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen , and some of the medieval Welsh saints ' lives , expanded and turned into a continuous narrative by Geoffrey 's own imagination . Influence ( edit ) In an exchange of manuscript material for their own histories , Robert of Torigny gave Henry of Huntington a copy of Historia regum Britanniae , which both Robert and Henry used uncritically as authentic history and subsequently used in their own works , by which means some of Geoffrey 's fictions became embedded in popular history . The history of Geoffrey forms the basis for much British lore and literature as well as being a rich source of material for Welsh bards . It became tremendously popular during the High Middle Ages , revolutionising views of British history before and during the Anglo - Saxon period despite the criticism of such writers as William of Newburgh and Gerald of Wales . The prophecies of Merlin in particular were often drawn on in later periods , for instance by both sides in the issue of English influence over Scotland under Edward I and his successors . The Historia was quickly translated into Norman verse by Wace ( the Roman de Brut ) in 1155 . Wace 's version was in turn translated into Middle English verse by Layamon ( the Brut ) in the early 13th century . In the second quarter of the 13th century , a version in Latin verse , the Gesta Regum Britanniae , was produced by William of Rennes . Material from Geoffrey was incorporated into a large variety of Anglo - Norman and Middle English prose compilations of historical material from the 13th century onward . Geoffrey was translated into a number of different Welsh prose versions by the end of the 13th century , collectively known as Brut y Brenhinedd . One variant of the Brut y Brenhinedd , the so - called Brut Tysilio , was proposed in 1917 by the archaeologist William Flinders Petrie to be the ancient British book that Geoffrey translated , although the Brut itself claims to have been translated from Latin by Walter of Oxford , based on his own earlier translation from Welsh to Latin . Geoffrey 's work is greatly important because it brought the Welsh culture into British society and made it acceptable . It is also the first record we have of the great figure King Lear , and the beginning of the mythical King Arthur figure . For many centuries , the Historia was accepted at face value , and much of its material was incorporated into Holinshed 's 16th - century Chronicles . Modern historians have regarded the Historia as a work of fiction with some factual information contained within . John Morris in The Age of Arthur calls it a `` deliberate spoof '' , although this is based on misidentifying Walter , archdeacon of Oxford , as Walter Map , a satirical writer who lived a century later . It continues to have an influence on popular culture -- e.g. , Mary Stewart 's Merlin Trilogy and the TV miniseries Merlin both contain large elements taken from the Historia . Manuscript Tradition and textual history ( edit ) Two hundred and fifteen medieval manuscripts of the Historia survive , dozens of them copied before the end of the 12th century . Even among the earliest manuscripts a large number of textual variants , such as the so - called `` First Variant '' , can be discerned . These are reflected in the three possible prefaces to the work and in the presence or absence of certain episodes and phrases . Certain variants may be due to `` authorial '' additions to different early copies , but most probably reflect early attempts to alter , add to or edit the text . Unfortunately , the task of disentangling these variants and establishing Geoffrey 's original text is long and complex , and the extent of the difficulties surrounding the text has been established only recently . The variant title Historia regum Britaniae was introduced in the Middle Ages , and this became the most common form in the modern period . A critical edition of the work published in 2007 , however , demonstrated that the most accurate manuscripts refer to the work as De gestis Britonum , and that this was the title Geoffrey himself used to refer to the work . See also ( edit ) List of legendary kings of Britain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Polydore Vergil 's skeptical reading of Geoffrey of Monmouth provoked at first a reaction of denial in England , `` yet the seeds of doubt once sown '' eventually replaced Geoffrey 's romances with a new Renaissance historical approach , according to Hans Baron , `` Fifteenth - century civilization and the Renaissance '' , in The New Cambridge Modern history , vol. 1 1957 : 56 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Lewis G.M. ( 1966 ) . `` Dedication '' . The history of the Kings of Britain . New York : Penguin Books . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044170 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Thorpe ( 1966 : 14 -- 19 ) Jump up ^ Wright , Neil ( 1984 ) . The Historia Regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth . Woodbridge , England : Boydell and Brewer . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 641 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lang , Andrew . History Of English Literature - From Beowulf to Swinburne . Vincent Press . p. 45 . OCLC 220536211 . He says that he has had the advantage of using a book in the Breton tongue which Walter , Archdeacon of Oxford , brought out of Brittany ; this book he translates into Latin . Jump up ^ Wright , Neil ( 1984 ) . The Historia Regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth . Woodbridge , England : Boydell and Brewer . pp. xvii -- xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 641 - 7 . This fusion of heterogeneous sources , which is apparent almost everywhere in the Historia , completely dispels the fiction that the work is no more than a translation of a single Breton ( or Welsh ) book Jump up ^ `` ... the Historia does not bear scrutiny as an authentic history and no scholar today would regard it as such . '' : Wright ( 1984 : xxviii ) Jump up ^ C. Warren Hollister , Henry I ( Yale English Monarchs ) , 2001 : 11 note44 . Jump up ^ A.O.H. Jarman , Geoffrey of Monmouth , University of Wales Press , 1965 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Sir William Flinders Petrie , Neglected British History , 1917 Jump up ^ William R. Cooper , Chronicle of the Early Britons ( pdf ) , 2002 , p. 68 Jump up ^ John Morris . The Age of Arthur : A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650 . Barnes & Noble Books : New York . 1996 ( originally 1973 ) . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0243 - 8 Jump up ^ Reeve 2007 , p. lix . Bibliography ( edit ) Geoffrey of Monmouth . The history of the kings of Britain : an edition and translation of De gestis Britonum ( Historia regum Britanniae ) . Arthurian studies . 69 . Michael D. Reeve ( ed . ) , Neil Wright ( trans . ) . Woodbridge , Suffolk : Boydell Press . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84383 - 206 - 5 . John Jay Parry and Robert Caldwell . Geoffrey of Monmouth in Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages , Roger S. Loomis ( ed . ) . Clarendon Press : Oxford University . 1959 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 811588 - 1 Brynley F. Roberts , Geoffrey of Monmouth and Welsh Historical Tradition , Nottingham Medieval Studies , 20 ( 1976 ) , 29 - 40 . J.S.P. Tatlock . The Legendary History of Britain : Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia regum Britanniae and its early vernacular versions . University of California Press . Berkeley . 1950 . Michael A. Faletra , ed. , The History of the Kings of Britain ( Broadview Press , 2008 ) N. Wright , ed. , The Historia regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth . 1 , Bern , Burgerbibliothek , MS . 568 ( Cambridge , 1984 ) N. Wright , ed. , The historia regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth . 2 , The first variant version : a critical edition ( Cambridge , 1988 ) J.C. Crick , The historia regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth . 3 , A summary catalogue of the manuscripts ( Cambridge , 1989 ) J.C. Crick , The historia regum Britannie of Geoffrey of Monmouth . 4 , Dissemination and reception in the later Middle Ages ( Cambridge , 1991 ) J. Hammer , ed. , Historia regum Britanniae . A variant version edited from manuscripts ( Cambridge , MA , 1951 ) A. Griscom and J.R. Ellis , ed. , The Historia regum Britanniæ of Geoffrey of Monmouth with contributions to the study of its place in early British history ( London , 1929 ) M.D. Reeve , ' The transmission of the Historia regum Britanniae ' , in Journal of Medieval Latin 1 ( 1991 ) , 73 -- 117 Edmond Faral , La légende Arthurienne : études et documents , 3 vols . ( Paris , 1929 ) R.W. Leckie , The passage of dominion : Geoffrey of Monmouth and the periodization of insular history in the twelfth century ( Toronto , 1981 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : History of the Kings of England Online text at Google Books Online Latin text at Google Books Historia regum Britanniae Second Variant version at Cambridge Digital Library History of the Kings of Britain public domain audiobook at LibriVox Geoffrey of Monmouth Works Prophetiae Merlini ( c. 1135 ) Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) Vita Merlini ( c. 1150 ) Translations Roman de Brut Layamon 's Brut Brut y Brenhinedd Characters Aeneas Saint Alban Albanactus Alhfrith of Deira Allectus Ambrosius Aurelianus Amphibalus Andragius Archgallo Archmail King Arthur Arvirargus Ascanius Augustine of Canterbury Aurelius Conanus Bedivere Beldgabred Beli Mawr Belinus Bladud Bledric ap Custennin Bledudo Brennius Brutus Greenshield Brutus of Troy Budic II of Brittany Cadfan ap Iago Cadoc Cador Cadwaladr Cadwallon ap Cadfan Camber ( legendary king ) Cap of Britain Capetus Silvius Capoir Caracalla Caradocus Carausius Cassivellaunus Catellus Catigern Cherin Claudius Cledaucus Clotenus Coel Hen Coilus Conan Meriadoc Constans II ( usurper ) Constantine the Great Constantine III ( Western Roman Emperor ) Constantine ( Briton ) Constantius Chlorus Cordelia of Britain Corineus Cunedagius Cunobeline Danius Saint David Digueillus Diocletian Dionotus Dunvallo Molmutius Ebraucus Edadus Edern ap Nudd Edwin of Northumbria Eldol Eldol , Consul of Gloucester Elidurus Eliud Enniaunus Estrildis Eudaf Hen Ferrex Fulgenius Gawain Gerennus Goffar the Pict Gogmagog ( folklore ) Goneril Gorboduc Gorbonianus Gorlois Gracianus Municeps Guiderius Guinevere Guithelin Gurgintius Gurguit Barbtruc Gurgustius Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio Queen Gwendolen Helena ( empress ) Helenus Hengist and Horsa Hoel Humber the Hun Iago ap Beli Idvallo Igraine Ingenius of Britain Jago of Britain Julius and Aaron Julius Asclepiodotus Julius Caesar Sir Kay Keredic Kimarcus Kinarius Latinus Lavinia Leil Leir of Britain Locrinus King Lot Lucius of Britain Lucius Tiberius Lud son of Heli Maddan Maelgwn Gwynedd Magnus Maximus Mandubracius Queen Marcia Marganus Marganus II Marius of Britain Mempricius Merianus Merlin Millus Mordred Morgause Morvidus Myrddin Wyllt Nennius of Britain Octa of Kent Oenus Oswald of Northumbria Oswiu of Northumbria Owain mab Urien Penda of Mercia Peredur Peredurus Pir of the Britons Porrex I Porrex II Publius Septimius Geta Quintus Laberius Durus Redechius Redon of Britain Regan ( King Lear ) Rhydderch Hael Rience Rivallo Rud Hud Hudibras Runo Sawyl Penuchel Septimius Severus Silvius ( mythology ) Sisillius I Sisillius II Sisillius III Son of Gorbonianus Taliesin Tasciovanus Trahern Turnus Urianus Uther Pendragon Venissa Vespasian Vortigern Vortimer Vortiporius Wulfhere of Mercia Ywain Æthelberht of Kent Æthelfrith of Northumbria Œthelwald of Deira Topics Avalon Battle of Arfderydd Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Battle of Guoloph Brut y Tywysogion Crocea Mors Excalibur Lailoken List of legendary kings of Britain List of legendary rulers of Cornwall Logres Matter of Britain Molmutine Laws Nennius Riothamus River Malvam Siege of Exeter ( c. 630 ) Locations associated with Arthurian legend Treachery of the Long Knives Trinovantum Trojan genealogy of Nennius Walter of Oxford Wikiquote Wikisource texts VIAF : 105642044 LCCN : n83160992 GND : 4211887 - 6 SUDOC : 027598373 BNF : cb119603974 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Historia_Regum_Britanniae&oldid=812929490 '' Categories : 1130s books 12th century in Great Britain 12th - century medieval Latin literature 12th - century Latin books Arthurian literature in Latin British traditional history Historical writing from Norman and Angevin England King lists Medieval Latin histories Medieval Welsh literature Pseudohistory Works by Geoffrey of Monmouth Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kernowek Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017 , at 18 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the history of the kings of britian	Historia regum Britanniae ( The History of the Kings of Britain ) , originally called De gestis Britonum ( On the Deeds of the Britons ) , is a pseudohistorical ( fictitious ) account of British history , written around 1136 by Geoffrey of Monmouth . It chronicles the lives of the kings of the Britons over the course of two thousand years , beginning with the Trojans founding the British nation and continuing until the Anglo - Saxons assumed control of much of Britain around the 7th century . It is one of the central pieces of the Matter of Britain .
Battle of Marathon - wikipedia Battle of Marathon This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 22 October 2018 . For the poem , see The Battle of Marathon : A Poem . Battle of Marathon Part of the Greco - Persian Wars The plain of Marathon today Date August / September ( Metageitnion ) , 490 BC Location Marathon , Greece 38 ° 07 ′ 05 '' N 23 ° 58 ′ 42 '' E / 38.11806 ° N 23.97833 ° E / 38.11806 ; 23.97833 Coordinates : 38 ° 07 ′ 05 '' N 23 ° 58 ′ 42 '' E / 38.11806 ° N 23.97833 ° E / 38.11806 ; 23.97833 Result Decisive Greek victory Persian forces conquer the cycladic islands and establish control over the Aegean sea Persian forces driven out of mainland Greece for 10 years Belligerents Athens , Plataea Persian Empire Commanders and leaders Miltiades Callimachus † Aristides the Just Xanthippus ( Pericles ' father ) Themistokles Stesilaos † Arimnestos Datis Artaphernes Hippias ( deposed Athenian tyrant ) Strength 9,000 -- 10,000 Athenians , 1,000 Plataeans 25,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry ( modern estimates ) ( the latter was not engaged ) 100,000 + armed oarsmen and sailors ( arranged as reserve troops they saw little action , mostly defending the ships ) 600 triremes 50 + horse - carriers 200 + supply ships Casualties and losses 192 Athenians , 11 Plataeans ( Herodotus ) 1,000 -- 3,000 dead ( modern estimates ) 6,400 dead 7 ships destroyed ( Herodotus ) 4,000 -- 5,000 dead ( modern estimates ) Location of the Battle of Marathon First Persian invasion of Greece Lindos Naxos Karystos Eretria Marathon The Battle of Marathon ( Greek : Μάχη τοῦ Μαραθῶνος , Machē tou Marathōnos ) took place in 490 BC , during the first Persian invasion of Greece . It was fought between the citizens of Athens , aided by Plataea , and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes . The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia , under King Darius I , to subjugate Greece . The Greek army decisively defeated the more numerous Persians , marking a turning point in the Greco - Persian Wars . The first Persian invasion was a response to Athenian involvement in the Ionian Revolt , when Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia in their attempt to overthrow Persian rule . The Athenians and Eretrians had succeeded in capturing and burning Sardis , but they were then forced to retreat with heavy losses . In response to this raid , Darius swore to burn down Athens and Eretria . According to Herodotus , Darius had his bow brought to him and then shot an arrow `` upwards towards heaven '' , saying as he did so : `` Zeus , that it may be granted me to take vengeance upon the Athenians ! '' . Herodotus further writes that Darius charged one of his servants to say `` Master , remember the Athenians '' three times before dinner each day . At the time of the battle , Sparta and Athens were the two largest city - states in Greece . Once the Ionian revolt was finally crushed by the Persian victory at the Battle of Lade in 494 BC , Darius began plans to subjugate Greece . In 490 BC , he sent a naval task force under Datis and Artaphernes across the Aegean , to subjugate the Cyclades , and then to make punitive attacks on Athens and Eretria . Reaching Euboea in mid-summer after a successful campaign in the Aegean , the Persians proceeded to besiege and capture Eretria . The Persian force then sailed for Attica , landing in the bay near the town of Marathon . The Athenians , joined by a small force from Plataea , marched to Marathon , and succeeded in blocking the two exits from the plain of Marathon . The Athenians also sent a message asking for support to the Spartans . When the messenger arrived in Sparta , the Spartans were involved in a religious festival and gave this as a reason for not coming to aid of the Athenians . The Athenians and their allies chose a location for the battle , with marshes and mountainous terrain , that prevented the Persian cavalry from joining the Persian infantry . Miltiades , the Athenian general , ordered a general attack against the Persian forces , composed primarily of missile troops . He reinforced his flanks , luring the Persians ' best fighters into his center . The inward wheeling flanks enveloped the Persians , routing them . The Persian army broke in panic towards their ships , and large numbers were slaughtered . The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece , and the Persian force retreated to Asia . Darius then began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . After Darius died , his son Xerxes I restarted the preparations for a second invasion of Greece , which finally began in 480 BC . The Battle of Marathon was a watershed in the Greco - Persian wars , showing the Greeks that the Persians could be beaten ; the eventual Greek triumph in these wars can be seen to begin at Marathon . The battle also showed the Greeks that they were able to win battles without the Spartans , as they had heavily relied on Sparta previously . This victory was largely due to the Athenians , and Marathon raised Greek esteem of them . Since the following two hundred years saw the rise of the Classical Greek civilization , which has been enduringly influential in western society , the Battle of Marathon is often seen as a pivotal moment in Mediterranean and European history . Contents 1 Sources 2 Background 3 Prelude 3.1 Date of the battle 4 Opposing forces 4.1 Athenians 4.2 Persians 5 Strategic and tactical considerations 6 Battle 7 Conclusions 8 Aftermath 9 Significance 10 Legacy 10.1 Legends associated with the battle 10.2 Marathon run 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Ancient sources 13.2 Modern studies 13.3 Historiography 14 External links Sources ( edit ) Main article : Herodotus The main source for the Greco - Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus . Herodotus , who has been called the `` Father of History '' , was born in 484 BC in Halicarnassus , Asia Minor ( then under Persian overlordship ) . He wrote his Enquiries ( Greek -- Historia ; English -- ( The ) Histories ) around 440 -- 430 BC , trying to trace the origins of the Greco - Persian Wars , which would still have been relatively recent history ( the wars finally ended in 450 BC ) . Herodotus 's approach was entirely novel , and at least in Western society , he does seem to have invented `` history '' as we know it . As Holland has it : `` For the first time , a chronicler set himself to trace the origins of a conflict not to a past so remote so as to be utterly fabulous , nor to the whims and wishes of some god , nor to a people 's claim to manifest destiny , but rather explanations he could verify personally . '' Some subsequent ancient historians , despite following in his footsteps , criticised Herodotus , starting with Thucydides . Nevertheless , Thucydides chose to begin his history where Herodotus left off ( at the Siege of Sestos ) , and may therefore have felt that Herodotus 's history was accurate enough not to need re-writing or correcting . Plutarch criticised Herodotus in his essay On the malice of Herodotus , describing Herodotus as `` Philobarbaros '' ( barbarian - lover ) , for not being pro-Greek enough , which suggests that Herodotus might actually have done a reasonable job of being even - handed . A negative view of Herodotus was passed on to Renaissance Europe , though he remained well read . However , since the 19th century his reputation has been dramatically rehabilitated by archaeological finds which have repeatedly confirmed his version of events . The prevailing modern view is that Herodotus generally did a remarkable job in his Historia , but that some of his specific details ( particularly troop numbers and dates ) should be viewed with skepticism . Nevertheless , there are still some historians who believe Herodotus made up much of his story . The Sicilian historian Diodorus Siculus , writing in the 1st century BC in his Bibliotheca Historica , also provides an account of the Greco - Persian wars , partially derived from the earlier Greek historian Ephorus . This account is fairly consistent with Herodotus 's . The Greco - Persian wars are also described in less detail by a number of other ancient historians including Plutarch , Ctesias of Cnidus , and are alluded by other authors , such as the playwright Aeschylus . Archaeological evidence , such as the Serpent Column , also supports some of Herodotus 's specific claims . Background ( edit ) Main articles : Greco - Persian Wars , Ionian Revolt , and First Persian invasion of Greece A map showing the Greek world at the time of the battle The first Persian invasion of Greece had its immediate roots in the Ionian Revolt , the earliest phase of the Greco - Persian Wars . However , it was also the result of the longer - term interaction between the Greeks and Persians . In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionistic , but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples . Moreover , the Persian King Darius was a usurper , and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . Even before the Ionian Revolt , Darius had begun to expand the empire into Europe , subjugating Thrace , and forcing Macedon to become a vassal of Persia . Attempts at further expansion into the politically fractious world of ancient Greece may have been inevitable . However , the Ionian Revolt had directly threatened the integrity of the Persian empire , and the states of mainland Greece remained a potential menace to its future stability . Darius thus resolved to subjugate and pacify Greece and the Aegean , and to punish those involved in the Ionian Revolt . The Ionian Revolt had begun with an unsuccessful expedition against Naxos , a joint venture between the Persian satrap Artaphernes and the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras . In the aftermath , Artaphernes decided to remove Aristagoras from power , but before he could do so , Aristagoras abdicated , and declared Miletus a democracy . The other Ionian cities followed suit , ejecting their Persian - appointed tyrants , and declaring themselves democracies . Aristagoras then appealed to the states of mainland Greece for support , but only Athens and Eretria offered to send troops . The involvement of Athens in the Ionian Revolt arose from a complex set of circumstances , beginning with the establishment of the Athenian Democracy in the late 6th century BC . In 510 BC , with the aid of Cleomenes I , King of Sparta , the Athenian people had expelled Hippias , the tyrant ruler of Athens . With Hippias 's father Peisistratus , the family had ruled for 36 out of the previous 50 years and fully intended to continue Hippias 's rule . Hippias fled to Sardis to the court of the Persian satrap , Artaphernes and promised control of Athens to the Persians if they were to help restore him . In the meantime , Cleomenes helped install a pro-Spartan tyranny under Isagoras in Athens , in opposition to Cleisthenes , the leader of the traditionally powerful Alcmaeonidae family , who considered themselves the natural heirs to the rule of Athens . Cleisthenes , however , found himself being politically defeated by a coalition led by Isagoras and decided to change the rules of the game by appealing to the demos ( the people ) , in effect making them a new faction in the political arena . This tactic succeeded , but the Spartan King , Cleomenes I , returned at the request of Isagoras and so Cleisthenes , the Alcmaeonids and other prominent Athenian families were exiled from Athens . When Isagoras attempted to create a narrow oligarchic government , the Athenian people , in a spontaneous and unprecedented move , expelled Cleomenes and Isagoras . Cleisthenes was thus restored to Athens ( 507 BC ) , and at breakneck speed began to reform the state with the aim of securing his position . The result was not actually a democracy or a real civic state , but he enabled the development of a fully democratic government , which would emerge in the next generation as the demos realized its power . The new - found freedom and self - governance of the Athenians meant that they were thereafter exceptionally hostile to the return of the tyranny of Hippias , or any form of outside subjugation , by Sparta , Persia , or anyone else . Darius I of Persia , as imagined by a Greek painter , 4th century BC Cleomenes was not pleased with events , and marched on Athens with the Spartan army . Cleomenes 's attempts to restore Isagoras to Athens ended in a debacle , but fearing the worst , the Athenians had by this point already sent an embassy to Artaphernes in Sardis , to request aid from the Persian empire . Artaphernes requested that the Athenians give him an ' earth and water ' , a traditional token of submission , to which the Athenian ambassadors acquiesced . They were , however , severely censured for this when they returned to Athens . At some later point Cleomenes instigated a plot to restore Hippias to the rule of Athens . This failed and Hippias again fled to Sardis and tried to persuade the Persians to subjugate Athens . The Athenians dispatched ambassadors to Artaphernes to dissuade him from taking action , but Artaphernes merely instructed the Athenians to take Hippias back as tyrant . The Athenians indignantly declined , and instead resolved to open war with Persia . Having thus become the enemy of Persia , Athens was already in a position to support the Ionian cities when they began their revolt . The fact that the Ionian democracies were inspired by the example the Athenians had set no doubt further persuaded the Athenians to support the Ionian Revolt , especially since the cities of Ionia were originally Athenian colonies . The Athenians and Eretrians sent a task force of 25 triremes to Asia Minor to aid the revolt . Whilst there , the Greek army surprised and outmaneuvered Artaphernes , marching to Sardis and burning the lower city . This was , however , as much as the Greeks achieved , and they were then repelled and pursued back to the coast by Persian horsemen , losing many men in the process . Despite the fact that their actions were ultimately fruitless , the Eretrians and in particular the Athenians had earned Darius 's lasting enmity , and he vowed to punish both cities . The Persian naval victory at the Battle of Lade ( 494 BC ) all but ended the Ionian Revolt , and by 493 BC , the last hold - outs were vanquished by the Persian fleet . The revolt was used as an opportunity by Darius to extend the empire 's border to the islands of the eastern Aegean and the Propontis , which had not been part of the Persian dominions before . The pacification of Ionia allowed the Persians to begin planning their next moves ; to extinguish the threat to the empire from Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria . In 492 BC , after the Ionian Revolt had finally been crushed , Darius dispatched an expedition to Greece under the command of his son - in - law , Mardonius . Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedonia a fully subordinate part of the Persians ; they had been vassals of the Persians since the late 6th century BC , but retained their general autonomy . Not long after however , his fleet became wrecked by a violent storm , which brought a premature end to the campaign . However , in 490 BC , following the successes of the previous campaign , Darius decided to send a maritime expedition led by Artaphernes , ( son of the satrap to whom Hippias had fled ) and Datis , a Median admiral . Mardonius had been injured in the prior campaign and had fallen out of favor . The expedition was intended to bring the Cyclades into the Persian empire , to punish Naxos ( which had resisted a Persian assault in 499 BC ) and then to head to Greece to force Eretria and Athens to submit to Darius or be destroyed . After island - hopping across the Aegean , including successfully attacking Naxos , the Persian task force arrived off Euboea in mid summer . The Persians then proceeded to besiege , capture and burn Eretria . They then headed south down the coast of Attica , en route to complete the final objective of the campaign -- punish Athens . Prelude ( edit ) Initial disposition of forces at Marathon A picture reconstructing the beached Persian ships at Marathon before the battle The Persians sailed down the coast of Attica , and landed at the bay of Marathon , roughly 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Athens , on the advice of the exiled Athenian tyrant Hippias ( who had accompanied the expedition ) . Under the guidance of Miltiades , the Athenian general with the greatest experience of fighting the Persians , the Athenian army marched quickly to block the two exits from the plain of Marathon , and prevent the Persians moving inland . At the same time , Athens 's greatest runner , Pheidippides ( or Philippides in some accounts ) had been sent to Sparta to request that the Spartan army march to the aid of Athens . Pheidippides arrived during the festival of Carneia , a sacrosanct period of peace , and was informed that the Spartan army could not march to war until the full moon rose ; Athens could not expect reinforcement for at least ten days . The Athenians would have to hold out at Marathon for the time being , although they were reinforced by the full muster of 1,000 hoplites from the small city of Plataea ; a gesture which did much to steady the nerves of the Athenians , and won unending Athenian gratitude to Plataea . For approximately five days the armies therefore confronted each other across the plain of Marathon in stalemate . The flanks of the Athenian camp were protected either by a grove of trees , or an abbatis of stakes ( depending on the exact reading ) . Since every day brought the arrival of the Spartans closer , the delay worked in favor of the Athenians . There were ten Athenian strategoi ( generals ) at Marathon , elected by each of the ten tribes that the Athenians were divided into ; Miltiades was one of these . In addition , in overall charge , was the War - Archon ( polemarch ) , Callimachus , who had been elected by the whole citizen body . Herodotus suggests that command rotated between the strategoi , each taking in turn a day to command the army . He further suggests that each strategos , on his day in command , instead deferred to Miltiades . In Herodotus 's account , Miltiades is keen to attack the Persians ( despite knowing that the Spartans are coming to aid the Athenians ) , but strangely , chooses to wait until his actual day of command to attack . This passage is undoubtedly problematic ; the Athenians had little to gain by attacking before the Spartans arrived , and there is no real evidence of this rotating generalship . There does , however , seem to have been a delay between the Athenian arrival at Marathon , and the battle ; Herodotus , who evidently believed that Miltiades was eager to attack , may have made a mistake whilst seeking to explain this delay . As is discussed below , the reason for the delay was probably simply that neither the Athenians nor the Persians were willing to risk battle initially . This then raises the question of why the battle occurred when it did . Herodotus explicitly tells us that the Greeks attacked the Persians ( and the other sources confirm this ) , but it is not clear why they did this before the arrival of the Spartans . There are two main theories to explain this . The first theory is that the Persian cavalry left Marathon for an unspecified reason , and that the Greeks moved to take advantage of this by attacking . This theory is based on the absence of any mention of cavalry in Herodotus ' account of the battle , and an entry in the Suda dictionary . The entry χωρίς ἰππεῖς ( `` without cavalry '' ) is explained thus : The cavalry left . When Datis surrendered and was ready for retreat , the Ionians climbed the trees and gave the Athenians the signal that the cavalry had left . And when Miltiades realized that , he attacked and thus won . From there comes the above - mentioned quote , which is used when someone breaks ranks before battle . There are many variations of this theory , but perhaps the most prevalent is that the cavalry were completing the time - consuming process of re-embarking on the ships , and were to be sent by sea to attack ( undefended ) Athens in the rear , whilst the rest of the Persians pinned down the Athenian army at Marathon . This theory therefore utilises Herodotus ' suggestion that after Marathon , the Persian army began to re-embark , intending to sail around Cape Sounion to attack Athens directly . Thus , this re-embarcation would have occurred before the battle ( and indeed have triggered the battle ) . The second theory is simply that the battle occurred because the Persians finally moved to attack the Athenians . Although this theory has the Persians moving to the strategic offensive , this can be reconciled with the traditional account of the Athenians attacking the Persians by assuming that , seeing the Persians advancing , the Athenians took the tactical offensive , and attacked them . Obviously , it can not be firmly established which theory ( if either ) is correct . However , both theories imply that there was some kind of Persian activity which occurred on or about the fifth day which ultimately triggered the battle . It is also possible that both theories are correct : when the Persians sent the cavalry by ship to attack Athens , they simultaneously sent their infantry to attack at Marathon , triggering the Greek counterattack . Date of the battle ( edit ) Herodotus mentions for several events a date in the lunisolar calendar , of which each Greek city - state used a variant . Astronomical computation allows us to derive an absolute date in the proleptic Julian calendar which is much used by historians as the chronological frame . Philipp August Böckh in 1855 concluded that the battle took place on September 12 , 490 BC in the Julian calendar , and this is the conventionally accepted date . However , this depends on when exactly the Spartans held their festival and it is possible that the Spartan calendar was one month ahead of that of Athens . In that case the battle took place on August 12 , 490 BC . Opposing forces ( edit ) Athenians ( edit ) Ancient sculpture of the head of Miltiades , Chief Archon at Athens . Modern reenactment of the battle ( 2011 ) Herodotus does not give a figure for the size of the Athenian army . However , Cornelius Nepos , Pausanias and Plutarch all give the figure of 9,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans ; while Justin suggests that there were 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans . These numbers are highly comparable to the number of troops Herodotus says that the Athenians and Plataeans sent to the Battle of Plataea 11 years later . Pausanias noticed on the monument to the battle the names of former slaves who were freed in exchange for military services . Modern historians generally accept these numbers as reasonable . The areas ruled by Athens ( Attica ) had a population of 315,000 at this time including slaves , which implies the full Athenian army at the times of both Marathon and Plataea numbered about 3 % of the population . Persians ( edit ) For a full discussion of the size of the Persian invasion force , see First Persian invasion of Greece § Size of the Persian force . According to Herodotus , the fleet sent by Darius consisted of 600 triremes . Herodotus does not estimate the size of the Persian army , only saying that they were a `` large infantry that was well packed '' . Among ancient sources , the poet Simonides , another near - contemporary , says the campaign force numbered 200,000 ; while a later writer , the Roman Cornelius Nepos estimates 200,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry , of which only 100,000 fought in the battle , while the rest were loaded into the fleet that was rounding Cape Sounion ; Plutarch and Pausanias both independently give 300,000 , as does the Suda dictionary . Plato and Lysias give 500,000 ; and Justinus 600,000 . Modern historians have proposed wide - ranging numbers for the infantry , from 20,000 -- 100,000 with a consensus of perhaps 25,000 ; estimates for the cavalry are in the range of 1,000 . Strategic and tactical considerations ( edit ) Persian infantry ( probably Immortals ) , shown in a frieze in Darius 's palace , Susa in Persia ( which is today Iran ) From a strategic point of view , the Athenians had some disadvantages at Marathon . In order to face the Persians in battle , the Athenians had to summon all available hoplites ; and even then they were still probably outnumbered at least 2 to 1 . Furthermore , raising such a large army had denuded Athens of defenders , and thus any secondary attack in the Athenian rear would cut the army off from the city ; and any direct attack on the city could not be defended against . Still further , defeat at Marathon would mean the complete defeat of Athens , since no other Athenian army existed . The Athenian strategy was therefore to keep the Persian army pinned down at Marathon , blocking both exits from the plain , and thus preventing themselves from being outmaneuvered . However , these disadvantages were balanced by some advantages . The Athenians initially had no need to seek battle , since they had managed to confine the Persians to the plain of Marathon . Furthermore , time worked in their favour , as every day brought the arrival of the Spartans closer . Having everything to lose by attacking , and much to gain by waiting , the Athenians remained on the defensive in the run up to the battle . Tactically , hoplites were vulnerable to attacks by cavalry , and since the Persians had substantial numbers of cavalry , this made any offensive maneuver by the Athenians even more of a risk , and thus reinforced the defensive strategy of the Athenians . The Persian strategy , on the other hand , was probably principally determined by tactical considerations . The Persian infantry was evidently lightly armoured , and no match for hoplites in a head - on confrontation ( as would be demonstrated at the later battles of Thermopylae and Plataea . ) Since the Athenians seem to have taken up a strong defensive position at Marathon , the Persian hesitance was probably a reluctance to attack the Athenians head - on . Whatever event eventually triggered the battle , it obviously altered the strategic or tactical balance sufficiently to induce the Athenians to attack the Persians . If the first theory is correct ( see above ) , then the absence of cavalry removed the main Athenian tactical disadvantage , and the threat of being outflanked made it imperative to attack . Conversely , if the second theory is correct , then the Athenians were merely reacting to the Persians attacking them . Since the Persian force obviously contained a high proportion of missile troops , a static defensive position would have made little sense for the Athenians ; the strength of the hoplite was in the melee , and the sooner that could be brought about , the better , from the Athenian point of view . If the second theory is correct , this raises the further question of why the Persians , having hesitated for several days , then attacked . There may have been several strategic reasons for this ; perhaps they were aware ( or suspected ) that the Athenians were expecting reinforcements . Alternatively , they may have felt the need to force some kind of victory -- they could hardly remain at Marathon indefinitely . Battle ( edit ) `` They crashed into the Persian army with tremendous force '' , illustration by Walter Crane in Mary Macgregor , The Story of Greece Told to Boys and Girls , London : T.C. & E.C. Jack . The distance between the two armies at the point of battle had narrowed to `` a distance not less than 8 stadia '' or about 1,500 meters . Miltiades ordered the two tribes forming the center of the Greek formation , the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides , to be arranged in the depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes at their flanks were in ranks of eight . Some modern commentators have suggested this was a deliberate ploy to encourage a double envelopment of the Persian centre . However , this suggests a level of training that the Greeks are thought not to have possessed . There is little evidence for any such tactical thinking in Greek battles until Leuctra in 371 BC . It is therefore possible that this arrangement was made , perhaps at the last moment , so that the Athenian line was as long as the Persian line , and would not therefore be outflanked . Map showing the armies ' main movements during the battle When the Athenian line was ready , according to one source , the simple signal to advance was given by Miltiades : `` At them '' . Herodotus implies the Athenians ran the whole distance to the Persian lines , a feat under the weight of hoplite armory generally thought to be physically impossible . More likely , they marched until they reached the limit of the archers ' effectiveness , the `` beaten zone '' ( roughly 200 meters ) , and then broke into a run towards their enemy . Another possibility is that they ran up to the 200 meter - mark in broken ranks , and then reformed for the march into battle from there . Herodotus suggests that this was the first time a Greek army ran into battle in this way ; this was probably because it was the first time that a Greek army had faced an enemy composed primarily of missile troops . All this was evidently much to the surprise of the Persians ; `` ... in their minds they charged the Athenians with madness which must be fatal , seeing that they were few and yet were pressing forwards at a run , having neither cavalry nor archers '' . Indeed , based on their previous experience of the Greeks , the Persians might be excused for this ; Herodotus tells us that the Athenians at Marathon were `` first to endure looking at Median dress and men wearing it , for up until then just hearing the name of the Medes caused the Hellenes to panic '' . Passing through the hail of arrows launched by the Persian army , protected for the most part by their armour , the Greek line finally made contact with the enemy army . The Athenian wings quickly routed the inferior Persian levies on the flanks , before turning inwards to surround the Persian centre , which had been more successful against the thin Greek centre . The battle ended when the Persian centre then broke in panic towards their ships , pursued by the Greeks . Some , unaware of the local terrain , ran towards the swamps where unknown numbers drowned . The Athenians pursued the Persians back to their ships , and managed to capture seven ships , though the majority were able to launch successfully . Herodotus recounts the story that Cynaegirus , brother of the playwright Aeschylus , who was also among the fighters , charged into the sea , grabbed one Persian trireme , and started pulling it towards shore . A member of the crew saw him , cut off his hand , and Cynaegirus died . Herodotus records that 6,400 Persian bodies were counted on the battlefield , and it is unknown how many more perished in the swamps . He also reported that the Athenians lost 192 men and the Plataeans 11 . Among the dead were the war archon Callimachus and the general Stesilaos . Conclusions ( edit ) There are several explanations of the Greek success . Most scholars believe that the Greeks had better equipment and used superior tactics . According to Herodotus , the Greeks were better equipped . They did not use bronze upper body armour at this time , but that of leather or linen . The phalanx formation proved successful , because the hoplites had a long tradition in hand - to - hand combat , whereas the Persian soldiers were accustomed to a very different kind of conflict . At Marathon , the Athenians thinned their centre in order to make their army equal in length to the Persian army , not as a result of a tactical planning . It seems that the Persian centre tried to return , realizing that their wings had broken , and was caught in the flanks by the victorious Greek wings . Lazenby ( 1993 ) believes that the ultimate reason for the Greek success was the courage the Greeks displayed : Marathon was won because ordinary , amateur soldiers found the courage to break into a trot when the arrows begun to fall , instead of grinding to a halt , and when surprisingly the enemy wings fled , not to take the easy way out and follow them , but to stop and somehow come to the aid of the hard pressured centre . According to Vic Hurley , the Persian defeat is explained by the `` complete failure ... to field a representative army '' , calling the battle the `` most convincing '' example of the fact that infantry - bowmen can not defend any position while stationed in close - quarters and unsupported ( i.e. by fortifications , or failing to support them by cavalry and chariots , as was the common Persian tactic ) . Aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : Greco - Persian Wars and Second Persian invasion of Greece In the immediate aftermath of the battle , Herodotus says that the Persian fleet sailed around Cape Sounion to attack Athens directly . As has been discussed above , some modern historians place this attempt just before the battle . Either way , the Athenians evidently realised that their city was still under threat , and marched as quickly as possible back to Athens . The two tribes which had been in the centre of the Athenian line stayed to guard the battlefield under the command of Aristides . The Athenians arrived in time to prevent the Persians from securing a landing , and seeing that the opportunity was lost , the Persians turned about and returned to Asia . Connected with this episode , Herodotus recounts a rumour that this manoeuver by the Persians had been planned in conjunction with the Alcmaeonids , the prominent Athenian aristocratic family , and that a `` shield - signal '' had been given after the battle . Although many interpretations of this have been offered , it is impossible to tell whether this was true , and if so , what exactly the signal meant . On the next day , the Spartan army arrived at Marathon , having covered the 220 kilometers ( 140 mi ) in only three days . The Spartans toured the battlefield at Marathon , and agreed that the Athenians had won a great victory . Mound ( soros ) in which the Athenian dead were buried after the Battle of Marathon The Athenian and Plataean dead of Marathon were buried on the battlefield in two tumuli . On the tomb of the Athenians this epigram composed by Simonides was written : Ἑλλήνων προμαχοῦντες Ἀθηναῖοι Μαραθῶνι χρυσοφόρων Μήδων ἐστόρεσαν δύναμιν Fighting at the forefront of the Greeks , the Athenians at Marathon laid low the army of the gilded Medes . In the meanwhile , Darius began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . Darius then died whilst preparing to march on Egypt , and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt , and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece . The epic second Persian invasion of Greece finally began in 480 BC , and the Persians met with initial success at the battles of Thermopylae and Artemisium . However , defeat at the Battle of Salamis would be the turning point in the campaign , and the next year the expedition was ended by the decisive Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea . Significance ( edit ) Greek Corinthian - style helmet and the skull reportedly found inside it from the Battle of Marathon , now residing in the Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto . The defeat at Marathon barely touched the vast resources of the Persian empire , yet for the Greeks it was an enormously significant victory . It was the first time the Greeks had beaten the Persians , proving that the Persians were not invincible , and that resistance , rather than subjugation , was possible . The battle was a defining moment for the young Athenian democracy , showing what might be achieved through unity and self - belief ; indeed , the battle effectively marks the start of a `` golden age '' for Athens . This was also applicable to Greece as a whole ; `` their victory endowed the Greeks with a faith in their destiny that was to endure for three centuries , during which western culture was born '' . John Stuart Mill 's famous opinion was that `` the Battle of Marathon , even as an event in British history , is more important than the Battle of Hastings '' . It seems that the Athenian playwright Aeschylus considered his participation at Marathon to be his greatest achievement in life ( rather than his plays ) since on his gravestone there was the following epigram : Αἰσχύλον Εὐφορίωνος Ἀθηναῖον τόδε κεύθει μνῆμα καταφθίμενον πυροφόροιο Γέλας ἀλκὴν δ ' εὐδόκιμον Μαραθώνιον ἄλσος ἂν εἴποι καὶ βαθυχαιτήεις Μῆδος ἐπιστάμενος This tomb the dust of Aeschylus doth hide , Euphorion 's son and fruitful Gela 's pride . How tried his valor , Marathon may tell , And long - haired Medes , who knew it all too well . Militarily , a major lesson for the Greeks was the potential of the hoplite phalanx . This style had developed during internecine warfare amongst the Greeks ; since each city - state fought in the same way , the advantages and disadvantages of the hoplite phalanx had not been obvious . Marathon was the first time a phalanx faced more lightly armed troops , and revealed how effective the hoplites could be in battle . The phalanx formation was still vulnerable to cavalry ( the cause of much caution by the Greek forces at the Battle of Plataea ) , but used in the right circumstances , it was now shown to be a potentially devastating weapon . Legacy ( edit ) Legends associated with the battle ( edit ) Statue of Pan , Capitoline Museum , Rome The most famous legend associated with Marathon is that of the runner Pheidippides ( or Philippides ) bringing news to Athens of the battle , which is described below . Pheidippides ' run to Sparta to bring aid has other legends associated with it . Herodotus mentions that Pheidippides was visited by the god Pan on his way to Sparta ( or perhaps on his return journey ) . Pan asked why the Athenians did not honor him and the awed Pheidippides promised that they would do so from then on . The god apparently felt that the promise would be kept , so he appeared in battle and at the crucial moment he instilled the Persians with his own brand of fear , the mindless , frenzied fear that bore his name : `` panic '' . After the battle , a sacred precinct was established for Pan in a grotto on the north slope of the Acropolis , and a sacrifice was annually offered . Similarly , after the victory the festival of the Agroteras Thysia ( `` sacrifice to the Agrotéra '' ) was held at Agrae near Athens , in honor of Artemis Agrotera ( `` Artemis the Huntress '' ) . This was in fulfillment of a vow made by the city before the battle , to offer in sacrifice a number of goats equal to that of the Persians slain in the conflict . The number was so great , it was decided to offer 500 goats yearly until the number was filled . Xenophon notes that at his time , 90 years after the battle , goats were still offered yearly . Plutarch mentions that the Athenians saw the phantom of King Theseus , the mythical hero of Athens , leading the army in full battle gear in the charge against the Persians , and indeed he was depicted in the mural of the Stoa Poikile fighting for the Athenians , along with the twelve Olympian gods and other heroes . Pausanias also tells us that : They say too that there chanced to be present in the battle a man of rustic appearance and dress . Having slaughtered many of the foreigners with a plough he was seen no more after the engagement . When the Athenians made enquiries at the oracle , the god merely ordered them to honor Echetlaeus ( `` he of the Plough - tail '' ) as a hero . Another tale from the conflict is of the dog of Marathon . Aelian relates that one hoplite brought his dog to the Athenian encampment . The dog followed his master to battle and attacked the Persians at his master 's side . He also informs us that this dog is depicted in the mural of the Stoa Poikile . Marathon run ( edit ) Main article : Marathon According to Herodotus , an Athenian runner named Pheidippides was sent to run from Athens to Sparta to ask for assistance before the battle . He ran a distance of over 225 kilometers ( 140 miles ) , arriving in Sparta the day after he left . Then , following the battle , the Athenian army marched the 40 kilometers ( 25 miles ) or so back to Athens at a very high pace ( considering the quantity of armour , and the fatigue after the battle ) , in order to head off the Persian force sailing around Cape Sounion . They arrived back in the late afternoon , in time to see the Persian ships turn away from Athens , thus completing the Athenian victory . Burton Holmes ' photograph entitled `` 1896 : Three athletes in training for the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens '' . Later , in popular imagination , these two events became confused with each other , leading to a legendary but inaccurate version of events . This myth has Pheidippides running from Marathon to Athens after the battle , to announce the Greek victory with the word `` nenikēkamen ! '' ( Attic : νενικήκαμεν ; we 've won ! ) , whereupon he promptly died of exhaustion . Most accounts incorrectly attribute this story to Herodotus ; actually , the story first appears in Plutarch 's On the Glory of Athens in the 1st century AD , who quotes from Heracleides of Pontus 's lost work , giving the runner 's name as either Thersipus of Erchius or Eucles . Lucian of Samosata ( 2nd century AD ) gives the same story but names the runner Philippides ( not Pheidippides ) . It should be noted that in some medieval codices of Herodotus the name of the runner between Athens and Sparta before the battle is given as Philippides , and this name is also preferred in a few modern editions . When the idea of a modern Olympics became a reality at the end of the 19th century , the initiators and organizers were looking for a great popularizing event , recalling the ancient glory of Greece . The idea of organizing a `` marathon race '' came from Michel Bréal , who wanted the event to feature in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 in Athens . This idea was heavily supported by Pierre de Coubertin , the founder of the modern Olympics , as well as the Greeks . This would echo the legendary version of events , with the competitors running from Marathon to Athens . So popular was this event that it quickly caught on , becoming a fixture at the Olympic games , with major cities staging their own annual events . The distance eventually became fixed at 26 miles 385 yards , or 42.195 km , though for the first years it was variable , being around 25 miles ( 40 km ) -- the approximate distance from Marathon to Athens . See also ( edit ) Book : First Persian invasion of Greece Ancient Greek warfare Timeline of ancient Greece Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=lxQ9W6F1oSYC&pg=PA158&lpg=PA158&dq=datis+artaphernes+samos&source=bl&ots=XDkV4rtx6Q&sig=EgJPdvCDPoG85y8s3PEQ-E8bDdk&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH8cbPhp7dAhWH1ywKHXdgBPYQ6AEwAnoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=datis%20artaphernes%20samos&f=false , p 158 ^ Jump up to : 100 Battles , Decisive Battles that Shaped the World , Dougherty , Martin , J. , Parragon , p. 12 Jump up ^ `` Pausanias , Description of Greece , Boeotia , chapter 4 , section 2 '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . ^ Jump up to : Krentz , Peter , The Battle of Marathon ( Yale Library of Military History ) , Yale Univ Press , ( 2010 ) p. 98 Jump up ^ Herodotus Book 5 : Terpsichore , 105 `` ... he inquired into who the Athenians were ; and when he had been informed , he asked for his bow , and having received it and placed an arrow upon the string , he discharged it upwards towards heaven , and as he shot into the air he said : `` Zeus , that it may be granted me to take vengeance upon the Athenians ! '' Having so said he charged one of his attendants , that when dinner was set before the king he should say always three times : `` Master , remember the Athenians . '' '' Jump up ^ Cicero , On the Laws I , 5 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. xvi -- xvii . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War , e.g. , I , 22 ^ Jump up to : Finley , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Holland , p. xxiv . Jump up ^ David Pipes . `` Herodotus : Father of History , Father of Lies '' . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Fehling , pp. 1 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Bibliotheca Historica Jump up ^ Note to Herodotus IX , 81 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 47 -- 55 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 58 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 203 Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011 , p. 343 . ^ Jump up to : Holland , 171 -- 78 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 105 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 154 -- 57 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 97 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 157 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus V , 65 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 96 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 131 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 133 -- 36 Jump up ^ For a full account and analysis see R.M. Berthold , Dare To Struggle . The History and Society of Greece ( 2009 ) pp. 81 -- 94 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 136 -- 38 ^ Jump up to : Holland , p. 142 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus V , 96 Jump up ^ Herodotus V , 99 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 160 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 168 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 176 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 31 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 33 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 177 -- 78 Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011 , pp. 135 -- 38 , 342 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 44 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 94 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 102 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 187 -- 90 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , IV Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 105 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , VI ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p. 56 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 103 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 109 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 110 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 59 -- 62 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 57 -- 59 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 191 -- 95 Jump up ^ Suda , entry Without cavalry ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 115 ^ Jump up to : D.W. Olson et al. , pp. 34 -- 41 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , V Jump up ^ Pausanias X , 20 ^ Jump up to : Plutarch , Moralia , 305 B Jump up ^ Justin II , 9 Jump up ^ Herodotus IX , 28 ^ Jump up to : Pausanias I , 32 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 54 Jump up ^ A.W. Gomme . `` The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth . Centuries B.C. . '' 1933 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 95 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 94 Jump up ^ Cornelius Nepos , Miltiades , IV Jump up ^ Pausanias IV , 22 Jump up ^ Suda , entry Hippias Jump up ^ Plato , Menexenus , 240 A Jump up ^ Lysias , Funeral Oration , 21 Jump up ^ Justinus II , 9 Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 9 -- 13 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 390 Jump up ^ Lloyd , p. 164 Jump up ^ Green , p. 90 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 46 ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , p. 256 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 67 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 112 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Aristides , V Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 111 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 250 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 258 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 64 Jump up ^ Dennis L. Fink , The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship : Research , Theories and Controversies Since 1850 , McFarland , 2014 pp. 154 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Lazenby , pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 110 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 113 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 71 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 114 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 117 Jump up ^ Herod . Histories 6.111 , 3 Jump up ^ Lazenby 258 Jump up ^ Lazenby p. 258 Jump up ^ Vic Hurley , Arrows Against Steel : The History of the Bow and how it Forever Changed Warfare , Cerberus Books , 2011 , ISBN 9780983475613 , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : Herodotus VI , 116 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 218 Jump up ^ Lazenby , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 120 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 206 -- 207 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 208 -- 211 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 151 Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 197 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 350 -- 55 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 201 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 138 Jump up ^ Fuller , pp. 11 -- 32 Jump up ^ Powell et al. , 2001 Jump up ^ Anthologiae Graecae Appendix , vol. 3 , Epigramma sepulcrale p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Holland , pp. 194 -- 97 Jump up ^ Holland , pp. 344 -- 52 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 105 Jump up ^ Plutarch , On the Malice of Herodotus , 26 Jump up ^ Xenophon , Anabasis III , 2 Jump up ^ Aelian , Varia Historia II , 25 Jump up ^ Aristophanes , The Knights , 660 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Theseus , 35 Jump up ^ Pausanias I , 15 Jump up ^ Aelian , On the Nature of Animals VII , 38 Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 105 -- 06 Jump up ^ Holland , p. 198 Jump up ^ Plutarch , Moralia , 347C Jump up ^ Lucian , III Jump up ^ Lazenby , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : AIMS . `` Marathon History '' . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . References ( edit ) Ancient sources ( edit ) Herodotus , The Histories Thucydides , History of The Peloponnesian Wars Diodorus Siculus , Library Lysias , Funeral Oration Plato , Menexenus Xenophon Anabasis Aristotle , The Athenian Constitution Aristophanes , The Knights Cornelius Nepos Lives of the Eminent Commanders ( Miltiades ) Plutarch Parallel Lives ( Aristides , Themistocles , Theseus ) , On the Malice of Herodotus Lucian , Mistakes in Greeting Pausanias , Description of Greece Claudius Aelianus Various history & On the Nature of Animals Marcus Junianus Justinus Epitome of the Philippic History of Pompeius Trogus Photius , Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon : Epitome of Persica by Ctesias Suda Dictionary Modern studies ( edit ) Hans W. Giessen , Mythos Marathon . Von Herodot über Bréal bis zur Gegenwart . Verlag Empirische Pädagogik , Landau ( = Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations - und Kulturwissenschaft . Band 17 ) 2010 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 941320 - 46 - 8 . Green , Peter ( 1996 ) . The Greco - Persian Wars . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20313 - 5 . Holland , Tom ( 2006 ) . Persian Fire : The First World Empire and the Battle for the West . Abacus . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51311 - 9 . Lacey , Jim . The First Clash : The Miraculous Greek Victory at Marathon and Its Impact on Western Civilization ( 2011 ) , popular Lazenby , J.F. The Defence of Greece 490 -- 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd. , 1993 ( ISBN 0 - 85668 - 591 - 7 ) Lloyd , Alan . Marathon : The Crucial Battle That Created Western Democracy . Souvenir Press , 2004 . ( ISBN 0 - 285 - 63688 - X ) Davis , Paul . 100 Decisive Battles . Oxford University Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 075 - 1 Powell J. , Blakeley D.W. , Powell , T. Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences : The Nineteenth Century , 1800 -- 1914 . Greenwood Publishing Group , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30422 - 4 Fuller , J.F.C. A Military History of the Western World . Funk & Wagnalls , 1954 . Fehling , D. Herodotus and His `` Sources '' : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J.G. Howie . Leeds : Francis Cairns , 1989 . Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . `` Introduction '' . Thucydides : History of the Peloponnesian War . Translated by Rex Warner . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044039 - 9 . D.W. Olson et al. , `` The Moon and the Marathon '' , Sky & Telescope Sep. 2004 Lanning , Michael L. ( April 2005 ) . `` 28 '' . The Battle 100 : The Stories Behind History 's Most Influential Battles . Sourcebooks . pp. 95 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 1402202636 . Davis , Paul K. ( June 2001 ) . `` Marathon '' . 100 Decisive Battles : From Ancient Times to the Present . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0195143669 . Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 44 - 435163 - 7 . Historiography ( edit ) Fink , Dennis L. The Battle of Marathon in Scholarship : Research , Theories and Controversies since 1850 ( McFarland , 2014 ) . 240 pp. online review External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Marathon . The Academic Publishing Wiki has a journal article about this subject : The struggle for Greece : Marathon and Artemision The Importance of the Battle of Marathon on The History Notes website Black - and - white photo - essay of Marathon Creasy , Edward Shepherd ( June 1851 ) . `` I . The Battle of Marathon '' . The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World : From Marathon to Waterloo . Hood , E. The Greek Victory at Marathon , Clio History Journal , 1995 . Battle of Marathon by e-marathon.gr ( in Greek ) The Battle of Marathon September 490 BC ( in Greek ) The Battle of Marathon September 490 BC , by Major General Dimitris Gedeon , HEAR Lieutenant Colonel Siegfried , Edward J. ( March 2010 ) . Analytical Study of Battle Strategies Used At Marathon ( 490 BCE ) ( Strategy Research Project ) . U.S. Army . Digital representation of the Battle of Marathon 490 BC Marathon , the beginning of history A documentary from ET1 , 2011 ( in Greek ) Doenges , N.A. `` The Campaign and Battle of Marathon . '' Historia vol. 47 ( 1998 ) : 1 -- 17 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who defeated king darius at the battle of marathon	The Athenians and their allies chose a location for the battle , with marshes and mountainous terrain , that prevented the Persian cavalry from joining the Persian infantry . Miltiades , the Athenian general , ordered a general attack against the Persian forces , composed primarily of missile troops . He reinforced his flanks , luring the Persians ' best fighters into his center . The inward wheeling flanks enveloped the Persians , routing them . The Persian army broke in panic towards their ships , and large numbers were slaughtered . The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece , and the Persian force retreated to Asia . Darius then began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . After Darius died , his son Xerxes I restarted the preparations for a second invasion of Greece , which finally began in 480 BC .
Chief Election Commissioner of India - wikipedia Chief Election Commissioner of India Jump to : navigation , search Chief Election Commissioner of India Incumbent Om Prakash Rawat since 23 January 2018 Election Commission of India Nominator Government of India Appointer President of India Term length 6 yrs or up to 65 yrs of age ( whichever is earlier ) Deputy Election Commissioners of India Deputy Election Commissioners of India Salary ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) per month Website Election Commission of India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution and law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas The Chief Election Commissioner heads the Election Commission of India , a body constitutionally empowered to conduct free and fair elections to the national and state legislatures and of President and Vice-President . Chief Election Commissioner of India is usually a member of the Indian Civil Service and mostly from the Indian Administrative Service . It is very difficult to remove the authority of the Chief Election Commissioner once appointed by the president , as two - thirds of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha need to vote against him for disorderly conduct or improper actions . Despite the recent changes in the hierarchy , the system always had powers to impose unambiguous rules and guidelines that applied across the entire nation e.g. as to how the ballots will be cast and counted , what will be regarded as ' unqualified ' vote . India was probably one of the first countries in the World to go for a completely electronic ballot in the last elections . What made this remarkable was that the Election Commission of India had successfully implemented this across the entire diverse Indian population that also consisted of the rural illiterate people . While the office has always been an important one in the machinery of the Indian political process , it gained significant public attention during the tenure of T.N. Seshan , from 1990 to 1996 . Seshan is widely credited with undertaking a zealous effort to end corruption and manipulation in Indian elections . Though he made significant progress , several politicians attempted to derail these efforts . In particular , the expansion of the Election Commission to include the two Election Commissioners ( in addition to the Chief Commissioner ) was seen as a move to curtail the commissioner 's ability to act aggressively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Suggested reforms 2 Compensation 3 Chief Election Commissioners 4 References Suggested reforms ( edit ) In June 2012 , Lal Krishna Advani , a veteran Indian politician and former Deputy Prime Minister of India ( as well as former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament ) , suggested that appointment of CEC ( as well as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India ( CAG ) ) should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the Prime Minister , the Chief Justice , the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha . Subsequently , M Karunanidhi , the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam ( DMK ) party and five times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu supported the suggestion . Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because , according to him , the current system was open to `` manipulation and partisanship '' . Similar demand was made by many former CEC 's such as BB Tandon , N Gopalaswamy and SY Quraishi . Compensation ( edit ) By the `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' , the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a Judge of Supreme Court of India . Salary of the Chief Election Commissioner Salary ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly Chief Election Commissioners ( edit ) The following have held the post of the Chief Election Commissioner of India . List of Chief Election Commissioners No . Name Took office Left office Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958 Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967 SP Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972 Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973 T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977 6 S.L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982 7 R.K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985 8 R.V.S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990 9 V.S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990 10 T.N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996 11 M.S. Gill 12 December 1996 13 June 2001 12 J.M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004 13 T.S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005 14 B.B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006 15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009 16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010 17 S.Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012 18 V.S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015 19 H.S. Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015 20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017 21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 22 January 2018 22 Om Prakash Rawat 23 January 2018 Incumbent References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' . Vakil No. 1 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . Jump up ^ `` Members Bioprofile '' . Lok Sabha of India / National Informatics Centre , New Delhi . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's view on collegium to appoint CAG , EC '' . Times of India . 5 Jun 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Karunanidhi backs Advani 's plea for collegium '' . The Hindu . Chennai. 5 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DMK 's Official Homepage - Chennai - Tamilnadu - India 800x600 screen resolution '' . Dmk.in. 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Collegium needed to select EC : SY Quraishi '' . The Times of India . July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-CECs backed collegium , Law Ministry not too keen '' . Indian Express . 10 Jun 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Chief Election Commissioners '' . Election Commission of India . Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Election Commission of India '' . ECI.nic.in . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Borgohain , Sonalee , ed . ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` India 's new Chief Election Commissioner Achal Kumar Jyoti to take charge on July 6 '' . India Today . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Om Prakash Rawat to succeed AK Joti as new Chief Election Commissioner '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Election_Commissioner_of_India&oldid=840709382 '' Categories : Chief Election Commissioners of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 16 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the present chief election commission of india	List of Chief Election Commissioners No . Name Took office Left office Sukumar Sen 21 March 1950 19 December 1958 Kalyan Sundaram 20 December 1958 30 September 1967 SP Sen Verma 1 October 1967 30 September 1972 Nagendra Singh 1 October 1972 6 February 1973 T. Swaminathan 7 February 1973 17 June 1977 6 S.L. Shakdhar 18 June 1977 17 June 1982 7 R.K. Trivedi 18 June 1982 31 December 1985 8 R.V.S. Peri Sastri 1 January 1986 25 November 1990 9 V.S. Ramadevi 26 November 1990 11 December 1990 10 T.N. Seshan 12 December 1990 11 December 1996 11 M.S. Gill 12 December 1996 13 June 2001 12 J.M. Lyngdoh 14 June 2001 7 February 2004 13 T.S. Krishnamurthy 8 February 2004 15 May 2005 14 B.B. Tandon 16 May 2005 29 June 2006 15 N. Gopalaswami 30 June 2006 20 April 2009 16 Navin Chawla 21 April 2009 29 July 2010 17 S.Y. Quraishi 30 July 2010 10 June 2012 18 V.S. Sampath 11 June 2012 15 January 2015 19 H.S. Brahma 16 January 2015 18 April 2015 20 Nasim Zaidi 19 April 2015 5 July 2017 21 Achal Kumar Jyoti 6 July 2017 22 January 2018 22 Om Prakash Rawat 23 January 2018 Incumbent
Transfer of property Act 1882 - Wikipedia Transfer of property Act 1882 Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transfer of Property Act 1882 An Act to amend the law relating to the Transfer of Property by act of parties . Territorial extent Union of India Date enacted 17 February 1882 Date commenced 01 July 1882 Legislative history Introduced by Whitley Stokes First reading 1877 Second reading 1882 Status : In force The Transfer of Property Act 1882 is an Indian legislation which regulates the transfer of property in India . It contains specific provisions regarding what constitutes a transfer and the conditions attached to it . It came into force on 1 July 1882 . According to the Act , ' transfer of property ' means an act by which a person conveys the property to one or more persons , or himself and one or more other persons . The act of transfer may be done in the present or for the future . The person may include an individual , company or association or body of individuals , and any kind of property may be transferred , including the transfer of immovable property . Contents ( hide ) 1 Interpretation of `` property '' 2 Related legislation 3 References 4 External links Interpretation of `` property '' ( edit ) Property is broadly classified into the following categories : Immovable Property ( excluding standing timber , growing crops , and grass ) Movable Property The Interpretation of the Act , says `` Immovable property does not includes standing timber , growing crops or grass '' . Section 3 ( 26 ) , The General Clauses Act , 1897 , defines , `` immovable property '' shall include land , benefits to arise out of the land , and things attached to the earth , or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth . Also , The Registration Act , 1908 , 2 ( 6 ) `` immovable property '' includes land , buildings , hereditary allowances , rights to ways , lights , ferries , fisheries or any other benefit to arise out of the land , and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything which is attached to the earth , but not standing timber , growing crops nor grass . A transfer of property passes forthwith to the transferee all the interest which the transferor is then capable of passing in the property unless a different intention is expressed or implied . According to Section 43 of the Transfer of Property Act 1882 , in case a person either fraudulently or erroneously represents that he is authorized to transfer certain immovable property and does some acts to transfer such property for consideration , then such a transfer will continue to operate in future . It will operate on any interest which the transferor may acquire in such property . This will be at the option of the transferee and can be done during the time during which the contract of transfer exists . As per this rule , the rights of the bona fide transferee , who has no notice of the earlier transfer or of the option , are protected . This rule embodies a rule of estoppel i.e. a person who makes a representation can not later on go against it . Every person , who is competent to contract , is competent to transfer property , which can be transferred in whole or in part . He should be entitled to the transferable property , or authorized to dispose of transferable property which is not his own . The right may be either absolute or conditional , and the property may be movable or immovable , present or future . Such a transfer can be made orally unless a transfer in writing is specifically required under any law . According to Section 6 of the Transfer of Property Act , the property of any kind may be transferred . The person insisting non-transferability must prove the existence of some law or custom which restricts the right of transfer . Unless there is some legal restriction preventing the transfer , the owner of the property may transfer it . However , in some cases , there may be a transfer of property by an unauthorized person who subsequently acquires an interest in such property . In case the property is transferred subject to the condition which absolutely restrains the transferee from parting with or disposing of his interest in the property , the condition is void . The only exception is in the case of a lease where the condition is for the benefit of the lessor or those claiming under him . Generally , only the person having interest in the property is authorized to transfer his interest in the property and can pass on the proper title to any other person . The rights of the transferees will not be adversely affected , provided : they acted in good faith ; the property was acquired for a consideration , and the transferees had acted without notice of the defect in the title of the transferor . It should be noted that these conditions must be satisfied : There must be a representation by the transferor that he has authority to transfer the immovable property . The representation should be either fraudulent or erroneous . The transferee must act on the representation in good faith . The transfer should be done for a consideration . The transferor should subsequently acquire some interest in the property he had agreed to transfer . The transferee may have the option to acquire the interest which the transferor subsequently acquires . Related legislation ( edit ) There are 18 other statutes that are primarily concerned with Property Law , or significantly matter to Property Law , as listed below : Trusts Act , 1882 Specific Relief Act , 1963 Easements Act , 1882 Registration Act , 1908 Stamp Act , 1899 U.P. Stamp Act , 2008 Limitation Act , 1963 General Clauses Act , 1897 Evidence Act , 1872 Succession Act , 1925 Partition Act , 1893 Presidency - Towns Insolvency Act , 1909 Provincial Insolvency Act , 1920 Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act , 1993 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 Contract Act , 1872 Sale of Goods Act , 1930 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sumeet Malik . PROPERTY LAW MANUAL ( Hard Bound ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( 2014 ed . ) . Eastern Book Company . p. 1 - 968 . ISBN 9789351451150 . External links ( edit ) Text of the Transfer of Property Act 1882 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfer_of_Property_Act_1882&oldid=807503363 '' Categories : Legislation in British India Property law in India 1882 in law 1882 in India 1882 in British law Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use Indian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Wikipedia articles that are too technical from July 2013 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from July 2013 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2017 , at 11 : 26 . About Wikipedia	meaning of transfer as per transfer of property act	According to the Act , ' transfer of property ' means an act by which a person conveys the property to one or more persons , or himself and one or more other persons . The act of transfer may be done in the present or for the future . The person may include an individual , company or association or body of individuals , and any kind of property may be transferred , including the transfer of immovable property .
Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Henry Mills ( Once Upon a Time ) Henry Daniel Mills Promotional photograph of Andrew J. West as Henry Mills . Once Upon a Time character Portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore ( seasons 1 - 6 ) Andrew J. West ( season 7 ) Duration 2011 - 18 First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Classification Main character Profile Other names The Author The Truest Believer Occupation Writer Driver ( formerly ) Adventurer ( formerly ) Residence Hyperion Heights , Seattle Home Land Without Magic show Family Father Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( deceased ) Mother Emma Swan Adoptive mother Regina Mills Stepfather Killian Jones Siblings Hope Swan - Jones Spouse Ella / Jacinda Vidrio Children Lucy Grandparents Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold ( deceased ) Milah ( deceased ) David Nolan Snow White Belle Gold ( step - grandmother ; deceased ) Henry Mills ( adoptive grandfather ; deceased ) Cora Mills ( adoptive grandmother ; deceased ) Aunts and uncles Gideon Neal Nolan Zelena ( adoptive aunt ) Prince James ( great - uncle ; deceased ) First cousins Robin / Margot ( adoptive cousin ) Other relatives Malcolm / Peter Pan ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Fiona / The Black Fairy ( great - grandmother ; deceased ) Robert ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Ruth ( great - grandmother ; deceased ) King George / Albert Spencer ( adoptive great - grandfather ) King Leopold ( great - grandfather ; deceased ) Queen Eva ( great - grandmother ; deceased Marcus Tremaine ( stepfather - in - law ; deceased ) Cecilia ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) Rapunzel Tremaine / Victoria Belfrey ( stepmother - in - law ; deceased ) Drizella / Ivy Belfrey ( stepsister - in - law ) Anastasia ( stepsister - in - law ) Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption ; Regina Mills adopted him . Henry was originally portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore , who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012 . For the show 's seventh and final season , Andrew J. West later took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a eight - year - old girl named Lucy , with Gilmore also making three appearances as Henry during the season . Contents 1 Character Background 1.1 Seasons 1 -- 2 1.2 Seasons 3 -- 4 1.3 Season 5 1.4 Season 6 1.5 Season 7 2 Alternate form 2.1 Sir Henry 2.1. 1 Season 6 2.1. 2 Season 7 3 Character Development and Reception 4 References 5 External links Character background ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 2 ( edit ) Henry Mills is Emma Swan and Neal Cassidy 's son , whom she gave up for adoption after giving birth following her release from a federal correctional facility in Phoenix , Arizona in 2001 . He is also Snow White , Prince Charming and Rumplestiltskin 's grandson , and the great - grandson of the latter 's father 's alias Peter Pan and latter 's mother 's alias the Black Fairy . He is adopted by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , after Mr. Gold ( Rumplestiltskin ) procures him , naming him after her late father . At first Regina had a little difficulty raising Henry but grew to love him , thus preventing Henry from being taken by the Darling Brothers , who wanted to take Henry to Neverland on orders from Peter Pan . As Henry gets older , his relationship with Regina became strained , and she sends him to regular therapy sessions . When he is ten , he receives his cherished book of fairy tales from his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard ( Snow White ) , discovering that the residents of Storybrooke are characters from it after noticing he is the only one in town who ages . Henry finds his biological mother Emma Swan in Boston and brings her to Storybrooke . He eventually convinces her of the truth by consuming a sleeping curse intended for her by Regina , nearly resulting in him dying . However , he is awoken with true love 's kiss by Emma , which also breaks the curse . Emma and Mary Margaret are then dragged into a portal , leaving David ( Prince Charming ) to look after him . Following the death of Regina 's mother Cora , and her vowing to avenge Mary Margaret , Henry seeks to remove magic from Storybrooke . When Emma and Regina stop the trigger enacted by Greg Mendell and Tamara from destroying the town , he is kidnapped by the pair and taken to Neverland , where it is revealed that Peter Pan ( Henry 's great - grandfather ) wants possession of him as he owns `` the heart of the truest believer '' . Seasons 3 -- 4 ( edit ) Pan eventually persuades Henry to give him his heart , telling him it will save magic . Regina reclaims the heart and resurrects Henry . However , Pan inhabits Henry 's body in Storybrooke , enacting Regina 's original curse once more . Mr. Gold returns Henry to his body , and Emma and Henry escape to New York City whilst the remaining residents return to the Enchanted Forest . A year later , Hook restores Emma 's memories , leading her to return to Storybrooke with Henry to save their family from another curse . Henry is confused about Emma 's decision to relocate , until his past memories are restored with his book . Once his memories are restored , Regina gives him true love 's kiss breaking the curse . Henry then moves back to Storybrooke where he splits his time living with Regina and the Charmings . Henry later helps Regina to search for his storybook 's author , Isaac . Upon discovering the writer 's manipulative actions , Henry being the only one born in the Land Without Magic is left behind in Storybrooke and goes to find Isaac and enters his new storybook `` Heroes and Viilains '' to fix reality and after saving Emma who remembers everything they both try to help Regina get her happy ending to fix reality but fail . Then Henry takes the pen and becomes the next author and using Regina 's blood to write a new ending to fix reality . With Henry being the new author and he breaks the pen deeming it too powerful for anyone to use . Henry then watches Emma sacrificing herself to save Regina and Storybrooke by becoming the new Dark One . Season 5 ( edit ) With his family and a few of the other residents , Henry transports to the Enchanted Forest to find Emma and to take her to Camelot in order to find Merlin and remove her darkness . However , six weeks later , they return to Storybrooke with missing memories as to how they all failed to get the darkness out of Emma except Henry . Revealed in a flashback , Henry has fallen in love with a girl named Violet ; due to needing a tear from the pain of losing a first love to help free Merlin , Emma tearfully manipulates Violet into breaking Henry 's heart . Due to Emma 's curse , Henry gets another chance with Violet , as neither remembered each other from before . After Emma restored his memory , Henry helps Emma rescue Hook after he is sent to the Underworld for sacrificing himself to save everyone . When he arrived with his family , he comes up with a new plan called `` Operation Firebird , '' this after learning that they have a chance to save the souls and help them move forward . However , when he comes across Cruella De Vil , he is offered a chance to help her return to the living as he is the Author , this after telling him that despite having broken the quill in two he still has the ability to use the quill and magically write her a new life while he was in the underworld and at the same time restore Emma 's soul as forgiveness , but this would put Henry in a situation that would force him to break his vow not to tamper with his family history . He then learns that he has the ability to bring others back from the dead when he came across the Apprentice , whose soul ca n't move on until Henry makes the right choice , which is to record the events in the book . Henry plans to re-write Hades ' story that was missing in the Underworld version of the `` Once Upon a Time '' book . He also starts experiencing visions that allows him to illustrate stories but can not explain why they 're coming to him . Before he returned to Storybrooke , he finished the unfinished businesses in the book , only to have Cruella hide it in Hades ' lair . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry began to experience a roguish streak as he believed magic is destroying his family in the wake of Robin Hood 's death . This prompts him and Violet to obtain the Olympian Crystal and flee to New York City , where magic can be destroyed . However , his actions also resulted in leaving Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook in the Land of Untold Stories when he used a holy grail to destroy it . Having regret what he did , Henry turned to a fountain and made a wish that he would reunite his family , and with the help of Emma , Regina , Violet , and Gold , along the New Yorkers who see him make this plea , the fountain succeeds in bringing Snow , David , Zelena , and Hook to New York and with that restored magic . Upon returning to Storybrooke , Henry learned that Violet , although born in Camelot , was actually from Connecticut , due to her father having slipped into an unknown portal . They then shared a kiss , implying that they are now a couple , as he has found his happy ending . Season 6 ( edit ) After Henry and Regina meet with Mr. Hyde who has arrived in Storybrooke with his friends from the Land of Untold Stories , he and his family devised a plan to imprison Hyde which succeeds and later welcomes the new residents with food and shelter at Granny 's . The next day Henry and Regina arrive at Granny 's with a new plan called `` Operation Cobra Part 2 '' , and as Henry begins to write the names of the people of the Land of Untold Stories , a mysterious man leaves a note beside him for Snow and David revealing his name as Edmond Dantès also known as the `` Count of Monte Cristo '' . Regina then reveals she hired him to kill them back in the Enchanted Forest and after he refuses to back down from trying to kill them Regina and Henry discover a girl named Charlotte who was Snow and David 's handmaiden and who also resembled Edmond 's dead fiancé . The Evil Queen then reveals herself to both Henry and Regina and reveals that she has been controlling Edmond the whole time . As soon as he is about to kill Snow and David , Regina steps in to save them and after Henry 's phone is frozen with magic Regina is forced to kill Edmond . Henry then realizes that this new operation will be harder as Part 1 was about giving people back their happy endings and now in Part 2 these people ran away from their stories , Afterwards , Henry has written down all the names of the new residents and he , Emma , and Hook find out Ashley 's ( Cinderella ) step - sister Clorinda is now in town and they believe she wants to hurt but really wants to help her . After Emma 's magic fails because of her hand trembling , the Evil Queen shows up and after Henry tells her to leave his mom alone she points out that she is his mother too and poofs the three of them onto a road somewhere in town to stop them from helping Ashley but they save her and her step - sister as well . After Henry and Violet start school together with Snow returning as a teacher . When Henry and his family learn about Emma 's secret they are shocked and hurt by it and for Emma not telling them and Henry then starts to blame himself for bringing her to Storybrooke for her to become the savior but she tells him that what he did gave her a better life despite that she might die . After they find Aladdin who reveals he use the `` Shears of Destiny '' to cut off his destiny as a savior , Emma wants to throw them away because she being the savior is what makes her special and she will not use them but Hook secretly keeps them and this causes the Evil Queen to try and cause a shift between Hook 's and Henry 's relationship but it fails when they both agree all they wanted to do is to protect and save Emma . When the Evil Queen teams up with Mr. Gold and threatens the town with water from the River of Lost Souls , Henry along with everyone is forced to watch the Queen rip out Snow White and David 's shared heart and put a twisted sleeping curse on it . After revealing that when one of them is awake and the other will be asleep , Henry agrees to lure the Evil Queen out for Emma and Regina to try to trap her and as a distraction from being nervous about taking Violet to the school dance believing she does n't like him anymore but really is having a hard time adjusting to school and after the Evil Queen fails to darken Henry 's heart by smashing the mirror instead of the Dragon 's heart to save Emma and Regina . Following his mother 's engagement to Killian Jones , he comes to accept the pirate as his stepfather , witnessing their marriage before the Black Fairy 's new dark curse consumes the town . This curse places him in the care of the Black Fairy , who in this reality is his adoptive mother . He visits Emma in a sanitarium , as the apple turnover from season 1 did not trigger Emma 's belief , and has been there for two years . He works to break this new curse , and once it does , the Final Battle results in him resuscitating Emma with True Love 's Kiss . With the story done , Henry resumes his education . Season 7 ( edit ) Season 7 begins with Henry as an adult living in Seattle , Washington . He is approached by a girl named Lucy who claims to be his daughter . Before the curse , Henry lived with Cinderella and his daughter Lucy , but he was kidnapped and poisoned by the witches , but when Regina created the new curse he survived and lived a fake life until Lucy found him and introduced him to Cinderella who also lived a fake life . Later , it turns out that if Henry and Jacinda share true love 's kiss , And break the curse , Henry will die . After wishing for her parents to be reunited for so long , only to find out the truth , Lucy tries to keep them apart , so that her father Henry will not die . Henry meets his mother Regina , who later wakes up from the curse and discovers that her son will die if the curse is removed . He falls in love with Jacinda and almost kisses her but he stops when Lucy runs into the room . Henry later regains his memories after he made a phone call that was answered by his younger self , as it turned out that the curse sent his squad back in time to before his high school graduation . He also broke the curse that restored the Hyperion Heights residents back to normal and prevented Gothel from destroying humanity . Alternate form ( edit ) Sir Henry Wish Realm character Portrayed by Jared S. Gilmore Duration 2017 - 18 First appearance `` Wish You Were Here '' Last appearance `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Profile Occupation Sheriff King Knight Prince ( formerly ) show Family Parents Baelfire ( deceased ) Princess Emma ( disappeared ) Grandparents King David ( deceased ) Queen Snow White ( deceased ) Sir Henry ( edit ) In season 6 episode `` Wish You Were Here '' , the Evil Queen used one of her genie wishes to wish that Emma Swan had never even tried to become the savior . The wish created a whole new duplicate realm , known as the Wish Realm , which consists of alternate versions of the Enchanted Forest characters that come with different backstories for the 28 years after the point in which Regina never got to cast her curse . This includes an alternate version of Henry , son of Princess Emma and the late Baelfire . He is known as Sir Henry after becoming knighted by his grandparents . Season 6 ( edit ) With a completely different backstory than his original counterpart , Henry has grown up as a member of the royal family of the Enchanted Forest , alongside his mother Princess Emma and grandparents King David and Queen Snow . When the original Emma assumes the place of her Wish Realm counterpart due to the Evil Queen 's genie wish , it is the day of her birthday and when she comes across the sword destined to kill her in her visions , Henry takes it for himself , as he is preparing to be knighted . A short while later on the day of Henry 's knighting ceremony , the original Regina storms the hall and kidnaps his grandparents . Regina then crushes their hearts in front of Emma to try and wake her up from her spell . Believing that Regina is actually his version of the Evil Queen who has escaped , Henry then shows up to the Evil Queen 's castle and throws his sword at Regina to protect his mother , who wakes up just in time to save Regina and prevent Henry from having to commit murder. but he still did . Emma and Regina then leave him as they prepare to return to the Land Without Magic but their plans are derailed when Regina gets distracted by the Wish Realm 's version of Robin and their portal home closes . Regina has to continue to avoid Sir Henry during her time in the realm , but she , Emma , and the wish Robin later manage to return home through the magical wardrobe , leaving Sir Henry behind without his grandparents or a mother . Sometime later , the wish Robin and the Evil Queen return to the Wish Realm where Sir Henry believes she 's the Evil Queen who killed his grandparents and tries to kill her but she and wish Robin managed to escape back to the real Enchanted Forest . Season 7 ( edit ) Some time later , Sir Henry has ventured outside of the Wish Realm and is about to rescue a sleeping princess from a dragon , until another guy shows up and gets to deliver True Love 's Kiss to her instead . As he exits the cave , he comes across Wish Rumple , who has followed him to this new realm and wants to strike a deal . He offers to help Sir Henry get his happy ending in return for the boy 's help . Knowing the man 's reputation , Sir Henry turns down the deal , but Rumple tells him that the offer remains standing , shall he ever change his mind . When Rumple has managed to lure the original Henry and his family over to the Wish Realm , it is revealed that Sir Henry did eventually take his deal and is willing to help him use the author 's pen to write new stories that spell out doom for the original characters . The first thing he writes is to void the Guardian 's powers and in exchange , Rumple leaves Regina behind after sending the others into a snowglobe so that Sir Henry can enact revenge for the death of his grandparents . Unfortunately , the deal Sir Henry made Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin was also part of the latter 's plan to destroy all the realms by sending everyone to their eternal prison by allowing Sir Henry to use his emotions to create a portal that will send them to a variation of the `` Once Upon a Time '' books as their endless torture . Regina finally convinced Sir Henry that seeking vengeance and destroying everything he sees as a reason to ending everyone 's happiness is not worth giving in to evil , which leads to Sir Henry letting his emotions go and finally comes to his senses , effectively saving the realms and destroying the Wish Realm Rumpelstiltskin 's plans . Sir Henry and Regina bond as equals and became friends with his adult counterpart in helping Regina become the Queen of the United Realms . Character development and reception ( edit ) Gilmore , who had previously starred in Mad Men as the third Bobby Draper from 2009 to 2011 , was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills , the `` biological son of Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison 's character ) and Neal / Baelfire . He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) . '' Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role , `` One of our emotional centers was an 11 - year - old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time . '' Kitsis believed that Gilmore `` naturally brought ( these characteristics ) out ... We just knew he had to be our Henry ! '' Gilmore commented , `` I relate to Henry because I 'm 11 and also have a very good imagination . I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/once-a-time-season-7-reboot-explained-1003456 Jump up ^ Busis , Hilary ( January 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : It Takes Two '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Of Motherhood and Apple Turnovers '' by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( May 6 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Little Boy Lost '' from Entertainment Weekly ( May 12 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Season 3 premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mad Men ' recasting Bobby Draper for new season '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lane ( August 24 , 2009 ) . `` Mad Men Replaces Bobby Draper , Again '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison Set As The Lead In ABC Pilot ' Once Upon A Time ' , 3 Others Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marechal , AJ ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Jared Gilmore : ' Mad Men ' moppet finds ' Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Gilmore as Henry -- Once Upon a Time Characters & Cast Bios '' ( Press release ) . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Henry Mills on IMDb Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Mills_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=853879119 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Fictional characters from Arizona Fictional characters introduced in 2011 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional characters with precognition Fictional princes Fictional writers Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional adoptees Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional drivers Male characters in television Fictional storytellers Fictional revolutionaries Fictional prisoners of war Fictional victims of child abuse Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	did henry die in once upon a time	Henry Daniel Mills is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . Henry is the boy Emma Swan gave up to adoption ; Regina Mills adopted him . Henry was originally portrayed as a child by Jared S. Gilmore , who won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series -- Leading Young Actor in 2012 . For the show 's seventh and final season , Andrew J. West later took over the role of Henry as an adult and father to a eight - year - old girl named Lucy , with Gilmore also making three appearances as Henry during the season .
Ballon d'Or - wikipedia Ballon d'Or Michel Platini , pictured with the 1985 Ballon d'Or , won the award three times in succession . The Ballon d'Or ( French pronunciation : ( balɔ̃ dɔʁ ) ; `` Golden Ball '' ) is an annual football award presented by France Football . It has been awarded since 1956 , although between 2010 and 2015 , an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year , and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . However , the partnership ended in 2016 and the award was reversed back to Ballon d'Or , while FIFA also renamed its traditional award . Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot , the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year , based on voting by football journalists . Originally , only European players were in contention for the Ballon d'Or : in 1995 the award was expanded to include all players at European clubs and in 2007 to all players from around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Winners 2.1 Wins by player 2.2 Wins by country 2.3 Wins by club 3 Additional awards 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or . Prior to 1995 , the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award . Milan 's George Weah , the only African recipient , became the first non-European to win the award in the year that rules of eligibility were changed . Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later . Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo have won the award a record five times each . Three players have won the award three times each : Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona , Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan . With seven awards each , Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or . Spanish club Barcelona has the most winners , with 11 wins . Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive , the award was merged with a similar one , the FIFA World Player of the Year award , to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or , which was awarded to the world 's best male player before FIFA and France Football broke the merging agreement . After 2011 , UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the format of the original Ballon d'Or . Eight players ( Bobby Charlton , Franz Beckenbauer , Gerd Müller , Paolo Rossi , Zinedine Zidane , Rivaldo , Ronaldinho and Kaká ) have won the FIFA World Cup , the European Cup / UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or during their careers . Winners Key Indicates player also won the FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) or The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- ) in the same year Cristiano Ronaldo ( left ) and Lionel Messi have won five awards each . Lev Yashin is the only goalkeeper to win the award Year Rank Player Team Points Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 1st Stanley Matthews Blackpool 47 2nd Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 44 3rd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 33 1957 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 72 2nd Billy Wright Wolverhampton Wanderers 19 3rd Duncan Edwards Manchester United 16 Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 1958 1st Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 71 2nd Helmut Rahn Rot - Weiss Essen 40 3rd Just Fontaine Stade de Reims 23 1959 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 80 2nd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 42 3rd John Charles Juventus 24 1960 1st Luis Suárez Barcelona 54 2nd Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 37 3rd Uwe Seeler Hamburg 33 1961 1st Omar Sívori Juventus 46 2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 40 3rd Johnny Haynes Fulham 22 1962 1st Josef Masopust Dukla Prague 65 2nd Eusébio Benfica 53 3rd Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Köln 33 1963 1st Lev Yashin Dynamo Moscow 73 2nd Gianni Rivera Milan 53 3rd Jimmy Greaves Tottenham Hotspur 33 1964 1st Denis Law Manchester United 61 2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 43 3rd Amancio Real Madrid 38 1965 1st Eusébio Benfica 67 2nd Giacinto Facchetti Internazionale 59 3rd Luis Suárez Internazionale 45 1966 1st Bobby Charlton Manchester United 81 2nd Eusébio Benfica 80 3rd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 59 1967 1st Flórián Albert Ferencváros 68 2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 40 3rd Jimmy Johnstone Celtic 39 1968 1st George Best Manchester United 61 2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 53 3rd Dragan Džajić Red Star Belgrade 46 1969 1st Gianni Rivera Milan 83 2nd Luigi Riva Cagliari 79 3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 38 1970 1st Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 77 2nd Bobby Moore West Ham United 70 3rd Luigi Riva Cagliari 65 1971 1st Johan Cruyff Ajax 116 2nd Sandro Mazzola Internazionale 57 3rd George Best Manchester United 56 1972 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 81 2nd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 79 Günter Netzer Borussia Mönchengladbach 1973 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 96 2nd Dino Zoff Juventus 47 3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 44 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 116 2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 105 3rd Kazimierz Deyna Legia Warsaw 35 1st Oleg Blokhin Dynamo Kyiv 122 2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 42 3rd Johan Cruyff Barcelona 27 1976 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 91 2nd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 75 3rd Ivo Viktor Dukla Prague 52 1977 1st Allan Simonsen Borussia Mönchengladbach 74 2nd Kevin Keegan Hamburg 71 3rd Michel Platini Nancy 70 1978 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 87 2nd Hans Krankl Barcelona 81 3rd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 50 1979 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 118 2nd Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 52 3rd Ruud Krol Ajax 41 1980 1st Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 122 2nd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 34 3rd Michel Platini Saint - Étienne 33 1981 1st Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 106 2nd Paul Breitner Bayern Munich 64 3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 39 1982 1st Paolo Rossi Juventus 115 2nd Alain Giresse Bordeaux 64 3rd Zbigniew Boniek Juventus 39 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110 2nd Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 26 3rd Allan Simonsen Vejle 25 1984 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110 2nd Jean Tigana Bordeaux 57 3rd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 48 1985 1st Michel Platini Juventus 127 2nd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 71 3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 46 1986 1st Igor Belanov Dynamo Kyiv 84 2nd Gary Lineker Barcelona 62 3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 59 1st Ruud Gullit Milan 106 2nd Paulo Futre Atlético Madrid 91 3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 61 1988 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129 2nd Ruud Gullit Milan 88 3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 45 1989 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129 2nd Franco Baresi Milan 80 3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 43 1990 1st Lothar Matthäus Internazionale 137 2nd Salvatore Schillaci Juventus 84 3rd Andreas Brehme Internazionale 68 1991 1st Jean - Pierre Papin Marseille 141 2nd Dejan Savićević Red Star Belgrade 42 Darko Pančev Red Star Belgrade Lothar Matthäus Internazionale 1992 1st Marco van Basten Milan 98 2nd Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 80 3rd Dennis Bergkamp Ajax 53 1993 1st Roberto Baggio Juventus 142 2nd Dennis Bergkamp Internazionale 83 3rd Eric Cantona Manchester United 34 1994 1st Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 210 2nd Roberto Baggio Juventus 136 3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 109 1995 1st George Weah Milan 144 2nd Jürgen Klinsmann Bayern Munich 108 3rd Jari Litmanen Ajax 67 1st Matthias Sammer Borussia Dortmund 144 2nd Ronaldo Barcelona 143 3rd Alan Shearer Newcastle United 107 1997 1st Ronaldo Internazionale 222 2nd Predrag Mijatović Real Madrid 68 3rd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 63 1998 1st Zinedine Zidane Juventus 244 2nd Davor Šuker Real Madrid 68 3rd Ronaldo Internazionale 66 1999 1st Rivaldo Barcelona 219 2nd David Beckham Manchester United 154 3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 64 2000 1st Luís Figo Real Madrid 197 2nd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 181 3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 85 2001 1st Michael Owen Liverpool 176 2nd Raúl Real Madrid 140 3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 114 2002 1st Ronaldo Real Madrid 169 2nd Roberto Carlos Real Madrid 145 3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 110 2003 1st Pavel Nedvěd Juventus 190 2nd Thierry Henry Arsenal 128 3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 123 1st Andriy Shevchenko Milan 175 2nd Deco Barcelona 139 3rd Ronaldinho Barcelona 133 2005 1st Ronaldinho Barcelona 225 2nd Frank Lampard Chelsea 148 3rd Steven Gerrard Liverpool 142 2006 1st Fabio Cannavaro Real Madrid 173 2nd Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 124 3rd Thierry Henry Arsenal 121 2007 1st Kaká Milan 444 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 277 3rd Lionel Messi Barcelona 255 2008 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 446 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 281 3rd Fernando Torres Liverpool 179 2009 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 473 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 233 3rd Xavi Barcelona 170 FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 22.65 % 2nd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 17.36 % 3rd Xavi Barcelona 16.48 % 2011 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 47.88 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 21.60 % 3rd Xavi Barcelona 9.23 % 2012 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.60 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 23.68 % 3rd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 10.91 % 2013 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.99 % 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 24.72 % 3rd Franck Ribéry Bayern Munich 23.36 % 2014 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 37.66 % 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 15.76 % 3rd Manuel Neuer Bayern Munich 15.72 % 2015 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.33 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.76 % 3rd Neymar Barcelona 7.86 % Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 745 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 316 3rd Antoine Griezmann Atlético Madrid 198 2017 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 946 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 670 3rd Neymar Paris Saint - Germain 361 Wins by Player Johan Cruyff with the Ballon d'Or in 1971 One - time winners are only included if they have also finished 2nd or 3rd in another year . Player 1st 2nd 3rd Lionel Messi 5 ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) 1 ( 2007 ) Cristiano Ronaldo 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) 5 ( 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) -- Michel Platini 3 ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 ) -- 2 ( 1977 , 1980 ) Johan Cruyff 3 ( 1971 , 1973 , 1974 ) -- 1 ( 1975 ) Marco van Basten 3 ( 1988 , 1989 , 1992 ) -- -- Franz Beckenbauer 2 ( 1972 , 1976 ) 2 ( 1974 , 1975 ) 1 ( 1966 ) Ronaldo 2 ( 1997 , 2002 ) 1 ( 1996 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Alfredo Di Stéfano 2 ( 1957 , 1959 ) 1 ( 1956 ) -- Kevin Keegan 2 ( 1978 , 1979 ) 1 ( 1977 ) -- Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 2 ( 1980 , 1981 ) 1 ( 1979 ) -- Luis Suárez 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1961 , 1964 ) 1 ( 1965 ) Eusébio 1 ( 1965 ) 2 ( 1962 , 1966 ) -- Bobby Charlton 1 ( 1966 ) 2 ( 1967 , 1968 ) -- Raymond Kopa 1 ( 1958 ) 1 ( 1959 ) 2 ( 1956 , 1957 ) Gerd Müller 1 ( 1970 ) 1 ( 1972 ) 2 ( 1969 , 1973 ) Zinedine Zidane 1 ( 1998 ) 1 ( 2000 ) 1 ( 1997 ) Gianni Rivera 1 ( 1969 ) 1 ( 1963 ) -- Ruud Gullit 1 ( 1987 ) 1 ( 1988 ) -- Lothar Matthäus 1 ( 1990 ) 1 ( 1991 ) -- Roberto Baggio 1 ( 1993 ) 1 ( 1994 ) -- Hristo Stoichkov 1 ( 1994 ) 1 ( 1992 ) -- Andriy Shevchenko 1 ( 2004 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2000 ) George Best 1 ( 1968 ) -- 1 ( 1971 ) Allan Simonsen 1 ( 1977 ) -- 1 ( 1983 ) Ronaldinho 1 ( 2005 ) -- 1 ( 2004 ) Wins by country Country Players Total Germany 5 7 Netherlands 7 Portugal 7 France 6 Italy 5 5 Brazil 5 England 5 Argentina 5 Soviet Union Spain Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Denmark Hungary Liberia Northern Ireland Scotland Ukraine Wins by club Club Players Total Barcelona 6 11 Real Madrid 6 10 Juventus 6 8 Milan 6 8 Bayern Munich 5 Manchester United Dynamo Kyiv Internazionale Hamburg Ajax Benfica Blackpool Borussia Dortmund Borussia Mönchengladbach Dukla Prague Dynamo Moscow Ferencváros Liverpool Marseille Additional awards A special Ballon d'Or , under the name Super Ballon d'Or , was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989 , after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football 's voting . A decade later , France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients . Among the 34 previous winners , 30 cast their votes ; Stanley Matthews , Omar Sívori and George Best abstained , and Lev Yashin had died . Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points ; however , Di Stéfano only chose a first place , Platini a first and second place , and George Weah two players for fifth place . Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters , receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner - up , Diego Maradona . Football Player of the Century Player Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Pelé ( BRA ) 122 17 5 Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 65 6 5 5 Johan Cruyff ( NED ) 62 7 9 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ESP ) 44 Michel Platini ( FRA ) 40 5 6 To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016 , France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995 , when only European players were eligible to win the award . 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players ; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona , Garrincha , Mario Kempes , and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners . The original recipients , however , remain unchanged . Maradona and Pelé received honorary Ballons d'Or for their services to football in 1996 and 2013 , respectively . Le nouveau palmarès ( the new winners ) Year Original Alternative 1958 Raymond Kopa ( FRA ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1959 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ESP ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1960 Luis Suárez ( ESP ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1961 Omar Sívori ( ITA ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1962 Josef Masopust ( TCH ) Garrincha ( BRA ) 1963 Lev Yashin ( URS ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1964 Denis Law ( SCO ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1970 Gerd Müller ( FRG ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1978 Kevin Keegan ( ENG ) Mario Kempes ( ARG ) 1986 Igor Belanov ( URS ) Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 1990 Lothar Matthäus ( GER ) Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 1994 Hristo Stoichkov ( BUL ) Romário ( BRA ) See also FIFA World Player of the Year FIFA Ballon d'Or The Best FIFA Football Awards FIFPro World XI Notes Jump up ^ Born in Argentina , Di Stéfano acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956 and went on to play for the Spanish national football team . Jump up ^ Born in Argentina , Sívori acquired Italian citizenship in 1961 and went on to play for the Italian national football team . Jump up ^ Cruyff was signed by Barcelona from Ajax midway through 1973 . Jump up ^ Keegan was signed by Hamburg from Liverpool midway through 1977 . Jump up ^ Lineker was signed by Barcelona from Everton midway through 1986 . Jump up ^ Gullit was signed by Milan from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1987 . Jump up ^ Futre was signed by Atlético Madrid from Porto midway through 1987 . Jump up ^ Rijkaard was signed by Milan from Real Zaragoza midway through 1988 . Jump up ^ Weah was signed by Milan from Paris Saint - Germain midway through 1995 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1996 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Internazionale from Barcelona midway through 1997 . Jump up ^ Figo was signed by Real Madrid from Barcelona midway through 2000 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Internazionale midway through 2002 . Jump up ^ Deco was signed by Barcelona from Porto midway through 2004 . Jump up ^ Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Manchester United midway through 2009 . Jump up ^ Neymar was signed by Paris Saint - Germain from Barcelona midway through 2017 . Jump up ^ Messi won four FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) and twice finished in second place ( 2013 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo won two FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) and thrice finished in second place ( 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) . References Jump up ^ `` Matthews wins first Golden Ball '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1990s Ballon d'Or winners '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka wins 2007 award '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo joins legendary list '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings by Wins '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA Ballon d'Or is born '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the award came about '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka : Former Brazil , AC Milan and Real Madrid midfielder announces retirement '' . BBC . 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or , de 1956 à nos jours '' . France Football . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Awards -- World Player of the Year '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On this day , Di Stéfano won the Super Ballon d'Or '' . RealMadrid.com. 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 23 December 2015 ) . `` France Football 's Football Player of the Century '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Thierry ( December 2015 ) . `` On a refait le palmarès '' . France Football . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona receives honorary award '' . BBC Sport. 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele receives FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur '' . FIFA.com. 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . External links `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . `` La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or , de 1956 à nos jours '' . France Football . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . hide Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballon_d%27Or&oldid=846896818 '' Categories : Awards disestablished in 2009 Awards established in 1956 Awards established in 2016 Association football player of the year awards Ballon d'Or Awards by magazines 1956 establishments in Europe 2016 establishments in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Featured lists Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 15 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has won the most fifa ballon d or	Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or . Prior to 1995 , the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award . Milan 's George Weah , the only African recipient , became the first non-European to win the award in the year that rules of eligibility were changed . Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later . Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo have won the award a record five times each . Three players have won the award three times each : Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona , Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan . With seven awards each , Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or . Spanish club Barcelona has the most winners , with 11 wins .
Mamma Mia ! - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage musical . For the film , see Mamma Mia ! ( film ) . For the song , see Mamma Mia ( song ) . For other uses , see Mamma Mia . Mamma Mia ! West End promotional poster Music Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Lyrics Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus Book Catherine Johnson Basis Songs by ABBA Premiere April 6 , 1999 : Prince Edward Theatre , London Productions List of productions ( show ) 1999 West End 2000 Toronto 2000 US Tour 2001 Melbourne 2001 Broadway 2002 North America Tour 2002 Hamburg 2002 Tokyo 2003 Las Vegas 2003 Utrecht 2004 Seoul 2004 International Tour 2004 Stuttgart 2004 Madrid 2005 Stockholm 2006 Antwerp 2006 Moscow 2007 Essen 2008 Film 2009 Oslo 2009 Mexico City 2009 Netherlands Tour 2009 Australia Tour 2010 South Africa Tour 2010 Milan 2010 Copenhagen 2010 Paris 2010 São Paulo 2011 Shanghai 2012 Buenos Aires 2012 Moscow 2013 Stuttgart 2014 New Zealand Tour * 2014 Vienna 2014 Las Vegas 2014 Budapest * 2014 Helsinki 2014 Royal Caribbean 2014 Prague * 2015 Warsaw * 2015 Belgrade * 2015 Zagreb * 2015 Ljubljana * 2015 Barcelona 2016 Seoul 2016 Reykjavík * 2016 Panama City * 2016 UK Tour 2016 Lima * 2016 Tartu * 2016 Athens * 2017 Italy Tour * 2017 Australia Tour * * Non-replica productions Awards Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Mamma Mia ! ( promoted as Benny Andersson & Björn Ulvaeus ' Mamma Mia ! and Mamma Mia ! The Smash Hit Musical ) is a jukebox musical written by British playwright Catherine Johnson , based on the songs of ABBA , composed by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus , former members of the band . The title of the musical is taken from the group 's 1975 chart - topper `` Mamma Mia '' . Ulvaeus and Andersson , who composed the original music for ABBA , were involved in the development of the show from the beginning . Singer Anni - Frid Lyngstad has been involved financially in the production and she has also been present at many of the premieres around the world . The musical includes such hits as `` Super Trouper '' , `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' , `` Dancing Queen '' , `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' , `` Take a Chance on Me '' , `` Thank You for the Music '' , `` Money , Money , Money '' , `` The Winner Takes It All '' , `` Voulez - Vous '' , `` SOS '' and the title track . Over 60 million people have seen the show , which has grossed $2 billion worldwide since its 1999 debut . A film adaptation starring Meryl Streep , Colin Firth , Pierce Brosnan , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters was released in July 2008 . As of 2016 , the show has productions in London 's West End , where it is the eighth longest - running show in West End history , as well as various international productions . Its Broadway incarnation closed in September 2015 after a 14 - year run , making it the eighth longest - running show in Broadway history . The show had its first regional production on May 27 , 2016 at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon , Virginia . A typical performance of Mamma Mia ! runs for approximately two hours and 30 minutes , plus a 15 - minute intermission . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Productions 2.1 Original West End production 2.2 Original Broadway production performed in various major cities 2.2. 1 New York City run 2.3 International and touring productions 3 Synopsis 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 3.3 Finale and Encore 4 Musical numbers 4.1 Notes on the music 5 Principal roles and cast 6 Film adaptation 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original West End production 7.2 Original Broadway production 7.3 Original North American Tour 8 Response 8.1 Box office and business 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) The original home of Mamma Mia ! The Prince Edward Theatre Mamma Mia ! is based on the songs of ABBA , a Swedish pop / dance group active from 1972 -- 1982 and one of the most popular international pop groups of all time , topping the charts again and again in Europe , North and South America and Australia . Following the premiere of the musical in London in 1999 , ABBA Gold topped the charts in the United Kingdom again . This musical was the brainchild of producer Judy Craymer . She met songwriters Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson in 1983 when they were working with Tim Rice on Chess . It was the song `` The Winner Takes It All '' that suggested to her the theatrical potential of their pop songs . The songwriters were not enthusiastic , but they were not completely opposed to the idea . In 1997 , Craymer commissioned Catherine Johnson to write the book for the musical . In 1998 , Phyllida Lloyd became the director for the show . Productions ( edit ) Original West end production ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! made its North American debut at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto The musical opened in the West End at the Prince Edward Theatre on April 6 , 1999 , and transferred to the Prince of Wales Theatre on June 9 , 2004 , where it played until September 2012 , when it moved to the Novello Theatre . Directed by Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast , the original cast featured Siobhan McCarthy , Lisa Stokke , and Hilton McRae . Original Broadway production performed in various major cities ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! on Broadway Prior to the musical 's Broadway engagement , it opened in Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre in May 2000 , where it played for five years . Its US debut was in San Francisco , California , at the Orpheum Theatre from November 17 , 2000 to February 17 , 2001 , moving next to Los Angeles , California , at the Shubert Theatre from February 26 , 2001 to May 12 , 2001 , and finally to Chicago , Illinois , at the Cadillac Palace Theatre from May 13 , 2001 to August 12 , 2001 . New York City run ( edit ) The musical opened on Broadway at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 18 , 2001 , after beginning previews on October 5 . The director is Phyllida Lloyd with choreography by Anthony Van Laast . As of February 2017 , it is the eighth longest - running Broadway show and the longest - running jukebox musical in Broadway history . On April 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Mamma Mia ! would transfer from its home at the Winter Garden Theatre to the Broadhurst Theatre later that year to make way for the musical adaptation of Rocky . The show played its final performance at the Winter Garden Theatre on October 19 , 2013 and began performances at the Broadhurst Theatre on November 2 , 2013 . It was announced on April 9 , 2015 that the show would close on September 5 , 2015 . On April 21 , 2015 , it was then announced that show would play an additional week and would instead close on September 12 , 2015 . Mamma Mia ! played 5,773 performances on Broadway before closing . International and touring productions ( edit ) Cirkus in Stockholm Mamma Mia ! has been played in more than 50 countries in all 6 continents , including Argentina , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , China , Colombia , Croatia , Czech Republic , Denmark , Germany , Estonia , Finland , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , Jordan , Latvia , Lituania , Malaysia , Mexico , Monaco , Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Panama , Peru , Philippines , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Russia , Serbia , Singapore , Slovakia , Slovenia , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and United States , and has been translated into 22 languages : German , Japanese , Dutch , Korean , Spanish , Swedish , Russian , Norwegian , Italian , Danish , French , Portuguese , Mandarin , Hungarian , Czech , Polish , Serbian , Croatian , Slovene , Icelandic , Estonian , and Greek . Over 60 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has set the record for premiering in more cities faster than any other musical in history . Mamma Mia ! in Paris , France The first city to produce the show after London was Toronto , where it ran from May 22 , 2000 to May 22 , 2005 , being the North America premiere of Mamma Mia ! . The original cast included Louise Pitre as Donna and Tina Maddigan as Sophie , who both of them later reprised their roles in first US Tour and Broadway premiere . Mamma Mia ! played in Las Vegas , opening at the Mandalay Bay in February 2003 and closing on January 4 , 2009 . In June 2005 , Mamma Mia ! played its 1000th performance in Las Vegas , becoming the longest - running West End / Broadway musical in Las Vegas . The clothes and scenarios from this production are now used in Brazil . The show returned to Las Vegas on May 16 , 2014 at the Tropicana Hotel & Casino , but announced its closing soon after on July 22 . The North American tour started in Providence , Rhode Island in February 28 , 2002 and closed in St. Louis , Missouri in July 30 , 2017 , after more than 4.000 performances . Mamma Mia ! Chinese production The first non-English version of the show debuted in Hamburg at the Operettenhaus , where it ran from November 3 , 2002 to September 8 , 2007 . With the productions of Stuttgart ( 2004 ) and Essen ( 2007 ) , Mamma Mia ! became the first major musical to play concurrently in three German cities . The show has had ( and in some cases , still has ) permanent productions in London , Toronto , Melbourne , New York , Hamburg , Tokyo ( later transferred to Osaka , Fukuoka and Nagoya ) , Las Vegas , Utrecht , Seoul ( later transferred to Seongnam and Daegu ) , Stuttgart , Madrid ( later transferred to Barcelona ) , Stockholm ( later transferred to Gothenburg ) , Antwerp , Moscow , Essen , Berlin , Oslo , Mexico City , Milan ( later transferred to Rome ) , Copenhagen ( later transferred to Aarhus ) , Paris , São Paulo , Shanghai , Buenos Aires , Vienna and Helsinki . Since its premiere in Dublin on September 9 , 2004 ( with Helen Hobson as Donna ) the international tour has visited more than 74 cities in 35 countries and has been seen by 5 million people . In addition there have been several touring productions worldwide , including Australia / Asia ( 2002 -- 2005 ) , Australia ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , China , France ( 2012 -- 2013 ) , Germany , Japan , Netherlands ( 2009 -- 2010 ) , North America ( 2002 -- 2017 ) , Spain ( 2009 -- 2011 and 2016 -- 2017 ) , South Africa ( 2010 -- 2011 ) , South Korea , United Kingdom ( 2016 -- 2017 ) , and United States ( 2000 -- 2001 ) . The Dutch actress Lone van Roosendaal has played Donna in three different countries : Netherlands , Belgium and Germany . The South African tour , conducted at the Artscape Theatre in Cape Town on August 11 , 2010 and 3 months later at The Teatro , Montecasino in Johannesburg , featured an all local cast . The Chinese production opened on July 11 , 2011 at the Shanghai Grand Theatre and closed on January 18 , 2012 at Shanghai Cultural Square after a small tour , marking the first time that a blockbuster contemporary Western musical were presented in Chinese in Shanghai ( there was a previous Chinese production of Beauty and the Beast in Beijing in 1999 ) . It was seen by 250,000 people across six venues , with a total of 190 performances . Shadow Zen played the role of Donna . Mamma Mia ! at the Operettenhaus in Hamburg , Germany On January 24 , 2012 , Mamma Mia ! opened in Manila at the Main Theater of the Cultural Center of the Philippines as part of the international Tour . The show was originally set to stay only for a week but with the positive response , the organisers decided that it would play until February 19 , 2012 . The show features Sara Poyzer as Donna Sheridan and Charlotte Wakefield as Sophie . The cast also included Kate Graham ( Tanya ) , Jenny Dale ( Rosie ) and David Roberts ( Sky ) . A New Zealand tour production of Mamma Mia ! opened at the Auckland Civic Theatre on March 4 , 2014 , featuring an all new set design by John Harding . International theatre star Deliah Hannah played Donna , and popular New Zealand entertainment icon Jackie Clark plays Rosie . The NZ tour visited 11 cites in 2014 -- 2016 The musical is performed on sailings of Royal Caribbean 's Quantum of the Seas and Allure of the Seas. Unlike other cruise ship performances of musicals , the show is performed in its entirety . In Prague , the capital of the Czech Republic , the musical had its premiere on December 12 , 2014 . Czech is the seventeenth language in which the musical was performed . At the date of the premiere a record 70,000 tickets were sold . On February 21 , 2015 , the musical premiered in Warsaw , Poland at Roma Musical Theatre . The Belgrade , Serbia -- Terazije Theatre ( Pozorište na Terazijama ) premiere was on March 27 , 2015 . On June 15 , 2015 in Ljubljana , the capital of Slovenia , premiere of Slovene production took place in Križanke Outdoor Theatre as a part of Ljubljana Summer Festival ( Poletni festival Ljubljana ) . On March 18 , 2016 , Mamma Mia ! opened for the first time in Panama City , Panama , at the Anayansi Theatre in the Atlapa Convention Centre , directed by Aaron Zebede . On May 27 , 2016 the first regional production opened at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon , Virginia . On 31 August 2016 , it was announced that the show would once again tour Australia with the premier being held in Canberra in November 2017 before transferring to Brisbane the following month . The tour has been confirmed to include all 6 major Australian cities . Casting is yet to be announced . From July 28 , 2017 to July 30 , 2017 , Mamma Mia ! was performed with the celebrity cast at the world famous Hollywood Bowl . Directed and choreographed by Kathleen Marshall , the show starred Jennifer Nettles as Donna , Dove Cameron as Sophie , Corbin Bleu as Sky , Jaime Camil as Sam , Tisha Campbell - Martin as Tanya , and Lea Delaria as Rosie . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) Before the curtain rises , the orchestra starts playing the overture , which is a montage of instrumental versions of some of ABBA 's hit songs . On the Greek island of Kalokairi , 20 - year - old Sophie is preparing to marry her fiancé , Sky . She wants her father to walk her down the aisle ( `` Prologue '' ) but does n't know who he is . Sophie discovers her mother 's old diary and finds entries which describe intimate dates with three men ( Sam Carmichael , Bill Austin ( Anderson in the film version ) , and Harry Bright ) ( `` Honey , Honey '' ) . Sophie believes one of these men is her father and , three months before her nuptials , sends each an invitation to her wedding , writing in her mother 's name , Donna , without letting her unsuspecting mother know . The day before the wedding , Donna begins receiving guests at her taverna . The first to arrive are her long - term best friends , Tanya , a rich woman who has been married and divorced three times , and Rosie , an unmarried , carefree woman . The trio used to comprise a girl group called `` Donna and the Dynamos '' . The three women catch up and talk about their lives ( `` Money , Money , Money '' ) . Later that day , Sophie 's three possible fathers arrive : Sam ( an American architect ) , Harry ( a British banker ) , and Bill ( originally an Australian writer and adventurer , Swedish in the film , and currently American in New York and on tour ) . Sophie convinces them not to tell Donna that she invited them ( `` Thank You for the Music '' ) . Donna is surprised to see her ex-lovers ( `` Mamma Mia '' ) and leaves in tears . Donna , crying , explains to Tanya and Rosie the situation , and they cheer her up ( `` Chiquitita '' ) . Tanya and Rosie try to convince Donna that she can still be the girl she once was ( `` Dancing Queen '' ) . Sophie had hoped she would know her father the moment she saw him but is now only confused . She tries to tell her fiancé , Sky , how she feels without confessing what she has done . Sky tells her he will be the only man she ever needs ( `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' ) . At Sophie 's hen party , Donna and the Dynamos don their old costumes and perform a song , `` Super Trouper '' . Sam , Bill , and Harry accidentally walk in on the party , and the guests persuade them to stay ( `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' ) . Sophie first pulls Sam out of the room to talk to him . After he asks why he is there , she is overcome with guilt and goes to talk to Harry , instead . But Harry asks if Sophie 's father is at the party , and she tells him the whole truth . Lastly , she draws Bill aside to talk with him . She learns that Bill has an aunt Sophia who left all her money to Donna 's family . Bill learns that Donna built the taverna with money she inherited from a friend she lived with when Sophie was a baby ; that friend was Bill 's aunt . They both think this means he is her father . Sophie asks Bill to walk her down the aisle , but Bill wants to discuss it first with Donna . This has been her secret , after all . But no one knows yet that even Donna does not know who the father is , because she slept with the three men in such swift succession . Sophie insists they must not tell Donna anything ( `` The Name of the Game '' ) and finally , Bill agrees . Afterward , everybody crashes the hen party ( including the guys from the stag party ) . Eddie , a stripper , has an erotic yet tasteful nude scene . During the striptease , Sam pulls Sophie aside and tells her he has figured out why she invited him . He knows he is her father and promises to walk her down the aisle the next day . Then , Harry approaches Sophie , apologizing for being so slow on the uptake ; he is also convinced that she is his daughter and promises to walk her down the aisle . Sophie leaves the party , hopelessly confused ; she does not want to turn any of them down ( `` Voulez - Vous '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! at Broadway On Broadway ( Entr'acte ) Sophie 's having a nightmare , involving her three possible fathers all fighting for the right to walk her down the aisle and wakes up despairing ( `` Under Attack '' ) . Sophie 's upset , and Donna assumes that Sophie wants to cancel the wedding and offers to handle all the details . Sophie is offended and vows that her children wo n't grow up not knowing who their father is . As Sophie storms out of the room , Sam enters and tries to tell Donna that Sophie may not be all she seems , but Donna wo n't listen ( `` One of Us '' ) . She hates Sam ; at the end of their affair , she said she never wanted to see him again . But it seems that Sam was the man Donna cared about the most , and both of them wish they could go back to the start ( `` SOS '' ' ) . At the beach , Harry asks Tanya what the father of the bride ought to be doing for Sophie 's wedding . Tanya explains that for her part , her father gave her his advice and then paid . Pepper , one of the guys who works at Donna 's taverna , makes advances to Tanya , but she rebuffs him ( `` Does Your Mother Know '' ) . Sky finds out what Sophie has done in inviting Sam , Harry and Bill to the wedding . He accuses her of wanting a big white wedding only so that she can find out who her father is . He 's very hurt that she kept this plan a secret from him . He storms off just as Sam walks in . Sam tries to give Sophie some fatherly advice by describing his failed marriage ( `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' ) , but Sophie is n't consoled . Harry offers to Donna to pay for the wedding , and they reminisce about their fling ( `` Our Last Summer '' ) . Sophie arrives and Donna helps her get dressed . She can not believe her daughter is going to be a bride ( `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' ) . Donna admits that her own mother disowned her when she learned that she was pregnant . They reconcile and Sophie asks her mother if she will walk her down the aisle . Sam arrives and tries to speak to Donna again , but she does not want to see him , and asks him to leave . He refuses , and a bitter confrontation ensues . Donna tells Sam that he broke her heart , presumably when she found out he was engaged ( `` The Winner Takes It All '' ) . It emerges that the two still love each other dearly , albeit against Donna 's better judgment . Rosie is making final preparations in the taverna when Bill arrives . He 's upset because he has received a note that Donna will be walking Sophie down the aisle . Bill reaffirms his commitment to the single life , but Rosie has become attracted to him , and urges him to reconsider ( `` Take a Chance on Me '' ) . They are about to have sex in the taverna , but the guests arrive , leaving Rosie quite stunned . The wedding begins , with Donna walking Sophie down the aisle . Before the priest has a chance to begin the ceremonies , Donna acknowledges to everyone that Sophie 's father is present . Sophie tells her mother that she knows about her father . Donna realizes that Sophie invited them to the wedding for that very reason . The issue of Sophie 's parentage is left unsettled , as none of them have any idea whether they are actually her father . Everyone involved agrees that it does not matter which one of them her biological parent is , as Sophie loves all three and they are all happy to be `` one - third of a father '' and a part of her life at last . Finally , Harry , who has made frequent references to his `` other half '' throughout the show , is revealed to be in a committed gay relationship . Suddenly , Sophie calls a halt to the proceedings . She is not ready to get married and Sky agrees with Sophie about not getting married . Sam seizes his chance and proposes to Donna in order to prevent the wedding preparations from going to waste . He explains that he loved her , even when he left to get married . It is revealed that he called off the wedding with his fiancée and came back to the island , only to be told that Donna was going out with another man ( Bill ) . He went back , married his fiancée and had children but he got divorced . Surprisingly , Donna accepts ( `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' ) . In the end , Sam and Donna are married , and at the end of the night , Sophie and Sky depart on a round - the - world tour ( `` I Have a Dream '' ) . Finale and encore ( edit ) After their final bows to the audience , which are set to an instrumental version of `` Does Your Mother Know '' , the ensemble performs a reprise of `` Mamma Mia '' . A reprise of `` Dancing Queen '' follows , during which Donna , Tanya , Rosie are revealed wearing brightly colored ABBA inspired costumes . The cast ends the finale with `` Waterloo '' , during which Sam , Bill , and Harry join the rest of the cast onstage in brightly colored costumes that match the leading ladies . The Dynamos and the Dads often invite the audience to clap , dance , and sing along during the finale . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Act I `` Overture / Prologue '' - Sophie `` Honey , Honey '' - Sophie , Ali , & Lisa `` Money , Money , Money '' - Donna , Tanya , Rosie , Pepper , & Company `` Thank You for the Music '' - Sophie , Sam , Harry , & Bill `` Mamma Mia '' - Donna & Company `` Chiquitita '' - Donna , Tanya & Rosie `` Dancing Queen '' - Donna , Tanya & Rosie `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' - Sky , Sophie , & Male Ensemble `` Super Trouper '' - Donna , Tanya , Rosie & Female Ensemble `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' - Female Ensemble `` The Name of the Game '' - Sophie & Bill `` Voulez - Vous '' - Company Act II `` Entr'acte '' - Orchestra `` Under Attack '' - Sophie & Company `` One of Us '' - Donna `` SOS '' - Donna & Sam `` Does Your Mother Know '' - Tanya , Pepper & Company `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' - Sam `` Our Last Summer '' - Harry & Donna `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' - Donna & Sophie `` The Winner Takes It All '' - Donna `` Take a Chance on Me '' - Rosie & Bill `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' - Sam , Donna & Company `` I Have a Dream '' - Sophie Encore `` Mamma Mia '' - Company `` Dancing Queen '' - Donna , Tanya , Rosie & Company `` Waterloo '' - Company Notes on the Music ( edit ) During the preview period in London , the musical had the song `` Summer Night City '' just after the prologue . The `` Summer Night City '' scene was a wedding rehearsal and during the song , Ali , Lisa , Tanya , and Rosie arrived on the island . Now , part of the song is used as underscoring to connect the end of `` The Winner Takes It All '' and `` Take a Chance on Me '' . You can also hear a couple of lines of `` Summer Night City '' in the ' Entr'acte ' ( the most noticeable line is : ' Time to breathe and time to live ' ) . Donna hums a few lines of `` Fernando '' , when she repairs the doors of the taverna just before she sees her three former lovers . In the Mexican production Donna sings a few lines of ABBA 's original Spanish version of the song . In the German production , Sky ( Bernhard Forcher ) sang a few lines of `` King Kong Song '' before starting `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' . Niklas Riesbeck uses the same song in the Swedish production . Andrey Kozhan sang a few lines of Summer Night City in the Russian production . In the international tour version , Sky ( David Roberts ) sings a few lines of `` She 's My Kind of Girl '' , a Björn & Benny song . In the 2015 International tour version , Sky ( Justin Thomas ) sings a few lines of `` Dum Dum Diddle '' . The wedding march that is played as Sophie walks down the aisle is a slower arrangement of `` Dancing Queen '' . The creators also intended to include `` Just Like That '' , an unreleased ABBA song recorded in 1982 . The song was apparently dropped just before the first public previews in March 1999 , though it was listed in the program available during the preview period . Originally the outro after the encore was a 5 - minute instrumental medley ( in the style of the Ouverture and Entr'Acte ) featuring Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) , SOS , Voulez - Vous , Does Your Mother Know , Money , Money , Money and Dancing Queen . It was later replaced with the short Dancing Queen instrumental , still being used today . The last three songs , performed as an encore / finale by the whole cast are : `` Mamma Mia '' , `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Waterloo '' . The version of `` Mamma Mia '' used in the encore / finale is sung by the Company . The finale song Mamma Mia has been extended in theatres where Donna and the Dynamos had to go downstairs for taking the stage lift in Dancing Queen . Then , during the intro of `` Dancing Queen '' , Donna , Tanya and Rosie join the Company ( as the girl - power band `` Donna and the Dynamos '' , wearing ABBA 's 1970s - style colorful and flashy costumes ) . Sam , Bill and Harry join them during Waterloo , wearing male versions of the girls ' ABBA 's costumes . The Encore is included on the 5th Anniversary Cast Recording ( commemorating said anniversary for the Broadway production ) . In the Brazilian production , all three songs from the encore / finale were kept in English . Though `` Waterloo '' was adapted into Brazilian Portuguese , this version was never used and the lyrics are unknown . In the Russian production the song `` Happy New Year '' is sung at the encore on New Year holidays shows . Principal roles and cast ( edit ) Character Original London Cast Original Broadway Cast Hollywood Bowl 2017 Cast Donna Sheridan Siobhán McCarthy Louise Pitre Jennifer Nettles Rosie Jenny Galloway Judy Kaye Lea Delaria Tanya Louise Plowright Karen Mason Tisha Campbell - Martin Sam Carmichael Hilton McRae David W. Keeley Jaime Camil Bill Austin ( Anderson in the film ) Nicolas Colicos Ken Marks Steven Weber Harry Bright Paul Clarkson Dean Nolen Hamish Linklater Sophie Sheridan Lisa Stokke Tina Maddigan Dove Cameron Sky Andrew Langtree Joe Machota Corbin Bleu Pepper Neal Wright Mark Price Payson Lewis Eddie Nigel Harman Michael Benjamin Washington Rodd Farhadi Ali Eliza Lumley Sara Inbar Charlotte Mary Wen Lisa Melissa Gibson Tonya Doran Tiana Okoye Film adaptation ( edit ) Film Cast Donna Meryl Streep Rosie Julie Walters Tanya Christine Baranski Sam Pierce Brosnan Bill Stellan Skarsgård Harry Colin Firth Sophie Amanda Seyfried Sky Dominic Cooper Main articles : Mamma Mia ! ( film ) and Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! See also : Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack Mamma Mia ! was adapted as a film , produced by Judy Craymer and Gary Goetzman , written by Catherine Johnson directed by Phyllida Lloyd and with Tom Hanks , Rita Wilson , Björn Ulvaeus , and Benny Andersson as executive producers . Meryl Streep stars as Donna Sheridan and Amanda Seyfried as Sophie and Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael . The movie also features Christine Baranski , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters . It premiered July 18 , 2008 , in the US . Most of the songs remained intact with the exceptions of `` Under Attack '' , `` One of Us '' , `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' , and `` Thank You for the Music '' . `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' was used as the wedding music and `` Thank You for the Music '' is sung during the second half of the end credits . The first half is occupied with a `` Dancing Queen '' reprise and `` Waterloo '' , with a `` Mamma Mia '' reprise and `` I Have a Dream '' sung before the credits ( though the latter is sung as Sophie mails the invitations at the start of the film ) . `` When All Is Said and Done '' , a song not used in the musical , was added for the film sung by Sam , Donna , and the company . `` Our Last Summer '' was used earlier in the movie , with Sophie , Bill , Sam , and Harry singing it . `` The Name of the Game '' , while filmed , was subsequently edited out of the film for the final cut . The song is included in full on the motion picture soundtrack -- an abbreviated version of the song and scene appear on the DVD / Blu - ray as a supplement . In addition , `` Thank You for the Music '' is used as a hidden track , and is performed by Amanda Seyfried . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original West End production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 1999 Evening Standard Award Ned Sherrin Award for Best Musical Nominated 2000 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Siobhan McCarthy Nominated Best Performance in a Supporting Role in a Musical Jenny Galloway Won Louise Plowright Nominated 2002 Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus ; Original Cast Nominated Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2002 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Catherine Johnson Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Louise Pitre Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Nominated Best Orchestrations Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus and Martin Koch Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical Louise Pitre Nominated Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kaye Nominated Karen Mason Nominated Drama League Award Distinguished Production of a Musical Nominated Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Broadway Musical Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Louise Pitre Nominated Theatre World Award Outstanding Debut Stage Performance Louise Pitre Won Original North American Tour ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2003 Helen Hayes Award Outstanding Non-Resident Production Nominated Touring Broadway Award Best Musical Score Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won Response ( edit ) Box office and business ( edit ) On any given day , there are at least seven performances of Mamma Mia ! being performed around the globe . On May 15 , 2005 , Mamma Mia ! surpassed the original Broadway runs of The Sound of Music , The King and I , and Damn Yankees with 1,500 performances . On March 6 , 2014 , it surpassed Rent to become the 9th longest - running Broadway musical of all time with 5,124 performances . Later that year , it surpassed Beauty and the Beast to become Broadway 's eighth longest - running show on Broadway . When Mamma Mia ! opened in Russia , it received a very positive response . As of January 2008 , Mamma Mia ! became the longest daily running show in the history of Russian theatre . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Craymer , Judy ( October 2005 ) . `` A Truly Original Musical '' . Souvenir brochure . Jump up ^ West End 's MAMMA MIA ! Will Move to the Novello Theatre Jump up ^ ' Mamma Mia ' listing london-theatreland.co.uk , accessed February 6 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' review '' , Billboard , April 10 , 1999 , accessed February 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Winn , Steven . `` Mamma 's ' a guilty pleasure for ABBA fans despite its weaknesses '' , The San Francisco Chronicle , November 18 , 2000 , p . B1 Jump up ^ `` Time Out ; Fyi '' , Contra Costa Times ( California ) , December 30 , 2000 , p. D01 Jump up ^ Welsh , Anne Marie . `` Pop musical takes a chance on Abba , and it works '' , The San Diego Union - Tribune , March 1 , 2001 , p . E2 Jump up ^ `` B.O. off ; ' Monty ' suits up '' , Variety , Legit Grosses ; Road ; June 4 -- 10 , 2001 , p. 30 Jump up ^ `` Broadway 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Will Transfer to The Broadhurst Theatre '' playbill.com , Retrieved 18 April 2013 Jump up ^ `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' to Play Final Performance at Winter Garden Theatre on October 19 ; Begins at Broadhurst on November 2 '' broadwayworld.com , Retrieved 15 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` Broadway Record - Breaker ' Mamma Mia ! ' to Close '' playbill.com , April 9 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Broadway 's Mamma Mia ! Will Close Later Than Expected '' playbill.com , April 21 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Long - running Toronto Mamma Mia ! to close '' playbill.com , 18 de marzo de 2005 Jump up ^ Weatherford , Mike . `` Musical ' Mamma Mia ! ' rate high in camp value '' , Las Vegas Review - Journal , 21 February 2003 , p. 4J Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` Vegas Mamma Mia ! , with Johnson , Extends to January 2009 '' . Playbill. 7 January 2008 ^ Jump up to : Craymer , Judy ; Björn Ulvaeus ; Benny Andersson ( 2006 ) . Mamma Mia ! How Can I Resist You ? . Littlestar Services . ISBN 0 - 297 - 84421 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' closes in less than three months at Tropicana '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2014 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! to conclude farewell tour at the Fabulous Fox '' broadwayworld.com , June 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Oliver Oliveros ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` MAMMA MIA ! In Manila Extends Till 2 / 19 '' . Broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! will be staged at the CCP from January 24 - February 12 , 2012 PEP.ph : The Number One Site for Philippine Showbiz '' . PEP.ph . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.mammamiamuzikal.cz Jump up ^ http://www.teatrroma.pl/en/whats-on/main-stage/mamma-mia Jump up ^ http://www.pozoristeterazije.com/predstave/mamma-mia Jump up ^ https://www.sta.si/2118439/v-beogradu-drevi-premiera-muzikala-z-west-enda-mamma-mia Jump up ^ http://www.ljubljanafestival.si/en/event/mamma-mia/ Jump up ^ http://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/ey/ellos-estaran-en-el-musical-mamma-mia-980914 Jump up ^ http://aussietheatre.com.au/news/musical-mamma-mia-confirmed-for-an-australian-tour-2017-18 Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodbowl.com/tickets/mamma-mia/2017-07-28 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Mamma Mia ! Becomes Ninth Longest - Running Show in Broadway History March 6 '' Playbill.com , March 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 2008 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! to Become 16th - Longest Running Show on Broadway '' . Playbill , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Levitt , Harvey ( 2014 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Overtakes Beauty and the Beast as 8th Longest - Running Show on Broadway '' . Theater Mania . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Brown , Isemene . `` Mamma Mia ! Moscow falls for Abba . '' The Daily Telegraph . 18 October 2006 . Retrieved on 29 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mamma Mia ! . Official website Mamma Mia ! at the Internet Broadway Database ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Core albums catalogue highlighted in bold Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Other albums Live Albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Mamma Mia Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ( ABBA ) ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! ( film ) Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related music Discography Awards and nominations Songs `` Just Like That '' Unreleased songs ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden List of ABBA tribute albums Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book : ABBA Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating ! ( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) GND : 7587850 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamma_Mia!&oldid=800367875 '' Categories : ABBA 1999 musicals Greece in fiction Plays set in Greece Broadway musicals Helpmann Award - winning musicals Jukebox musicals West End musicals Hidden categories : Pages with timeline metadata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 03 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the film mama mia come out	Mamma Mia ! was adapted as a film , produced by Judy Craymer and Gary Goetzman , written by Catherine Johnson directed by Phyllida Lloyd and with Tom Hanks , Rita Wilson , Björn Ulvaeus , and Benny Andersson as executive producers . Meryl Streep stars as Donna Sheridan and Amanda Seyfried as Sophie and Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael . The movie also features Christine Baranski , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård and Julie Walters . It premiered July 18 , 2008 , in the US . Most of the songs remained intact with the exceptions of `` Under Attack '' , `` One of Us '' , `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' , and `` Thank You for the Music '' . `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' was used as the wedding music and `` Thank You for the Music '' is sung during the second half of the end credits . The first half is occupied with a `` Dancing Queen '' reprise and `` Waterloo '' , with a `` Mamma Mia '' reprise and `` I Have a Dream '' sung before the credits ( though the latter is sung as Sophie mails the invitations at the start of the film ) . `` When All Is Said and Done '' , a song not used in the musical , was added for the film sung by Sam , Donna , and the company . `` Our Last Summer '' was used earlier in the movie , with Sophie , Bill , Sam , and Harry singing it . `` The Name of the Game '' , while filmed , was subsequently edited out of the film for the final cut . The song is included in full on the motion picture soundtrack -- an abbreviated version of the song and scene appear on the DVD / Blu - ray as a supplement . In addition , `` Thank You for the Music '' is used as a hidden track , and is performed by Amanda Seyfried .
Tubular Bells II - wikipedia Tubular Bells II Tubular Bells II Studio album by Mike Oldfield Released 31 August 1992 ( 1992 - 08 - 31 ) Recorded Los Angeles , Roughwood Croft Genre Progressive rock , new - age Length 58 : 34 Label Warner Music UK Reprise ( a Time Warner company ) ( US ) 45041 Producer Trevor Horn Tom Newman Mike Oldfield Mike Oldfield chronology Heaven 's Open ( 1991 ) Heaven 's Open 1991 Tubular Bells II ( 1992 ) The Songs of Distant Earth ( 1994 ) The Songs of Distant Earth 1994 Tubular Bells series chronology The Orchestral Tubular Bells ( 1975 ) The Orchestral Tubular Bells 1975 Tubular Bells II ( 1992 ) Tubular Bells II1992 Tubular Bells III ( 1998 ) Tubular Bells III 1998 Singles from Tubular Bells II `` Sentinel '' Released : 21 September 1992 `` Tattoo '' Released : 7 December 1992 `` The Bell '' Released : 5 April 1993 Tubular Bells II is the 15th album by Mike Oldfield , released in 1992 . The album -- the first for his new record label , Warner Bros. , following an acrimonious departure from Virgin after twenty years -- was a sequel to Oldfield 's 1973 Tubular Bells . Another sequel , Tubular Bells III , followed in 1998 . The album charted at number 1 in the UK as did its precursor . It is Oldfield 's third number one album ( after Tubular Bells and Hergest Ridge ) and , as of 2018 , his last number one album to date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Album development 2 Tubular Bells comparisons 3 Master of Ceremonies 4 Track titles 5 Album artwork 6 Critical reception 6.1 Chart performance 7 Live concerts 8 Track listing 9 Personnel 10 Instruments 11 References 12 External links Album development ( edit ) Virgin Records had been pushing Oldfield to create a sequel to Tubular Bells for many years prior to his departure from the label , but Oldfield was hesitant to do so , although his penultimate album for the label , Amarok , was in several respects a conceptual sequel to his 1975 album Ommadawn . For Tubular Bells II Oldfield enlisted the help of Tom Newman , who had helped produce the original , as well as established producer Trevor Horn ( known for his work with The Buggles , Yes and Art of Noise ) . `` Early Stages '' which is an early version of what would become `` Sentinel '' was included as a B - side to the single version of `` Sentinel '' . `` Early Stages '' has a somewhat darker mood and is from the pre-Trevor Horn development of the album , possibly showing the kind of influence that Horn had . At the Tubular Bells 45th Anniversary convention in the UK on 9th June 2018 , Tom Newman stated that when Horn was brought in , he immediately started insisting that instruments be sequenced rather than played by hand . This led to a major falling - out between Newman and Horn . Tubular Bells comparisons ( edit ) Tubular Bells II partly follows musical structures of the original Tubular Bells ( 1973 ) . Themes of the original Bells are taken and then completely re-composed and played with mostly new instruments . The result is an album that has the same kind of thematic variation but is still new musically . Some themes can be seen as variations of themes taken from the original Bells , while some other parts of Tubular Bells II do not have much in common with the themes of the original album except their overall mood or feeling . Unlike Tubular Bells there is a recurring theme , first appearing at the end of `` Sentinel '' that reappears throughout the album , though it is most obvious at the end of `` The Bell '' . Also unlike the original ending coda , `` The Sailor 's Hornpipe '' , `` Moonshine '' is an original composition by Oldfield . In 1998 another sequel followed , Tubular Bells III , and in 2003 Oldfield recorded a new version of the original Tubular Bells , as Tubular Bells 2003 . Master of Ceremonies ( edit ) The introduction of the instruments at the end of the first half of the album was done by British actor Alan Rickman , although his role was credited merely to `` a strolling player '' because the voice had not been picked when the artwork was produced . The Master of Ceremonies at the premiere concert in Edinburgh was John Gordon Sinclair . On alternative mixes of `` The Bell '' released as single B - sides , Billy Connolly and Vivian Stanshall ( the voice in the original Tubular Bells ) each played the Master of Ceremonies . On two alternative language B - sides of `` The Bell '' , MC Otto and MC Carlos Finally played the Master of Ceremonies in German and Spanish respectively . Track titles ( edit ) Some of the track titles for the album were taken from Arthur C. Clarke 's short stories , including `` The Sentinel '' and `` Sunjammer '' . Other track titles could just be references to science - fiction or space in general , such as `` Dark Star '' and `` Weightless '' . Dark Star is also the title of a sci - fi film by John Carpenter which was released in the same year as the original Tubular Bells , 1973 . Oldfield has occasionally called some of the tracks on the album by different names in interviews , such as once when he performed `` Red Dawn '' on BBC Radio 2 he called it `` Russian '' . The title `` Russian '' was also later given to the equivalent piece on the re-recorded version of the original Tubular Bells , Tubular Bells 2003 . Album artwork ( edit ) Tubular Bells II again uses the bent metallic tube ( representing a bent tubular bell ) as the focus of the album artwork . The bell is a golden colour on a dark blue background as opposed to Tubular Bells ' grey / silver bell on top of a sea / skyscape . Both the photos for Tubular Bells and Tubular Bells II were produced by Trevor Key . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Critical reception to the album was mixed , although the album reached number 1 in the album charts in a number of countries . Writing in Q magazine , Mat Snow described it as a `` more consistent but less tune - happy musical sequence than TBI '' and praised `` producer Trevor Horn 's fairy dust '' as an advantage . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Position UK Albums Chart Spain Live concerts ( edit ) Main articles : Tubular Bells II 20th Anniversary Tour and Tubular Bells II Live The album was premiered with a live performance on the esplanade at Edinburgh Castle on 4 September 1992 with John Gordon Sinclair as Master of Ceremonies . The North American premiere was held at Carnegie Hall in New York City on 1 March 1993 ; a world tour then followed . Following this Oldfield did not perform live in concert for nearly five years , until the premiere of Tubular Bells III in 1998 and then his Then & Now Tour in 1999 . Track listing ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Mike Oldfield . Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` Sentinel '' 8 : 07 2 . `` Dark Star '' 2 : 16 3 . `` Clear Light '' 5 : 48 4 . `` Blue Saloon '' 2 : 59 5 . `` Sunjammer '' 2 : 32 6 . `` Red Dawn '' 1 : 50 7 . `` The Bell '' 6 : 59 Side two No . Title Length 8 . `` Weightless '' 5 : 43 9 . `` The Great Plain '' 4 : 47 10 . `` Sunset Door '' 2 : 23 11 . `` Tattoo '' 4 : 15 12 . `` Altered State '' 5 : 12 13 . `` Maya Gold '' 4 : 01 14 . `` Moonshine '' 1 : 42 Personnel ( edit ) Mike Oldfield -- acoustic guitars , twelve - string guitar , banjo , classical guitar , electric guitar , bass guitar , flamenco guitar , glockenspiel , Lowrey organ , Hammond organ , Farfisa organ , mandolin , percussion , piano , synthesisers , timpani , tubular bells , vocals Alan Rickman ( credited as `` A Strolling Player '' ) -- Master of Ceremonies Sally Bradshaw -- vocals Celtic Bevy Band -- bagpipes Eric Caudieux -- programming and digital sounds Edie Lehmann -- vocals Susannah Melvoin -- vocals Jamie Muhoberac -- keyboards , special effects Steve Payne -- Bass Guitar Pipers from the Los Angeles Police Department ( credited as P.D. Scots Pipe Band to avoid controversy following the 1992 Los Angeles riots ) -- bagpipes John Robinson -- drums on `` Altered State '' Instruments ( edit ) Instruments on the album include , among others : This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Fender Stratocaster guitar ( pink ) Fender Stratocaster guitar ( sunburst ) PRS Custom Artist ( amber ) Korg M1 synthesizer Ensoniq SD1 synthesizer Kurzweil K2000 synthesizer Eventide H3000 harmonizer Premier tubular bells Wal Midibass Violin in `` Moonshine '' Farfisa Professional organ in `` Sentinel '' , `` Dark Star '' , `` The Bell '' and `` The Great Plain '' Hammond organ in `` Clear Light '' , `` Maya Gold '' , `` Altered State '' and `` Tattoo '' . Lowrey organ in `` Sunset Door '' and `` Tattoo '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tubular Bells II at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Tubular Bells II Review '' . Melody Maker. 19 September 1992 . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . As follow - ups go , it 's probably safe to remark that this does not rank alongside Godfather II , French Connection II , or even , God help us , Exorcist II - The Heretic . In short , it 's appalling . Jump up ^ `` Tubular Bells 2 Review '' . Keyboards Magazine . January 1993 . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Much of TB2 is glorious , even by comparison to TB1 . Jump up ^ `` Tubular Bells II Review '' . Q. September 1992 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Diego Manrique ( 1992 ) . `` Mike Oldfield has regained his balance back '' . MAN `` El Hombre '' . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tourography 1990 '' . The Official Mike Oldfield Information Service . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Oldfield Tours '' . Tubular.net . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on the Musicians '' . Mike Oldfield . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . External links ( edit ) Mike Oldfield Discography -- Tubular Bells II at Tubular.net hide Mike Oldfield Discography Singles Concert Tours Studio albums Tubular Bells Hergest Ridge Ommadawn Incantations Platinum QE2 Five Miles Out Crises Discovery The Killing Fields Islands Earth Moving Amarok Heaven 's Open Tubular Bells II The Songs of Distant Earth Voyager Tubular Bells III Guitars The Millennium Bell Tr3s Lunas Tubular Bells 2003 Light + Shade Music of the Spheres Man on the Rocks Return to Ommadawn Live albums The Orchestral Tubular Bells Exposed The Art in Heaven Concert EPs The Singles The Mike Oldfield EP Singles `` Mike Oldfield 's Single '' `` Don Alfonso '' `` In Dulci Jubilo '' `` Portsmouth '' `` William Tell Overture '' `` Cuckoo Song '' `` Take Four '' `` Guilty '' `` Blue Peter '' `` Arrival '' `` Sheba '' / `` Wonderful Land '' `` Five Miles Out '' `` Family Man '' `` Mistake '' `` Moonlight Shadow '' `` Shadow on the Wall '' `` Crime of Passion '' `` To France '' `` Tricks of the Light '' `` Étude '' `` Pictures in the Dark '' `` Shine '' `` In High Places '' `` Islands '' `` The Time Has Come '' `` Magic Touch '' `` Flying Start '' `` Earth Moving '' `` Innocent '' `` ( One Glance Is ) Holy '' `` Heaven 's Open '' `` Gimme Back '' `` Sentinel '' `` Tattoo '' `` The Bell '' `` Hibernaculum '' `` Let There Be Light '' `` Women of Ireland '' `` Man in the Rain '' `` Far Above the Clouds '' `` To Be Free '' `` Thou Art in Heaven '' `` Spheres '' Other songs `` Foreign Affair '' `` The X-Files Theme '' `` Introduction 2003 '' `` Surfing '' `` Song for Survival '' Video albums The Space Movie Exposed The Essential Live Live at Montreux 1981 The Wind Chimes Tubular Bells II Live Elements Tubular Bells III Live The Art in Heaven Concert Compilation albums Boxed Music Wonderland Episodes The Complete Mike Oldfield Elements 4 CD Boxset Elements -- The Best of Mike Oldfield XXV : The Essential The Best of Tubular Bells Collection The Complete Tubular Bells The Platinum Collection The Mike Oldfield Collection 1974 -- 1983 Two Sides Icon Tubular Beats Moonlight Shadow : The Collection The 1984 Suite Other media Changeling MusicVR Tr3s Lunas Maestro Tours Tour of Europe In Concert European Adventure Tour Five Miles Out World Tour Crises Tour Discovery Tour Tubular Bells II 20th Anniversary Tour Live Then & Now 1999 Related articles Sally Oldfield Terry Oldfield Anita Hegerland Maggie Reilly The Sallyangie Children of the Sun Isles of Wonder 2012 Olympics opening ceremony Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tubular_Bells_II&oldid=849737147 '' Categories : Mike Oldfield albums 1992 albums Albums produced by Trevor Horn Instrumental albums Warner Music Group albums Albums produced by Tom Newman ( musician ) Reprise Records albums Sequel albums Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Incomplete lists from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano ქართული Magyar Polski Português Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 00 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who announces the instruments in tubular bells 2	The introduction of the instruments at the end of the first half of the album was done by British actor Alan Rickman , although his role was credited merely to `` a strolling player '' because the voice had not been picked when the artwork was produced . The Master of Ceremonies at the premiere concert in Edinburgh was John Gordon Sinclair .
Step Up ( film ) - wikipedia Step Up ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Step Up Theatrical release poster Directed by Anne Fletcher Produced by Erik Feig Jennifer Gibgot Adam Shankman Patrick Wachsberger Screenplay by Duane Adler Melissa Rosenberg Story by Duane Adler Starring Channing Tatum Jenna Dewan Mario Drew Sidora Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Summit Entertainment Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 11 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $12 million Box office $114.2 million Step Up is a 2006 American romantic dance film directed by Anne Fletcher starring Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan . Set in Baltimore , Maryland , the film follows the tale of the disadvantaged Tyler Gage ( Channing Tatum ) and the privileged modern dancer Nora Clark ( Jenna Dewan ) , who find themselves paired up in a showcase that determines both of their futures . Realizing that they only have one chance , they finally work together . The film is the first installment in the Step Up series , it was followed by four sequels , Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) , Step Up 3D ( 2010 ) , Step Up Revolution ( 2012 ) and Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) and a web series Step Up : High Water ( 2018 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Home media 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Following a party , brothers Mac ( Damaine Radcliff ) and Skinny Carter ( De'Shawn Washington ) and their best friend Tyler Gage ( Channing Tatum ) , break into the Maryland School of Arts and trash the school 's theatre , damaging many of the props . When a security guard appears , Tyler helps the two escape , accepting full blame for the vandalism himself . He is sentenced to 200 hours of community service , which is to be served at the school . While working , he peers in on a dance class and meets Nora Clark ( Jenna Dewan ) , a student preparing for her `` senior showcase '' , an audition performance which could determine whether or not she is offered a job within any one of the professional dance companies to attend the performance . When Mac and Skinny pay Tyler a visit on the school 's lot , Nora curiously watches from a window as Tyler dances with his friends , mockingly incorporating a mashup of break - dance and the ballet moves he has recently observed . When Nora 's dance partner , Andrew ( Tim Lacatena ) , sprains an ankle , Nora finds herself unexpectedly without a partner for her routine . Auditioning some sophomore students to replace him , she decides that none meet her expectations . Tyler offers to help , but Nora refuses . After demonstrating that he can handle the routine however , Nora reconsiders and convinces Director Gordon ( Rachel Griffiths ) to allow Tyler to rehearse with her . During their initial practice session , Tyler is antagonistic towards Nora as well as her boyfriend , Brett ( Josh Henderson ) , both of whom respond with haughty attitudes . As they continue to rehearse , Tyler and Nora grow closer , each teaching the other about their respective styles of dance . Tyler also befriends a musician at the school named Miles Darby ( Mario ) , who has a crush on Nora 's friend , Lucille `` Lucy '' Avila ( Drew Sidora ) . As Nora 's bond with Tyler grows , one day , she takes him to a special spot on the waterfront , near a company for which her late father used to work , revealing that this is where she first envisioned her routine . She confesses to Tyler that she had always imagined it as an ensemble dance , rather than a duet. Tyler becomes inspired to help her dream come true and begins recruiting younger dancers from the school to perform in her number . Brett signs a recording deal with a company , but in doing so , betrays his friend , Miles , to get the opportunity . Disgusted by his betrayal , Nora breaks up with Brett . Meanwhile , Tyler continues to attempt a balance between his new goals , his new friends , and nurturing a troubled relationship with his old ones . Tyler asks Director Gordon if she will let him attend the school , and she advises that he must prove to her that he deserves a chance . Upon hearing this from Tyler , Nora suggests that the showcase could also be used as his entrance audition . After dancing together at a club where Miles and Lucy perform , Tyler and Nora finally move forward with a romantic relationship . Rehearsals continue as normal , until Andrew returns seemingly healed from his injury . Tyler feels that he is no longer needed in the routine , and angrily accuses Nora of treating him the same way her ex-boyfriend treated Miles . He leaves the group and returns to janitorial work , his initial community service at the school . In the course of the training , Nora has been incorporating many of Tyler 's suggestions for the routine , and finds that the new choreography is now much too difficult for the original partner to perform . Whilst in one of their practice sessions , Andrew falls over and , realizing he can not cope with the dance , resigns himself from the routine , and Nora is , once again , left without a partner . Crushed , she considers abandoning her dance career and going to college after all , but Nora receives an emotional confession and strong encouragement from her mother , who once opposed her future in dance . Nora transforms the choreography into a solo piece . Later , during a party Skinny steals PJ 'S car but he is shot and dies making Mac and Tyler realize that they need to make better choices in their lives . Tyler surprises Nora by showing up , last minute , at the evening of the showcase . He tries to persuade Nora to let him perform with her , and to forgive him for his behavior . She initially declines , but suddenly changes her mind as Tyler wishes her good luck and walks away . When the curtain opens , Tyler , Nora , and the ensemble of students perform their original choreography against Miles ' latest musical score . After the performance , Director Gordon is beaming and the crowd is blown away . Backstage , when a proud Director Gordon tells a fellow director from a professional dance company hoping to sign Nora that Tyler is a `` transfer student '' , Nora is overwhelmed and embraces Tyler . She repeats advice given to him at their first rehearsal together , and the two share a kiss . Cast ( edit ) Channing Tatum as Tyler Gage , a skilled but troubled hip hop dancer Jenna Dewan as Nora Clark , an MSA ballet dancer who falls for Tyler and dreams of becoming a professional dancer Mario as Miles Darby , a skilled DJ and Nora and Lucy 's best friend . He secretly has a crush on Lucy Drew Sidora as Lucille `` Lucy '' Avila , Nora and Miles 's best friend who is a singer and dancer Damaine Radcliff as Marcus `` Mac '' Carter , Tyler 's best friend , whose younger brother is Skinny De'Shawn Washington as Skinny Carter , Mac 's younger brother . When he steals PJ 's car , he is shot by him and his friends and dies , sending a wake up call to both Tyler and Mac Alyson Stoner as Camille Gage , Tyler 's foster sister and also a talented hip hop dancer Rachel Griffiths as Director Gordan , the no nonsense director of Maryland School of Arts Josh Henderson as Brett Dolan , Nora 's conceited ex-boyfriend who wants to be a singer Tim Lacatena as Andrew , Nora 's original dance partner who becomes injured Heavy D as Omar , a shady car dealer who loves eating and money Babbal Kumar as dark dancer Deirdre Lovejoy as Katherine Clark , Nora 's overprotective widowed mother who does n't approve of her daughter 's dream to be a dancer . Her dream is for Nora to go to college instead of being a professional dancer . Katherine only wants what 's best for Nora . Katherine eventually supports Nora 's dancing dreams . Katherine 's husband died a few years ago prior to the movie Jamie Scott as Colin , Lucy 's famous singer boyfriend who later cheats on her Adriana Gutierrez as main extra in auditorium , wearing sweater and jeans Actors Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan met while filming Step Up and began dating shortly after it was completed ; they married in 2009 . In 2013 , they had their first daughter , Everly Elizabeth Maiselle Tatum . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Step Up earned a total of $21 million in its opening weekend , ranking second in the North American box office . It earned $65.3 million in the United States and Canada by its last day in theaters on October 19 , 2006 . The film 's budget was $12 million . Critical response ( edit ) The has an average score of 48 / 100 on Metacritic , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' ; its highest score was 75 ( from both Entertainment Weekly and The Boston Globe ) , and its lowest was a 25 from the San Francisco Chronicle . It scored a 19 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , whose consensus states that `` this trite teen romance has too little plot and not enough dancing '' . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD on December 19 , 2006 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Step Up ( Original Soundtrack ) The soundtrack features music from Mario , Drew Sidora , Ciara , Chamillionaire , Kelis , Chris Brown , Within Temptation 's Sharon Den Adel , Blaire Reinhard and Yung Joc. J - pop singer Koda Kumi 's 35th single But / Aishō was used as a theme song for the Japanese edition of the movie . The lead singles from the soundtrack are Sean Paul & Keyshia Cole 's `` ( When You Gonna ) Give It Up To Me '' , Chris Brown 's `` Say Goodbye '' , and Ciara single , `` Get Up '' featuring Chamillionaire . It was released August 8 . Other tracks include Kelis ' `` 80s Joint '' , Anthony Hamilton 's `` Dear Life '' , YoungBloodZ 's `` Imma Shine '' and Petey Pablo 's `` Show Me The Money '' . The title track is performed by newcomer and future X Factor Australia winner Samantha Jade and produced by Wyclef Jean . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Step Up '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Step Up ( 2006 ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Baclayon , Jovie ( September 7 , 2008 ) . `` Channing Tatum Engaged ! '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channing Tatum Is Engaged '' . People . Time . September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan Get Married '' . Celebrity Bride Guide . July 11 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Step Up Reviews , Ratings , Credits . Metacritic . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Step Up Step Up on IMDb Step Up at AllMovie Step Up at Rotten Tomatoes Step Up at Metacritic Step Up at Box Office Mojo Step Up Step Up Soundtrack 2 : The Streets Soundtrack 3D Soundtrack Revolution Soundtrack All In Soundtrack Films directed by Anne Fletcher Step Up ( 2006 ) 27 Dresses ( 2008 ) The Proposal ( 2009 ) The Guilt Trip ( 2012 ) Hot Pursuit ( 2015 ) Dumplin ' ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Step_Up_(film)&oldid=814777095 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s musical films 2000s romance films 2000s teen films American films American dance films American musical drama films American romantic drama films American romantic musical films American teen drama films American teen romance films Step Up ( film series ) Directorial debut films Films set in Baltimore Films shot in Baltimore Films shot in Maryland Hip hop films Summit Entertainment films Films directed by Anne Fletcher Screenplays by Melissa Rosenberg Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 21 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the movie step up take place	Step Up is a 2006 American romantic dance film directed by Anne Fletcher starring Channing Tatum and Jenna Dewan . Set in Baltimore , Maryland , the film follows the tale of the disadvantaged Tyler Gage ( Channing Tatum ) and the privileged modern dancer Nora Clark ( Jenna Dewan ) , who find themselves paired up in a showcase that determines both of their futures . Realizing that they only have one chance , they finally work together . The film is the first installment in the Step Up series , it was followed by four sequels , Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) , Step Up 3D ( 2010 ) , Step Up Revolution ( 2012 ) and Step Up : All In ( 2014 ) and a web series Step Up : High Water ( 2018 ) .
Mitākṣarā - wikipedia Mitākṣarā Jump to : navigation , search The Mitākṣarā is a vivṛti ( legal commentary ) on the Yajnavalkya Smriti best known for its theory of `` inheritance by birth . '' It was written by Vijñāneśvara , a scholar in the Western Chalukya court in the late eleventh and early twelfth century . Along with the Dāyabhāga , it was considered one of the main authorities on Hindu Law from the time the British began administering laws in India . The entire Mitākṣarā , along with the text of the Yājñavalkya - smṝti , is approximately 492 closely printed pages . Contents ( hide ) 1 Author 2 Date and historical context 3 Sources and topics 4 Effect on British India 5 Translations 6 Sub-commentaries 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Author ( edit ) Vijñāneśvara lived at Marthur near Gulbarga ( Karnataka ) , near the end of the eleventh century during the reign of Vikramaditya VI of the Cālukya dynasty of Kalyāni , one of the great rulers of the Deccan . He was a `` profound student of the Purva - Mimamsa system , '' a system of exegetical thought focused on the interpretation of the Vedas . Contrary to Derrett 's opinion based on Yajnavalkya 2.4 and 2.305 that Vijñāneśvara was a judge , Kane holds that these passages about characteristics of judges do not reflect a social or historical reality , but rather an interpretation based upon Mimamsa . Date and historical context ( edit ) Kane places the Mitākṣarā between 1055 CE and 1126 CE , but he says , `` there is no evidence to establish the exact time when the work was undertaken . '' He places it after 1050 CE because it names Viśvarūpa , Medhātithi , and Dhāreśvara , other commentators , as authoritative sources . Derrett places the text between 1121 CE and 1125 CE , a much shorter time frame than Kane , but Kane claims that this time frame is purely arbitrary , and Derrett does not provide the evidence to support his claim . Lingat , however , is content to place the Mitākṣarā simply at the end of the eleventh century . Historically , Vijñāneśvara was attempting to clarify and explain parts of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti , and he was criticizing and discussing earlier commentaries on the same text in an attempt to reconcile differences and further explain the meaning and the significance of the text . Sources and topics ( edit ) Vijñāneśvara 's commentary `` brings together numerous smṛti passages , explains away contradictions among them by following the rules of interpretation laid down in the Purva Mimamsa system , brings about order by assigning to various dicta their proper scope and province ... and effects a synthesis of apparently unconnected smṛti injunctions . '' In this sense , the commentary is similar to a digest ( nibandha ) in that it attempts to draw into the commentary outside opinions about the same passages of the text which he is commenting on . Although he is commenting on the Yājñavalkya Smṛti , he cites numerous earlier commentators as well , including Viśvarūpa , Mēdhātithi , and Dhāreśvara . The Mitākṣarā 's most important topics include property rights , property distribution , and inheritance . This text has become the authority , especially on inheritance , throughout most of India after the British began to move in . Effect on British India ( edit ) The Mitākṣarā , along with the Dāyabhāga , became an influential source for British Courts in India . The Mitākṣarā was influential throughout the majority of India , except in Bengal and Assam , where the Dāyabhāga prevailed as an authority for law . The British were interested in administering law in India , but they wanted to administer the law that already existed to the people . Thus , they searched for a text that could be used to help solve disputes among the people of India in manners which were already customary in the sub continent . These disputes often involved property rights or inheritance issues . Thus , the first translation of the Mitākṣarā was by Colebrooke in 1810 , and it was only this section of the text that gave the British insight on how to deal with inheritance issues . At that point , the Mitākṣarā held the status of a legislative text because it was used as a direct resource regarding inheritance in the courts of law in most of India . Translations ( edit ) Colebrooke did the first translation of the Mitākṣarā in 1810 because there was an immediate need in the British courts for the `` law '' ( or as close as they could get to the law ) regarding inheritance that already existed among the people of India . W. Macnaghten did the second translation , dealing with procedure , in 1829 . Finally , J.R. Gharpure provided us with a complete translation of the Mitākṣarā . Sub-commentaries ( edit ) Several sub-commentaries have been written on the Mitākṣarā , including the Subodhinī of Viśveśvara ( c. 1375 ) , the Bālaṃbhaṭṭī of Bālaṃbhaṭṭa Payagunde ( c. 1770 ) . and the Pratītākṣarā of Nandapaṇḍita . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kane , P.V. , History of Dharmaśāstra , ( Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 1975 ) , Volume I , Part II , 604 . Jump up ^ Lingat , Robert , The Classical Law of India , ( New York : Oxford UP , 1973 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Kane , P.V. , The History of Dharmaśāstra , ( Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 1975 ) , Volume I , Part II , 603 . Jump up ^ Kane , P.V. , History of Dharmaśāstra , ( Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 1975 ) , Volume I , Part II , 610 . Kane 's opinion is confirmed in Ludo Rocher , `` Schools of Hindu Law , '' India Maior ( Gonda Volume ) . Leiden , 1972 , 172 , who emphasizes Vijñāneśvara 's self - presentation as a yogi , ascetic , or hermit . Jump up ^ Kane , P.V. , History of Dharmaśāstra , ( Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 1975 ) , Volume I , Part II , 609 . Jump up ^ Kane , P.V. , History of Dharmaśāstra , ( Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 1975 ) , Volume I , Part II , 609 . Jump up ^ Lingat , Robert , The Classical Law of India , ( New York : Oxford UP , 1973 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Kane , P.V. , History of Dharmaśāstra , ( Poona : Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute , 1975 ) , Volume I , Part II , 600 . Jump up ^ Author of the Bālakrīḍā , a commentary of the Yājñavalkya Smṛti Jump up ^ An earlier commentator on the Manusmṛti Jump up ^ Lingat , Robert , The Classical Law of India , ( New York : Oxford UP , 1973 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Lingat , Robert , The Classical Law of India , ( New York : Oxford UP , 1973 ) , 113 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , D.C. ( 1962 ) . The Nibandhas in S. Radhakrishnan ( ed . ) The Cultural Heritage in India , Vol. II , Calcutta : The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture , ISBN 81 - 85843 - 03 - 1 , p. 366 References ( edit ) Suryanath U. Kamat , A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present , Jupiter books , MCC , Bangalore , 2001 ( Reprinted 2002 ) OCLC : 7796041 K.A. Nilakanta Sastri , History of South India , From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar , 1955 , OUP , New Delhi ( Reprinted 2002 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 External links ( edit ) The Importance of Mitakshara in the 21st century by Justice Markandey Katju Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mitākṣarā&oldid = 788712934 '' Categories : Hindu law Ancient Indian law Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote mitakshara a book on hindu law	The Mitākṣarā is a vivṛti ( legal commentary ) on the Yajnavalkya Smriti best known for its theory of `` inheritance by birth . '' It was written by Vijñāneśvara , a scholar in the Western Chalukya court in the late eleventh and early twelfth century . Along with the Dāyabhāga , it was considered one of the main authorities on Hindu Law from the time the British began administering laws in India . The entire Mitākṣarā , along with the text of the Yājñavalkya - smṝti , is approximately 492 closely printed pages .
List of NFL franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia List of NFL franchise postseason droughts This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system . As of the 2017 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played . The seven ( 7 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl that have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , Since returning 19 years ago they have only made playoffs once . While Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history . Contents 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl 2.2 NFL Title Game in which neither team had previously won a championship 2.3 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.4 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.5 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the end of the 2017 NFL season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7 Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game 2017 Playoff Teams Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Championship Game -- Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Championship Game -- Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LII -- Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 NFL season . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 5 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville Cleveland Browns 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta 2017 Wild Card - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2017 Wild Card - Tennessee Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 - game win streak Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta 2017 Playoff 0 Winners Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - New England Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Philadelphia New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Minnesota Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs 0 2017 AFC Championship - New England Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 0 2017 NFC Championship - Philadelphia New England Patriots 2017 AFC Championship * 0 Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII * 0 0 3 - game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning team is 0 - 1 in playoffs . AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 29 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 26 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 26 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 25 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 25 Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 24 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 24 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 22 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 16 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never y -- 16 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 15 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 10 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco 5 Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay . 75 Z2017 Conference Finalists 2016.5 z 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Lost vs. New England 0 Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 0 New England Patriots 2017 AFC Won vs. Jacksonville The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the NFC Championship game as the St. Louis Rams . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship game as the San Diego Chargers . The Texans first played in the 2002 season . The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 years ago , the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game . Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 60 Detroit Lions 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 45 Cleveland Browns 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 41 Minnesota Vikings Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 33 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 29 Cincinnati Bengals Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 24 Buffalo Bills Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) z -- 23 Los Angeles Chargers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 18 Tennessee Titans Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) z -- 16 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 15 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 11 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 9 Arizona Cardinals Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 8 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 7 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England 5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco 5 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina Atlanta Falcons Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England . 75 ZSuper Bowl LII teams 2016a zz 0 New England Patriots Super Bowl LII 2017 Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII 2017 Won vs. New England The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 seasons ago , Cleveland has never appeared in a Super Bowl or NFL championship game . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the Super Bowl as the San Diego Chargers . The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the Super Bowl as the St. Louis Rams . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 52 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 70 52 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 60 52 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 56 52 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 54 52 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 52 49 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 50 52 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 48 52 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 50 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 44 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 34 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 32 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 18 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 11 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 9 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 . 75 ZDefending champion 2015 z 0 Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII 2017 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Browns suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning to the league , they have never appeared in or won a Super Bowl . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV . Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 11 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 8 NFC North XLV -- Packers 7 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens 5 NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots NFC East LII -- Eagles 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only . Last city to leave list : Philadelphia , 2017 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 52 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- present ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game . Last NFL Championship won in 1957 . Buffalo 52 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Last AFL Championship won in 1965 ( pre-merger ) . Buffalo 's previous NFL franchise , the Buffalo All - Americans , claimed an unrecognized 1921 championship . Atlanta 52 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . Minneapolis -- St. Paul 52 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . NFL Championship won in 1969 was last title before formal AFL -- NFL merger later in 1970 . Previous NFL team , the Minneapolis Marines / Red Jackets , also never won an NFL title . Cincinnati 50 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . Previous NFL team , the Cincinnati Celts , never won an NFL title . Cleveland 49 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- 1995 , 1999 -- present ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games . Last NFL Championship won in 1964 ( pre-merger ) . Houston 47 None 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 16 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- present ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games . The Oilers franchise in Houston won the AFL Championship in 1960 and 1961 ( pre-merger ) . Phoenix 30 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII . Jacksonville 23 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Played in the 1996 , 1999 and 2017 AFC Championship Games . Charlotte 23 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . Nashville 21 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV . Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 25 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 24 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 22 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 15 New York Jets AFC East 2002 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 10 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 9 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 9 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 8 Chicago Bears NFC North 7 New York Giants NFC East 2011 6 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 5 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 5 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 Houston Texans AFC South 2016 Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 2017 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2017 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2017 -- Jacksonville Jaguars AFC South 2017 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2017 -- Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2017 -- Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2017 -- New Orleans Saints NFC South 2017 -- Los Angeles Rams NFC West 2017 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl ( edit ) Counted from the first Super Bowl season , 1966 , to present . Updated through the Super Bowl LII . Last team to leave this list - 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Team Wild Card appearances Divisional Round appearances Conference Final appearances Super Bowl appearances Fewest wins short of Super Bowl Title Minnesota Vikings 12 21 9 1 win short : 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 7 10 5 1 win short : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 1 win short : 1982 , 1988 Atlanta Falcons 7 10 1 win short : 1998 , 2016 Carolina Panthers 7 1 win short : 2003 , 2015 Los Angeles Chargers 6 10 1 win short : 1994 Tennessee Titans 13 13 1 win short : 1999 Arizona Cardinals 6 1 win short : 2008 Cleveland Browns 8 6 2 wins short : 1968 , 1969 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 5 2 wins short : 1996 , 1999 , 2017 Detroit Lions 8 2 wins short : 1991 Houston Texans 3 wins short : 2011 , 2012 , 2016 NFL title game in which neither team had previously won a Championship ( edit ) In these instances , the matchup ensured that one team would win the first NFL or AFL playoff championship in its history . 0 0 Drought Continues Thru 2017 0 ^ 0 Both Teams in 1st Title game Beginning at Playoff Era - 1933 Season - Super Bowl # Won Lost Number of years till drought ended 1981 - XVI ^ San Francisco 49ers Cincinnati Bengals 36 1971 - VI Dallas Cowboys Miami Dolphins 1963 AFL San Diego Chargers Boston Patriots 38 1960 AFL ^ Houston Oilers Los Angeles Chargers 1947 ^ Chicago Cardinals Philadelphia Eagles 1936 ^ Green Bay Packers Boston Redskins 1933 ^ Chicago Bears New York Giants Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 25 Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 25 Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 24 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 20 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 17 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 16 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 15 Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 15 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 15 St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 15 ^ Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2017 13 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2017 2015 tie , 2016 , 2017 14 Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 14 Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 14 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 13 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 13 San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 12 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 12 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 12 Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 12 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 11 Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 11 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 11 Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 11 Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 10 Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 10 Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 10 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2017 7 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 , 2017 2014 2014 tie 9 Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 9 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 9 San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 9 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 9 Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 8 New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 8 Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 8 San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 8 Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 8 San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 8 San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 8 Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7 Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7 Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7 Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7 Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7 Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7 Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7 New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7 Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7 New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7 ^ Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2017 2014 -- 2017 -- 7 ^ New York Jets 2011 -- 2017 2014 , 2016 -- 2017 -- 6 Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 6 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 6 St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 6 Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 6 Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 6 Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 6 New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 6 Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 6 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 6 Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 6 Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 5 New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 5 Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 5 Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 5 Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 5 Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 5 Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 5 Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 5 Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 5 Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 5 Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 5 Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 5 Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 5 Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 5 New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 5 Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 51 years 1947 Championship 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 8 years 2004 Divisional 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7 years 2001 Wild Card 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 22 years 1995 Wild Card 5 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2017 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 3 -- 10 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans Jaguars TBD Carolina Panthers 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 12 years 1994 Wild Card 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 27 years 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 13 years Wild Card 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5 Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 26 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 4 years 1997 Conference Championship Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 3 years 2007 Divisional 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 24 years 1971 Divisional 5 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 8 years 1995 Divisional 5 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 8 years 1999 Divisional 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 13 years 1994 AFC Championship Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 23 years 1951 Championship 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 17 years 2000 Wild Card 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 22 years 1963 Divisional 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 18 years 1938 Championship 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 4 years 1982 2nd Round 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 12 years 1986 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 Divisional 4 years 1998 Divisional 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Wild Card 5 years Wild Card 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders ^ 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 3 years 1970 Divisional 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 3 years 1990 Divisional 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 15 years 2002 AFC Championship Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5 Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 5 years 1989 Wild Card 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 4 years 2010 AFC Championship Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 21 years 1984 Wild Card 6 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 18 years 1979 Divisional 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 3 years 1999 Divisional 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 3 years 1988 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 8 years 1991 Wild Card 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 13 years 2003 Wild Card 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens 2017 Wild Card Washington Redskins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 10 years 1972 NFC Championship Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 12 years 2005 Wild Card 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era . The Bert Bell Benefit Bowl ( 1960 - 1969 ) is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . NFL playoffs Conference tiebreakers 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 NFL playoff system 1967 1968 1969 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 American Football League playoffs Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=845423559 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time the detroit lions won a playoff game	Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 51 years 1947 Championship 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 8 years 2004 Divisional 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7 years 2001 Wild Card 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 22 years 1995 Wild Card 5 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2017 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 3 -- 10 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans Jaguars TBD Carolina Panthers 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 12 years 1994 Wild Card 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 27 years 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 13 years Wild Card 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5 Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 26 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 4 years 1997 Conference Championship Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 3 years 2007 Divisional 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 24 years 1971 Divisional 5 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 8 years 1995 Divisional 5 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 8 years 1999 Divisional 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 13 years 1994 AFC Championship Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 23 years 1951 Championship 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 17 years 2000 Wild Card 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 22 years 1963 Divisional 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 18 years 1938 Championship 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 4 years 1982 2nd Round 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 12 years 1986 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 Divisional 4 years 1998 Divisional 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Wild Card 5 years Wild Card 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders ^ 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 3 years 1970 Divisional 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 3 years 1990 Divisional 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 15 years 2002 AFC Championship Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5 Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 5 years 1989 Wild Card 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 4 years 2010 AFC Championship Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 21 years 1984 Wild Card 6 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 18 years 1979 Divisional 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 3 years 1999 Divisional 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 3 years 1988 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 8 years 1991 Wild Card 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 13 years 2003 Wild Card 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens 2017 Wild Card Washington Redskins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 10 years 1972 NFC Championship Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 12 years 2005 Wild Card 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win
Goo Goo Dolls - wikipedia Goo Goo Dolls Jump to : navigation , search Goo Goo Dolls Goo Goo Dolls in 2013 . From left to right : John Rzeznik , Robby Takac Background information Origin Buffalo , New York , United States Genres Alternative rock pop rock punk rock ( early ) Years active 1985 -- present Labels Warner Bros . Metal Blade Website www.googoodolls.com Members John Rzeznik Robby Takac Past members George Tutuska Mike Malinin The Goo Goo Dolls are an American rock band formed in 1985 in Buffalo , New York , by vocalist and guitarist John Rzeznik , vocalist and bassist Robby Takac , and drummer George Tutuska . Mike Malinin was the band 's drummer from January 1995 until December 27 , 2013 ( but not made an official member until 1998 ) . Although renowned for their commercially successful 1998 single `` Iris '' , they have had several other notable and popular singles including `` Name '' and `` Naked '' from 1995 's A Boy Named Goo . `` Slide '' , `` Black Balloon '' , `` Dizzy '' , and `` Broadway '' from 1998 's Dizzy Up the Girl , `` Here Is Gone '' from 2002 's Gutterflower , `` Better Days '' , `` Give a Little Bit '' , and `` Stay with You '' from 2006 's Let Love In ( although `` Give A Little Bit '' was originally released on the 2004 live CD / DVD album Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 ) , and `` Home '' from 2010 's Something for the Rest of Us . The Goo Goo Dolls have had 19 top ten singles on various charts , and have sold more than 12 million albums worldwide . In October 2012 , `` Iris '' was ranked # 1 on Billboard 's `` Top 100 Pop Songs 1992 -- 2012 '' chart , which also featured Goo Goo Dolls hits `` Slide '' , ranking at # 9 , and `` Name '' at # 24 . Their biggest hit , `` Iris '' , from the City of Angels soundtrack ( and later Dizzy Up the Girl ) , spent nearly 12 straight months on the Billboard charts and held the number one position on the Hot 100 Airplay chart for 18 weeks . The first single from their 2010 album , Something for the Rest of Us , `` Home '' , extended the band 's record to 14 top ten hits at the hot AC radio format ( more than any other artist in the history of that format ) . The band 's tenth album , Magnetic , was released on June 11 , 2013 . On May 6 , 2016 , their eleventh studio album , Boxes , was released . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins and early music ( 1985 -- 1993 ) 1.2 Mainstream breakthrough , legal issues , and Tutuska 's departure ( 1993 -- 1997 ) 1.3 `` Iris '' and superstardom ( 1997 -- 2005 ) 1.4 Let Love In ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 1.5 Greatest hits albums ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 1.6 Something for the Rest of Us ( 2008 -- 2011 ) 1.7 Magnetic and Malinin 's departure ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 1.8 Boxes , vinyl albums , and 20th anniversary of A Boy Named Goo and touring ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 1.9 You Should Be Happy EP and touring ( 2017 -- present ) 2 Philanthropy 3 Band members 3.1 Timeline 4 Discography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References and notes 7 External links History ( edit ) Origins and early music ( 1985 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) The band 's original lineup included John Rzeznik ( vocals , guitar ) , Robby Takac ( vocals , bass ) , and George Tutuska ( drums , percussion ) . Takac and Tutuska had been long - time friends in school and met Rzeznik while he was playing in the band The Beaumonts with Takac 's cousin , Paul Takac . The trio picked their name from a True Detective ad for a toy called a Goo Goo Doll . `` We were young and we were a garage band not trying to get a deal . We had a gig that night and needed a name . It 's the best we came up with , and for some reason it stuck . If I had five more minutes , I definitely would have picked a better name '' , John stated . With Takac as their lead singer , the band released their first album , Goo Goo Dolls in 1987 on Mercenary Records , but was picked up in 1988 by Celluloid Records , a larger record company . They played around Buffalo 's underground music circuit opening for punk bands such as SNFU , Dag Nasty , ALL , The Dead Milkmen , Gang Green , Doughboys , and DRI and playing with fellow Buffalo bands . The band released its second album Jed in 1989 . The band released its third album , Hold Me Up , in 1990 and featured Rzeznik as the lead vocalist on five tracks , including the single , `` There You Are '' -- as well as their then concert favorite , `` Two Days in February '' . After being embraced by local college radio and punk scenes ( including playing such venues as CBGB ) , the Goo Goo Dolls ' third release incorporated elements of heavy metal , pop rock , and punk rock . In 1991 , the song `` I 'm Awake Now '' was recorded for the soundtrack of Freddy 's Dead : The Final Nightmare . Superstar Car Wash , released in 1993 , received significant media attention . The critical success and encouraging sales of their last album resulted in a larger budget from Metal Blade Records . The album was partially recorded at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga , Ontario . `` We Are the Normal '' ( the single for which Rzeznik asked frontman Paul Westerberg of The Replacements to write the lyrics ) received a major push toward play on college and independent radio , while its video was displayed on MTV 's 120 Minutes program . `` Fallin ' Down '' made it onto the 1993 soundtrack of Pauly Shore 's hit film Son in Law . Mainstream breakthrough , legal issues , and Tutuska 's departure ( 1993 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) Shortly after recording the band 's fifth album A Boy Named Goo , Tutuska was kicked out of the band . The band moved forward from this December 31 , 1994 incident , hiring Mike Malinin , and toured rigorously . A Boy Named Goo , released in 1995 , had a catchy rock sound , and became one of the most successful alternative rock albums of the mid-1990s . It sold modestly in this time ; however , it was not until the release of the single `` Name '' that the band experienced any viable commercial success . A Boy Named Goo became the first album in Metal Blade history to achieve double - platinum status . This success , however , proved bittersweet , as the band found themselves in a legal battle with Metal Blade records . The band filed suit against Metal Blade , claiming they had not earned any royalties from their album 's sales , which was attributed to a `` grossly unfair , one - sided and unenforceable contract '' which had been signed by the band in 1987 . The two sides reached a settlement which had the band signed to the Metal Blade 's distributing label , Warner Bros. Records , under which the band released their sixth album , Dizzy Up the Girl , in 1998 . The undisputed success of `` Name '' marked a fundamental change in the band 's sound from alternative rock to a more mainstream `` adult orientated rock '' ( AOR ) direction which disappointed many of the original fans of the band . It was `` Name '' that had made the band popular and they were able to make guest appearances on Beverly Hills , 90210 , Charmed , and even presented an award to Michael Jackson . `` Iris '' and superstardom ( 1997 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Rzeznik was approached to write a song for the City of Angels soundtrack , and the end product was `` Iris '' . This song propelled the band to stardom , as it stayed on top of Billboard Hot 100 Airplay charts for a record - breaking 18 weeks and spent 4 weeks at No. 1 on Billboard 's Pop Songs chart . Later that year , it was nominated for three Grammys . According to several interviews with Rzeznik , he was experiencing serious bouts of writer 's block when he was approached , and was on the verge of quitting the band days before he wrote the song . `` Iris '' was included on the triple - platinum Dizzy Up the Girl , and was among top - ten hits `` Slide '' , `` Black Balloon '' , `` Broadway '' , and `` Dizzy '' from the same album . In 2001 , the Goos released their first ever compilation CD , What I Learned About Ego , Opinion , Art & Commerce . Next , Gutterflower ( 2002 ) achieved gold certification , producing the hits `` Here Is Gone '' , `` Sympathy '' , and `` Big Machine '' . On July 4 , 2004 , the band performed a free concert in their hometown of Buffalo , playing through a deluge of rain that can be seen on the DVD released later that year . The DVD also contained a studio version of the Goo Goo Dolls ' cover of `` Give a Little Bit '' by Supertramp . The single reached the top of the Adult Top 40 chart in 2005 . July 4 , 2004 has been proclaimed `` Goo Goo Dolls Day '' in their native Buffalo , New York . Goo Goo Dolls perform their song `` Before It 's Too Late '' from the OST of the 2007 film Transformers at the Tweeter Center in Mansfield , Massachusetts , on July 22 , 2007 . Let Love in ( 2005 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) In 2006 , the Goo Goo Dolls marked their 20th anniversary with their new album Let Love In , which included the studio recording of `` Give a Little Bit '' as well as other top 10 radio singles `` Better Days '' , `` Stay with You '' , and `` Let Love In '' . With their third consecutive single ( `` Let Love In '' ) from the album , the Goo Goo Dolls hit a record 12 top 10 hits in Adult Top 40 history , beating Matchbox Twenty and Sheryl Crow until Matchbox Twenty 's release of Exile on Mainstream and the Goo Goo Dolls ' release of `` Before It 's Too Late '' from the Transformers Soundtrack , which left both groups with 13 top 10 hits in the Adult Top 40 . Goo Goo Dolls planned to release another single from Let Love In , `` Without You Here '' , as well as a song from the July 2007 Transformers movie called `` Before It 's Too Late '' , originally titled `` Fiction '' . To promote the new single , the Goo Goo Dolls performed `` Before It 's Too Late '' at both The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on June 8 , 2007 , and again at The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on June 22 , 2007 . In July 2007 the band discussed their career as a whole and gave a live performance on A&E 's Private Sessions . Rzeznik stated that after the release of `` Without You Here '' and their summer tour with Lifehouse and Colbie Caillat , the band would return to the studio to begin work on their next album , their ninth overall . On June 27 , 2007 , the Goo Goo Dolls performed to a sold out crowd at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison , Colorado . The performance premiered on HDNet in high -- definition on Sunday , September 30 . The entire concert was released as a DVD on the limited edition version of their 2008 release , Vol. 2 . The Goo Goo Dolls and the NHL Buffalo Sabres came together to create a video for the Sabres 2007 playoff run . The video was a compilation of shots from the Buffalo area and Sabres players played to the song `` Better Days '' . It was played on jumbotron and at the HSBC Arena before every playoff game . Though not certified by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , the album is said to have gone Gold by various music sites . The song `` Better Days '' was used in the trailer for the 2009 film Love Happens . It was also used in the pilot episode of the CBS TV show , Jericho and in a promo for WGRZ aired during Super Bowl XLVI . Greatest hits albums ( 2007 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) On November 13 , 2007 , the Goo Goo Dolls released a greatest hits album entitled Greatest Hits Volume One : The Singles , which includes a new version of `` Name '' recorded and mixed by Paul David Hager , and a remix of `` Feel the Silence '' by Michael Brauer . On August 19 , 2008 , a second greatest hits album was released entitled Vol. 2 , which includes b - sides , rarities , and a live performance at Red Rocks Amphitheatre from their `` Let Love In '' tour . The band performed `` Better Days '' and `` Stay With You '' at the halftime of the Detroit Lions ' 2007 Thanksgiving Day game at Ford Field , which focused on the United Way and the NFL 's commitment to youth health and fitness . Something for the Rest of Us ( 2008 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) The Goo Goo Dolls announced recording sessions for a new album , on their official website , unrelated to their Volume Two in 2008 . In addition , the band performed as part of the O2 Wireless Festival in London 's Hyde Park in the summer of 2008 , at the Miller Lite Rock ' N Racing show at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway during qualifying for the 2008 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard NASCAR Sprint Cup Series race , as well as performing a four - show tour across England . On June 19 , 2008 at a ceremony in New York City , the band 's singer and principal songwriter John Rzeznik was named that year 's recipient of the Hal David Starlight Songwriter Award . Past recipients of the prestigious award include : Rob Thomas , Alicia Keys , John Mayer and John Legend . On June 12 , 2009 , the band mentioned on their Facebook page that the producer for their new album was Tim Palmer . On August 15 , 2009 , Robby Takac posted an update on his Twitter account stating that the recording for the new album had been completed , and the mixing of the album was yet to be done . Then on September 18 , 2009 , John Rzeznik stated in an interview on Good Day L.A. , that the new album had tentatively been titled Something for the Rest of Us . Something for the Rest of Us was released on August 31 , 2010 . While the album was full of the pop - rock that has sustained the band for decades , lead singer / guitarist Rzeznik 's songwriting took on a more somber , serious tone . The band performed a live mini concert at the Apple Store in Manhattan , New York on December 2 , 2010 . The show was recorded and was released in 2011 as a part of Apple 's `` Live at SoHo '' collection which is sold online at the iTunes Store . On January 3 , 2011 , the band performed the halftime show at the Orange Bowl played between the Stanford Cardinal and the Virginia Tech Hokies . On January 30 , 2011 , they performed before the start of the Pro Bowl in Hawaii . On February 7 , 2011 they performed at the Delta Ballroom in St. John 's Newfoundland , beginning their 2011 Canadian tour . Magnetic and Malinin 's departure ( 2011 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) During an interview with UpVenue on February 16 , 2011 , Rzeznik confirmed that he was writing new material for a new album : `` I 've actually been experimenting , in this last week , while we 've been out on this tour , just writing lyrics and then figuring out the melodic structures '' , said Rzeznik . `` We ca n't wait another four years to put another album out ; that 's just a ridiculous waste of time . '' On May 23 , 2011 , it was announced that the band had recorded a song for the 2011 film Transformers : Dark of the Moon called `` All That You Are '' , and was released on the film 's soundtrack on June 14 , 2011 . In September 2011 , `` Iris '' reached the number three spot in the Top 40 in the UK , 13 years after its original release . On August 9 , 2012 , the band announced that they had started recording their tenth studio album . The new album , titled Magnetic , was recorded using multiple producers . On January 18 , 2013 , the band released the first single off of Magnetic titled `` Rebel Beat '' . Magnetic was released on June 11 , 2013 and debuted at # 8 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart . On July 19 , 2013 the band released the second single off of Magnetic , `` Come to Me '' . The band supported the album with a co-headlining tour with Matchbox Twenty , a Canadian tour , an acoustic tour with support from Run River North , and a co-headlining tour with Daughtry . On December 27 , 2013 , Malinin announced his departure from the band via Twitter and Facebook . The Goo Goo Dolls contributed to the soundtrack of the broadway musical Finding Neverland in 2015 . The soundtrack , released June 9 , 2015 , contained the song `` If the World Turned Upside Down . '' Boxes , vinyl albums , and 20th anniversary of a Boy Named Goo and touring ( 2015 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) The band spent the majority of 2015 in the studio writing and recording their eleventh studio album , Boxes , at Bear Creek Studio in Woodinville , Washington . Robby Takac revealed that there were eleven tracks , two of which were songs he sang lead vocals on , and that three out of eleven tracks were already completed . The album was released on May 6 , 2016 . The Goo Goo Dolls celebrated the 20th anniversary of the release of A Boy Named Goo by releasing a special edition of the album on November 27 , 2015 . The special edition contains the original track listing of the album , along with seven unreleased tracks . In addition , Dizzy Up the Girl and A Boy Named Goo were released for the first time on vinyl on October 8 and November 27 , respectively . On February 22 , 2016 the band announced a 2016 summer tour with Collective Soul and Tribe Society to promote Boxes . Goo Goo Dolls released an exclusive vinyl box set for Record Store Day on April 22 , 2017 entitled Pick Pockets , Petty Thieves , and Tiny Victories ( 1987 - 1995 ) on Warner Bros. Records . The five vinyl disc box set features their first five studio albums , including their first album , Goo Goo Dolls on vinyl for the first time since 1987 , Hold Me Up for the first time on vinyl domestically , Superstar Car Wash and Jed for the first time ever on vinyl and A Boy Named Goo . There were just 1,000 copies of the box set pressed . You Should be Happy EP and touring ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) On May 12 , 2017 , Goo Goo Dolls released a five - song EP , entitled You Should Be Happy , which features 4 original songs and a re-mix of the title track , `` Boxes , '' from their last album . In support of the EP the band will be touring throughout the summer of 2017 on the `` Long Way Home '' tour with Phillip Phillips . The tour included a performance in their hometown , Buffalo , on August 12 . Philanthropy ( edit ) The Goo Goo Dolls have been closely involved with several charities over the years . Through the organization USA Harvest , millions of meals have been distributed to people in need by generous fans bringing nonperishable goods to the band 's concerts over the course of more than a decade . A scholarship fund was created by the band for St. Joseph 's Collegiate Institute in honor of Nicholas Orrange , John Rzeznik 's nephew . It is a high school with higher academic requirements . The purpose of this scholarship is to aid people who carry the grades but can not afford the school , which is considered one of the finest college preparatory programs in the Western New York area . Over the years the Goo Goo Dolls have also been involved with the Food Bank of Western NY and Compass House . The band has also volunteered their time to perform at events for ECHO , Light of Day , among others . They have lent a hand for causes from Autism research , to scholastic musical programs as well as participating and donating to innumerable other charities . John Rzeznik is an ambassador for VH1 's Save the Music Foundation . Robby Takac is the founder of the Music is Art Foundation . Band members ( edit ) Current members John Rzeznik -- guitar , lead vocals ( 1985 -- present ) Robby Takac -- bass , vocals ( 1985 -- present ) Former members George Tutuska -- drums , percussion , vocals ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Mike Malinin -- drums , percussion ( 1994 -- 2013 ) Current touring members Brad Fernquist -- guitar , mandolin , backing vocals ( 2006 -- present ) Korel Tunador -- keyboards , guitar , saxophone , backing vocals ( 2006 -- present ) Craig Macintyre -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 2014 -- present ) Former touring members Lance Diamond -- vocals ( 1986 -- 2014 ) Nathan December -- guitar , mandolin , backing vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Dave Schulz -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jason Freese -- keyboards , accordion , saxophone , backing vocals ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Greg Suran -- guitar , mandolin , percussion , backing vocals ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Paul Gordon -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Scott Eric Olivier -- keyboards , guitar , backing vocals ( 2009 ) Rick Woolstenhulme Jr. -- drums , percussion ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Goo Goo Dolls discography Goo Goo Dolls ( 1987 ) Jed ( 1989 ) Hold Me Up ( 1990 ) Superstar Car Wash ( 1993 ) A Boy Named Goo ( 1995 ) Dizzy Up the Girl ( 1998 ) Gutterflower ( 2002 ) Let Love In ( 2006 ) Something for the Rest of Us ( 2010 ) Magnetic ( 2013 ) Boxes ( 2016 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Award Won / Nominated 1998 Grammy Awards Record of the Year -- `` Iris '' Nominated Grammy Awards Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocals -- `` Iris '' Nominated Grammy Awards Song of the Year -- `` Iris '' Nominated ( John Rzeznik ) 2000 Grammy Awards Best Rock Performance By a Duo or Group With Vocals -- `` Black Balloon '' Nominated ASCAP Pop Awards `` Slide '' ASCAP Pop Song of the Year Won ASCAP Pop Awards `` Black Balloon '' & `` Slide '' -- most performed pop songs in the ASCAP repertory Won 2003 ASCAP Pop Awards `` Here Is Gone '' -- most performed pop songs in the ASCAP repertory Won 2005 Radio Music Awards `` Song of the Year Adult Hit Radio '' for `` Give A Little Bit '' Nominated Radio Music Awards Artist of the Year Adult Hit Radio Won 2007 ASCAP Pop Awards `` Better Days '' -- most performed pop songs in the ASCAP repertory Won 2008 The Average Lives of Students Music Awards 2008 Excellence Award Won Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award Won ( John Rzeznik ) 2013 Guitar Center RockWalk Hall of Fame RockWalk Hall of Fame -- Inducted May 7 Won References and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Goo Goo Dolls '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Jane ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls , Matchbox Twenty put on crowd - pleasing Amphitheatre show '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Magnarella , Patrick . `` Goo Goo Fans -- Biography '' . GooGooFans.com . GooGooFans . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls Break Own Record for Most Top 10 Singles on Billboard / BDS Adult Top 40 Chart '' . marketwired.com ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` The Top 100 Pop Songs 1992 - 2012 , From No. 100 To No. 1 - Chart Beat '' . billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` GOO GOO DOLLS : New Album Magnetic Available May 7th '' . googoodolls.com . Goo Goo Dolls. 22 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Morano , Scott ( 1996 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls FAQ '' . musicfanclubs.org . Music Fan Clubs . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , November 1999 . Jump up ^ Taylor , B. Kimberly ( 1996 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls Biography '' . Contemporary Musicians . Thomson Gale . Archived from the original on 20 November 2006 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls Want Label to Forget Their Name '' . rollingstone.com . Rolling Stone . 2 December 1996 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls Lawsuit Coming to a Head '' . rollingstone.com . Rolling Stone . 12 April 1997 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovelady , Lyndsey ( 6 September 2010 ) . `` Multi Platinum Man : An Interview With Goo Goo Dolls ' Johnny Rzeznik '' . American Songwriter . American Songwriter . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Luis ( 8 July 2013 ) . `` Interview : Backstage party with Goo Goo Dolls singer John Rzeznik '' . articles.chicagotribune.com/ . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Naidenov , Eugeny ( 30 April 2007 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls Transforming Experience ? '' . ultimate-guitar.com . Archived from the original on 6 July 2007 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Luce , Patrick ( 19 February 2007 ) . `` The Goo Goo Dolls set for CD / DVD version of ' Let Love In ' and world tour '' . monstersandcritics.com . Monsters and Critics . Archived from the original on 1 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls to Release First - Ever Greatest Hits CD '' . marketwired.com . Warner Bros. 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls Team with NFL & United Way in Detroit Lions ' Thanksgiving Halftime Show '' . marketwired.com . Warner Bros. 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Goo Goo Dolls '' . www.googoodolls.com. 2008 . Retrieved February 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( 12 March 2008 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls Join O2 Wireless Bill '' . digitalspy.com . Digital Spy . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Paul ( 30 April 2008 ) . `` Miller Lite Rock ' N Racing Show July 26 '' . indianapolismotorspeedway.com . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Archived from the original on 15 July 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls Facebook '' . facebook.com . Facebook . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Takac , Robby . `` Robby Takac ( RobbyTakac ) on Twitter '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Video from : Good Day LA ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls ' John Rzeznik on GDLA FOX 11 News '' . Myfoxla.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Rzeznik -- Twitter '' . John Rzeznik . May 31 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved May 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Ann ( 23 July 2010 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls Had Fun ' Blowing Things Up ' on New Album , Says Frontman '' . Billboard.com . Billboard . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple In Store Announced '' . googoodolls.com . Goo Goo Dolls. 25 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Terry ( 17 February 2014 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls Interview '' . upvenue.com . UpVenue . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Recording ! '' . Goo Goo Dolls . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls ( googoodolls ) on Twitter '' . Twitter.com . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarah ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` New Single -- ' Come To Me ' -- Goo Goo Dolls Official Blog '' . Googoodolls.com . Goo Goo Dolls . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Etina ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` Canadian Tour Announced ! -- Goo Goo Dolls Official Blog '' . Googoodolls.com . Goo Goo Dolls . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Etina ( 23 January 2014 ) . `` Acoustic Tour Dates Announced ! -- Goo Goo Dolls Official Blog '' . Googoodolls.com . Goo Goo Dolls . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Etina ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Goo Goo Dolls and Daughtry Summer Tour -- Goo Goo Dolls Official Blog '' . Googoodolls.com . Goo Goo Dolls . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Malinin , Mike ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter / mikemalinin : Got some news today . Just wanted '' . Twitter.com . Twitter . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malinin , Mike ( December 27 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Malinin -- Got some news today . Just wanted to say ... '' . facebook.com . Facebook . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Neverland : The Album ( Songs from the Broadway Musical ) by Various Artists on iTunes '' . Itunes.apple.com . iTunes. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Goo Goo Dolls -- A Boy Named Goo ( 20th Anniversary Edition ) -- Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Goo Goo Dolls -- Warner Bros. Records '' . Store.warnermusic.com . Warner Bros. Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Etina ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` The Goo Goo Dolls Announce North American Summer Headline Tour ! '' . googoodolls.com . Goo Goo Dolls . Retrieved 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://recordstoreday.com/SpecialRelease/9354 Jump up ^ Hassler , Abby ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Goo Goo Dolls ' New Song , ' Use Me ' . Announce New EP '' . radio.com . Warner Bros. Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Excited about Goo Goo Dolls : Long Way Home Summer Tour with Phillip Phillips '' . Live Nation . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter / GooGooFans : FYI : The @ googoodolls currently '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Dave Schulz was the member of the band that appeared on Taxicab Confessions ( 1 ) Archived September 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ After signing with Metal Blade Records in 1987 , the band 's self - titled debut album Goo Goo Dolls was re-released under the revised title of First Release by their new record label . The albums Goo Goo Dolls and First Release are both identical , except for different cover artwork . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutGoo Goo Dollsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Official website Goo Goo Dolls at DMOZ Official online fan club ( hide ) Goo Goo Dolls John Rzeznik Robby Takac George Tutuska Mike Malinin Studio albums Goo Goo Dolls Jed Hold Me Up Superstar Car Wash A Boy Named Goo Dizzy Up the Girl Gutterflower Let Love In Something for the Rest of Us Magnetic Boxes Extended plays Just the Way You Are EP Bang ! Dizzy EP Platinum Play EP Rolling Stone Original Waiting for the Rest of It Live albums Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 Compilations What I Learned About Ego , Opinion , Art & Commerce iTunes Originals Greatest Hits Volume One : The Singles Vol. 2 Videography Music in High Places : Live in Alaska Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 Live and Intimate Singles `` There You Are '' `` I 'm Awake Now '' `` We Are the Normal '' `` Only One '' `` Flat Top '' `` Name '' `` Naked '' `` Long Way Down '' `` Lazy Eye '' `` Iris '' `` Slide '' `` Dizzy '' `` Black Balloon '' `` Broadway '' `` Here Is Gone '' `` Big Machine '' `` Sympathy '' `` Give a Little Bit '' `` Better Days '' `` Let Love In '' `` Stay with You '' `` Before It 's Too Late ( Sam and Mikaela 's Theme ) '' `` Real '' `` Home '' `` Notbroken '' `` All That You Are '' `` Rebel Beat '' `` Come to Me '' `` Caught in the Storm '' `` So Alive '' `` Over and Over '' Other songs `` Laughing '' `` So Far Away '' Tours Something for the Rest of Us Tour 2013 Summer Tour Canada 2014 The Otis Midnight Sessions 2014 Summer Tour Boxes Tour Related material Discography Lance Diamond VIAF : 139725726 LCCN : n92048512 ISNI : 0000 0001 2169 9090 GND : 16041949 - 9 SUDOC : 080491847 BNF : cb13942734p ( data ) MusicBrainz : e2c00c56 - 8365 - 4160 - 9f40 - a64682917633 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goo_Goo_Dolls&oldid=802982363 '' Categories : 1986 establishments in New York ( state ) Alternative rock groups from New York ( state ) American post-grunge musical groups American pop rock music groups Autism activists Goo Goo Dolls Metal Blade Records artists Musical groups established in 1986 Musical groups from Buffalo , New York Musical trios Punk rock groups from New York ( state ) Warner Bros. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the new drummer for the goo goo dolls	The Goo Goo Dolls are an American rock band formed in 1985 in Buffalo , New York , by vocalist and guitarist John Rzeznik , vocalist and bassist Robby Takac , and drummer George Tutuska . Mike Malinin was the band 's drummer from January 1995 until December 27 , 2013 ( but not made an official member until 1998 ) . Although renowned for their commercially successful 1998 single `` Iris '' , they have had several other notable and popular singles including `` Name '' and `` Naked '' from 1995 's A Boy Named Goo . `` Slide '' , `` Black Balloon '' , `` Dizzy '' , and `` Broadway '' from 1998 's Dizzy Up the Girl , `` Here Is Gone '' from 2002 's Gutterflower , `` Better Days '' , `` Give a Little Bit '' , and `` Stay with You '' from 2006 's Let Love In ( although `` Give A Little Bit '' was originally released on the 2004 live CD / DVD album Live in Buffalo : July 4th , 2004 ) , and `` Home '' from 2010 's Something for the Rest of Us . The Goo Goo Dolls have had 19 top ten singles on various charts , and have sold more than 12 million albums worldwide .
Billie Burke - wikipedia Billie Burke Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Billy Burke . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Billie Burke Billie Burke , by Harris & Ewing Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke ( 1884 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1884 Washington , D.C. , U.S. May 14 , 1970 ( 1970 - 05 - 14 ) ( aged 85 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1903 -- 1960 Spouse ( s ) Florenz Ziegfeld ( m . 1914 ; d . 1932 ) Children Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Mary William Ethelbert Appleton `` Billie '' Burke ( August 7 , 1884 -- May 14 , 1970 ) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway , in early silent film , and subsequently in sound film . She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) . Burke was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1938 for her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live and is also remembered for her appearances in the Topper film series . Her high - pitched , wavering , aristocratic voice was her trademark , which made her a frequent choice to play dim - witted , spoiled society types . Billie Burke was the wife of Broadway producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr. , of Ziegfeld Follies fame , from 1914 until his death in 1932 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Radio and television 3 Personal life 4 Legacy 5 Radio 6 Broadway 7 Filmography 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Billie Burke was born Mary Burke , the daughter of William `` Billy '' Burke and Blanche ( née Beatty ; 1844 -- 1921 ) , in Washington , D.C. She toured the United States and Europe with her father , who was a singer and clown and worked for the Barnum & Bailey Circus . Her family ultimately settled in London where she attended plays in the West End . In 1903 , she began acting on stage , making her debut in London in The School Girl . Other London shows included The Duchess of Dantzic ( 1903 ) and The Blue Moon ( 1904 ) . She eventually returned to America to star in Broadway musical comedies . Career ( edit ) Billie Burke in the Broadway production of Arthur Wing Pinero 's The `` Mind the Paint '' Girl ( 1912 ) Burke with daughter Patricia ( 1917 ) Burke went on to play leads on Broadway in Mrs. Dot , Suzanne , The Runaway , The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , and The Land of Promise from 1910 to 1913 , along with a supporting role in the revival of Sir Arthur Wing Pinero 's The Amazons . There she caught the eye of producer Florenz Ziegfeld , marrying him in 1914 . Two years later they had a daughter , Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson ( 1916 -- 2008 ) . Burke was signed for the movies and made her cinematic debut in the title role of Peggy ( 1915 ) . Her success was phenomenal , and she was soon earning what was reputedly the highest salary ever granted to a motion picture actress up to that time . She followed her first feature with the 15 - part serial Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) , another popular and critically acclaimed vehicle . By 1917 Billie Burke was a favorite with silent movie fans , rivaling Mary Pickford , Lillian Gish , Clara Kimball Young and Irene Castle . Billie Burke starred primarily in provocative society dramas and comedies , similar in theme to The `` Mind - the - Paint '' Girl , her most successful American play . The star 's girlish charm rivaled her acting ability , and as she dressed to the hilt in fashionable gowns , furs and jewelry , her clothes sense also won the devotion of female audiences . Among the films in which she appeared during this period were Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) , The Mysterious Miss Terry , Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) , Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) , Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) and The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) . The actress 's beauty and taste made her a major trendsetter throughout the 1910s and 20s . During this time , much of her wardrobe ( on screen and off ) was provided by the leading European couturier Lucile ( in private life Lady Duff Gordon ) , whose New York branch was then the fashion mecca for socialites and entertainment celebrities . Despite her success in film , Burke eventually returned to the stage , appearing in Caesar 's Wife ( 1919 ) , The Intimate Strangers ( 1921 ) , The Marquise ( 1927 ) and The Happy Husband ( 1928 ) . When the family 's investments were wiped out in the Wall Sreeet Crash the following year , she resumed screen acting to aid her husband . Burke made her Hollywood comeback in 1932 , when she starred as Margaret Fairfield in A Bill of Divorcement , which was directed by George Cukor . She played Katharine Hepburn 's mother in the film , which was Hepburn 's debut . Despite the death of her husband Florenz Ziegfeld during the film 's production , she resumed acting shortly after his funeral . Billie Burke as Glinda with Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz. ( 1939 ) In 1933 , Burke was cast as Millicent Jordan , a scatterbrained high - society woman hosting a dinner party in the comedy Dinner at Eight , directed by George Cukor , co-starring with Lionel Barrymore , Marie Dressler , John Barrymore , Jean Harlow and Wallace Beery . The movie was a great success and revived her career . She subsequently starred in many comedies and musicals , typecast as a ditzy , fluffy and feather - brained upper - class matron with her high - pitched voice . In 1936 , MGM filmed a sanitized biopic of Florenz Ziegfeld ( The Great Ziegfeld ) , a film that won Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actress ( Luise Rainer as Ziegfeld 's common - law wife , Anna Held ) . William Powell played Flo Ziegfeld and Myrna Loy played Burke , which infuriated Burke because she was under contract to the studio and could have played herself , but MGM considered her too old to cast in the part despite her obviously having the look and mannerisms down perfectly otherwise . In 1937 Burke appeared in the first of the Topper films , about a man haunted by two socialite ghosts ( played by Cary Grant and Constance Bennett ) , in which she played the twittering and daffy Clara Topper . Her performance as Emily Kilbourne in Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) resulted in her only Oscar nomination . In 1938 she was chosen to play Glinda the Good Witch of the North , in the musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , directed by Victor Fleming , which starred Judy Garland . She had worked on a Garland film , Everybody Sing , in which she played Judy 's histrionically hysterical actress - mother . Director George Cukor offered her the role of Aunt Pittypat in Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) , but she declined and it was played by Laura Hope Crews , a character that Cukor wanted to be played in a `` Billie Burke - ish manner '' with `` the same zany feeling '' . Another successful film series followed with Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) and Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) , both directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Spencer Tracy , Joan Bennett , and Elizabeth Taylor . Burke wrote two autobiographies , both with Cameron Van Shippe , With a Feather on My Nose ( Appleton 1949 ) and With Powder on My Nose ( Coward McCann , 1959 ) . Radio and television ( edit ) Burke joined the cast of Eddie Cantor 's radio show in 1948 On CBS Radio , The Billie Burke Show was heard on Saturday mornings from April 3 , 1943 until September 21 , 1946 . Sponsored by Listerine , this situation comedy was initially titled Fashions in Rations during its first year . Portraying herself as a featherbrained Good Samaritan who lived `` in the little white house on Sunnyview Lane , '' she always offered a helping hand to those in her neighborhood . She worked often in early television , appearing in the short - lived sitcom Doc Corkle ( 1952 ) . She was a guest star on several TV and radio series , including Duffy 's Tavern . On television , Burke starred in her own talk show , At Home With Billie Burke , which ran on the DuMont Television Network from June 1951 through the spring of 1952 . She was one of the first female talk show hosts , after the hostesses of the earlier DuMont series And Everything Nice ( 1949 -- 50 ) and Fashions on Parade ( 1948 -- 49 ) which both included some talk show segments . Burke tried to make a comeback on the New York stage . She starred in two short - lived productions : This Rock and Mrs. January and Mr. X . Although she got good reviews , the plays did not . She appeared in several plays in California as well , although her mind became clouded , and she had trouble remembering lines . In the late 1950s , her failing memory led to her retirement from show business , although her explanation for that was , `` Acting just was n't any fun anymore . '' Burke made her final screen appearance in Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) , a Western directed by John Ford . Personal life ( edit ) Memorial statue at Burke 's grave in Kensico Cemetery Burke was married to producer Florenz Ziegfeld , Jr . Burke resided in Beverly Hills , California . She died in Los Angeles of natural causes on May 14 , 1970 , at the age of 85 and was interred at Kensico Cemetery , Valhalla , Westchester County , New York . Legacy ( edit ) For many years , Burke 's framed photo was displayed above the exit staircase at New York 's Ziegfeld Theatre , but it vanished after renovations . However , an opening night program that bore a picture of her from her 1912 triumph The Mind The Paint Girl ( Sir Arthur Wing Pinero ) is still displayed in the lobby of the Lyceum Theatre in Manhattan . A park in the New York City suburb of Hastings on Hudson , New York , is named the Burke Estate . For her contributions to the film industry , Burke was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960 with a motion pictures star located at 6617 Hollywood Boulevard . On November 4 , 2015 , a crater near the north pole of the planet Mercury was named after her . Radio ( edit ) Burke early in her career The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air -- 1932 Doubting Thomas - 1935 Good News of 1939 -- 1938 The Rudy Vallee Hour -- 1939 The Gulf Screen Guild Theater -- 1939 The Rudy Vallee Sealtest Show -- 1940 -- 41 The Pepsodent Show -- 1941 The Billie Burke Show -- 1943 -- 1946 Duffy 's Tavern -- 1944 The Sealtest Village Store -- 1944 Mail Call -- 1944 The Charlie McCarthy Show -- 1944 -- 47 Tribute to Ethel Barrymore -- 1945 The Rudy Vallee Show -- 1945 Show Stoppers -- 1946 The Danny Kaye Show -- 1946 WOR 25th Anniversary -- 1947 Your Movietown Radio Theatre -- 1948 The Eddie Cantor Pabst Blue Ribbon Show -- 1948 Family Theater -- 1948 -- 52 This Is Show Business -- CBS - TV , 1949 The Martin and Lewis Show -- 1949 The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel -- 1949 Stagestruck -- 1954 Biography in Sound -- 1955 -- 56 Broadway ( edit ) Burke in the February 1920 issue of Vanity Fair in a portrait by Adolf de Meyer Burke with Shelley Hull in The Land of Promise , 1913 . My Wife -- 1907 Love Watches -- 1908 Mrs. Dot -- 1910 Suzanne -- 1910 The Philosopher in the Apple Orchard -- 1911 The Runaway -- 1911 The Amazons -- 1913 The Land of Promise -- 1913 Jerry -- 1914 The Rescuing Angel -- 1917 A Marriage of Convenience -- 1918 Caesar 's Wife -- 1919 The Intimate Strangers -- 1921 Rose Briar -- 1922 Annie Dear -- 1924 The Marquise -- 1927 The Happy Husband -- 1928 Family Affairs -- 1929 The Truth Game -- 1930 Ziegfeld Follies of 1934 -- 1934 Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 -- 1936 This Rock -- 1943 Ziegfeld Follies of 1943 -- 1943 Mrs. January and Mr. X -- 1944 Filmography ( edit ) Silent Our Mutual Girl ( 1914 ) as Herself Peggy ( 1916 ) as Peggy Cameron Gloria 's Romance ( 1916 ) as Gloria Stafford The Mysterious Miss Terry ( 1917 ) as Mavis Terry Arms and the Girl ( 1917 ) as Ruth Sherwood The Land of Promise ( 1917 ) as Nora Marsh Eve 's Daughter ( 1918 ) as Irene Simpson - Bates Let 's Get a Divorce ( 1918 ) as Mme . Cyprienne Marcey In Pursuit of Polly ( 1918 ) as Polly Marsden The Make - Believe Wife ( 1918 ) as Phyllis Ashbrook Good Gracious , Annabelle ( 1919 ) as Annabelle Leigh The Misleading Widow ( 1919 ) as Betty Taradine Sadie Love ( 1919 ) as Sadie Love Wanted : A Husband ( 1919 ) as Amanda Darcy Cole Away Goes Prudence ( 1920 ) as Prudence Thorne The Frisky Mrs. Johnson ( 1920 ) as Belle Johnson The Education of Elizabeth ( 1921 ) as Elizabeth Banks Sound Glorifying the American Girl ( 1929 ) as Billie Burke ( uncredited ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1932 ) as Margaret Christopher Strong ( 1933 ) as Lady Strong - His Wife Dinner at Eight ( 1933 ) as Millicent Jordan Only Yesterday ( 1933 ) as Julia Warren Where Sinners Meet ( 1934 ) as Eustasia Finishing School ( 1934 ) as Her Mother / Mrs. Helen Crawford Radcliff We 're Rich Again ( 1934 ) as Mrs. Linda Page Forsaking All Others ( 1934 ) as Aunt Paula Society Doctor ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Crane After Office Hours ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Norwood Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) as Lady Bareacres Doubting Thomas ( 1935 ) as Paula Brown She Could n't Take It ( 1935 ) as Mrs. Daniel Van Dyke A Feather in Her Hat ( 1935 ) as Julia Trent Anders Splendor ( 1935 ) as Clarissa My American Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Robert Cantillon Piccadilly Jim ( 1936 ) as Eugenia Willis , Nesta 's Sister Craig 's Wife ( 1936 ) as Mrs. Frazier Parnell ( 1937 ) as Clara Wood Topper ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Topper The Bride Wore Red ( 1937 ) as Contessa di Meina Navy Blue and Gold ( 1937 ) as Mrs. Alyce Gates Everybody Sing ( 1938 ) as Diana Bellaire Merrily We Live ( 1938 ) as Mrs. Kilbourne The Young in Heart ( 1938 ) as Marmy Carleton Topper Takes a Trip ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Topper Zenobia ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Tibbett Bridal Suite ( 1939 ) as Mrs. McGill The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) as Glinda the Good Witch of the North Eternally Yours ( 1939 ) as Aunt Abby Remember ? ( 1939 ) as Mrs. Bronson The Ghost Comes Home ( 1940 ) as Cora Adams And One Was Beautiful ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Julia Lattimer Irene ( 1940 ) as Mrs. Vincent The Captain Is a Lady ( 1940 ) as Blossy Stort Dulcy ( 1940 ) as Eleanor Forbes Hullabaloo ( 1940 ) as Penny Merriweather The Wild Man of Borneo ( 1941 ) as Bernice Marshall Topper Returns ( 1941 ) as Mrs. Topper One Night in Lisbon ( 1941 ) as Catherine Enfilden The Man Who Came to Dinner ( 1942 ) as Daisy Stanley What 's Cookin ' ? ( 1942 ) as Agatha Courtney In This Our Life ( 1942 ) as Lavinia Timberlake They All Kissed the Bride ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Drew Girl Trouble ( 1942 ) as Mrs. Rowland Hi Diddle Diddle ( 1943 ) as Liza Prescott So 's Your Uncle ( 1943 ) as Aunt Minerva You 're a Lucky Fellow , Mr. Smith ( 1943 ) as Aunt Harriet Crandall Gildersleeve on Broadway ( 1943 ) as Mrs. Laura Chandler The Laramie Trail ( 1944 ) as Jessica Mariman Swing Out , Sister ( 1945 ) as Jessica Mariman The Cheaters ( 1945 ) as Clara Pidgeon Breakfast in Hollywood ( 1946 ) as Mrs. Frances Cartwright The Bachelor 's Daughters ( 1946 ) as Molly Burns Billie Gets Her Man ( 1948 ) as Billie Baxter The Barkleys of Broadway ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Livingston Belney And Baby Makes Three ( 1949 ) as Mrs. Marvin Fletcher The Boy from Indiana ( 1950 ) as Zelda Bagley Father of the Bride ( 1950 ) as Doris Dunstan Three Husbands ( 1950 ) as Mrs. Jenny Bard Whittaker Father 's Little Dividend ( 1951 ) as Doris Dunstan Small Town Girl ( 1953 ) as Mrs. Livingston The Young Philadelphians ( 1959 ) as Mrs. J. Arthur Allen Sergeant Rutledge ( 1960 ) as Mrs. Cordelia Fosgate Pepe ( 1960 ) as Billie Burke ( final film role ) See also ( edit ) Biography portal Academy of Music / Riviera Theatre List of actors with Academy Award nominations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The School Girl a Hit '' . The New York Times , May 10 , 1903 , accessed February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Mrs. Ziegfeld : The Public and Private Lives of Billie Burke , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Hampton 's magazine , Volume 26 , Page 362 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson , Daughter of Legendary Broadway Impresario '' . Jazz News . April 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Steve ( 2014 ) . The Making of Gone With the Wind . University of Texas Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 76126 - 1 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , Various issues , 1951 - 52 . Jump up ^ Paley Center For Media recording . Jump up ^ Radice , Michael L. Glinda 's Ruby Slippers , Manuscript Draft , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchell Owens , Legendary Hollywood Stars at Home , Architectural Digest Jump up ^ Obituary Variety , May 20 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Walk of Fame - Billie Burke '' . walkoffame.com . Hollywood Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Billie Burke . Billie Burke on IMDb Billie Burke at the Internet Broadway Database AllMovie.com Billie Burke still photos from several Billie plays and lost Billie silent films Univ. of Washington Sayre collection Billie Burke photos Univ. of Louisville Macauley Collection Flo Ziegfeld - Billie Burke Papers , 1907 - 1984 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Digital Image Gallery , Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Billie Burke Collection , held by the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center , Boston University Literature on Billie Burke Billie Burke at Find a Grave Billie Burke with one of her motorcars , a Rolls - Royce ( hide ) Ziegfeld Follies Shows Ziegfeld Follies of 1936 Radio The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air Films Glorifying the American Girl The Great Ziegfeld Ziegfeld Girl Ziegfeld Follies People Florenz Ziegfeld Jr . Billie Burke Patricia Ziegfeld Stephenson Related articles Ziegfeld Theatre Ziegfeld girl Book VIAF : 44487813 LCCN : n85151807 ISNI : 0000 0001 1631 6948 GND : 136289819 SUDOC : 162467516 BNF : cb139302489 ( data ) BIBSYS : 6067937 MusicBrainz : 73123cdd - d609 - 44a9 - b39a - 087a9111f36c IATH : w6dn4mhs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billie_Burke&oldid=821610806 '' Categories : 20th - century American actresses Actresses from Washington , D.C. Actresses from Beverly Hills , California American film actresses American musical theatre actresses American radio personalities American silent film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Deaths from dementia Vaudeville performers Burials at Kensico Cemetery 1884 births 1970 deaths Ziegfeld girls Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the good witch in the original wizard of oz	Mary William Ethelbert Appleton `` Billie '' Burke ( August 7 , 1884 -- May 14 , 1970 ) was an American actress who was famous on Broadway , in early silent film , and subsequently in sound film . She is best known to modern audiences as Glinda the Good Witch of the North in the movie musical The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) .
Justin Roiland - wikipedia Justin Roiland Justin Roiland Justin Roiland in 2010 ( 1980 - 02 - 21 ) February 21 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Stockton , California , U.S. Education Sierra High School Manteca High School Alma mater Modesto Junior College Occupation Actor animator writer producer director Years active 2004 -- present Home town Manteca , California Justin Roiland ( born February 21 , 1980 ) is an American actor , animator , writer , producer , and director . He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of the Adult Swim animated series Rick and Morty , in which he voices both of the show 's titular characters , the voice of Oscar on the Disney Channel 's animated television show Fish Hooks , as well as the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network 's Adventure Time , and several characters ( most notably the character of Blendin Blandin ) on Gravity Falls . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions ! 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Web series 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Roiland grew up on an almond orchard in Manteca , California . He attended Sierra High School for all of his time in high school up to the first quarter of his senior year and then transferred to Manteca High School for the remainder of his senior year , graduating in 1998 . After high school he attended Modesto Junior College in Modesto , California . Career ( edit ) He eventually moved to Los Angeles , and in early 2004 , got involved with Channel101 , an L.A. media collective started by Dan Harmon and Rob Schrab , where he made and acted in numerous movie shorts ( such as 2 Girls One Cup : The Show , House of Cosbys and a small role as musician `` Christopher Cross '' in the series `` Yacht Rock '' ) and in the VH1 television show Acceptable TV . He appeared regularly on The Sarah Silverman Program on Comedy Central as `` Blonde Craig '' . He now works as a voice actor , most notably as the title characters of Rick and Morty , for which he is also co-creator , co-writer and executive producer with Dan Harmon . In addition , he has voiced several other characters in Rick and Morty . Since 2010 , he has co-hosted The Grandma 's Virginity Podcast with Rick and Morty writer , Ryan Ridley , and Steven Universe producer , Jackie Buscarino . He stated at the Rick and Morty panel at San Diego Comic - Con International 2014 that one of his main influences was Pendleton Ward and that he enjoyed watching The Ren & Stimpy Show as a child . In his interview to The Rolling Stone he stated that he enjoys making cartoons and games as it lets him do all the work in his apartment , without a need to leave his house . On August 25 , 2016 , Roiland launched virtual reality studio Squanchtendo , a portmanteau of the company Nintendo and Rick and Morty character Squanchy . It was later renamed to Squanch Games . Its first full - length title , Accounting+ , made in collaboration with William Pugh 's studio , will be released for PSVR on Dec. 19 . Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions ! ( edit ) Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions ! Type Animation studio Industry Animation Founded 2007 Founder Justin Roiland Headquarters United States Products Rick and Morty Justin Roiland 's Solo Vanity Card Productions ! is an animation studio founded by animator and voice actor Justin Roiland . The studio is best known for producing Rick and Morty for Adult Swim . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Tenacious D: Time Fixers Abe Lincoln Short film 2006 The Real Animated Adventures of Doc and Mharti Doc Smith , Mharti McDonhalds ( voice ) Short film 2013 Underdogs Rippers ( voice ) English dub 2015 Krampus Clumpy ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Cheap Seats without Ron Parker Rhonda 's Son Episode : `` 1973 Superstars '' 2005 House of Cosbys Preacher Cosby / Curiosity Cosby / Data Analysis Cosby ( voice ) 4 episodes , also creator , writer , executive producer 2007 Acceptable.TV Various characters 20 episodes ; also writer , executive producer , director 2007 -- 2010 The Sarah Silverman Program Blonde CraiG , Chant Leader 8 episodes 2010 -- 2014 Fish Hooks Oscar ( voice ) 89 episodes ; also story writer 2011 -- 2018 Adventure Time Earl of Lemongrab , Lemonhope , various voices 13 episodes 2012 -- 2015 Gravity Falls Blendin Blandin , Bobby Renzobbi , various voices 7 episodes 2013 Out There Chris Novak ( voice ) 10 episodes 2013 -- present Rick and Morty Rick Sanchez , Morty Smith , various voices Also co-creator , writer , executive producer , director 2015 The Simpsons Rick Sanchez , Morty Smith ( in couch gag ) Episode : `` Mathlete 's Feat '' 2015 Community Ice Cube Head ( voice ) Episode : `` Emotional Consequences of Broadcast Television '' 2015 Aqua Teen Hunger Force Honest Abe Lincoln 's Hot Links Mascot ( voice ) Episode : `` Mouth Quest '' 2015 -- 2017 Pig Goat Banana Cricket Psychopath Giraffe , Radical Rick , Customer ( voice ) 7 episodes 2015 Yo Gabba Gabba ! Sea Queen ( voice ) Episode : `` Mermaids '' 2016 Animals . H&M ( voice ) Episode : `` Cats '' 2016 Future - Worm ! Homework Android ( voice ) Episode : `` The Bleak Shall Inherit the Earth / Lobster Boy Movie Trailer / Makin ' History '' 2017 Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return N / A Writer Episode : `` Reptilicus '' 2018 -- present Hot Streets Chubbie Webbers ( voice ) Main role 2018 Robot Chicken Various voices Episode : `` 3 2 1 2 333 , 222 , 3 ... 66 ? '' 2018 Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher Bozzly Fuzzly ( voice ) Main role 2020 Solar Opposites Terry , Korvo ( voice ) Co-Creator , writer , executive producer , director Web series ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2010 - 2016 Grandma 's Virginity Podcast Himself Episodes : 1 - 44 2016 - 2017 H3 Podcast Himself Episodes : 1 , 26 2017 Lasagna Cat Vocals Episode : `` 10 / 20 / 1984 '' Video Games ( edit ) Current logo of Squanch Games In August 2016 , Roiland set up a video game studio , initially named Squanchtendo , and later renamed to Squanch Games in December 2017 . Year Title Voice Notes 2013 Dota 2 Rick and Morty Announcer Rick and Morty Announcer DLC Pack 2013 Adventure Time : Explore the Dungeon Because I Do n't Know ! Earl of Lemongrab 2015 Lego Dimensions Earl of Lemongrab 2015 Dr. Langeskov , The Tiger , and the Terribly Cursed Emerald Various voices 2015 Adventure Time : Finn & Jake Investigations Earl of Lemongrab 2016 Pocket Mortys Rick Sanchez , Morty Smith 2016 The Lab Various Personality Cores 2016 Job Simulator Cars Talking host 2016 Accounting Various voices Also co-director and co-writer 2017 Rick and Morty Simulator : Virtual Rick - ality Rick Sanchez , Morty Smith 2017 LawBreakers Blitzball 2018 Trover Saves the Universe Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 Annie Award Best General Audience Animated TV / Broadcast Production Rick and Morty Nominated 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated TV Show Rick and Morty Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Animated Series Rick and Morty Won 2018 Annie Award Best General Audience Animated TV / Broadcast Production Rick and Morty Won 2018 Saturn Award Best Animated Series or Film on Television Rick and Morty Nominated 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice Animated TV Show Rick and Morty Pending 2018 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Animated Program Rick and Morty for `` Pickle Rick '' Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Justin Roiland '' . Behind the Voice Actors . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Roiland , `` Oscar '' `` . Disney Channel . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 98 - Justin Roiland '' . Do n't Ever Change with John Roy . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Origins Part One '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Roiland - Filmography '' . The New York Times . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Roiland '' . Channel101 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Sarah Silverman Program '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Sarah Silverman Program : TV Show Cancelled ; No Season Four '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LOL : Watch Justin Roiland 's Drunken Rick and Morty Voice Recording '' . Slashfilm. 2017 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview With the Creator of ' Rick and Morty ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Grandma 's Virginity Podcast '' . iTunes . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Adam ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' co-creator launches a new VR studio , Squanchtendo '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Co-Creator Of Rick And Morty Collaborating On New VR Game Studio '' . WWG . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Rick and Morty co-creator confirms Accounting+ coming to PSVR this month '' . Polygon . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Stanley Parable 's designer lied to Rick and Morty 's creator -- and now they 're making a game together '' . Jump up ^ `` Squanchtendo is now Squanch Games '' . 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Steam Workshop : : Rick and Morty Announcer Pack '' . steamcommunity.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 42ND ANNUAL ANNIE AWARDS CATEGORIES AND NOMINEES '' . annieawards.org . Archived from the original on 14 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 15 March 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Drake , Cardi B & More Among Teen Choice Awards 2018 Nominees : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Netflix Beats HBO With Most Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 12 , 2018 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Justin Roiland on IMDb The Grandma 's Virginity Podcast Cartoons , Comics , and stuff by Justin Roiland Portals Access related topics Biography portal Comedy portal Animation portal Television in the United States portal Film portal Video games portal California portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata LCCN : no2016042809 VIAF : 177146094219900331231 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin_Roiland&oldid=857123832 '' Categories : 1980 births American animators American male voice actors American male television actors American satirists American television directors American television producers American television writers Living people Male actors from California Male television writers People from Stockton , California Showrunners Journalists from California People from Manteca , California Comedians from California Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does morty's voice in rick and morty	Justin Roiland ( born February 21 , 1980 ) is an American actor , animator , writer , producer , and director . He is best known as the co-creator and executive producer of the Adult Swim animated series Rick and Morty , in which he voices both of the show 's titular characters , the voice of Oscar on the Disney Channel 's animated television show Fish Hooks , as well as the Earl of Lemongrab on Cartoon Network 's Adventure Time , and several characters ( most notably the character of Blendin Blandin ) on Gravity Falls .
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) - Wikipedia Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the Disney franchise , see Snow White ( franchise ) . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Theatrical release poster Directed by David Hand ( supervising ) William Cottrell Wilfred Jackson Larry Morey Perce Pearce Ben Sharpsteen Produced by Walt Disney Written by Ted Sears Richard Creedon Otto Englander Dick Rickard Earl Hurd Merrill De Maris Dorothy Ann Blank Webb Smith Based on Snow White by The Brothers Grimm Starring Adriana Caselotti Lucille La Verne Harry Stockwell Roy Atwell Pinto Colvig Otis Harlan Scotty Mattraw Billy Gilbert Eddie Collins Moroni Olsen Stuart Buchanan Music by Frank Churchill Paul Smith Leigh Harline Production company Walt Disney Productions Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures Release date December 21 , 1937 ( 1937 - 12 - 21 ) ( Carthay Circle Theatre ) February 4 , 1938 ( 1938 - 02 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 83 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1.49 million Box office $418.2 million Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures . Based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm , it is the first full - length cel animated feature film and the earliest Disney animated feature film . The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank , Richard Creedon , Merrill De Maris , Otto Englander , Earl Hurd , Dick Rickard , Ted Sears and Webb Smith . David Hand was the supervising director , while William Cottrell , Wilfred Jackson , Larry Morey , Perce Pearce , and Ben Sharpsteen directed the film 's individual sequences . Snow White premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21 , 1937 , followed by a nationwide release on February 4 , 1938 . It was a critical and commercial success , and with international earnings of $8 million during its initial release briefly assumed the record of highest - grossing sound film at the time . The popularity of the film has led to it being re-released theatrically many times , until its home video release in the 1990s . Adjusted for inflation , it is one of the top ten performers at the North American box office . At the 11th Academy Awards , Walt Disney was awarded an honorary Oscar , and the film was nominated for Best Musical Score the year before . In 1989 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry and is ranked in the American Film Institute 's list of the 100 greatest American films , who also named the film as the greatest American animated film of all time in 2008 . Disney 's take on the fairy tale has had a significant cultural impact , resulting in popular theme park attractions , a video game , and a Broadway musical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Story development 3.2 Animation 3.3 Music 3.4 Cinematic influences 4 Release 4.1 Original theatrical run 4.2 Re-releases 4.3 Reception 4.4 Home media 5 Appearances in other media 5.1 Theme parks 5.2 Video games 5.3 Broadway musical 5.4 Canceled prequel 5.5 Live - action adaptations 5.6 Other appearances 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot Snow White is a lonely princess living with her stepmother , a vain and wicked Queen . The Queen fears that Snow White 's beauty surpasses her own , so she forces Snow White to work as a scullery maid and asks her Magic Mirror daily `` who is the fairest one of all '' . For several years the mirror always answered that the Queen was , pleasing her . One day , the Magic Mirror informs the Queen that Snow White is now the fairest in the land . The jealous Queen orders her Huntsman to take Snow White into the forest and kill her . She further demands that the huntsman return with Snow White 's heart in a jeweled box as proof of the deed . However , the Huntsman can not bring himself to kill Snow White . He tearfully begs for her forgiveness , revealing the Queen wants her dead and urges her to flee into the woods and never look back . Lost and frightened , the princess is befriended by woodland creatures who lead her to a cottage deep in the woods . Finding seven small chairs in the cottage 's dining room , Snow White assumes the cottage is the untidy home of seven orphaned children . In reality , the cottage belongs to seven adult dwarfs , named Doc , Grumpy , Happy , Sleepy , Bashful , Sneezy , and Dopey , who work in a nearby mine . Returning home , they are alarmed to find their cottage clean and suspect that an intruder has invaded their home . The dwarfs find Snow White upstairs , asleep across three of their beds . Snow White awakes to find the dwarfs at her bedside and introduces herself , and all of the dwarfs eventually welcome her into their home after they learn she can cook and clean beautifully . Snow White keeps house for the dwarfs while they mine for jewels during the day , and at night they all sing , play music and dance . Meanwhile , the Queen discovers that Snow White is still alive when the mirror again answers that Snow White is the fairest in the land and reveals that the heart in the jeweled box is actually that of a pig . Using a potion to disguise herself as an old hag , the Queen creates a poisoned apple that will put whoever eats it into the `` Sleeping Death '' , a curse that can only be broken by `` love 's first kiss '' , but dismisses that Snow White will be buried alive . The Queen goes to the cottage while the dwarfs are away , but the animals are wary of her and rush off to find the dwarfs . Faking a potential heart attack , the Queen tricks Snow White into bringing her into the cottage to rest . The Queen fools Snow White into biting into the poisoned apple under the pretense that it is a magic apple that grants wishes . As Snow White falls asleep the Queen proclaims that she is now the fairest of the land . The dwarfs return with the animals as the Queen leaves the cottage and give chase , trapping her on a cliff . She tries to roll a boulder over them , but before she can do so , lightning strikes the cliff , causing her to fall to her death . The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead , being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison . Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground , they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest . Together with the woodland creatures , they keep watch over her . A year later , a prince , who had previously met and fallen in love with Snow White , learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin . Saddened by her apparent death , he kisses her , which breaks the spell and awakens her . The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle . Cast Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs theatrical trailer . Adriana Caselotti as Snow White : Snow White is a young princess . Her wicked stepmother has forced her to work as a scullery maid in the castle . Despite this , she retains a cheerful but naïve demeanor . Lucille La Verne as Evil Queen Grimhilde / Witch : The Queen is the stepmother of Snow White . Once her magic mirror tells her that Snow White is fairer than she is , she immediately enlists Humbert the huntsman to kill her in the woods . After she discovers that Snow White did not die , she disguises herself as an old hag and uses a poisoned apple to remove Snow White from her path without killing her . Harry Stockwell as The Prince . The prince first sees Snow White singing at her wishing well . He immediately falls in love with her and her voice . He later reappears to revive her . Roy Atwell as Doc : The leader of the seven dwarfs , Doc wears glasses and often mixes up his words . He is self - appointed and funny . Pinto Colvig as Grumpy and Sleepy in a dual role : Grumpy initially disapproves of Snow White 's presence in the dwarfs ' home , but later warns her of the threat posed by the Queen and rushes to her aid upon realizing that she is in danger , leading the charge himself . He has the biggest nose of the dwarfs and is frequently seen with one eye shut . Sleepy is always tired and appears laconic in most situations . Sterling Holloway , who would later voice many other characters for future Disney films was originally considered to voice Sleepy by Walt Disney . Otis Harlan as Happy : Happy is the joyous dwarf and is usually portrayed laughing . Scotty Mattraw as Bashful : Bashful is the shyest of the dwarfs , and is often embarrassed by the presence of any attention directed at him . Billy Gilbert as Sneezy : Sneezy 's name is earned by his extraordinarily powerful sneezes ( caused by hay fever ) , which are seen blowing even the heaviest of objects across a room . Eddie Collins as Dopey ( vocal effects and live - action reference only ) : Dopey is the only dwarf who does not have a beard . He is clumsy and mute , with Happy explaining that he has simply `` never tried '' to speak . In the movie 's trailer , Walt Disney describes Dopey as `` nice , but sort of silly '' . Mel Blanc was considered to voice Dopey by Walt Disney . Moroni Olsen as The Magic Mirror : The Slave of the Magic Mirror appears as a green mask in clouds of smoke . The Queen regularly asks him who is the fairest in the land . Stuart Buchanan as Humbert the Huntsman : Despite his status as the Queen 's assassin , the Huntsman can not bear to kill Snow White , even when the Queen orders him to take the princess 's heart . Production Play media Film trailer , featuring reviews , cels from the production , and introducing the characters by their personality . Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934 , and in June 1934 , Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature , to be released under Walt Disney Productions , to The New York Times . One evening that same year , Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff , announcing that the film would be produced as a feature - length film . Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , the Disney studio had been primarily involved in the production of animated short subjects in the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series . Disney hoped to expand his studio 's prestige and revenues by moving into features , and estimated that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs could be produced for a budget of US $250,000 ; this was ten times the budget of an average Silly Symphony . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full - length cel animated feature in motion picture history , and as such Walt Disney had to fight to get the film produced . Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to talk him out of it , and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as `` Disney 's Folly '' while it was in production . He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film 's production , which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74 , a massive sum for a feature film in 1937 . Story development On August 9 , 1934 , twenty - one pages of notes -- entitled `` Snowwhite suggestions '' -- were compiled by staff writer Richard Creedon , suggesting the principal characters , as well as situations and ' gags ' for the story . As Disney had stated at the very beginning of the project , the main attraction of the story for him was the Seven Dwarfs , and their possibilities for `` screwiness '' and `` gags '' ; the three story meetings held in October and attended by Disney , Creedon , Larry Morey , Albert Hurter , Ted Sears and Pinto Colvig were dominated by such subjects . At this point , Disney felt that the story should begin with Snow White 's discovery of the Cottage of the Seven Dwarfs . Walt Disney had suggested from the beginning that each of the dwarfs , whose names and personalities are not stated in the original fairy tale , could have individual personalities . The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials , including Jumpy , Deafy , Dizzey , Hickey , Wheezy , Baldy , Gabby , Nifty , Sniffy , Swift , Lazy , Puffy , Stuffy , Tubby , Shorty , and Burpy . The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination . The leader of the dwarfs , required to be pompous , self - important and bumbling , was named Doc ; others were named for their distinguishing character traits . At the end of the October story meetings , however , only Doc , Grumpy , Bashful , Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named ; at this point , Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by ' Jumpy ' and an unnamed seventh dwarf . Along with a focus on the characterizations and comedic possibilities of the dwarfs , Creedon 's eighteen - page outline of the story written from the October meetings , featured a continuous flow of gags as well as the Queen 's attempt to kill Snow White with a poisoned comb , an element taken from the Grimms ' original story . After persuading Snow White to use the comb , the disguised Queen would have escaped alive , but the dwarfs would have arrived in time to remove it . After the failure of the comb , the Queen was to have the Prince captured and taken to her dungeon , where she would have come to him ( story sketches show this event both with the Queen and the Witch ) and used magic to bring the dungeon 's skeletons to life , making them dance for him and identifying one skeleton as `` Prince Oswald '' , an example of the more humorous atmosphere of this original story treatment . It is written in story notes that the Queen has such magical power only in her own domain , the castle . With the Prince refusing to marry her , the Queen leaves him to his death ( one sketch shows the Prince trapped in a subterranean chamber filling with water ) as she makes her way to the dwarfs ' cottage with the poisoned apple . The forest animals were to help the Prince escape the Queen 's minions and find his horse . The Prince was to ride to the cottage to save Snow White but took the wrong road ( despite warnings from the forest animals and his horse , whom he , unlike Snow White , could not understand ) . He , therefore , would not have arrived in time to save her from the Queen but would have been able to save her with love 's first kiss . This plot was not used in the final film , though many sketches of the scene in the dungeon were made by Ferdinand Hovarth . Other examples of the more comical nature of the story at this point include suggestions for a `` fat , batty , cartoon type , self - satisfied '' Queen . The Prince was also more of a clown , and was to serenade Snow White in a more comical fashion . Walt Disney encouraged all staff at the studio to contribute to the story , offering five dollars for every ' gag ' ; such gags included the dwarfs ' noses popping over the foot of the bed when they first meet Snow White . Disney became concerned that such a comical approach would lessen the plausibility of the characters and , sensing that more time was needed for the development of the Queen , advised in an outline circulated on November 6 that attention be paid exclusively to `` scenes in which only Snow White , the Dwarfs , and their bird and animal friends appear '' . The names and personalities of the dwarfs , however , were still `` open to change '' . A meeting of November 16 resulted in another outline entitled ' Dwarfs Discover Snowwhite ' , which introduced the character of Dopey , who would ultimately prove to be the most successful and popular of the dwarf characterisations . For the rest of 1934 Disney further developed the story by himself , finding a dilemma in the characterization of the Queen , who he felt could no longer be `` fat '' and `` batty '' , but a `` stately beautiful type '' , a possibility already brought up in previous story meetings . Disney did not focus on the project again until the autumn of 1935 . It is thought that he may have doubted his , and his studio 's ability , and that his trip to Europe that summer restored his confidence . At this point , Disney and his writers focused on the scenes in which Snow White and the dwarfs are introduced to the audience and each other . He laid out the likely assignments for everyone working on the film in a memorandum of November 25 , 1935 , and had decided on the personalities of the individual dwarfs . It had first been thought that the dwarfs would be the main focus of the story , and many sequences were written for the seven characters . However , at a certain point , it was decided that the main thrust of the story was provided by the relationship between the Queen and Snow White . For this reason , several sequences featuring the dwarfs were cut from the film . The first , which was animated in its entirety before being cut , showed Doc and Grumpy arguing about whether Snow White should stay with them . Another , also completely animated , would have shown the dwarfs eating soup noisily and messily ; Snow White unsuccessfully attempts to teach them how to eat ' like gentlemen ' . A partially animated sequence involved the dwarfs holding a `` lodge meeting '' in which they try to think of a gift for Snow White ; this was to be followed by the elaborate ' bed building sequence ' , in which the dwarfs and the forest animals construct and carve a bed for the princess . This also was cut , as it was thought to slow down the movement of the story . The soup - eating and bed - building sequences were animated by Ward Kimball , who was sufficiently discouraged by their removal to consider leaving the studio , however Disney persuaded him to stay by promoting him to supervising animator of Jiminy Cricket in his next feature Pinocchio ( 1940 ) . Animation The famous `` Heigh - Ho '' sequence from Snow White was animated by Shamus Culhane . The primary authority on the design of the film was concept artist Albert Hurter . All designs used in the film , from characters ' appearances to the look of the rocks in the background , had to meet Hurter 's approval before being finalized . Two other concept artists -- Ferdinand Hovarth and Gustaf Tenggren -- also contributed to the visual style of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Hovarth developed a number of dark concepts for the film , although many other designs he developed were ultimately rejected by the Disney team as less easily translated into animation than Hurter 's . Tenggren was used as a color stylist and to determine the staging and atmosphere of many of the scenes in the film , as his style borrowed from the likes of Arthur Rackham and John Bauer and thus possessed the European illustration quality that Walt Disney sought . He also designed the posters for the film and illustrated the press book . However , Hovarth did n't receive a credit for the film . Other artists to work on the film included Joe Grant , whose most significant contribution was the design for the Queen 's Witch form . Don Graham really knew what he was teaching , and he `` showed '' you how to do something -- he did n't just talk . He taught us things that were very important for animation . How to simplify our drawings -- how to cut out all the unnecessary hen scratching amateurs have a habit of using . He showed us how to make a drawing look solid . He taught us about tension points -- like a bent knee , and how the pant leg comes down from that knee and how important the wrinkles from it are to describe form . I learned a hell of a lot from him ! Art Babbitt Art Babbit , an animator who joined the Disney studio in 1932 , invited seven of his colleagues ( who worked in the same room as him ) to come with him to an art class that he himself had set up at his home in the Hollywood Hills . Though there was no teacher , Babbit had recruited a model to pose for him and his fellow animators as they drew . These `` classes '' were held weekly ; each week , more animators would come . After three weeks , Walt Disney called Babbit to his office and offered to provide the supplies , working space and models required if the sessions were moved to the studio . Babbit ran the sessions for a month until animator Hardie Gramatky suggested that they recruit Don Graham ; the art teacher from the Chouinard Institute taught his first class at the studio on November 15 , 1932 , and was joined by Phil Dike a few weeks later . These classes were principally concerned with human anatomy and movement , though instruction later included action analysis , animal anatomy and acting . The first duty of the cartoon is not to picture or duplicate real action or things as they actually happen -- but to give a caricature of life and action -- to picture on the screen things that have run thru the imagination of the audience to bring to life dream - fantasies and imaginative fancies that we have all thought of during our lives or have had pictured to us in various forms during our lives ( ... ) I definitely feel that we can not do the fantastic things , based on the real , unless we first know the real . This point should be brought out very clearly to all new men , and even the older men . Walt Disney in 1935 Though the classes were originally described as a `` brutal battle '' , with neither instructor nor students well - versed in the other 's craft , the enthusiasm and energy of both parties made the classes stimulating and beneficial for all involved . Graham often screened Disney shorts and , along with the animators , provided critique featuring both strengths and weaknesses . For example , Graham criticised Babbit 's animation of Abner the mouse in The Country Cousin as `` taking a few of the obvious actions of a drunk without coordinating the rest of the body '' , while praising it for maintaining its humour without getting `` dirty or mean or vulgar . The country mouse is always having a good time '' . Very few of the animators at the Disney studio had had artistic training ( most had been newspaper cartoonists ) ; among these few was Grim Natwick , who had trained in Europe . The animator 's success in designing and animating Betty Boop for Fleischer Studios showed an understanding of human female anatomy , and when Walt Disney hired Natwick he was given female characters to animate almost exclusively . Attempts to animate Persephone , the female lead of The Goddess of Spring , had proved largely unsuccessful ; Natwick 's animation of the heroine in Cookie Carnival showed greater promise , and the animator was eventually given the task of animating Snow White herself . Though live action footage of Snow White , the Prince and the Queen was shot as reference for the animators , the artists ' animators disapproved of rotoscoping , considering it to hinder the production of effective caricature . None of Babbit 's animation of the Queen was rotoscoped ; despite Graham and Natwick 's objections , however , some scenes of Snow White and the Prince were directly traced from the live - action footage . The studio 's new multiplane camera gave a three - dimensional feeling in many sequences and was also used to give a rotating effect in the scene where the Queen transforms into a witch . Music Play media Theatrical trailer featuring the song `` Heigh - Ho '' . Main article : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( soundtrack ) The songs in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs were composed by Frank Churchill and Larry Morey . Paul J. Smith and Leigh Harline composed the incidental music score . Well - known songs from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs include `` Heigh - Ho '' , `` Some Day My Prince Will Come '' , and `` Whistle While You Work '' . Since Disney did not have its own music publishing company at the time , the publishing rights for the music and songs were administered through Bourne Co . Music Publishers , which continues to hold these rights . In later years , the studio was able to acquire back the rights to the music from many of the other films , but not Snow White . Snow White became the first American film to have a soundtrack album , released in conjunction with the feature film . Before Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , a film soundtrack recording was unheard of and of little value to a movie studio . Cinematic influences At this time , Disney also encouraged his staff to see a variety of films . These ranged from the mainstream , such as MGM 's Romeo and Juliet ( 1936 ) -- to which Disney made direct reference in a story meeting pertaining to the scene in which Snow White lies in her glass coffin -- to the more obscure , including European silent cinema . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , as well as the two Disney films to follow it , were also influenced by such German expressionist films as Nosferatu ( 1922 ) and The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari ( 1919 ) , both of which were recommended by Disney to his staff . This influence is particularly evident in the scenes of Snow White fleeing through the forest and the Queen 's transformation into the Witch . The latter scene was also inspired by Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1931 ) , to which Disney made specific reference in story meetings . Release Original theatrical run Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21 , 1937 , to a wildly receptive audience , many of whom were the same naysayers who dubbed the film `` Disney 's Folly '' . The film received a standing ovation at its completion from an audience that included Judy Garland and Marlene Dietrich . Six days later , Walt Disney and the seven dwarfs appeared on the cover of Time magazine . The New York Times said : `` Thank you very much , Mr. Disney '' . Variety suggested that `` ( so ) perfect is the illusion , so tender the romance and fantasy , so emotional are certain portions when the acting of the characters strikes a depth comparable to the sincerity of human players , that the film approaches real greatness . '' Following successful exclusive runs at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and a theater in Miami in January 1938 , RKO Radio Pictures put the film into general release on February 4 . It became a major box - office success , making four times more money than any other motion picture released in 1938 . In its original release , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs grossed $3.5 million in the United States and Canada , and by May 1939 its total international gross of $6.5 million made it the most successful sound film of all time , displacing Al Jolson 's The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) ( Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was soon displaced from this position by Gone with the Wind in 1940 ) . By the end of its original run , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs had earned $7,846,000 in international box office receipts . This earned RKO a profit of $380,000 . Re-releases Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was first re-released in 1944 , to raise revenue for the Disney studio during the World War II period . This re-release set a tradition of re-releasing Disney animated features every seven to ten years , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was re-released to theaters in 1952 , 1958 , 1967 , 1975 , 1983 , 1987 and 1993 . Coinciding with the fiftieth - anniversary release in 1987 , Disney released an authorized novelization of the story , written by children 's author Suzanne Weyn . In 1993 , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the first film to be entirely scanned to digital files , manipulated , and recorded back to film . The restoration project was carried out entirely at 4K resolution and 10 - bit color depth using the Cineon system to digitally remove dirt and scratches and restore faded colors . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs has had a lifetime gross of $418.2 million across its original release and several reissues . Adjusted for inflation , and incorporating subsequent releases , the film still registers one of the top ten American film moneymakers of all time . Reception The film was a tremendous critical success , with many reviewers hailing it as a genuine work of art , recommended for both children and adults . Although film histories often state that the animation of the human characters was criticized , more recent scholarship finds that most reviewers praised the realistic style of the human animation , with several stating that audiences will forget that they are watching animated humans rather than real ones . At the 11th Academy Awards , the film won an Academy Honorary Award for Walt Disney `` as a significant screen innovation which has charmed millions and pioneered a great new entertainment field '' . Disney received a full - size Oscar statuette and seven miniature ones , presented to him by 10 - year - old child actress Shirley Temple . The film was also nominated for Best Musical Score . `` Some Day My Prince Will Come '' has become a jazz standard that has been performed by numerous artists , including Buddy Rich , Lee Wiley , Oscar Peterson , Frank Churchill , and Oliver Jones . Albums by Miles Davis , by Wynton Kelly , and Alexis Cole . Noted filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein and Charlie Chaplin praised Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs as a notable achievement in cinema ; Eisenstein went so far as to call it the greatest film ever made . The film inspired Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer to produce its own fantasy film , The Wizard of Oz , in 1939 . Another animation pioneer , Max Fleischer , decided to produce his animated feature film Gulliver 's Travels in order to compete with Snow White . The 1943 Merrie Melodies short Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs , directed by Bob Clampett , parodies Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by presenting the story with an all - black cast singing a jazz score . Snow White 's success led to Disney moving ahead with more feature - film productions . Walt Disney used much of the profits from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to finance a new $4.5 million studio in Burbank -- the location on which The Walt Disney Studios is located to this day . Within two years , the studio completed Pinocchio and Fantasia and had begun production on features such as Dumbo , Bambi , Alice in Wonderland and Peter Pan . American Film Institute recognition The American Film Institute ( AFI ) , an independent non-profit organization created in the United States by the National Endowment for the Arts , releases a variety of annual awards and film lists recognizing excellence in filmmaking . The AFI 100 Years ... series , which ran from 1998 to 2008 , created categorized lists of America 's best movies as selected by juries composed from among over 1,500 artists , scholars , critics , and historians . A film 's inclusion in one of these lists was based on the film 's popularity over time , historical significance and cultural impact . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was selected by juries for inclusion on many AFI lists , including the following : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 49 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 34 AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 1 Animated film AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : The Queen -- No. 10 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' -- No. 19 `` Whistle While You Work '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Magic Mirror on the wall , who is the fairest one of all ? '' -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- Nominated Home Media On October 28 , 1994 , the film was released for the first time on home video on VHS and LaserDisc as the first release in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on DVD on October 9 , 2001 , the first in Disney 's Platinum Editions , and featured , across two discs , the digitally restored film , a making - of documentary narrated by Angela Lansbury , an audio commentary by John Canemaker and , via archived audio clips , Walt Disney. . A VHS release followed on November 27 , 2001 . Both versions were returned to the Disney Vault on January 31 , 2002 . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on Blu - ray Disc on October 6 , 2009 , the first of Disney 's Diamond Editions , and a new DVD edition was released on November 24 , 2009 . The Blu - ray includes a high - definition version of the movie sourced from a new restoration by Lowry Digital , a DVD copy of the film , and several bonus features not included on the 2001 DVD . This set returned to the Disney Vault on April 30 , 2011 . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on Blu - ray and DVD on February 2 , 2016 , as the first of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line . It was released on Digital HD on January 19 , 2016 , with bonus material . Appearances in other Media Theme parks At Disneyland , Snow White and the Evil Queen take a photo with a visitor in 2012 . Snow White 's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland ( an opening day attraction dating from 1955 ) , Tokyo Disneyland , and Disneyland Paris . Fantasyland at Walt Disney World 's Magic Kingdom underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014 . The Snow White 's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall , where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet . Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster . Snow White , her Prince , the Queen , and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks . Disneyland 's Fantasyland Theater hosted Snow White : An Enchanting Musical from 2004 to 2006 . Video games The first attempt at a Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs video game was for the Atari 2600 as part of their line of children 's games . It was never officially released , although a `` homebrew '' version was made available on a limited basis . Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released for the Game Boy Color system in 2001 . Snow White also makes an appearance in the PlayStation 2 game Kingdom Hearts as one of the seven fabled Princesses of Heart . A world based on the movie , Dwarf Woodlands , appears in Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep for the PSP . In 2013 's free - to - play mobile game Snow White : Queen 's Return ( also known as Seven Dwarfs : The Queen 's Return ) , an uncanonical continuation of the film , the Queen has survived the fall at the climax of the film and then reverted to her youthful form to cast a curse on Snow White and the dwarfs and their entire forest . Broadway musical Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney - produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( also known as Snow White Live ! ) at the Radio City Music Hall . Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook , respectively ; titles included `` Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time '' and `` Will I Ever See Her Again ? '' . It ran from October 18 to November 18 , 1979 , and January 11 to March 9 , 1980 , a total of 106 performances . Canceled prequel In the 2000s , DisneyToon Studios began development on a computer - animated prequel to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , titled The Seven Dwarfs . Director Mike Disa and screenwriter Evan Spiliotopoulos pitched a story explaining how the Dwarfs met , and how the Evil Queen killed Snow White 's father and took the throne . According to Disa , DisneyToon management changed the prequel to center around how Dopey lost his voice upon witnessing the death of his mother . After Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 , John Lasseter , DisneyToons ' new Chief Creative Officer , canceled Dwarfs . Live - action adaptations In March 2016 , the studio announced a new film in development titled Rose Red , a live - action spin - off film which will be told from the perspective of Snow White 's sister , Red Rose . In late October that year , a live - action feature - length Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was announced , with Erin Cressida Wilson in negotiations to write the script and Pasek and Paul writing new songs for the film . Other appearances The Seven Dwarfs made rare appearances in shorts , despite their popularity ; they simply were too numerous to animate efficiently . Commissioned shorts The Standard Parade ( 1939 ) , The Seven Wise Dwarfs ( 1941 , using mostly recycled footage ) , All Together ( 1942 ) and The Winged Scourge ( 1943 ) all include appearances . The animated television series House of Mouse , which included many Disney character animated cameos , included the characters in the special Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . The Evil Queen appeared in a starring role in the film Once Upon a Halloween as well . In the arena of live action , the fantasy television series Once Upon a Time ( produced by Disney - owned ABC Studios ) regularly includes live - action interpretations of these characters including Snow White , the Evil Queen and Grumpy . An animated television series featuring the seven dwarfs titled The 7D premiered on Disney XD on July 7 , 2014 , and ended its run on November 5 , 2016 . The show takes place 30 years before the events of the original film . A 1937 -- 1938 newspaper comic strip adaptation was republished repeatedly as a comic book , most recently in 1995 . See also List of animated feature - length films List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Disney portal Film in the United States portal Cartoon portal References ^ Jump up to : Barrier 1999 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 18 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Box - office Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 911515 - 00 - 8 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! ( Online copy at Google Books ) `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . 1993 release : $41,316,184 ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Dwarfs Character History '' . Disney Archives . Disney . 2008 . Retrieved September 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Disney Voice Actors : A Biographical Dictionary by Thomas S. Hischak ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dave . Disney A to Z , Third Edition , ( 2006 ) , page 33 . ^ Jump up to : Barrier 1999 , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Lebowitz , Shana ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` The way Walt Disney inspired his team to make ' Snow White ' reveals his creative genius -- and insane perfectionism '' . Business Insider . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1991 ) . Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast . New York. : Hyperion . p. 66 . ISBN 1 - 56282 - 899 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Thomas , Disney 's Art of Animation : From Mickey Mouse to Beauty and the Beast ( Hyperion , New York , 1991 ) ISBN 1 - 56282 - 899 - 1 ^ Jump up to : John Canemaker , `` Before the Animation Begins : The Life and Times of Disney inspirational Sketch Artists '' ( Hyperion , New York , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6152 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston , The Illusion of Life : Disney Animation ( Disney Editions , Italy , 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6070 - 7 Jump up ^ John Canemaker , `` Walt Disney 's Nine Old Men and the Art of Animation '' ( Disney Editions , United States , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6496 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Bruno Girveau ( editor ) , Once Upon a Time -- Walt Disney : The Sources of inspiration for the Disney Studios ( Prestel , London , 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 3 - 7913 - 3770 - 8 Jump up ^ Usher , Shaun ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Letters of note : How to Train an Animator , by Walt Disney '' . Jump up ^ Robin Allan , Walt Disney and Europe ( Indiana University Press , Indiana , 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 253 - 21353 - 3 Jump up ^ Kinni , Theodore ( December 16 , 2011 ) . Be Our Guest : Revised and Updated Edition . Disney Electronic Content . p. 59 . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 4014 - 1 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cousins , Mark ( 2006 ) . The Story of Film . Pavilion . p. 166 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86205 - 760 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Dwarfs and Walt Disney '' . TIME . ( New York NY ) . XXX ( 26 ) . December 27 , 1937 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Frank S. ( January 14 , 1938 ) . `` The Music Hall Presents Walt Disney 's Delightful Fantasy '' . The New York Times . New York NY . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Sr. , John C. ( December 28 , 1937 ) . `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' . Variety . Los Angeles CA . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sito , Tom ( 2007 ) . Drawing The Line : The Untold Story of the Animation Unions from Bosko to Bart Simpson . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2407 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gabler , Neal ( 2007 ) . Walt Disney : The Triumph of the American Imagination . New York : Random House . pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75747 - 3 . Jump up ^ Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1987 ) ( 1980 ) . Of Mice and Magic : A History of American Animated Cartoons . New York : Plume . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 25993 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richard Jewel , ' RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 ' , Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television , Vol 14 No 1 , 1994 p44 Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weyn , Suzanne ( 1987 ) . Snow White & the Seven Dwarfs : Walt Disney Classics Series . New York NY : Scholastic . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 590 - 41170 - 5 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's classic Snow White and the seven dwarfs : based on Walt Disney 's full - length animated classic '' . WorldCat.org . Dublin OH : OCLC Online Computer Library Center , Inc . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aldred , John ( Winter 1997 ) . `` Disney 's Snow White : The Story Behind the Picture '' . The Association of Motion Picture Sound . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Box Office : Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 8 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Frome , Jonathan ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Snow White : Critics and Criteria for the Animated Feature Film '' . Quarterly Review of Film and Video . 30 ( 5 ) : 462 -- 473 . doi : 10.1080 / 10509208.2011. 585300 . ISSN 1050 - 9208 . Jump up ^ `` Bette Davis again wins award as Best Actress ; Tracy among Best Actors '' . The Evening Independent . Los Angeles , CA . February 24 , 1939 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berg , Chuck ( October 30 , 1988 ) . `` Piano , steel beat island rhythms '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Lawrence KS . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adams , James ( December 13 , 1986 ) . `` Jones leaves no possible note unplayed '' . Edmonton Journal . Edmonton AB . p. 30 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loudon , Christopher ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Alexis Cole Digs Disney '' . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culhane , John ( July 12 , 1987 ) . `` ' Snow White ' at 50 : undimmed magic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 ... See also Ebert , Roger ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Walt and El Grupo '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The great Russian filmmaker Eisenstein , on seeing ' Snow White ' , called it the greatest film ever made . Jump up ^ Fricke , John ; Jay Scarfone ; William Stillman ( 1986 ) . The Wizard of Oz : The Official 50th Anniversary Pictorial History . New York , NY : Warner Books , Inc. p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 446 - 51446 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barrier 1999 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ `` History of AFI '' . afi.com . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence VanGelder ( June 21 , 2001 ) . `` ' Citizen Kane ' Wins an Election '' . New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie '' . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . June 1998 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie -- 10th Anniversary Edition '' . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Animation '' . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . June 22 , 2004 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 400 nominated songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . p. 8 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 400 nominated movie quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . p. 82 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 180 nominated musical '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Los Angeles CA . p. 20 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . chapter = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Blu - ray Review : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( Platinum Edition ) '' . Rope of Silicon . Seattle WA : RopeofSilicon.com LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Time Is Running Out ... Four of Disney 's Greatest Animated Classics Are Disappearing Into the Vault '' . TheFreeLibrary.com ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Press Release . PR Newswire . January 23 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment '' . Disneydvd.disney.go.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Disney Movies : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs GOING THROUGH EVERY FEATURE ON THE NEW SNOW WHITE BLU - RAY Oh My Disney , Retrieved May 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Disneyland 's Snow White 's Scary Adventures Page '' . Disneyland.disney.go.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Disney 's Snow White 's Adventures Page '' . Tokyodisneyresort.co.jp . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Paris ' Blanche - Neige et les Sept Nains Page '' . Parks.disneylandparis.co.uk . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Snow White 's Scary Adventures Page '' . Disneyworld.disney.go.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Fantasyland plan leaves Snow White ride out in cold '' . Orlando Sentinel . February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` page on the ' ' Snow White ' ' video game '' . Atariage.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` page on homebrew release '' . Atariage.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs -- Game Boy Color '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Kingdom Hearts Page '' . Square Enix . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Square Enix , Inc. via PR Newswire ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` KINGDOM HEARTS Birth by Sleep Unveils the Saga 's Untold Origins Today '' . Sys - Con Media . Woodcliff Lake , NJ : SYS - CON Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Disney iOS Games '' . Arcadesushi.com . November 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White : The Queen 's Return -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Debnam , Betty ( February 7 , 1980 ) . `` '' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs '' made into musical `` . The Nevada Daily Mail . Nevada MO . United Press Syndicate . p. 7 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanning , Jim ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` D23 's From the Archives : Snow White Oddities -- Part 3 '' . Disney D23 . Burbank CA : The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Loney , Glenn Meredith ( 1983 ) . 20th century theatre , Volume 2 . Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 463 - 5 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Josh ( August 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Disa and The Seven Dwarfs : How the Snow White prequel became a Dopey movie '' . AnimatedViews.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver Gettell ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Rose Red : Live - action film about Snow White 's sister in the works at Disney '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing Live - Action ' Snow White ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diana Saenger 's Review Express '' . Reviewexpress.com. 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White Comic Book Revisited '' . Filmic Light : Snow White Archive. April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Bibliography Barrier , Michael ( 1999 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York. : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516729 - 5 . Holliss , Richard and Brian Sibley ( 1994 ) . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs & the Making of the Classic Film . Hyperion . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6133 - 0 . Kaufman , J.B. ( 2012 ) . Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs : The Art and Creation of Walt Disney 's Classic Animated Film . San Francisco CA : Weldon Owen . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61628 - 437 - 4 . Kaufman , J.B. ( 2012 ) . The Fairest One of All : The Making of Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . San Francisco CA : Weldon Owen . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61628 - 438 - 1 . Krause , Martin and Linda Witowski ( 1994 ) . Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs : An Art in Its Making . Disney Editions . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6144 - 6 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 film ) Official website Walt 's Masterworks : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Disney.com ( archived ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on IMDb Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at the TCM Movie Database Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at AllMovie Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Box Office Mojo Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs at Rotten Tomatoes Streaming audio Snow White on Lux Radio Theater : December 26 , 1938 . Guest appearance by Walt Disney . Snow White on Screen Guild Theater : December 23 , 1946 Snow White by the Brothers Grimm Disney franchise Gold - Tree and Silver - Tree Snow - White - Fire - Red The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights Standalone films Snow White ( 1902 ) Snow White ( 1916 ) Betty Boop in Snow - White ( 1933 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs ( 1943 ) The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue ( 1951 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1955 ) Snow White and the Three Stooges ( 1961 ) Snow White ( 1962 ) A Snow White Christmas ( 1980 ) Neberte nám princeznú ( 1981 ) Snow White ( 1987 ) Happily Ever After ( 1990 ) Snow White ( 1995 ) Snow White : A Tale of Terror ( 1997 ) Snow White : The Fairest of Them All ( 2001 ) 7 Dwarves -- Men Alone in the Wood ( 2004 ) Snow White : The Sequel ( 2007 ) Sydney White ( 2007 ) Happily N'Ever After 2 : Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple ( 2009 ) Blanche Neige ( 2009 ) Grimm 's Snow White ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Blancanieves ( 2012 ) Charming ( 2018 ) The Huntsman film series Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) The Huntsman : Winter 's War ( 2016 ) Television series The 10th Kingdom ( miniseries ) The Charmings ( sitcom ) The Legend of Snow White ( anime series ) Prétear ( anime series ) Once Upon a Time ( drama series ) Sofia the First ( TV series ) ( `` The Enchanted Feast '' ) ( Season 2 , Episode 27 ) The 7D ( TV series ) Stage Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1912 play ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( musical ) A Snow White Christmas ( musical ) Other media Fables ( comics ) Mira , Mirror ( novel ) Mirror Mirror ( novel ) Red as Blood ( short story ) Schneewittchen ( opera ) Seven Dwarfs Mine Train ( attraction ) Snow White ( comic strip ) Snow White 's Scary Adventures ( attraction ) Snow White Grotto ( attraction ) Snow White : Happily Ever After ( video game ) `` Snow , Glass , Apples '' ( short story ) The Serpent 's Shadow ( novel ) Fairest ( novel ) Politically Correct Bedtime Stories ( short story collection ) Amada Anime Series : Super Mario Bros. ( OVA ) The Wolf Among Us ( video game ) Ballet The Magic Mirror ( 1903 ) Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Characters Snow White Snow White ( Disney ) Mary Margaret Blanchard The Queen Evil Queen ( Disney ) Regina Mills Queen of Fables The Seven Dwarfs The Magic Mirror The King The Huntsman Prince Charming Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book VIAF : 179112884 LCCN : n94051442 GND : 4377506 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)&oldid=812334121 '' Categories : 1937 films English - language films Disney 's Snow White 1937 animated films 1930s fantasy films 1930s American animated films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American musical films American romantic fantasy films Animated films about friendship Animated musical films Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films awarded an Academy Honorary Award Films based on Snow White Films directed by David Hand Films set in the Middle Ages Films produced by Walt Disney Films scored by Frank Churchill Films scored by Leigh Harline Films scored by Paul Smith ( film and television composer ) RKO Pictures films Rotoscoped films United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : CS1 errors : chapter ignored Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from October 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Good articles Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did snow white fall in love with	The dwarfs return to their cottage and find Snow White seemingly dead , being kept in a deathlike slumber by the poison . Unwilling to bury her out of sight in the ground , they instead place her in a glass coffin trimmed with gold in a clearing in the forest . Together with the woodland creatures , they keep watch over her . A year later , a prince , who had previously met and fallen in love with Snow White , learns of her eternal sleep and visits her coffin . Saddened by her apparent death , he kisses her , which breaks the spell and awakens her . The dwarfs and animals all rejoice as the Prince takes Snow White to his castle .
Freddie Stroma - wikipedia Freddie Stroma Freddie Stroma Frederic Wilhelm C.J. Sjöström ( 1987 - 01 - 08 ) 8 January 1987 ( age 31 ) London , England , United Kingdom Education University College London Alma mater Radley College National Youth Theatre Occupation Actor , model Years active 2005 -- present Spouse ( s ) Johanna Braddy ( m . 2016 ) Frederic Wilhelm C.J. Sjöström ( born 8 January 1987 ) , known professionally as Freddie Stroma , is an English actor and model , best known for playing Cormac McLaggen in the Harry Potter film series and Luke in the 2011 musical comedy film A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song . He starred as Adam Cromwell on the dramedy series UnREAL , which premiered on Lifetime in June 2015 . He starred as Brit Vayner in the 2016 Michael Bay war film , 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi . In 2016 , he played H.G. Wells in the ABC series , Time After Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Discography 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Stroma was born in London , England , to father Stefan Sjöström , a Swedish - born computer industry executive , and German mother Crystal Sjöström , and grew up in Ascot , England in Berkshire , about 25 miles west of London . He was educated at the public boys - only boarding school Radley College in Oxfordshire , graduating in 2005 . He has an older sister , Antonia Sjöström , and a younger brother , Philipp Sjöström . When he was 16 , Stroma was accepted to the National Youth Theatre of Great Britain . He had roles on various British TV shows , including Casualty and BBC 's detective show , Mayo ( aka The Gil Mayo Mysteries ) . While studying neuroscience at University College London , Stroma continued to work as an actor and model . He ended up taking a year off from university to play the role of Cormac McLaggen in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . After filming was over , Stroma completed his degree at University College London . In 2009 , he attained a 2 : 1 BSc ( an upper - second - class degree ) in Neuroscience . Career ( edit ) After graduating from college , Stroma was cast in the role as Cormac McLaggen first in Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince and then in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2 . Stroma played the role of Cool Brett in the crime - thriller film 4.3. 2.1 . Stroma appeared in the direct - to - DVD romantic film A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song as a British student , Luke Morgan . He played opposite Lucy Hale as her love interest . He had a minor role in Pitch Perfect , a 2012 comedy about the world of collegiate a cappella . He played a radio station manager at the local college radio station . In 2014 , he was cast in the role of Jack in the psychological thriller After the Dark , which was formerly known as The Philosophers , with his former Harry Potter co-star Bonnie Wright . The film was shot on location in Jakarta . In June 2015 , Stroma was one of the romantic interests , Adam Cromwell , in the Lifetime dramedy UnREAL . He plays British bachelor who is competing on a fictionalized The Bachelor - type reality show called Everlasting . Stroma 's character is manipulated as much as the women who are vying for his attention in the show that is a behind - the - scenes view of reality dating shows . UnREAL was picked up for a second season but Stroma had said that he does not think his character will be back . However , during a Paley Center panel on Unreal he said that he is hopeful as the show will continue to feature Everlasting . After the season 1 finale , Sarah Gertrude Shapiro , one of the co-creators of UnREAL , confirmed that Stroma would be back in season 2 . Stroma had a role in the Michael Bay film 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi ( 2016 ) , playing Yale University graduate student Brit Vayner , an undercover CIA officer in Libya . In 2016 , he joined the cast of the HBO series Game of Thrones in Season 6 as Dickon Tarly , the brother of Samwell Tarly . Personal life ( edit ) Stroma said he modeled ( and acted ) to help pay for university . He modelled for Acne Underwear in their Underwear Collection Autumn / Winter 2008 . He uses Stroma as a surname instead of Sjöström because there is an NHL player named Fredrik Sjöström . Stroma plays guitar and can sing but he is not classically trained in either . Stroma began dating his UnREAL co-star Johanna Braddy in the summer of 2015 . Stroma and Braddy got engaged in May 2016 , and were married on 30 December 2016 , in Atlanta , Georgia . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 Lady Godiva Matt 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Cormac McLaggen 4.3. 2.1 . Cool Brett Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Cormac McLaggen 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Cormac McLaggen 2011 A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song Luke Morgan Direct to video 2012 Pitch Perfect Luke 2013 After the Dark Jack 2014 Extraterrestrial Kyle 2014 The Inbetweeners 2 Ben 2016 13 Hours : The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi Brit Vayner 2018 Second Act Post-production Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2006 Mayo Lucas Harper aka . The Gil Mayo Mysteries ; episode : 1.7 2006 Casualty James Huppert Episode : `` Happy Hour '' 2007 The Last Flight to Kuwait Gregor Schatz Television film 2015 -- 2016 UnREAL Adam Cromwell Main role ( season 1 ) ; guest role ( season 2 ) 2016 Game of Thrones Dickon Tarly Episode : `` Blood of My Blood '' 2017 Time After Time H.G. Wells Lead role Discography ( edit ) Year Song Album 2011 `` Knockin '' A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song `` Possibilities '' A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Radleian '' ( PDF ) . Radley College . 2009 . p. 144 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . FWCJ Sjostrom ( 2000 ) , the actor Freddie Stroma , with ( L-R ) Michael Gambon , Warwick Davis , Bonnie Wright , Daniel Radcliffe , Emma Watson , Rupert Grint , Tom Felton and Alan Rickman attending the premiere of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince in New York Jump up ^ `` Births , Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales , 1916 -- 2005 : Frederic Wilhelm CJ Sjostrom '' . Ancestry.com . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Chi , Paul ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` Meet Harry Potter Hottie Freddie Stroma '' . People . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the squeaky clean movie teens '' . The Independent . 10 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 25 October 2011 ) . `` Stroma finds voice in U 's ' Pitch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambe , Stacy ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Freddie Stroma , the Ass and Heart of Lifetime 's UnREAL '' . Out . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Dennis ( 13 February 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' After the Dark ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Yuvita , Petricia ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Exclusive Feature : Freddie Stroma '' . DA MAN . DestinAsian Media Group . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Alum Books ' Unreal ' Work for Lifetime ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Phelan , Paige ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` ' UnREAL 's ' Freddie Stroma : Adam Is `` Selling Himself Out Just as Much as the Girls Are '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` Freddie Stroma On Playing Suitor Adam In Lifetime 's ' UnREAL ' '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Lauren ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` '' UnREAL '' Star Freddie Stroma : All the Characters Are Whoring Themselves Out `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` Lifetime renews UnREAL for second season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Mallenbaum , Carly ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` ' UnREAL ' TV panel : 7 things we learned '' . USA Today . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Jung , E. Alex ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` UnREAL 's Prince Charming , Freddie Stroma , on Adam 's Pathological Narcissism and Why He Does n't Think He 'll Be Back Next Year '' . Vulture . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Paley Center for Media ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` PaleyLive : An Evening with the Cast & Creators of UnREAL '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Phelan , Paige ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` ' UnREAL ' Cast and Creators Tease Season Finale : `` The Gloves are Off '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Phelan , Paige ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` ' UnREAL ' Finale : Creators Talk Unleashing `` Full Dragon '' Rachel , Season 2 Plans `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` Freddie Stroma Has ' 13 Hours ' ; Christopher Gorham Lands Lead In ' Po ' ; ' Exeter ' Set For DirecTV Bow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 4 September 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Samwell Tarly 's brother - Scoop : ' UnREAL ' star Freddie Stroma joins season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freddie Stroma Dances in His Underwear '' . Acne Underwear. 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` UnREAL Costars Freddie Stroma and Johanna Braddy Are Dating : Photo , Details ! '' . Us Magazine . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Schnurr , Samantha ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` UnREAL 's Freddie Stroma and Johanna Braddy Get Engaged '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lee , Esther ( 31 December 2016 ) . `` Johanna Braddy Marries Freddie Stroma : Exclusive Details '' . The Knot . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Freddie Stroma on IMDb Freddie Stroma on Twitter BNF : cb16585210k ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 3382 2762 LCCN : no2012007318 MusicBrainz : e4553471 - b2cf - 4817 - b88f - 73ce8f714afc VIAF : 231701000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddie_Stroma&oldid=849061442 '' Categories : 1987 births Living people English male television actors English male film actors Male actors from London English people of German descent English people of Swedish descent People educated at Radley College English male models Alumni of University College London 21st - century English male actors National Youth Theatre members Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2013 Use British English from November 2013 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays luke morgan in a cinderella story	Stroma appeared in the direct - to - DVD romantic film A Cinderella Story : Once Upon a Song as a British student , Luke Morgan . He played opposite Lucy Hale as her love interest .
Sound film - Wikipedia Sound film `` Talking pictures '' redirects here . For the British television channel , see Talking Pictures TV . 1908 poster advertising Gaumont 's sound films . The Chronomégaphone , designed for large halls , employed compressed air to amplify the recorded sound . A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound , or sound technologically coupled to image , as opposed to a silent film . The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900 , but decades passed before sound motion pictures were made commercially practical . Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound - on - disc systems , and amplification and recording quality were also inadequate . Innovations in sound - on - film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology , which took place in 1923 . The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid - to late 1920s . At first , the sound films which included synchronized dialogue , known as `` talking pictures '' , or `` talkies '' , were exclusively shorts . The earliest feature - length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects . The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer , released in October 1927 . A major hit , it was made with Vitaphone , which was at the time the leading brand of sound - on - disc technology . Sound - on - film , however , would soon become the standard for talking pictures . By the early 1930s , the talkies were a global phenomenon . In the United States , they helped secure Hollywood 's position as one of the world 's most powerful cultural / commercial centers of influence ( see Cinema of the United States ) . In Europe ( and , to a lesser degree , elsewhere ) , the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics , who worried that a focus on dialogue would subvert the unique aesthetic virtues of soundless cinema . In Japan , where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance , talking pictures were slow to take root . Conversely , in India , sound was the transformative element that led to the rapid expansion of the nation 's film industry . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early steps 2 Crucial innovations 2.1 Advanced sound - on - film 2.2 Advanced sound - on - disc 2.3 Fidelity electronic recording and amplification 3 Triumph of the `` talkies '' 3.1 Transition : Europe 3.2 Transition : Asia 4 Consequences 4.1 Technology 4.2 Labor 4.3 Commerce 4.4 Aesthetic quality 4.5 Cinematic form 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links 8.1 Historical writings 8.2 Historical films History ( edit ) Early steps ( edit ) Further information : Kinetoscope Image from The Dickson Experimental Sound Film ( 1894 or 1895 ) , produced by W.K.L. Dickson as a test of the early version of the Edison Kinetophone , combining the Kinetoscope and phonograph . The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself . On February 27 , 1888 , a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison , the two inventors privately met . Muybridge later claimed that on this occasion , six years before the first commercial motion picture exhibition , he proposed a scheme for sound cinema that would combine his image - casting zoopraxiscope with Edison 's recorded - sound technology . No agreement was reached , but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope , essentially a `` peep - show '' system , as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph . The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895 , but individual , cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection . In 1899 , a projected sound - film system known as Cinemacrophonograph or Phonorama , based primarily on the work of Swiss - born inventor François Dussaud , was exhibited in Paris ; similar to the Kinetophone , the system required individual use of earphones . An improved cylinder - based system , Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre , was developed by Clément - Maurice Gratioulet and Henri Lioret of France , allowing short films of theater , opera , and ballet excerpts to be presented at the Paris Exposition in 1900 . These appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound . Phonorama and yet another sound - film system -- Théâtroscope -- were also presented at the Exposition . Three major problems persisted , leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation . The primary issue was synchronization : pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices , which were difficult to start and maintain in tandem . Sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve . While motion picture projectors soon allowed film to be shown to large theater audiences , audio technology before the development of electric amplification could not project satisfactorily to fill large spaces . Finally , there was the challenge of recording fidelity . The primitive systems of the era produced sound of very low quality unless the performers were stationed directly in front of the cumbersome recording devices ( acoustical horns , for the most part ) , imposing severe limits on the sort of films that could be created with live - recorded sound . Poster featuring Sarah Bernhardt and giving the names of eighteen other `` famous artists '' shown in `` living visions '' at the 1900 Paris Exposition using the Gratioulet - Lioret system . Cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways . An increasing number of motion picture systems relied on gramophone records -- known as sound - on - disc technology ; the records themselves were often referred to as `` Berliner discs '' , after one of the primary inventors in the field , German - American Emile Berliner . In 1902 , Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound - on - disc Chronophone , involving an electrical connection he had recently patented , to the French Photographic Society . Four years later , Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone , a compressed - air amplification system based on the Auxetophone , developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons . Despite high expectations , Gaumont 's sound innovations had only limited commercial success -- though improvements , they still did not satisfactorily address the three basic issues with sound film and were expensive as well . For some years , American inventor E.E. Norton 's Cameraphone was the primary competitor to the Gaumont system ( sources differ on whether the Cameraphone was disc - or cylinder - based ) ; it ultimately failed for many of the same reasons that held back the Chronophone . In 1913 , Edison introduced a new cylinder - based synch - sound apparatus known , just like his 1895 system , as the Kinetophone ; instead of films being shown to individual viewers in the Kinetoscope cabinet , they were now projected onto a screen . The phonograph was connected by an intricate arrangement of pulleys to the film projector , allowing -- under ideal conditions -- for synchronization . However , conditions were rarely ideal , and the new , improved Kinetophone was retired after little more than a year . By the mid-1910s , the groundswell in commercial sound motion picture exhibition had subsided . Beginning in 1914 , The Photo - Drama of Creation , promoting Jehovah 's Witnesses ' conception of mankind 's genesis , was screened around the United States : eight hours worth of projected visuals involving both slides and live action were synchronized with separately recorded lectures and musical performances played back on phonograph . Meanwhile , innovations continued on another significant front . In 1900 , as part of the research he was conducting on the photophone , the German physicist Ernst Ruhmer recorded the fluctuations of the transmitting arc - light as varying shades of light and dark bands onto a continuous roll of photographic film . He then determined that he could reverse the process and reproduce the recorded sound from this photographic strip by shining a bright light through the running filmstrip , with the resulting varying light illuminating a selenium cell . The changes in brightness caused a corresponding change to the selenium 's resistance to electrical currents , which was used to modulate the sound produced in a telephone receiver . He called this invention the photographophone , which he summarized as : `` It is truly a wonderful process : sound becomes electricity , becomes light , causes chemical actions , becomes light and electricity again , and finally sound . '' Ruhmer began a correspondence with the French - born , London - based Eugene Lauste , who had worked at Edison 's lab between 1886 and 1892 . In 1907 , Lauste was awarded the first patent for sound - on - film technology , involving the transformation of sound into light waves that are photographically recorded direct onto celluloid . As described by historian Scott Eyman , It was a double system , that is , the sound was on a different piece of film from the picture ... In essence , the sound was captured by a microphone and translated into light waves via a light valve , a thin ribbon of sensitive metal over a tiny slit . The sound reaching this ribbon would be converted into light by the shivering of the diaphragm , focusing the resulting light waves through the slit , where it would be photographed on the side of the film , on a strip about a tenth of an inch wide . In 1908 , Lauste purchased a photographophone from Ruhmer , with the intention of perfecting the device into a commercial product . Though sound - on - film would eventually become the universal standard for synchronized sound cinema , Lauste never successfully exploited his innovations , which came to an effective dead end . In 1914 , Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt was granted German patent 309,536 for his sound - on - film work ; that same year , he apparently demonstrated a film made with the process to an audience of scientists in Berlin . Hungarian engineer Denes Mihaly submitted his sound - on - film Projectofon concept to the Royal Hungarian Patent Court in 1918 ; the patent award was published four years later . Whether sound was captured on cylinder , disc , or film , none of the available technology was adequate for big - league commercial purposes , and for many years the heads of the major Hollywood film studios saw little benefit in producing sound motion pictures . Crucial innovations ( edit ) A number of technological developments contributed to making sound cinema commercially viable by the late 1920s . Two involved contrasting approaches to synchronized sound reproduction , or playback : Advanced sound - on - film ( edit ) In 1919 , American inventor Lee De Forest was awarded several patents that would lead to the first optical sound - on - film technology with commercial application . In De Forest 's system , the sound track was photographically recorded onto the side of the strip of motion picture film to create a composite , or `` married '' , print . If proper synchronization of sound and picture was achieved in recording , it could be absolutely counted on in playback . Over the next four years , he improved his system with the help of equipment and patents licensed from another American inventor in the field , Theodore Case . At the University of Illinois , Polish - born research engineer Joseph Tykociński - Tykociner was working independently on a similar process . On June 9 , 1922 , he gave the first reported U.S. demonstration of a sound - on - film motion picture to members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . As with Lauste and Tigerstedt , Tykociner 's system would never be taken advantage of commercially ; however , De Forest 's soon would . Newspaper ad for a 1925 presentation of De Forest Phonofilms shorts , touting their technological distinction : no phonograph . On April 15 , 1923 , at New York City 's Rivoli Theater , came the first commercial screening of motion pictures with sound - on - film , the future standard : a set of shorts under the banner of De Forest Phonofilms , accompanying a silent feature . That June , De Forest entered into an extended legal battle with an employee , Freeman Harrison Owens , for title to one of the crucial Phonofilm patents . Although De Forest ultimately won the case in the courts , Owens is today recognized as a central innovator in the field . The following year , De Forest 's studio released the first commercial dramatic film shot as a talking picture -- the two - reeler Love 's Old Sweet Song , directed by J. Searle Dawley and featuring Una Merkel . However , phonofilm 's stock in trade was not original dramas but celebrity documentaries , popular music acts , and comedy performances . President Calvin Coolidge , opera singer Abbie Mitchell , and vaudeville stars such as Phil Baker , Ben Bernie , Eddie Cantor and Oscar Levant appeared in the firm 's pictures . Hollywood remained suspicious , even fearful , of the new technology . As Photoplay editor James Quirk put it in March 1924 , `` Talking pictures are perfected , says Dr. Lee De Forest . So is castor oil . '' De Forest 's process continued to be used through 1927 in the United States for dozens of short Phonofilms ; in the UK it was employed a few years longer for both shorts and features by British Sound Film Productions , a subsidiary of British Talking Pictures , which purchased the primary Phonofilm assets . By the end of 1930 , the Phonofilm business would be liquidated . In Europe , others were also working on the development of sound - on - film . In 1919 , the same year that DeForest received his first patents in the field , three German inventors , Josef Engl ( 1893 -- 1942 ) , Hans Vogt ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , and Joseph Massolle ( 1889 -- 1957 ) , patented the Tri-Ergon sound system . On September 17 , 1922 , the Tri-Ergon group gave a public screening of sound - on - film productions -- including a dramatic talkie , Der Brandstifter ( The Arsonist ) -- before an invited audience at the Alhambra Kino in Berlin . By the end of the decade , Tri-Ergon would be the dominant European sound system . In 1923 , two Danish engineers , Axel Petersen and Arnold Poulsen , patented a system that recorded sound on a separate filmstrip running parallel with the image reel . Gaumont licensed the technology and briefly put it to commercial use under the name Cinéphone . Domestic competition , however , eclipsed Phonofilm . By September 1925 , De Forest and Case 's working arrangement had fallen through . The following July , Case joined Fox Film , Hollywood 's third largest studio , to found the Fox - Case Corporation . The system developed by Case and his assistant , Earl Sponable , given the name Movietone , thus became the first viable sound - on - film technology controlled by a Hollywood movie studio . The following year , Fox purchased the North American rights to the Tri-Ergon system , though the company found it inferior to Movietone and virtually impossible to integrate the two different systems to advantage . In 1927 , as well , Fox retained the services of Freeman Owens , who had particular expertise in constructing cameras for synch - sound film . Advanced sound - on - disc ( edit ) Parallel with improvements in sound - on - film technology , a number of companies were making progress with systems that recorded movie sound on phonograph discs . In sound - on - disc technology from the era , a phonograph turntable is connected by a mechanical interlock to a specially modified film projector , allowing for synchronization . In 1921 , the Photokinema sound - on - disc system developed by Orlando Kellum was employed to add synchronized sound sequences to D.W. Griffith 's failed silent film Dream Street . A love song , performed by star Ralph Graves , was recorded , as was a sequence of live vocal effects . Apparently , dialogue scenes were also recorded , but the results were unsatisfactory and the film was never publicly screened incorporating them . On May 1 , 1921 , Dream Street was re-released , with love song added , at New York City 's Town Hall theater , qualifying it -- however haphazardly -- as the first feature - length film with a live - recorded vocal sequence . There would be no others for more than six years . Poster for Warner Bros . ' Don Juan ( 1926 ) , the first major motion picture to premiere with a full - length synchronized soundtrack . Audio recording engineer George Groves , the first in Hollywood to hold the job , would supervise sound on Woodstock , 44 years later . In 1925 , Sam Warner of Warner Bros. , then a small Hollywood studio with big ambitions , saw a demonstration of the Western Electric sound - on - disc system and was sufficiently impressed to persuade his brothers to agree to experiment with using this system at New York 's Vitagraph Studios , which they had recently purchased . The tests were convincing to the Warner Brothers , if not to the executives of some other picture companies who witnessed them . Consequently , in April 1926 the Western Electric Company entered into a contract with Warner Brothers and W.J. Rich , a financier , giving them an exclusive license for recording and reproducing sound pictures under the Western Electric system . To exploit this license the Vitaphone Corporation was organized with Samuel L. Warner as its president . Vitaphone , as this system was now called , was publicly introduced on August 6 , 1926 , with the premiere of Don Juan ; the first feature - length movie to employ a synchronized sound system of any type throughout , its soundtrack contained a musical score and added sound effects , but no recorded dialogue -- in other words , it had been staged and shot as a silent film . Accompanying Don Juan , however , were eight shorts of musical performances , mostly classical , as well as a four - minute filmed introduction by Will H. Hays , president of the Motion Picture Association of America , all with live - recorded sound . These were the first true sound films exhibited by a Hollywood studio . Warner Bros . ' The Better ' Ole , technically similar to Don Juan , followed in October . Sound - on - film would ultimately win out over sound - on - disc because of a number of fundamental technical advantages : Synchronization : no interlock system was completely reliable , and a projectionist 's error , or an inexactly repaired film break , or a defect in the soundtrack disc could result in the sound becoming seriously and irrecoverably out of sync with the picture Editing : discs could not be directly edited , severely limiting the ability to make alterations in their accompanying films after the original release cut Distribution : phonograph discs added expense and complication to film distribution Wear and tear : the physical process of playing the discs degraded them , requiring their replacement after approximately twenty screenings Nonetheless , in the early years , sound - on - disc had the edge over sound - on - film in two substantial ways : Production and capital cost : it was generally less expensive to record sound onto disc than onto film and the exhibition systems -- turntable / interlock / projector -- were cheaper to manufacture than the complex image - and - audio - pattern - reading projectors required by sound - on - film Audio quality : phonograph discs , Vitaphone 's in particular , had superior dynamic range to most sound - on - film processes of the day , at least during the first few playings ; while sound - on - film tended to have better frequency response , this was outweighed by greater distortion and noise As sound - on - film technology improved , both of these disadvantages were overcome . The third crucial set of innovations marked a major step forward in both the live recording of sound and its effective playback : Western Electric engineer E.B. Craft , at left , demonstrating the Vitaphone projection system . A Vitaphone disc had a running time of about 11 minutes , enough to match that of a 1,000 - foot ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . Fidelity electronic recording and amplification ( edit ) In 1913 , Western Electric , the manufacturing division of AT&T , acquired the rights to the de Forest audion , the forerunner of the triode vacuum tube . Over the next few years they developed it into a predictable and reliable device that made electronic amplification possible for the first time . Western Electric then branched - out into developing uses for the vacuum tube including public address systems and an electrical recording system for the recording industry . Beginning in 1922 , the research branch of Western Electric began working intensively on recording technology for both sound - on - disc and sound - on film synchronised sound systems for motion - pictures . The engineers working on the sound - on - disc system were able to draw on expertise that Western Electric already had in electrical disc recording and were thus able to make faster initial progress . The main change required was to increase the playing time of the disc so that it could match that of a standard 1,000 ft ( 300 m ) reel of 35 mm film . The chosen design used a disc nearly 16 inches ( about 40 cm ) in diameter rotating at 33 1 / 3 rpm . This could play for 11 minutes , the running time of 1000 ft of film at 90 ft / min ( 24 frames / s ) . Because of the larger diameter the minimum groove velocity of 70 ft / min ( 14 inches or 356 mm / s ) was only slightly less than that of a standard 10 - inch 78 rpm commercial disc . In 1925 , the company publicly introduced a greatly improved system of electronic audio , including sensitive condenser microphones and rubber - line recorders ( named after the use of a rubber damping band for recording with better frequency response onto a wax master disc ) . That May , the company licensed entrepreneur Walter J. Rich to exploit the system for commercial motion pictures ; he founded Vitagraph , in which Warner Bros. acquired a half interest , just one month later . In April 1926 , Warners signed a contract with AT&T for exclusive use of its film sound technology for the redubbed Vitaphone operation , leading to the production of Don Juan and its accompanying shorts over the following months . During the period when Vitaphone had exclusive access to the patents , the fidelity of recordings made for Warners films was markedly superior to those made for the company 's sound - on - film competitors . Meanwhile , Bell Labs -- the new name for the AT&T research operation -- was working at a furious pace on sophisticated sound amplification technology that would allow recordings to be played back over loudspeakers at theater - filling volume . The new moving - coil speaker system was installed in New York 's Warners Theatre at the end of July and its patent submission , for what Western Electric called the No. 555 Receiver , was filed on August 4 , just two days before the premiere of Don Juan . Late in the year , AT&T / Western Electric created a licensing division , Electrical Research Products Inc . ( ERPI ) , to handle rights to the company 's film - related audio technology . Vitaphone still had legal exclusivity , but having lapsed in its royalty payments , effective control of the rights was in ERPI 's hands . On December 31 , 1926 , Warners granted Fox - Case a sublicense for the use of the Western Electric system ; in exchange for the sublicense , both Warners and ERPI received a share of Fox 's related revenues . The patents of all three concerns were cross-licensed . Superior recording and amplification technology was now available to two Hollywood studios , pursuing two very different methods of sound reproduction . The new year would finally see the emergence of sound cinema as a significant commercial medium . Triumph of the `` talkies '' ( edit ) In February 1927 , an agreement was signed by five leading Hollywood movie companies : Famous Players - Lasky ( soon to be part of Paramount ) , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , Universal , First National , and Cecil B. DeMille 's small but prestigious Producers Distributing Corporation ( PDC ) . The five studios agreed to collectively select just one provider for sound conversion . The alliance then sat back and waited to see what sort of results the frontrunners came up with . In May , Warner Bros. sold back its exclusivity rights to ERPI ( along with the Fox - Case sublicense ) and signed a new royalty contract similar to Fox 's for use of Western Electric technology . Fox and Warners pressed forward with sound cinema , moving in different directions both technologically and commercially : Fox moved into newsreels and then scored dramas , while Warners concentrated on talking features . Meanwhile , ERPI sought to corner the market by signing up the five allied studios . Newspaper ad from a fully equipped theater in Tacoma , Washington , showing The Jazz Singer , on Vitaphone , and a Fox newsreel , on Movietone , together on the same bill . The big sound film sensations of the year all took advantage of preexisting celebrity . On May 20 , 1927 , at New York 's Roxy Theater , Fox Movietone presented a sound film of the takeoff of Charles Lindbergh 's celebrated flight to Paris , recorded earlier that day . In June , a Fox sound newsreel depicting his return welcomes in New York and Washington , D.C. , was shown . These were the two most acclaimed sound motion pictures to date . In May , as well , Fox had released the first Hollywood fiction film with synchronized dialogue : the short They 're Coming to Get Me , starring comedian Chic Sale . After rereleasing a few silent feature hits , such as Seventh Heaven , with recorded music , Fox came out with its first original Movietone feature on September 23 : Sunrise , by acclaimed German director F.W. Murnau . As with Don Juan , the film 's soundtrack consisted of a musical score and sound effects ( including , in a couple of crowd scenes , `` wild '' , nonspecific vocals ) . Then , on October 6 , 1927 , Warner Bros . ' The Jazz Singer premiered . It was a smash box office success for the mid-level studio , earning a total of $2.625 million in the United States and abroad , almost a million dollars more than the previous record for a Warners film . Produced with the Vitaphone system , most of the film does not contain live - recorded audio , relying , like Sunrise and Don Juan , on a score and effects . When the movie 's star , Al Jolson , sings , however , the film shifts to sound recorded on the set , including both his musical performances and two scenes with ad - libbed speech -- one of Jolson 's character , Jakie Rabinowitz ( Jack Robin ) , addressing a cabaret audience ; the other an exchange between him and his mother . The `` natural '' sounds of the settings were also audible . Though the success of The Jazz Singer was due largely to Jolson , already established as one of U.S. biggest music stars , and its limited use of synchronized sound hardly qualified it as an innovative sound film ( let alone the `` first '' ) , the movie 's profits were proof enough to the industry that the technology was worth investing in . The development of commercial sound cinema had proceeded in fits and starts before The Jazz Singer , and the film 's success did not change things overnight . Not until May 1928 did the group of four big studios ( PDC had dropped out of the alliance ) , along with United Artists and others , sign with ERPI for conversion of production facilities and theaters for sound film . Initially , all ERPI - wired theaters were made Vitaphone - compatible ; most were equipped to project Movietone reels as well . However , even with access to both technologies , most of the Hollywood companies remained slow to produce talking features of their own . No studio besides Warner Bros. released even a part - talking feature until the low - budget - oriented Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) premiered The Perfect Crime on June 17 , 1928 , eight months after The Jazz Singer . FBO had come under the effective control of a Western Electric competitor , General Electric 's RCA division , which was looking to market its new sound - on - film system , Photophone . Unlike Fox - Case 's Movietone and De Forest 's Phonofilm , which were variable - density systems , Photophone was a variable - area system -- a refinement in the way the audio signal was inscribed on film that would ultimately become the standard . ( In both sorts of systems , a specially - designed lamp , whose exposure to the film is determined by the audio input , is used to record sound photographically as a series of minuscule lines . In a variable - density process , the lines are of varying darkness ; in a variable - area process , the lines are of varying width . ) By October , the FBO - RCA alliance would lead to the creation of Hollywood 's newest major studio , RKO Pictures . Dorothy Mackaill and Milton Sills in The Barker , First National 's inaugural talkie . The film was released in December 1928 , two months after Warner Bros. acquired a controlling interest in the studio . Meanwhile , Warner Bros. had released three more talkies , all profitable , if not at the level of The Jazz Singer : In March , Tenderloin appeared ; it was billed by Warners as the first feature in which characters spoke their parts , though only 15 of its 88 minutes had dialogue . Glorious Betsy followed in April , and The Lion and the Mouse ( 31 minutes of dialogue ) in May . On July 6 , 1928 , the first all - talking feature , Lights of New York , premiered . The film cost Warner Bros. only $23,000 to produce , but grossed $1.252 million , a record rate of return surpassing 5,000 % . In September , the studio released another Al Jolson part - talking picture , The Singing Fool , which more than doubled The Jazz Singer 's earnings record for a Warners movie . This second Jolson screen smash demonstrated the movie musical 's ability to turn a song into a national hit : inside of nine months , the Jolson number `` Sonny Boy '' had racked up 2 million record and 1.25 million sheet music sales . September 1928 also saw the release of Paul Terry 's Dinner Time , among the first animated cartoons produced with synchronized sound . Soon after he saw it , Walt Disney released his first sound picture , the Mickey Mouse short Steamboat Willie . Over the course of 1928 , as Warner Bros. began to rake in huge profits due to the popularity of its sound films , the other studios quickened the pace of their conversion to the new technology . Paramount , the industry leader , put out its first talkie in late September , Beggars of Life ; though it had just a few lines of dialogue , it demonstrated the studio 's recognition of the new medium 's power . Interference , Paramount 's first all - talker , debuted in November . The process known as `` goat glanding '' briefly became widespread : soundtracks , sometimes including a smatter of post-dubbed dialogue or song , were added to movies that had been shot , and in some cases released , as silents . A few minutes of singing could qualify such a newly endowed film as a `` musical . '' ( Griffith 's Dream Street had essentially been a `` goat gland . '' ) Expectations swiftly changed , and the sound `` fad '' of 1927 became standard procedure by 1929 . In February 1929 , sixteen months after The Jazz Singer 's debut , Columbia Pictures became the last of the eight studios that would be known as `` majors '' during Hollywood 's Golden Age to release its first part - talking feature , Lone Wolf 's Daughter . In late May , the first all - color , all - talking feature , Warner Bros . ' On with the Show ! , premiered . Yet most American movie theaters , especially outside of urban areas , were still not equipped for sound : while the number of sound cinemas grew from 100 to 800 between 1928 and 1929 , they were still vastly outnumbered by silent theaters , which had actually grown in number as well , from 22,204 to 22,544 . The studios , in parallel , were still not entirely convinced of the talkies ' universal appeal -- through mid-1930 , the majority of Hollywood movies were produced in dual versions , silent as well as talking . Though few in the industry predicted it , silent film as a viable commercial medium in the United States would soon be little more than a memory . Points West , a Hoot Gibson Western released by Universal Pictures in August 1929 , was the last purely silent mainstream feature put out by a major Hollywood studio . Transition : Europe ( edit ) The Jazz Singer had its European sound premiere at the Piccadilly Theatre in London on September 27 , 1928 . According to film historian Rachael Low , `` Many in the industry realized at once that a change to sound production was inevitable . '' On January 16 , 1929 , the first European feature film with a synchronized vocal performance and recorded score premiered : the German production Ich küsse Ihre Hand , Madame ( I Kiss Your Hand , Madame ) . Dialogueless , it contains only a few songs performed by Richard Tauber . The movie was made with the sound - on - film system controlled by the German - Dutch firm Tobis , corporate heirs to the Tri-Ergon concern . With an eye toward commanding the emerging European market for sound film , Tobis entered into a compact with its chief competitor , Klangfilm , a joint subsidiary of Germany 's two leading electrical manufacturers . Early in 1929 , Tobis and Klangfilm began comarketing their recording and playback technologies . As ERPI began to wire theaters around Europe , Tobis - Klangfilm claimed that the Western Electric system infringed on the Tri-Ergon patents , stalling the introduction of American technology in many places . Just as RCA had entered the movie business to maximize its recording system 's value , Tobis also established its own production operations . During 1929 , most of the major European filmmaking countries began joining Hollywood in the changeover to sound . Many of the trend - setting European talkies were shot abroad as production companies leased studios while their own were being converted or as they deliberately targeted markets speaking different languages . One of Europe 's first two feature - length dramatic talkies was created in still a different sort of twist on multinational moviemaking : The Crimson Circle was a coproduction between director Friedrich Zelnik 's Efzet - Film company and British Sound Film Productions ( BSFP ) . In 1928 , the film had been released as the silent Der Rote Kreis in Germany , where it was shot ; English dialogue was apparently dubbed in much later using the De Forest Phonofilm process controlled by BSFP 's corporate parent . It was given a British trade screening in March 1929 , as was a part - talking film made entirely in the UK : The Clue of the New Pin , a British Lion production using the sound - on - disc British Photophone system . In May , Black Waters , a British and Dominions Film Corporation promoted as the first UK all - talker , received its initial trade screening ; it had been shot completely in Hollywood with a Western Electric sound - on - film system . None of these pictures made much impact . The Prague - raised star of Blackmail ( 1929 ) , Anny Ondra , was an industry favorite , but her thick accent became an issue when the film was reshot with sound . Without post-dubbing capacity , her dialogue was simultaneously recorded offscreen by actress Joan Barry . Ondra 's British film career was over . The first successful European dramatic talkie was the all - British Blackmail . Directed by twenty - nine - year - old Alfred Hitchcock , the movie had its London debut June 21 , 1929 . Originally shot as a silent , Blackmail was restaged to include dialogue sequences , along with a score and sound effects , before its premiere . A British International Pictures ( BIP ) production , it was recorded on RCA Photophone , General Electric having bought a share of AEG so they could access the Tobis - Klangfilm markets . Blackmail was a substantial hit ; critical response was also positive -- notorious curmudgeon Hugh Castle , for example , called it `` perhaps the most intelligent mixture of sound and silence we have yet seen . '' On August 23 , the modest - sized Austrian film industry came out with a talkie : G'schichten aus der Steiermark ( Stories from Styria ) , an Eagle Film -- Ottoton Film production . On September 30 , the first entirely German - made feature - length dramatic talkie , Das Land ohne Frauen ( Land Without Women ) , premiered . A Tobis Filmkunst production , about one - quarter of the movie contained dialogue , which was strictly segregated from the special effects and music . The response was underwhelming . Sweden 's first talkie , Konstgjorda Svensson ( Artificial Svensson ) , premiered on October 14 . Eight days later , Aubert Franco - Film came out with Le Collier de la reine ( The Queen 's Necklace ) , shot at the Épinay studio near Paris . Conceived as a silent film , it was given a Tobis - recorded score and a single talking sequence -- the first dialogue scene in a French feature . On October 31 , Les Trois masques debuted ; a Pathé - Natan film , it is generally regarded as the initial French feature talkie , though it was shot , like Blackmail , at the Elstree studio , just outside London . The production company had contracted with RCA Photophone and Britain then had the nearest facility with the system . The Braunberger - Richebé talkie La Route est belle , also shot at Elstree , followed a few weeks later . Before the Paris studios were fully sound - equipped -- a process that stretched well into 1930 -- a number of other early French talkies were shot in Germany . The first all - talking German feature , Atlantik , had premiered in Berlin on October 28 . Yet another Elstree - made movie , it was rather less German at heart than Les Trois masques and La Route est belle were French ; a BIP production with a British scenarist and German director , it was also shot in English as Atlantic . The entirely German Aafa - Film production It 's You I Have Loved ( Dich hab ich geliebt ) opened three - and - a-half weeks later . It was not `` Germany 's First Talking Film '' , as the marketing had it , but it was the first to be released in the United States . The first Soviet talkie , Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life ; 1931 ) , concerns the issue of homeless youth . As Marcel Carné put it , `` in the unforgettable images of this spare and pure story we can discern the effort of an entire nation . '' In 1930 , the first Polish talkies premiered , using sound - on - disc systems : Moralność pani Dulskiej ( The Morality of Mrs. Dulska ) in March and the all - talking Niebezpieczny romans ( Dangerous Love Affair ) in October . In Italy , whose once vibrant film industry had become moribund by the late 1920s , the first talkie , La Canzone dell'amore ( The Song of Love ) , also came out in October ; within two years , Italian cinema would be enjoying a revival . The first movie spoken in Czech debuted in 1930 as well , Tonka Šibenice ( Tonka of the Gallows ) . Several European nations with minor positions in the field also produced their first talking pictures -- Belgium ( in French ) , Denmark , Greece , and Romania . The Soviet Union 's robust film industry came out with its first sound features in December 1930 : Dziga Vertov 's nonfiction Entuziazm had an experimental , dialogueless soundtrack ; Abram Room 's documentary Plan velikikh rabot ( The Plan of the Great Works ) had music and spoken voiceovers . Both were made with locally developed sound - on - film systems , two of the two hundred or so movie sound systems then available somewhere in the world . In June 1931 , the Nikolai Ekk drama Putevka v zhizn ( The Road to Life or A Start in Life ) , premiered as the Soviet Union 's first true talking picture . Throughout much of Europe , conversion of exhibition venues lagged well behind production capacity , requiring talkies to be produced in parallel silent versions or simply shown without sound in many places . While the pace of conversion was relatively swift in Britain -- with over 60 percent of theaters equipped for sound by the end of 1930 , similar to the U.S. figure -- in France , by contrast , more than half of theaters nationwide were still projecting in silence by late 1932 . According to scholar Colin G. Crisp , `` Anxiety about resuscitating the flow of silent films was frequently expressed in the ( French ) industrial press , and a large section of the industry still saw the silent as a viable artistic and commercial prospect till about 1935 . '' The situation was particularly acute in the Soviet Union ; as of May 1933 , fewer than one out of every hundred film projectors in the country was as yet equipped for sound . Transition : asia ( edit ) Director Heinosuke Gosho 's Madamu to nyobo ( The Neighbor 's Wife and Mine ; 1931 ) , a production of the Shochiku studio , was the first major commercial and critical success of Japanese sound cinema . During the 1920s and 1930s , Japan was one of the world 's two largest producers of motion pictures , along with the United States . Though the country 's film industry was among the first to produce both sound and talking features , the full changeover to sound proceeded much more slowly than in the West . It appears that the first Japanese sound film , Reimai ( Dawn ) , was made in 1926 with the De Forest Phonofilm system . Using the sound - on - disc Minatoki system , the leading Nikkatsu studio produced a pair of talkies in 1929 : Taii no musume ( The Captain 's Daughter ) and Furusato ( Hometown ) , the latter directed by Kenji Mizoguchi . The rival Shochiku studio began the successful production of sound - on - film talkies in 1931 using a variable - density process called Tsuchibashi . Two years later , however , more than 80 percent of movies made in the country were still silents . Two of the country 's leading directors , Mikio Naruse and Yasujirō Ozu , did not make their first sound films until 1935 and 1936 , respectively . As late as 1938 , over a third of all movies produced in Japan were shot without dialogue . The enduring popularity of the silent medium in Japanese cinema owed in great part to the tradition of the benshi , a live narrator who performed as accompaniment to a film screening . As director Akira Kurosawa later described , the benshi `` not only recounted the plot of the films , they enhanced the emotional content by performing the voices and sound effects and providing evocative descriptions of events and images on the screen ... The most popular narrators were stars in their own right , solely responsible for the patronage of a particular theatre . '' Film historian Mariann Lewinsky argues , The end of silent film in the West and in Japan was imposed by the industry and the market , not by any inner need or natural evolution ... Silent cinema was a highly pleasurable and fully mature form . It did n't lack anything , least in Japan , where there was always the human voice doing the dialogues and the commentary . Sound films were not better , just more economical . As a cinema owner you did n't have to pay the wages of musicians and benshi any more . And a good benshi was a star demanding star payment . By the same token , the viability of the benshi system facilitated a gradual transition to sound -- allowing the studios to spread out the capital costs of conversion and their directors and technical crews time to become familiar with the new technology . Alam Ara premiered March 14 , 1931 , in Bombay . The first Indian talkie was so popular that `` police aid had to be summoned to control the crowds . '' It was shot with the Tanar single - system camera , which recorded sound directly onto the film . The Mandarin - language Gēnǚ hóng mǔdān ( 歌女紅牡丹 , Singsong Girl Red Peony ) , starring Butterfly Wu , premiered as China 's first feature talkie in 1930 . By February of that year , production was apparently completed on a sound version of The Devil 's Playground , arguably qualifying it as the first Australian talking motion picture ; however , the May press screening of Commonwealth Film Contest prizewinner Fellers is the first verifiable public exhibition of an Australian talkie . In September 1930 , a song performed by Indian star Sulochana , excerpted from the silent feature Madhuri ( 1928 ) , was released as a synchronized - sound short , the country 's first . The following year , Ardeshir Irani directed the first Indian talking feature , the Hindi - Urdu Alam Ara , and produced Kalidas , primarily in Tamil with some Telugu . Nineteen - thirty - one also saw the first Bengali - language film , Jamai Sasthi , and the first movie fully spoken in Telugu , Bhakta Prahlada . In 1932 , Ayodhyecha Raja became the first movie in which Marathi was spoken to be released ( though Sant Tukaram was the first to go through the official censorship process ) ; the first Gujarati - language film , Narsimha Mehta , and all - Tamil talkie , Kalava , debuted as well . The next year , Ardeshir Irani produced the first Persian - language talkie , Dukhtar - e-loor . Also in 1933 , the first Cantonese - language films were produced in Hong Kong -- Sha zai dongfang ( The Idiot 's Wedding Night ) and Liang xing ( Conscience ) ; within two years , the local film industry had fully converted to sound . Korea , where pyonsa ( or byun - sa ) held a role and status similar to that of the Japanese benshi , in 1935 became the last country with a significant film industry to produce its first talking picture : Chunhyangjeon ( 春香傳 / 춘향전 ) is based on the seventeenth - century pansori folktale `` Chunhyangga '' , of which as many as fifteen film versions have been made through 2009 . Consequences ( edit ) Technology ( edit ) Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , one of the first sound films about sound filmmaking , depicts microphones dangling from the rafters and multiple cameras shooting simultaneously from soundproofed booths . The poster shows a camera unboothed and unblimped , as it might be when shooting a musical number with a prerecorded soundtrack . In the short term , the introduction of live sound recording caused major difficulties in production . Cameras were noisy , so a soundproofed cabinet was used in many of the earliest talkies to isolate the loud equipment from the actors , at the expense of a drastic reduction in the ability to move the camera . For a time , multiple - camera shooting was used to compensate for the loss of mobility and innovative studio technicians could often find ways to liberate the camera for particular shots . The necessity of staying within range of still microphones meant that actors also often had to limit their movements unnaturally . Show Girl in Hollywood ( 1930 ) , from First National Pictures ( which Warner Bros. had taken control of thanks to its profitable adventure into sound ) , gives a behind - the - scenes look at some of the techniques involved in shooting early talkies . Several of the fundamental problems caused by the transition to sound were soon solved with new camera casings , known as `` blimps '' , designed to suppress noise and boom microphones that could be held just out of frame and moved with the actors . In 1931 , a major improvement in playback fidelity was introduced : three - way speaker systems in which sound was separated into low , medium , and high frequencies and sent respectively to a large bass `` woofer '' , a midrange driver , and a treble `` tweeter . '' There were consequences , as well , for other technological aspects of the cinema . Proper recording and playback of sound required exact standardization of camera and projector speed . Before sound , 16 frames per second ( fps ) was the supposed norm , but practice varied widely . Cameras were often undercranked or overcranked to improve exposures or for dramatic effect . Projectors were commonly run too fast to shorten running time and squeeze in extra shows . Variable frame rate , however , made sound unlistenable , and a new , strict standard of 24 fps was soon established . Sound also forced the abandonment of the noisy arc lights used for filming in studio interiors . The switch to quiet incandescent illumination in turn required a switch to more expensive film stock . The sensitivity of the new panchromatic film delivered superior image tonal quality and gave directors the freedom to shoot scenes at lower light levels than was previously practical . As David Bordwell describes , technological improvements continued at a swift pace : `` Between 1932 and 1935 , ( Western Electric and RCA ) created directional microphones , increased the frequency range of film recording , reduced ground noise ... and extended the volume range . '' These technical advances often meant new aesthetic opportunities : `` Increasing the fidelity of recording ... heightened the dramatic possibilities of vocal timbre , pitch , and loudness . '' Another basic problem -- famously spoofed in the 1952 film Singin ' in the Rain -- was that some silent - era actors simply did not have attractive voices ; though this issue was frequently overstated , there were related concerns about general vocal quality and the casting of performers for their dramatic skills in roles also requiring singing talent beyond their own . By 1935 , rerecording of vocals by the original or different actors in postproduction , a process known as `` looping '' , had become practical . The ultraviolet recording system introduced by RCA in 1936 improved the reproduction of sibilants and high notes . Example of a variable - area sound track -- the width of the white area is proportional to the amplitude of the audio signal at each instant . With Hollywood 's wholesale adoption of the talkies , the competition between the two fundamental approaches to sound - film production was soon resolved . Over the course of 1930 -- 31 , the only major players using sound - on - disc , Warner Bros. and First National , changed over to sound - on - film recording . Vitaphone 's dominating presence in sound - equipped theaters , however , meant that for years to come all of the Hollywood studios pressed and distributed sound - on - disc versions of their films alongside the sound - on - film prints . Fox Movietone soon followed Vitaphone into disuse as a recording and reproduction method , leaving two major American systems : the variable - area RCA Photophone and Western Electric 's own variable - density process , a substantial improvement on the cross-licensed Movietone . Under RCA 's instigation , the two parent companies made their projection equipment compatible , meaning films shot with one system could be screened in theaters equipped for the other . This left one big issue -- the Tobis - Klangfilm challenge . In May 1930 , Western Electric won an Austrian lawsuit that voided protection for certain Tri-Ergon patents , helping bring Tobis - Klangfilm to the negotiating table . The following month an accord was reached on patent cross-licensing , full playback compatibility , and the division of the world into three parts for the provision of equipment . As a contemporary report describes : Tobis - Klangfilm has the exclusive rights to provide equipment for : Germany , Danzig , Austria , Hungary , Switzerland , Czechoslovakia , Holland , the Dutch Indies , Denmark , Sweden , Norway , Bulgaria , Romania , Yugoslavia , and Finland . The Americans have the exclusive rights for the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India , and Russia . All other countries , among them Italy , France , and England , are open to both parties . The agreement did not resolve all the patent disputes , and further negotiations were undertaken and concords signed over the course of the 1930s . During these years , as well , the American studios began abandoning the Western Electric system for RCA Photophone 's variable - area approach -- by the end of 1936 , only Paramount , MGM , and United Artists still had contracts with ERPI . Labor ( edit ) The unkind cover of Photoplay , December 1929 , featuring Norma Talmadge . As movie historian David Thomson puts it , `` sound proved the incongruity of ( her ) salon prettiness and tenement voice . '' While the introduction of sound led to a boom in the motion picture industry , it had an adverse effect on the employability of a host of Hollywood actors of the time . Suddenly those without stage experience were regarded as suspect by the studios ; as suggested above , those whose heavy accents or otherwise discordant voices had previously been concealed were particularly at risk . The career of major silent star Norma Talmadge effectively came to an end in this way . The celebrated German actor Emil Jannings returned to Europe . Moviegoers found John Gilbert 's voice an awkward match with his swashbuckling persona , and his star also faded . Audiences now seemed to perceive certain silent - era stars as old - fashioned , even those who had the talent to succeed in the sound era . The career of Harold Lloyd , one of the top screen comedians of the 1920s , declined precipitously . Lillian Gish departed , back to the stage , and other leading figures soon left acting entirely : Colleen Moore , Gloria Swanson , and Hollywood 's most famous performing couple , Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford . As actress Louise Brooks suggested , there were other issues as well : Studio heads , now forced into unprecedented decisions , decided to begin with the actors , the least palatable , the most vulnerable part of movie production . It was such a splendid opportunity , anyhow , for breaking contracts , cutting salaries , and taming the stars ... Me , they gave the salary treatment . I could stay on without the raise my contract called for , or quit , ( Paramount studio chief B.P. ) Schulberg said , using the questionable dodge of whether I 'd be good for the talkies . Questionable , I say , because I spoke decent English in a decent voice and came from the theater . So without hesitation I quit . Buster Keaton was eager to explore the new medium , but when his studio , MGM , made the changeover to sound , he was quickly stripped of creative control . Though a number of Keaton 's early talkies made impressive profits , they were artistically dismal . Several of the new medium 's biggest attractions came from vaudeville and the musical theater , where performers such as Jolson , Eddie Cantor , Jeanette MacDonald , and the Marx Brothers were accustomed to the demands of both dialogue and song . James Cagney and Joan Blondell , who had teamed on Broadway , were brought west together by Warner Bros. in 1930 . A few actors were major stars during both the silent and the sound eras : John Barrymore , Ronald Colman , Myrna Loy , William Powell , Norma Shearer , the comedy team of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy , and the incomparable Charlie Chaplin , whose City Lights ( 1931 ) and Modern Times ( 1936 ) employed sound almost exclusively for music and effects . Janet Gaynor became a top star with the synch - sound but dialogueless Seventh Heaven and Sunrise , as did Joan Crawford with the technologically similar Our Dancing Daughters ( 1928 ) . Greta Garbo was the one non -- native English speaker to retain Hollywood stardom on both sides of the great sound divide . Silent film extra Clark Gable , who had received extensive voice training during his earlier stage career , went on to dominate the new medium for decades . The new emphasis on speech also caused producers to hire many novelists , journalists , and playwrights with experience writing good dialogue . Among those who became Hollywood scriptwriters during the 1930s were Nathanael West , William Faulkner , Robert Sherwood , Aldous Huxley , and Dorothy Parker . As talking pictures emerged , with their prerecorded musical tracks , an increasing number of moviehouse orchestra musicians found themselves out of work . More than just their position as film accompanists was usurped ; according to historian Preston J. Hubbard , `` During the 1920s live musical performances at first - run theaters became an exceedingly important aspect of the American cinema . '' With the coming of the talkies , those featured performances -- usually staged as preludes -- were largely eliminated as well . The American Federation of Musicians took out newspaper advertisements protesting the replacement of live musicians with mechanical playing devices . One 1929 ad that appeared in the Pittsburgh Press features an image of a can labeled `` Canned Music / Big Noise Brand / Guaranteed to Produce No Intellectual or Emotional Reaction Whatever '' and reads in part : Canned Music on Trial This is the case of Art vs. Mechanical Music in theatres . The defendant stands accused in front of the American people of attempted corruption of musical appreciation and discouragement of musical education . Theatres in many cities are offering synchronised mechanical music as a substitute for Real Music . If the theatre - going public accepts this vitiation of its entertainment program a deplorable decline in the Art of Music is inevitable . Musical authorities know that the soul of the Art is lost in mechanization . It can not be otherwise because the quality of music is dependent on the mood of the artist , upon the human contact , without which the essence of intellectual stimulation and emotional rapture is lost . By the following year , a reported 22,000 U.S. moviehouse musicians had lost their jobs . Commerce ( edit ) Premiering February 1 , 1929 , MGM 's The Broadway Melody was the first smash - hit talkie from a studio other than Warner Bros. and the first sound film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture . In September 1926 , Jack L. Warner , head of Warner Bros. , was quoted to the effect that talking pictures would never be viable : `` They fail to take into account the international language of the silent pictures , and the unconscious share of each onlooker in creating the play , the action , the plot , and the imagined dialogue for himself . '' Much to his company 's benefit , he would be proven very wrong -- between the 1927 -- 28 and 1928 -- 29 fiscal years , Warners ' profits surged from $2 million to $14 million . Sound film , in fact , was a clear boon to all the major players in the industry . During that same twelve - month span , Paramount 's profits rose by $7 million , Fox 's by $3.5 million , and Loew 's / MGM 's by $3 million . RKO , which did not even exist in September 1928 and whose parent production company , FBO , was in the Hollywood minor leagues , by the end of 1929 was established as one of America 's leading entertainment businesses . Fueling the boom was the emergence of an important new cinematic genre made possible by sound : the musical . Over sixty Hollywood musicals were released in 1929 , and more than eighty the following year . Even as the Wall Street crash of October 1929 helped plunge the United States and ultimately the global economy into depression , the popularity of the talkies at first seemed to keep Hollywood immune . The 1929 -- 30 exhibition season was even better for the motion picture industry than the previous , with ticket sales and overall profits hitting new highs . Reality finally struck later in 1930 , but sound had clearly secured Hollywood 's position as one of the most important industrial fields , both commercially and culturally , in the United States . In 1929 , film box - office receipts comprised 16.6 percent of total spending by Americans on recreation ; by 1931 , the figure had reached 21.8 percent . The motion picture business would command similar figures for the next decade and a half . Hollywood ruled on the larger stage , as well . The American movie industry -- already the world 's most powerful -- set an export record in 1929 that , by the applied measure of total feet of exposed film , was 27 percent higher than the year before . Concerns that language differences would hamper U.S. film exports turned out to be largely unfounded . In fact , the expense of sound conversion was a major obstacle to many overseas producers , relatively undercapitalized by Hollywood standards . The production of multiple versions of export - bound talkies in different languages ( known as `` Foreign Language Version '' ) , as well as the production of the cheaper `` International Sound Version '' , a common approach at first , largely ceased by mid-1931 , replaced by post-dubbing and subtitling . Despite trade restrictions imposed in most foreign markets , by 1937 , American films commanded about 70 percent of screen time around the globe . Poster for Acabaram - se os otários ( 1929 ) , performed in Portuguese . The first Brazilian talkie was also the first anywhere in an Iberian language . Just as the leading Hollywood studios gained from sound in relation to their foreign competitors , they did the same at home . As historian Richard B. Jewell describes , `` The sound revolution crushed many small film companies and producers who were unable to meet the financial demands of sound conversion . '' The combination of sound and the Great Depression led to a wholesale shakeout in the business , resulting in the hierarchy of the Big Five integrated companies ( MGM , Paramount , Fox , Warners , RKO ) and the three smaller studios also called `` majors '' ( Columbia , Universal , United Artists ) that would predominate through the 1950s . Historian Thomas Schatz describes the ancillary effects : Because the studios were forced to streamline operations and rely on their own resources , their individual house styles and corporate personalities came into much sharper focus . Thus the watershed period from the coming of sound into the early Depression saw the studio system finally coalesce , with the individual studios coming to terms with their own identities and their respective positions within the industry . The other country in which sound cinema had an immediate major commercial impact was India . As one distributor of the period said , `` With the coming of the talkies , the Indian motion picture came into its own as a definite and distinctive piece of creation . This was achieved by music . '' From its earliest days , Indian sound cinema has been defined by the musical -- Alam Ara featured seven songs ; a year later , Indrasabha would feature seventy . While the European film industries fought an endless battle against the popularity and economic muscle of Hollywood , ten years after the debut of Alam Ara , over 90 percent of the films showing on Indian screens were made within the country . Most of India 's early talkies were shot in Bombay , which remains the leading production center , but sound filmmaking soon spread across the multilingual nation . Within just a few weeks of Alam Ara 's March 1931 premiere , the Calcutta - based Madan Pictures had released both the Hindi Shirin Farhad and the Bengali Jamai Sasthi . The Hindustani Heer Ranjha was produced in Lahore , Punjab , the following year . In 1934 , Sati Sulochana , the first Kannada talking picture to be released , was shot in Kolhapur , Maharashtra ; Srinivasa Kalyanam became the first Tamil talkie actually shot in Tamil Nadu . Once the first talkie features appeared , the conversion to full sound production happened as rapidly in India as it did in the United States . Already by 1932 , the majority of feature productions were in sound ; two years later , 164 of the 172 Indian feature films were talking pictures . Since 1934 , with the sole exception of 1952 , India has been among the top three movie - producing countries in the world every single year . Aesthetic quality ( edit ) In the first , 1930 edition of his global survey The Film Till Now , British cinema pundit Paul Rotha declared , `` A film in which the speech and sound effects are perfectly synchronised and coincide with their visual image on the screen is absolutely contrary to the aims of cinema . It is a degenerate and misguided attempt to destroy the real use of the film and can not be accepted as coming within the true boundaries of the cinema . '' Such opinions were not rare among those who cared about cinema as an art form ; Alfred Hitchcock , though he directed the first commercially successful talkie produced in Europe , held that `` the silent pictures were the purest form of cinema '' and scoffed at many early sound films as delivering little beside `` photographs of people talking '' . In Germany , Max Reinhardt , stage producer and movie director , expressed the belief that the talkies , `` bringing to the screen stage plays ... tend to make this independent art a subsidiary of the theater and really make it only a substitute for the theater instead of an art in itself ... like reproductions of paintings . '' Westfront 1918 ( 1930 ) was celebrated for its expressive re-creation of battlefield sounds , like the doomful whine of an unseen grenade in flight . In the opinion of many film historians and aficionados , both at the time and subsequently , silent film had reached an aesthetic peak by the late 1920s and the early years of sound cinema delivered little that was comparable to the best of the silents . For instance , despite fading into relative obscurity once its era had passed , silent cinema is represented by eleven films in Time Out 's Centenary of Cinema Top One Hundred poll , held in 1995 . The first year in which sound film production predominated over silent film -- not only in the United States , but also in the West as a whole -- was 1929 ; yet the years 1929 through 1933 are represented by three dialogueless pictures ( Pandora 's Box ( 1929 ) , Zemlya ( 1930 ) , City Lights ( 1931 ) ) and zero talkies in the Time Out poll . ( City Lights , like Sunrise , was released with a recorded score and sound effects , but is now customarily referred to by historians and industry professionals as a `` silent '' -- spoken dialogue regarded as the crucial distinguishing factor between silent and sound dramatic cinema . ) The earliest sound film to place is the French L'Atalante ( 1934 ) , directed by Jean Vigo ; the earliest Hollywood sound film to qualify is Bringing Up Baby ( 1938 ) , directed by Howard Hawks . The first sound feature film to receive near - universal critical approbation was Der Blaue Engel ( The Blue Angel ) ; premiering on April 1 , 1930 , it was directed by Josef von Sternberg in both German and English versions for Berlin 's UFA studio . The first American talkie to be widely honored was All Quiet on the Western Front , directed by Lewis Milestone , which premiered April 21 . The other internationally acclaimed sound drama of the year was Westfront 1918 , directed by G.W. Pabst for Nero - Film of Berlin . Historian Anton Kaes points to it as an example of `` the new verisimilitude ( that ) rendered silent cinema 's former emphasis on the hypnotic gaze and the symbolism of light and shadow , as well as its preference for allegorical characters , anachronistic . '' Cultural historians consider the French L'Âge d'Or , directed by Luis Buñuel , which appeared late in 1930 , to be of great aesthetic import ; at the time , its erotic , blasphemous , anti-bourgeois content caused a scandal . Swiftly banned by Paris police chief Jean Chiappe , it was unavailable for fifty years . The earliest sound movie now acknowledged by most film historians as a masterpiece is Nero - Film 's M , directed by Fritz Lang , which premiered May 11 , 1931 . As described by Roger Ebert , `` Many early talkies felt they had to talk all the time , but Lang allows his camera to prowl through the streets and dives , providing a rat 's - eye view . '' Cinematic form ( edit ) `` Talking film is as little needed as a singing book . '' Such was the blunt proclamation of critic Viktor Shklovsky , one of the leaders of the Russian formalist movement , in 1927 . While some regarded sound as irreconcilable with film art , others saw it as opening a new field of creative opportunity . The following year , a group of Soviet filmmakers , including Sergei Eisenstein , proclaimed that the use of image and sound in juxtaposition , the so - called contrapuntal method , would raise the cinema to `` ... unprecedented power and cultural height . Such a method for constructing the sound - film will not confine it to a national market , as must happen with the photographing of plays , but will give a greater possibility than ever before for the circulation throughout the world of a filmically expressed idea . '' So far as one segment of the audience was concerned , however , the introduction of sound brought a virtual end to such circulation : Elizabeth C. Hamilton writes , `` Silent films offered people who were deaf a rare opportunity to participate in a public discourse , cinema , on equal terms with hearing people . The emergence of sound film effectively separated deaf from hearing audience members once again . '' Image of sumo wrestlers from Melodie der Welt ( 1929 ) , `` one of the initial successes of a new art form '' , in André Bazin 's description . `` It flung the whole earth onto the screen in a jigsaw of visual images and sounds . '' On March 12 , 1929 , the first feature - length talking picture made in Germany had its premiere . The inaugural Tobis Filmkunst production , it was not a drama , but a documentary sponsored by a shipping line : Melodie der Welt ( Melody of the World ) , directed by Walter Ruttmann . This was also perhaps the first feature film anywhere to significantly explore the artistic possibilities of joining the motion picture with recorded sound . As described by scholar William Moritz , the movie is `` intricate , dynamic , fast - paced ... juxtapos ( ing ) similar cultural habits from countries around the world , with a superb orchestral score ... and many synchronized sound effects . '' Composer Lou Lichtveld was among a number of contemporary artists struck by the film : `` Melodie der Welt became the first important sound documentary , the first in which musical and unmusical sounds were composed into a single unit and in which image and sound are controlled by one and the same impulse . '' Melodie der Welt was a direct influence on the industrial film Philips Radio ( 1931 ) , directed by Dutch avant - garde filmmaker Joris Ivens and scored by Lichtveld , who described its audiovisual aims : To render the half - musical impressions of factory sounds in a complex audio world that moved from absolute music to the purely documentary noises of nature . In this film every intermediate stage can be found : such as the movement of the machine interpreted by the music , the noises of the machine dominating the musical background , the music itself is the documentary , and those scenes where the pure sound of the machine goes solo . Many similar experiments were pursued by Dziga Vertov in his 1931 Entuziazm and by Chaplin in Modern Times , a half - decade later . A few innovative commercial directors immediately saw the ways in which sound could be employed as an integral part of cinematic storytelling , beyond the obvious function of recording speech . In Blackmail , Hitchcock manipulated the reproduction of a character 's monologue so the word `` knife '' would leap out from a blurry stream of sound , reflecting the subjective impression of the protagonist , who is desperate to conceal her involvement in a fatal stabbing . In his first film , the Paramount Applause ( 1929 ) , Rouben Mamoulian created the illusion of acoustic depth by varying the volume of ambient sound in proportion to the distance of shots . At a certain point , Mamoulian wanted the audience to hear one character singing at the same time as another prays ; according to the director , `` They said we could n't record the two things -- the song and the prayer -- on one mike and one channel . So I said to the sound man , ' Why not use two mikes and two channels and combine the two tracks in printing ? ' '' Such methods would eventually become standard procedure in popular filmmaking . One of the first commercial films to take full advantage of the new opportunities provided by recorded sound was Le Million , directed by René Clair and produced by Tobis 's French division . Premiering in Paris in April 1931 and New York a month later , the picture was both a critical and popular success . A musical comedy with a barebones plot , it is memorable for its formal accomplishments , in particular , its emphatically artificial treatment of sound . As described by scholar Donald Crafton , Le Million never lets us forget that the acoustic component is as much a construction as the whitewashed sets . ( It ) replaced dialogue with actors singing and talking in rhyming couplets . Clair created teasing confusions between on - and off - screen sound . He also experimented with asynchronous audio tricks , as in the famous scene in which a chase after a coat is synched to the cheers of an invisible football ( or rugby ) crowd . These and similar techniques became part of the vocabulary of the sound comedy film , though as special effects and `` color '' , not as the basis for the kind of comprehensive , non-naturalistic design achieved by Clair . Outside of the comedic field , the sort of bold play with sound exemplified by Melodie der Welt and Le Million would be pursued very rarely in commercial production . Hollywood , in particular , incorporated sound into a reliable system of genre - based moviemaking , in which the formal possibilities of the new medium were subordinated to the traditional goals of star affirmation and straightforward storytelling . As accurately predicted in 1928 by Frank Woods , secretary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences , `` The talking pictures of the future will follow the general line of treatment heretofore developed by the silent drama ... The talking scenes will require different handling , but the general construction of the story will be much the same . '' See also ( edit ) Category : Film sound production for articles concerning the development of cinematic sound recording History of film List of film sound systems Sound stage The American Fotoplayer Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wierzbicki ( 2009 ) , p. 74 ; `` Representative Kinematograph Shows '' ( 1907 ). The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones explains pneumatic amplification and includes several detailed photographs of Gaumont 's Elgéphone , which was apparently a slightly later and more elaborate version of the Chronomégaphone . Jump up ^ Robinson ( 1997 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) claims that German inventor and filmmaker Oskar Messter began projecting sound motion pictures at 21 Unter den Linden in September 1896 ( p. 168 ) , but this seems to be an error . Koerber ( 1996 ) notes that after Messter acquired the Cinema Unter den Linden ( located in the back room of a restaurant ) , it reopened under his management on September 21 , 1896 ( p. 53 ) , but no source beside Robertson describes Messter as screening sound films before 1903 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 ; Cosandey ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Lloyd and Robinson ( 1986 ) , p. 91 ; Barnier ( 2002 ) , pp. 25 , 29 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Gratioulet went by his given name , Clément - Maurice , and is referred to thus in many sources , including Robertson and Barnier. Robertson incorrectly states that the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre was a presentation of the Gaumont Co. ; in fact , it was presented under the aegis of Paul Decauville ( Barnier , ibid . ) . Jump up ^ Sound engineer Mark Ulano , in `` The Movies Are Born a Child of the Phonograph '' ( part 2 of his essay `` Moving Pictures That Talk '' ) , describes the Phono - Cinéma - Théâtre version of synchronized sound cinema : This system used an operator adjusted non-linkage form of primitive synchronization . The scenes to be shown were first filmed , and then the performers recorded their dialogue or songs on the Lioretograph ( usually a Le Éclat concert cylinder format phonograph ) trying to match tempo with the projected filmed performance . In showing the films , synchronization of sorts was achieved by adjusting the hand cranked film projector 's speed to match the phonograph . the projectionist was equipped with a telephone through which he listened to the phonograph which was located in the orchestra pit . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Barnier ( 2002 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Altman ( 2005 ) , p. 158 . If there was a drawback to the Elgéphone , it was apparently not a lack of volume . Dan Gilmore describes its predecessor technology in his 2004 essay `` What 's Louder than Loud ? The Auxetophone '' : `` Was the Auxetophone loud ? It was painfully loud . '' For a more detailed report of Auxetophone - induced discomfort , see The Auxetophone and Other Compressed - Air Gramophones . ^ Jump up to : Altman ( 2005 ) , pp. 158 -- 65 ; Altman ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Lindvall ( 2007 ) , pp. 118 -- 25 ; Carey ( 1999 ) , pp. 322 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1901 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Ruhmer ( 1908 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Crawford ( 1931 ) , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Sipilä , Kari ( April 2004 ) . `` A Country That Innovates '' . Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . `` Eric Tigerstedt '' . Film Sound Sweden . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . See also A.M. Pertti Kuusela , E.M.C Tigerstedt `` Suomen Edison '' ( Insinööritieto Oy : 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Bognár ( 2000 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 2 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 ; Moone ( 2004 ) ; Łotysz ( 2006 ) . Note that Crafton and Łotysz describe the demonstration as taking place at an AIEE conference . Moone , writing for the journal of the University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign 's Electrical and Computer Engineering Department , says the audience was `` members of the Urbana chapter of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers . '' Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 30 ; Eyman ( 1997 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Hall , Brenda J. ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ A few sources indicate that the film was released in 1923 , but the two most recent authoritative histories that discuss the film -- Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 66 ; Hijiya ( 1992 ) , p. 103 -- both give 1924 . There are claims that De Forest recorded a synchronized musical score for director Fritz Lang 's Siegfried ( 1924 ) when it arrived in the United States the year after its German debut -- Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 100 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 66 , 564 -- which would make it the first feature film with synchronized sound throughout . There is no consensus , however , concerning when this recording took place or if the film was ever actually presented with synch - sound . For a possible occasion for such a recording , see the August 24 , 1925 , New York Times review of Siegfried Archived April 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , following its American premiere at New York City 's Century Theater the night before , which describes the score 's performance by a live orchestra . Jump up ^ Quoted in Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 203 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Sponable ( 1947 ) , part 4 . Jump up ^ See Freeman Harrison Owens ( 1890 -- 1979 ) , op . cit . A number of sources erroneously state that Owens 's and / or the Tri-Ergon patents were essential to the creation of the Fox - Case Movietone system . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 4 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 29 . Crafton ( 1997 ) misleadingly implies that Griffith 's film had not previously been exhibited commercially before its sound - enhanced premiere . He also misidentifies Ralph Graves as Richard Grace ( p. 58 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Historical Development of Sound Films , E.I. Sponable , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 48 April 1947 Jump up ^ The eight musical shorts were Caro Nome , An Evening on the Don , La Fiesta , His Pastimes , The Kreutzer Sonata , Mischa Elman , Overture `` Tannhäuser '' and Vesti La Giubba . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 76 -- 87 ; Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Liebman ( 2003 ) , p. 398 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( March 24 , 2002 ) . `` Dynamic Range '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven E. ( October 6 , 1999 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ History of Sound Motion Pictures by Edward W. Kellogg , Journal of the SMPTE Vol. 64 June 1955 Jump up ^ The Bell `` Rubber Line '' Recorder . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven E. ( January 9 , 2000 ) . `` Sound Recording Research at Bell Labs '' . Recording Technology History . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , pp. 42 , 50 . See also Motion Picture Sound 1910 -- 1929 Archived May 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , perhaps the best online source for details on these developments , though here it fails to note that Fox 's original deal for the Western Electric technology involved a sublicensing arrangement . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , p. 60 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 2005 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Eyman ( 1997 ) , pp. 149 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , p. 4 ( online ) . The previous highest - grossing Warner Bros. film was Don Juan , which Glancy notes earned $1.693 million , foreign and domestic . Historian Douglas Crafton ( 1997 ) seeks to downplay the `` total domestic gross income '' of The Jazz Singer , $1.97 million ( p. 528 ) , but that figure alone would have constituted a record for the studio . Crafton 's claim that The Jazz Singer `` was in a distinct second or third tier of attractions compared to the most popular films of the day and even other Vitaphone talkies '' ( p. 529 ) offers a skewed perspective . Although the movie was no match for the half - dozen biggest hits of the decade , the available evidence suggests that it was one of the three highest - earning films released in 1927 and that overall its performance was comparable to the other two , The King of Kings and Wings . It is undisputed that its total earnings were more than double those of the next four Vitaphone talkies ; the first three of which , according to Glancy 's analysis of in - house Warner Bros. figures , `` earned just under $1,000,000 each '' , and the fourth , Lights of New York , a quarter - million more . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1997 ) . `` Why The Jazz Singer ? '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Note that Allen , like many , exaggerates The Jazz Singer 's commercial success ; it was a big hit , but not `` one of the big box office hits of all time '' . Jump up ^ Geduld ( 1975 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Hirschhorn ( 1979 ) , pp. 59 , 60 . Jump up ^ Glancy ( 1995 ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Schatz ( 1998 ) says the production cost of Lights of New York totaled $75,000 ( p. 64 ) . Even if this number is accurate , the rate of return was still over 1,600 % . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Eames ( 1985 ) , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) describes the term 's derivation : `` The skeptical press disparagingly referred to these ( retrofitted films ) as ' goat glands ' ... from outrageous cures for impotency practiced in the 1920s , including restorative elixers , tonics , and surgical procedures . It implied that producers were trying to put some new life into their old films '' ( pp. 168 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ The first official releases from RKO ( which produced only all - talking pictures ) appeared still later in the year , but after the October 1928 merger that created it , the company put out a number of talkies produced by its FBO constituent . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Block and Wilson ( 2010 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 169 -- 71 , 253 -- 54 . Jump up ^ In 1931 , two Hollywood studios would release special projects without spoken dialogue ( now customarily classified as `` silents '' ) : Charles Chaplin 's City Lights ( United Artists ) and F.W. Murnau and Robert Flaherty 's Tabu ( Paramount ) . The last totally silent feature produced in the United States for general distribution was The Poor Millionaire , released by Biltmore Pictures in April 1930 . Four other silent features , all low - budget Westerns , were also released in early 1930 ( Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 173 ) . Jump up ^ As Thomas J. Saunders ( 1994 ) reports , it premiered the same month in Berlin , but as a silent . `` Not until June 1929 did Berlin experience the sensation of sound as New York had in 1927 -- a premiere boasting dialogue and song '' : The Singing Fool ( p. 224 ) . In Paris , The Jazz Singer had its sound premiere in January 1929 ( Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ) . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` How the Pictures Learned to Talk : The Emergence of German Sound Film '' . Weimar Cinema . filmportal.de . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1980 ) , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Low ( 1997a ) , pp. 178 , 203 -- 5 ; Low ( 1997b ) , p. 183 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 432 ; `` Der Rote Kreis '' . Deutsches Filminstitut . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Note also that IMDb.com incorrectly refers to Der Rote Kreis / The Crimson Circle as a British International Pictures ( BIP ) coproduction ( it also spells Zelnik 's first name `` Frederic '' ) . The authentic BIP production Kitty is sometimes included among the candidates for `` first British talkie . '' In fact , the film was produced and premiered as a silent for its original 1928 release . The stars later came to New York to record dialogue , with which the film was rereleased in June 1929 , after much better credentialed candidates . See sources cited above . Jump up ^ Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 131 -- 32 , 136 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Spoto ( 1984 ) , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Wagenleitner ( 1994 ) , p. 253 ; Robertson ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Jelavich ( 2006 ) , pp. 215 -- 16 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 595 , n . 59 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 ; `` Epinay ville du cinéma '' . Epinay-sur-Seine.fr . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Erickson , Hal . `` Le Collier de la reine ( 1929 ) '' . Allmovie . NYTimes.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Chiffaut - Moliard , Philippe ( 2005 ) . `` Le cinéma français en 1930 '' . Chronologie du cinéma français ( 1930 -- 1939 ) . Cine - studies . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . In his 2002 book Genre , Myth , and Convention in the French Cinema , 1929 -- 1939 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press ) , Crisp says that Le Collier de la reine was `` ' merely ' sonorized , not dialogued '' ( p. 381 ) , but all other available detailed descriptions ( including his own from 1997 ) mention a dialogue sequence . Note also that Crisp gives October 31 as the debut date of Les Trois masques and Cine - studies gives its release ( `` sortie '' ) date as November 2 . Note finally , where Crisp defines in Genre , Myth , and Convention a `` feature '' as being a minimum of sixty minutes long , this article follows the equally common , and Wikipedia - prevalent , standard of forty minutes or longer . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 82 ; Fisher , David ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Chronomedia : 1929 '' . Chronomedia . Terra Media . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Carné ( 1932 ) , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Haltof ( 2002 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ See Nichols and Bazzoni ( 1995 ) , p. 98 , for a description of La Canzone dell'amore and its premiere . Jump up ^ Stojanova ( 2006 ) , p. 97 . According to Il Cinema Ritrovato , the program for XXI Mostra Internazionale del Cinema Libero ( Bologna ; November 22 -- 29 , 1992 ) , the film was shot in Paris . According to the IMDb entry on the film , it was a Czech - German coproduction . The two claims are not necessarily contradictory . According to the Czech - Slovak Film Database , it was shot as a silent film in Germany ; soundtracks for Czech , German , and French versions were then recorded at the Gaumont studio in the Paris suburb of Joinville . Jump up ^ See Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 10 -- 14 . Robertson claims Switzerland produced its first talkie in 1930 , but it has not been possible to independently confirm this . The first talkies from Finland , Hungary , Norway , Portugal , and Turkey appeared in 1931 , the first talkies from Ireland ( English - language ) and Spain and the first in Slovak in 1932 , the first Dutch talkie in 1933 , and the first Bulgarian talkie in 1934 . In the Americas , the first Canadian talkie came out in 1929 -- North of ' 49 was a remake of the previous year 's silent His Destiny . The first Brazilian talkie , Acabaram - se os otários ( The End of the Simpletons ) , also appeared in 1929 . That year , as well , the first Yiddish talkies were produced in New York : East Side Sadie ( originally a silent ) , followed by Ad Mosay ( The Eternal Prayer ) ( Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 414 ) . Sources differ on whether Más fuerte que el deber , the first Mexican ( and Spanish - language ) talkie , came out in 1930 or 1931 . The first Argentine talkie appeared in 1931 and the first Chilean talkie in 1934 . Robertson asserts that the first Cuban feature talkie was a 1930 production called El Caballero de Max ; every other published source surveyed cites La Serpiente roja ( 1937 ) . Nineteen - thirty - one saw the first talkie produced on the African continent : South Africa 's Mocdetjie , in Afrikaans . Egypt 's Arabic Onchoudet el Fouad ( 1932 ) and Morocco 's French - language Itto ( 1934 ) followed . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 9 , 174 , 585 , 669 -- 70 , 679 , 733 . Several sources name Zemlya zhazhdet ( The Earth Is Thirsty ) , directed by Yuli Raizman , as the first Soviet sound feature . Originally produced and premiered as a silent in 1930 , it was rereleased with a non-talking , music - and - effects soundtrack the following year ( Rollberg ( 2008 ) , p. 562 ) . Jump up ^ Morton ( 2006 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Rollberg ( 2008 ) , pp. xxvii , 210 -- 11 , 450 , 665 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , p. 101 ; Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Crisp ( 1997 ) , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Nolletti ( 2005 ) , p. 18 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Burch ( 1979 ) , pp. 145 -- 46 . Note that Burch misdates Madamu to nyobo as 1932 ( p. 146 ; see above for sources for correct 1931 date ) . He also incorrectly claims that Mikio Naruse made no sound films before 1936 ( p. 146 ; see below for Naruse 's 1935 sound films ) . Jump up ^ Anderson and Richie ( 1982 ) , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Naruse 's first talking picture , Otome - gokoro sannin shimai ( Three Sisters with Maiden Hearts ) , as well as his widely acclaimed Tsuma yo bara no yo ni ( Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! ) , also a talkie , were both produced and released in 1935 . Wife ! Be Like a Rose ! was the first Japanese feature film to receive American commercial distribution . See Russell ( 2008 ) , pp. 4 , 89 , 91 -- 94 ; Richie ( 2005 ) , pp. 60 -- 63 ; `` Mikio Naruse -- A Modern Classic '' . Midnight Eye . February 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jacoby , Alexander ( April 2003 ) . `` Mikio Naruse '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Ozu 's first talking picture , which came out the following year , was Hitori musuko ( The Only Son ) . See Richie ( 1977 ) , pp. 222 -- 24 ; Leahy , James ( June 2004 ) . `` The Only Son ( Hitori Musuko ) '' . Senses of Cinema . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Freiberg ( 1987 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Sharp , Jasper ( March 7 , 2002 ) . `` A Page of Madness ( 1927 ) '' . Midnight Eye . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See Freiberg ( 2000 ) , `` The Film Industry . '' Jump up ^ Quoted in Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The History of Sound . '' Jump up ^ Reade ( 1981 ) , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Ranade ( 2006 ) , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Pradeep ( 2006 ) ; Narasimham ( 2006 ) ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Anandan , `` Kalaimaamani '' . `` Tamil Cinema History -- The Early Days : 1916 -- 1936 '' . INDOlink Tamil Cinema . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2000 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 328 ; Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 255 ; Chatterji ( 1999 ) , `` The First Sound Films '' ; Bhuyan ( 2006 ) , `` Alam Ara : Platinum Jubilee of Sound in Indian Cinema . '' In March 1934 came the release of the first Kannada talking picture , Sathi Sulochana ( Guy ( 2004 ) ) ; Bhakta Dhruva ( aka Dhruva Kumar ) was released soon after , though it was actually completed first ( Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 258 , 260 ) . A few websites refer to the 1932 version of Heer Ranjha as the first Punjabi talkie ; the most reliable sources all agree , however , that it is performed in Hindustani . The first Punjabi - language film is Pind di Kuri ( aka Sheila ; 1935 ) . The first Assamese - language film , Joymati , also came out in 1935 . Many websites echo each other in dating the first Oriya talkie , Sita Bibaha , as 1934 , but the most authoritative source to definitively date it -- Chapman ( 2003 ) -- gives 1936 ( p. 328 ) . The Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) entry gives `` 1934 ? '' ( p. 260 ) . Jump up ^ Lai ( 2000 ) , `` The Cantonese Arena . '' Jump up ^ Ris ( 2004 ) , pp. 35 -- 36 ; Maliangkay , Roald H ( March 2005 ) . `` Classifying Performances : The Art of Korean Film Narrators '' . Image & Narrative . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lee ( 2000 ) , pp. 72 -- 74 ; `` What Is Korea 's First Sound Film ( '' Talkie `` ) ? '' . The Truth of Korean Movies . Korean Film Archive . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Millard ( 2005 ) , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Bob ( Autumn 1995 ) . `` Let 's Hear It For Sound '' . AMPS Newsletter . Association of Motion Picture Sound . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2000 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 300 -- 1 , 302 . Jump up ^ Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 124 ; Bordwell ( 1985 ) , pp. 301 , 302 . Note that Bordwell 's assertion in the earlier text , `` Until the late 1930s , the post-dubbing of voices gave poor fidelity , so most dialogue was recorded direct '' ( p. 302 ) , refers to a 1932 source . His later ( coauthored ) description , which refers to the viability of looping in 1935 , appears to replace the earlier one , as it should : in fact , then and now , most movie dialogue is recorded direct . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ See Bernds ( 1999 ) , part 1 . Jump up ^ See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 142 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 435 . Jump up ^ `` Outcome of Paris '' ( 1930 ) . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , p. 732 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 480 , 498 , 501 -- 9 ; Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 732 -- 33 , 285 -- 87 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 34 , 22 , 20 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 480 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 288 -- 89 , 526 -- 27 , 728 -- 29 , 229 , 585 -- 86 : Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 , 28 -- 29 , 33 -- 34 , 18 -- 19 , 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Brooks ( 1956 ) . Jump up ^ See Dardis ( 1980 ) , pp. 190 -- 91 , for an analysis of the profitability of Keaton 's early sound films . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 376 -- 77 , 463 -- 64 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 57 , 103 , 118 , 121 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 69 , 103 -- 5 , 487 -- 89 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 , 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 90 , 167 , 689 -- 90 , 425 -- 26 , 122 -- 24 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 , 54 , 67 , 148 , 113 , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 281 , 154 -- 56 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , pp. 87 , 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Thomson ( 1998 ) , pp. 274 -- 76 ; Wlaschin ( 1979 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , Otto ( 1997 ) . City of Nets : A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940s ( reprint ed . ) . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0520209494 . Jump up ^ `` 1920 -- 1929 '' . Our History . American Federation of Musicians . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . `` 1927 -- With the release of the first ' talkie , ' The Jazz Singer , orchestras in movie theaters were displaced . The AFM had its first encounter with wholesale unemployment brought about by technology . Within three years , 22,000 theater jobs for musicians who accompanied silent movies were lost , while only a few hundred jobs for musicians performing on soundtracks were created by the new technology . 1928 -- While continuing to protest the loss of jobs due to the use of ' canned music ' with motion pictures , the AFM set minimum wage scales for Vitaphone , Movietone and phonograph record work . Because synchronizing music with pictures for the movies was particularly difficult , the AFM was able to set high prices for this work . '' Jump up ^ Hubbard ( 1985 ) , p. 429 . Jump up ^ `` Canned Music on Trial '' . Ad * Access . Duke University Libraries . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . The text of the ad continues : Is Music Worth Saving ? No great volume of evidence is required to answer this question . Music is a well - nigh universally beloved art . From the beginning of history , men have turned to musical expression to lighten the burdens of life , to make them happier . Aborigines , lowest in the scale of savagery , chant their song to tribal gods and play upon pipes and shark - skin drums . Musical development has kept pace with good taste and ethics throughout the ages , and has influenced the gentler nature of man more powerfully perhaps than any other factor . Has it remained for the Great Age of Science to snub the Art by setting up in its place a pale and feeble shadow of itself ? Jump up ^ Oderman ( 2000 ) , p. 188 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Movies '' ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Gomery ( 1985 ) , pp. 66 -- 67 . Gomery describes the difference in profits simply between 1928 and 1929 , but it seems clear from the figures cited that he is referring to the fiscal years that ended September 30 . The fiscal year roughly paralleled ( but was still almost a month off from ) the traditional Hollywood programming year -- the prime exhibition season began the first week of September with Labor Day and ran through Memorial Day at the end of May ; this was followed by a fourteen - week `` open season '' , when films with minimal expectations were released and many theaters shut down for the hot summer months . See Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 183 , 268 . Jump up ^ Lasky ( 1989 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Bradley ( 1996 ) , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Finler ( 2003 ) , p. 376 . Jump up ^ Segrave ( 1997 ) gives the figures as 282 million feet in 1929 compared to 222 million feet the year before ( p. 79 ) . Crafton ( 1997 ) reports the new mark in this peculiar way : `` Exports in 1929 set a new record : 282,215,480 feet ( against the old record of 9,000,000 feet ( 2,700,000 m ) in 1919 ) '' ( p. 418 ) . But in 1913 , for instance , the U.S. exported 32 million feet of exposed film ( Segrave ( 1997 ) , p. 65 ) . Note also that Crafton says of the 1929 exports , `` Of course , most of this footage was silent '' , though he provides no figures ( p. 418 ) . In contrast , if not necessarily contradiction , Segrave points to the following : `` At the very end of 1929 the New York Times reported that most U.S. talkies went abroad as originally created for domestic screening '' ( p. 77 ) . Jump up ^ Eckes and Zeiler ( 2003 ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Jewell ( 1982 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Schatz ( 1998 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Ganti ( 2004 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , p. 254 ; Joshi ( 2003 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Guy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha and Willemen ( 2002 ) , pp. 30 , 32 . Jump up ^ Robertson ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 ; `` Analysis of the UIS International Survey on Feature Film Statistics '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO Institute for Statistics . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Agate ( 1972 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Chapman ( 2003 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Kaes ( 2009 ) , p. 212 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 448 -- 49 ; Brownlow ( 1968 ) , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) , pp. x -- xi . Jump up ^ Kemp ( 1987 ) , pp. 1045 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Jeremy . `` Westfront 1918 '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosen ( 1987 ) , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ M , for instance , is the earliest sound film to appear in the 2001 Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th Century Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . poll and the 2002 Sight and Sound Top Ten ( among the 60 films receiving five or more votes ) . See also , e.g. , Ebert ( 2002 ) , pp. 274 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Ebert ( 2002 ) , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Kenez ( 2001 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Eisenstein ( 1928 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 2004 ) , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Bazin ( 1967 ) , p. 155 . Jump up ^ There is disagreement on the running time of the film . The Deutsches Filminstitut 's webpage on the film Archived March 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . gives 48 minutes ; the 35 Millimeter website 's entry gives 40 minutes . According to filmportal.de Archived January 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , it is `` some 40 minutes '' . Jump up ^ Moritz ( 2003 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , pp. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Dibbets ( 1999 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ See Spoto ( 1984 ) , pp. 132 -- 33 ; Truffaut ( 1984 ) , pp. 63 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Milne ( 1980 ) , p. 659 . See also Crafton ( 1997 ) , pp. 334 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Crafton ( 1997 ) , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Quoted in Bordwell ( 1985 ) , p. 298 . See also Bordwell and Thompson ( 1995 ) , p. 125 . Sources ( edit ) Altman , Rick ( 1995 ) . `` The Sound of Sound '' , Cineaste , vol. 21 , January 1 ( archived online ) . Altman , Rick ( 2005 ) . Silent Film Sound , New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11662 - 4 Anderson , Joseph L. , and Donald Richie ( 1982 ) . The Japanese Film : Art and Industry , expanded ed . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05351 - 0 Barnier , Martin ( 2002 ) . En route vers le parlant : histoire d'une évolution technologique , économique et esthétique du cinéma ( 1926 -- 1934 ) . Liège : Editions du Céfal . ISBN 2 - 87130 - 133 - 6 Bazin , André ( 1967 ( 1958 -- 65 ) ) . `` Cinema and Exploration '' , in his What Is Cinema ? , trans . and ed . Hugh Gray , pp. 154 -- 163 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Bernds , Edward ( 1999 ) . Mr. Bernds Goes to Hollywood : My Early Life and Career in Sound Recording at Columbia With Frank Capra and Others . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press ( excerpted online ) . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3602 - 5 Bhuyan , Avantika ( 2006 ) . `` Going , Going , Gone ... '' , Screen Weekly , March 31 ( available online ) . Block , Alex Ben , and Lucy Autrey Wilson , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 Bognár , Desi Kégl ( 2000 ) . International Dictionary of Broadcasting and Film , 2d ed . Burlington , Massachusetts : Focal Press . ISBN 0 - 240 - 80376 - 0 Bordwell , David ( 1985 ) . `` The Introduction of Sound '' , chap. in Bordwell , Janet Staiger , and Kristin Thompson , The Classical Hollywood Cinema : Film Style & Mode of Production to 1960 , pp. 298 -- 308 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06054 - 8 Bordwell , David , and Kristin Thompson ( 1995 ( 1993 ) ) . `` Technological Change and Classical Film Style '' , chap. in Balio , Tino , Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 , pp. 109 -- 41 . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20334 - 8 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2029 - 4 Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2005 ) . The First Hollywood Sound Shorts , 1926 -- 1931 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1030 - 2 Brooks , Louise ( 1956 ) . `` Mr. Pabst '' , Image , no . 5 , September 7 . Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The Parade 's Gone By ... Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03068 - 0 Burch , Noël ( 1979 ) . To the Distant Observer : Form and Meaning in the Japanese Cinema . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03877 - 0 Carey , Frances ( 1999 ) . The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8325 - 0 Carné , Marcel ( 1932 ) . `` Cinema and the World '' , trans . Claudia Gorbman , in French Film Theory and Criticism : A History / Anthology , 1907 -- 1939 . Volume 2 : 1929 -- 1939 , ed . Richard Abel , pp. 102 -- 5 . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05518 - 1 Chapman , James ( 2003 ) . Cinemas of the World : Film and Society from 1895 to the Present . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 162 - 8 Chatterji , Shoma A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Culture - specific Use of Sound in Indian Cinema '' , paper presented at International Symposium on Sound in Cinema , London , April 15 -- 18 ( available online ) . Cosandey , Roland ( 1996 ) . `` François ( or Franz ) Dussaud ( 1870 -- 1953 ) '' , in Who 's Who of Victorian Cinema : A Worldwide Survey , ed . Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan . London : BFI Publishing ( available online ) . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 539 - 1 Crafton , Donald ( 1997 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 19585 - 2 Crawford , Merritt ( 1931 ) . `` Pioneer Experiments of Eugene Lauste in Recording Sound '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 17 , no . 4 , October 1931 , pp. 632 -- 644 . ( available online ) . Crisp , Colin G. ( 1997 ) . The Classic French Cinema , 1930 -- 1960 . Bloomington / London : Indiana University Press / I.B. Tauris . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21115 - 8 Dardis , Tom ( 1980 ( 1979 ) ) . Keaton : The Man Who Would n't Lie Down . Middlesex , England , and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 005701 - 3 Dibbets , Karel ( 1999 ) . `` High - tech Avant - garde : Philips Radio , '' in Joris Ivens and the Documentary Context , ed . Kees Bakker , pp. 72 -- 86 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 425 - X Eames , John Douglas ( 1985 ) . The Paramount Story . New York : Crown . 0 - 517 - 55348 - 1 Ebert , Roger ( 2002 ) . The Great Movies . New York : Broadway Books . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1038 - 9 Eckes , Alfred E. and Thomas W. Zeiler ( 2003 ) . Globalization and the American Century . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80409 - 4 Eisenstein , Sergei et al. ( 1928 ) . `` A Statement '' , in his Film Form : Essays in Film Theory ( 1957 ( 1949 ) ) , trans . Jay Leyda , pp. 257 -- 60 . New York : Meridian ( available online ) . Eyman , Scott ( 1997 ) . The Speed of Sound : Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution 1926 -- 1930 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81162 - 6 Finler , Joel W. ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story , 3d ed . London and New York : Wallflower . ISBN 1 - 903364 - 66 - 3 Freiberg , Freda ( 1987 ) . `` The Transition to Sound in Japan '' , in History on / and / in Film , ed . Tom O'Regan and Brian Shoesmith , pp. 76 -- 80 . Perth : History & Film Association of Australia ( available online ) . Freiberg , Freda ( 2000 ) . `` Comprehensive Connections : The Film Industry , the Theatre and the State in the Early Japanese Cinema '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Geduld , Harry M. ( 1975 ) . The Birth of the Talkies : From Edison to Jolson . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 10743 - 1 Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros. Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : The William Schaefer Ledger '' , Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television , March . Gomery , Douglas ( 1980 ) . `` Economic Struggle and Hollywood Imperialism : Europe Converts to Sound '' , in Film Sound : Theory and Practice ( 1985 ) , ed . Elisabeth Weis and John Belton , pp. 25 -- 36 . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 05637 - 0 Gomery , Douglas ( 1985 ) . `` The Coming of Sound : Technological Change in the American Film Industry '' , in Technology and Culture -- The Film Reader ( 2005 ) , ed . Andrew Utterson , pp. 53 -- 67 . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 31984 - 6 Gomery , Douglas ( 2005 ) . The Coming of Sound : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96900 - X Guy , Randor ( 2004 ) . `` First Film to Talk in Kannada '' , The Hindu , December 31 ( available online ) . Hall , Mordaunt ( 1930 ) . `` Because I Loved You -- Germany 's First Talking Film '' , The New York Times , January 25 ( available online ) . Haltof , Marek ( 2002 ) . Polish National Cinema . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 275 - X Hamilton , Elizabeth C. ( 2004 ) . `` Deafening Sound and Troubling Silence in Volker Schlöndorff 's Die Blechtrommel '' , in Sound Matters : Essays on the Acoustics of German Culture ( 2004 ) , ed . Nora M. Alter and Lutz Koepnick , pp. 130 -- 41 . New York and Oxford : Berghahn Books . ISBN 1 - 57181 - 436 - 1 Hijiya , James A. ( 1992 ) . Lee De Forest and the Fatherhood of Radio . Cranbury , N.J. , and London : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 934223 - 23 - 8 Hirschhorn , Clive ( 1979 ) . The Warner Bros. Story . New York : Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53834 - 2 Hubbard , Preston J. ( 1985 ) . `` Synchronized Sound and Movie - House Musicians , 1926 -- 29 '' , American Music , vol. 3 , no . 4 , Winter . Jelavich , Peter ( 2006 ) . Berlin Alexanderplatz : Radio , Film , and the Death of Weimar Culture . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24363 - 3 Jewell , Richard B. , with Vernon Harbin ( 1982 ) . The RKO Story . New York : Arlington House / Crown . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54656 - 6 Joshi , Lalit Mohan ( 2003 ) . Bollywood : Popular Indian Cinema . London : Dakini . ISBN 0 - 9537032 - 2 - 3 Kaes , Anton ( 2009 ) . Shell Shock Cinema : Weimar Culture and the Wounds of War . Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03136 - 3 Kemp , Philip ( 1987 ) . `` Josef Von Sternberg '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 1041 -- 51 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Kenez , Peter ( 2001 ) . Cinema and Soviet Society from the Revolution to the Death of Stalin . London and New York : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 632 - 8 Koerber , Martin ( 1996 ) . `` Oskar Messter , Film Pioneer : Early Cinema Between Science , Spectacle , and Commerce '' , in A Second Life : German Cinema 's First Decades , ed . Thomas Elsaesser , pp. 51 -- 61 . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 90 - 5356 - 172 - 2 Lai , Linda ( 2000 ) . `` Hong Kong Cinema in the 1930s : Docility , Social Hygiene , Pleasure - Seeking & the Consolidation of the Film Industry '' , Screening the Past , no . 11 , November 1 ( available online ) . Lasky , Betty ( 1989 ) . RKO : The Biggest Little Major of Them All . Santa Monica , California : Roundtable . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 41 - 5 Lee , Hyangjin ( 2000 ) . Contemporary Korean Cinema : Identity , Culture , and Politics . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6008 - 7 Liebman , Roy ( 2003 ) . Vitaphone Films : A Catalogue of the Features and Shorts . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1279 - 8 Lindvall , Terry ( 2007 ) . Sanctuary Cinema : Origins of the Christian Film Industry . New York : New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5210 - 1 Lloyd , Ann , and David Robinson ( 1986 ) . The Illustrated History of the Cinema . London : Orbis . ISBN 0 - 85613 - 754 - 5 Łotysz , Sławomir ( 2006 ) . `` Contributions of Polish Jews : Joseph Tykociński -- Tykociner ( 1877 -- 1969 ) , Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Gazeta , vol. 13 , no . 3 , winter -- spring ( available online ) . Low , Rachael ( 1997a ( 1971 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1918 -- 1929 ( The History of British Film , Volume IV ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15649 - 1 Low , Rachael ( 1997b ( 1985 ) ) . The History of the British Film 1929 -- 1939 : Film Making in 1930s Britain ( The History of British Film , Volume VII ) . Oxford and New York : Routledge / Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15451 - 0 Millard , Andre J. ( 2005 ) . America on Record : A History of Recorded Sound , 2d ed . Cambridge et al. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83515 - 1 Milne , Tom ( 1980 ) . `` Rouben Mamoulian '' , in Cinema : A Critical Dictionary , ed . Richard Roud , pp. 658 -- 663 . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 22257 - 7 Moone , Tom ( 2004 ) . `` Joseph Tykociner : Pioneer of Sound on Film '' , Ingenuity , vol. 9 , no . 1 , March ( archived online ) . Moritz , William ( 2003 ) . Optical Poetry : The Life and Work of Oskar Fischinger . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 86196 - 634 - 1 Morton , David ( 2006 ) . Sound Recording : The Life Story of a Technology . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8398 - 9 . Narasimham , M.L. ( 2006 ) . `` A Leader and a Visionary '' , The Hindu , September 8 ( available online ) . Nichols , Nina Da Vinci , and Jana O'Keefe Bazzoni ( 1995 ) . Pirandello and Film . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3336 - 1 Nolletti , Arthur ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of Gosho Heinosuke : Laughter through Tears . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34484 - 0 Oderman , Stuart ( 2000 ) . Lillian Gish : A Life on Stage and Screen . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0644 - 5 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' ( 1930 ) , Film - Kurier , July 22 ( available online ) . Pradeep , K. ( 2006 ) . `` When the Stars Talked '' , The Hindu , March 17 ( available online ) . Rajadhyaksha , Ashish , and Paul Willemen ( 2002 ( 1999 ) ) . BFI Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema , rev . ed . Oxford and New York : BFI / Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 669 - X Ranade , Ashok Da . ( 2006 ) . Hindi Film Song : Music Beyond Boundaries . New Delhi : Promilla / Bibliophile South Asia . ISBN 81 - 85002 - 64 - 9 Reade , Eric ( 1981 ( 1979 ) ) . History and Heartburn : The Saga of Australian Film , 1896 -- 1978 . East Brunswick , N.J. : Associated University Presses . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3082 - 0 `` Representative Kinematograph Shows : Singing Pictures at the Hippodrome '' ( 1907 ) , Kinematograph and Lantern Weekly , September 5 . Richie , Donald ( 1977 ) . Ozu . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03277 - 2 Richie , Donald ( 2005 ) . A Hundred Years of Japanese Film : A Concise History , 2d ed . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2995 - 0 Ris , Peter Harry ( 2004 ) . `` Jayu Manse / Hurrah ! for Freedom '' , in The Cinema of Japan & Korea , ed . Justin Bowyer , pp. 33 -- 40 . London : Wallflower Press . ISBN 1 - 904764 - 11 - 8 Robertson , Patrick ( 2001 ) . Film Facts . New York : Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7943 - 0 Robinson , David ( 1997 ) . From Peepshow to Palace : The Birth of American Film . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10338 - 7 Rollberg , Peter ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 6072 - 4 Rosen , Miriam ( 1987 ) . `` Luis Buñuel '' , in World Film Directors , Volume I : 1890 -- 1945 , ed . John Wakeman , pp. 71 -- 92 . New York : H.W. Wilson . ISBN 0 - 8242 - 0757 - 2 Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1901 ) . `` The Photographophone '' , Scientific American , July 20 , 1901 , vol. 85 , no . 3 , p. 36 . ( available online ) . Ruhmer , Ernst ( 1908 ) . Wireless Telephony In Theory and Practice ( translated from the German by James Erskine - Murray ) , New York : C. Van Nostrand Company . ( available online ) . Russell , Catherine ( 2008 ) . The Cinema of Naruse Mikio : Women and Japanese Modernity . Durham , North Carolina : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4312 - 6 Saunders , Thomas J. ( 1994 ) . Hollywood in Berlin : American Cinema and Weimar Germany . Berkeley , Los Angeles , and London : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08354 - 7 Schatz , Thomas ( 1998 ) . The Genius of the System : Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19596 - 2 Segrave , Kerry ( 1997 ) . American Films Abroad : Hollywood 's Domination of the World 's Movie Screens from the 1890s to the Present . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0346 - 2 Sponable , E.I. ( 1947 ) . `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' , Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , vol. 48 , nos. 4 -- 5 , April / May ( available online ) . Spoto , Donald ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . New York : Ballantine . ISBN 0 - 345 - 31462 - X Stojanova , Christina ( 2006 ) . `` Post-Communist Cinema '' , in Traditions in World Cinema , ed . Linda Badley , R. Barton Palmer , and Steven Jay Schneider , pp. 95 -- 114 . New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3873 - 0 `` Talking Movies : They 'll Never Take , Asserts Film Company 's Head '' ( 1926 ) , Associated Press , September 3 ( available online ) . Thomson , David ( 1998 ) . A Biographical Dictionary of Film , 3d ed . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 75564 - 0 Time Out Film Guide ( 2000 ) . Eighth ed. , ed . John Pym . London and New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 028365 - X Truffaut , François ( 1984 ( 1983 ) ) . Hitchcock , rev . ed . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 52601 - 4 Wagenleitner , Reinhold ( 1994 ) . Coca - Colonization and the Cold War : The Cultural Mission of the United States in Austria After the Second World War , trans . Diana M. Wolf . Chapel Hill and London : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2149 - 7 Wierzbicki , James ( 2009 ) . Film Music : A History . New York and Oxon , UK : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 99198 - 6 Wlaschin , Ken ( 1979 ) . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World 's Greatest Movie Stars and Their Films . New York and London : Salamander / Harmony . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53714 - 1 External links ( edit ) Film Sound History well - organized bibliography of online articles and resources ; part of the FilmSound website Hollywood Goes for Sound charts showing transition to sound production by Hollywood studios , 1928 -- 1929 ; part of the Terra Media website Progressive Silent Film List ( PSFL ) / Early Sound Films comprehensive and detailed listing of first generation of sound films from around the world ; part of the Silent Era website Recording Technology History extensive chronology of developments , including subsites , by Steven E. Schoenherr ; see , in particular , Motion Picture Sound A Selected Bibliography of Sound and Music for Moving Pictures compiled by Miguel Mera , Royal College of Music , London ; part of the School of Sound website The Silent Film Bookshelf links to crucial primary and secondary source documents , a number of which cover the era of transition to sound Sound Stage -- The History of Motion Picture Sound informative illustrated survey ; part of the American WideScreen Museum website J. Domański `` Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film '' 1913 add for Vivaphone Historical writings ( edit ) `` Asynchronism as a Principle of Sound Film '' 1934 essay by filmmaker and theorist Vsevolod Pudovkin `` Dialogue and Sound '' essay by film historian and critic Siegfried Kracauer ; first published in his book Theory of Film : The Redemption of Physical Reality ( 1960 ) `` The Film to Come '' essay by producer and composer Guido Bagier ; first published in Film - Kurier , January 7 , 1928 Handbook for Projectionists technical manual covering all major U.S. systems ; issued by RCA Photophone , 1930 `` Historical Development of Sound Films '' chronology by sound - film pioneer E.I. Sponable ; first published in Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers , April / May 1947 `` Madam , Will You Talk ? '' article on the history of Bell Laboratories ' early research into sound film , by Stanley Watkins , Western Electric engineer ; first published in Bell Laboratories Record , August 1946 `` Merger of the Sound Film Industry -- The Founding Agenda of Tobis '' corporate manifesto first published in Film - Kurier , July 20 , 1928 `` The Official Communiqué : Foundations of the Sound - Film Accord Sales Prospects for the German Electronics Industry '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 23 , 1930 Operating Instructions for Synchronous Reproducing Equipment technical manual for Western Electric theatrical sound projector system ; issued by ERPI , December 1928 `` Outcome of Paris : Accord Signed / Total Interchangeability -- Globe Divided into Three Patent Zones -- Patent Exchange '' article first published in Film - Kurier , July 22 , 1930 `` The Singing Fool '' review by film theorist and critic Rudolf Arnheim , ca . 1929 `` Sound - Film Confusion '' 1929 essay by Rudolf Arnheim `` Sound Here and There '' essay by composer Paul Dessau ; first published in Der Film , August 1 , 1929 `` Sound in Films '' essay by director Alberto Cavalcanti ; first published in Films , November 1939 `` Theory of the Film : Sound '' 1945 essay by film theorist and critic Béla Balázs `` What Radio Has Meant to Talking Movies '' prescient essay by Universal sound engineer Charles Feldstead ; first published in Radio News , April 1931 Historical films ( edit ) Ben Bernie and All the Lads excerpts from ca . 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on The Red Hot Jazz Archive website A Few Minutes with Eddie Cantor 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org Gus Visser and His Singing Duck 1925 Theodore Case sound film ; on YouTube President Coolidge , Taken on the White House Lawn 1924 Phonofilm sound film ; on Archive.org Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute New Objectivity Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	first popular name for movies with sound in hollywood	The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid - to late 1920s . At first , the sound films which included synchronized dialogue , known as `` talking pictures '' , or `` talkies '' , were exclusively shorts . The earliest feature - length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects . The first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer , released in October 1927 . A major hit , it was made with Vitaphone , which was at the time the leading brand of sound - on - disc technology . Sound - on - film , however , would soon become the standard for talking pictures .
The Sound of Silence - wikipedia The Sound of Silence Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Sound of Silence ( disambiguation ) . `` The Sound of Silence '' Single by Simon & Garfunkel from the album Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. and Sounds of Silence B - side `` We 've Got a Groovy Thing Goin ' '' Released Original recording : October 1964 Overdubbed version : September 13 , 1965 Format 7 '' single Recorded March 10 , 1964 Columbia Studios , New York City June 15 , 1965 ( overdubbed version ) Genre Folk rock Length 3 : 05 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Tom Wilson Simon & Garfunkel singles chronology `` I 'm Lonesome '' ( 1963 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1964 ) `` Homeward Bound '' ( 1966 ) `` I 'm Lonesome '' ( 1963 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 1965 ) `` Homeward Bound '' ( 1966 ) Paul Simon singles chronology `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' ( 1973 ) Take Me to the Mardi Gras 1973 `` The Sound of Silence ( Live ) '' ( 1974 ) The Sound of Silence ( Live ) 1974 `` Gone at Last '' ( 1975 ) Gone at Last 1975 Audio sample file help `` The Sound of Silence '' , originally `` The Sounds of Silence '' , is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel . The song was written by Paul Simon over a period of several months in 1963 and 1964 . A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records , and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. . Released in October 1964 , the album was a commercial failure and led to the duo breaking apart , with Paul Simon returning to England and Art Garfunkel to his studies at Columbia University . In spring 1965 , the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston , Massachusetts , and throughout Florida . The growing airplay led Tom Wilson , the song 's producer , to remix the track , overdubbing electric instrumentation . Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the song 's remix until after its release . The single was released in September 1965 . The song hit No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1 , 1966 , leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album , which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song 's success . The song was a top - ten hit in multiple countries worldwide , among them Australia , Austria , West Germany , Japan and the Netherlands . Generally considered a classic folk rock song , the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important '' in 2013 along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album . Originally titled `` The Sounds of Silence '' on the album Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , the song was re-titled for later compilations beginning with Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits . `` The Sound of Silence '' Song by Paul Simon from the album The Paul Simon Songbook Released August 1965 Recorded June -- July 1965 Length 3 : 19 Label CBS Producer ( s ) Reginald Warburghton Stanley West Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Origin and original recording 1.2 Remix 2 Chart performance 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Disturbed version 6.1 Accolades 6.2 Weekly charts 6.3 Year - end charts 6.4 Certifications 7 Other cover versions 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Origin and original Recording ( edit ) Paul Simon , the song 's composer , seen here in 1966 . Simon and Garfunkel became interested in folk music and the growing counterculture movement separately in the early 1960s . Having performed together previously under the name Tom and Jerry in the late 1950s , their partnership had since dissolved when they began attending college . In 1963 , they regrouped and began performing Simon 's original compositions locally in Queens . They billed themselves `` Kane & Garr '' , after old recording pseudonyms , and signed up for Gerde 's Folk City , a Greenwich Village club that hosted Monday night performances . In September 1963 , the duo performed three new songs , among them `` The Sound of Silence '' , getting the attention of Columbia Records producer Tom Wilson , who worked with Bob Dylan . Simon convinced Wilson to let him and his partner have a studio audition , where a performance of `` The Sound of Silence '' got the duo signed to Columbia . The song 's origin and basis remain unclear , with multiple answers coming forward over the years . Many believe that the song commented on the John F. Kennedy assassination , as the song was released three months after the assassination . Simon stated unambiguously in interviews however , `` I wrote The Sound of Silence when I was 21 years old '' , which places the timeframe firmly prior to the JFK tragedy , with Simon also explaining that the song was written in his bathroom , where he turned off the lights to better concentrate . `` The main thing about playing the guitar , though , was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream . And I was always happy doing that . I used to go off in the bathroom , because the bathroom had tiles , so it was a slight echo chamber . I 'd turn on the faucet so that water would run ( I like that sound , it 's very soothing to me ) and I 'd play . In the dark . ' Hello darkness , my old friend / I 've come to talk with you again ' . '' In a more recent interview , Simon was directly asked , `` How is a 21 year old person thinkin ' about the words in that song ? '' His reply was , `` I have no idea . '' According to Garfunkel , Simon originally wrote the lyric as `` Aloha darkness , my old friend . '' Garfunkel once summed up the song 's meaning as `` the inability of people to communicate with each other , not particularly internationally but especially emotionally , so what you see around you are people unable to love each other . '' To promote the release of their debut album , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. , the duo performed again at Folk City , as well as two shows at the Gaslight Café , which went over poorly . Dave Van Ronk , a folk singer , was at the performances , and noted that several in the audience regarded their music as a joke . `` ' Sounds of Silence ' actually became a running joke : for a while there , it was only necessary to start singing ' Hello darkness , my old friend ... ' and everybody would crack up . '' Wednesday Morning , 3 AM sold only 3,000 copies upon its October release , and its dismal sales led Simon to move to London , England . While there , he recorded a solo album , The Paul Simon Songbook ( 1965 ) , which features a rendition of the song , titled `` The Sounds of Silence '' . The original recording of the song is in D ♯ minor , using the chords D ♯ m , C ♯ , B and F ♯ . Simon plays a guitar with a capo on the sixth fret , using the shapes for Am , G , F and C chords . The vocal span goes from C ♯ 4 to F ♯ 5 in the song . Remix ( edit ) The song 's heavy airplay in Cocoa Beach , Florida alerted Columbia to release the single . Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. had been a commercial failure before producer Tom Wilson was alerted that radio stations had begun to play `` The Sound of Silence '' in spring 1965 . A late - night disc jockey at WBZ in Boston began to spin `` The Sound of Silence '' overnight , where it found a college demographic . Students at Harvard and Tufts University responded well , and the song made its way down the East Coast pretty much `` overnight '' , `` all the way to Cocoa Beach , Florida , where it caught the students coming down for spring break . '' A promotional executive for Columbia went to give away free albums of new artists , and beach - goers only were interested in the artists behind `` The Sound of Silence '' . He phoned the home office in New York , alerting them of its appeal . An alternate version of the story states that Wilson attended Columbia 's July 1965 convention in Miami , where the head of the local sales branch raved about the song 's airplay . Folk rock was beginning to make waves on pop radio , with Bob Dylan 's `` Like a Rolling Stone '' and the Byrds ' `` Mr. Tambourine Man '' ( also a Dylan song ) charting high . Wilson listened to the song several times , considering it too soft for a wide release . Afterwards , he turned on the Byrds ' `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' , which gave him the idea to remix the song , overdubbing rock instrumentation . He employed musicians Al Gorgoni ( and Vinnie Bell ) on guitar , Bob Bushnell on bass , and Bobby Gregg on drums . The tempo on the original recording was uneven , making it difficult for the musicians to keep the song in time . Engineer Roy Halee employed a heavy echo on the remix , which was a common trait of the Byrds ' hits . The single was first serviced to college FM rock stations , and a commercial single release followed on September 13 , 1965 . The lack of consultation with Simon and Garfunkel on Wilson 's remix was because , although still contracted to Columbia Records at the time , the musical duo at that time was no longer a `` working entity '' . In the fall of 1965 , Simon was in Denmark , performing at small clubs , and picked up a copy of Billboard , as he had routinely done for several years . Upon seeing `` The Sounds of Silence '' in the Billboard Hot 100 , he bought a copy of Cashbox and saw the same thing . Several days later , Garfunkel excitedly called Simon to inform him of the single 's growing success . A copy of the 7 '' single arrived in the mail the next day , and according to friend Al Stewart , `` ( Paul ) was horrified when he first heard it ... ( when the ) rhythm section slowed down at one point so that Paul and Artie 's voices could catch up . '' Garfunkel was far less concerned about the remix , feeling conditioned to the process of trying to create a hit single : `` It 's interesting . I suppose it might do something . It might sell , '' he told Wilson . Chart performance ( edit ) `` The Sound of Silence '' first broke in Boston , where it became one of the top - selling singles in early November 1965 ; it spread to Miami and Washington , D.C. two weeks later , reaching number one in Boston and debuting on the Billboard Hot 100 . Throughout the month of January 1966 `` The Sound of Silence '' had a one - on - one battle with The Beatles ' `` We Can Work It Out '' for the # 1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 . The former was # 1 for the weeks of January 1 and 22 and # 2 for the intervening two weeks . The latter held the top spot for the weeks of January 8 , 15 , and 29 , and was # 2 for the two weeks that `` The Sound of Silence '' was # 1 . Overall , `` The Sound of Silence '' spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart . In the wake of the song 's success , Simon promptly returned to the United States to record a new Simon & Garfunkel album at Columbia 's request . He later described his experiences learning the song went to No. 1 , a story he repeated in numerous interviews : I had come back to New York , and I was staying in my old room at my parents ' house . Artie was living at his parents ' house , too . I remember Artie and I were sitting there in my car one night , parked on a street in Queens , and the announcer ( on the radio ) said , `` Number one , Simon & Garfunkel . '' And Artie said to me , `` That Simon & Garfunkel , they must be having a great time . '' Because there we were on a street corner ( in my car in ) Queens , smoking a joint . We did n't know what to do with ourselves . For his part , Garfunkel had a different memory of the song 's success : We were in L.A. Our manager called us at the hotel we were staying at . We were both in the same room . We must have bunked in the same room in those days . I picked up the phone . He said , ' Well , congratulations . Next week you will go from five to one in Billboard . ' It was fun . I remember pulling open the curtains and letting the brilliant sun come into this very red room , and then ordering room service . That was good . '' Reception ( edit ) In 1999 , BMI named `` The Sound of Silence '' as the 18th most - performed song of the 20th century . In 2004 , it was ranked No. 157 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , one of the duo 's three songs on the list . The song is now considered `` the quintessential folk rock release '' . On March 21 , 2013 , the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for long - term preservation along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album . In Popular culture ( edit ) When director Mike Nichols and Sam O'Steen were editing the 1967 film The Graduate , they initially timed some scenes to this song , intending to substitute original music for the scenes . However , they eventually concluded that an adequate substitute could not be found and decided to purchase the rights for the song for the soundtrack . This was an unusual decision for the time , as the song had charted over a year earlier and recycling established music for film was not commonly done . With the practice of using well - known songs for films becoming commonplace , `` The Sound of Silence '' has since been used for other films , such as Kingpin ( 1996 ) , Old School ( 2003 ) , Bobby ( 2006 ) , Watchmen ( 2009 ) , and Trolls ( 2016 ) . In the German TV movie Ein Drilling Kommt Selten Allein the song was sung by grandparents to calm down crying triplets . It appeared on the fourth season of the television series Arrested Development in 2013 as a running gag of characters ' inner reflections . The Rush song `` The Spirit of Radio '' ends with a satirical homage to the final lines of `` The Sound of Silence '' : `` For the words of the profits were written on the studio wall , concert hall , and echoes with the sounds of salesmen '' . In 2016 the song was further popularized by the `` Sad Affleck '' internet meme , which depicts Ben Affleck 's reaction towards the negative reviews of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 -- 68 ) Peak position Australian Kent Music Report Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 11 Canada RPM West German Media Control Charts 9 Japanese Oricon Singles Chart Netherlands Singles Chart 10 New Zealand ( Listener ) Spanish Singles Chart 17 Swiss Singles Chart 94 US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwe Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 54 US Cash Box Top 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Preceded by `` CC C '' ( ja ) by The Tigers ( ja ) Japanese Oricon Singles Chart number - one single September 9 -- 16 , 1968 Succeeded by `` Koi no Kisetsu '' ( ja ) by Pinky & Killers ( ja ) Preceded by `` Over and Over '' by The Dave Clark Five Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 1 , 1966 Succeeded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 22 , 1966 ( second run ) Succeeded by `` We Can Work It Out '' by The Beatles Disturbed version ( edit ) `` The Sound of Silence '' Single by Disturbed from the album Immortalized Released December 7 , 2015 Format 12 '' digital download Genre Piano rock Length 4 : 08 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Paul Simon Producer ( s ) Kevin Churko Disturbed singles chronology `` The Light '' ( 2015 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 2015 ) `` Open Your Eyes '' ( 2016 ) `` The Light '' ( 2015 ) `` The Sound of Silence '' ( 2015 ) `` Open Your Eyes '' ( 2016 ) A cover version was released by American heavy metal band Disturbed on December 7 , 2015 . A music video was released on December 7 , 2015 . Their cover hit number one on the Billboard Hard Rock Digital Songs and Mainstream Rock charts , and is their highest - charting song on the Hot 100 , peaking at number 42 . It is also their highest - charting single in Australia , peaking at number 4 . Their version appeared in the trailer for Gears of War 4 . David Draiman sings it in the key of F # m . The chord progression is F # m , E , D , A . The first two verses are almost an octave lower than the original and jumped up an octave for the last three verses . His vocal span goes from E2 to A4 in scientific pitch notation . In April 2016 , Paul Simon endorsed the cover . Additionally , on April 1 , Simon sent lead vocalist Draiman an email praising Disturbed 's performance of the rendition on late - night talk show Conan . Simon wrote : `` Really powerful performance on Conan the other day . First time I 'd seen you do it live . Nice . Thanks . '' Draiman responded , `` Mr. Simon , I am honored beyond words . We only hoped to pay homage and honor to the brilliance of one of the greatest songwriters of all time . Your compliment means the world to me / us and we are eternally grateful . '' As of June 2016 , the single had sold over 2,000,000 digital downloads and had been streamed over 54 million times , estimated Nielsen Music . The music video has over 260 million views on YouTube , while the live performance on Conan has over 60 million , making it the most watched video from the show . On September 27 , 2016 , the cover was added to Rock Band 4 as downloadable content . Accolades ( edit ) Region Year Publication Accolade Rank United States 2015 Loudwire 20 Best Rock Songs of 2016 10 Best Rock Videos of 2016 Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 40 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 48 France ( SNEP ) 191 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 36 Ireland ( IRMA ) 57 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 32 Portugal ( AFP ) 44 Portugal Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) 8 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 22 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Hard Rock Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 44 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Other cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dutch singer Boudewijn de Groot included a Dutch translation of the song ( `` Het geluid van stilte '' ) on his self - titled 1965 debut album . In 1966 , Spanish rock band Los Mustang recorded a Spanish - language cover of the song , entitled `` El Ritmo Del Silencio '' . Irish trio The Bachelors had a top 10 hit in Ireland ( # 9 ) and the UK ( # 3 ) with the song in 1966 . In 1966 , South African trumpeter Hugh Masekela included the song to his album Hugh Masekela 's Next Album . In 1967 , Jamaican reggae bands The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads recorded a cover of the song . Mercy released a version of the song on their 1969 album , Love Can Make You Happy . Swedish singer Anni - Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish - language cover of the song , entitled `` En ton av tystnad '' , which was featured on her 1971 debut album , Frida . Serbian and former Yugoslav acoustic music duo Vlada i Bajka recorded a Serbian language version of the song , `` Zvuk tišine '' , released on a single in 1971 . Israeli duo The Parvarim recorded a Hebrew - language version on their 1972 LP The Parvarim Sing Simon & Garfunkel . The lyric was translated by Ehud Manor . Los Angeles punk band The Dickies recorded a cover of the song , released on a single in 1978 . French singer Gérard Lenorman in his 1981 album D'amour , featured a rewritten lyrics of this song , and he named it `` Chanson d'innocence '' . In 1986 , Stanley Jordan recorded an instrumental version on his Standards , Vol. 1 album . In the late 1980s , The Fools often covered `` The Sound of Silence '' at their live performances . One such performance was released on the band 's 1987 live album Wake Up ... It 's Alive ! ! ! . The album was re-released with more tracks in 1993 as Wake Up ... It 's Alive ! ! ! ( Again ) . American heavy metal band Heir Apparent covered `` The Sound of Silence '' 1989 album One Small Voice . In 1990 , Brazilian singers Leandro e Leonardo covered `` The Sound of Silence '' , re-written as the love song `` É Por Você que Canto '' ( `` It is For You That I Sing '' ) . This version has since been re-covered by other groups . In 1996 , Filipino singer Regine Velasquez interpolated the song as a `` Prologue '' and an `` Epilogue '' for her album Retro . In 1996 , Icelandic singer Emilíana Torrini covered `` The Sound of Silence '' . In 1997 , South African metal band The Awakening covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their debut album Risen . Another version was recorded for their 2014 compilation album Anthology XV . In 1999 , Gregorian covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Masters of Chant . In 2000 , Atrocity covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their EP Sounds of Silence . In 2000 , Nevermore covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Dead Heart in a Dead World . In 2005 , Italian singer Andrea Parodi , together with American guitarist Al Di Meola , covered the song , writing new lyrics in Sardinian language and renaming it Deo ti Gheria Maria ( The Sound of Silence ) . This version is featured in his live album Midsummer Night in Sardinia . Italian classical singer Michéal Castaldo recorded an Italian version of this song on his 2010 album Aceto . In 2007 , rock duo Shaw Blades covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their second album , Influence . In 2007 , New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser , released a live cover version on the deluxe edition of her album Albertine . In 2008 , the band Ascension of the Watchers covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album Numinosum . In 2009 , Bananarama covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on their tenth album Viva as an iTunes bonus track . In 2010 , Polish singer Ania Dąbrowska covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on her album `` Ania Movie '' . In 2010 , Sharleen Spiteri covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on her album The Movie Songbook . In 2010 , Sufjan Stevens included lyrics from `` The Sound of Silence '' in his song `` All Delighted People '' from the album of the same name . In 2010 , the duo Peixoto & Maxado recorded a smooth ska version of `` The Sound of Silence '' on their album `` I Wanna Shoyu '' In 2011 , Phil and Tim Hanseroth covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on Brandi Carlile 's album Live at Benaroya Hall with the Seattle Symphony . In 2011 Kina Grannis covered `` The Sound of Silence '' on the deluxe edition of her album Stairwells . In 2011 , jazz guitarist Pat Metheny opened on his Grammy Award - winning solo cover album What It 's All About with `` The Sound of Silence '' . On August 30 of 2011 , Bobaflex released Hell In My Heart with their version of `` The Sound of Silence '' as track 15 . Two of Celtic Thunder 's principal singers Keith Harkin and Colm Keegan covered the song for their 2013 album Mythology . In 2013 , husband - wife duo Jenny & Tyler recorded the song as a part of their cover album For Freedom , the proceeds of which they designated for the International Justice Mission . In 2015 , Allison covered `` The Sound of Silence '' for the soundtrack in the 2015 French television series L'Emprise . The song charted on the official French Singles Chart , the SNEP . In 2015 , James Blake covered `` The Sound of Silence '' and released the track on his official YouTube channel . British musician Passenger regularly plays the song live following his own song `` Riding To New York '' . In 2016 , American Idol finalist Dalton Rapattoni covered the song on Top 5 night . A cover of this song was used on the TV series Timeless . In 2016 , the movie Trolls featured a cover in its entirety by Anna Kendrick . In 2017 , Jew in the City released a music video covering `` The Sound of Silence '' featuring The Maccabeats with visuals drawn from a reinterpretation of the lyrics , such as `` People talking without speaking '' and `` the people bowed and prayed / To the neon god they made , '' to refer to modern communications technology and mobile phone overuse . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Fontenot , Robert ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` What is Folk - Rock Music ? '' . ThoughtCo . About.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mastropolo , Frank ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` 51 Years Ago : Simon & Garfunkel Record Their First Classic , ' The Sounds of Silence ' '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel -- Simon And Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits '' . Discogs . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon - Interview - 7 / 6 / 1986 ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Paul Simon chats about his youth . YouTube . April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Tony ( February 1984 ) . `` Playboy Interview '' ( PDF ) . Playboy . 31 ( 2 ) : 49 -- 51 , 162 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Paul Simon opens up about hit songs ' inspiration . June 5 , 2012 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` SOUND OF SILENCE CHORDS ( ver 3 ) by Simon & Garfunkel @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . Tabs.ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel `` The Sound of Silence '' Sheet Music in D Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print - SKU : MN0077042 `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Joe Bosso ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : Art Garfunkel on his new greatest hits CD , The Singer '' . Music Radar . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Simons , David . Studio Stories . pp. 95 -- 96 . ^ Jump up to : Eliot 2010 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth , Chris ( 1996 ) . `` Sound of Silence '' . The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel . Omnibus Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Simons , David ( 2004 ) . Studio Stories : How the Great New York Records Were Made . San Francisco : Backbeat Books . pp. 94 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sellers in Top Markets '' . 77 ( 45 ) . Billboard . November 6 , 1965 : 14 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sellers in Top Markets '' . 77 ( 47 ) . Billboard . November 20 , 1965 : 14 -- 15 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billboard Charts Archives for 1965 and 1966 ^ Jump up to : Fornatale 2007 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2010 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Fornatale 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` '' BMI Top 100 Songs of the Century : 8 Million+ Performances `` '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2001 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , 1999 ( archive.org copy ) Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 2005 ) . `` Folk Rock '' . Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound . Volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Routledge . p. 408 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93835 - X . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel song among those to be preserved '' . CFN13 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris , Mark ( 2008 ) . Pictures at a Revolution . Penguin . pp. 360 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Simon & Garfunkel 's ' Sound of Silence ' Hits Hot Rock Songs Top 10 , Thanks to ' Sad Affleck ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` SImon & Garfunkel 's Sound of Silence charts thanks to Sad Ben Affleck '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sounds of Silence '' . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RPM Top Singles , March 1 , 1966 Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 25 March 1966 Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` Simon & Garfunkel : The Sounds of Silence '' . swisscharts.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 1 / 29 / 66 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1966 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe . Kimberley , C. Zimbabwe : singles chart book . Harare : C. Kimberley , 2000 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1966 / Top 100 Songs of 1966 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Cash Box Year - End Charts : 1966 / Top 100 Pop Singles , December 24 , 1966 '' . Tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Simon & Garfunkel -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Simon & Garfunkel -- Sounds of Silence '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Billboard ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Disturbed 's Haunting Simon & Garfunkel Cover Tops Mainstream Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Return with ' Immortalized ' - Billboard '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Video Premiere : Disturbed 's Cover Version Of Simon & Garfunkel 's ' The Sound Of Silence ' '' . Blabbermouth . ^ Jump up to : `` Hard Rock Digital Songs , Jan 2 , 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Silence - d Guitars : Disturbed 's Haunting Simon & Garfunkel Cover Tops Mainstream Rock Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Gears of War 4 Trailer '' . Trailer . Jump up ^ `` THE SOUND OF SILENCE CHORDS by Disturbed @ Ultimate-Guitar.Com '' . Tabs.ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed `` The Sound of Silence '' Sheet Music in F# Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print - SKU : MN0164135 `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Simon Endorses Disturbed 's ' Sound of Silence ' Cover '' . Ultimateclassicrock.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed Receive Paul Simon Approval for ' Sound of Silence ' '' . Loudwire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed - Posts '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ayers , Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` With ' The Sound of Silence , ' Disturbed Finds a Crossover Moment - Speakeasy - WSJ '' . Blogs.wsj.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Best Rock Songs of 2016 '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` 10 Best Rock Videos of 2016 '' . Loudwire . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Disturbed . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201648 into search . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 38 , 2016 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 01 / 2017 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 19 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles ( Week 22 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2016 - 05 - 12 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2016 - 05 - 12 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Disturbed . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Rock Songs for Disturbed . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed -- Chart history '' Billboard Rock Airplay for Disturbed . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Disturbed . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disturbed -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Disturbed . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CHART WATCH # 385 '' . auspOp . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Disturbed in the field Interpret . Enter The Sound of Silence in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Disturbed ; ' The Sound of Silence ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Disturbed in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select The Sound of Silence and see certification . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Disturbed ; ' The Sound of Silence ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter The Sound of Silence in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Disturbed -- The Sound of Silence '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ' Het geluid van stilte ' lyrics '' . Boudewijn de Groot homepage . Boudewijndegroot.nl . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Covers by Los Mustang '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Vendors and The Gaylads cover of Simon & Garfunkel 's The Sounds of Silence - WhoSampled '' . WhoSampled . Jump up ^ Mercy , Love Can Make You Happy Retrieved May 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Vlada I Bajka : Cecilia / Zvuk Tišine ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Dickies : silent night / sounds of silence 7 '' ( FLEX ! discography ) `` . Jump up ^ Leonardo . `` Leonardo : Discografia '' ( Flash ) ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Viva by Bananarama on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Peixoto & Maxado - Sounds of Silence ( Simon & Garfunkel ) '' ( Peixoto & Maxado ) `` . Jump up ^ Allmusic . `` Hell In My Heart - Bobaflex - Songs , Reviews , Credits - Allmusic '' . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lescharts.com Allisob ( FR - `` The Sound of Silence '' song page Jump up ^ Josephs , Allison . `` Jew in the City Presents `` The Sound of Silence '' feat . The Maccabeats `` . Jew in the City . Jew in the City . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Bibliography Eliot , Marc ( 2010 ) . Paul Simon : A Life . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 43363 - 8 . Fornatale , Pete ( 2007 ) . Simon and Garfunkel 's Bookends . Rodale . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 427 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Lyrics of Disturbed cover at MetroLyrics Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon Art Garfunkel Studio albums Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M. Sounds of Silence Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme Bookends Bridge over Troubled Water Live albums The Concert in Central Park Live from New York City , 1967 Old Friends : Live on Stage Live 1969 Compilation albums Simon and Garfunkel 's Greatest Hits Collected Works The Simon and Garfunkel Collection 20 Greatest Hits The Definitive Simon and Garfunkel Old Friends The Best of Simon and Garfunkel Two Can Dream Alone Tales from New York : The Very Best of Simon & Garfunkel The Columbia Studio Recordings ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Tom & Jerry The Essential Simon & Garfunkel The Collection : Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel : The Complete Albums Collection Soundtrack albums The Graduate Videos The Concert in Central Park Old Friends : Live on Stage Discographies Simon & Garfunkel Art Garfunkel Paul Simon Other Songs recorded Paul Simon solo albums Paul Simon songs Art Garfunkel solo albums Bridge over Troubled Water ( Paul Desmond album ) Book Category Simon & Garfunkel singles Discography List of songs recorded Sounds of Silence `` The Sound of Silence '' / `` We 've Got A Groovey Thing Goin ' '' `` I Am a Rock '' / `` Flowers Never Bend With The Rainfall '' Parsley , Sage , Rosemary and Thyme `` Homeward Bound '' / `` Leaves That Are Green '' `` The Dangling Conversation '' / `` The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine '' `` Scarborough Fair / Canticle '' / `` April Come She Will '' Bookends `` A Hazy Shade of Winter '' / `` For Emily , Whenever I May Find Her '' `` At the Zoo '' / `` The 59th Street Bridge Song ( Feelin ' Groovy ) '' `` Fakin ' It '' / `` You Do n't Know Where Your Interest Lies '' `` Mrs. Robinson '' / `` Old Friends '' / `` Bookends '' Bridge over Troubled Water `` The Boxer '' / `` Baby Driver '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' / `` Keep the Customer Satisfied '' `` Cecilia '' / `` The Only Living Boy in New York '' `` El Cóndor Pasa ( If I Could ) '' / `` Why Do n't You Write Me '' Other singles Hey Schoolgirl Our Song This is my Song Surrender , Please Surrender I 'm Lonesome `` America '' `` My Little Town '' `` Wake Up Little Susie '' Other songs `` Richard Cory '' `` Patterns '' `` A Simple Desultory Philippic ( or How I Was Robert McNamara 'd into Submission ) '' `` 7 O'Clock News / Silent Night '' `` Save the Life of My Child '' `` Overs '' `` Punky 's Dilemma '' `` So Long , Frank Lloyd Wright '' Category Paul Simon songs Discography The Paul Simon Songbook `` I Am a Rock '' Paul Simon `` Mother and Child Reunion '' `` Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard '' `` Duncan '' There Goes Rhymin ' Simon `` Kodachrome '' `` Loves Me Like a Rock '' `` American Tune '' `` Take Me to the Mardi Gras '' Paul Simon in Concert : Live Rhymin ' `` The Sound of Silence '' Still Crazy After All These Years `` Gone at Last '' `` My Little Town '' `` 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover '' `` Still Crazy After All These Years '' Greatest Hits , Etc . `` Slip Slidin ' Away '' One - Trick Pony `` Stranded in a Limousine '' `` Late in the Evening '' `` One - Trick Pony '' `` Oh , Marion '' Hearts and Bones `` Allergies '' `` The Late Great Johnny Ace '' `` Think Too Much '' Graceland `` You Can Call Me Al '' `` Graceland '' `` The Boy in the Bubble '' `` Diamonds on the Soles of Her Shoes '' `` Under African Skies '' `` Homeless '' The Rhythm of the Saints `` The Obvious Child '' `` Proof '' `` Born at the Right Time '' You 're the One `` Old '' `` You 're the One '' Surprise `` Father and Daughter '' `` That 's Me '' `` Outrageous '' So Beautiful or So What `` Getting Ready for Christmas Day '' `` The Afterlife '' Featured singles `` Wonderful World '' `` The Blues '' `` The Boxer '' `` New York Is My Home '' Other songs `` Something So Right '' `` St. Judy 's Comet '' `` Rene and Georgette Magritte with Their Dog after the War '' `` Thelma '' Category The Bachelors Conleth ( Con ) Cluskey Declan ( Dec ) Cluskey John Stokes Studio albums The Bachelors and 16 Great Songs ( 1964 ) Songs `` ( I 'll Be With You ) In Apple Blossom Time '' `` Charmaine '' `` Far Away Places '' `` Diane '' `` I Believe '' `` Ramona '' `` In the Chapel in the Moonlight '' `` Hello , Dolly ! '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` The Unicorn '' `` I 'll Walk with God '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' `` Where the Blue of the Night ( Meets the Gold of the Day ) '' Disturbed David Draiman Dan Donegan Mike Wengren John Moyer Steve Kmak Erich Awalt Studio albums The Sickness Believe Ten Thousand Fists Indestructible Asylum Immortalized Compilation albums The Lost Children EPs Live & Indestructible Singles `` Stupify '' `` Down with the Sickness '' `` Voices '' `` The Game '' `` Prayer '' `` Remember '' `` Liberate '' `` Guarded '' `` Stricken '' `` Just Stop '' `` Land of Confusion '' `` Ten Thousand Fists '' `` Inside the Fire '' `` Perfect Insanity '' `` Indestructible '' `` The Night '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Asylum '' `` The Animal '' `` Warrior '' `` Hell '' `` 3 '' `` The Vengeful One '' `` Immortalized '' `` The Light '' `` The Sound of Silence '' Video M.O.L. Indestructible in Germany Concert tours Music as a Weapon Indestructible Tour Asylum Tour Related articles Discography Maya Guitar Series Covered , A Revolution in Sound Queen of the Damned The Union Underground Adrenaline Mob Device Fight or Flight Art of Anarchy Book : Disturbed Category : Disturbed Portal : Heavy metal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Silence&oldid=800924178 '' Categories : 1965 songs 1965 singles 2016 singles Songs written by Paul Simon Simon & Garfunkel songs Mercy ( band ) songs Disturbed ( band ) songs Song recordings produced by Tom Wilson ( record producer ) Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Oricon Weekly number - one singles United States National Recording Registry recordings CBS Records singles Columbia Records singles Reprise Records singles John F. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the meaning to the song sound of silence	The song 's origin and basis remain unclear , with multiple answers coming forward over the years . Many believe that the song commented on the John F. Kennedy assassination , as the song was released three months after the assassination . Simon stated unambiguously in interviews however , `` I wrote The Sound of Silence when I was 21 years old '' , which places the timeframe firmly prior to the JFK tragedy , with Simon also explaining that the song was written in his bathroom , where he turned off the lights to better concentrate . `` The main thing about playing the guitar , though , was that I was able to sit by myself and play and dream . And I was always happy doing that . I used to go off in the bathroom , because the bathroom had tiles , so it was a slight echo chamber . I 'd turn on the faucet so that water would run ( I like that sound , it 's very soothing to me ) and I 'd play . In the dark . ' Hello darkness , my old friend / I 've come to talk with you again ' . '' In a more recent interview , Simon was directly asked , `` How is a 21 year old person thinkin ' about the words in that song ? '' His reply was , `` I have no idea . '' According to Garfunkel , Simon originally wrote the lyric as `` Aloha darkness , my old friend . '' Garfunkel once summed up the song 's meaning as `` the inability of people to communicate with each other , not particularly internationally but especially emotionally , so what you see around you are people unable to love each other . ''
Redmi Note 5 - wikipedia Redmi Note 5 Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 ( Redmi Note 5 Pro in India ) Codename WHYRED Manufacturer Xiaomi Slogan India 's all rounder India 's camera beast Series Xiaomi Redmi First released February 2018 ; 8 months ago ( 2018 - 02 ) Predecessor Redmi Note 4 Successor TBA Type Touchscreen smartphone Form factor Slate H : 158.6 mm ( 6.24 in ) W : 75.4 mm ( 2.97 in ) D: 8.1 mm ( 0.32 in ) D max : 9.2 mm ( 0.36 in ) ( camera ) Weight 181 g ( 6.4 oz ) Operating system MIUI 10 based on Redmi Note 5 AI Android 8.1. 0 System on chip Qualcomm SDM636 Snapdragon 636 CPU Octa - core ( 4x 1.8 GHz Performance Kryo 260 cores based on Cortex A73 + 4x 1.6 GHz efficiency Kryo 260 cores based on Cortex A53 ) GPU Adreno 509 Memory China / Global : 3 or 4 or 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 GB LPDDR4X RAM India : 4 or 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 GB LPDDR4X RAM Storage China / Global : 32 GB or 64 GB India : 64 GB Removable storage microSDXC , expandable up to 7012204800000000000 ♠ 256 GB ( uses SIM 2 slot ) Battery Non-removable Li - Po 4000 mAh battery Display 5.99 inches , 1080 x 2160 pixels , 18 : 9 ratio ( 403 ppi ) , IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen , 16M colors Rear camera China / Global : Dual : Samsung S5K2L7 12 MP ( f / 1.9 , 1.4 μm ) Dual - PD + Samsung 5 MP ( f / 2.0 , 1.12 μm ) India : Dual : Sony Exmor RS IMX486 12 MP ( f / 2.2 , 1.25 μm ) + Samsung S5K5E8 5 MP ( f / 2.0 , 1.12 μm ) , phase detection autofocus , LED flash , Geo - tagging , touch focus , face detection , panorama , HDR Front camera China / Global : OmniVision OV13855 13 MP 1.0 μm India : Sony Exmor RS IMX376 20 MP ( f / 2.2 , 1 / 2.8 `` , 1.0 μm ) , LED flash , 1080p Connectivity 2G , 3G , 4G , 4G LTE , Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5GHz ) ( ac band only available on Redmi Note 5 ) , dual - band , WiFi Direct , hotspot Bluetooth V5 , A2DP , Low - energy Website www.mi.com/in/redmi-note5/ Redmi Note 5 ( Redmi Note 5 Pro in India ) is a smartphone developed by Xiaomi Inc . It is a part of Xiaomi 's budget Redmi Note smartphone line . Redmi Note 5 was announced on 14 February 2018 in Delhi , India , alongside the local release of Redmi 5 Plus , rebranded as Redmi Note 5 . On 1 March , Xiaomi announced Chinese release of Redmi Note 5 . Contents 1 Specifications 1.1 Hardware 1.2 Software 2 Reception 3 Colors 4 Sales 5 References 6 External links Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Redmi Note 5 ( Redmi 5 Plus Global ) runs on Snapdragon 636 processor . It is a 64 bit architecture based chipset that has 8x Qualcomm ® Kryo TM 260 CPUs with clock speed up to 1.8 GHz that supports Qualcomm ® Adreno TM 509 GPU . This chipset is able to render FHD+ ( 18 : 9 ) display screen . It comes with 5.99 '' full HD+ display , that has an 18 : 9 aspect ratio , the screen on the Redmi Note 5 has a screen - to - body ratio of 77 % . The screen on the device comes with multi-touch support and uses a 2.5 curved glass screen for ultra clarity . The Redmi Note 5 has a ppt rating of 403 and a maximum resolution of 1080x2160 , the LCD IPS screen allows for smooth & accurate scrolling . The main dual - camera setup at the rear of the Redmi Note 5 is located , unlike its predecessors , at the top - left corner on a protruding camera bump that resembles the one present on the iPhone X . It is composed by a 12 MP image sensor plus a 5 MP depth sensor used in portrait mode to have bokeh effect in pictures . The 13 megapixel ( India : 20MP ) front facing camera features a front flash light rated for 4500K color temperatures as claimed by the company . Redmi Note 5 ( Global ) Camera Redmi Note 5 comes with 3GB , 4GB or 6GB of RAM and 32GB or 64GB expandable storage memory . Software ( edit ) Redmi Note 5 ( China ) runs on MIUI 10 based on Android Oreo 8.1. 0 . Redmi note 5 pro ( India ) and Redmi Note 5 ( Global ) runs on MIUI 10.0. 1.0 stable based on Android Oreo Redmi Note 5 ( Global ) System Reception ( edit ) Redmi Note 5 received mostly positive reviews . TechRadar called it the best budget smartphone in the market and rated it 4 / 5 . However lack of NFC , USB type C port , camera bump and the inclusion of advertisements in the UI has been criticised . Colors ( edit ) Redmi Note 5 is available in 5 colors : Lake Blue Rose Gold Gold Black Red The most popular of the color being Lake Blue , which was an instant hit among the users . Red is the next best ; it was introduced at a later date . Sales ( edit ) On 22 February 2018 , in the first sale of the phone , the Indian division of Xiaomi claimed to had sold more than 300,000 Redmi Note 5 ( Redmi 5 Plus ) and Redmi Note 5 Pro units in less than three minutes and called it the biggest sale in the Indian history of smartphones . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Redmi Note 5 , Redmi Note 5 Pro , Mi TV 4 Unveiled in India : Highlights '' . NDTV Gadgets360.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Arriving in China on March 16 , May Come with Android 8.1 Oreo Pre-installed - Gizmochina '' . Gizmochina. 2018 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Xiaomi to launch Redmi Note 5 Pro as Redmi Note 5 in China '' . GSMArena.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Findpare. com - Redmi Note 5 '' . www.findpare.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 红米 Note5 参数 - 小米商城 '' . www.mi.com ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Forum , Xiaomi MIUI Official . `` MIUI ROM for Redmi Note 5 - MIUI Downloads - Xiaomi MIUI Official Forum '' . en.miui.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro review '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Redmi Note 5 Pro Price and Features - Mi India '' . www.mi.com . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 / 5 Pro - Our Favorite color '' . BintooShoots.com. 2018 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ India , Redmi ( 2018 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Thank you for being a part of the biggest sale in the history of smartphones ! See you on Feb 28 for the next sale . RT to win f - codes # GiveMe5pic.twitter.com/s6pU7339r0 '' . @ RedmiIndia . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Official Redmi Note 5 website Hidden Features Of Xiaomi Redmi Note 5 Pro Android smartphones Acer beTouch E110 Liquid A1 Liquid E Liquid Metal Alcatel OT - 980 OT - 990 Asus PadFone ROG Phone ZenFone BlackBerry Priv DTEK50 DTEK60 KEYone Motion KEY Google Android Dev Phone Play editions Nexus One Galaxy 5 6 5X 6P Android One Pixel Pixel 2 HTC Amaze 4G Aria ChaCha Desire Eye 620 HD X Z Dream Droid Incredible 4G LTE HTC Inspire Evo 4G Shift 4G Design 4G 3D 4G LTE Explorer Hero / Droid Eris Incredible S / Droid Incredible 2 J Butterfly / Droid DNA Legend Magic One series V X One One ( M8 ) One M9 One Mini One Mini 2 One Max HTC 10 Raider 4G Rezound Salsa Sensation T - Mobile US G1 myTouch 3G myTouch 3G Slide Desire Z myTouch 4G myTouch 4G Slide Tattoo ThunderBolt U series U11 U Ultra Wildfire Huawei T - Mobile Pulse IDEOS U8150 U8800 ( Ideos X5 ) Sonic ( U8650 ) Ascend Nova P10 P20 Mate 8 9 10 Honor LG G series 2 Mini G3 Stylus Flex Pro 2 Pro Lite x Flex 2 5 6 7 ThinQ GW620 Optimus Optimus 2X Optimus 3D Optimus 4X HD Optimus Black Optimus Chic Optimus G Optimus L9 Optimus LTE Optimus One Optimus Q Optimus Slider Optimus Vu II Optimus Vu Optimus Zip VS740 V series V10 V20 V30 V40 Meizu M9 PRO 5 MX MX4 Pro 5 Misc . Amazon Fire Phone Canonical Ubuntu Edge Casio G'zOne Commando Dell Venue Essential Phone Garmin Nüvifone GeeksPhone One Intel AZ210 Karbonn a15 Kyocera Echo Lenovo LePhone / IdeaPhone Micromax Canvas A1 Nextbit Robin PepsiCo Pepsi P1 Vertu Ti Motorola Atrix 4G Backflip Charm Cliq XT Defy Devour Droid ( Milestone ) Droid Bionic Droid MAXX & Ultra Droid Mini Droid Pro / XPRT ( Milestone Plus ) Droid Razr Maxx HD Maxx HD Droid Turbo Droid X ( Milestone X ) X2 Flipout i1 Moto X 2013 2014 Style Play 2017 Moto G 2013 2014 2015 G4 ( 2016 ) G5 ( 2017 ) G6 ( 2018 ) Moto E 2014 2015 2016 Moto Z Play Nokia Nokia 3 Nokia 5 Nokia 6 Nokia 6 Nokia 6.1 Nokia 6.1 Plus Nokia 7 Nokia 7 Plus Nokia 8 Nokia X Nokia X+ Nokia XL Nokia X2 Nokia XL 4G OnePlus One X 3T 5 5T 6 Pantech Vega Racer Vega R3 Vega N ° 6 Vega Iron Razer Razer Phone Samsung Captivate Glide Galaxy Galaxy Spica Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy A Alpha A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 Pro Samsung Galaxy A8 / A8+ ( 2018 ) Samsung Galaxy A6 / A6+ Galaxy Beam Galaxy Core II LTE Galaxy Express Galaxy Express 2 Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy Mini Galaxy Mini 2 Galaxy Pocket Galaxy Pocket Plus Galaxy Pocket Neo Galaxy Round Galaxy S series Advance Duos Duos 2 Plus S 4G LTE II II Plus III III Mini 4 Mini 4 Active 5 5 Mini 5 Active 6 6 Active 7 8 9 Galaxy Star Galaxy W Galaxy Win Galaxy Y Galaxy Young Infuse 4G Transform Intercept Moment Sony Xperia series acro S C3 C4 Go Ion miro sola SP tipo U V X XA XA Ultra XA1 XA1 Ultra X Performance X Compact XZ XZs XZ Premium XZ2 Premium Z ZL ZR Z1 Z1 Compact E1 Z2 Z3 E3 Z3 Compact Z3+ / Z4 E4 Z5 Z5 Compact Z5 Premium E5 Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Xperia active Xperia arc Xperia acro Xperia mini Pro Xperia neo V Xperia Play Xperia pro Xperia ray Xperia X8 Xperia X10 Mini Mini Pro Xiaomi Mi 1 Mi 2 Mi 2A Mi 2S Mi 3 Mi 4 Mi 4i Mi 4c Mi 5 Max 1 MIX 1 Mi Note Pro Redmi Redmi 1S Redmi Note Redmi Note 2 Redmi Note 3 Redmi Note 4 Redmi Note 5 ZTE Blade Racer Skate Engage Infinix Mobile Hot S3 Note 3 Android tablets Other Android devices List of Android smartphones List of features in Android Xiaomi Mi Phones Xiaomi Mi 1 2S 2A 4c 4i 5 5s 5s Plus 5c 5x 6 6x 8 SE EE / Pro A1 A2 Max 1 MIX 1 2S Note Note 2 Note 3 Note 4 Redmi Phones Redmi 1 1S 5 6 S2 Note Note 2 Note 3 Note 4 Note 5 Note 6 Pro 5a Pro Pocophone POCO F1 BlackShark Black Shark Black Shark Helo Other Products Xiaomi Mi Band Xiaomi Mi Pad Notebook Air Related Lei Jun MIUI MIUI for POCO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redmi_Note_5&oldid=866414953 '' Categories : Smartphones Xiaomi Mobile phones introduced in 2018 Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français 한국어 Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 05 : 06 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did redmi note 5 launch in india	Redmi Note 5 ( Redmi Note 5 Pro in India ) is a smartphone developed by Xiaomi Inc . It is a part of Xiaomi 's budget Redmi Note smartphone line . Redmi Note 5 was announced on 14 February 2018 in Delhi , India , alongside the local release of Redmi 5 Plus , rebranded as Redmi Note 5 .
Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) - wikipedia Stuck in the Middle ( tv series ) Stuck in the Middle Genre Comedy Created by Alison Brown Developed by Alison Brown & Linda Videtti Figueiredo Starring Jenna Ortega Ronni Hawk Isaak Presley Ariana Greenblatt Kayla Maisonet Nicolas Bechtel Malachi Barton Cerina Vincent Joe Nieves Theme music composer Shridhar Solanki Sidh Solanki Maria Christensen Opening theme `` Stuck with You '' by Sonus Composer ( s ) Kenneth Burgomaster Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Linda Videtti Figueiredo Producer ( s ) Cathy A. Cambria David McHugh Matt Flanagan Camera setup Single - camera Running time 21 -- 24 minutes Production company ( s ) International Donut Fund Productions Horizon Productions Release Original network Disney Channel Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) -- July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) External links Website Production website Stuck in the Middle is an American comedy television series developed by Alison Brown and Linda Videtti Figueiredo and created by Alison Brown that aired on Disney Channel from February 14 , 2016 to July 23 , 2018 . The series stars Jenna Ortega , Ronni Hawk , Isaak Presley , Ariana Greenblatt , Kayla Maisonet , Nicolas Bechtel , Malachi Barton , Cerina Vincent , and Joe Nieves . In addition to the series ' regular episodes , the series also aired six shorts on December 16 , 2016 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Episodes 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.3 Notes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Set in Massachusetts , in the fictional town of Marshport , the series tells the story of the Diaz family , specifically focusing on Harley , the middle of the seven children . Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Stuck in the Middle episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 20 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz , the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy . She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor . Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table , the Slushinator , the Skate Kite , the Pick - Me - Up , and a snow machine . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is revealed it is her 13th birthday . A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation . Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; special guest , season 3 ) , the oldest of the seven children and Harley 's vain older sister . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that she is 16 . In the third season episode `` Stuck with Rachel 's Secret '' , Rachel leaves the family to attend college in Paris , France , while interning at a fashion company there . She returns in the series finale to help the family celebrate Harley 's quinceañera . Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz , Harley 's oldest brother and her partner - in - crime ; she refers to him as her best friend in the family . He is an aspiring musician and filmmaker . In `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' , it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven , behind Rachel and Georgie . Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz , the youngest of the seven children and Harley 's younger sister . She enjoys having tea time with her dolls and sleeps in her indoor dollhouse . In `` Stuck with No Rules '' , it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first . Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz , one of Harley 's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . She is a basketball player at her school and does an assortment of other sports . Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz , one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Beast 's twin . It is revealed in `` Stuck in the Beast - Day Party '' that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes . Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz , one of Harley 's two younger brothers and Lewie 's twin . Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz , Harley 's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places . Suzy is the one who usually punishes the kids from grounding them to even putting them on lockdown for higher violations . Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz , Harley 's father who is the proprietor of a marina store called `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' which sells camping and fishing equipment . While he is a loving and caring father , he does tend to get upset when his kids let him down in any way . Recurring ( edit ) Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom 's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast . She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in `` Stuck in the Block Party '' . Lulu Lambros as Ellie Peters , Bethany 's daughter and Harley 's best friend who is on the same basketball team as Georgie . In `` Stuck in Harley 's Comet '' , it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights , darkness , and birds . In `` Stuck with a Bad Influence '' , Ellie is sent to a boarding school called Radistone Academy by her mother . Brett Pierce as Cuff ( season 1 ) , an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel 's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom . When Cuff works briefly at `` Tom 's Bait and Bite '' in `` Stuck with My Sister 's Boyfriend '' , his real first name is revealed to be Warren . While mainly in the first season , he also appears in the third season episode `` Stuck in a Mysterious Robbery '' , where it confirms that he and Rachel broke up . Joshua Bassett as Aidan ( season 3 ) , Bethany Peters ' nephew and Ellie 's cousin . He is an accomplished lacrosse player and has a tendency to annoy Harley . Aidan is staying with Bethany while his father is away . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode , but Bechtel is later credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with `` Stuck in the Sweet Seat '' . Production ( edit ) Production on the series began in November 2015 . Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15 , 2016 . The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31 , 2017 . On March 30 , 2018 , Disney Channel announced that the series would end after three seasons . Broadcast ( edit ) A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14 , 2016 . The series was later released on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15 , 2016 . The series began airing regularly on March 11 , 2016 . The first season concluded on July 22 , 2016 . The second season premiered on February 3 , 2017 , and concluded on October 27 , 2017 . The third season premiered on December 8 , 2017 , and concluded on July 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) Season Episodes First aired Last aired Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) 17 February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) 2.81 July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 2.06 1.60 20 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 2.13 October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 1.31 1.19 20 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 1.36 July 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 0.92 0.95 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Ref . 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Mexico Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia Favorite International Program Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Argentina Favorite International Program Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nivea Serrao ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the Diaz Family from Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle '' . TV Insider . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel Orders Latino Family Sitcom Toplined by Jane the Virgin Star '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel 's Stuck in the Middle Renewed for Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle , Bunk 'd & Walk the Prank Renewed for Season 3 by Disney '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stuck in the Middle to End After 3 Seasons on Disney Channel , Star Jenna Ortega Joins ABC Pilot Man of the House '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Linda Ge ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Channel Sets Premiere Date for Stuck in the Middle '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quick - Witted Tween Uses Her Inventions to Navigate Life in the Comedy Series Stuck in the Middle on a Preview Episode on Disney Channel on Sunday , February 14 , 2016 '' . Corus Entertainment . January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 10.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards México 2017 '' . publimetro.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son los nominados para los Kids ' Choice Awards Colombia 2017 '' . 90minutos.co ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estos son todos los nominados a los Kid 's Choice Awards Argentina 2017 '' . mundotkm.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Stuck in the Middle on IMDb Disney Channel original programming Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2018 ) Big City Greens ( since 2018 ) Bug Juice : My Adventures at Camp ( since 2018 ) Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( 2016 -- 18 ) Stuck in the Middle ( 2016 -- 18 ) Upcoming Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) Star Wars Resistance ( 2018 ) Fast Layne ( 2018 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2019 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( 2019 ) Amphibia ( 2019 ) The Owl House ( 2019 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stuck_in_the_Middle_(TV_series)&oldid=856795503 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American teen sitcoms Disney Channel shows English - language television programs Television shows set in Massachusetts Television series about families Television series about siblings Single - camera television sitcoms Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Polski Português Română Simple English 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 15 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who plays the neighbor in stuck in the middle	Lauren Pritchard as Bethany Peters , a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom 's parenting of their children and is often annoyed with the antics of Lewie and Beast . She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in `` Stuck in the Block Party '' .
List of Presidents of the United States - wikipedia List of Presidents of the United States List of United States ' presidents For the 1999 C - SPAN series , see American Presidents : Life Portraits . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The President of the United States is the elected head of state and head of government of the United States . The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The president is indirectly elected to a four - year term by the people through the Electoral College . Since the office was established in 1789 , 44 men have served as president . The first , George Washington , won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College . Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms in office , and is counted as the nation 's 22nd and 24th presidents ; the incumbent , Donald Trump , is therefore the 45th president . There are currently five living former presidents . The most recent death of a former president was on December 26 , 2006 with the death of Gerald Ford . William Henry Harrison 's presidency was the shortest in American history . He died 31 days after taking office in 1841 . Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest , over twelve years , before dying early in his fourth term in 1945 . He is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms . Since the ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951 , no person may be elected president more than twice , and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once . Of the elected presidents , four died in office of natural causes ( William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , Warren G. Harding , and Franklin D. Roosevelt ) , four were assassinated ( Abraham Lincoln , James A. Garfield , William McKinley and John F. Kennedy ) , and one resigned ( Richard Nixon ) . John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term , and set the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with his own presidency , as opposed to a caretaker president . The Twenty - fifth Amendment to the Constitution put Tyler 's precedent into law in 1967 . It also established a mechanism by which a mid-term vacancy in the vice presidency could be filled . Richard Nixon was the first president to fill a vacancy under this Provision when he appointed Gerald Ford to the office . Later , Ford became the second to do so when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him . Previously , a mid-term vacancy was left unfilled . Throughout most of its history , American politics has been dominated by political parties . The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties , and at the time it came into force in 1789 , there were no parties . Soon after the 1st Congress convened , factions began rallying around dominant Washington Administration officials , such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson . Greatly concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never affiliated with a political party . Since Washington , every president has been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office . Contents 1 Presidents 2 Subsequent public office 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Presidents Unaffiliated ( 2 ) Federalist ( 1 ) Democratic - Republican ( 4 ) Democratic ( 15 ) Whig ( 4 ) Republican ( 19 ) National Union ( 2 ) Presidency President Prior office Party Term Vice President April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 George Washington 1732 -- 1799 ( Lived : 67 years ) Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army ( 1775 -- 1783 ) Unaffiliated ( 1788 -- 89 ) ( 1789 ) John Adams ( 1792 ) ( 1793 ) March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 John Adams 1735 -- 1826 ( Lived : 90 years ) 1st Vice President of the United States Federalist ( 1796 ) ( 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Thomas Jefferson 1743 -- 1826 ( Lived : 83 years ) 2nd Vice President of the United States Democratic - Republican ( 1800 ) ( 1801 ) Aaron Burr March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1805 ( 1804 ) 5 ( 1805 ) George Clinton March 4 , 1805 -- March 4 , 1809 March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 James Madison 1751 -- 1836 ( Lived : 85 years ) 5th United States Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1808 ) 6 ( 1809 ) George Clinton March 4 , 1809 -- April 20 , 1812 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Clinton 's term ) ( 1812 ) 7 ( 1813 ) Elbridge Gerry March 4 , 1813 -- November 23 , 1814 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Gerry 's term ) 5 March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 James Monroe 1758 -- 1831 ( Lived : 73 years ) 7th United States Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1816 ) 8 ( 1817 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1820 ) 9 ( 1821 ) 6 March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 John Quincy Adams 1767 -- 1848 ( Lived : 80 years ) 8th United States Secretary of State ( 1817 -- 1825 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1824 ) 10 ( 1825 ) John C. Calhoun 7 March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Andrew Jackson 1767 -- 1845 ( Lived : 78 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 2 ) from Tennessee ( 1797 -- 1798 & 1823 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1828 ) 11 ( 1829 ) John C. Calhoun March 4 , 1829 -- December 28 , 1832 ( Resigned from office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Calhoun 's term ) ( 1832 ) 12 ( 1833 ) Martin Van Buren March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 8 March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Martin Van Buren 1782 -- 1862 ( Lived : 79 years ) 8th Vice President of the United States Democratic ( 1836 ) 13 ( 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson 9 March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 ( Died in office ) William Henry Harrison 1773 -- 1841 ( Lived : 68 years ) United States Minister to Colombia ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Whig ( 1840 ) 14 ( 1841 ) ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( Succeeded to presidency ) 10 April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 John Tyler 1790 -- 1862 ( Lived : 71 years ) 10th Vice President of the United States Whig April 4 , 1841 -- September 13 , 1841 Office vacant Unaffiliated September 13 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 11 March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 James K. Polk 1795 -- 1849 ( Lived : 53 years ) 9th Governor of Tennessee ( 1839 -- 1841 ) Democratic ( 1844 ) 15 ( 1845 ) George M. Dallas 12 March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 ( Died in office ) Zachary Taylor 1784 -- 1850 ( Lived : 65 years ) Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment United States Army ( 1846 -- 1849 ) ( No prior elected office ) Whig ( 1848 ) 16 ( 1849 ) ( 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( Succeeded to presidency ) 13 July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 Millard Fillmore 1800 -- 1874 ( Lived : 74 years ) 12th Vice President of the United States Whig Office vacant 14 March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 Franklin Pierce 1804 -- 1869 ( Lived : 64 years ) Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry United States Army ( 1847 -- 1848 ) Democratic ( 1852 ) 17 ( 1853 ) William R. King March 4 -- April 18 , 1853 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of King 's term ) 15 March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 James Buchanan 1791 -- 1868 ( Lived : 77 years ) United States Minister to the Court of St James 's ( 1853 -- 1856 ) Democratic ( 1856 ) 18 ( 1857 ) John C. Breckinridge 16 March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 ( Died in office ) Abraham Lincoln 1809 -- 1865 ( Lived : 56 years ) U.S. Representative for Illinois 's 7th District ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Republican ( National Union ) ( 1860 ) 19 ( 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin March 4 , 1861 -- March 4 , 1865 ( 1864 ) 20 ( 1865 ) ( 1865 ) Andrew Johnson March 4 -- April 15 , 1865 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 17 April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 Andrew Johnson 1808 -- 1875 ( Lived : 66 years ) 16th Vice President of the United States National Union April 15 , 1865 -- c. 1868 Office vacant Democratic c. 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 18 March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Ulysses S. Grant 1822 -- 1885 ( Lived : 63 years ) Commanding General of the U.S. Army ( 1864 -- 1869 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1868 ) 21 ( 1869 ) Schuyler Colfax March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1873 ( 1872 ) 22 ( 1873 ) Henry Wilson March 4 , 1873 -- November 22 , 1875 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Wilson 's term ) 19 March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes 1822 -- 1893 ( Lived : 70 years ) 29th & 32nd Governor of Ohio ( 1868 -- 1872 & 1876 -- 1877 ) Republican ( 1876 ) 23 ( 1877 ) William A. Wheeler 20 March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 ( Died in office ) James A. Garfield 1831 -- 1881 ( Lived : 49 years ) U.S. Representative for Ohio 's 19th District ( 1863 -- 1881 ) Republican ( 1880 ) 24 ( 1881 ) ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( Succeeded to presidency ) 21 September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 Chester A. Arthur 1829 -- 1886 ( Lived : 57 years ) 20th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant 22 March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Grover Cleveland 1837 -- 1908 ( Lived : 71 years ) 28th Governor of New York ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Democratic ( 1884 ) 25 ( 1885 ) Thomas A. Hendricks March 4 -- November 25 , 1885 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Hendricks 's term ) 23 March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison 1833 -- 1901 ( Lived : 67 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 1 ) from Indiana ( 1881 -- 1887 ) Republican ( 1888 ) 26 ( 1889 ) Levi P. Morton 24 March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Grover Cleveland 1837 -- 1908 ( Lived : 71 years ) 22nd President of the United States ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Democratic ( 1892 ) 27 ( 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson 25 March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 ( Died in office ) William McKinley 1843 -- 1901 ( Lived : 58 years ) 39th Governor of Ohio ( 1892 -- 1896 ) Republican ( 1896 ) 28 ( 1897 ) Garret Hobart March 4 , 1897 -- November 21 , 1899 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Hobart 's term ) ( 1900 ) 29 ( 1901 ) ( 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt March 4 -- September 14 , 1901 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 26 September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Theodore Roosevelt 1858 -- 1919 ( Lived : 60 years ) 25th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 ( 1904 ) 30 ( 1905 ) Charles W. Fairbanks March 4 , 1905 -- March 4 , 1909 27 March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 William Howard Taft 1857 -- 1930 ( Lived : 72 years ) 42nd United States Secretary of War ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Republican ( 1908 ) 31 ( 1909 ) James S. Sherman March 4 , 1909 -- October 30 , 1912 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Sherman 's term ) 28 March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Woodrow Wilson 1856 -- 1924 ( Lived : 67 years ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Democratic ( 1912 ) 32 ( 1913 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1916 ) 33 ( 1917 ) 29 March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 ( Died in office ) Warren G. Harding 1865 -- 1923 ( Lived : 57 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 3 ) from Ohio ( 1915 -- 1921 ) Republican ( 1920 ) 34 ( 1921 ) ( 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( Succeeded to presidency ) 30 August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 Calvin Coolidge 1872 -- 1933 ( Lived : 60 years ) 29th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 ( 1924 ) 35 ( 1925 ) Charles G. Dawes March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1929 31 March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 Herbert Hoover 1874 -- 1964 ( Lived : 90 years ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1928 ) 36 ( 1929 ) Charles Curtis 32 March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 ( Died in office ) Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882 -- 1945 ( Lived : 63 years ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Democratic ( 1932 ) 37 ( 1933 ) John N. Garner March 4 , 1933 -- January 20 , 1941 ( 1936 ) 38 ( 1937 ) ( 1940 ) 39 ( 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace January 20 , 1941 -- January 20 , 1945 ( 1944 ) 40 ( 1945 ) ( 1945 ) Harry S. Truman January 20 -- April 12 , 1945 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 33 April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 Harry S. Truman 1884 -- 1972 ( Lived : 88 years ) 34th Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1949 ( 1948 ) 41 ( 1949 ) Alben W. Barkley January 20 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1953 34 January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890 -- 1969 ( Lived : 78 years ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1949 -- 1952 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1952 ) 42 ( 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1956 ) 43 ( 1957 ) 35 January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 ( Died in office ) John F. Kennedy 1917 -- 1963 ( Lived : 46 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 1 ) from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) Democratic ( 1960 ) 44 ( 1961 ) ( 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( Succeeded to presidency ) 36 November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson 1908 -- 1973 ( Lived : 64 years ) 37th Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 ( 1964 ) 45 ( 1965 ) Hubert Humphrey January 20 , 1965 -- January 20 , 1969 37 January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 ( Resigned from office ) Richard Nixon 1913 -- 1994 ( Lived : 81 years ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Republican ( 1968 ) 46 ( 1969 ) Spiro Agnew January 20 , 1969 -- October 10 , 1973 ( Resigned from office ) ( 1972 ) 47 ( 1973 ) ( 1974 ) Office vacant October 10 -- December 6 , 1973 Gerald Ford December 6 , 1973 -- August 9 , 1974 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 38 August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 Gerald Ford 1913 -- 2006 ( Lived : 93 years ) 40th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant August 9 -- December 19 , 1974 Nelson Rockefeller December 19 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 39 January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter Born 1924 ( 94 years old ) 76th Governor of Georgia ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Democratic ( 1976 ) 48 ( 1977 ) Walter Mondale 40 January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Ronald Reagan 1911 -- 2004 ( Lived : 93 years ) 33rd Governor of California ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Republican ( 1980 ) 49 ( 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1984 ) 50 ( 1985 ) 41 January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 George H.W. Bush Born 1924 ( 94 years old ) 43rd Vice President of the United States Republican ( 1988 ) 51 ( 1989 ) Dan Quayle 42 January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Bill Clinton Born 1946 ( 72 years old ) 40th & 42nd Governor of Arkansas ( 1979 -- 1981 & 1983 -- 1992 ) Democratic ( 1992 ) 52 ( 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1996 ) 53 ( 1997 ) 43 January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 George W. Bush Born 1946 ( 72 years old ) 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Republican ( 2000 ) 54 ( 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2004 ) 55 ( 2005 ) 44 January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Barack Obama Born 1961 ( 57 years old ) U.S. Senator ( Class 3 ) from Illinois ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Democratic ( 2008 ) 56 ( 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2012 ) 57 ( 2013 ) 45 January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Donald Trump Born 1946 ( 72 years old ) Chairman of The Trump Organization ( 1971 -- 2017 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 2016 ) 58 ( 2017 ) Mike Pence Subsequent public office Three presidents held another U.S. federal office after serving as president . President Presidency Subsequent service John Quincy Adams 6 1825 -- 1829 U.S. Representative from Massachusetts ( 1831 -- 1848 ) Andrew Johnson 17 1865 -- 1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee ( 1875 ) William Howard Taft 27 1909 -- 1913 10th Chief Justice of the United States ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Several presidents campaigned unsuccessfully for other U.S. state or federal elective offices after serving as president . President Presidency Office sought unsuccessfully John Quincy Adams 6 1825 -- 1829 Governor of Massachusetts ( 1833 ) Martin Van Buren 8 1837 -- 1841 President of the United States ( 1844 ) President of the United States ( 1848 ) Millard Fillmore 13 1850 -- 1853 President of the United States ( 1856 ) Andrew Johnson 17 1865 -- 1869 U.S. Senator from Tennessee ( 1870 ) U.S. Representative from Tennessee ( 1872 ) Ulysses S. Grant 18 1869 -- 1877 President of the United States ( 1880 ) Theodore Roosevelt 26 1901 -- 1909 President of the United States ( 1912 ) Herbert Hoover 31 1929 -- 1933 President of the United States ( 1940 ) Additionally , one former president , John Tyler , served in the government of the Confederate States during the American Civil War . Tyler served in the Provisional Confederate Congress from 1861 to 1862 . He was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives in November 1861 , but died before he could take his seat . See also Biography portal United States portal Government of the United States portal Acting President of the United States Founding Fathers of the United States List of Presidents of the Continental Congress List of Vice Presidents of the United States Notes ^ Jump up to : The presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person . For example , George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president ( not the first and second ) . Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon 's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right . Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive . A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty - fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted , because the president remains in office during such a period . Jump up ^ Listed here is the most recent office ( either with a U.S. state , the federal government , or a private corporation ) held by the individual prior to becoming president . Jump up ^ Three presidents are counted above with multiple political affiliations : John Tyler ( Whig , Unaffiliated ) , Abraham Lincoln ( Republican , National Union ) , and Andrew Johnson ( National Union , Democratic ) . Jump up ^ Listed and numbered here are the elections and inaugurations that constitute a presidential term . Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays , instead of being inaugurated on March 4 , 1789 , the date scheduled for operations of the federal government under the new Constitution to begin , Washington 's first inauguration was held 1 month and 26 days later . As a result , his first term was only 1,404 days long ( as opposed to the usual 1,461 ) , and was the shortest term for a U.S. president who served a full term . Jump up ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 89 . When they did develop , during Washington 's first term , Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party . The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis . Jump up ^ Due to logistical delays , Adams assumed the office of Vice President 1 month and 17 days after the March 4 , 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution . As a result , his first term was only 1,413 days long , and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who served a full term . Jump up ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties . Federalist John Adams was elected president , and Jefferson of the Democratic - Republicans was elected vice president . Jump up ^ John Calhoun , formerly a Democratic - Republican , founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states ' rights , but was brought on as Andrew Jackson 's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson . ^ Jump up to : Intra-term extraordinary inauguration . Jump up ^ John Tyler was sworn in as president on April 6 , 1841 . Jump up ^ John Tyler , a former Democrat , ran for vice president on the Whig Party ticket with Harrison in 1840 . Tyler 's policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda , and he was expelled from the party in September 1841 . Jump up ^ Millard Fillmore was sworn in as president on July 10 , 1850 . Jump up ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864 , Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate , and running on the National Union Party ticket . Jump up ^ Democrat Andrew Johnson ran for vice president on the National Union Party ticket with Republican Abraham Lincoln in 1864 . Later , while president , Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner . Near the end of his presidency , Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party . Jump up ^ Chester A. Arthur was initially sworn in as president on September 20 , 1881 , and then again on September 22 . Jump up ^ Calvin Coolidge was initially sworn in as president on August 3 , 1923 , and then again on August 21 . Jump up ^ The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( ratified on January 23 , 1933 ) moved Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 , beginning in 1937 . As a result , Garner 's first term in office was 1 month and 12 days shorter than a normal term . References Jump up ^ `` The Constitution : Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . U.S. National Archives & Records Administration . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Washington '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Washington '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of George Washington '' . American Presidents : Life Portraits. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Adams '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Adams '' . History . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John Adams '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Madison '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Madison '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Monroe '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Monroe '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Monroe '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Quincy Adams '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Quincy Adams '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John Quincy Adams '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Andrew Jackson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William Henry Harrison '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of William Henry Harrison '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Tyler '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Tyler '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John Tyler '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James K. Polk '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James K. Polk '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James K. Polk '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Taylor '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zachary Taylor '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Zachary Taylor '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millard Fillmore '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Millard Fillmore '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Pierce '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin Pierce '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Franklin Pierce '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Buchanan '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Buchanan '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Buchanan '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Johnson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Johnson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S. Grant '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ulysses S. Grant '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rutherford B. Hayes '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rutherford B. Hayes '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Garfield '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James A. Garfield '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of James Garfield '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chester A. Arthur '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chester A. Arthur '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grover Cleveland '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Harrison '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Harrison '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Benjamin Harrison '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William McKinley '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of William McKinley '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William Howard Taft '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` William Howard Taft '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of William Howard Taft '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Woodrow Wilson '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Woodrow Wilson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Warren G. Harding '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Coolidge '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Coolidge '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Hoover '' . whitehouse.gov . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert Hoover '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . whitehouse.gov . March 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry S. Truman '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Truman '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of John F. Kennedy '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lyndon B. Johnson '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Richard M. Nixon '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard M. Nixon '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald R. Ford '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Carter '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Carter '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Jimmy Carter '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan '' . whitehouse.gov . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronald Reagan '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Ronald Reagan '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George H.W. Bush '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George Bush '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` William J. Clinton '' . whitehouse.gov . March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Clinton '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Portrait of Bill Clinton '' . American Presidents : Life Portrait. C - SPAN . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush '' . whitehouse.gov . February 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama '' . whitehouse.gov . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President Donald J. Trump '' . whitehouse.gov . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump '' . History.com . A&E Networks . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to President of the United States . Presidents of the United States -- Wikipedia book Whitehouse.gov : The Presidents Hauenstein Center Presidential Leadership Studies at Grand Valley State University POTUS : Presidents of the United States at the Internet Public Library Presidents of the United States George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William Howard Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. 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About Wikipedia	last president that was not a democrat or republican	Unaffiliated ( 2 ) Federalist ( 1 ) Democratic - Republican ( 4 ) Democratic ( 15 ) Whig ( 4 ) Republican ( 19 ) National Union ( 2 ) Presidency President Prior office Party Term Vice President April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 George Washington 1732 -- 1799 ( Lived : 67 years ) Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army ( 1775 -- 1783 ) Unaffiliated ( 1788 -- 89 ) ( 1789 ) John Adams ( 1792 ) ( 1793 ) March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 John Adams 1735 -- 1826 ( Lived : 90 years ) 1st Vice President of the United States Federalist ( 1796 ) ( 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Thomas Jefferson 1743 -- 1826 ( Lived : 83 years ) 2nd Vice President of the United States Democratic - Republican ( 1800 ) ( 1801 ) Aaron Burr March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1805 ( 1804 ) 5 ( 1805 ) George Clinton March 4 , 1805 -- March 4 , 1809 March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 James Madison 1751 -- 1836 ( Lived : 85 years ) 5th United States Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1808 ) 6 ( 1809 ) George Clinton March 4 , 1809 -- April 20 , 1812 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Clinton 's term ) ( 1812 ) 7 ( 1813 ) Elbridge Gerry March 4 , 1813 -- November 23 , 1814 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Gerry 's term ) 5 March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 James Monroe 1758 -- 1831 ( Lived : 73 years ) 7th United States Secretary of State ( 1811 -- 1817 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1816 ) 8 ( 1817 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1820 ) 9 ( 1821 ) 6 March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 John Quincy Adams 1767 -- 1848 ( Lived : 80 years ) 8th United States Secretary of State ( 1817 -- 1825 ) Democratic - Republican ( 1824 ) 10 ( 1825 ) John C. Calhoun 7 March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Andrew Jackson 1767 -- 1845 ( Lived : 78 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 2 ) from Tennessee ( 1797 -- 1798 & 1823 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1828 ) 11 ( 1829 ) John C. Calhoun March 4 , 1829 -- December 28 , 1832 ( Resigned from office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Calhoun 's term ) ( 1832 ) 12 ( 1833 ) Martin Van Buren March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 8 March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Martin Van Buren 1782 -- 1862 ( Lived : 79 years ) 8th Vice President of the United States Democratic ( 1836 ) 13 ( 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson 9 March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 ( Died in office ) William Henry Harrison 1773 -- 1841 ( Lived : 68 years ) United States Minister to Colombia ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Whig ( 1840 ) 14 ( 1841 ) ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( Succeeded to presidency ) 10 April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 John Tyler 1790 -- 1862 ( Lived : 71 years ) 10th Vice President of the United States Whig April 4 , 1841 -- September 13 , 1841 Office vacant Unaffiliated September 13 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 11 March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 James K. Polk 1795 -- 1849 ( Lived : 53 years ) 9th Governor of Tennessee ( 1839 -- 1841 ) Democratic ( 1844 ) 15 ( 1845 ) George M. Dallas 12 March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 ( Died in office ) Zachary Taylor 1784 -- 1850 ( Lived : 65 years ) Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment United States Army ( 1846 -- 1849 ) ( No prior elected office ) Whig ( 1848 ) 16 ( 1849 ) ( 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( Succeeded to presidency ) 13 July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 Millard Fillmore 1800 -- 1874 ( Lived : 74 years ) 12th Vice President of the United States Whig Office vacant 14 March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 Franklin Pierce 1804 -- 1869 ( Lived : 64 years ) Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry United States Army ( 1847 -- 1848 ) Democratic ( 1852 ) 17 ( 1853 ) William R. King March 4 -- April 18 , 1853 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of King 's term ) 15 March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 James Buchanan 1791 -- 1868 ( Lived : 77 years ) United States Minister to the Court of St James 's ( 1853 -- 1856 ) Democratic ( 1856 ) 18 ( 1857 ) John C. Breckinridge 16 March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 ( Died in office ) Abraham Lincoln 1809 -- 1865 ( Lived : 56 years ) U.S. Representative for Illinois 's 7th District ( 1847 -- 1849 ) Republican ( National Union ) ( 1860 ) 19 ( 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin March 4 , 1861 -- March 4 , 1865 ( 1864 ) 20 ( 1865 ) ( 1865 ) Andrew Johnson March 4 -- April 15 , 1865 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 17 April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 Andrew Johnson 1808 -- 1875 ( Lived : 66 years ) 16th Vice President of the United States National Union April 15 , 1865 -- c. 1868 Office vacant Democratic c. 1868 -- March 4 , 1869 18 March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Ulysses S. Grant 1822 -- 1885 ( Lived : 63 years ) Commanding General of the U.S. Army ( 1864 -- 1869 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1868 ) 21 ( 1869 ) Schuyler Colfax March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1873 ( 1872 ) 22 ( 1873 ) Henry Wilson March 4 , 1873 -- November 22 , 1875 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Wilson 's term ) 19 March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes 1822 -- 1893 ( Lived : 70 years ) 29th & 32nd Governor of Ohio ( 1868 -- 1872 & 1876 -- 1877 ) Republican ( 1876 ) 23 ( 1877 ) William A. Wheeler 20 March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 ( Died in office ) James A. Garfield 1831 -- 1881 ( Lived : 49 years ) U.S. Representative for Ohio 's 19th District ( 1863 -- 1881 ) Republican ( 1880 ) 24 ( 1881 ) ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( Succeeded to presidency ) 21 September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 Chester A. Arthur 1829 -- 1886 ( Lived : 57 years ) 20th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant 22 March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Grover Cleveland 1837 -- 1908 ( Lived : 71 years ) 28th Governor of New York ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Democratic ( 1884 ) 25 ( 1885 ) Thomas A. Hendricks March 4 -- November 25 , 1885 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Hendricks 's term ) 23 March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison 1833 -- 1901 ( Lived : 67 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 1 ) from Indiana ( 1881 -- 1887 ) Republican ( 1888 ) 26 ( 1889 ) Levi P. Morton 24 March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Grover Cleveland 1837 -- 1908 ( Lived : 71 years ) 22nd President of the United States ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Democratic ( 1892 ) 27 ( 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson 25 March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 ( Died in office ) William McKinley 1843 -- 1901 ( Lived : 58 years ) 39th Governor of Ohio ( 1892 -- 1896 ) Republican ( 1896 ) 28 ( 1897 ) Garret Hobart March 4 , 1897 -- November 21 , 1899 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Hobart 's term ) ( 1900 ) 29 ( 1901 ) ( 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt March 4 -- September 14 , 1901 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 26 September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Theodore Roosevelt 1858 -- 1919 ( Lived : 60 years ) 25th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 ( 1904 ) 30 ( 1905 ) Charles W. Fairbanks March 4 , 1905 -- March 4 , 1909 27 March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 William Howard Taft 1857 -- 1930 ( Lived : 72 years ) 42nd United States Secretary of War ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Republican ( 1908 ) 31 ( 1909 ) James S. Sherman March 4 , 1909 -- October 30 , 1912 ( Died in office ) Office vacant ( Balance of Sherman 's term ) 28 March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Woodrow Wilson 1856 -- 1924 ( Lived : 67 years ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Democratic ( 1912 ) 32 ( 1913 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1916 ) 33 ( 1917 ) 29 March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 ( Died in office ) Warren G. Harding 1865 -- 1923 ( Lived : 57 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 3 ) from Ohio ( 1915 -- 1921 ) Republican ( 1920 ) 34 ( 1921 ) ( 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( Succeeded to presidency ) 30 August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 Calvin Coolidge 1872 -- 1933 ( Lived : 60 years ) 29th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 ( 1924 ) 35 ( 1925 ) Charles G. Dawes March 4 , 1925 -- March 4 , 1929 31 March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 Herbert Hoover 1874 -- 1964 ( Lived : 90 years ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1928 ) 36 ( 1929 ) Charles Curtis 32 March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 ( Died in office ) Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882 -- 1945 ( Lived : 63 years ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Democratic ( 1932 ) 37 ( 1933 ) John N. Garner March 4 , 1933 -- January 20 , 1941 ( 1936 ) 38 ( 1937 ) ( 1940 ) 39 ( 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace January 20 , 1941 -- January 20 , 1945 ( 1944 ) 40 ( 1945 ) ( 1945 ) Harry S. Truman January 20 -- April 12 , 1945 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 33 April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 Harry S. Truman 1884 -- 1972 ( Lived : 88 years ) 34th Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1949 ( 1948 ) 41 ( 1949 ) Alben W. Barkley January 20 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1953 34 January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890 -- 1969 ( Lived : 78 years ) Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( 1949 -- 1952 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 1952 ) 42 ( 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1956 ) 43 ( 1957 ) 35 January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 ( Died in office ) John F. Kennedy 1917 -- 1963 ( Lived : 46 years ) U.S. Senator ( Class 1 ) from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) Democratic ( 1960 ) 44 ( 1961 ) ( 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( Succeeded to presidency ) 36 November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson 1908 -- 1973 ( Lived : 64 years ) 37th Vice President of the United States Democratic Office vacant November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 ( 1964 ) 45 ( 1965 ) Hubert Humphrey January 20 , 1965 -- January 20 , 1969 37 January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 ( Resigned from office ) Richard Nixon 1913 -- 1994 ( Lived : 81 years ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Republican ( 1968 ) 46 ( 1969 ) Spiro Agnew January 20 , 1969 -- October 10 , 1973 ( Resigned from office ) ( 1972 ) 47 ( 1973 ) ( 1974 ) Office vacant October 10 -- December 6 , 1973 Gerald Ford December 6 , 1973 -- August 9 , 1974 ( Succeeded to presidency ) 38 August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 Gerald Ford 1913 -- 2006 ( Lived : 93 years ) 40th Vice President of the United States Republican Office vacant August 9 -- December 19 , 1974 Nelson Rockefeller December 19 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 39 January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 Jimmy Carter Born 1924 ( 94 years old ) 76th Governor of Georgia ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Democratic ( 1976 ) 48 ( 1977 ) Walter Mondale 40 January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Ronald Reagan 1911 -- 2004 ( Lived : 93 years ) 33rd Governor of California ( 1967 -- 1975 ) Republican ( 1980 ) 49 ( 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1984 ) 50 ( 1985 ) 41 January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 George H.W. Bush Born 1924 ( 94 years old ) 43rd Vice President of the United States Republican ( 1988 ) 51 ( 1989 ) Dan Quayle 42 January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Bill Clinton Born 1946 ( 72 years old ) 40th & 42nd Governor of Arkansas ( 1979 -- 1981 & 1983 -- 1992 ) Democratic ( 1992 ) 52 ( 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1996 ) 53 ( 1997 ) 43 January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 George W. Bush Born 1946 ( 72 years old ) 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) Republican ( 2000 ) 54 ( 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2004 ) 55 ( 2005 ) 44 January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Barack Obama Born 1961 ( 57 years old ) U.S. Senator ( Class 3 ) from Illinois ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Democratic ( 2008 ) 56 ( 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2012 ) 57 ( 2013 ) 45 January 20 , 2017 -- Incumbent Donald Trump Born 1946 ( 72 years old ) Chairman of The Trump Organization ( 1971 -- 2017 ) ( No prior elected office ) Republican ( 2016 ) 58 ( 2017 ) Mike Pence
List of highest individual scores in ODIs - wikipedia List of highest individual scores in ODIs One Day International ( ODI ) cricket is played between international cricket teams who are Full Members of the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) as well as the top six Associate and Affiliate members . Unlike Test matches , ODIs consist of one innings per team , having a limit in the number of overs . The limit of overs is currently 50 overs per innings , although in the past this has been 55 or 60 overs . ODI cricket is List - A cricket , so statistics and records set in ODI matches also count toward List - A records . The earliest match now recognized as an ODI was played between England and Australia in January 1971 ; since then there have been over 3,000 ODIs played by 26 teams . The frequency of matches has steadily increased , partly because of the increase in the number of ODI - playing countries , and partly as the cricket boards of those nations seek to maximise their revenue . Before breaking the 200 mark , the highest ODI score was 194 jointly held by Pakistani Saeed Anwar and Zimbabwean Charles Coventry . In One Day Internationals , the first man to score a double century was Indian batsman Sachin Tendulkar , who scored 200 not out against South Africa at Captain Roop Singh Stadium in Gwalior , India . Rohit Sharma is the only player in history to score 3 double centuries . The following table lists scores of 180 or higher . Highest ODI individual scores ( edit ) Rank Name Score 4s 6s Strike rate Innings Team Opponent Venue Date Result Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 264 33 9 152.60 India Sri Lanka Eden Gardens , Kolkata 13 November 2014 Won Guptill , Martin Martin Guptill 237 * 24 11 145.39 New Zealand West Indies Westpac Stadium , Wellington 21 March 2015 Won Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag 219 25 7 146.97 India West Indies Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore 8 December 2011 Won Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle 215 10 16 146.25 West Indies Zimbabwe Manuka Oval , Canberra 24 February 2015 Won 5 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 209 12 16 132.28 India Australia M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 2 November 2013 Won 6 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 208 * 13 12 135.94 India Sri Lanka PCA IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali 13 December 2017 Won 7 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar 200 * 25 136.05 India South Africa Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior 24 February 2010 Won 8 Charles Coventry 194 * 16 7 124.36 Zimbabwe Bangladesh Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 16 August 2009 Lost 8 Saeed Anwar 194 22 5 132.88 Pakistan India M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 21 May 1997 Won 10 Vivian Richards 189 * 21 5 111.18 West Indies England Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester 31 May 1984 Won 10 Martin Guptill 189 * 19 121.94 New Zealand England Rose Bowl , Southampton 2 June 2013 Won 10 Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya 189 21 117.39 Sri Lanka India Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah 29 October 2000 Won 13 Kirsten , Gary Gary Kirsten 188 * 13 118.24 South Africa United Arab Emirates Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 16 February 1996 Won 14 Sachin Tendulkar 186 * 20 124.00 India New Zealand Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad 8 November 1999 Won 15 Watson , Shane Shane Watson 185 * 15 15 192.71 Australia Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka 11 April 2011 Won 15 du Plessis , Faf Faf du Plessis 185 16 131.20 South Africa Sri Lanka Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 7 February 2017 Won 17 Dhoni , MS MS Dhoni 183 * 15 10 126.21 India Sri Lanka Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur 31 October 2005 Won 17 Ganguly , Sourav Sourav Ganguly 183 17 7 115.82 India Sri Lanka County Ground , Taunton 26 May 1999 Won 17 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli 183 22 123.65 India Pakistan Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka 18 March 2012 Won 20 Taylor , Ross Ross Taylor 181 * 17 6 123.12 New Zealand England University of Otago Oval , Dunedin 7 March 2018 Won 20 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden 181 * 11 10 109.03 Australia New Zealand Seddon Park , Hamilton 20 February 2007 Lost 20 Richards , Viv Viv Richards 181 16 7 144.80 West Indies Sri Lanka National Stadium , Karachi , Karachi 13 October 1987 Won 21 Roy , Jason Jason Roy 180 16 5 119.20 England Australia MCG , Melbourne , Melbourne 14 January 2018 Won * indicates not out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Classification of Official Cricket '' ( PDF ) . International Cricket Council . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The difference between Test and one - day cricket '' . BBC Sport. 6 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Only ODI : Australia v England '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin - Jenkins , Christopher ( 2003 ) . `` Crying out for less '' . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack -- online archive . John Wisden & Co . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rohit : three double - hundreds ; Others : four '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of India , 4th ODI : India v Sri Lanka at sirkali senthangudi , Nov 13 , 2014 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup , 4th Quarter - Final : New Zealand v West Indies at Wellington , Mar 21 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 4th ODI ( D / N ) , West Indies tour of India at Indore , Dec 8 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup , 15th Match , Pool B : West Indies v Zimbabwe at Canberra , Feb 24 , 2015 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 7th ODI : India v Australia at Bangalore , Nov 2 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd ODI ( D / N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India at Chandigarh , Dec 13 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of India , 2nd ODI : India v South Africa at Gwalior , Feb 24 , 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 4th ODI : Zimbabwe v Bangladesh at Bulawayo , Aug 16 , 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` epsi Independence Cup , 6th Match : India v Pakistan at Chennai , May 21 , 1997 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1st ODI : England v West Indies at Manchester , May 31 , 1984 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of England , 2nd ODI : England v New Zealand at Southampton , Jun 2 , 2013 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Champions Trophy , Final : India v Sri Lanka at Sharjah , Oct 29 , 2000 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wills World Cup , 2nd Match : South Africa v United Arab Emirates at Rawalpindi , Feb 16 , 1996 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of India , 2nd ODI : India v New Zealand at Hyderabad ( Deccan ) , Nov 8 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Bangladesh , 2nd ODI : Bangladesh v Australia at Dhaka , Apr 11 , 2011 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of South Africa , 4th ODI : South Africa v Sri Lanka at Cape Town , Feb 7 , 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of India , 3rd ODI : India v Sri Lanka at Jaipur , Oct 31 , 2005 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICC World Cup , 21st Match : India v Sri Lanka at Taunton , May 26 , 1999 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asia Cup , 5th Match : India v Pakistan at Dhaka , Mar 18 , 2012 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 4th ODI : New Zealand v England at Dunedin , Mar 7 , 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of New Zealand , 3rd ODI : New Zealand v Australia at Hamilton , Feb 20 , 2007 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 7th Match , Reliance World Cup at Karachi , Oct 13 1987 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1st ODI ( D / N ) , England tour of Australia and New Zealand at Melbourne , Jan 14 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the highest score in odi cricket	Rank Name Score 4s 6s Strike rate Innings Team Opponent Venue Date Result Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 264 33 9 152.60 India Sri Lanka Eden Gardens , Kolkata 13 November 2014 Won Guptill , Martin Martin Guptill 237 * 24 11 145.39 New Zealand West Indies Westpac Stadium , Wellington 21 March 2015 Won Sehwag , Virender Virender Sehwag 219 25 7 146.97 India West Indies Holkar Cricket Stadium , Indore 8 December 2011 Won Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle 215 10 16 146.25 West Indies Zimbabwe Manuka Oval , Canberra 24 February 2015 Won 5 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 209 12 16 132.28 India Australia M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore 2 November 2013 Won 6 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma 208 * 13 12 135.94 India Sri Lanka PCA IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali 13 December 2017 Won 7 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar 200 * 25 136.05 India South Africa Captain Roop Singh Stadium , Gwalior 24 February 2010 Won 8 Charles Coventry 194 * 16 7 124.36 Zimbabwe Bangladesh Queens Sports Club , Bulawayo 16 August 2009 Lost 8 Saeed Anwar 194 22 5 132.88 Pakistan India M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai 21 May 1997 Won 10 Vivian Richards 189 * 21 5 111.18 West Indies England Old Trafford Cricket Ground , Manchester 31 May 1984 Won 10 Martin Guptill 189 * 19 121.94 New Zealand England Rose Bowl , Southampton 2 June 2013 Won 10 Jayasuriya , Sanath Sanath Jayasuriya 189 21 117.39 Sri Lanka India Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium , Sharjah 29 October 2000 Won 13 Kirsten , Gary Gary Kirsten 188 * 13 118.24 South Africa United Arab Emirates Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 16 February 1996 Won 14 Sachin Tendulkar 186 * 20 124.00 India New Zealand Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium , Hyderabad 8 November 1999 Won 15 Watson , Shane Shane Watson 185 * 15 15 192.71 Australia Bangladesh Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka 11 April 2011 Won 15 du Plessis , Faf Faf du Plessis 185 16 131.20 South Africa Sri Lanka Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 7 February 2017 Won 17 Dhoni , MS MS Dhoni 183 * 15 10 126.21 India Sri Lanka Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur 31 October 2005 Won 17 Ganguly , Sourav Sourav Ganguly 183 17 7 115.82 India Sri Lanka County Ground , Taunton 26 May 1999 Won 17 Kohli , Virat Virat Kohli 183 22 123.65 India Pakistan Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , Dhaka 18 March 2012 Won 20 Taylor , Ross Ross Taylor 181 * 17 6 123.12 New Zealand England University of Otago Oval , Dunedin 7 March 2018 Won 20 Hayden , Matthew Matthew Hayden 181 * 11 10 109.03 Australia New Zealand Seddon Park , Hamilton 20 February 2007 Lost 20 Richards , Viv Viv Richards 181 16 7 144.80 West Indies Sri Lanka National Stadium , Karachi , Karachi 13 October 1987 Won 21 Roy , Jason Jason Roy 180 16 5 119.20 England Australia MCG , Melbourne , Melbourne 14 January 2018 Won
New York Rangers - Wikipedia New York Rangers Jump to : navigation , search New York Rangers 2017 -- 18 New York Rangers season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1926 History New York Rangers 1926 -- present Home arena Madison Square Garden City New York City , New York Colors Blue , red , white Media MSG MSG Plus ESPN ( 98.7 FM ) ESPN Deportes ( 1050 AM ) NBCSN Owner ( s ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( James Dolan , chairman ) General manager Jeff Gorton Head coach Alain Vigneault Captain Ryan McDonagh Minor league affiliates Hartford Wolf Pack ( AHL ) Greenville Swamp Rabbits ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 4 ( 1927 -- 28 , 1932 -- 33 , 1939 -- 40 , 1993 -- 94 ) Conference championships 2 ( 1993 -- 94 , 2013 -- 14 ) Presidents ' Trophy 3 ( 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2014 -- 15 ) Division championships 8 ( 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1989 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 ) Official website nhl.com/rangers The New York Rangers are a professional ice hockey team based in New York City . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team plays its home games at Madison Square Garden , located in the borough of Manhattan . The Rangers are one of three NHL franchises in the New York metropolitan area , along with the New Jersey Devils and New York Islanders . The club is also one of the oldest teams in the NHL , having joined in 1926 as an expansion franchise . They are part of the group of teams referred to as the Original Six , along with the Boston Bruins , Chicago Blackhawks , Detroit Red Wings , Montreal Canadiens and Toronto Maple Leafs . The Rangers were the first NHL franchise in the United States to win the Stanley Cup , which they have done four times , most recently in 1993 -- 94 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 1926 -- 1967 ) 1.2 Post-Original Six era ( 1967 -- 1993 ) 1.3 Ending the curse and expensive acquisitions ( 1993 -- 2004 ) 1.4 Post-lockout revival ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.4. 1 Return to the final and third Presidents ' Trophy 1.5 Jeff Gorton era ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Uniforms 3 Season - by - season record 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Team captains 4.3 General managers 4.4 Head coaches 5 Team and league honors 5.1 Retired numbers 5.2 Hall of Famers ( Hockey Hall of Fame ) 5.2. 1 Players 5.2. 2 Builders 5.2. 3 Broadcasters ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) 5.3 First - round draft picks 5.4 Single - season records 5.5 Franchise scoring leaders 5.6 NHL awards and trophies 6 Broadcast history 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York Rangers Early years ( 1926 -- 1967 ) ( edit ) George Lewis `` Tex '' Rickard , president of Madison Square Garden , was awarded an NHL franchise for the 1926 -- 27 season to compete with the now - defunct New York Americans , who had begun play at the Garden the previous season . The Americans ( also known as the `` Amerks '' ) proved to be an even greater success than expected during their inaugural season , leading Rickard to pursue a second team for the Garden despite promising the Amerks that they were going to be the only hockey team to play there . The new team was quickly nicknamed `` Tex 's Rangers '' . Tex Rickard , president of Madison Square Garden , was awarded the Rangers in 1926 . Rickard 's franchise began play in the 1926 -- 27 season . The first team crest was a horse sketched in blue carrying a cowboy waving a hockey stick aloft , before being changed to the familiar R-A-N-G-E-R-S in diagonal . Rickard managed to get future legendary Toronto Maple Leafs owner Conn Smythe to assemble the team . However , Smythe had a falling - out with Rickard 's hockey man , Col. John S. Hammond , and was fired as manager - coach on the eve of the first season -- he was paid a then - hefty $2,500 to leave . Smythe was replaced by Pacific Coast Hockey Association co-founder Lester Patrick . The new team Smythe assembled turned out to be a winner . The Rangers won the American Division title their first year but lost to the Boston Bruins in the playoffs . The team 's early success led to players becoming minor celebrities and fixtures in New York City 's Roaring Twenties ' nightlife . It was also during this time , playing at the Garden on 48th Street , blocks away from Times Square , that the Rangers obtained their now - famous nickname `` The Broadway Blueshirts . '' On December 13 , 1929 , the New York Rangers became the first team in the NHL to travel by plane when they hired the Curtiss - Wright Corporation to fly them to Toronto for a game against the Toronto Maple Leafs , which they lost 7 -- 6 . In only their second season , the Rangers won the Stanley Cup , defeating the Montreal Maroons three games to two . One of the most memorable stories that emerged from the finals involved Patrick playing in goal at the age of 44 . At the time , teams were not required to dress a backup goaltender , so when the Rangers ' starting goaltender , Lorne Chabot , left a game with an eye injury , Maroons Head Coach Eddie Gerard vetoed his original choice for a replacement ( who was Alex Connell , another NHL goalie of the old Ottawa Senators who was in attendance for the game ) . An angry Patrick lined up between the pipes for two periods in game two of the finals , allowing one goal to Maroons center Nels Stewart . Frank Boucher scored the game - winning goal in overtime for New York . After a loss to the Bruins in the 1928 -- 29 finals and an early struggle in the early 1930s , the Rangers , led by brothers Bill and Bun Cook on the right and left wings , respectively , and Frank Boucher at center , defeated the Maple Leafs in the 1932 -- 33 best - of - five finals three games to one to win their second Stanley Cup , exacting revenge on the Leafs ' `` Kid line '' of Busher Jackson , Joe Primeau and Charlie Conacher . The Rangers spent the rest of the 1930s playing close to 0.500 hockey until their next Cup win . Lester Patrick stepped down as head coach and was replaced by Frank Boucher . The Bread Line was the Rangers ' first notable line . Consisting of Bill Cook , Bun Cook and Frank Boucher , they played together from 1926 to 1937 . In 1939 -- 40 season , the Rangers finished the regular season in second place behind Boston . The two teams then met in the first round of the playoffs . The Bruins gained a two - games - to - one series lead from New York , but the Rangers recovered to win three - straight games , defeating the first - place Bruins four games to two . The Rangers ' first round victory gave them a bye until the finals . The Detroit Red Wings defeated the New York Americans in their first round best - of - three series two games to one ( even as the Americans had analytical and notorious ex-Bruins star Eddie Shore ) , and the Toronto Maple Leafs ousted the Chicago Black Hawks two games to none . The Maple Leafs and Red Wings then played a best - of - three series to determine who played the Rangers in the finals , where Toronto swept Detroit , thus determining the match - up . The 1940 Stanley Cup finals commenced in Madison Square Garden in New York . The first two games went to the Rangers . In game one , the Rangers needed overtime to gain a 1 -- 0 series lead , but they won game two more easily with a 6 -- 2 victory . The series then shifted to Toronto , where the Maple Leafs won the next two games , tying the series at two games apiece . In both games five and six , the Rangers won in overtime , taking the series four games to two to earn their third Stanley Cup . The Rangers , however , collapsed by the mid-1940s , losing games by as much as 15 -- 0 and having one goaltender post a 6.20 goals against average ( GAA ) . They missed the playoffs for five consecutive seasons before they earned the fourth and final playoff spot in 1948 . They lost in the first round and missed the playoffs again in 1948 -- 49 season . In the 1950 Stanley Cup finals , the Rangers were forced to play all of their games on the road ( home games in Toronto ) while the circus was held at the Garden . They lost to the Detroit Red Wings in overtime in the seventh game of the finals . During this time , Red Wings owner James E. Norris became the largest stockholder in the Garden . However , he did not buy controlling interest in the arena , which would have violated the NHL 's rule against one person owning more than one team . Nonetheless , he had enough support on the board to exercise de facto control . The Rangers remained a mark of futility in the NHL for most of the remainder of the Original Six era , missing the playoffs in 12 of the next 16 years . However , the team was rejuvenated in the late 1960s , symbolized by moving into the fourth version of Madison Square Garden in 1968 . A year earlier , they made the playoffs for the first time in five years on the strength of rookie goaltender Eddie Giacomin and acquired 1950s Montreal Canadiens star right wing Bernie `` Boom Boom '' Geoffrion . Post-original six era ( 1967 -- 1993 ) ( edit ) The Rangers made the finals twice in the 1970s , but lost both times to two ' 70s powerhouses ; in six games to the Boston Bruins in 1972 , who were led by such stars as Bobby Orr , Phil Esposito , Ken Hodge , Johnny Bucyk and Wayne Cashman ; and in five games to the Canadiens in 1979 , who had Bob Gainey , Guy Lafleur , Larry Robinson , Ken Dryden , Guy Lapointe and Serge Savard . By 1971 -- 72 , the Rangers reached the Stanley Cup finals despite losing high - scoring center Jean Ratelle ( who had been on pace over Bruin Phil Esposito to become the first Ranger since Bryan Hextall in 1942 to lead the NHL in scoring ) to injury during the stretch drive of the regular season . The strength of players such as Brad Park , Jean Ratelle , Vic Hadfield and Rod Gilbert ( the last three constructing the famed `` GAG line '' , standing for `` goal - a-game '' ) carried them through the playoffs . They defeated the defending - champion Canadiens in the first round and the Chicago Black Hawks in the second , but lost to the Bruins in the finals . Jean Ratelle played with the Rangers from 1960 to 1975 , helping the Rangers reach the playoffs during the expansion era . The Rangers played a legendary conference semi-final series against the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1973 -- 74 playoffs , losing in seven games and becoming the first of the Original Six teams to lose a playoff series to a 1967 expansion team . This series was noted for a game seven fight between Dale Rolfe of the Rangers and Dave Schultz of the Flyers . The Rangers ' new rivals , the New York Islanders , who entered the League in 1972 after paying a hefty territorial fee -- some $4 million -- to the Rangers , were their first round opponents in 1975 . After splitting the first two games , the Islanders defeated the more - established Rangers 11 seconds into overtime of the deciding game three , establishing a rivalry that continued to grow for years . After some off years in the mid-to - late 1970s , New York acquired Esposito and Carol Vadnais from the Bruins for Park , Ratelle and Joe Zanussi in 1975 , while Swedish stars Anders Hedberg and Ulf Nilsson jumped to the Rangers from the League 's rival , the World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . In 1979 , New York then defeated the surging Islanders in the conference semi-finals and returned to the finals again before bowing out to the Canadiens . The Islanders got their revenge , however , eliminating the Rangers in four consecutive playoff series beginning in 1981 en route to their second of four consecutive Stanley Cup titles . The Rangers stayed competitive through the 1980s and early 1990s , making the playoffs each year . In the 1985 -- 86 playoffs , the Rangers , behind the play of rookie goaltender John Vanbiesbrouck , upended the Patrick Division - winning Flyers in five games followed by a six - game win over the Washington Capitals in the Patrick Division finals . Montreal , however , disposed of the Rangers in the Wales Conference finals behind a rookie goaltender of their own , Patrick Roy . The next year , the Rangers acquired superstar center Marcel Dionne after almost 12 years as a Los Angeles King . In 1988 , Dionne moved into third place in career goals scored ( since bettered by Brett Hull ) . `` Because you love the game so much , you think it will never end '' , said Dionne , who spent nine games in the minors before retiring in 1989 . He played only 49 playoff games in 17 seasons with the Rangers , Kings and Detroit Red Wings . Frustration was at its peak when the 1991 -- 92 squad captured the Presidents ' Trophy . They took a 2 -- 1 series lead on the defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins and then faltered in three - straight ( some observers note a Ron Francis slapshot from the blue line that eluded goaltender Mike Richter as the series ' turning point ) . The following year , injuries and a 1 -- 11 regular season finish landed the Rangers at the bottom of the Patrick Division after being in a playoff position for much of the season . Head Coach Roger Neilson did not finish the season . During this period , the Rangers were owned by Gulf + Western , which was renamed to Paramount Communications in 1989 , and sold to Viacom in 1994 . Viacom then sold the team to ITT Corporation and Cablevision , and a couple of years later , ITT sold their ownership stake to Cablevision , who owned the team until 2010 , when they spun off the MSG properties as their own company . Ending the Curse and expensive acquisitions ( 1993 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) The 1993 -- 94 season was a successful one for Rangers fans , as Mike Keenan led the Rangers to their first Stanley Cup championship in 54 years . Two years prior , they picked up center Mark Messier , a part of the Edmonton Oilers ' Cup - winning teams . Other ex-Oilers on the Rangers included Adam Graves , Kevin Lowe , Jeff Beukeboom , Esa Tikkanen , Craig MacTavish and Glenn Anderson . Graves set a team record with 52 goals , breaking the prior record of 50 held by Vic Hadfield . The Rangers clinched the Presidents ' Trophy by finishing with the best record in the NHL at 52 -- 24 -- 8 , setting a franchise record with 112 points earned . The Rangers successfully made it past the first two rounds of the playoffs , sweeping the New York Islanders , and then defeating the Washington Capitals in five games . However , in the conference finals against the third - seeded New Jersey Devils , the Rangers lost the series opener at home in double overtime , but won the next two games before the Devils defeated them 3 -- 1 and 4 -- 1 . The series headed back to the Meadowlands for the sixth game , in which Messier scored three times in the final period to lead the Rangers to a 4 -- 2 win and set up a seventh game back at Madison Square Garden . The Rangers won game seven 2 -- 1 , when Stéphane Matteau scored a goal in double overtime , leading the team to the finals for the first time since 1979 . The Rangers acquired Wayne Gretzky as a free agent in the 1996 off - season . Up against the Vancouver Canucks , the Rangers again lost the series opener at home in overtime . The Rangers bounced back and they won the next three games , allowing the Canucks just four goals . However , the Canucks won the next two 6 -- 3 and 4 -- 1 to set up a seventh game , for the second consecutive series , at home . In the seventh game , the Rangers took a 2 -- 0 first period lead , with Messier scoring later to put the Rangers up 3 -- 1 , the eventual Cup winning goal as the home team won 3 -- 2 , becoming the first ( and to this date , the only ) player to captain two teams to the Stanley Cup . Brian Leetch became the first American - born player to win the Conn Smythe Trophy as playoff MVP , while Alexander Karpovtsev , Alexei Kovalev , Sergei Nemchinov and Sergei Zubov became the first Russians to have their names engraved on the Cup . Despite having coached the Rangers to a regular season first - place finish and the Stanley Cup , Head Coach Mike Keenan left after a dispute with General Manager Neil Smith . During the 1994 -- 95 lockout - shortened season , the Rangers won their first - round series with the Quebec Nordiques , but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the Philadelphia Flyers in four games with succeeding Head Coach Colin Campbell . General Manager Neil Smith orchestrated a deal that sent Sergei Zubov and center Petr Nedved to Pittsburgh in exchange for defenseman Ulf Samuelsson and left winger Luc Robitaille in the summer of 1995 . The next season , the Rangers defeated the Canadiens in six games but lost their second round series to the Penguins in five games . The Rangers then acquired Wayne Gretzky in 1996 . Gretzky 's greatest accomplishment with the Rangers was leading them to the 1997 Eastern Conference finals , where they lost 4 -- 1 to the Flyers , who were then led by Eric Lindros . Mark Messier , a former Oiler teammate of Gretzky 's , left in the summer of 1997 and the team failed in a bid to replace him with Colorado Avalanche superstar Joe Sakic . The Rangers missed the playoffs for seven consecutive seasons , finishing no higher than fourth in their division . In March 2000 , Smith was fired along with head coach John Muckler , and that summer , James Dolan hired Glen Sather to replace him . By the end of the 2000 -- 01 season , the Rangers had landed a significant amount of star power . Messier had returned to New York , Theoren Fleury joined the Rangers after spending most of his career with the Calgary Flames and Eric Lindros was traded to the Rangers by the Flyers . The Rangers also acquired Pavel Bure late in the 2001 -- 02 season from the Florida Panthers . It was also the rookie season of goalie Dan Blackburn , who made the NHL All - Rookie Team even as the Rangers fell back to last place in the Conference , and finished out of the playoffs . Later years saw other stars such as Alexei Kovalev , Jaromir Jagr , Martin Rucinsky and Bobby Holik added , but in 2002 -- 03 and 2003 -- 04 , the team again missed the playoffs . Blackburn started strongly in 2002 -- 03 , but burned out after 17 games . He missed 2003 -- 04 due to mononucleosis and a damaged nerve in his left shoulder . Blackburn could not rehabilitate the damaged nerve , and was forced to retire at the age of 22 . Post-lockout revival ( 2004 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Towards the end of the 2003 -- 04 season , General Manager Glen Sather finally gave in to a rebuilding process by trading away Brian Leetch , Alexei Kovalev , and eight others for numerous prospects and draft picks . With the retirements of Pavel Bure and Mark Messier , as well as Eric Lindros signing with the Toronto Maple Leafs , the post-lockout Rangers , under new head coach Tom Renney , moved away from high - priced veterans towards a group of talented young players , such as Petr Prucha , Dominic Moore and Blair Betts . However , the focus of the team remained on veteran superstar Jaromir Jagr . The Rangers were expected to struggle during the 2005 -- 06 season for their eighth consecutive season out of the post-season . For example , Sports Illustrated declared them the worst team in the League in their season preview , but behind stellar performances by Swedish rookie goaltender Henrik Lundqvist , Martin Straka , Prucha and Jagr , the Rangers finished the season with their best record since 1993 -- 94 ( 44 -- 26 -- 12 ) . Jaromír Jágr was an instrumental part of the Rangers in the years following the lock - out . He played with the Rangers from 2004 to 2008 . Jagr broke the Rangers ' single - season points record with a first - period assist in a 5 -- 1 win against the New York Islanders on March 29 , 2006 . The assist gave him 110 points on the season , breaking Jean Ratelle 's record . Less than two weeks later , on April 8 , Jagr scored his 53rd goal of the season against the Boston Bruins , breaking the club record previously held by Adam Graves . Two games prior , on April 4 , the Rangers defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 3 -- 2 , in a shootout , to clinch a playoff spot for the first time since the 1996 -- 97 season . On April 18 , the Rangers lost to the Ottawa Senators 5 -- 1 , and , due to wins by Division rivals New Jersey and Philadelphia , the Rangers fell back to third place in the Atlantic and sixth in the Eastern Conference to end the season . In the Eastern Conference quarterfinals , the Rangers drew a matchup with the Devils and were defeated in a four - game sweep . In the process , they were outscored 17 -- 4 , as New Jersey goaltender Martin Brodeur took two shutouts and a 1.00 GAA to Lundqvist 's 4.25 . In the first game of the series , Jagr suffered an undisclosed injury to his left shoulder , diminishing his usefulness as the series progressed . He missed game two of the series and was back in the lineup for game three , though he was held to just one shot on goal . On his first shift of game four , however , Jagr re-injured his shoulder and was unable to return for the remainder of the game . Jagr fell two points short of winning his sixth Art Ross Trophy as scoring champion in 2005 -- 06 ( the San Jose Sharks ' Joe Thornton claimed the award , his first , with 125 points ) , but Jagr did win his third Pearson Award as the players ' choice for the most outstanding player . On opening night of the 2006 -- 07 season , Jagr was named the first team captain since Mark Messier 's retirement . With the Rangers doing so well in 2005 -- 06 , expectations were raised for the 2006 -- 07 season , evidenced by Sports Illustrated then predicting a first - place finish in their division . Realizing that the team had trouble scoring goals in the 2005 -- 06 campaign , the Rangers went out and signed long - time Detroit Red Wing Brendan Shanahan to a one - year contract . However , the organization remained committed to its rebuilding program despite the signing of the 37 - year - old left winger . Though the Rangers started a bit slow in the first half of the 2006 -- 07 season , the second half was dominated by the stellar goaltending of Henrik Lundqvist . The acquisition of Sean Avery brought new life to the team , and the Rangers finished ahead of the Tampa Bay Lightning and the New York Islanders to face the Atlanta Thrashers in the first round of the playoffs . The Rangers swept the series thanks to play from all around the ice . However , the Rangers lost the next round to the Buffalo Sabres by four games to two . John Tortorella was named the team 's head coach in 2009 , maintaining the position until 2013 . At the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , the Rangers chose Alexei Cherepanov 17th overall . Cherepanov had been ranked by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau as the number one European skater and was considered to be a top five pick leading up to the draft , but fell due to teams being unsure whether he would ever come to the NHL from Russia . The 2007 free agency season started with a bang for the Rangers , signing two high - profile centerman , Scott Gomez from New Jersey on a seven - year , $51.5 million contract , as well as Chris Drury from Buffalo on a five - year , $32.25 million deal . The moves , along with retaining most other key players , have been met favorably , as the Rangers appeared to be strong Stanley Cup contenders , making the playoffs for the third consecutive season and the second round for the second season in a row . Despite these streaks , however , the Rangers failed to meet expectations , losing their second round series four games to one to the Pittsburgh Penguins . The Rangers were one of four NHL teams to open their 2008 -- 09 season in Europe , being featured in the Victoria Cup final , defeating the European Champions Cup winner Metallurg Magnitogorsk in Bern , Switzerland . The Rangers followed by playing two NHL regular - season games against Tampa Bay in Prague on October 4 and 5 , winning both games by 2 -- 1 scorelines . A successful start to the season , however , was tempered with by the news of the death of 2007 first - round pick Alexei Cherepanov on October 13 , 2008 . After a disappointing second half of the season , coach Tom Renney was fired , with 2004 Stanley Cup winner John Tortorella named as his replacement . The Rangers made the 2009 playoffs , but lost their opening round series to the Washington Capitals four games to three after having a 3 -- 1 series lead and a three chances to close the series . In the 2009 -- 10 season , the Rangers failed to make the playoffs for the first time in five years . There was some criticism that the off - season acquisition of superstar Marian Gaborik , amongst other top - tier players , had not paid off ; Gaborik , however , scored 42 goals in the season , an impressive return for the team . In spite of a strong start ( 8 -- 2 ) to the season , the Rangers appeared to play inconsistently with numerous losing streaks . By March 2010 , the Rangers were in danger of falling out of the 2010 playoff race entirely , but they registered a respectable 7 -- 1 -- 2 record to finish the season . The final two games of the season were a home - and - home against the Philadelphia Flyers . The first was April 9 , 2010 , in New York , and the Rangers skated away with the victory , keeping their post-season hopes alive . The final game of the season became the deciding game to determine who would make the playoffs . The Flyers peppered the Rangers goalie Henrik Lundqvist with 47 shots , but scored only once . The game went to a shootout , and the Flyers prevailed to move on to the playoffs despite the strong overall finish to the season by the Rangers . On September 12 , 2011 , Ryan Callahan was named the 26th captain in Rangers history . For the 2010 -- 11 season , the Rangers waived defenseman Wade Redden and brought in several players to achieve more balanced scoring . They wore a third jersey for the first time in several years . On November 12 , the Rangers unveiled the new Heritage Jersey for the first time at the rink at Rockefeller Center in a special ceremony featuring Rangers alumni and current players discussing the history of the storied franchise . The club wore the jersey for the first time on November 17 when they played the Boston Bruins at Madison Square Garden . The jersey was to be worn every time the Rangers play an Original Six team , or on a Sunday afternoon game at home . The Rangers ' fate of making or missing the playoffs came down to the final day of the regular season for the second - straight year . The team defeated the New Jersey Devils on the final day of the season to finish with 93 points on the year . In order to qualify for the 2011 playoffs , however , they needed the Carolina Hurricanes to lose their final game of the season , as Carolina owned the tiebreaker as both teams finished with the same number of points . Carolina lost its final game to Tampa Bay , 6 -- 2 , putting the Rangers in the playoffs after missing - out the previous season . The Rangers then faced Washington in the first round . After blowing a 3 -- 0 third period lead in game four , with Washington ahead in the best - of - seven series two games to one , the Rangers lost the series in five games . It was the second time in three years that the Capitals eliminated the Rangers from the playoffs . On May 13 , 2011 , Derek Boogaard , a player whom the Rangers signed for four years , was found dead in his Minnesota apartment . On July 2 , 2011 , Brad Richards , an unrestricted free agent who had played with the Dallas Stars during the prior season , signed a nine - year , $60 million contract to play for the Rangers . On September 12 , 2011 , Ryan Callahan was named the 26th captain in New York Rangers history . He became the fifth - youngest captain in team history . Brad Richards and Marc Staal were named alternate captains on the same day . In the 2011 -- 12 season , the Rangers finished as the top seed in the Eastern Conference . Recording 51 wins , 24 regulation losses and seven overtime losses , the team finished with 109 points for the regular season . Their leading goal - scorer for the regular season was Marian Gaborik , who finished the season with 41 goals while playing all 82 games . The Rangers , however , missed - out on the Presidents ' Trophy on the final day of the season to the Vancouver Canucks after a 4 -- 1 loss to Washington . In the first round of the playoffs , the Rangers faced the eighth - seeded Ottawa Senators . After falling behind 3 -- 2 in the series , the Rangers bounced back to win game six in Ottawa , as well as the deciding game seven at home , propelling them to the conference semi-finals . In the semi-finals , the Rangers faced the Capitals . In game three , Marian Gaborik received a pass from Brad Richards to seal a victory 14 : 41 into the third overtime , giving the Rangers a 2 -- 1 lead in the series . Washington then came back to tie the series 2 -- 2 in game four . The Rangers avoided going down 3 -- 2 in the series when Richards tied game five at 2 -- 2 with just 6.6 seconds left in the third period . The goal was scored on a power - play as a result of a high - sticking double - minor committed by Washington 's Joel Ward on Rangers ' forward Carl Hagelin . Then , in overtime , Rangers defenseman Marc Staal scored on the second penalty of the double - minor just 1 : 35 into overtime , giving the Rangers a 3 -- 2 series lead . The Rangers went on to win the series 4 -- 3 , sending them to the Eastern Conference finals for the first time since 1997 . In the conference finals , they faced the New Jersey Devils , a major divisional rival . The Rangers lost game six in New Jersey , giving the Devils a 4 -- 2 series win and ending the Rangers ' season . Return to the final and third Presidents ' Trophy ( edit ) After the 2011 -- 12 season and during the 2013 season , the Rangers signed Aaron Asham , Matt Gilroy , Micheal Haley , Jeff Halpern , Darroll Powe and Roman Hamrlik . During that off - season , they also traded Brandon Dubinsky , Artem Anisimov , Tim Erixon and a 2013 first - round draft pick to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for All - Star Rick Nash , Steven Delisle and a 2013 conditional third - round pick . At the NHL trade deadline , the Rangers then traded Marian Gaborik to Columbus for Derick Brassard , Derek Dorsett and John Moore . After the Rangers were eliminated from the second round of the playoffs by Boston , management fired Head Coach John Tortorella , and on June 21 , 2013 , General Manager Glen Sather formally introduced ex-Canucks Head Coach Alain Vigneault as Tortorella 's replacement , becoming the 35th head coach in franchise history . The Rangers acquired Rick Nash in a multi-player trade with the Columbus Blue Jackets in 2012 . On March 5 , 2014 , the Rangers traded their captain Ryan Callahan , a first - round draft pick in 2015 , and a second - rounder in 2014 for Tampa Bay captain Martin St. Louis . The trade occurred in large part after the Rangers and Callahan were unable to reach a contract extension in the days leading up to the deadline . During the regular season , the Rangers won 25 road games , setting a new franchise best . In the first round of the 2014 playoffs , New York defeated Philadelphia in seven games , and in the next round , the Rangers rallied from a 3 -- 1 series deficit for the first time in their history to defeat Pittsburgh in seven games . They then defeated the Montreal Canadiens in six games to become the Eastern Conference champions , moving on to the Stanley Cup finals for the first time in 20 years . In the finals they faced the Los Angeles Kings , the Western Conference champions and champions in 2012 . The Rangers led the first two games by two goals and eventually fell in overtime , and were then shut - out at home 3 -- 0 in game three . The Kings outshot the Rangers in game four , but the Rangers staved off elimination by winning the game 2 -- 1 to force a game five in Los Angeles . They had another lead in game five , but after the game was tied and subsequently sent to overtime , Kings defenseman Alec Martinez scored with 5 : 17 left in the second overtime period to win the game for Los Angeles , 3 -- 2 , as well as the Stanley Cup . On June 20 , 2014 , a week after their season ended , the Rangers bought - out the remaining six years of Brad Richards ' contract in order to free up salary cap space . This move left Marc Staal and Dan Girardi as the team 's remaining alternate captains . On October 6 , 2014 , defenseman Ryan McDonagh was named the Rangers ' 27th captain in team history , with Derek Stepan , Dan Girardi , Marc Staal and Martin St. Louis serving as alternates . The Rangers won the Presidents ' Trophy for the third time in franchise history , also finishing in first place in the Metropolitan Division with 113 points . After dispatching the Pittsburgh Penguins in five games in the first round , they came back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to win their series against the Capitals in seven games . However , after winning the first game against the Tampa Bay Lightning , the Rangers lost game two by four goals . The two teams split the first four games of the series , but the Rangers lost game five by a 2 -- 0 scoreline at home , which gave the Lightning an opportunity to clinch the conference finals in Tampa Bay . This did not happen in game six , however , as Derick Brassard scored a hat trick and assisted on two other goals in an emphatic 7 -- 3 Rangers victory to force a game seven in New York . In game seven , however , the Lightning shutout the Rangers 2 -- 0 , thereby ending the Rangers ' season and marking the first occasion the Rangers had ever lost a game seven at home in franchise history ( and the first time they lost an elimination game at home since they lost to Buffalo in 2007 ) . Jeff Gorton era ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) On July 1 , 2015 , Glen Sather stepped down as the general manager , and Jeff Gorton took his place , becoming the eleventh general manager in team history . The team then signed Dylan McIlrath , Emerson Etem , and re-signed with J.T. Miller and Derek Stepan . On July 2 , 2015 , St. Louis announced his retirement . The Rangers subsequently traded Carl Hagelin and Cam Talbot for Emerson Etem and various draft picks , with Antti Raanta becoming the backup goaltender to Lundqvist . The Rangers started off the season well . After 18 games , they had a 14 -- 2 -- 2 record and a 9 - game winning streak , which was eventually halted by the Tampa Bay Lightning . However , the organization soon went downhill in the winter , losing three straight games against the Montreal Canadiens , Boston Bruins and Philadelphia Flyers . They eventually posted a 4 -- 7 -- 2 record in December for only 10 points . In January the Rangers started playing more efficiently , posting a fair 6 -- 4 -- 1 record , and improved in February by going on a 10 -- 3 -- 1 run without any back - to - back losses . On February 29 , 2016 , the Rangers acquired the Carolina Hurricanes ' captain Eric Staal , who later left the team after the season . The Rangers finished the season with 101 points for back - to - back 100 + point seasons . Despite high hopes , the Rangers were eliminated by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the first round of the 2016 playoffs in five games . During the off - season , the Rangers released Dominic Moore among several other players , while re-signing Ranta and signing Pavel Buchnevich on an entry - level contract . The team also added Michael Grabner , Brandon Pirri , Josh Jooris , traded their leading scorer Derick Brassard in exchange for Mika Zibanejad , and signed the much - anticipated Jimmy Vesey . The Rangers finished the 2016 -- 17 season in fourth place in the Metropolitan Division with 102 points . In the first round of the playoffs , they won their series with the Montreal Canadiens in six games . In the second game of their second round series with the Ottawa Senators , the Rangers held a two - goal lead on three different occasions , but lost in the second overtime , putting themselves in a 2 -- 0 series deficit . The team responded with consecutive 4 -- 1 home wins in games 3 and 4 to tie the series at two games apiece . However , in the next two games of the series , the Rangers faltered , and were eliminated by the Senators in six games . On June 14 , 2017 , the Rangers announced a buyout of the remaining three years on Dan Girardi 's contract . Just over a week later , the Rangers traded Derek Stepan and Antti Raanta to the Arizona Coyotes in exchange for a 1st - round draft pick and former 1st - round pick , Anthony DeAngelo . The Rangers management were also successful in signing top free agent defenseman , Kevin Shattenkirk on July 1 , 2017 , to a four - year deal . Uniforms ( edit ) The classic Rangers sweater has been in use since the franchise 's foundation , with several alterations along the way . The current blue uniform has the serifed word `` Rangers '' in red and white drop shadow arranged diagonally , with red and white stripes on the sleeves and tail . Originally , the uniform was light blue , before it switched to a darker classic Rangers `` Broadway Blue '' in 1929 . In addition , the original versions neither had a drop shadow nor were serifed . During the 1946 -- 47 season , the word `` Rangers '' was arranged in an arch form above the sweater number . It adopted its current form the next season , along with dropshadowed numbers , except for a brief period where the city name was used , a tie - down collar was not used and the tail and sleeve stripes were separated by thin blue stripes . Red pants have been used with the uniform since the 1929 -- 30 season . The white jerseys were first unveiled in the 1951 -- 52 season , as part of a mandate that regulated NHL teams to have a dark home jersey and a light away jersey . The serifed word `` Rangers '' is also arranged diagonally , but in blue with red drop shadow . A quinticolor of blue , white and red stripes accentuate the tail and sleeves , while a blue shoulder yoke with white and red stripes completes the look . The white sweaters , with minor changes such as a tie - down collar and arched player names , have remained virtually unchanged since . During the tenure of General Manager John Ferguson , Sr. , he sought to modernize the Rangers sweater by featuring rounded numbers , a darker shade of blue and the shield logo , which was unveiled in the 1976 -- 77 season . A blue and red stripe ( white and red stripe in the blue sweaters ) extend from the yoke to the sleeves , while blue pants were used . However , it proved unpopular with the fans , and following the 1977 -- 78 season it was replaced by an updated version of their classic uniforms . Ferguson used this similar design when he became GM of the original Winnipeg Jets . From 1998 to 2007 the Rangers ' alternate jersey featured the head of the Statue of Liberty with the team abbreviation below it . The modernized classic uniforms introduced in 1978 featured some subtle changes . Both jerseys featured a V - neck collar in a red - white - red pattern , and bolder stripes on the sleeves and waistline . On the blue jersey , the red and white stripes were separated by thin blue stripes , and the waistline stripes were raised above the hemline , so that the patterns on both jerseys matched . From 1978 to 1987 , the blue jersey ( then the road jersey ) featured `` NEW YORK '' diagonally across the front instead of the traditional `` RANGERS '' wordmark , similar to their current heritage alternate jerseys . In 1997 , the Rangers reverted the blue jersey 's design , restoring the old striping pattern , and becoming the first team to re-introduce lace - up collars . The white jerseys followed suit in 1999 , and the design was carried over to the Reebok Edge template in 2007 . The Rangers previously had a navy alternate jersey featuring the head of the Statue of Liberty with the team abbreviation ( NYR ) below in a futuristic script . Silver was used as an accent color , but the player names and numbers retain the same color schemes as the regular jerseys , except for a darker shade of blue . With the exception of a white version used in the 1998 -- 99 season , this jersey was used from 1996 to 2007 , and proved to be highly popular with fans . During the 2010 -- 11 season , the Rangers debuted a heritage blue jersey as their new alternate uniform . The jersey features a darker shade a blue , as well as a cream trim . Unlike the regular jerseys , the font of the alternate is in sans - serif and does not feature a dropshadow , much like the original Rangers jersey . The Rangers wore the jerseys at home on Saturdays and when they played against Original Six teams . For the 2017 -- 18 season , the heritage jersey was retired because of the league - wide switch to the Adidas uniform format . In the 2012 NHL Winter Classic , the Rangers wore a cream jersey combining classic and current styles . A different version of the shield logo was used , while the player names were arranged in a straight line . The stripes were also lessened , giving it a minimalist , vintage look , as most Winter Classic jerseys are . For the 2014 NHL Stadium Series , the Rangers used white jerseys with the city name in navy , silver and red . In addition , they feature diagonal stripes and sleeve numbers , and enlarged numbers on the back to make them more readable to spectators . The chrome version of the shield logo is placed in the left shoulder . Like the Winter Classic sweaters , player names are in a straight position . Season - by - season record ( edit ) Further information : List of New York Rangers seasons This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Rangers . For the full season - by - season history , see List of New York Rangers seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime / Shootout Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 48 26 18 56 130 112 2nd , Atlantic Lost in conference semi-finals , 1 -- 4 ( Bruins ) 2013 -- 14 82 45 31 6 96 218 194 2nd , Metropolitan Lost in Stanley Cup finals , 1 -- 4 ( Kings ) 2014 -- 15 82 53 22 7 113 252 192 1st , Metropolitan Lost in conference finals , 3 -- 4 ( Lightning ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 27 9 101 236 217 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in first round , 1 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2016 -- 17 82 48 28 6 102 256 220 4th , Metropolitan Lost in second round , 2 -- 4 ( Senators ) Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated January 19 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Russia ! Buchnevich , Pavel Pavel Buchnevich 7.0 ! RW 22 2013 Cherepovets , Russia 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 United States ! Carey , Paul Paul Carey 4.0 ! C 29 2017 Boston , Massachusetts 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Canada ! Catenacci , Daniel Daniel Catenacci 4.0 ! C 24 2017 Richmond Hill , Ontario 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 United States ! DeAngelo , Anthony Anthony DeAngelo 2.0 ! D 22 2017 Sewell , New Jersey 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 Canada ! Desharnais , David David Desharnais 4.0 ! C 31 2017 Laurier - Station , Quebec 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Sweden ! Fast , Jesper Jesper Fast 7.0 ! RW 26 Nässjö , Sweden 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Austria ! Grabner , Michael Michael Grabner 7.0 ! RW 30 2016 Villach , Austria 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 United States ! Hayes , Kevin Kevin Hayes 4.0 ! C 25 2014 Boston , Massachusetts 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Canada ! Holden , Nick Nick Holden 2.0 ! D 30 2016 St. Albert , Alberta 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Canada ! Holland , Peter Peter Holland 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 United States ! Kampfer , Steven Steven Kampfer 2.0 ! D 29 2016 Ann Arbor , Michigan 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 United States ! Kreider , Chris Chris Kreider 6.0 ! LW 26 2009 Boxford , Massachusetts 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 United States ! Lettieri , Vinni Vinni Lettieri 4.0 ! C 22 2017 Excelsior , Minnesota 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Sweden ! Lundqvist , Henrik Henrik Lundqvist 1.0 ! G 35 2000 Åre , Sweden 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 United States ! McDonagh , Ryan Ryan McDonagh ( C ) 2.0 ! D 28 2009 St. Paul , Minnesota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 United States ! Miller , J.T. J.T. Miller 6.0 ! LW 24 2011 East Palestine , Ohio 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 Canada ! Nash , Rick Rick Nash ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 33 2012 Brampton , Ontario 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Czech Republic ! Pavelec , Ondrej Ondrej Pavelec 1.0 ! G 30 2017 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 United States ! Shattenkirk , Kevin Kevin Shattenkirk 2.0 ! D 28 2017 New Rochelle , New York 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 United States ! Skjei , Brady Brady Skjei 2.0 ! D 23 2012 Lakeville , Minnesota 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Canada ! Smith , Brendan Brendan Smith 2.0 ! D 28 2017 Etobicoke , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Staal , Marc Marc Staal ( A ) 2.0 ! D 31 2005 Thunder Bay , Ontario 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 United States ! Vesey , Jimmy Jimmy Vesey 6.0 ! LW 24 2016 Boston , Massachusetts 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Sweden ! Zibanejad , Mika Mika Zibanejad 4.0 ! C 24 2016 Huddinge , Sweden 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Norway ! Zuccarello , Mats Mats Zuccarello ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 30 Oslo , Norway Team captains ( edit ) Bill Cook , 1926 -- 1937 Art Coulter , 1937 -- 1942 Ott Heller , 1942 -- 1945 Neil Colville , 1945 -- 1948 Buddy O'Connor , 1949 -- 1950 Frank Eddolls , 1950 -- 1951 Allan Stanley , 1951 -- 1953 Don Raleigh , 1953 -- 1955 Harry Howell , 1955 -- 1957 George Sullivan , 1957 -- 1961 Andy Bathgate , 1961 -- 1964 Camille Henry , 1964 -- 1965 Bob Nevin , 1965 -- 1971 Vic Hadfield , 1971 -- 1974 Brad Park , 1974 -- 1975 Phil Esposito , 1975 -- 1978 Dave Maloney , 1978 -- 1980 Walt Tkaczuk , 1980 -- 1981 Barry Beck , 1981 -- 1986 Ron Greschner , 1986 -- 1987 Kelly Kisio , 1987 -- 1991 Mark Messier , 1991 -- 1997 Brian Leetch , 1997 -- 2000 Mark Messier , 2000 -- 2004 Jaromir Jagr , 2006 -- 2008 Chris Drury , 2008 -- 2011 Ryan Callahan , 2011 -- 2014 Ryan McDonagh , 2014 -- present General managers ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers general managers . The current general manager is Jeff Gorton , who was named on July 1 , 2015 . Head coaches ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers head coaches . The current head coach is Alain Vigneault , who was named on June 21 , 2013 . He has previously coached the Montreal Canadiens ( 1997 -- 2001 ) and the Vancouver Canucks ( 2006 -- 2013 ) . Team and League honors ( edit ) Retired numbers ( edit ) Retired numbers hang from the rafters of Madison Square Garden . The Rangers have retired eight numbers for nine players in their history , and the NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . New York Rangers retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date No . Retired Eddie Giacomin 1965 -- 1976 March 15 , 1989 Brian Leetch 1987 -- 2004 January 24 , 2008 Harry Howell 1952 -- 1969 February 22 , 2009 7 Rod Gilbert RW 1960 -- 1978 October 14 , 1979 9 Andy Bathgate RW 1954 -- 1964 February 22 , 2009 9 Adam Graves LW 1991 -- 2001 February 3 , 2009 11 Mark Messier 1991 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 January 12 , 2006 35 Mike Richter 1990 -- 2003 February 4 , 2004 Notes : The number was retired in honor of two different players . The Rangers will retire the No. 19 jersey in honor of Jean Ratelle during the 2017 -- 18 season . Hall of Famers ( Hockey Hall of Fame ) ( edit ) Players ( edit ) Glenn Anderson , RW , 1994 , inducted 2008 Andy Bathgate , RW , 1952 -- 1963 , inducted 1978 Doug Bentley , LW , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1964 Max Bentley , C , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1966 Frank Boucher , C , 1926 -- 1944 , inducted 1958 Johnny Bower , G , 1953 -- 1954 , inducted 1976 Pavel Bure , RW , 2002 -- 2003 , inducted 2012 Neil Colville , C , 1936 -- 1949 , inducted 1967 Bill Cook , RW , 1926 -- 1937 , inducted 1952 Bun Cook , LW , 1926 -- 1936 , inducted 1995 Art Coulter , D , 1935 -- 1942 , inducted 1974 Marcel Dionne , C , 1986 -- 1989 , inducted 1992 Dick Duff , LW , 1964 -- 1965 , inducted 2006 Phil Esposito , C , 1975 -- 1981 , inducted 1984 Bill Gadsby , D , 1954 -- 1961 , inducted 1970 Mike Gartner , RW , 1990 -- 1994 , inducted 2001 Bernie Geoffrion , RW , 1966 -- 1968 , inducted 1972 Eddie Giacomin , G , 1965 -- 1975 , inducted 1987 Rod Gilbert , RW , 1960 -- 1978 , inducted 1982 Wayne Gretzky , C , 1996 -- 1999 , inducted 1999 Doug Harvey , D , 1961 -- 1962 , 1963 -- 1964 , inducted 1973 Bryan Hextall , RW , 1936 -- 1948 , inducted 1969 Tim Horton , D , 1970 -- 1971 , inducted 1977 Harry Howell , D , 1952 -- 1969 , inducted 1979 Ching Johnson , D , 1926 -- 1937 , inducted 1958 Jari Kurri , LW , 1996 , inducted 2001 Guy Lafleur , RW , 1988 -- 1989 , inducted 1988 Pat LaFontaine , C , 1997 -- 1998 , inducted 2003 Edgar Laprade , C , 1945 -- 1955 , inducted 1993 Brian Leetch , D , 1987 -- 2004 , inducted 2009 Eric Lindros , C , 2001 -- 2004 , inducted 2016 Harry Lumley , G , 1943 , inducted 1980 Mark Messier , C , 1991 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2004 , inducted 2007 Howie Morenz , C , 1935 -- 1936 , inducted 1945 Buddy O'Connor , C , 1947 -- 1951 , inducted 1988 Brad Park , D , 1968 -- 1975 , inducted 1988 Lynn Patrick , LW , 1934 -- 1943 , 1945 -- 46 , inducted 1980 Jacques Plante , G , 1963 -- 1965 , inducted 1978 Babe Pratt , D , 1936 -- 1942 , inducted 1966 Jean Ratelle , LW , 1960 -- 1975 , inducted 1985 Chuck Rayner , G , 1945 -- 1955 , inducted 1973 Luc Robitaille , LW , 1995 -- 1997 , inducted 2009 Terry Sawchuk , G , 1969 -- 1970 , inducted 1971 Earl Seibert , D , 1931 -- 1936 , inducted 1963 Brendan Shanahan , LW , 2006 -- 2008 , inducted 2013 Babe Siebert , LW , 1932 -- 1935 , inducted 1964 Allan Stanley , D , 1948 -- 1954 , inducted 1981 Clint Smith , C , 1937 -- 1943 , inducted 1991 Gump Worsley , G , 1952 -- 1963 , inducted 1980 Builders ( edit ) Herb Brooks , Coach , 1981 -- 1985 , inducted 2006 Emile Francis , inducted 1982 William M. Jennings , inducted 1974 Roger Neilson , Coach , 1989 -- 1993 , inducted 2002 Craig Patrick , inducted 2001 Lester Patrick , inducted 1945 Lynn Patrick , inducted 1980 Glen Sather , LW , 1970 -- 1973 ; Coach , 2002 -- 2004 ; General Manager , 2000 -- 2015 ; President 2000 -- present ; inducted 1997 Fred Shero , D , 1947 -- 1950 , Coach , 1978 -- 1981 , inducted 2013 Broadcasters ( Foster Hewitt Memorial Award ) ( edit ) Sal Messina , broadcaster , 1974 -- 2003 , awarded 2005 John Davidson , G , 1975 -- 1983 , broadcaster , 1983 -- 2006 , awarded 2009 Sam Rosen , broadcaster , 1977 -- present , awarded 2016 First - round draft picks ( edit ) 1963 : Al Osborne ( 4th overall ) 1964 : Bob Graham ( 3rd overall ) 1965 : Andre Veilleux ( 1st overall ) 1966 : Brad Park ( 2nd overall ) 1967 : Bob Dickson ( 6th overall ) 1968 : none 1969 : André Dupont ( 8th overall ) & Pierre Jarry ( 12th ) 1970 : Norm Gratton ( 11th overall ) 1971 : Steve Vickers ( 10th overall ) & Steve Durbano ( 13th ) 1972 : Al Blanchard ( 10th overall ) & Bob MacMillan ( 15th ) 1973 : Rick Middleton ( 14th overall ) 1974 : Dave Maloney ( 14th overall ) 1975 : Wayne Dillon ( 12th overall ) 1976 : Don Murdoch ( 6th overall ) 1977 : Lucien DeBlois ( 8th overall ) & Ron Duguay ( 13th ) 1978 : none 1979 : Doug Sulliman ( 13th overall ) 1980 : Jim Malone ( 14th overall ) 1981 : James Patrick ( 9th overall ) 1982 : Chris Kontos ( 15th overall ) 1983 : Dave Gagner ( 12th overall ) 1984 : Terry Carkner ( 14th overall ) 1985 : Ulf Dahlen ( 7th overall ) 1986 : Brian Leetch ( 9th overall ) 1987 : Jayson More ( 10th overall ) 1988 : none 1989 : Steven Rice ( 20th overall ) 1990 : Michael Stewart ( 13th overall ) 1991 : Alexei Kovalev ( 15th overall ) 1992 : Peter Ferraro ( 24th overall ) 1993 : Niklas Sundstrom ( 8th overall ) 1994 : Dan Cloutier ( 26th overall ) 1995 : none 1996 : Jeff Brown ( 22nd overall ) 1997 : Stefan Cherneski ( 19th overall ) 1998 : Manny Malhotra ( 7th overall ) 1999 : Pavel Brendl ( 4th overall ) & Jamie Lundmark ( 9th ) 2000 : none 2001 : Dan Blackburn ( 10th overall ) 2002 : none 2003 : Hugh Jessiman ( 12th overall ) 2004 : Al Montoya ( 6th overall ) & Lauri Korpikoski ( 19th ) 2005 : Marc Staal ( 12th overall ) 2006 : Bob Sanguinetti ( 21st overall ) 2007 : Alexei Cherepanov ( 17th overall ) 2008 : Michael Del Zotto ( 20th overall ) 2009 : Chris Kreider ( 19th overall ) 2010 : Dylan McIlrath ( 10th overall ) 2011 : J.T. Miller ( 15th overall ) 2012 : Brady Skjei ( 28th overall ) 2013 : none 2014 : none 2015 : none 2016 : none 2017 : Lias Andersson ( 7th overall ) & Filip Chytil ( 21st ) Single - season records ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recording 80 assists in the 1991 -- 92 season , Brian Leetch holds the franchise record for most assists in a season . Points : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 123 Points by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 102 Points by a rookie : Mark Pavelich ( 1981 -- 82 ) -- 76 Goals : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 54 Goals by a defenseman : Reijo Ruotsalainen ( 1984 -- 85 ) -- 28 Goals by a rookie : Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 36 Assists : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 80 Assists by a forward : Mark Messier ( 1991 -- 92 ) & Wayne Gretzky ( 1996 -- 97 ) -- 72 Assists by a rookie : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 48 Power play goals : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 24 Power play goals by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 17 Power play goals by a rookie : Camille Henry ( 1953 -- 54 ) -- 20 Power play points : Brian Leetch ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 53 Power play points by a forward : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 52 Power play points by a rookie : Camille Henry ( 1953 -- 54 ) -- 32 Power play assists : Brian Leetch ( 1990 -- 91 ) -- 45 Power play assists by a forward : Jaromir Jagr ( 2006 -- 07 ) -- 34 Power play assists by a rookie : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 23 Even strength goals : Jean Ratelle ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- 40 Even strength goals by a defenseman : Brad Park ( 1973 -- 74 ) & Ron Greschner ( 1980 -- 81 ) -- 21 Even strength goals by a rookie : Steve Vickers ( 1972 -- 73 ) & Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 28 Even strength points : Jean Ratelle ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- 82 Even strength points by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 55 Even strength points by a rookie : Mark Pavelich ( 1981 -- 82 ) & Tony Amonte ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 52 Even strength assists : Mark Messier ( 1991 -- 92 ) & Wayne Gretzky ( 1996 -- 97 ) -- 46 Even strength assists by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1991 -- 92 ) -- 44 Even strength assists by a rookie : Mark Pavelich ( 1981 -- 82 ) -- 34 Short - handed goals : Theoren Fleury ( 2000 -- 01 ) -- 7 Short - handed goals by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) & Ryan McDonagh ( 2013 -- 14 ) -- 3 Short - handed goals by a rookie : Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 4 Short - handed points : Mark Messier ( 1996 -- 97 ) -- 11 Short - handed points by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 2000 -- 01 ) -- 5 Short - handed points by a rookie : Tony Granato ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 5 Short - handed assists : Mark Messier ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 7 Short - handed assists by a defenseman : James Patrick ( 1986 -- 87 ) & Brian Leetch ( 2000 -- 01 ) -- 4 Short - handed assists by a rookie : Mark Heaslip ( 1977 -- 78 ) & Ryan McDonagh ( 2010 -- 11 ) -- 2 Game - winning goals : 6 players 9 Game - winning goals by a defenseman : Ron Greschner ( 1977 -- 78 ) & Tom Poti ( 2003 -- 04 ) -- 5 Game - winning goals by a rookie : Bill Cook ( 1926 -- 27 ) & Camille Henry ( 1953 -- 54 ) -- 7 Overtime goals : Tomas Sandstrom ( 1986 -- 87 ) , Adam Graves ( 1998 -- 99 ) , & Marian Gaborik ( 2011 -- 12 ) -- 3 Overtime goals by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 2001 -- 02 ) , Tom Poti ( 2003 -- 04 ) , & Kevin Klein ( 2014 -- 15 ) -- 2 Empty net goals : Brandon Dubinsky ( 2010 -- 11 ) -- 5 Empty net goals by a defenseman : Ron Greschner ( 1985 -- 86 ) , James Patrick ( 1991 -- 92 ) , & Ryan McDonagh ( 2013 -- 14 ) -- 2 Plus / minus : Brad Park ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- + 63 / Ron Greschner ( 1975 -- 76 ) -- - 50 Plus / minus by a forward : Jean Ratelle ( 1971 -- 72 ) -- + 61 / Rick Middleton ( 1975 -- 76 ) -- - 39 Plus / minus by a rookie : Steve Vickers ( 1972 -- 73 ) -- + 35 / Rod Seiling ( 1964 -- 65 ) -- - 37 Shots on goal : Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 368 Shots on goal by a defenseman : Brian Leetch ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 328 Shots on goal by a rookie : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) -- 268 Penalty minutes : Troy Mallette ( 1989 -- 90 ) -- 305 Penalty minutes by a defenseman : Barry Beck ( 1980 -- 81 ) -- 231 Goaltending wins : Mike Richter ( 1993 -- 94 ) -- 42 Goaltending wins by a rookie : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 06 ) -- 30 Goaltending shutouts : John Ross Roach ( 1928 -- 1929 ) -- 13 Goaltending shutouts by a rookie : Lorne Chabot ( 1926 -- 1927 ) -- 10 All single - season records verifiable from : Official Site of the National Hockey League NHL.com Franchise scoring leaders ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of New York Rangers records . Playing with the Rangers from 1968 to 1981 , Walt Tkaczuk scored the sixth most points in the franchise ( 678 points ) . These are the top - ten - point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Rangers player Points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts + / − PIM Rod Gilbert 1960 -- 1978 RW 1,065 406 615 1,021 + 38 508 Brian Leetch 1987 -- 2004 1,129 240 741 981 + 24 525 Jean Ratelle 1960 -- 1976 861 336 481 817 + 108 192 Andy Bathgate 1952 -- 1964 RW 719 272 457 729 -- 444 Mark Messier 1991 -- 1997 2000 -- 2004 698 250 441 691 + 74 667 Walt Tkaczuk 1967 -- 1981 945 227 451 678 + 184 556 Ron Greschner 1974 -- 1990 981 179 431 610 − 84 1,226 Steve Vickers 1972 -- 1982 LW 698 246 340 586 + 57 330 Vic Hadfield 1961 -- 1974 LW 841 262 310 572 + 16 1,041 Adam Graves 1991 -- 2001 LW 772 280 227 507 + 6 810 NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Rangers award winners The following lists the league awards which have been won by the Rangers team and its players and alumni : Stanley Cup 1927 -- 28 , 1932 -- 33 , 1939 -- 40 , 1993 -- 94 Victoria Cup 2008 Victoria Cup Presidents ' Trophy 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2014 -- 15 Prince of Wales Trophy 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1993 -- 94 , 2013 -- 14 O'Brien Cup 1949 -- 50 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy Jean Ratelle : 1970 -- 71 Rod Gilbert : 1975 -- 76 Anders Hedberg : 1984 -- 85 Adam Graves : 2000 -- 01 Dominic Moore : 2013 -- 14 Calder Memorial Trophy Kilby MacDonald : 1939 -- 40 Grant Warwick : 1941 -- 42 Edgar Laprade : 1945 -- 46 Pentti Lund : 1948 -- 49 Gump Worsley : 1952 -- 53 Camille Henry : 1953 -- 54 Steve Vickers : 1972 -- 73 Brian Leetch : 1988 -- 89 Conn Smythe Trophy Brian Leetch : 1993 -- 94 Hart Memorial Trophy Buddy O'Connor : 1947 -- 48 Chuck Rayner : 1949 -- 50 Andy Bathgate : 1958 -- 59 Mark Messier : 1991 -- 92 James Norris Memorial Trophy Doug Harvey : 1961 -- 62 Harry Howell : 1966 -- 67 Brian Leetch : 1991 -- 92 , 1996 -- 97 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Adam Graves : 1993 -- 94 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Frank Boucher : 1927 -- 28 , 1928 -- 29 , 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 Clint Smith : 1938 -- 39 Buddy O'Connor : 1947 -- 48 Edgar Laprade : 1949 -- 50 Andy Hebenton : 1956 -- 57 Camille Henry : 1957 -- 58 Jean Ratelle : 1971 -- 72 , 1975 -- 76 Wayne Gretzky : 1998 -- 99 Lester Patrick Trophy William M. Jennings : 1970 -- 71 Terry Sawchuk : 1970 -- 71 Phil Esposito : 1977 -- 78 Fred Shero : 1979 -- 80 Emile Francis : 1981 -- 82 Lynn Patrick : 1988 -- 89 Rod Gilbert : 1990 -- 91 Frank Boucher : 1992 -- 93 Brian Mullen : 1994 -- 95 Herb Brooks : 2001 -- 02 John Davidson : 2003 -- 04 Brian Leetch & John Halligan : 2006 -- 07 Lester B. Pearson Award Jean Ratelle : 1971 -- 72 Mark Messier : 1991 -- 92 Jaromir Jagr : 2005 -- 06 NHL Plus - Minus Award Michal Rozsival : 2005 -- 06 ( shared with Wade Redden of the Ottawa Senators ) Vezina Trophy Dave Kerr : 1939 -- 40 Eddie Giacomin & Gilles Villemure : 1970 -- 71 John Vanbiesbrouck : 1985 -- 86 Henrik Lundqvist : 2011 -- 12 Broadcast history ( edit ) Main article : List of New York Rangers broadcasters Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Directory 2016 - 17 '' . New York Rangers . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Crest '' ( PDF ) . New York Rangers . September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( May 14 , 1995 ) . `` Sports of The Times -- At Boston Garden , There 's Much More Gold Than Green '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vecsey , George ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Houston Finally Has an Edge '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boland Jr. , Ed ( February 16 , 2003 ) . `` F.Y.I '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Frank ; Frayne , Trent ( 1973 ) . When the Rangers Were Young . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company . p. 74 . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06852 - 9 . LCCN 73007485 . OCLC 799524 . OL 5415647M . Even before our training camp opened we were widely known as Tex 's Rangers , a name given us by George Daley , the sports editor of the New York Herald Tribune , and one that seemed likely to stick . In fact , our first team crest was that of a horse sketched in blue carrying a cowboy waving a hockey stick aloft . The horse was rearing , with the word TEX 'S in a crescent at the top of the emblem with RANGERS looped below . But Rickard did n't like the idea and before the season opened our insignia was changed to the present diagonal splash of the word RANGERS . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( May 15 , 1994 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; The Original Ranger , Murray Murdoch , Turns 90 '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Standings '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 -- 27 NHL Playoff Results '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dryden , Steve ( 2000 ) . The Hockey News : Century Of Hockey . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Ltd. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 4179 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup history '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brink , Graham ( June 5 , 2004 ) . `` Injuries sideline players only rarely '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Team History '' . New York Rangers . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sielski , Mike ( April 26 , 2014 ) . `` Schultz vs. Rolfe : Fight resonates 40 years later '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig Wolff ( March 11 , 1987 ) . `` Rangers Get Kings ' Dionne '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jason ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Greatest Teams of All - Time : 1991 -- 92 Pittsburgh Penguins '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bondy , Filip ( May 10 , 1992 ) . `` Hockey -- Rangers Squander Lead and Lose '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caps spoil Rangers ' chance to claim Presidents ' Trophy '' . CBS Sports . April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Scott ( 2008 ) . Hockey Night in Canada : My Greatest Day . Toronto : Key Porter Books . pp. 106 -- 109 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55470 - 086 - 8 . Jump up ^ Popplewell , Brett ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` How Messier emerged from Gretzky 's shadow '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Michael ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Brian Leetch : The Road to the 1994 Conn Smythe Trophy Part One '' . The Hockey Writers . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( June 15 , 1994 ) . `` Stanley Cup Finals -- Russian Rangers Say Nyet to Possible Defeat '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Hockey Rodent ( February 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Curse '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Hire Sather '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 31 , 2000 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Theo Fleury signs with Rangers '' . Associated Press . July 8 , 1999 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lindros joins Rangers nine years after first trade '' . CNN . Associated Press . August 24 , 2001 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( March 19 , 2002 ) . `` Panthers trade Pavel Bure to Rangers '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Blackburn Selected to 2001 -- 02 NHL All - Rookie Team '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . June 20 , 2002 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Blackburn to Retire '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . May 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Kostya ( October 3 , 2005 ) . `` Sports Illustrated 's NHL Preview -- New York Rangers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score -- Rangers 5 , Islanders 1 '' . March 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 5 , Islanders 1 '' . March 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 4 , Boston Bruins 3 ( OT ) '' . April 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 3 , Philadelphia Flyers 2 ( SO ) '' . April 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Notes -- Rangers 1 , Ottawa Senators 5 '' . April 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jagr named 24th captain in Rangers history '' ( Press release ) . New York Rangers . October 5 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SI 's 2006 -- 07 NHL Preview : Atlantic Division '' . Sports Illustrated . September 25 , 2006 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Dubi ( July 27 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers Rebuild While Winning '' . Blueshirt Bulletin . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam ( June 27 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers have high hopes for top pick Cherepanov '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers sign top tier centers Drury , Gomez '' . The Journal News . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greenstein , Kevin ( August 16 , 2007 ) . `` Peca Would Complete Renovation of Ranger Offense '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Rangers Seek Pick for Late Prospect Cherpanov '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NHL notes : Renney rendered by Rangers '' . Journal Star news services . February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers enforcer Derek Boogaard found dead at 28 '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` Rangers sign Richards to nine - year , $58.5 M contract '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z. ; Belson , Ken ( September 12 , 2011 ) . `` Callahan Fills Drury 's Role as Captain of Rangers '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Urtz Jr. , Tom ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` New York Rangers : Where Could Ryan Callahan Rank in Lineage of Ranger Captains ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lozo , Dave ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` Nash traded to Rangers in five - player deal '' . NHL.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strang , Katie ( April 3 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers trade Marian Gaborik '' . ESPNNewYork.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( June 22 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers hire new coach Vigneault with 5 - year deal '' . CBC.com . Associated Press . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Kings win Stanley Cup in thriller '' . CNN.com . June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Richards bought out by Rangers -- NHL on CBC Sports -- Hockey news , opinion , scores , stats , standings '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brassard , Rangers down Lightning to force game seven '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning defeat Rangers , advance to Cup Final '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Gorton Named 11th General Manager in Franchise History '' . NHL.com . July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` With Derek Stepan awaiting new deal , Rangers re-sign Jesper Fast , J.T. Miller '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Derek Stepan re-signs with Rangers on $39 million deal '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Rangers sign Derek Stepan to 6 - year , $39 million contract '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` Martin St. Louis retires from NHL '' . CBC Sports . The Canadian Press . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Larry ( June 27 , 2015 ) . `` Rangers trade Cam Talbot and Carl Hagelin '' . New York Post . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trades completed during 2015 NHL Draft weekend '' . NHL.com . June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers acquire Staal from Hurricanes '' . TSN.ca . February 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Agrees To Terms With Eric Staal on a Three - Year Deal '' . NHL.com . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bruins Sign Dominic Moore , Chris Casto , Brian Ferlin And Alex Grant To One - Year Contracts '' . NHL.com . August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Agree to Terms With Antti Raanta '' . NHL.com . May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Agree to Terms With Forward Pavel Buchnevich '' . NHL.com . May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Pat ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers hit the discount rack and sign free agents Michael Grabner and Nathan Gerbe '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Acquire Forward Mika Zibanejad '' . NHL.com . July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreda , Allan ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rangers Sign Jimmy Vesey , Coveted by Much of the N.H.L '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/14/sports/hockey/rangers-dan-girardi.html Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/sports/hockey/rangers-trade-derek-stepan-to-coyotes-ahead-of-nhl-draft.html Jump up ^ http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2017/06/30/devils-could-be-favorites-to-land-shattenkirk/ Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/id/19783806/new-york-rangers-sign-defenseman-kevin-shattenkirk ^ Jump up to : `` New York Rangers uniform history '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1976 -- 77 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1978 -- 87 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2007 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 2007 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 New York Rangers uniforms '' . The ( unofficial ) NHL Uniform Database . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Records -- Captains '' . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Calamia , Matt ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jeff Gorton Named 11th General Manager in Franchise History '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( June 21 , 2013 ) . `` Rangers Name Alain Vigneault New Head Coach '' . NBC New York . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dellapina , John ( September 6 , 2007 ) . `` Leetch 's number headed for Garden rafters '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rangers raise No. 3 , No. 9 to rafters '' , ESPN , February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rangers retire Adam Graves ' No. 9 jersey '' , USA Today , February 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Rangers hoist Messier 's No. 11 to Garden rafters '' . Associated Press . January 13 , 2006 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goalie won 301 games with New York '' . Associated Press . February 5 , 2004 . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` Rangers to retire Jean Ratelle 's No. 19 next season '' . ProHockeyTalk . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Defensemen -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Forwards -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Forwards -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goals by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Defensemen -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goals by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goals by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Defensemen -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Points by Type ( since 1933 - 34 ) -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ryan Callahan ' '' ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Brad Richards ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jaromir Jagr ( 2005 -- 06 ) , Mark Messier ( 1996 -- 97 ) , Don Maloney ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Rick Nash ( 2013 -- 14 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Catches Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goalie Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Players -- New York Rangers -- Rookie -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Catches Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Goalie Summary -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Players -- New York Rangers -- All Skaters -- Rookie + Veteran -- All - Time -- All Countries -- Available Provinces / States -- Shoots Left or Right -- All Draft Years -- All Draft Rounds -- 1917 - 1918 To 2017 - 2018 -- Regular Season -- Skater Summary -- Sum Results -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Hebenton 's profile at hockeydb.com '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Terry Sawchuk -- Career Statistics '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Emile Francis -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Boucher -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Patrick Mullen '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Brooks -- Biography '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Podell , Ira ( November 7 , 2007 ) . `` Leetch , Cammi Granato among 4 winners of Lester Patrick Award '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Plus Minus Award Winners '' . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2007 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . References ( edit ) Boucher , Frank ; Frayne , Trent ( 1973 ) . When The Rangers Were Young . New York : Dodd , Mead & Company . ISBN 0 - 396 - 06852 - 9 . Halligan , John ( 2000 ) . New York Rangers : Seventy - Five Years . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 2298 - 6 . Halligan , John ( 2003 ) . The New York Rangers ( Images of Sports ) . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 1228 - 1 . Kreiser , John ; Friedman , Lou ( 1997 ) . The New York Rangers : Broadway 's Longest Running Hit . ISBN 1 - 57167 - 041 - 6 . McFarlane , Brian ( 1997 ) . The Rangers . ISBN 0 - 7737 - 6007 - 5 . Meisel , Barry ( 1995 ) . Losing the Edge : The Rise and Fall of the Stanley Cup Champion New York Rangers . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81519 - 2 . NY Daily News ( 2000 ) . New York Rangers : Millennium Memories . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 147 - 5 . Sloman , Larry ( 1981 ) . Thin Ice : A Season in Hell With the New York Rangers . ISBN 0 - 440 - 18571 - 8 . Rangers ' Biggest Trades Since 1990 ( October 6 , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Rangers . 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About Wikipedia	when was the last time the new york rangers won the stanley cup	New York Rangers 2017 -- 18 New York Rangers season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1926 History New York Rangers 1926 -- present Home arena Madison Square Garden City New York City , New York Colors Blue , red , white Media MSG MSG Plus ESPN ( 98.7 FM ) ESPN Deportes ( 1050 AM ) NBCSN Owner ( s ) The Madison Square Garden Company ( James Dolan , chairman ) General manager Jeff Gorton Head coach Alain Vigneault Captain Ryan McDonagh Minor league affiliates Hartford Wolf Pack ( AHL ) Greenville Swamp Rabbits ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 4 ( 1927 -- 28 , 1932 -- 33 , 1939 -- 40 , 1993 -- 94 ) Conference championships 2 ( 1993 -- 94 , 2013 -- 14 ) Presidents ' Trophy 3 ( 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2014 -- 15 ) Division championships 8 ( 1926 -- 27 , 1931 -- 32 , 1941 -- 42 , 1989 -- 90 , 1991 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 2011 -- 12 , 2014 -- 15 ) Official website nhl.com/rangers