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Named Yrvind Ten after its 10 foot length, the miniature vessel will be just 1.8 meters wide with two six meter-tall masts. Weighing 1.5 tons, it will be made out of a composite foam and fiberglass material which, he says, is "excellent for insulation and floatation." Powered by wind, solar panels, gel batteries and a foot crank, Yrvind Ten will set sail from Ireland in a 48,000 kilometer return journey around the globe. Sir Robin Knox-Johnston, the first person to sail around the world in 1969 in a 9.8 meter yacht, said there was a real possibility Yrvind would complete the voyage. Briton Knox-Johnston, who also founded the Clipper Round the World Yacht Race, added that many people had thought his own bid to circumnavigate the globe was impossible at the time. "One of the biggest challenges he'll face is when he's coming up against these massive 25 meter waves in the Southern Ocean. In a boat that size he's just going to be rolled around and around like he's inside a giant washing machine," Knox-Johnston said. "He might also find he's using a lot more energy -- and will need a lot more food -- being rolled around like that." The Swede will collect rainwater in sails, funneled by a hose to a tank. With no heating equipment on board, he'll rely on 400 kilograms of muesli and sardines, supplemented with vitamin tablets and fish caught from the sea. "I need just half-a-kilogram of food a day and this will give me enough food for 800 days," he said. "In the beginning I will have fruit but obviously that will run out. I also have a friend in Melbourne with a boat who will come out with supplies."

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Magic of the Canadian West With a vast land area of almost 10 million square kilometres and a population of just over 30 million people, Canada has a lot of wide open spaces with huge tracts of uninhabited countryside. There is a great variety of different landform, ranging from the intensively farmed plains of the south to the evocatively named “Barren Grounds” of the north, which are characterised by permafrost and freezing tundra. The Yukon stretches from British Columbia in the south to beyond the Arctic Circle. To the northwest it is bordered by Alaska. The region and the state gets its name from the Yukon River, a 3000-km (1800 mile) artery that rises in BC's Coast Mountains and flows through the heart of the Yukon and Alaska to the Bering Sea. At the westernmost tip of the Yukon are located the country's highest mountains. Together with the neighbouring Wrangell National Park in Alaska, the Kluane National Park protects the St Elias Mountains, including Mount Logan (5950m) - Canada's highest point – and Mount McKinley (6193m) in Alaska, the highest point in North America. Below them, and covering half the park, is a huge basin of mile-deep glaciers and ice fields, the world's largest non-polar ice. The Canadian Rockies extend for 2000 km (1200 miles) south from the Yukon through Alberta and British Columbia. One of the most accessible parts of the range is located at the western edge of the state of Alberta, some 250 km (155 miles) west of Edmonton and closer still to the town of Calgary. Here, there are 2 adjoining national parks; Banff National Park and Jasper National Park, which together enclose more than 17,000 sq km (6,560 sq miles) of beautiful mountain scenery. Despite its ease of access, this is still a wilderness area. Endless forests, extensive tundra, powerful glaciers, and cascading rivers are overlooked by peaks almost 4000m (13,000ft) tall. The Athabasca River, which has its source in the Jasper National Park, flows for more than 1500 km (almost 1000 miles) across Canada. The time in Alberta is GMT -7 hours The weather in the Canadian Rocky Mountains is ever-changing and always unpredictable. Summer days are long, but the summer season is short. July is the warmest month with a mean daily maximum temperature of 22°C / 72°F. We can expect to encounter temperatures during the day ranging from 18°C / 64°F to 27°C / 80°F. Naturally, at the highest elevations, the daytime temperatures will be lower than this. At night, the temperatures will typically drop to around 10°C / 50°F or even a few degrees lower. Although the weather is relatively stable at this time of year, we can expect some rainfall. The unit of currency in Canada is the Canadian dollar. For up to date exchange rates visit: www.xe.com.Canadian dollars can be easily obtained outside the country. The best and fastest way to obtain cash in-country is from ATMs using a credit or debit card. If you are carrying your travel money in travellers cheques you should use US or Canadian dollar denominations. Cheques can be cashed at Thomas Cook and other exchange bureaux or at major banks. Credit cards can be used to purchase most goods and services and at major restaurants. Citizens of the US, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland, and nationals of countries within the EU do not need a visa. Passengers intending to fly via the USA, please note the following: Under the Electronic System for Travel Authorisation (ESTA), all travellers, including children, from the 27 countries under the US visa waiver programme (VWP) will have to fill out an electronic travel authorization form online at www.esta.cbp.dhs.gov prior to boarding any US-bound aircraft or ship. You can also use this site to check whether your country is part of the visa waiver scheme. You will be required to answer questions about criminal records, communicable diseases, past history of visa revocation or deportation, and basic biographical data such as name, birth date and passport information. Changes in address and itinerary can be made online after the ESTA form has been first submitted. You will not be allowed to board any US bound aircraft if you have not completed the online ESTA form. If you have a criminal record (including criminal driving offences), you will be required to obtain a visa in advance of entering or transiting the USA. You should attend your own doctor and dentist for a check-up. Your doctor will have access to the most up to date information on the required vaccinations for the country you are visiting. For the USA and Canada, in general, you do not require any vaccinations other than standard travel jabs (Polio, Tetanus, and Hepatitus A etc). A very good online resource is the NHS travel website at www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk Additional Sources of Information Lonely Planet – Canada. The Rough Guide to Canada. Moon Handbooks. Canadian Rockies. Canadian Rockies Handbook.Andrew Hempstead. The Canadian Rockies. Douglas Leighton. The Canadian Rockies Trail Guide. Patton and Robinson. Canadian Whitewater – Central Rockies. Alberta & British Colombia. 1:1,600,000 scale. ITMB Publishing. Jasper and Maligne Lake (Topographic Map). Gem Trek Publishing. Southwest Alberta Southeast B.C. (Explorer's Map). Gem Trek Publishing. Lonely Planet - www.lonelyplanet.com Rough Guides - www.roughguides.com

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Fallacy of Division The fallacy of division is the reverse of the fallacy of composition. It is committed by inferences from the fact that a whole has a property to the conclusion that a part of the whole also has that property. Like the fallacy of composition, this is only a fallacy for some properties; for others, it is a legitimate form of inference. An example of an inference that certainly does commit the fallacy of division is this: (1) Water is liquid. (2) H2O molecules are liquid. This argument, in attributing a macro-property of water, liquidity, to its constituent parts, commits the fallacy of division. Though water is liquid, individual molecules are not. Note, however, that an argument with the same logical form but inferring from the fact that a computer is smaller than a car that every part of the computer is smaller than a car would not be fallacious; arguments with this logical form need not be problematic.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Adult students are often better motivated than traditional-age students, but many have not taken an examination for many years. Thus, finding appropriate methods of assessment poses a challenge. Background and Purpose The Houston Community College System's Central College has about 27,000 full-time equivalent students who have various goals including changing careers, acquiring associate degrees and transferring to programs which will result in 4-year degrees. There are no residential facilities at the college which is located in downtown Houston, Texas. Some students are homeless, physically challenged, in rehabilitation programs; and others are traditional students. The average age of our students is 27 years old. Older students present the faculty member with unusual challenges since they don't necessarily respond well to traditional methods of teaching and assessment. However, they are capable of succeeding in learning mathematics if given appropriate support and opportunities to show what they have learned. Many students have personal difficulties at the beginning of the semester. They are challenged with housing arrangements, parking and transportation problems. Day care is also a problem for many single or divorced women. Although the students have social problems and economic constraints, they are motivated to strive toward the academic goals of my class. They honestly communicate their difficulties and they share their successes. I design activities and assessment in my class to address these special needs of my students. Flexibility and compassion create an environment rich with opportunities to learn, while the expectations of excellence, mastery and skills acquisition are maintained. These non-traditional students usually begin my course in college algebra with little confidence in their abilities. They are reluctant to go to the board to present problems. Older students tend to do homework in isolation. Many of them do not linger on campus to benefit from interaction with their classmates. College Algebra students at Central College have no experience with mathematics software or computer algebra systems such as DERIVE, and are uncomfortable with computer technology generally. While older students may be uncomfortable with reform in college algebra, with time they do adjust and benefit from a pedagogical style which differs from the one they expected. In this article, I discuss some assessment techniques which I have found help these students grow, and allow them to show what they have learned. I usually start my college algebra classes with a 10 or 15 minute mini-lecture. I pose questions which encourage discussion among the students. These questions are sequenced and timed to inspire students to discover new ways of approaching a problem and to encourage them to persist toward solutions. Students are invited to make presentations of problems on the board. Cooperative Learning offers opportunities for sharing information and peer tutoring. Students are invited to form groups of four or five. I assign the work: for example, the section of Lial's College Algebra test on word problems. Each group selects its group leader. Participants keep a journal of their work, and each member must turn in a copy of all solved problems in their own handwriting. Students are warned that each group member must be an active problem solver and no one is to be a "sponge." One class period is dedicated to forming the groups and to establishing the rules for completion of the assignment, and a second to work on the assignment. If the word problems are not completed in the designated class period, the assignment become a homework assignment to be completed by each group. Approximately 30 word problems requiring the use of equations are solved using this method. As a result of this activity, students become aware of their strengths and weaknesses and become better at pacing themselves and at self assessment. Although I give a group grade for projects, I do not give a group grade for classwork or participation in discussion groups: each individual receives a grade for work completed. Projects provide an opportunity for students to become familiar with the Mathematics Laboratory. The goal of the project is graphing and designing at least three images: a cat's face, a spirograph and a flower. Most designs are accomplished using lines and conics such as circles, ellipses and parabolas. Some students do library or internet research for their projects: they look up trigonometric equations and discover the appropriate coefficients to produce the best (and prettiest) flowers, or use polar coordinates or parametric equations. An objective of the research is to identify role models and people of diverse backgrounds who persisted and succeeded in mathematics courses or professions that are mathematics dependent. A second objective is to inspire students to write about mathematics and to record their attitude toward mathematics and technology. I had the students in summer school find a web page on Mathematics and Nature, and write a short report. They also did research on biomimetics and composites to become aware of the usual connections in science, mathematics and nature. Connecting mathematics to the world around them helps motivate them to work harder learning the mathematics. The Mathematics and Nature web site that the students found is the one that I have linked to my page. I encouraged the students to use e-mail and to provide feedback to me by e-mail. Examinations usually contain 14-20 questions requiring the students to "show all work." This gives me an opportunity to see exactly what their needs are. Four examinations and a comprehensive final are administered. The student is given the option to drop the first examination, if the grade is below 70. This option provides a degree of flexibility and often relaxes tension. Our most successful endeavor has been the establishment of my web page, using student research and feedback to improve the design. The web page can be accessed at http://22.214.171.124. I have an instructional page (with information for my students on syllabus, expectations, etc.) and a personal page that students viewed and provided corrective feedback. This activity inspired many students to do more research using World Wide Web. Encouraging students to use this technology helps some of those who are feel bypassed by technology overcome their fears. One student sent me an e-mail message: "This project to research your webpage was not only educational to students it gave them an opportunity to use current fast moving technology." Another commented, "I have been meaning to start on my own for quite some time, and now you have inspired me to do so." Attitudinal learning took place and students seemed more excited about the mathematics class and the use of technology. The college algebra classes have developed into a stimulating and broad intellectual experience for my students. They gained the algebra skills and a new attitude about mathematics and careers in mathematics. The drop out rate in my college algebra classes is lower than most classes in my department. Approximately 89 percent of the students passed the course with grade C or above, while others realized that they did not have the time nor dedication to do a good job and they simply dropped the course. I believe students made wise judgments about their own ability and that they will probably re-enroll at a later date to complete the coursework. With persistence on the instructor's part, older students become more confident learners. For example, toward the beginning of the semester, a 62-year-old businessman would often ask me to do more problems on the board for him. He would say, "Darling, would you work this problem for me?...I had a hell of a time with it last night." I didn't mind his style as long as he continued doing the work. Eventually, he would put forth more effort and go to the board to show the class how much progress he made. He would point to the area where he was challenged, and then a discussion would ensue. As I observed his change in behavior I noted that he and other students were taking more and more responsibility for their learning. Participants in my classes seem more appreciative of the beauty of mathematics and mathematics in nature. Students who successfully completed their designs using DERIVE discovered the beautiful graphs resulting from various types of mathematics statements. They learned how to use scaling and shifting to design images that were symmetric with respect to a vertical axes. While designing, for example, the cat's face, they learned how to change the radius and to translate small circles to represent the eyes of the cat. Some students used a simple reflection with respect to the x-axis to obtain a portion of their design. As they pursue their work, they had conferences with me to gain more insight. Many students needed to learn basic computer skills: how to read the main menu of a computer, search and find DERIVE, and author a statement. Tutors were available in the Mathematics Laboratory and I assisted students when questions arose. It was the first time many of my students had ever made an attempt to integrate the use of technology into college algebra. More students are enthusiastic about the use of technology in mathematics. Three years ago only about 5 percent of the Central College students owned graphing calculators or used a computer algebra system. In 1997, approximately 35 percent of them are active participants in the Mathematics Laboratory or own graphing calculators. Use of Findings As a result of student input, via informal discussions and e-mail, I will lengthen my mini-lectures to 20-25 minutes. Furthermore, at the end of each class I will review concepts and provide closure for the entire group. More demonstrations using the TI-92 will help prepare the students for their project assignments and a bibliography on "Diversity in Mathematics" will assist the student research component. I usually document class attendance on the first and last day of class so that I have a photographic record of retention. The inspiration to design a more suitable attitudinal study using a pre-test and post-test to measure change in is my greatest gain as a result of these experiences. The adult learner can be an exceptional student; adults learn very rapidly in part, because they don't need to spend time becoming adults, as traditional-aged students do. However in my experience, adults may be more terrified of tests, they may feel a great sense of failure at a low grade, they may be slower on tests, and they may have lost a lot of background mathematical knowledge. Also they have more logistical problems which make working outside of class in groups harder, thereby not benefitting from explaining and learning mathematics with others. The methods I have used are specifically designed to bring the adult learners together, to relieve anxiety, to encourage group work, the "OK-ness" of being wrong.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

MGH Hotline 04.09.10 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an intravascular imaging technology that offers the promise of revealing the microscopic characteristics of a vulnerable coronary plaque. The MGH leads international study to identify vulnerable coronary plaques OCT PIONEER: Jang at the March 13 OCT Registry Symposium Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an intravascular imaging technology that offers the promise of revealing the microscopic characteristics of a vulnerable coronary plaque. Using near-infrared light, OCT creates extremely high-resolution images from within an artery. The images have a resolution at least 20 times better than standard imaging technologies, such as computed tomography. MGH Heart Center researchers, together with a coalition of 20 international sites, will create the world's largest registry of patients who have had OCT of the coronary arteries. Researchers hope the data will help determine the ability of OCT to identify vulnerable plaques in patients as well as its benefits as a follow-up procedure to stent placement. When a vulnerable plaque in a coronary artery ruptures, the result can be catastrophic, blocking blood flow to the heart muscle and causing a heart attack. Cardiologists estimate that vulnerable plaques cause two-thirds to three-quarters of all fatal heart attacks. Standard imaging technologies are not able to identify the microscopic characteristics of these at-risk plaques. The international research team -- led by MGH interventional cardiologist Ik-Kyung Jang, MD, PhD, a pioneer in the field of cardiac OCT -- will collect data from 3,000 patients who had cardiac OCT during a catheterization procedure and will follow them for five years with the goal of determining the effectiveness of the technique in identifying at-risk patients. In a clinical study in 2002, Jang was the first physician to use OCT technology in a human heart, and he has led several studies of the technology over the years. Use of cardiac OCT has grown exponentially with more than 10,000 cases performed worldwide last year. "The MGH OCT Registry is the first international effort to share information about OCT use in cardiac care," says Jang. "This collaboration will bring together a wealth of information and help us facilitate scientific advancement in the field." The registry was launched during the first MGH OCT Registry Symposium on March 13. The study's international sites in Japan, China, Korea and Australia will begin enrolling patients in June. Enrollment in the United States will begin pending clearance of the technology by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. "The development of OCT and its rapid adoption are enabling clinicians to capture in vivo what was previously seen only through a pathologist's microscope," says Jang. "Of course, the long-term goal is to identify plaques and prevent sudden cardiac death and heart attacks." For more information, e-mail Iris A. McNulty, BSN, RN, of the Cardiology Division, at email@example.com. U.S. News & World Report ranks Mass General the #1 hospital in America based on our quality of care, patient safety and reputation in 16 different specialties. Learn more about why we're #1. Search the archive for previously published news articles, press releases and publications. Departments and Centers at Mass General have a reputation for excellence in patient care. View a list of all departments.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Artist's rendering of Mariner 4 in space. Credit: NASA "Mariner 4 ran into a cloud of space dust," says Bill Cooke of the Marshall Space Flight Center Space Environments Team. "For about 45 minutes the spacecraft experienced a shower of meteoroids more intense than any Leonid meteor storm we've ever seen on Earth." The impacts ripped away bits of insulation and temporarily changed the craft's orientation in space. Fortunately, the damage was slight and the mission's main objective -- a flyby of Mars -- ad been completed two years earlier. But it could have been worse. "There are many uncharted dust clouds in interplanetary space. Some are probably quite dense," says Cooke. Most of these clouds are left behind by comets, others are formed when asteroids run into one another. "We only know about the ones that happen to intersect Earth's orbit and cause meteor showers such as the Perseids or Leonids." The Mariner 4 cloud was a big surprise. What does a piece of space dust look like? This picture shows one that is only 10 microns across. It was captured by a U2 aircraft in the stratosphere. Credit: NASA "Of all NASA's Mars spacecraft, Mariner 4 was the only one we've sent with a micrometeoroid detector," he continued. During its journey to Mars and back, the detector registered occasional impacts from interplanetary dust grains -- as expected. The space between the planets is sprinkled with dust particles. They're harmless in small numbers. But when Mariner 4 encountered the cloud "the impact rate soared 10,000 fold," says Cooke. Mapping these clouds and determining their orbits is important to NASA for obvious reasons: the more probes we send to Mars and elsewhere, the more likely they are to encounter uncharted clouds. No one wants their spaceship to be surprised by a meteor shower hundreds of millions of miles from Earth. Much of Cooke's work at NASA involves computer-modeling of cometary debris streams -- long rivers of dust shed by comets as they orbit the sun. He studies how clumps form within the streams and how they are deflected by the gravity of planets (especially giant Jupiter). He and his colleagues also watch the sky for meteor outbursts here on Earth. "It's a good way to test our models and discover new streams," he says. One such outburst happened on June 27, 1998. Sky watchers were surprised when hundreds of meteors streamed out of the constellation Bootes over a few-hour period. Earth had encountered a dust cloud much as Mariner 4 had done years earlier. The meteors of 1998 were associated with a well-known meteor shower called the June Bootids. Normally the shower is weak, displaying only a few meteors per hour at maximum. But in 1998 it was intense. Similar outbursts had occurred, with no regular pattern, in 1916, 1921, and perhaps 1927. The source of the June Bootids is comet 7P/Pons-Winnecke, which orbits the Sun once every 6.37 years. The comet follows an elliptical path that carries it from a point near the orbit of Earth to just beyond the orbit of Jupiter. Pons-Winnecke last visited the inner solar system in 2002. The comet's dusty trail is evidently clumpy. When our planet passes through a dense spot in the debris stream, a meteor shower erupts. Meteor forecasters D.J. Asher and V.V. Emel'yanenko (MNRAS 331, 1998, 126) have calculated that the meteors seen in 1998 might return in 2003, although 2004 is more likely. "That's why watching for June Bootids this year is important: any activity now may herald another outburst in 2004," notes Robert Lunsford, Secretary-General of the International Meteor Organization, who is encouraging people to monitor the sky this week.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Ecological and Economic Foundations Human well-being relies critically on ecosystem services provided by nature. Examples include water and air quality regulation, nutrient cycling and decomposition, plant pollination and flood control, all of which are dependent on biodiversity. They are predominantly public goods with limited or no markets and do not command any price in the conventional economic system, so their loss is often not detected and continues unaddressed and unabated. This in turn not only impacts human well-being, but also seriously undermines the sustainability of the economic system. It is against this background that TEEB: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity project was set up in 2007 and led by the United Nations Environment Programme to provide a comprehensive global assessment of economic aspects of these issues. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity, written by a team of international experts, represents the scientific state of the art, providing a comprehensive assessment of the fundamental ecological and economic principles of measuring and valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity, and showing how these can be mainstreamed into public policies. The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity and subsequent TEEB outputs will provide the authoritative knowledge and guidance to drive forward the biodiversity conservation agenda for the next decade. 1. Integrating the Ecological and Economic Dimensions in Biodiversity and Ecosystem Service Valuation 2. Biodiversity, Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services 3. Measuring Biophysical Quantities and the Use of Indicators 4. The Socio-cultural Context of Ecosystem and Biodiversity Valuation 5. The Economics of Valuing Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity 6. Discounting, Ethics, and Options for Maintaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Integrity 7. Lessons Learned and Linkages with National Policies Appendix 1: How the TEEB Framework Can be Applied: The Amazon Case Appendix 2: Matrix Tables for Wetland and Forest Ecosystems Appendix 3: Estimates of Monetary Values of Ecosystem Services "A landmark study on one of the most pressing problems facing society, balancing economic growth and ecological protection to achieve a sustainable future." - Simon Levin, Moffett Professor of Biology, Department of Ecology and Evolution Behaviour, Princeton University, USA "TEEB brings a rigorous economic focus to bear on the problems of ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss, and on their impacts on human welfare. TEEB is a very timely and useful study not only of the economic and social dimensions of the problem, but also of a set of practical solutions which deserve the attention of policy-makers around the world." - Nicholas Stern, I.G. Patel Professor of Economics and Government at the London School of Economics and Chairman of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment "The [TEEB] project should show us all how expensive the global destruction of the natural world has become and – it is hoped – persuade us to slow down.' The Guardian 'Biodiversity is the living fabric of this planet – the quantum and the variability of all its ecosystems, species, and genes. And yet, modern economies remain largely blind to the huge value of the abundance and diversity of this web of life, and the crucial and valuable roles it plays in human health, nutrition, habitation and indeed in the health and functioning of our economies. Humanity has instead fabricated the illusion that somehow we can get by without biodiversity, or that it is somehow peripheral to our contemporary world. The truth is we need it more than ever on a planet of six billion heading to over nine billion people by 2050. This volume of 'TEEB' explores the challenges involved in addressing the economic invisibility of biodiversity, and organises the science and economics in a way decision makers would find it hard to ignore." - Achim Steiner, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme This volume is an output of TEEB: The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity study and has been edited by Pushpam Kumar, Reader in Environmental Economics, University of Liverpool, UK. TEEB is hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UENP) and supported by the European Commission, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment (BMU) and the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), recently joined by Norway's Ministry for Foreign Affairs, The Netherlands' Ministry of Housing (VROM), the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and also the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The study leader is Pavan Sukhdev, who is also Special Adviser – Green Economy Initiative, UNEP. View other products from the same publisher

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Scaevola taccada is a dense, spreading shrub that generally grows up to 3 meter in height. The light green leaves are somewhat succulent with a waxy covering and are alternately arranged along the stem. The blades are elongated and rounded at the tips, 5 to 20 cm long and 5 to 7 cm wide and the edges are often curled downward. The flowers are white or cream colored, often with purple streaks, 8 - 12 mm long, and have a pleasant fragrance. They have an irregular shape with all five petals on one side of the flower making it appear to have been torn in half. The flowers grow in small clusters from the leaf axils near the ends of the stems. The fruits of Scaevola taccada are fleshy berries. They are white, oblong, and about 1 cm long. The seeds are beige, corky and ridged. The inside of the fruit is spongy or corky and the fruits are buoyant. They can float for months in the ocean and still germinate after having been in salt water for up to a year. One study showed that the seeds germinated best after 250 days in salt water. (National Tropical Botanical Garden (NTBG). 1994. Naupaka. In Native Hawaiian plant information sheets. Lawai, Kauai: Hawaii Plant Conservation Center. National Tropical Botanical Garden. Unpublished internal papers.) (Rauch, Fred D., Heidi L. Bornhorst, and David L. Hensley. 1997. Beach Naupaka, Ornamentals and Flowers.) (Wagner, Warren L., Darrel R. Herbst, and S. H. Sohmer. 1990. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i.) (Bornhorst, Heidi L. 1996. Growing native Hawaiian plants: a how-to guide for the gardener.)

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Stopping Carbon Pollution Whether you live in a city, on a farm, or anywhere in between, climate change is affecting your weather and damaging the natural world around you. In order to work towards a clean energy future, America needs carbon pollution controls on the largest industrial sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is taking long overdue steps to limit greenhouse gas emissions from oil refineries and coal-fired power plants, but right now, these highly polluting sources are allowed to release carbon into the atmosphere without any limits. The National Wildlife Federation’s top priority is to stop the primary cause of climate change – carbon pollution – before it’s too late. NWF is currently fighting major campaigns to: Electricity generation is the single largest source of global warming pollution in the United States, representing 41 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions. EPA’s newly announced plan to set standards for this sector could require the clean-up of our oldest, dirtiest, least efficient coal power plants. NWF is engaged in a major effort to finalize these rules and dramatically ratchet down our carbon pollution, and we are also supporting EPA's work to address emissions from oil refineries -- the second largest "stationary source" (as opposed to mobile sources like cars and trucks) of global warming pollution in the United States. Strong controls over these big sources will begin holding polluters accountable for their contribution to the climate crisis. Reducing Emissions in the US and Worldwide Recognizing that this is a global problem that demands national and international leadership, NWF’s long-term goal is to adopt a national plan that rapidly cuts carbon pollution from all major sources in the US, and safeguards communities and wildlife from the mounting impacts of climate change. The last effort at national legislation – the American Clean Energy and Security Act – passed the House of Representatives in 2009 but stalled in the Senate. Since that time, the impacts of climate change have rapidly escalated. NWF is working hard to get Congress to step up and take action to solve our nation’s most urgent environmental issue. Avoiding the worst consequences of this disaster also requires a global solution. NWF is partnering with organizations around the world to promote an international agreement that clamps down on carbon pollution, while ensuring that all countries can protect their citizens and wildlife from the impacts of climate change.

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Breeding Timing in Cats Breeding Timing to Maximize Fertility in Cats Breeding timing refers to a technique that may be utilized to ensure conception in cats by the purposeful timing of insemination during the estrus (heat) period. A fertile female cat is referred to as a queen. Symptoms and Types In order to maximize the odds of conception with properly timed breeding, it is best to pin-point, as close as possible, the day of ovulation for the queen. Symptoms of estrus in the queen are evident by her rubbing against objects, being vocal (much more than usual), and an interest shown by the male cat. However, timing of breeding is less critical with cats and ultimately depends on the amount of luteinizing hormone (LH) released, which is triggered via stimulation of the queen’s vagina and cervix. Breeding timing and related fertility-maximizing techniques may be utilized for a number of reasons. This may be deemed necessary if there is an apparent failure to achieve conception in the queen. For cats, the most reliable method of determining the ovulation cycle is by progesterone testing. A hormone that is created at the time of pregnancy The process of the maturation and release of eggs The period that an animal is pregnant in which the fetus develops from conception to birth The time period in which a female is receptive to male attention Ovarian Tumors in Cats There are three kinds cat ovarian tumors: epithelial tumors (skin/tissue), germ cell... Reproductive Genetic Abnormalities in Cats Sexual development disorders in cats can occur due to errors in the genetic coding,...

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The General Council of the Judiciary was set out in the 1978 Constitution (Article 122), following the model of other neighbouring countries such as France, Portugal, and Italy, in particular. Its creation was then a true innovation of the Spanish constituent, since it is impossible to find any direct precedent in our history of an autonomous government organ of the Judiciary which guarantees the independence thereof. In the history of Spain, there are some remote precedents of institutions and attempts to create an organ which would guarantee the auto-government of the Judiciary, at least partially, however, none of these attempts had the same nature and aim as the General Council of the Judiciary. Especially because an organ of such type only finds its true raison d'être within a democratic system, based on the separation of powers and the effective protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of the persons. Among these remote precedents there are the Central or Supreme Board (1849), the Organising Board of the Judiciary (1923) or the Judicial Council, created pursuant to the Royal Decree dated 18 May 1917, although it never started to work as it was revoked in July of the same year. It was re-established in June 1926, to be revoked in May 1931. None of these examples was a precedent stricto sensu. Neither was the Judicial Council created pursuant to the Act dated 20 December 1952, which worked until the implementation of the democratic constitutional system. The Spanish constituent was influenced by the French Constitution of 1946, which regulates the High Council of Judicature in accordance with the provisions of Title IX. It constituted the precedent for the remaining organs with similar aims, set out later in the Italian Constitution of 1947 (pursuant to Articles 104 and 105), and in the Portuguese Constitution of 1976 (Article 220). The Italian model has been imported by the first Parliament in its fundamental aspects, with exception of its components, which, in the Spanish case, was set out in the Constitution. The statutory development of the constitutional provisions has taken place through the Organic Act on the Judiciary mentioned in the Carta Magna. However, first the Organic Act 1/1980, dated 10 January, on the General Council of the Judiciary, due to the need to make the Constitutional Court operational, since two of its members should be appointed on a proposal by the General Council of the Judiciary, in accordance with the Constitution (Article 159.1). Subsequently, the Organic Act 6/1985 on the Judiciary, dated 1 July, was enacted, whereby the Council was definitely regulated, thus repealing the Organic Act of 1980, and which implied a change in the form of appointing the members with a judicial background. This system was reformed in 2001. The Organic Act on the Judiciary in turn has undergone some subsequent partial reforms through the Organic Acts which, in some cases, have been enacted for that purpose, and in others, they affected said Organic Act due to the subject-matter (Military Jurisdiction, Tribunal of the Jury, etc.). The General Council of the Judiciary is governed by the Constitution, the Organic Act on the Judiciary, and by its own internal regulations: The Regulations 1/1986, dated 22 April, on the Organisation and Operation of the General Council of the Judiciary, the approval of which is incumbent upon the Council. The Spanish model has been a reference for the creation of similar constitutional organs in Latin America, especially in Argentina.

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Cyberattacks: A call for collaborative action We need to develop a collective consciousness for coping with the growing menace of cyber attacks, says Stanton Sloane. News of cyber security attacks is becoming all too familiar. Recent reports propose how to combat sophisticated, custom-created malware designed to penetrate government and private industry computer networks, and steal national security secrets. This has raised overall awareness of the problem, but not as much attention has been placed on a key business concern: the theft of commercial intellectual property. We need to develop a collective consciousness for coping with the growing menace of cyber attacks, particularly given the economic and safety issues triggered when valuable intellectual property is the target. That's why advocating a public-private industry collaboration makes the most sense. The isolated efforts of individual nations, industry groups, or companies will be ineffective against 21st century intellectual property crime. This is a bigger problem. A few examples illustrate the point: - According to the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR), intellectual property theft costs American corporations $250 billion every year. Among those affected are manufacturers, distributors, retailers, employees, artists, consumers, and governments. - The costs of intellectual property theft are not solely economic; the public's health and safety is also affected. For instance, intellectual property thieves can make huge profits from selling cheap counterfeit versions of products, not only where safety and reliability are essential, but also when brand recognition is key to consumer confidence and loyalty. One example: counterfeit airplane parts played a role in at least 166 U.S.-based accidents or mishaps during a recent 20-year period. - United States Customs and Border Protection estimates that 750,000 American jobs have been lost due to counterfeiting. - The U.S. Chamber of Commerce Global Intellectual Property Center estimates that intellectual property in the United States is worth between $5 trillion and $5.5 trillion. It accounts for approximately half of U.S. exports with roughly 40 percent driving U.S. economic growth. The impact of intellectual property theft on the U.S. economy is irrefutable. - Research from the non-profit U.S. Cyber Consequences Unit indicates that the destruction from a single wave of cyber attacks on critical infrastructure could exceed $700 billion, or the equivalent of 50 major hurricanes hitting U.S. soil at once. Beyond the economic impacts, theft of intellectual property provides a significant advantage in learning curve for the thief. My hypothetical example would be the time involved in developing manufacturing techniques to produce advanced jet engine components. Theft of the processes, techniques, and tools required to produce these components instantly provides the thief with years of experience, and quickly levels the competitive landscape. This is not a new problem. But when we move from the realm of music “pirates” or theft of soft drink formulations into organized, state-led thefts of critical technologies, the threat to national security increases exponentially, even though it is not a direct attack on our defense networks. There is no simple solution to this problem. The first step, however, must be recognition of the scale and scope of the problem. It is underestimated today. Given the impact an average hacker can create with a simple virus, you can appreciate what a well-financed foreign government-sponsored intelligence organization can do to penetrate a commercial company's network and extract critical intellectual information. Simple virus detection software is not an adequate defense against that type of threat. It is a complex system engineering problem, one which requires a collective government-industry collaboration to counter. There also needs to be consequences for nations that conduct these activities, or who fail to pursue and prosecute criminals operating within their borders. Granted, that is a hard problem to solve in an age of globalization where international relations are very sensitive, but the alternative is an accelerating shift of technology and financial power out of this country. While current political rhetoric makes us feel good about increasing the country's investment in research and technology, it is pointless to do so if it is just going to be pirated by our foreign adversaries. We are simply saving them the time and money of doing it themselves. The time for action is now. A “Cyber Pearl Harbor” is in reality an “Economic Pearl Harbor.” The only difference is that the enemy has quietly opened all the underwater valves on the ships, instead of dropping torpedoes. Dr. Stanton Sloane was appointed president and CEO of SRA International in April 2007.

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Einstein quickly settled into his new American life in Princeton, New Jersey. His appointment at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study could have afforded him the total solitude he always said he needed to think clearly through the great problems of physics. But Einstein refused to retreat entirely from the great problems of the moment for mankind. He continued to speak out against Nazi aggression and anti-Semitism in Europe and offered his support to the Zionist project of building a Jewish state in Israel (though he called for a policy of moderation and reconciliation when it came to the growing Jewish conflict with the Palestinian Arabs who also inhabited the ancient Holy Land). Most of all, Einstein advocated a pacifistic vision of a world dominated by peaceful internationalist institutions rather than warlike nationalistic states. By the late 1930s, however, it had become clear—even to the pacifist Einstein—that peaceful international institutions had no hope of stopping the growing evil of Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany. In the meantime, scientists—many of them German scientists—had made great progress in exploring the research path laid out by E=mc2. They had achieved nuclear fission—the chain-reaction splitting of atoms—in laboratory tests and recognized the real-world potential for tiny masses of radioactive material to release massive amounts of energy. The wartime application of fission was the atomic bomb, a fearsome weapon that German scientists, by the late 1930s, understood was not only theoretically possible but perhaps technologically feasible to construct. Dozens of émigré scientists—many of them, like Einstein, Jewish refugees from Hitler—arrived in America in the 1930s and '40s fearing that Nazi researchers could help the führer conquer the globe by developing the world's first atomic super-weapon. In 1939, one of those refugee scientists, Hungarian physicist Leo Szilard, tried to convince President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the threat of German nuclear weapons by launching the Americans' own atomic bomb program. But Szilard, who at the time didn't have much stature outside the scientific community, couldn't get Roosevelt to take him seriously. So he turned to his friend Albert Einstein, the world's most famous scientist. Einstein, the pacifist, signed his name to a letter urging the president to support American research into "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" that might be built using fissionable uranium. Roosevelt, awakened by Einstein's letter to the coming reality of atomic warfare, secretly authorized the Manhattan Project, a huge (and hugely expensive) crash program of nuclear research that produced, in 1945, the world's first atomic bombs. (Ironically, we now know that the Germans abandoned their own atomic program at just about the same time FDR, fearing German superiority in the field, launched the Manhattan Project. And the first working atomic bombs only became available for use in the summer of 1945, after the Germans had surrendered and World War II in Europe was over; a weapon built to stop Hitler thus ended up being dropped on the Japanese instead.) Though Einstein did not participate in the Manhattan Project itself—the government judged him a poor security risk for top-secret research—his letter to Roosevelt proved to be the crucial turning point in the weaponization of E=mc2. Thus Albert Einstein, lifelong pacifist, might fairly be described as the father of the atomic bomb. Einstein himself recognized the irony, viewing his own role in ushering in the atomic age with a mixture of regret and resignation. In 1954, the last year of his life, he admitted to an old friend, "I made one great mistake in my life—when I signed the letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made; but there was some justification—the danger that the Germans would make them."6

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The South East Europe Programme Area includes 16 countries. For 14 countries the eligible area is the whole territory of the country, namely for Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Romania, Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Hungary, Serbia, Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia and Republic of Moldova. In 2 countries only certain regions are eligible: in Italy these eligible regions are: Lombardia, Bolzano/Bozen, Trento, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia-Giulia, Emilia Romagna, Umbria, Marche, Abruzzo, Molise, Puglia Basilicata, and in Ukraine: Cjermovestka Oblast, Ivano-Frankiviska Oblast, Zakarpatska Oblast and Odessa Oblast. The area has been undergoing a fundamental change in economic and production patterns following the 1990 changes. While some regions, especially the capital cities, are adapting well to the new challenges, others are trying to re-orientate themselves. Significant for the programme area are regional disparities in terms of economic power, innovation, competitiveness and accessibility between urban areas and rural areas. | ||The 16 participating countries are:| The SEE Transnational Cooperation Programme has been created out of the former INTERREG IIIB CADSES Programme. In the new Structural Funds Period (2007-2013), the CADSES transnational cooperation area has been divided into two spaces: South East Europe and Central Europe, each of them benefiting as a distinct area: the South East Europe Programme and the Central programme. The South-East Europe area is the most diverse, heterogeneous and complex transnational cooperation area in Europe, made up of a broad mix of countries. The emergence of new countries and with it the establishment of new frontiers has changed the patterns of political, economic, social and cultural relationships. |* only some of its regions | In the European transportation network, South East Europe is acting as a bridge between North, South, East and West Europe. The existing networks however cannot keep pace with the rise in demand and the increasingly demanding standards specifications. A large number of instruments and concepts like the Trans-European Networks (TENs) and the Pan-European Transport Corridors cross the area, but need to be further developed. There are rivers suitable for freight transportation, maritime borders and the Danube, an important international inland waterway and integrating factor in many fields, such as transport, trade and environment. South East Europe is characterised by broad biodiversity and natural resources of high environmental value. The potential for the use of environmentally friendly technologies and the assets for future economic and social development are the strong points of the area, but inherited environmental damage has to be addressed as well. Click on the map for more information about the countries Flash country Map. Flash player 7 needed.

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The common name for sedums is Stonecrop. There is a Stonecrop Nursery in eastern New York which was the first garden created by Frank Cabot. Frank created the Garden Conservancy, an organization which strives to preserve some of our exceptional gardens for posterity. Each year it also runs its Open Days Program which opens gardens to the public throughout the country. Frank Cabot went on to create Les Quatre Vents, an outstanding garden at his family home in Quebec. There are two sedums which most gardeners grow; Sedum acre, a tiny low-growing groundcover plant with bright yellow flowers. This is being used effectively in the Peace Garden in the plaza between the library and city hall. The other is Autumn Joy which is in bloom now and will continue to provide color for months to come. Some references say it requires full sun. Not so! I have it in three locations in my garden. I have several plants growing out of a south-facing wall. But there are tall oaks and maples to the south so that the only time it gets direct sun is in spring before the oaks leaf out. The rest of the year it is dappled light. Another plant is in the east-facing bed on top of my long stone wall where it gets only morning sun. The third plant is in my shrub-perennial border where it gets a bit of sun mid-day. Mine is the ordinary run-of-the-mill Autumn Joy, but there are several cultivars offered in nurseries. Among these are: Crimson, Iceberg, which has white flowers, Autumn Fire and Chocolate Drop, growing only eight inches tall with brown leaves and pink flowers. There are two native sedums: Roseroot, Sedum rosa and Wild Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum. A third Wild Live-forever, Sedum teliphiodes, grows on cliffs and rocks in Pennsylvania and southward.

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|Shah Jahan the Magnificent| |"Shah Jahan on a globe" from the Smithsonian Institution| |Reign||1628 - 1658| |Full name||Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan| |Born||1 May 1592| |Died||22 January 1666 (aged 74)| |Place of death||Agra| |Wives||Akbarabadi Mahal (d. 1677) Kandahari Mahal (b. 1594, m. 1609) Mumtaz Mahal (b. 1593, m. 1612, d. 1631) Hasina Begum Sahiba (m. 1617) Muti Begum Sahiba Qudsia Begum Sahiba Fatehpuri Mahal Sahiba (d. after 1666) Sarhindi Begum Sahiba (d. after 1650) Shrimati Manbhavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba (m. 1626) |Offspring||Jahanara Begum, Dara Shukoh, Shah Shuja, Roshanara Begum, Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh, Gauhara Begum| Shahab Uddin Muhammad Shah Jahan I (full title: Al-Sultan al-'Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Abu'l-Muzaffar Shihab ud-din Muhammad, Sahib-i-Qiran-i-Sani, Shah Jahan I Padshah Ghazi Zillu'llah [Firdaus-Ashiyani]) (also spelled Shah Jehan, Shahjehan, Urdu: شاه جہاں, Persian: شاه جهان (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666) was the ruler of the Mughal Empire in India from 1628 until 1658. The name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "king of the world." He was the fifth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir. While young, he was a favourite of Akbar. Even while very young, he could be pointed out to be the successor to the Mughal throne after the death of Jahangir. He succeeded to the throne upon his father's death in 1627. He is considered to be one of the greatest Mughals and his reign has been called the Golden Age of Mughals. Like Akbar, he was eager to expand his empire. The chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of Ahmadnagar (1636), the loss of Kandahar to the Persians (1653), and a second war against the Deccan princes (1655). In 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son Aurangzeb in the citadel of Agra until his death in 1666. On the eve of his death in 1666, the Mughal Empire spanned almost 750,000,000 acres (3,000,000 km2), about 2/10 the size of modern India. The period of his reign was the golden age of Mughal architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra built as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal (birth name Arjumand Banu Begum). The Pearl Mosque at Agra , the palace and great mosque at Delhi also commemorate him. The celebrated Peacock Throne, said to be worth millions of dollars by modern estimates, also dates from his reign. He was the founder of Shahjahanabad, now known as 'Old Delhi'. The important buildings of Shah Jahan were the Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i-Khas in the fort of Delhi, the Jama Masjid, the Moti Masjid and the Taj. It is pointed out that the Palace of Delhi is the most magnificent in the East. Shah Jahan was born as Prince Khurram Shihab-ud-din Muhammad, in 1592 in Lahore, Pakistan as the third and favorite son of the emperor Jahangir, his mother being a Rathore Rajput Princess, known as Princess Jagat Gosain who was Jahangir's second wife. The name Khurram - Persian for 'joyful' - was given by his grandfather Akbar. His early years saw him receive a cultured, broad education and he distinguished himself in the martial arts and as a military commander while leading his father's armies in numerous campaigns - Mewar (1615 CE, 1024 AH), the Deccan (1617 and 1621 CE, 1026 and 1030 AH), Kangra (1618 CE, 1027AH). He was responsible for most of the territorial gains during his father's reign. He also demonstrated a precocious talent for building, impressing his father at the age of 16 when he built his quarters within Babur's Kabul fort and redesigned buildings within Agra fort. In 1607 CE (1025 AH), at the age of fifteen, Khurram was to marry Arjumand Banu Begum, the grand daughter of a Persian noble, who was 14 years old at the time. She would become the unquestioned love of his life. They would, however, have to wait five years before they were married in 1612 CE (1021 AH). After their wedding celebrations, Khurram "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time," gave her the title Mumtaz Mahal (Jewel of the Palace). Mumtaz Mahal had 14 children. Despite her frequent pregnancies, she travelled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. Mumtaz Mahal was utterly devoted — she was his constant companion and trusted confidante and their relationship was intense. She is portrayed by Shah Jahan's chroniclers as the perfect wife with no aspirations to political power. This is in direct opposition to how Nur Jahan had been perceived. The intervening years had seen Khurrum take two other wives known as Akbarabadi Mahal (d.1677 CE, 1088 AH), and Kandahari Mahal (b. c1594 CE, c1002 AH), (m.1609 CE, 1018 AH). According to the official court chronicler Qazwini, the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favor which His Majesty had for the Cradle of Excellence [Mumtaz] exceeded by a thousand times what he felt for any other." Several European chroniclers suggested that Shah Jahan had an incestuous relationship with his daughter Jahanara Begum. The European traveller Francois Bernier wrote, "Begum Sahib, the elder daughter of Shah Jahan was very handsome... Lal pointed out that Aurangzeb may have been involved in "magnifying a rumour into a full-fledged scandal", and wrote: "Aurangzeb had disobeyed Shahjahan, he had incarcerated him for years, but if he really helped give a twist to Shahjahan's paternal love for Jahan Ara by turning it into a scandal, it was the unkindest cut of all his unfilial acts." Inheritance of power and wealth in the Mughal empire was not determined through primogeniture, but by princely sons competing to achieve military successes and consolidating their power at court. This often led to rebellions and wars of succession. As a result, a complex political climate surrounded the Mughal court in Khurram's formative years. In 1611 his father married Nur Jahan, the widowed daughter of a Afghan immigrant. She rapidly became an important member of Jahangir's court and, together with her brother Asaf Khan, wielded considerable influence. Arjumand was Asaf Khan's daughter and her marriage to Khurrum consolidated Nur Jahan and Asaf Khan's positions at court. Khurram's intense military successes of 1617 CE (1026 AH) against the Lodi in the Deccan effectively secured the southern border of the empire and his grateful father rewarded him with the prestigious title 'Shah Jahan Bahadur' (Brave King of the World) which implicitly sealed his inheritance. Court intrigues, however, including Nur Jahan's decision to have her daughter from her first marriage wed Shah Jahan's youngest brother and her support for his claim to the throne led Khurram, supported by Mahabat Khan, into open revolt against his father in 1622. The rebellion was quelled by Jahangir's forces in 1626 and Khurram was forced to submit unconditionally. Upon the death of Jahangir in 1627, Khurram succeeded to the Mughal throne as Shah Jahan, King of the World, the latter title alluding to his pride in his Timurid roots. Shah Jahan's first act as ruler was to execute his chief rivals and imprison his step mother Nur Jahan. This allowed Shan Jahan to rule without contention. Although his father's rule was generally peaceful, the empire was experiencing challenges by the end of his reign. Shah Jahan reversed this trend by putting down a Islamic rebellion in Ahmednagar, repulsing the Portuguese in Bengal, capturing the Rajput kingdoms of Baglana and Bundelkhand to the west and the northwest beyond the Khyber Pass. Under his rule, the state became a huge military machine and the nobles and their contingents multiplied almost fourfold, as did the demands for more revenue from the peasantry. It was however a period of general stability — the administration was centralised and court affairs systematised. Historiography and the arts increasingly became instruments of propaganda, where beautiful artworks or poetry expressed specific state ideologies which held that central power and hierarchical order would create balance and harmony. The empire continued to expand moderately during his reign but the first signs of an imperial decline were seen in the later years. Under Shah Jahan the Mughal Empire attained its highest union of strength with magnificence. The land revenue of the Mughal Empire under Shah Jahan was 20¾ millions. The magnificence of Shah Jahan’s court was the wonder of European travelers. His Peacock Throne, with its trail blazing in the shifting natural colors of rubies, sapphires, and emeralds, was valued by the jeweler Tavernier at 6½ millions sterling. His political efforts encouraged the emergence of large centres of commerce and crafts — such as Lahore, Delhi, Agra, and Ahmedabad — linked by roads and waterways to distant places and ports. He moved the capital from Agra to Delhi. Under Shah Jahan's rule, Mughal artistic and architectural achievements reached their zenith. Shah Jahan was a prolific builder with a highly refined aesthetic. He built the legendary Taj Mahal in Agra as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Among his other surviving buildings are the Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Shalimar Gardens of Lahore, sections of the Lahore Fort (such as Sheesh Mahal, and Naulakha pavilion), and his father's mausoleum. Legend has it that Shah Jahan wanted to build a black Taj Mahal for himself. There is no reputable scholarship to support this hypothesis, however, nor other horrific legends that Shah Jahan maimed, blinded, or killed those responsible for designing and building his tomb. His son Aurangzeb led a rebellion when Shah Jahan became ill in 1657 CE (1067 AH) and publicly executed his brother and the heir apparent Dara Shikoh. Dara was the eldest of the sons of Mumtaz Mahal. Dara had assumed the role of Regent in his father’s stead which brought animosity towards him swiftly by his brothers. Upon receiving this information, his younger brothers, Shuja, Viceroy of Bengal, and Marad, Viceroy of Gujarat, declared their independence, and marched upon Agra in order to claim their riches. Aurangzeb, the third son, the ablest and most virile of the brothers join them and being placed in chief command, attacked Dara's army close to Agra and completely defeated him. Although Shah Jahan fully recovered from his illness, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and put him under house arrest in Agra Fort. Jahanara Begum Sahib, Shan Jahan's second daughter, voluntarily shared his 8-year confinement and nursed him in his dotage. In January of 1666 CE (1076 AH), Shah Jahan fell ill with strangury and dysentery. Confined to bed, he became progressively weaker until, on 22 January, he commanded the ladies of the imperial court, particularly his consort of later years Akbarabadi Mahal, to the care of Jahanara. After reciting the Kalima and verses from the Qu'ran, he died. Jahanara planned a state funeral which was to include a procession with Shah Jahan's body carried by eminent nobles followed by the notable citizens of Agra and officials scattering coins for the poor and needy. Aurangzeb refused to accommodate such ostentation and the body was washed in accordance with Islamic rites, taken by river in a sandalwood coffin to the Taj Mahal and was interred there next to the body of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan exemplified one of the highest points in the Mughal Empire but also foreshadowed its downfall through the succession of emperors in the Mughal line. With his accession and downfall at the hands of his sons aside, Shah Jahan can clearly be seen as a leader who changed the landscape of India dramatically in the course of his reign; when you take into consideration that the legacy that brought him down as well as his great accomplishment, Shah Jahan gives us a great wealth of knowledge into the internal workings of an empire that was built from conquering, violence, and tolerance while alluding to the unstable hierarchy and the right to power in the Mughal Empire. He came to power through violence and betrayal and was ultimately brought down by the same means, exacerbating the legacy of the Mughals. Shah Jahan has left behind a grand legacy of structures constructed during his reign. The most famous of these is the Taj Mahal in Agra built to hold the tomb for his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Upon his death, his son Aurangazeb had him interred in it next to Mumtaz Mahal. Among his other constructions are Delhi Fort also called the Red Fort or Lal Qila (Urdu) in Delhi, large sections of Agra Fort, the Jama Masjid (Grand Mosque), Delhi, the Wazir Khan Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan, the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque), Lahore, the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, sections of the Lahore Fort, Lahore, the Jahangir mausoleum — his father's tomb, the construction of which was overseen by his stepmother Nur Jahan and the Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta, Pakistan. He also had the Peacock Throne, Takht e Taus, made to celebrate his rule. Numerous accounts of Shah Jahan's personal life were recounted by contemporary European writers. Like all his ancestors, Shah Jahan's court included many wives, concubines, and dancing girls. Several European chroniclers have noted this. Niccolao Manucci wrote that "it would seem as if the only thing Shah Jahan cared for was the search for women to serve his pleasure" and "for this end he established a fair at his court. No one was allowed to enter except women of all ranks that is to say, great and small, rich and poor, but all beautiful." When he was detained in the Red Fort at Agra, Aurangzeb permitted him to retain "the whole of his female establishment, including the singing and dancing women." Manucci notes that Shah Jahan didn't lose his "weakness for the flesh" even when he had grown very old. However, most of the European travellers in India had access to such information primarily through bazaar gossip and not first hand. The song Bone Marrow by Canadian band Protest the Hero makes references to/is about Shah Jahan. Shah JahanBorn: 5 January 1592 Died: 31 January 1666 SHAH JAHAN (fl. 1627-1658), Mogul emperor of Delhi, the fifth of the dynasty. After revolting against his father Jahangir, as the latter had revolted against Akbar, he succeeded to the throne on his father's death in 1627. It was during his reign that the Mogul power attained its greatest prosperity. The chief events of his reign were the destruction of the kingdom of Ahmadnagar (1636), the loss of Kandahar to the Persians (1653), and a second war against the Deccan princes (1655). In 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son Aurangzeb in the citadel of Agra until his death in 1666. The period of his reign was the golden age of Indian architecture. Shah Jahan erected many splendid monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, built as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal; while the Pearl Mosque at Agra and the palace and great mosque at Delhi also commemorate him. The celebrated "Peacock Throne," said to have been worth 6,000,000 also dates from his reign; and he was the founder of the modern city of Delhi, the native name of which is Shahjahanabad. << Shah Alam Shah Jahan, son of Jahangir, son of Akbar, son of Humayun, son of Babur son of Unknown great grandson(?) of Taimur (Tamerlane). Regnal name: Ghiyasuddin Shah Jahan Name before ascending to the throne: Shahzada (Prince) Khurram The name is also spelt Shah Jehan, or just Shahjahan. Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb, Jahanara Begum,

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TALLAHASSEE, Fla., March 16 (UPI) -- When it comes to biting, crocodiles are the heavyweight chomp champions of the animal world, Florida researchers say. Greg Erickson of Florida State University said he and his colleagues had wondered just how hard alligators and crocodiles can bite. The answer? A bite force value of 3,700 pounds for a 17-foot saltwater crocodile, the highest bite force ever recorded, Florida State reported Thursday. But it's nothing compared with the largest extinct crocodilians, Erickson said, 35- to 40-foot animals that bit at forces as great as 23,100 pounds. Measuring bite force in a living crocodile or alligator is dangerous work, he said. "I have to admit, the first time I placed our meter into the maw of an adult crocodile, I was nervous. It was all over in the blink of an eye. "When it struck, it nearly wrested my grip from the handle. The noise of the jaws coming together was like a gunshot. The power of the animal was astounding, and the violence of the event frightening." Gators and crocs have similar maximal bite-force capacity pound for pound, he said, because they basically all have the same musculoskeletal design, just different snouts and teeth. "It is analogous to putting different attachments on a weed eater -- grass cutter, brush cutter, tree trimmer, they all have the same type of engine," Erickson said. "There are bigger and smaller engines, with higher and lower horsepower, but they have the same attachments." If there's one lesson to be taken from his research, he said, it's to keep a good distance between yourself and the nearest crocodile. "If you can bench-press a pickup truck, then you can escape a croc's jaws," Erickson warned. "It is a one-way street between the teeth and stomach of a large croc." |Additional Science News Stories| SANFORD, Fla., May 24 (UPI) --Pictures and texts from Trayvon Martin's cellphone show a different side of the teenager a Florida man is accused of killing unprovoked, defense attorneys say. NEW YORK, May 24 (UPI) --A New York judge has released Amanda Bynes on her own recognizance after the actress was arrested for throwing a bong out of her 36th-floor apartment window. COLOGNE, Germany, May 24 (UPI) --An auctioneer in Germany said he has set the starting bid for an Apple-1 computer at a stunning, but not record-setting, $116,000. BRENTWOOD, N.Y., May 24 (UPI) --A New York state dockworker said one of his first acts as a $26.5 million lottery jackpot winner was to quit his job.

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SAN DIEGO — SAN DIEGO (AP) - You'll never look at hummingbirds the same again. The Pentagon has poured millions of dollars into the development of tiny drones inspired by biology, each equipped with video and audio equipment that can record sights and sounds. They could be used to spy, but also to locate people inside earthquake-crumpled buildings and detect hazardous chemical leaks. The smaller, the better. Besides the hummingbird, engineers in the growing unmanned aircraft industry are working on drones that look like insects and the helicopter-like maple leaf seed. Researchers are even exploring ways to implant surveillance and other equipment into an insect as it is undergoing metamorphosis. They want to be able to control the creature. The devices could end up being used by police officers and firefighters. Their potential use outside of battle zones, however, is raising questions about privacy and the dangers of the winged creatures buzzing around in the same skies as aircraft. For now, most of these devices are just inspiring awe. With a 6.5-inch wing span, the remote-controlled bird weighs less than a AA battery and can fly at speeds of up to 11 mph, propelled only by the flapping of its two wings. A tiny video camera sits in its belly. The bird can climb and descend vertically, fly sideways, forward and backward. It can rotate clockwise and counterclockwise. Most of all it can hover and perch on a window ledge while it gathers intelligence, unbeknownst to the enemy. "We were almost laughing out of being scared because we had signed up to do this," said Matt Keennon, senior project engineer of California's AeroVironment, which built the hummingbird. The Pentagon asked them to develop a pocket-sized aircraft for surveillance and reconnaissance that mimicked biology. It could be anything, they said, from a dragonfly to a hummingbird. Five years and $4 million later, the company has developed what it calls the world's first hummingbird spy plane. "It was very daunting up front and remained that way for quite some time into the project," he said, after the drone blew by his head and landed on his hand during a media demonstration. The toughest challenges were building a tiny vehicle that can fly for a prolonged period and be controlled or control itself. AeroVironment has a history of developing such aircraft. Over the decades, the Monrovia, Calif.-based company has developed everything from a flying mechanical reptile to a hydrogen-powered plane capable of flying in the stratosphere and surveying an area larger than Afghanistan at one glance. It has become a leader in the hand-launched drone industry. Troops fling a four-pound plane, called the Raven, into the air. They have come to rely on the real-time video it sends back, using it to locate roadside bombs or get a glimpse of what is happening over the next hill or around a corner. The success of the hummingbird drone, however, "paves the way for a new generation of aircraft with the agility and appearance of small birds," said Todd Hylton of the Pentagon's research arm, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. These drones are not just birds. Lockheed Martin has developed a fake maple leaf seed, or so-called whirly bird, loaded with navigation equipment and imaging sensors. The spy plane weighs .07 ounces. On the far end of the research spectrum, DARPA is also exploring the possibility of implanting live insects during metamorphosis with video cameras or sensors and controlling them by applying electrical stimulation to their wings. The idea is for the military to be able to send in a swarm of bugs loaded with spy gear. The military is also eyeing other uses. The drones could be sent in to search buildings in urban combat zones. Police are interested in using them, among other things, to detect a hazardous chemical leak. Firefighters could fling them out over a disaster to get better data, quickly. It is hard to tell what, if anything, will make it out of the lab, but their emergence presents challenges and not just with physics. What are the legal implications, especially with interest among police in using tiny drones for surveillance, and their potential to invade people's privacy, asks Peter W. Singer, author of the book, "Wired for War" about robotic warfare. Singer said these questions will be increasingly discussed as robotics become a greater part of everyday life. "It's the equivalent to the advent of the printing press, the computer, gun powder," he said. "It's that scale of change."

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Surface Area: 64 square kilometres What the natives are called: Alamedanos or “lameatos” Outstanding Sights: Andalusian Rural Museum, Roman Baths archaeological site and visitor centre, José María ‘El Tempranillo’ mausoleum and courtyard, La Camorra scenic viewpoint, Church of La Inmaculada Concepción, fountain at La Placeta. Geographical Location: in the northern part of the Antequera region, 72 kilometres from Málaga and 432 metres above sea level. Annual rainfall is about 610 litres per square metre and the average temperature is 16º C. The municipality of Alameda lies in the Antequera region in the northern part of the province of Málaga and stretches over a plain on which only a few low hills interrupt a level landscape abounding with olive groves, as might be expected in a territory so close to the countryside of Córdoba and Seville. Due to its location Alameda was, like other neighbouring villages, a crossroads between the provinces of Málaga, Granada and Seville, so the first human settlements date back to the Chalcolithic or Eneolithic period (2,500 B.C.), but the most numerous relics from past ages relate to the Roman domination. The historian Pliny refers to the city of Astigi Vetus, which would have stood in the same place presently occupied by Alameda. Here three of the most important Roman roads converged, an unmistakable sign of the importance of this locality during that era. From that time, except for the discovery of a "little treasure" from the sixth century (the Visigoth period), no reliable documents exist exploring the history of Alameda until well into the sixteenth century, despite the fact that during the Arabic domination the entire region of Antequera –all of Andalusia, in fact– played a significant part. The village passed into the hands of the Marquises of Estepa in the sixteenth century, and for a while it belonged to the province of Seville. In the late seventeenth century, coinciding with the economic recovery of the entire region, Alameda also benefited from greater economic activity and regained a degree of importance. The municipality was finally incorporated into the province of Málaga in the nineteenth century under the new administrative regime. The easiest and fastest way to get to this locality from the city of Málaga is to take the A-45 (N-331) to the outskirts of Antequera, and there to connect with the A-92 and go towards Seville. Upon arrival at Mollina, take the MA- 703, which leads to Alameda. Another option is to go to Fuente de Piedra, six kilometres beyond Mollina on the same A-92, and then take the MA-701. Full graphical path: http://bit.ly/MuqL9j You make your own trip, Click here Add a destination to your cart Costa del Sol Tourist Board - Plaza de la Marina, nº4 - 29015 Málaga - Tel: +34952126272 - Fax: +34952225207 - firstname.lastname@example.org

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- 1. AMD64 architecture - AMD64 program model - 3. Porting applications on AMD64 The article briefly describes AMD64 architecture by AMD Company and its implementation EM64T by Intel Company. The architecture's peculiarities, advantages and disadvantages are described. Development of computer-solved tasks demands more and more from the hardware these tasks are being solved on. The requirements to computer systems of personal-computer class have been growing year by year for 20 years already. It happens because people wish to solve on their personal computers more and more complex tasks which have been earlier solved only on high-performance mainframes. What are these requirements to the personal computers for solving complex tasks? Of course, these are requirements of main-memory size and processor's performance (don't mix up with frequency!). IA32 architecture (Intel Architecture 32) dominating during the last decade offers 4Gb (2^32) of main memory of which only 2Gb are usually allocated to an application; different register blocks and sets of various tricks such as branch predication block, which should increase the system's performance without increasing such an abstract parameter as processor's frequency . Modern tasks for personal computers approach 2Gb while processors' frequency increase cannot help increase performance. Newly-developed 64-bit architectures SPARC64 and Intel Itanium can to some extend serve to solve the problem of modern 32-bit computers' limitations. But they are intended for hi-end systems and are not available as cheap solutions. It is AMD64 architecture by AMD Company and its implementation EM64T by Intel Company which are to become really popular. These architectures are twins and programs compiled for one of them can be launched on the other as well. But it is the solution by AMD that historically appeared first. EM64T is actually only an implementation of AMD64 by Intel. AMD64 architecture is now implemented in processors of all classes: mobiles, work-stations, servers. Despite evident advantages of AMD64 platform (which are described in detail in this article) it doesn't introduce anything revolutionary into computing machinery. Porting from 32 bits to 64 bits didn't lead to quality improvements while previous porting from 16 bits to 32 bits had increased systems' safety and performance significantly. AMD64 architecture is fully described in five documentation volumes provided by AMD Company. This chapter provides a brief description based on the first volume . Pay attention that in official documentation this architecture is defined as AMD x86-64 what underlines its backward compatibility. AMD x86-64 architecture is a simple but powerful backward-compatible extension of the obsolete industrial architecture x86 . It adds 64-bit address space and extends register resources for supporting more performance for recompiled 64-bit programs providing support of obsolete 16-bit and 32-bit code of applications and operational systems without modifying or recompiling them. Necessity of 64-bit x86 architecture is explained by applications which need large address space. These are high-performance servers, data managers, CAD-systems and of course games. Such applications will gain an advantage due to 64-bit address space and more registers. Few registers available in obsolete x86 architecture limit computing-task performance. More registers provide sufficient performance for most applications. x86-64 architecture introduces two new peculiarities: 1. Extended registers (Picture 1): - 8 general-purpose registers; - all 16 general-purpose registers are 64-bit; - 8 new 128-bit XMM registers; - a new command prefix (REX) for access to extended registers. 2. special mode "Long Mode" which is shown in Table 1: - up to 64-bit virtual addresses; - 64-bit command pointer (RIP); - flat address space. Picture 1. Set of x86-64 registers Table 1. Processor operating modes. Table 2 contains comparison of registers' and stack's resources available to an application in different modes. Left columns show resources provided by obsolete x86 architecture which are available only to compatibility. Right columns show resources available in 64-bit mode. The difference between the modes is marked grey. Table 2. Registers and stack available in different modes As shown in Table 2 obsolete x86 architecture (this mode is called legacy mode in x86-64) supports 8 general-purpose registers. But actually only 4 registers are usually used: EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX. Registers EBP, ESI, EDI, ESP have a special purpose. X86-64 architecture adds 8 general-purpose registers and enlarges the register range from 32 bits to 64 bits. It allows compilers to increase code performance. A 64-bit compiler can use registers for storing variables more efficiently. The compiler also allows you to minimize memory access by locating operation inside general-purpose registers. - x86-64 architecture supports the whole set of x86 instructions and adds some new instructions for supporting long-mode. The commands are divided into several subsets: - General-purpose commands. These are main x86 integer commands used in all programs. Most of them are intended for loading, saving and processing data located in general-purpose registers or memory. Some of these commands manage the command stream providing passage from one program section to another. - 128-bit media-commands. These are SSE and SSE2 (streaming SIMD extension) commands intended for loading, saving or processing data located in 128-bit XMM registers. They perform integer or floating-point operations over vector (packed) and scalar data types. As vector commands can perform one operation over a data set independently they are called single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) commands. They are used for media- and science applications for processing data blocks. - 64-bit media-commands. These are multimedia extension (MMX) and 3DNow! Commands. They save, restore and process data located in 64-bit MMX registers. Like 128-bit commands described before they perform integer and floating-point operations over vector (packed) and scalar data. - x87 commands. They are intended for working with the floating point in obsolete x87 applications. They process data in x87 registers. Some of these commands connect two or more subsets of the commands described above. For example, such are commands of data transmission between general-purpose registers and XMM or MMX registers. Let's consider in detail the operating modes shown in Table 1 supported by x86-64. In most cases addresses' and operands' sizes can be overlayed by a command prefix. Let's describe long-mode at first. This is an extension of the obsolete protected mode. Long-mode consists of two submodes: 64-bit mode and compatibility mode. 64-bit mode supports all the new possibilities and register extensions introduced into x86-64. Compatibility mode supports binary compatibility with existing 16-bit and 32-bit code. Long-mode doesn't support obsolete real mode or obsolete virtual-8086 mode and it also doesn't support hardware task switching. As 64-bit mode supports 64-bit address space you need to use a new 64-bit operational system for its work. Meanwhile, the existing applications can be launched without recompiling in compatibility mode under the OS working in 64-bit mode. For 64-bit command addressing a 64-bit register (RIP) and a new addressing mode with single flat address space for code, stack and data are used. 64-bit mode implements support of extended registers through a new prefix group of REX commands. In 64-bit mode addresses' size is 64 bits on default but implementations of x86-64 may have a smaller size. An operand's size is 32 bits on default. For most instructions the operand's size can be overlaid using a prefix of REX-type commands. 64-bit mode provides data addressing relative to the 64-bit register RIP. X86 architecture provided addressing relative to IP register only in control transfer commands. RIP-relative addressing increases efficiency of position-independent code and code addressing global data. Some opcode commands were redefined to support extended registers and 64-bit addressing. Compatibility mode is intended for executing existing 16-bit and 32-bit programs in a 64-bit OS. Applications are launched in compatibility mode with the use of 32- or 16-bit address space and can have access to 4Gb of virtual address space. Commands' prefixes can switch 16- and 32-bit addresses and operands' sizes. From the application's viewpoint compatibility mode looks like the obsolete protected x86 mode but from the viewpoint of the OS (address translation, processing of interruptions and exceptions) 64-bit mechanisms are used. Legacy mode provides binary compatibility not only with 16- and 32-bit applications but with 16- and 32-bit operational systems as well. It includes three modes: - Protected mode. 16- and 32-bit programs with segmental memory organization, privilege and virtual memory support. Address space is 4Gb. - Virtual-8086 mode. Supports 16-bit applications launched as tasks in protected mode. Address space is 1Mb. - Real mode. Supports 16-bit programs with simple register addressing of segmented memory. Virtual memory and privileges are not supported. 1Mb of memory is available. Legacy mode is used only when 16- and 32-bit OS are operating. Let's outline the main advantages of AMD x86-64 architecture. - 64-bit address space. - Extended register set. - Developer-habitual command set. - Possibility of launching obsolete 32-bit applications in a 64-bit OS. - Possibility of using a 32-bit OS. The new architecture AMD x86-64 hasn't introduced crucial disadvantages into 32-bit architecture. We can point out only a bit increased programs' memory requirements because of the larger size of addresses and operands. But it won't influence however significantly the code size or the requirements to available main memory. But the fact is that AMD x86-64 hasn't introduced anything significantly new. There is no performance gain. On the average, you can expect 5-15% performance gain after recompiling a program. Nearly all modern OS now have versions for AMD64 architecture. Thus, Microsoft presents Windows XP 64-bit, Windows Server 2003 64bit, Windows Vista 64bit. The leading UNIX system developers also provide 64-bit versions, such as, for example, Linux Debian 3.1 x86-64. But it doesn't mean that the whole code of such a system is completely 64-bit. Some OS code and many applications still can remain 32-bit as AMD64 provides backward compatibility. 64-bit Windows version, for example, uses a special mode WoW (Windows-on-Windows 64) which translates 32-bit applications' calls to the resources of a 64-bit OS. Let's consider in detail AMD64 program model available to a programmer in 64-bit Windows [3, 4] shortly called Win64. Let's begin with address space. Although a 64-bit processor can theoretically address 16 exabyte (2^64) Win64 now supports 16 terabytes (2^44). There are several reasons for this. Existing processors can provide access only to 1 terabyte (2^40) of actual storage. The architecture (but not the hardware part) can extend this space up to 4 petabytes. But anyway we need a great memory size for page tables representing memory. (see Table 3). |32-bit mode||64-bit mode| |Process's general address space||4Gb||16Tb| |Address space available to a 32-bit process||2Gb (3Gb if the system is loaded with /3GB key)||4Gb if the application is compiled with /LARGEADDRESSAWARE key (2Gb otherwise)| |Address space available to a 64-bit process||Impossible||8Tb| |System Page Table (PTE)||660Mb - 900Mb||128Gb| Table 3. Main memory limitations in Windows Like in Win32 the addressed memory range is divided into user and system addresses. Each process receives 8Tb and 8Tb remain in the system (unlike 2Gb and 2Gb in Win32 correspondingly). Different Windows versions have different limitations shown in Table 4. |Actual storage and number of processors||32-bit models||64-bit models| |Windows XP Home||4 Gb, 1 CPU||Not present| |Windows XP Professional||4 Gb, 1-2 CPU||128 Gb, 1-2 CPU| |Windows Server 2003, Standard||4 Gb, 1-4 CPU||32 Gb, 1-4 CPU| |Windows Server 2003, Enterprise||64 Gb, 1-8 CPU||1 Tb, 1-8 CPU| |Windows Server 2003, Datacenter||64 Gb, 8-32 CPU||1 Tb, 8-64 CPU| |Windows Server 2008, Datacenter||64 Gb, 2-64 CPU||2 Tb, 2-64 CPU| |Windows Server 2008, Enterprise||64 Gb, 1-8 CPU||2 Tb, 1-8 CPU| |Windows Server 2008, Standard||4 Gb, 1-4 CPU||32 Gb, 1-4 CPU| |Windows Server 2008, Web Server||4 Gb, 1-4 CPU||32 Gb, 1-4 CPU| |Vista Home Basic||4 Gb, 1 CPU||8 Gb, 1 CPU| |Vista Home Premium||4 Gb, 1-2 CPU||16 Gb, 1-2 CPU| |Vista Business||4 Gb, 1-2 CPU||128 Gb, 1-2 CPU| |Vista Enterprise||4 Gb, 1-2 CPU||128 Gb, 1-2 CPU| |Vista Ultimate||4 Gb, 1-2 CPU||128 Gb, 1-2 CPU| Table 4. Limitations of different Windows versions Like in Win32 a page's size is 4Kb. First 4Kb of address space are never shown, i.e. the least true address is 0x10000. Unlike Win32 system DLL are loaded exceeding 4Gb. All the processors implementing AMD64 have support for "CPU No Execution" bit which is used by Windows for implementing the hardware technology "Data Execution Protection" (DEP) which forbids execution of user data instead of code. It allows you to increase programs' safety excluding influence of such errors as execution of the buffer with data as code. The peculiarity of AMD64 compilers is that they can most efficiently implement registers for passing parameters into functions instead of using the stack. It allowed Win64 architecture developers to get rid off such a notion as calling convention. In Win32 you can use different conventions (ways of passing parameters): __stdcall, __cdecl, __fastcall etc. In Win64 there is only one calling convention. Let's consider an example of how four arguments of integer-type are passed in registers: - RCX: first argument - RDX: second argument - R8: third argument - R9: fourth argument Arguments after the first four integers are passed on the stack. For float arguments XMM0-XMM3 both the registers and the stack are used. The difference in calling conventions leads to that you cannot use both 64-bit and 32-bit code in one program. In other words, if an application is compiled for 64-bit mode all the used DLL libraries must be 64-bit too. While writing 64-bit code you can get additional performance gain thanks to special optimization. This question is considered in detail in optimizing instructions . One of the purposes of high-level languages is to reduce as far as possible the binding of program code to the architecture and provide the most possible portability between hardware platforms. For example, C++ programs written correctly are theoretically independent from the hardware platform. And, ideally, to compile the corresponding 32-bit applications for AMD64 platform it is enough only to change the compiler and just recompile the program. But in practice everything is more complicated. Software using Assembler code for 32-bit processors still exists. Many programs written in high-level languages contain Assembler blocks. That's why it is often impossible just to recompile a large project. The solution of this problem is clear. Firstly, you can refuse porting an application on a new platform. It can be a very reasonable solution because, for example, Windows-family OS provide good backward compatibility due to Wow64 technology. The second variant is to rewrite the program code. Moreover, it seems reasonable to rewrite it using high-level languages. By the way, pay attention that Visual C++ compiler doesn't support compilation of Assembler blocks in 64-bit compilation mode anymore . Presence of Assembler program code is not the only obstacle we face while mastering 64-bit systems. While porting programs on 64-bit systems different errors occur relating to changing of the data model (type size). What's more, some errors become apparent only while using large memory size which was unavailable in 32-bit systems. Such errors are well described in the article "20 issues of porting C++ code on the 64-bit platform" . All said above relates mostly to C/C++ applications. It is better with managed code (C#) although we can face some small problems here as well. Unfortunately, large program complexes are often built using libraries written in C/C++. And that's why in case of a large C# project it most likely contains C/C++ modules or libraries which can be unsafe and contain vulnerabilities. For testing and checking program code ported on a 64-bit platform you can use different special methods and tools . For example, such static analyzers as Viva64 (for Windows systems) and PC-Lint (for Unix systems) can provide good results. To learn more about this toolkit read the article "Comparison of analyzers' diagnostic abilities while testing 64-bit code" . Undoubtedly, AMD64 architecture offered by AMD Company turned out to be needed on market. AMD64's advantage is that it allows you to smoothly switch to 64-bit programs without losing compatibility with obsolete 32-bit applications. But there is nothing revolutionary in AMD64. Migration of 32-bit programs on AMD64, as experiments demonstrate, allows you, firstly, to solve tasks which are much more memory-demanding and, secondly, get about 10% performance gain "just so" without changing code due to optimization of an application by the compiler for the new architecture. We may conclude that AMD64 architecture postponed the problem of limited available main-memory size for many years but didn't solve the problem of modern personal computers' performance gain. The future is still with multi-core and multi-processor systems. - Intel Software Developer's Manual. Volume 1: Basic Architecture. http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=212 - AMD x86-64 Architecture Programmer's Manual. Volume 1: Application Programming. http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=213 - Mike Wall. Tricks for Porting Applications to 64-Bit Windows on AMD64 Architecture. http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=214 - Matt Pietrek. Everything You Need To Know To Start Programming 64-Bit Windows Systems. http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=215 - Software Optimization Guide for AMD Athlon 64 and AMD Opteron Processors. http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=59 - Compiler Usage Guidelines for 64-Bit Operating Systems on AMD64 Platforms. http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=216 - Daniel Pistelli. Moving to Windows Vista x64. http://www.viva64.com/go.php?url=217 - Andrey Karpov, Evgeniy Ryzhkov. 20 issues of porting C++ code on the 64-bit platform. http://www.viva64.com/en/a/0004/ - Andrey Karpov. Problems of testing 64-bit applications. http://www.viva64.com/en/a/0006/ - Andrey Karpov. Comparison of analyzers' diagnostic abilities while testing 64-bit code. http://www.viva64.com/en/a/0024/

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Recent acts of violence alongside pending legislation and international pressure have brought to light the pressing need for lawmaking in support of LGBT rights in Chile. Together with protests for reforms in the education system, the public seems to be increasingly impatient about what the government is doing to protect LGBT rights. These demands are important beyond the scope of gay rights, because they have brought attention to the need for Chile to recognize, accept and protect the human rights of an evolving, heterogeneous culture as a fundamental prerequisite for continued prosperity. The passage of an antidiscrimination law, which remained unresolved for over seven years, by a close 58-56 vote in the Chamber of Deputies this month was a basic necessity for the country. The Chilean Movement for Sexual Minorities (MOVILH) notes that in 2011 gay, lesbian and transgender Chileans were increasingly outspoken in reporting abuse and discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. However, this recently passed antidiscrimination law does not deal with hate crimes per se, but rather defines illegal discrimination. Furthermore, certain passages have yet to be finalized in a mixed commission of Senators and Deputies on May 2. The recent death of gay youth Daniel Zamudio points to precisely why legislating solely on discrimination does not suffice in this case, serving as an exceptionally violent example as to why hate crimes require specific punishment under the law. Zamudio received not only the public’s sympathy, but also worldwide attention including a briefing note from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ spokesman, Rupert Colville, urging Chile to enact hate crime legislation. In this regard, the MOVILH also argues that Chilean society is not opposed to legislating on issues of gay rights and antidiscrimination in its entirety, but there is a lack of bravery and willingness within Congress to approach these pending issues. The recent Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ overturning of a Chilean court ruling against lesbian Judge Karen Atala, who lost custody of her children because of her same-sex relationship, is further international pressure for Chile to meet requirements stipulated by international agreements it has signed onto. Chile’s gay rights deficit is worrying as the country continues to be viewed as an example for continued economic growth despite global market volatility. President Sebastian Piñera’s administration is cautious about giving into all public demands, as Chile’s Minister of Finance Felipe Larraín recently said: “If we surrender to the temptation of appeasing demands by giving in to all of them, we will never get to our final goal [development].” However, most gay rights issues rely merely on political willingness rather than investment for social welfare. Furthermore, acting on gay rights is not the investment equivalent of reforming a public education system. On the contrary, the lack of legislative initiative to protect gay Chileans is hindering the business community’s business opportunities. Private initiatives have been taken to reach out to gay customers, like for example the granting of access to mortgages and family insurance plans to Banco de Chile customers in same-sex relationships, proving how it is not only the public that is restless, but also the private sector that recognizes the positive effects of social inclusion in business. What could potentially prove threatening to Chile’s continued economic success might just be the lack of recognition given to the longstanding need for social inclusion of minorities in the country’s legal framework. In contrast, Chile’s neighbor Argentina has clearly reaped the benefits of gay tourism and investment since legislating on gay marriage, while Chile continues to turn a blind eye to opportunity. This is not to say that Piñera’s administration has not taken basic steps to promote the rights of gay couples, like for example Piñera’s public presentation of a civil unions bill in August 2011. However, this legislative project was not only perceived as a political tool in the midst of cabinet discussions with student protest leaders, but is also minimal when considering the prominent use of gay couples in campaign ads for Sebastian Piñera during his presidential campaign. For this reason, the inclusion of a question in the 2012 census that allows gay couples to state whether they live with a same-sex partner may become an important, confidential and unbiased figure that current and future administrations could use to advocate for legislation on gay unions. This paradox persists despite the heightened quality of life of Chileans. Economic growth is creating an increasingly obvious deficit in basic human rights the country has yet to attain. In spite of continued development and well-regarded fiscal policy through the recession and into today’s administration, Chile continues to be in debt to not only its citizens and the country’s business community, but also to international human rights agreements on sexual orientation and gender identity. These international standards continue to be well above those demonstrated by the current state of gay rights legislation in Chile. Eduardo Ayala is a guest blogger to AQ Online. He is Chilean-American and works at the Council of the Americas in New York. He graduated from The George Washington University, during which time he also completed coursework at The University of Chile and The Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in Santiago.

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Book Chapter, The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa, pages 166-203 Author: Calestous Juma, Professor of the Practice of International Development; Director, Science, Technology, and Globalization Project; Principal Investigator, Agricultural Innovation in Africa Other Chapters in The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa: - The Growing Economy - Advances in Science, Technology, and Engineering - Agricultural Innovation Systems - Enabling Infrastructure - Human Capacity - Conclusions and the Way Ahead African countries are increasingly focusing on promoting regional economic integration as a way to stimulate economic growth and expand local markets. Considerable progress has been made in expanding regional trade through regional bodies such as the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and the East African Community (EAC). There are six other such Regional Economic Communities (RECs) that are recognized by the African Union as building blocks for pan-African economic integration. So far, regional cooperation in agriculture is in its infancy and major challenges lie ahead. This chapter will explore the prospects of using regional bodies as agents of agricultural innovation through measures such as regional specialization. The chapter will examine ways to strengthen the role of the RECs in promoting innovation. It adopts the view that effective regional integration is a learning process that involves continuous institutional adaptation. Through extensive examples of initiatives at the national or cross-border levels, this chapter provides cases for regional collaboration or scaling up national programs to regional programs. Africa's RECs have convening powers that position them as valuable vehicles. That is, they convene meetings of political leaders at the highest level, and these leaders take decisions that are binding on the member states; the member states then regularly report on their performance regarding these decisions. Such meetings provide good platforms for sharing information and best practices. Africa's RECs have established and continue to designate centers of excellence in various areas. COMESA, for instance, has established reference laboratories for animal and plant research in Kenya and Zambia. Designation of centers of excellence for specific aspects of agricultural research will greatly assist specialization within the RECs and put to common use the knowledge from the expertise identified in the region.... The entire chapter may be downloaded below. - Full text of "Governing Innovation" (121K PDF) For more information about this publication please contact the STG Coordinator. For Academic Citation:

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Frank Lloyd Wright - If you would see how interwoven it is in the warp and woof of civilization ... go at night-fall to the top of one of the down-town steel giants and you may see how in the image of material man, at once his glory and his menace, is this thing we call a city. There beneath you is the monster, stretching acre upon acre into the far distance. High over head hangs the stagnant pall of its fetid breath, reddened with light from myriad eyes endlessly, everywhere blinking. Thousands of acres of cellular tissue, the city’s flesh outspreads layer upon layer, enmeshed by an intricate network of veins and arteries radiating into the gloom, and in them, with muffled, persistent roar, circulating as the blood circulates in your veins, is the almost ceaseless beat of the activity to whose necessities it all conforms. The poisonous waste is drawn from the system of this gigantic creature by infinitely ramifying, thread-like ducts, gathering at their sensitive terminals matter destructive of its life, hurrying it to millions of small intestines to be collected in turn by larger, flowing to the great sewers, on to the drainage canal, and finally to the ocean. - Lecture to the Chicago chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (1904); later published as "The Art and Craft of the Machine" in On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940) (1941) - Pictures deface walls oftener than they decorate them. - "In the Cause of Architecture", in The Architectural Record (March 1908) - It is where life is fundamental and free that men develop the vision needed to reveal the human soul in the blossoms it puts forth. ... In a great workshop like Chicago this creative power germinates, even though the brutality and selfish preoccupation of the place drive it elsewhere for bread. Men of this type have loved Chicago, have worked for her, and believed in her. The hardest thing they have to bear is her shame. These men could live and work here when to live and work in New York would stifle their genius and fill their purse.... New York still believes that art should be imported; brought over in ships; and is a quite contented market place. So while New York has reproduced much and produced nothing, Chicago’s achievements in architecture have gained world-wide recognition as a distinctively American architecture. - Lecture to the Chicago Women’s Aid (1918); later published as "Chicago Culture" in On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940) (1941) - No house should ever be on a hill or on anything. It should be of the hill. Belonging to it. Hill and house should live together each the happier for the other. - Frank Lloyd Wright, An Autobiography (1932) - So here I stand before you preaching organic architecture: declaring organic architecture to be the modern ideal. - An Organic Architecture (1939) - I'm no teacher. Never wanted to teach and don't believe in teaching an art. Science yes, business of course..but an art cannot be taught. You can only inculcate it, you can be an exemplar, you can create an atmosphere in which it can grow. Well I suppose I, being an exemplar, could be called a teacher, in spite of myself. So go ahead, call me a teacher. - Quote from an interview on the NBC television program, Wisdom- A Conversation with Frank Lloyd Wright (1953) - A free America, democratic in the sense that our forefathers intended it to be, means just this: individual freedom for all, rich or poor, or else this system of government we call 'democracy' is only an expedient to enslave man to the machine and make him like it. - The Future of Architecture (1953), p. 174 - Every great architect is — necessarily — a great poet. He must be a great original interpreter of his time, his day, his age. - The Future of Architecture (1953) - The physician can bury his mistakes, but the architect can only advise his clients to plant vines. - New York Times Magazine (4 October 1953) Sometimes paraphrased: "A doctor can bury his mistakes, but the architect can only advise his clients to plant vines." - I doubt if there is anything in the world uglier than a Midwestern city. - Address at Evanston Illinois (8 August 1954) - Clear out 800,000 people and preserve it as a museum piece. - On Boston, The New York Times (27 November 1955) - New York: Prison towers and modern posters for soap and whiskey. Pittsburgh: Abandon it. - On New York and Pittsburgh, The New York Times (27 November 1955) - If you’re going to have centralization, why not have it! - On his designs for "The Illinois" a 528-story Chicago office building (10 September 1956) - The scientist has marched in and taken the place of the poet. But one day somebody will find the solution to the problems of the world and remember, it will be a poet, not a scientist. - As quoted in The Star (1959) and Morrow's International Dictionary of Contemporary Quotations (1982) by Jonathon Green - I believe in God, only I spell it "Nature". - As quoted in Quote magazine (14 August 1966) - Nature is all the body of God we mortals will ever see. - As quoted in The Duality of Vision : Genius and Versatility in the Arts (1970) by Walter Sorrell, p. 28 - Architecture is life, or at least it is life itself taking form and therefore it is the truest record of life as it was lived in the world yesterday, as it is lived today or ever will be lived. - As quoted in An Organic Architecture (1970) - Here I am, Philip, am I indoors or am I out? Do I take my hat off or keep it on? - On Philip Johnson’s glass house, as quoted in Architectural Digest (November 1985) - Study nature, love nature, stay close to nature. It will never fail you. - As quoted in The Wright Style (1992) by Carla Lind, p. 3 - Early in life I had to choose between honest arrogance and hypocritical humility. I chose honest arrogance and have seen no occasion to change. - As quoted in The World's Best Thoughts on Life & Living (1981) compiled by Eugene Raudsepp; also quoted in The Michigan Daily (10 November 1998) - God is the great mysterious motivator of what we call nature and it has been said often by philosophers, that nature is the will of God. And, I prefer to say that nature is the only body of God that we shall ever see. If we wish to know the truth concerning anything, we'll find it in the nature of that thing. - As quoted in Truth Against the World : Frank Lloyd Wright speaks for an organic architecture (1987) edited by Patrick J. Meehan - The thing always happens that you really believe in; and the belief in a thing makes it happen. - As quoted in My Favorite Quotations (1990) by Norman Vincent Peale - Human beings can be beautiful. If they are not beautiful it is entirely their own fault. It is what they do to themselves that makes them ugly. The longer I live the more beautiful life becomes. If you foolishly ignore beauty, you will soon find yourself without it. Your life will be impoverished. But if you invest in beauty, it will remain with you all the days of your life. - Quoted in A Living Architecture : Frank Lloyd Wright and Taliesin Architects (2000) by John Rattenbury The Living City (1958) - The screech and mechanical uproar of the big city turns the citified head, fills citified ears — as the song of birds, wind in the trees, animal cries, or as the voices and songs of his loved ones once filled his heart. He is sidewalk-happy. - New York is the biggest mouth in the world. It appears to be prime example of the herd instinct, leading the universal urban conspiracy to beguile man from his birthright (the good ground), to hang him by his eyebrows from skyhooks above hard pavement, to crucify him, sell him, or be sold by him. - “The-Shadow-of-the-Wall–Primitive Instincts Still Alive” - To look at the cross-section of any plan of a big city is to look at something like the section of a fibrous tumor. - “Social and Economic Disease” - All fine architectural values are human values, else not valuable. - I find it hard to believe that the machine would go into the creative artist’s hand even were that magic hand in true place. It has been too far exploited by industrialism and science at expense to art and true religion. - “Night Is but a Shadow Cast by the Sun” - The present is the ever moving shadow that divides yesterday from tomorrow. In that lies hope. - Closing words, “Night is but a Shadow Cast by the Sun” ↑Jump back a section ↑Jump back a section - There is nothing more uncommon than common sense. - Anonymous saying, dating back at least to its citation in Natural Theology (1836) by Thomas Chalmers, Bk. II, Ch. III : On the Strength of the Evidences for a God in the Phenomena of Visible and External Nature, § 15, where the author states: "It has been said that there is nothing more uncommon than common sense."; it has since become misattributed to particular people, including Frank Lloyd Wright. Quotes about Wright - He's the greatest architect of the nineteenth century. - His place in history is secure. His continuing influence is assured. This country's architectural achievements would be unthinkable without him. He has been a teacher to us all. - Tribute after his death in The Journal of the American Institute of Architects - So long, Frank Lloyd Wright. I can't believe your song is gone so soon. I barely learned the tune - Among the great modern architects, Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Louis Kahn were arguably deists. ... Wright’s use of the word “nature” did not mean only what-we-find-outdoors. It was something deeper. Wright knew that when people speak of the “nature of things” they mean their very essence, the that-which-makes-them-what- they-are, which is always and only one step away from that-who-makes- them-what-they-are. ... Wright thought not that he was God but that he brought or allowed God into the world through what he did, creating and designing. ... Wright actually thought himself a prophet, which of course is a different to being God, or an angel. ... bringing God into the world in an act of something like mid-wifery from the womb of nature, is not at all Moses-like. It is not a bringing down of Law from on high after personal coaching from God, but a bringing forth of a God already there in potential. There is no presumption of having seen or met God of the Bible. One makes the God one believes in happen. - Professor Michael Benedikt, University of Texas at Austin, Director of the Center for American Architecture and Design, in God, Creativity, and Evolution : The Argument from Designers (2005) (PDF document) - Frank Lloyd Wright a PBS Television documentary by Ken Burns - Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation - Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust - Saving Fallingwater from Collapse - Fallingwater Photo Tour - Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy - Photo visits and a visit to a major work inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright - God, Creativity, and Evolution: The Argument from Designers (2005) by Michael L. Benedikt (PDF document, University of Texas at Austin)

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|2004: 150,000 to 270,000 (estimated) 1959: 25,000 (estimated) |Regions with significant populations| |Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Israel, United States, Russia |Related ethnic groups| |Part of a series on| |Jews and Judaism| The Mountain Jews community originated from Ancient Persia, from 5th century AD onwards, and their language, Juhuri, has close relation to the Tat language, an ancient Southwest Iranian language which integrates many elements of Ancient Hebrew. It is believed that they had arrived in Persia from Ancient Israel as early as the 8th century BCE. The Mountain Jews survived numerous historical vicissitudes by settling in extremely remote and mountainous areas. They were known to be accomplished warriors and horseback riders. The Mountain Jews are believed to have inhabited Caucasia since the 5th century AD. They arrived from southwest Persia/Iran. The language of the Mountain Jews, Juhuri, is an Ancient Southwest Iranian language, which integrates many elements of Ancient Hebrew. It is believed that they had arrived in Persia, from Ancient Israel, as early as the 8th century BCE. The Mountain Jews maintained a strong military tradition. Some historians[who?] believe they may be descended from Jewish military colonists, settled by Parthian and Sassanid rulers in the Caucasus as frontier guards against nomadic incursions from the Pontic steppe. In the 18th–19th century, the Jews resettled from the highland to the coastal lowlands but carried the name "Highland Jews" or "Mountain Jews" with them. In the villages (aouls) the Highland/Mountain Jews settled in a part of their own; in towns they did the same, although their dwellings did not differ from those of their neighbours. The Highland Jews adopted the dress of the highlanders. Judaic prohibitions ensured they retained specific dishes, and they enshrined their faith in the rules for family life. Jews in Azerbaijan During the construction of a stadium in the town of Guba a mass grave was discovered. Two main wells and two canals with human bones were uncovered. The finds indicate that 24 skulls were of children, 28 were of women of various ages. Besides ethnic Azeris, there were also Jews and Lezgis killed and buried during March Days in 1918, when the Bolsheviks and the ARF massacred thousands of people. The names of 81 massacred Jewish civilians were found and confirmed. It's estimated by Amnesty International and Azerbaijani foreignsic scientists more than 3000 Mountain Jews were killed by Armenian Dashnaks during March Days events. While elsewhere in the Jewish diaspora, Jews were prohibited from owning land (cf. the Jews of Central Asia), at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the Mountain Jews owned land and were farmers and gardeners, growing mainly grain. Their oldest occupation was rice-growing, but they also raised silkworms and cultivated tobacco. The Jewish vineyards were especially notable. The Jews and their Christian Armenian neighbors were the main producers of wine, an activity prohibited for Muslims by their religion. Judaism, in turn, limited some types of meat consumption. Unlike their neighbors, the Jews raised few domestic animals. At the same time, they were renowned tanners. Tanning was their third most important economic activity after farming and gardening. At the end of the 19th century, 6% of Jews were engaged in this trade. Handicrafts and commerce were mostly practiced by Jews in towns. The Soviet authorities bound the Mountain Jews to collective farms, but allowed them to continue their traditional cultivation of grapes, tobacco, and vegetables; and making wine. The former isolated lifestyle of the Jews has practically ended, and they live side by side with other ethnic groups. Religious and educational institutions Originally, only boys were educated and they attended synagogue schools. With Sovietization, Tat became the language of instruction at newly-founded elementary schools. This policy continued until the beginning of World War II. In 1928, the first native-language newspaper, Zakhmetkesh (Working People), was published. After WWII, Russian was the required language at quba schools, and the newspaper stopped publication. Mountain Jew intellectuals are active in qubai culture. Notable Mountain Jews - Yekutiel Adam - Israeli general and former Deputy Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defense Forces. - Udi Adam - Israeli general and the former head of the Israeli Northern Command. - Yaffa Yarkoni - Israeli singer, winner of the "Israel Prize" in 1998. - Sarit Hadad - Israeli singer. - Telman Ismailov - Businessman and entrepreneur; owner of AST group. - Omer Adam - Israeli singer. - Albert Agarunov - A Starshina of the Azerbaijani Army who died during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. - Israel Tsvaygenbaum - Russian-American artist (Polish Father; Mountain Jewish Mother) - Semen (Zalman) Divilov (1914-1988) – scientist-economist, member of government Azerbaijan Republic from 1952 to 1982 years. - Khayyam Nisanov - Azerbaijani Pop Star. - Lior Refaelov - Israeli Football Player. - Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov, Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 17 - Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov, Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 9 - Mountain Jews: customs and daily life in the Caucasus, Leʼah Miḳdash-Shemaʻʼilov, Liya Mikdash-Shamailov, Muzeʼon Yiśraʼel (Jerusalem), UPNE, 2002, page 19 - "Б. Сафаров. Установить всех жертв поименно не удастся". Эхо. Retrieved June 9, 2011. - "Mass Grave Found in Northern Azerbaijan". Visions. Spring 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2011. - "Rovshan Mustafayev: "More than 3000 Mountain Jews were killed by Armenians during 1918-1919"". news.az. Retrieved 1 June 2013. - Richard Butler evidence to the Krstic trial 19 July 2000 ICTY transcript p 5431 . Retrieved 7 April 2010. - Witness PW-139 evidence to the Popovice et al., 7 November 2006, ICTY transcript p 3690 http://www.icty.org/x/cases/popovic/trans/en/061107ED.htm - query.nytimes.com, New York Times - juhuro.com, website created by Vadim Alhasov in 2001. Daily updates reflect the life of Mountain Jewish (juhuro) community around the globe. - newfront.us, New Frontier is a monthly Mountain Jewish newspaper, founded in 2003. International circulation via its web site. «Новый Рубеж» является ежемесячной газетой Горско-Еврейской общины США. Она издается с мая месяца 2003 года. Отражая жизнь общины не только в пределах своей страны, она информирует о новостях и событиях происходящих в Горско-Еврейских общинах во всем мире. - keshev-k.com, Israeli website of Mountain Jews. - gorskie.ru, Mountain Jews, website in Russian language. - "Judæo-Tat", Ethnologue

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Alphabetic Index : A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Gasoline /ˈɡæsəliːn/, or petrol /ˈpɛtrəl/ is a transparent, petroleum-derived liquid that is used primarily as a fuel in internal combustion engines. It consists mostly of organic compounds obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum, enhanced with a variety of additives. Some gasolines also contain ethanol as an alternative fuel. In North America, the term gasoline is often shortened in colloquial usage to gas, but some people use the term petrol, which is the common name in the UK and elsewhere in the Commonwealth of Nations. Under normal ambient conditions, its material state is liquid, unlike liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas. Gasoline is more volatile than diesel oil, Jet-A, or kerosene, not only because of the base constituents, but also because of additives. Volatility is often controlled by blending with butane, which boils at −0.5 °C. The volatility of petrol is determined by the Reid vapor pressure (RVP) test. The desired volatility depends on the ambient temperature. In hot weather, petrol components of higher molecular weight and thus lower volatility are used. In cold weather, too little volatility results in cars failing to start. In hot weather, excessive volatility results in what is known as "vapor lock", where combustion fails to occur, because the liquid fuel has changed to a gaseous state in the fuel lines, rendering the fuel pump ineffective and starving the engine of fuel. This effect mainly applies to camshaft-driven (engine mounted) fuel pumps which lack a fuel return line. Vehicles with fuel injection require the fuel to be pressurized within a set range. Because the camshaft speed is nearly zero before the engine is started, an electric pump is used. It is located in the fuel tank so the fuel may also cool the high-pressure pump. Pressure regulation is achieved by returning unused fuel to the tank. Therefore, vapor lock is almost never a problem in a vehicle with fuel injection. In the US, volatility is regulated to reduce the emission of unburned hydrocarbons by the use of so-called reformulated gasoline that is less prone to evaporation. In Australia, summer petrol volatility limits are set by state governments and vary among states. Most countries simply have a summer, winter, and perhaps intermediate limit. Volatility standards may be relaxed (allowing more gasoline components into the atmosphere) during gasoline shortages. For example, on 31 August 2005, in response to Hurricane Katrina, the US permitted the sale of nonreformulated gasoline in some urban areas, effectively permitting an early switch from summer to winter-grade gasoline. As mandated by EPA administrator Stephen L. Johnson, this "fuel waiver" was made effective until 15 September 2005. Modern automobiles are also equipped with an evaporative emissions control system ( 'EVAP system' in automotive jargon), which collects evaporated fuel from the fuel tank in a charcoal-filled canister while the engine is stopped, and then releases the collected vapors to the engine for consumption when the engine is running (usually after it has reached normal operating temperature). The evaporative emissions control system also includes a sealed gas cap to prevent vapors from escaping via the fuel filler tube.Octane rating For more details on this topic, see octane rating. Spark ignition engines are designed to burn gasoline in a controlled process called deflagration. But in some cases, the unburned mixture can autoignite, which results in rapid heat release and can damage the engine. This phenomenon is often referred to as engine knocking or end-gas knock. One way to reduce knock in spark ignition engines is to increase the gasoline's resistance to autoignition, which is expressed by its octane rating. Octane rating is measured relative to a mixture of 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane (an isomer of octane) and n-heptane. There are different conventions for expressing octane ratings, so a fuel may have several different octane ratings based on the measure used. Research octane number (RON) for commercially-available gasoline varies by country. In Finland, Sweden, and Norway, 95 RON is the standard for regular unleaded petrol and 98 RON is also available as a more expensive option. In the UK, ordinary regular unleaded petrol is 91 RON (not commonly available), premium unleaded petrol is always 95 RON, and super unleaded is usually 97-98 RON. However, both Shell and BP produce fuel at 102 RON for cars with high-performance engines, and the supermarket chain Tesco began in 2006 to sell super unleaded petrol rated at 99 RON. In the US, octane ratings in unleaded fuels can vary between 86 and 87 AKI (91-92 RON) for regular, through 89-90 AKI (94-95 RON) for mid-grade (European premium), up to 90-94 AKI (95-99 RON) for premium (European super). The octane rating became important as the military sought higher output for aircraft engines in the late 1930s and the 1940s. A higher octane rating allows a higher compression ratio or supercharger boost, and thus higher temperatures and pressures, which translate to higher power output. Some scientists even predicted that a nation with a good supply of high octane gasoline would have the advantage in air power. In 1943, the Rolls Royce Merlin aero engine produced 1,320 horsepower (984 kW) using 100 RON fuel from a modest 27 litre displacement. Towards the end of the second world war, experiments were conducted using 150 RON fuel.Stability Quality gasoline should be stable almost indefinitely if stored properly. Such storage should be in an airtight container, to prevent oxidation or water vapors mixing, and at a stable cool temperature to reduce the chance of the container's leaking. When gasoline is not stored correctly, gums and solids may accumulate, resulting in "stale fuel". The presence of these degradation products in fuel tank, lines, and carburetor or fuel injection components, make it harder to start the engine. Upon resumption of regular vehicle usage, the buildups should eventually be cleaned out by the flow of fresh petrol. A fuel stabilizer can be used to extend the life of fuel that is not or cannot be stored properly. Fuel stabilizer is commonly used for small engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, to promote quicker and more reliable starting. Users have been advised to keep gasoline containers more than half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburetor.Energy content (high and low heating value) Energy is obtained from the combustion of gasoline by the conversion of a hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide and water. The combustion of octane follows this reaction:2 C8H18 + 25 O2 → 16 CO2 + 18 H2O Gasoline contains about 35 MJ/L (9.7 kW·h/L, 132 MJ/US gal, 36.6 kWh/US gal) (higher heating value) or 13 kWh/kg. Gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to the season to season and producer by up to 4% more or less than the average, according to the US EPA. On average, about 19.5 US gallons (16.2 imp gal; 74 L) of gasoline are available from a 42-US-gallon (35 imp gal; 160 L) barrel of crude oil (about 46% by volume), varying due to quality of crude and grade of gasoline. The remaining residue comes off as products ranging from tar to naptha. A high-octane-rated fuel, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has an overall lower power output at the regular compression ratio of an engine run at on gasoline. However, with an engine tuned to the use of LPG (i.e. via higher compression ratios, such as 12:1 instead of 8:1), this lower power output can be overcome. This is because higher-octane fuels allow for a higher compression ratio, hence a higher cylinder temperature, which improves efficiency. Also, increased mechanical efficiency is created by a higher compression ratio through the concomitant higher expansion ratio on the power stroke, which is by far the greater effect. The higher expansion ratio extracts more work from the high-pressure gas created by the combustion process. The applicable formula is . An Atkinson cycle engine uses the timing of the valve events to produce the benefits of a high expansion ratio without the disadvantages, chiefly detonation, of a high compression ratio. A high expansion ratio is also one of the two key reasons for the efficiency of Diesel engines, along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throttling of the intake air flow. A high compression ratio can be viewed as a necessary evil to have a high expansion ratio. The lower energy content (per litre) of LPG in comparison to gasoline is due mainly to its lower density. Energy content per kilogram is higher than for gasoline (higher hydrogen to carbon ratio, see for example Standard_enthalpy_of_formation#Examples:_Inorganic_compounds_.28at_25_.C2.B0C.29).Density The specific gravity (or relative density) of gasoline ranges from 0.71–0.77 kg/l (719.7 kg/m3 ; 0.026 lb/in3; 6.073 lb/US gal; 7.29 lb/imp gal), higher densities having a greater volume of aromatics. Gasoline floats on water; water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire, unless used in a fine mist.Chemical analysis and productionA pumpjack in the United StatesAn oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico Gasoline is produced in oil refineries. Material that is separated from crude oil via distillation, called virgin or straight-run gasoline, does not meet the required specifications for modern engines (in particular octane rating; see below), but will comprise part of the blend.Some of the main components of gasoline: isooctane, butane, 3-ethyltoluene, and the octane enhancer MTBE. The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of hydrocarbons with between four and 12 carbon atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4-C12). The various refinery streams blended to make gasoline have different characteristics. Some important streams are: The terms above are the jargon used in the oil industry, but terminology varies. Overall, a typical gasoline is predominantly a mixture of paraffins (alkanes), naphthenes (cycloalkanes), and olefins (alkenes). The actual ratio depends on: Currently, many countries set limits on gasoline aromatics in general, benzene in particular, and olefin (alkene) content. Such regulations led to increasing preference for high octane pure paraffin (alkane) components, such as alkylate, and is forcing refineries to add processing units to reduce benzene content. Gasoline can also contain other organic compounds, such as organic ethers (deliberately added), plus small levels of contaminants, in particular organosulfur compounds, but these are usually removed at the refinery.Additives See also: List of gasoline additives Antiknock additivesA plastic container for storing gasoline used in Germany Most countries have phased out leaded fuel. Different additives have replaced the lead compounds. The most popular additives include aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers and alcohol (usually ethanol or methanol).Tetraethyl lead Gasoline, when used in high-compression internal combustion engines, has a tendency to autoignite (detonate) causing damaging "engine knocking" (also called "pinging" or "pinking") noise. Early research into this effect was led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Midgley and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s, and therefore more powerful, higher compression engines. The most popular additive was tetra-ethyl lead. With the discovery of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by the lead, however, and the incompatibility of lead with catalytic converters found on virtually all newly sold US automobiles since 1975, this practice began to wane (encouraged by many governments introducing differential tax rates) in the 1980s.In the US, where lead had been blended with gasoline (primarily to boost octane levels) since the early 1920s, standards to phase out leaded gasoline were first implemented in 1973 — due in great part to studies conducted by Philip J. Landrigan. In 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6% of total gasoline sales and less than 2000 short tons (1814 t) of lead per year. From 1 January 1996, the Clean Air Act banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles. Possession and use of leaded gasoline in a regular on-road vehicle now carries a maximum $10,000 fine in the US. However, fuel containing lead may continue to be sold for off-road uses, including aircraft, racing cars, farm equipment, and marine engines. Similar bans in other countries have resulted in lowering levels of lead in people's bloodstreams. Gasolines are also treated with metal deactivators, which are compounds that sequester (deactivate) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. The metal impurities might arise from the engine itself or as contaminants in the fuel.Detergents Gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve combustion, and to allow easier starting in cold climates. High levels of detergent can be found in Top Tier Detergent Gasolines. These gasolines exceed the U.S. EPA's minimum requirement for detergent content. The specification for Top Tier Detergent Gasolines was developed by four automakers: GM, Honda, Toyota and BMW. According to the bulletin, the minimal EPA requirement is not sufficient to keep engines clean. Typical detergents include alkylamines and alkyl phosphates at the level of 50-100 ppm.Ethanol European Union In the EU, 5% ethanol can be added within the common gasoline spec (EN 228). Discussions are ongoing to allow 10% blending of ethanol (available in Finnish and French gas stations). Most gasoline sold in Sweden has 5-15% ethanol added.Brazil In Brazil, the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have from 18 to 25% of ethanol added to its composition.Australia Legislation requires retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser, and limits ethanol use to 10% of petrol in Australia. Such petrol is commonly called E10 by major brands, and its price per litre is less than that of regular unleaded petrol.United States In most states, ethanol is added by law to a minimum level which is currently 5.9%. Most fuel pumps display a sticker stating the fuel may contain up to 10% ethanol, an intentional disparity which allows the minimum level to be raised over time without requiring modification of the literature/labelling. Until late 2010, fuels retailers were only authorized to sell fuel containing up to 10 percent ethanol (E10), and most vehicle warranties (except for flexible fuel vehicles) authorize fuels that contain no more than 10 percent ethanol. In parts of the United States, ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component.India The government of India in October 2007 decided to make 5% ethanol blending (with petrol) mandatory. Discussions are ongoing to increase the blending of ethanol to 10%.Dye Main article: Fuel dyes In Australia, petrol tends to be dyed a light shade of purple. In India petrol is dyed red. In the United States, aviation gasoline (avgas) is dyed to identify its octane rating and to distinguish it from kerosene-based jet fuel, which is clear. In the U.S., many rural states offer 'off road diesel' that contains a red dye. It is chemically the same as undyed diesel but can be purchased without paying a road tax. Its use is for off road vehicles, such as tractors. However, if the fuel is used in on road vehicles, the dye will be transferred to fuel filters and other components. Offenders with marked components are liable for tax evasion. Oxygenate blending adds oxygen-bearing compounds such as MTBE, ETBE and ethanol. The presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of carbon monoxide and unburned fuel in the exhaust gas. In many areas throughout the US, oxygenate blending is mandated by EPA regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. For example, in Southern California, fuel must contain 2% oxygen by weight, resulting in a mixture of 5.6% ethanol in gasoline. The resulting fuel is often known as reformulated gasoline (RFG) or oxygenated gasoline, or in the case of California, California reformulated gasoline. The federal requirement that RFG contain oxygen was dropped on 6 May 2006 because the industry had developed VOC-controlled RFG that did not need additional oxygen. MTBE use is being phased out in some states due to issues with contamination of ground water. In some places, such as California, it is already banned. Ethanol and, to a lesser extent, the ethanol-derived ETBE are common replacements. Since most ethanol is derived from biomass, such as corn, sugar cane or grain, it is referred to as bioethanol. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10% ethanol mixed with gasoline is called gasohol or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85% ethanol mixed with gasoline is called E85. The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in Brazil, where the ethanol is derived from sugarcane. In 2004, over 3.4 billion US gallons (2.8 billion imp gal/13 million m³) of ethanol was produced in the United States for fuel use, mostly from corn, and E85 is slowly becoming available in much of the United States, though many of the relatively few stations vending E85 are not open to the general public. The use of bioethanol, either directly or indirectly by conversion of such ethanol to bio-ETBE, is encouraged by the European Union Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport. Since producing bioethanol from fermented sugars and starches involves distillation, though, ordinary people in much of Europe cannot legally ferment and distill their own bioethanol at present (unlike in the US, where getting a BATF distillation permit has been easy since the 1973 oil crisis).Safety Environmental considerations Combustion of 1 US gallon (3.8 L) of gasoline produces 8,788 grams (19.37 lb) of carbon dioxide (2.3 kg/l), a greenhouse gas. The main concern with gasoline on the environment, aside from the complications of its extraction and refining, is the potential effect on the climate. Unburnt gasoline and evaporation from the tank, when in the atmosphere, react in sunlight to produce photochemical smog. Addition of ethanol increases the volatility of gasoline, potentially worsening the problem. The chief risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but from gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as monitoring systems (Veeder-Root, Franklin Fueling).Toxicity The material safety data sheet for unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including benzene (up to 5% by volume), toluene (up to 35% by volume), naphthalene (up to 1% by volume), trimethylbenzene (up to 7% by volume), methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (up to 18% by volume, in some states) and about ten others. Hydrocarbons in gasoline generally exhibit low acute toxicities, with LD50 of 700 – 2700 mg/kg for simple aromatic compounds. Benzene and many antiknocking additives are carcinogenic.Inhalation Huffed gasoline is a common intoxicant that has become epidemic in some poorer communities and indigenous groups in Australia, Canada, New Zealand,and some Pacific Islands. In response, Opal fuel has been developed by the BP Kwinana Refinery in Australia, and contains only 5% aromatics (unlike the usual 25%) which weakens the effects of inhalation.FlammabilityUncontrolled burning of gasoline produces large quantities of soot. Like other alkanes, gasoline burns in a limited range of its vapor phase and, coupled with its volatility, this makes leaks highly dangerous when sources of ignition are present. Gasoline has a lower explosion limit of 1.4% by volume and an upper explosion limit of 7.6%. If the concentration is below 1.4% the air-gasoline mixture is too lean and will not ignite. If the concentration is above 7.6% the mixture is too rich and also will not ignite. However, gasoline vapor rapidly mixes and spreads with air, making unconstrained gasoline quickly flammable. Many accidents involve gasoline being used in an attempt to light bonfires; the gasoline readily vaporizes after being poured and mixes with the surrounding air.Usage and pricing Main articles: Gasoline usage and pricing and Peak oilUK petrol prices The United States account for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption. In 2003 The US consumed 476.474 gigalitres (1.25871×1011 US gal; 1.04810×1011 imp gal), which equates to 1.3 gigalitres of gasoline each day (about 360 million US or 300 million imperial gallons). The US used about 510 billion litres (138 billion US gal/115 billion imp gal) of gasoline in 2006, of which 5.6% was mid-grade and 9.5% was premium grade. Western countries have the highest usage rates per person.Europe Unlike the US, countries in Europe impose substantial taxes on fuels such as gasoline. The price of gasoline in Europe is typically more than twice that in the US. In Italy, due to the amendments imposed by Monti's Government in December 2011, the price of gasoline has passed, in the period of two weeks, from 1.50 €/l (7.48 US$/gal) to 1.75 €/l (8.72 US$/gal); on March, 17th, in a Gasoline Station located near Ancona, has reached the psychological threshold of 2 €/l: the price was € 2.001/l (this means 9.97 US$/gal) This chart needs to be compared to the USA national average price of gasoline of 0.71 €/l . From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline fluctuated between $1 and $2 USD per U.S. gallon. After 2004, the price increased until the average gas price reached a high of $4.11 per U.S. gallon in mid-2008, but receded to approximately $2.60 per U.S. gallon by September 2009. More recently, the U.S. experienced an upswing in gas prices through 2011, and by 1 March 2012, the national average was $3.74 per gal. Unlike most consumer goods, the prices of which are listed before tax, in the United States, gasoline prices are posted with taxes included. Taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. As of 2009, the federal tax is 18.4¢ per gallon for gasoline and 24.4¢ per gallon for diesel (excluding red diesel). Among states, the highest gasoline tax rates, including the federal taxes as of 2005, are New York (62.9¢/gal), Hawaii (60.1¢/gal), and California (60¢/gal). However, many states' taxes are a percentage and thus vary in amount depending on the cost of the gasoline. About 9% of all gasoline sold in the US in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration. Consumer Reports magazine says, “If says to use regular fuel, do so—there’s no advantage to a higher grade.” The Associated Press said premium gas—which is a higher octane and costs several cents a gallon more than regular unleaded—should be used only if the manufacturer says it is “required”. Cars with turbocharged engines and high compression ratios often specify premium gas because higher octane fuels reduce the incidence of "knock", or fuel pre-detonation. If regular fuel is used the engine computer will usually switch to a less aggressive fuel map in order to protect the engine, and performance is decreased.History The first automotive combustion engines, so-called Otto engines, were developed in the last quarter of the 19th century in Germany. The fuel was a relatively volatile hydrocarbon obtained from coal gas. With a boiling point near 85 °C (octanes boil about 40 °C higher), it was well suited for early carburetors (evaporators). The development of a "spray nozzle" carburetors enabled the use of less volatile fuels. Further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher compression ratios, but early attempts were blocked by knocking (premature explosion of fuel). In the 1920s, antiknock compounds were introduced by Migley and Boyd, specifically tetraethyl lead (TEL). This innovation started a cycle of improvements in fuel efficiency that coincided with the large-scale development of oil refining to provide more products in the boiling range of gasolines. In the 1950s oil refineries started to focus on high octane fuels, and then detergents were added to gasoline to clean the jets and carburetors. The 1970s witnessed greater attention to the environmental consequences of burning gasoline. These considerations led to the phasing out of TEL and its replacement by other antiknock compounds. Subsequently, low-sulfur gasoline was introduced, in part to preserve the catalysts in modern exhaust systems.Etymology and terminology "Gasoline" is cited (under the spelling "gasolene") from 1863 in the Oxford English Dictionary. It was never a trademark, although it may have been derived from older trademarks such as "Cazeline" and "Gazeline". Variant spellings of "petrol" have been used to refer to raw petroleum since the 16th century. "Petrol" was first used as the name of a refined petroleum product around 1870 by British wholesaler Carless, Capel & Leonard, who marketed it as a solvent. When the product later found a new use as a motor fuel, Frederick Simms, an associate of Gottlieb Daimler, suggested to Carless that they register the trade mark "Petrol", but by this time the word was already in general use, possibly inspired by the French pétrole, and the registration was not allowed. Carless registered a number of alternative names for the product, while their competitors used the term "motor spirit" until the 1930s. In many countries, gasoline has a colloquial name derived from that of the chemical benzene (e.g., German Benzin, Dutch Benzine, Italian benzina, Chile bencina, Thai เบนซิน). Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay use the colloquial name nafta derived from that of the chemical naphtha. The terms "mogas", short for motor gasoline, or "autogas", short for automobile gasoline, are used to distinguish automobile fuel from aviation gasoline, or "avgas". In British English, gasoline can refer to a different petroleum derivative historically used in lamps, but this usage is relatively uncommon.See also

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Whenever you see a face in a cloud or the man in the moon you’re experiencing a phenomenon called “pareidoliac apophenia.” One example is the apparent face that emerged from the shadows of a mesa on Mars. The term apophenia was coined by Klaus Conrad in 1958. It refers to our tendency to find meaningful patterns or to draw connections in random sets of data. In east Asian folklore, by the way, they don’t see a man in the moon; they see a rabbit. Another example of apophenia is the apparent synchronicity between the 1939 film Wizard of Oz and the Pink Floyd album Dark Side of the Moon. If you watch this YouTube clip of the album playing as the movie soundtrack, meaningful connections seem to emerge. Pareidolia is a specific kind of apophenia where faces or other patterns emerge from random shapes. The Rorschach test is a classic example. It also explains the remarkable discovery in 1978 of the face of Jesus in the burn marks of a tortilla, and the appearance of the Virgin Mary in a grilled cheese sandwich. In September of 2007, a monkey god was observed in a car-damaged tree in Singapore. Pilgrims have flocked there ever since then to offer bananas to the monkey deity. As artists, we can have some fun with this phenomenon. Whenever I sense a face emerging from the randomness of the world, I like to sketch it, accentuating the pareidolia just slightly. Maybe I’m going crazy, but last week I saw a face in the dormer windows of a building, and did this quick sketch to push it just a little. Another time on a hike I stopped in my tracks when I saw a face in the rocky cliff. I did this sketch to accentuate the forms just enough to make it apparent, but without making it too obvious, hopefully. Rackham did the same thing with tree roots. Though I didn’t know the name for it at the time, I used the idea in The World Beneath (1995), where Lee Crabb sees a skull (center) and Oriana sees a mother figure (right) in an apparently random grouping of stalagmites (left). Designing a form that could be interpreted in two different ways was a real brain-teaser. Wikipedia entries on pareidolia and apophenia and Dark Side of the Rainbow More on the Monkey Tree phenomenon, link. Man in the Moon, link. Rabbit in the Moon, link. Alien face in duck x-ray, link.

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Copyright Institute of Social Science, University of Tokyo. All rights reserved. Return to contents JAPANESE politicians, it seems, will do anything but face their war crimes, and will even try to justify them. The Japanese Foreign Ministry has persuaded the American government not to invite Prime Minister Murayama to Pearl Harbor, arguing that it would "harm the relationship between the two nations." A member of the Hosokawa cabinet said the Nanking massacre was a myth. And a steady stream of cabinet ministers, Dietmembers, and leading journalists have claimed that Japan liberated Asia from the colonial powers. These statements might suggest that the Japanese, unlike the Germans, have never confronted their past in an objective manner. However, such was not always the case. Japanese "amnesia" about the war, exemplified in the above comments, has emerged as a part of a revisionist literature which argues that mainstream Japanese historians, and intellectuals generally, were wrong in their postwar denunciation of the Japanese military and its actions. The revisionists, such as former Minister of Education Fujio and former Minister of Justice Nagano, are so zealous that they keep whitewashing Japan's role in the war even at the risk of losing office (in fact, their insistence that little killing took place in Nanking is correct: the worst massacres happened in the suburbs of Nanking). Justification of the war is a recent development in postwar intellectual history, although one may rightly argue that the arguments are logical extensions of the infamous prewar Ajiashugi, or "Asianism." The new surge of nationalism has been in part fostered by the recent industrial development of East Asia. Pointing to the region's rapidly growing economies, nationalist-revisionists argue that the East has prevailed over the West, and that the Pacific War was only an initial step in this direction. By arguing this, they confirm something Namier once wrote: "One would expect people to remember the past and to imagine the future, [b]ut in fact, when discoursing or writing about history, they imagine it in terms of their own experience ... they imagine the past and remember the future."(1) The new nationalists are certainly imagining their past - in a manner that suits their egos. Maruyama's critique of fascism led to his famous defense of the Constitution's Article 9, which bans the maintenance of armed forces in Japan, and has served as a guiding light for a whole generation of scholars, students, and citizens. The arguments of Japanese pacifism are simple: all wars betray noble purposes, militarism is the worst enemy of democracy, and we must struggle to eliminate any legacy of militarism from our soil in order to establish a full-fledged democracy. Moreover, the establishment of democracy is essential to avoid future wars; but a government enmeshed in Cold War institutions and US-dominated foreign policy is not a democracy, even though its formal political procedures may make it seem one. Hence the rebellion against the Security Treaty with the Americans and the widespread antinuclear movements. I grew up in this pacifist intellectual environment, but now I am puzzled by its hypocrisies. It says little about the atrocities committed by the Japanese military abroad.(3) It also has little to say about the kind of foreign policy necessary to establish a war-free community of nations. As pacifists, we were supposed to defend our constitution against the Cold Warriors and the Americans; but it was the American Occupation forces who virtually dictated the draft of our Constitution. The Japanese almost always appeared as victims of war, victims of the irresponsible militarist government. We used Hiroshima as a symbol of antinuclear peace, but seldom referred to Nanking or, for that matter, Manila. While we proclaimed our victimization, outside Japan very few people cared to hear about Japanese suffering during the war. There is something very moving, however, in the way the Japanese are horrified by memories of Hiroshima. Their passionate discussions of the atomic bombings call forth a vision of dusk and death, an age about to end, and a mankind foolish enough to exterminate itself. Perhaps this apocalyptic vision seems excessive, even bizarre. But substitute "Japanese people" for "mankind," and the meaning of the war for the Japanese becomes clear. The war put an end to everything. The bombing of Hiroshima quite literally wiped out a whole city. Aside from any political propaganda, this stark vision of total destruction was what Hiroshima has meant to most of us. It is quite possible that few Japanese care about the atrocities Japan committed overseas. At the same time, many Japanese do care about the Japanese victims, and about the grotesque violence their militarist government brought down on their heads. Hiroshima signifies the ugliest dimension of all this. Those who emphasized Hiroshima during the Cold War were not necessarily making apologies for the Soviets or parading their anti-American nationalism; Hiroshima, to many Japanese, simply showed what you get when you start a foolish war. Moreover, beneath the pacifism lies a fatalistic vision of a future war. This nightmare image is not confined to the intellectual argument of the sengo keimo, or "Postwar Enlightenment." A strange aspect of postwar Japanese mass culture is the prevalence of a vision of doomsday, of total annihilation in a world war. Dystopic scenarios are seen not only in the likes of Akira, Japan's decadent version of Blade Runner, but also in Doraemon, a popular TV cartoon series which caters to middle-class children (including my daughters). Buruma is wrong in attributing the Japanese view of Hiroshima to simple hypocrisy. It is actually worse than that. Hiroshima is a lesson through which the Japanese learn a frozen, remembered version of the future. When the Americans started to reduce their military presence in Okinawa, Okinawans simply could not believe it, for a major military operation involving US forces in Okinawa was supposed to bring destruction to the whole island. When the Americans and the Soviets agreed on nuclear disarmament, pacifists (again, including myself) could not believe that either, as it threatened our remembered future, however dystopian it was. Confronting the specter of fascism and the nightmare of nuclear war were noble and necessary acts; but what future is left for a Japanese intellectual when the specters and nightmares are gone? The nationalist-revisionists, with their ridiculous attempts to invent our past, are irrelevant. We should be busy constructing blueprints for a better world in the wake of the Cold War. But our ability to imagine such a world is weak, atrophied by our long past of remembering the future. Lewis Namier, "Symmetry and Repetition," in his Conflicts. London: Macmillan, 1942. Maruyama Masao, Thought and Behaviour in Modern Japanese Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963. During the past decade, however, Japanese historians have produced an impressive range of documents and academic studies of Japanese colonial and/or military rule in Asia. See, for example: Kindai nihon to shokuminchi (Modern Japan and the Colonies), 8 vols., Iwanami Shoten, 1992-93. KURASAWA Aiko, Senryouka no Jawa nouson no henyou (Transformation of a Javanese Village under Japanese Occupation), Soushisha, 1992. Nihon no senryouka ni kansuru shiryou chousa fooramu, ed., Nihon no Firipin senryou (The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines), Ryuukei Shosha, 1994, ISBN 4-8447-8370-X. Ian Buruma, The Wages of Guilt: Memories of War in Germany and Japan. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1994, p.96. Electronic mail email@example.com

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By Dasha Afanasieva LONDON (Reuters) - An ambitious British plan to search for minute forms of life in an ancient lake beneath Antarctica's ice has been suspended because of technical problems, the scientist leading the project said on Thursday. In a move that clears the way for U.S. and Russian teams to take the lead, Professor Martin Siegert said technical problems and a lack of fuel had forced the closure on Christmas Day of the 7-million-pound ($11 million) project, which was looking for life forms and climate change clues in the lake-bed sediment. "This is of course, hugely frustrating for us, but we have learned a lot this year," said Siegert of the University of Bristol, principal investigator for the mission, which was headed by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). "By the end, the equipment was working well, and much of it has now been fully field-tested," he said on the BAS website. Experts from Britain's Lake Ellsworth mission had expected to find minute forms of life in the lake three km (two miles) under Antarctica's ice, the most remote and extreme environment known on Earth. They had also hoped that by dating bits of seashell found in the water they would have been able to ascertain when the ice sheet last broke up and to better understand the risks of it happening again. Scientists from the United States and Russia are hot on Britain's heels when it comes to drilling through Antarctic ice to lakes that have been hidden for thousands of years. The U.S. team is aiming to start drilling in Lake Whillans, one of 360 known sub-glacial lakes in Antarctica, in January or February 2013. Russia was the first to pierce 3,769 meters (12,365 ft) of solid ice to reach Lake Vostok early in 2012. But some scientists believe their samples may have been contaminated by drilling fluids. The British scientists decided to abandon the mission after trying for 20 hours to connect two holes in the ice that were needed for the hot-water drill to work, said a BAS spokeswoman. Without a connection between the two holes, the hot water would seep into the porous surface layers of ice and be lost, reducing the pressure and rendering the drill ineffective. The team tried to melt and dig more snow to compensate for the water loss, but without success. As a result of the extra time taken to fix the problem, fuel stocks had been depleted to such a level as to make the operation unviable. Asked how long the delay might be before the project could be resumed, Siegert told the BBC: "It will take a season or two to get all our equipment out of Antarctica and back to the UK, so at a minimum we're looking at three to four, maybe five years I would have thought." However, he said he felt this year's mission had not been a complete loss. The BAS spokeswoman said: "It's very possible that either the U.S. or Russia may take the lead but I think the one thing we've learned here is that anything can go wrong." "We've never depicted this as a race. All sub-glacial lakes would give different information," she said. (Editing by Andrew Osborn)

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Natural Resources Law This course provides a survey introduction to federal natural resources law, with an emphasis on living resources. In a mixed lecture and seminar format, we will examine the theoretical conflicts that underlie various approaches to resource management, as well as the special qualities of natural resource problems that render management efforts so difficult. Topics will include the legal treatment of wildlife and biodiversity, living marine resources, water, forests, protected public lands, and an introduction to energy law. Throughout the course, we will probe the interplay between environmental, economic, cultural, and political factors in natural resource decision making. In lieu of a final exam, students will produce a 20-page final paper and participate in a weekly online discussion group. Please note that the paper will not meet the WIE or Capstone requirement. This is a survey course that focuses on the non-public land aspects of natural resources law. The course explores the field of natural resources law on a function-by-function approach, looking at how nature is divided into use rights, allocating those use rights, resolving conflicts over use rights, integrating use rights into landscapes, and adjusting and reallocating use rights over time. The class will also consider which use rights spring from land ownership, and which are severed, available for separate acquisition. The focus is mostly on state law with an examination of numerous natural resources, including water, wildlife, oil and gas, and mining, and even ice and seaweed.

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Christopher C. Brown, Professor, Reference Technology Integration Librarian We can think of the history of Penrose Library in terms of three historic phases of library-wide technology. Phase I – Card Catalog Days When Penrose Library opened in 1972 the most noticeable feature on the main level would have been the expansive card catalog furniture. Access to books was available via the “dictionary catalog.” Users could explore the Penrose collection by author, title, subject, or series, but that was all. Since keyword searching didn’t exist, all searches were “left anchored” phrase searching, meaning that the filing and lookup element was the left-most part of the term. Authors names had to be inverted, of course, just like in a phone book (another relic of the past!). For title searching users had to omit initial articles (a, an, the). Phase II – The Online Catalog What a revolution the online catalog was! In the late 1980s Penrose went live with the CARL online catalog. The technology shift here was the fact that library catalogers didn’t have to sit at typewritters hammering out numerous catalog cards. Instead, libraries could download records from a shared (union) cataloging source, such as the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). The transformational technology for public users was the ability to search library catalog records by keyword. No longer was access only possible by left-anchored phrase searching, the online environment enabled searching keywords across any searchable field, including author, title, subjects, and notes. Phase III – Full Discovery As revolutionary as keyword searching was, it paled in significance when compared with Web search engines, full text digitization projects, and library discovery tools, such as Summon (which Penrose Library uses). Think of it this way: a very high percentange of the books Penrose Library owns are full-text searchable through one or more of the existing book scanning projects (Google Books, HathiTrust, and the Internet Archive). Whereas in Phase II library catalog records are searchable – in Figure 2 above fewer than 20 words are searchable for a 290 page book – every word is searchable in the full text digital projects mentioned above. Even if copyright restrictions prohibit viewing or downloading most entire works, nevertheless, with every word searchable in the not-so-distant future, deep discovery can take place in a manner never before imagined. Penrose Library was initially built at the end Phase I, and when the Academic Commons reopens early in 2013 the emphasis on emerging technologies will continue to push University of Denver students into Phase III discovery of primary and secondary sources.

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Language Instruction for Immigrant and Non-English Speaking Children Title III of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 provides Federal financial support to state and local educational agencies to supplement English language instruction in order to ensure that all English Language Learners, including immigrant children and youth, attain English proficiency, develop high levels of academic language proficiency in English, and meet the same challenging State academic achievement standards as all Maryland students are expected to meet. To comply with these requirements, the Title III office of the Maryland State Department of Education works with local school districts to ensure that quality, research based ESL programs are offered to language minority students. Title III, Secs. 3101, 3102 Part A

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Don't feel like exercise? Scientists find compound that may help you work out harderJune 12th, 2012 in Medical research / As science rushes to develop safe weight loss drugs, a new research report approaches this problem from an entirely new angle: What if there were a pill that would make you want to exercise harder? It may sound strange, but a new research report appearing online in The FASEB Journal suggests that it might be possible. That's because a team of Swiss researchers found that when a hormone in the brain, erythropoietin (Epo), was elevated in mice, they were more motivated to exercise. In addition, the form of erythropoietin used in these experiments did not elevate red blood cell counts. Such a treatment has obvious benefits for a wide range of health problems ranging from Alzheimer's to obesity, including mental health disorders for which increased physical activity is known to improve symptoms. "Here we show that Epo increases the motivation to exercise," said Max Gassmann, D.V.M., a researcher involved in the work from the Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. "Most probably, Epo has a general effect on a person's mood and might be used in patients suffering from depression and related diseases." To make this discovery, Gassmann and colleagues used three types of mice: those that received no treatment, those that were injected with human Epo, and those that were genetically modified to produce human Epo in the brain. Compared to the mice that did not have any increase in Epo, both mouse groups harboring human Epo in the brain showed significantly higher running performance without increases in red blood cells. "If you can't put exercise in a pill, then maybe you can put the motivation to exercise in a pill instead," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "As more and more people become overweight and obese, we must attack the problem from all angles. Maybe the day will come when gyms are as easily found as fast food restaurants." More information: Beat Schuler, Johannes Vogel, Beat Grenacher, Robert A. Jacobs, Margarete Arras, and Max Gassmann. Acute and chronic elevation of erythropoietin in the brain improves exercise performance in mice without inducing erythropoiesis. FASEB J. doi:10.1096/fj.11-191197 Provided by Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology "Don't feel like exercise? Scientists find compound that may help you work out harder." June 12th, 2012. http://medicalxpress.com/news/2012-06-dont-scientists-compound-harder.html

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What is More Than a Score? It’s not about the test. It’s about kids. It’s about connecting with our students so they get the education they deserve. A world-class education … For every single student … In every single school… That means we have to do more than we ever have before. It’s not enough to have the best schools in Kentucky or the nation. We are preparing students to excel in a global society. A profound gap exists between what most U.S. students learn in school and the knowledge and skills they need for success in their communities and workplaces. Kentucky was the first state to adopt new, more rigorous, national content standards designed to ensure college and career success for all graduates. To track our progress, students took more challenging state tests last spring. The new proficiency targets are harder for kids to meet. School benchmarks are more stringent. At first, scores may be lower than we’ve seen before. This site provides information about the new standards, new tests, and new scores. Most importantly, this site provides information about what we’re doing to prepare kids to enter careers that do not yet exist, using technology that has not yet been invented to solve problems that haven’t even become problems yet. Because our children are more than a score. They’re the future.

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This week, Christians begin a new liturgical year and enter into the rich and ancient four-week season of Advent. For most American Christians, Advent passes virtually unnoticed, as the celebration of "Christmas" as a secular and intensely commercial feast begins the day after Thanksgiving. Yet the time of Advent offers us an opportunity to dive deeply into a counter-cultural time of quiet reflection, a space of hopeful and patient waiting and discernment about how God's incarnation has meaning and is at work in our world today. Before the middle of the fourth century, there were no liturgical seasons, such as Advent or Lent, or any idea of a "liturgical year," something many Christians take for granted today. The great Paschal Easter feast was the central focus of the Christian year, along with the Sunday gatherings, considered "little Easters." Advent is first noted around the year 350, about the same time Christmas is first mentioned as being celebrated. The date of Christmas might well have been placed near the winter solstice as a replacement to the pagan solstice celebrations of the Roman Empire. The liturgical year, with its broad seasons of Advent-Christmastide and Lent-Eastertide, evolved within this world of the Roman Empire -- a northern hemispheric world. People living in the empire identified and adapted parallels between the natural world they inhabited and the words, music and images of their sacred time in worship. As the daylight dwindled, they yearned and leaned toward the return of light. And as they saw God's hand in the rhythm of the seasonal changes, they believed and proclaimed that the birth of Jesus, "the light of the world," would herald that longed-for return of light that presaged God's reign of peace and harmony (Isaiah 2:1-5, from Advent 1 in the "A" cycle). First Sunday of Advent As in the other yearly liturgical cycles, the readings of this Advent season reflect a movement through the four weeks from an apocalyptic and cosmic in-breaking of God in the first Sundays to the more intimate stories, including Mary as a central figure, in the fourth Sundays that prepare us for God's incarnation in the most unexpected and unpredictable manner -- as an infant in an occupied country to a poor and unwed teenager. All three of the readings this Sunday are messages of encouragement and future hope. Jeremiah prophesies to Israel and Judah that God's appointed one will bring in a reign of justice, righteousness and safety. Paul, writing to the fledgling Christian community in Thessalonika (and believing, like them, that Christ's second coming was immanent), prays they might be strengthened in their faith and abounding in love as they patiently wait. While Jesus' words of warning in the Gospel might seem stern, they are not nearly as harsh as the same message from Mark (read last Advent). Jesus' encouragement in Luke's Gospel includes, "... [when these things take place] raise your head, because your redemption is drawing near." One of the challenges in choosing and introducing Advent music is to be faithful to be these texts with their diverse images while working to create a sense of prayerful engagement in the midst of a hectic time of the year. Even though the carols and hymns of Advent are not as familiar as Christmas carols, there is a long, diverse and beautiful repertoire of texts and music available to us. When I was working full-time as a parish musician, I often dropped much or all of the instrumental accompaniment for the hymns, songs and chants at Mass through the entire season up to Christmas, just as all singing in worship was unaccompanied for more than the first thousand years of the church. Our planning team also tried to add more silence and less artificial lighting throughout worship. It was an attempt to reflect the quietness of the natural world and help people connect to the cycles of light and darkness. Many times, members of the community showed appreciation for creating a meditative and attentive space within worship during a time when the rest of life was filled with activities, responsibilities and events. "Conditor Alme Siderum" ("Creator of the Stars of Night") is a beautiful Advent hymn used by religious communities for Vespers services in Advent. The original text dates to the sixth or seventh century, set to a lilting and gentle chant. The text was substantially revised in the 17th century; however, the first few lines provide a beautiful echo of both Jeremiah's vision and Jesus' call to be aware. Here are the first lines of the original Latin and a prose translation: Conditor alme siderum, aeterna lux credentium, Christe, redemptor omnium, exaudi preces supplicum. Loving Creator of the stars, eternal Light of believers, O Christ, redeemer of all, hear the prayers of supplicants. "My Soul in Stillness Waits" was written at my first full-time job as a parish music director. I wanted both the music and the text to quiet and deepen our sense of waiting within worship. The text is a very loose adaptation of the "O" antiphons (best known in the hymn, "O Come, O Come Emmanuel"), which were prayed in religious communities each evening of the week immediately before Christmas. The music of Advent should reflect both the cosmic dimension of Christ's reign coming in its fullness (as proclaimed last week on Christ the King Sunday) and the immanence of an incarnate God, as close as our next breath. And so we begin this holy season, in which the secular world is as frantic as any time in the year, with strong messages of hope and a call (to Israel, to early Christians in Thessalonika, to Jesus' disciples, to us) for true awareness and a deepening of faith and love in our lives and in our communities. [Marty Haugen is a composer of liturgical music for Roman Catholic and Protestant congregations, with more than 400 compositions published by GIA, Augsburg Fortress and other publishers.]

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by J.D. LaRock Senior Analyst, Innovation and Measuring Progress Division, Directorate for Education As any student can attest, pursuing a higher education requires an investment in time, effort – and in a number of OECD countries, significant financial resources. But the economic costs of higher education go beyond tuition fees. Because people with higher education tend to have higher earnings, they’re likely to pay more in income taxes and social welfare contributions. There’s also the “opportunity cost” of foregone earnings when people enter university instead of the labour market. Given these long-term economic costs, do the long-term economic benefits of having a higher education make it worthwhile? As the latest issue of the OECD’s brief series Education Indicators in Focus details, analyses based on the most recent year of available data – 2007 for most countries – suggest that the return on investment is very good. For example, the long-term economic advantage of having a tertiary degree instead of an upper secondary degree, minus the associated costs, is over USD 175 000 for a man and just over USD 110 000 for a woman, on average across OECD countries. The payoff is particularly strong for men in Italy, Korea, Portugal and the United States, where obtaining a higher education degree generates a long-term benefit of more than USD 300 000 for the average man, compared to a man with an upper secondary education only. Meanwhile, the advantage for women is strongest in Ireland, Korea, Portugal, Slovenia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where having a tertiary education yields an average long-term benefit of USD 150 000 or more, compared to a woman with an upper secondary education. As the chart above shows, OECD analyses also find that the long-term payoff on the amount of taxpayer funds used to support people in higher education generates a strong return. Taxpayer costs include funds used to lower the direct costs of higher education to individuals, as well as support for grant and loan programs. They also include indirect costs, such as foregone tax revenues and social contributions to the government while people are in university. On average, OECD countries directly invest more than USD 30 000 in public sector funds to support an individual pursuing higher education. However, they’ll recoup this investment – and then some – through greater tax revenues from these higher-educated people, as well as savings from the lower level of social transfers these people typically receive. On average, OECD countries will receive a net return of USD 91 000 on the public costs to support a man in tertiary education – more than three times the amount of the public investment. In Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Slovenia and the United States, this return is especially high, topping USD 150 000. The net return on the public costs to support a woman in higher education is somewhat lower – USD 55 000, on average – but are still positive in almost every OECD country. Of course, the fallout from the global economic crisis will likely change this cost-benefit equation – but whether it will make it better or worse overall is unclear. For example, the higher unemployment rates spurred by the crisis are likely to have reduced the opportunity cost of foregoing work in order to attend university. However, they also may have reduced some of the benefits of having a higher education, because unemployment rates rose among tertiary-educated people during the crisis. Likewise, the continued global expansion of higher education could have different effects. As the supply of highly-educated individuals grows, the relative economic benefits of having a tertiary education may go down over time. However, if economies continue to become more knowledge-based – increasing the demand for highly-educated people even more – the economic benefits of higher education could continue to expand. For more informationOn the OECD’s education indicators, visit: Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011 On the OECD’s Indicators of Education Systems (INES) programme, visit: INES Programme overview brochure See also: IMHE General Conference 2012 "Attaining and Sustaining Mass Higher Education", Paris, 17-19 September 2012 Chart Source: Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, Indicator A9 (www.oecd.org/edu/eag2011). Note: Data for Australia, Belgium and Turkey refer to 2005. Data for Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal and the United Kingdom refer to 2006. All other data refer to 2007. Countries are ranked in descending order of the net present value.

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McGarvie, Dave W.; Burgess, Raymond; Tindle, Andrew G.; Tuffen , Hugh and Stevenson, John A. Due to copyright restrictions, this file is not available for public download |Google Scholar:||Look up in Google Scholar| The Torfajökull central volcano lies in Iceland’s southern flank zone (a non-rifting zone) and last erupted in the 15th century. Peralkaline rhyolites from its pre-Holocene formations have been dated by the Ar-Ar method. Ages from 67±9 ka to 384±20 ka indicate Pleistocene eruptions, with the oldest age (384 ka) also being from the most evolved rhyolite (a pantellerite). The oldest age indicates that a mature and evolved magmatic-volcanic system was well established by the mid-Pleistocene and that the central volcano has been active for at least 400 ka. Good correlation is found between the Ar-Ar ages of sustained rhyolite eruptions into ice sheets (i.e. rhyolite tuya formation) and oxygen isotope stages dominated by cold conditions. This is the first stage of developing a new proxy that uses rhyolitic glaciovolcanic edifices to provide estimates of past Icelandic ice sheet thicknesses. The geochemistry of the dated samples corroborates earlier work showing a simple but enigmatic trend of steadily-decreasing alkalinity towards the present (i.e. older rocks are more evolved). The new ages reveal a hitherto-unrecognised drop in rhyolite alkalinity after 83 ka, which may be linked to the evacuation of c. 16 km3 of rhyolite during a subglacial eruption into the last (Weichselian) ice sheet, for which two new and overlapping Ar-Ar ages of 67±9 ka and 72±7 ka have been obtained. This rhyolite eruption, which is the largest known from Torfajökull, heralded a major change in the magma system as all subsequent eruptions are of small volume (<0.3 km3), dominated by subalkaline compositions, and characterised by interactions with mafic magmas. This change may be linked to lower rhyolite magma replenishment rates and/or to the increasing influence of rift zone volcano-tectonics. |Item Type:||Journal Article| |Copyright Holders:||2006 Glaciological Society of Iceland| |Academic Unit/Department:||Science > Environment, Earth and Ecosystems |Interdisciplinary Research Centre:||Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR)| |Depositing User:||Dave McGarvie| |Date Deposited:||13 Feb 2012 17:06| |Last Modified:||15 Feb 2012 12:44| Actions (login may be required) |Report issue / request change|

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Individual differences | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | A monosexual is someone who is sexually attracted to one sex (or gender) only, monosexuality being this capacity for attraction or sexual orientation. A monosexual can be either heterosexual or homosexual. The term is fairly uncommon, mostly used in discussions of bisexuality to denote everyone other than bisexuals (with the exception of asexuals, who are sexually attracted to no-one). It is sometimes considered derogatory. The proportion of people who fit into the category depends on how one uses the word. If the term is used to mean exclusively monosexual, then according to Alfred Kinsey's controversial studies, only 5% to 10% of people are in this group. If the term is used in a non-exclusive sense the proportion would be lower and many people think that Kinsey's figure is too low, saying that no-one is exclusively monosexual, and that the 90 to 95% testing as such were just in denial or closeted because of biphobia. Freud thought that no one was born monosexual and that it had to be taught by parents or society though most people appear to believe that monosexuals are in fact the majority and identify as such. Fred Maus (2004, p.164) compares the criticism of Béla Bartók's works for their use of tonality and nontonal methods unique to each piece to the bias towards monosexuality and against bisexuality (see biphobia). The term “monosexuality” has also been used to describe the sexuality of people who only wish to have sex with one specific person, regardless of gender. This becomes important when considering partners that choose to remain in their relationship with a transsexual or transgender person. Note that this meaning is quite contradictory to the usual meaning of the term, since someone who chooses to remain in such a relationship cannot reasonably be considered either homosexual or heterosexual. - Maus, Fred (2004). "Sexual and Musical Categories", The Pleasure of Modernist Music. ISBN 1580461433. |This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

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We hear a lot about the coming of the cashless society, with wave and pay stickers, apps that let you ping money to each other and more innovations trumpeting that if cash is king, then the king is dead. But while children are growing up in this brave new world, they are denied access to it. Unless you have a credit or debit card, you can’t pay for a single MP3. So what’s the solution? Well one company thinks it’s giving children as young as eight their own debit cards. Pktmny – which launched this week – offers children between the ages of eight and 16 a contactless prepaid Visa debit card. Parents can personalise the card for their children and set controls on where and how much they can spend on it. You can read more of the details on the “how it works” section of pktmny site. You can set up a standing order to add money to the card on a weekly or monthly basis, while friends and relatives can also add money to the account. The people behind it also have smartphone apps planned that allow children to see the balance on their cards and parents top this up if needed. It costs £5 to open an account and there’s a £1 monthly charge (that comes from the parent’s account, not the child’s). The hope is that this will allow children to learn about spending, saving and budgeting – as well as offering them some independence – in the same way traditional pocket money has. “Children will live in a completely cashless world. Yet they are forced to interact with money in a way even adults have moved on from. It’s time for a dramatic change,” said clinical child psychologist Dr Elizabeth Kilbey. “By allowing children to start taking control of their money in a safe and secure environment they will be able to grow with money, learn from their mistakes and ultimately understand the value of money.” But would you trust a child with a card? Let us know below.

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Now that we have burned our image of Linux we will be able to check that your existing computer is compatible with Linux by loading the Linux distribution from the CD without actually installing it. This allows you to try Linux without touching your current operating system. To check multimedia compatibility I suggest that you prepare a few audio and video files on your hard disk to test the audio and video subsystems. If you are testing with Linux Mint these can be in almost any format, but if you are using Ubuntu it is better to have then in the free OGM, OGG or WAV format, as with Ubuntu the non-free decoders have to be installed. This will be a two part post. In the first part we see how to boot from the live CD, while in the second part we will see how to check that our computer is Linux compatible. How to boot from the CD. Place the linux Min or Ubuntu live CD in your drive and restart your computer. If your BIOS is correctly configured Linux should load when you restart your computer. If Windows loads instead this means that you Bios is not configured to start from the CD drive. This will need to be changed: restart your computer again, and when you see your computer manufacturer's logo press the "delete" key to enter the Bios. On some computers it's the F2 key instead. In any case you should see the mention "hit XXX to enter setup" XXX is the key you should push. Note that you may have to hit that key repeatedly, as it will only register during a specific part of the boot process. If you see the Windows logo it means that you were too slow and that you will have to restart the computer and start again. Once in your bios try to find the "boot order" menu and ensure that CD/DVD is before (i.e. higher) than HDD. If you are using a nebook with an USB CD drive or thumb drive you may not have a CD/DVD option; If that is the case select USB instead. There should be instructions on how to navigate the menus on the screen, as this is different for various brands of computers I can hardly help much. Once the change is done you need to "quit and save" the bios to make your changes effective. This is usually done by pressing the "F10" key. After the changes are done restart the computer, and you should notice that it boots from the CD instead of the hard disk. You should be presented with a boot menu. Select the option to start the live CD. Let the computer boot up. This may take quite some time because a CD is not designed to be used as you boot device. Rest assured that if you actually install Linux on your hard drive it will boot much faster. If you see a login prompt with a countdown just wait for the countdown to finish and the boot will proceed. At some point you should hear the little Ubuntu or Mint "boot music" and finally be presented with the Ubuntu or Mint desktop. Congratulation, you successfully started Linux! In the next episode we will see how to check that you computer hardware is supported by Linux. 4 millions Windows 8 upgrades, that's not much! 7 months ago

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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Anatolia (Greek: ανατολή anatolē or anatolí, "rising of the sun" or "East"; compare "Orient" and "Levant", by popular etymology Turkish Anadolu to ana "mother" and dolu "filled"), also called by the Latin name of Asia Minor, is a region of Southwest Asia which corresponds today to the Asian portion of Turkey. Because of its strategic location at the intersection of Asia and Europe, Anatolia has been a cradle for several civilizations since prehistoric ages, with neolithic settlements such as Catal Höyük (pottery neolithic), Cayönü (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A to pottery Neolithic), Nevali Cori (PPN B), Hacilar (pottery neolithic), Göbekli Tepe (PPN A) and Mersin. The settlement of Troy starts in the Neolithic, but continues up into the Iron age. Major civilizations and peoples that have settled in or conquered Anatolia include the Hattians, Luwians, Hittites, Phrygians, Cimmerians, Lydians, Persians, Celts, Tabals, Meshechs, Greeks, Pelasgians, Armenians, Romans, Goths, Kurds, Byzantines, Seljuk Turks and Ottomans. These peoples belonged to many varied ethnic and linguistic traditions. Through recorded history, Anatolians have spoken both Indo-European and Semitic languages, as well as many languages of uncertain affiliation. In fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical center from which the Indo-European languages have radiated. Other authors have proposed an Anatolian origin for the Etruscans of ancient Italy. Today the inhabitants of Anatolia are mostly native speakers of the Turkish language, which was introduced with the conquest of Anatolia by Turkic peoples and the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the 13th century. However, Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century (see Young Turks). A significant Kurdish ethnic and linguistic minority still exists in the southern regions. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Mexican Cave Scorpions Suggests Adaptation to Caves is Reversible NEW EVIDENCE THAT SPECIALIZED ADAPTATIONS ARE NOT EVOLUTIONARY DEAD ENDS Blind scorpions that live in the stygian depths of caves are throwing light on a long-held assumption that specialized adaptations are irreversible evolutionary dead-ends. According to a new phylogenetic analysis of the family Typhlochactidae, scorpions currently living closer to the surface (under stones and in leaf litter) evolved independently on more than one occasion from ancestors adapted to life further below the surface (in caves). The research, currently available in an early online edition, will be published in the April issue of Cladistics. "Our research shows that the evolution of troglobites, or animals adapted for life in caves, is reversible," says Lorenzo Prendini, Associate Curator in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology at the American Museum of Natural History. "Three more generalized scorpion species living closer to the surface evolved from specialized ancestors living in caves deep below the surface." Scorpions are predatory, venomous, nocturnal arachnids that are related to spiders, mites, and other arthropods. About 2,000 species are distributed throughout the world, but only 23 species found in ten different families are adapted to a permanent life in caves. These are the specialized troglobites. This study concentrates on the family Typhlochactidae that includes nine species of scorpions endemic to the karstic regions of eastern Mexico. These species were initially grouped together by Robert Mitchell in 1971 but were elevated to the rank of family for the first time last year, based on morphological data published by Prendini and Valerio Vignoli of the Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Italy, in the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Prendini, Vignoli, and Oscar F. Francke of the Departmento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biolog’a at the Universidad Nacional Aut—noma de México, Mexico City, also created a new genus, Stygochactas, for one species in the family and described a new surface-living species,Typhlochactas sissomi, in a separate American Museum Novitates paper. All species in the family have adapted to the dark with features such as loss of eyes and reduced pigmentation. The family contains the most specialized troglobite scorpion,Sotanochactas elliotti, one of the world's smallest scorpions, Typhlochactas mitchelli, and the scorpion found at the greatest depth (nearly 1 km below the surface), Alacran tartarus. Three of the species (including T. mitchelli) live closer to the surface and are more generalized morphologically than the other six, making this family an excellent model with which to test and falsify Cope's Law of the unspecialized (novel evolutionary traits tend to originate from a generalized member of an ancestral taxon) and Dollo's Law of evolutionary irreversibility (specialized evolutionary traits are unlikely to reverse). For the current research paper, Prendini and colleagues gathered data for 195 morphological characteristics, including a detailed mapping of the positions of all trichobothria (sensory setae) on the pedipalps, among the species of Typhlochactidae. The resulting phylogenetic tree shows that adaptation to life in caves has reversed among this group of scorpions: two of the less specialized, surface-living species, T. mitchelli and T. sylvestris, share a common ancestor with a much more cave-adapted species, and a similar pattern was found for the third less specialized, surface-living species, T. sissomi. "Scorpions have been around for 450 million years, and their biology is obviously flexible," says Prendini. "This unique group of eyeless Mexican scorpions may have started re-colonizing niches closer to the surface from the deep caves of Mexico after their surface-living ancestors were wiped out by the nearby Chicxuluxb impact along with non-avian dinosaurs, ammonites, and other species." The research was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund, and a SYNTHESYS grant. Media Inquiries: Department of Communications, 212-769-5800

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Gerrymandering is the deliberate drawing of district lines in such a way as to distort representation of subgroups of the population. Consider Case 1: Suppose that a population is divided 60%/40% over some longstanding, continuing dispute. The A's have 60%, the B's have 40. The B's typically live in urban areas, the A's in suburbs and rural areas. There are five districts, each of which elects one representative to the legislature. If the A's are drawing the… Added by John B Hodges on January 16, 2013 at 7:16am — No Comments

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Nursing animals to health December 16, 2003 Veterinary technicians are often called animal nurses because they care for animal patients the way nurses care for humans. But veterinary technicians’ responsibilities extend beyond nursing, combining duties of many human healthcare jobs. In addition to providing general nursing, technicians help to administer and monitor anesthesia just as surgical nurses do, take x rays and sonograms like radiologic technicians, clean teeth like dental technicians, provide rehabilitation like physical therapy aides, monitor surgical equipment like surgical technicians, and conduct laboratory tests like clinical laboratory technicians. Veterinary technicians, sometimes called veterinary technologists, work as part of a healthcare team. They are supervised by veterinarians, who diagnose disease and injury, prescribe treatments, and perform surgery on animals. Technicians also work with veterinary assistants, who groom and comfort animals, clean cages, and do other nonmedical work. Veterinary technicians and technologists had median hourly earnings of $10.78 in 2001. That means that 50 percent of those workers earned more than that amount, and 50 percent earned less. The highest paid 10 percent were paid more than $15.97 an hour. The lowest paid 10 percent earned $7.65. These data are from the Occupational Employment Statistics program. For more information, see "Veterinary technicians: Nursing animals to health" by Henry Kasper and Olivia Crosby, Occupational Outlook Quarterly, Fall 2003. Note about the chart: deciles divide the dataset into 10 equal-size groups and quartiles divide the dataset into 4 equal-size groups. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Editor's Desk, Nursing animals to health on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2003/dec/wk3/art02.htm (visited June 19, 2013). Spotlight on Statistics: Productivity This edition of Spotlight on Statistics examines labor productivity trends from 2000 through 2010 for selected industries and sectors within the nonfarm business sector of the U.S. economy. Read more »

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Reformatio ecclesiarum Hassiae Simply begin typing or use the editing tools above to add to this article. Once you are finished and click submit, your modifications will be sent to our editors for review. discussed in biography ...reformer Jakob Sturm, who recommended him to the landgrave Philip of Hesse, the German prince most favourably inclined toward the Reformation. Encouraged by Philip, Lambert drafted Reformatio ecclesiarum Hassiae (“The Reformation of the Churches of Hesse”), which was submitted by Philip to the synod at Homberg (1526). Lambert’s document called for democratic... What made you want to look up "Reformatio ecclesiarum Hassiae"? Please share what surprised you most...

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Although it seems like robots modeled after snakes and worms could be used for a wide variety of applications, the majority are designed for only two uses. Many are created as rescue robots -- for detecting danger or victims or for taking supplies to survivors. Their shape, size, and locomotion style give them access to places people can't or shouldn't go, such as collapsed buildings and nuclear reactors that are damaged or being decommissioned. The other main use for snake and worm robots is in medical applications. Skinny, snaky tubes are just right for inserting into blood vessels or abdominal cavities to assist in minimally invasive surgery. Or they can go exploring to locate problems such as tumors and send back data about size and location. Click the image below to see 10 examples of these writhing robots. The Slim Slime Robot from the Tokyo Institute of Technology's Hirose Fukushima Lab is a pneumatically driven active cord mechanism. It is used to inspect pipes in chemical laboratories or nuclear plants, detect unexploded mines, and help first responders find victims in collapsed buildings. A series of six connected modules are driven by pneumatic actuators. Compressed air is forced from the main tube of each module into that module's bellows, or flexible pneumatic actuators, which are located along the main tube's length. The Slim Slime can creep like a snake, make pivoting turns, roll laterally, and move with a pedal-like motion that emulates snails and limpets. Its total length is 730-1,120mm (28.7-44 inches). It weighs 12kg (26.4 pounds), and its top speed is about 60mm (2.36 inches) per second. (Source: Hirose Fukushima Lab) robatnorcross, I had a similar thought, although I'm not afraid of snakes--unless they're venomous, that is. This one's "skin" pattern is camouflage, but it looks a lot like some venomous western rattlers I've seen. Even without fear of snakes, this would still give one pause if you were trapped and couldn't move. Everything dates everyone, doesn't it? But I'm with you--I can imagine an engineer looking at Slinky's movements and wondering how to motorize and automate them. First there's a design that uses a helical shape, gravity, and momentum, and then the big jump to motors. At the Design News webinar on June 27, learn all about aluminum extrusion: designing the right shape so it costs the least, is simplest to manufacture, and best fits the application's structural requirements. For industrial control applications, or even a simple assembly line, that machine can go almost 24/7 without a break. But what happens when the task is a little more complex? That’s where the “smart” machine would come in. The smart machine is one that has some simple (or complex in some cases) processing capability to be able to adapt to changing conditions. Such machines are suited for a host of applications, including automotive, aerospace, defense, medical, computers and electronics, telecommunications, consumer goods, and so on. This radio show will show what’s possible with smart machines, and what tradeoffs need to be made to implement such a solution.

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Ptosis is a condition in which the upper eyelid(s) droops. The eyelid may droop only slightly or it may droop enough to partially or completely cover the pupil, restricting or obscuring the field of vision. Ptosis should not be confused with extra skin, fat or muscle in the eyelid area. Those issues are typically addressed with cosmetic blepharoplasty surgery. When ptosis can be shown to reduce peripheral vision, its surgical correction may be covered by insurance. If the degree of ptosis is not severe, it may be considered elective surgery and can be corrected as a cosmetic procedure. The most common type of ptosis is adult onset, caused by a weakening or dehiscence of the attachment between the levator muscle (the muscle that raises the upper lid) and the tarsus near the eyelid margin. This typically occurs as a result of the aging process, after cataract surgery, following contact lens wear, or from an injury. In certain cases of sudden onset of ptosis, there may be other causes that should be evaluated by an oculoplastic specialist. Ptosis surgery is an outpatient procedure that involves tightening the levator muscle that lifts the lid. The surgical approach taken depends on specific findings and testing performed during the consultation with one of our oculoplastic surgeons. Your surgeon will discuss your treatment options fully and will perform all the proper testing to determine whether your ptosis may be deemed medically necessary by your insurance carrier.

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The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies should be congratulated for its thoughtful conclusions concerning the use of chimpanzees in a range of NIH research projects. After a careful and in-depth study of the issue, the IOM last month issued a report entitled “Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity.” The IOM stated, “given that chimpanzees are so closely related to humans and share similar behavioral traits, the National Institutes of Health should allow their use as subjects in biomedical research only under stringent conditions including the absence of any other suitable model and inability to ethically perform the research on people … In addition, use of these animals should be permissible only if forgoing their use will prevent or significantly hinder advances necessary to prevent or treat life-threatening or debilitating conditions … Based on these criteria, chimpanzees are not necessary for most biomedical research.” The IOM goes on to point out that the “NIH also should limit the use of chimpanzees in behavioral research to studies that provide otherwise unattainable insights into normal and abnormal behavior, mental health, emotion, or cognition … NIH should require these studies to be performed only on acquiescent animals using techniques that are minimally invasive and are applied in a manner that minimizes pain and distress. Animals used in either biomedical or behavioral studies must be maintained in appropriate physical and social environments or in natural habitats.” It’s important to emphasize that the IOM does not call for a complete ban on the use of chimps in research. What it does is lay out a humane roadmap, long overdue in some cases. As a former graduate biological anthropology student, I have taken courses that explored primate physiology and behavior. Many of my assigned readings focused on chimpanzees and the other great apes. Although I have never met a chimpanzee face-to-face in the wild, I have visited many zoos and wildlife parks over the years where chimpanzees lived in various states of captivity. On a number of occasions for my anthro and animal behavior courses, I assumed the role of observer of chimp activities and wrote reports for my classes. Granted that I was always carrying out my studies in artificial environments, I saw enough to realize that chimpanzees are truly, and significantly, different from most other animals. Each year we seem to be greeted with a new research report on the intelligence of chimpanzees. Most recently it was revealed that some chimps actually fashion a small branch so that it has a sharp point—in essence, they are making a spear that they then use to hunt and kill small prosimians (for food) living inside trees. These and other types of behaviors have led many primatologists to conclude that chimpanzees are highly intelligent. Partially based on these and other attributes, the IOM issued its report. The Institute also cited the development of cell-based technologies and other animal models that make the use of chimps unnecessary in specific research projects. I fully understand that opinions, pro and con, on the use of chimpanzees in biomedical research make for a controversial issue. From my point of view, it would be ideal if one day we no longer need to rely on these unique and magnificent primates as research subjects. But that day probably remains way ahead in the future. For now, I applaud the IOM report.

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I do a lesson with tints and shades that requires no drawing skills. The kids make a large triangular banner using their first or last initial-usually 24x18 or 24x36 if you have that sized paper. They make the letter on a piece of 9x12 size paper. They can embellish a simple block or puffy letter with a few swirls or whatever, but keep it simple enough to paint in the shape with whatever their color choice is. Then transfer the letter onto the triangle, near the center of the upper part of the wide end. I have them tape the letter in place behind the triangle and trace through on the light box or at the window. This is a monochromatic painting the way I do it with my 3rd graders. the choose one color and use it straight from the bottle to paint the letter shape. This is the only shape with unmixed colors. Then they divide the background behind the letter into large shapes using straight or curved lines (nothing too nervous, if you know what I mean. Just simple lines). I usually limit the number of extra shapes to about 10-12 and remind the kids that the letter is the star of this show, not the background Then they start with tints (color plus white) and paint in half the shapes. Do the same with shades (color plus black) to finish the background area. when dry, we outline with a wide sharpie marker to neaten up the painted edges between shapes and around the letter. Sometimes we edge the whole thing with colored construction paper strips to make the banner a bit more Concepts used are always mixing from light to dark to avoid needing gallons of white paint to lighten up a dark blue, for example. Start with the lightest tint and paint a shape, progressing darker by adding into that bowl more of the prime color. Same with shades, starting with a drop of black into the prime color, painting a shape, and progressing with more black til all the shapes are done. Saves a lot of paint that way! The kids usually pick a color that will match their bedroom at home . My third graders love this project and look forward to it each year. If you need a photo, I can take one and send it tomorrow. I am off Mondays.

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Active school travel is not only a great way for kids to get needed physical activity by walking, biking or wheeling but it also helps reduce the number of families driving and improves safety around schools. - HASTe Date: Tue. May. 29 2012 7:03 AM ET Canadian kids have once again earned an F for "active play and leisure" on a report card evaluating their physical activity levels. The 2012 Active Healthy Kids Canada Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth finds that Canadian kids are spending a pitiful amount of time playing, with 46 per cent of kids taking part in three hours of active play every week or less. Out of the four hours or so of free time that kids typically have after school and during their lunch breaks, kids are getting only 24 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. While active play was once a regular part of a child's day, kids are now spending the majority (63 per cent) of their free time after school and on weekends sedentary. The report card was released Tuesday by Active Healthy Kids Canada and its partners, ParticipACTION and the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute – Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group (HALO). Dr. Mark Tremblay, the chief scientific officer of Active Healthy Kids Canada and director of HALO, says the amount of time that kids are spending in "unstructured play" is declining with each generation. And that's hurting the health of our children and youth. "Kids of all ages should have regular opportunities for active play, where they can let loose, explore, run, climb, crawl and play in parks with friends, like their parents once did," he said in a news release. "Active play is fun, but it is also shown to improve a child's motor function, creativity, decision-making, problem-solving and social skills." There are a number of reasons kids aren't as active today as they should be, but a big one is parental concerns about safety. Fifty-eight per cent of Canadian parents say they are very concerned about keeping their children safe and feel they have to be over-protective of them. Safety concerns, such as crime, traffic, neighbourhood dangers such as bullies, and a lack of supervision, discourage parents from letting their children and youth play outdoors. So instead of playing outside, many kids are instead spending their time in front of screens. The report found that Canadian kids are spending seven hours and 48 minutes per day in front of screens -- well above the guideline of no more than two hours per day. That's despite research that says 92 per cent of Canadian kids would choose playing with friends over watching TV if they had the opportunity. "We have a responsibility to get out of our children's way and give them the time, space and freedom to run around, direct their own activities and learn from their mistakes," Kelly Murumets, President and CEO, ParticipACTION says all Canadians said in a statement. "The reward will be increased confidence, a sense of adventure and, perhaps most importantly, a love for being active." The report urges parents and caregivers to encourage children to choose active play, especially outdoors. To address safety concerns, the report urges parents and caregivers to take turns supervising and playing with children outdoors or encourage kids to play with a buddy. For the fourth year in a row, the Report Card also assigns an "F" for Screen-Based Sedentary Behaviour, noting that most Canadian children and youth are exceeding the recommended guideline of no more than two hours a day. And, for the sixth year in a row, the Report Card also assigns an "F" to Physical Activity Levels. That's because only seven per cent of Canadian children and youth meet the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines of at least 60 minutes of daily moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity. Girls are still trailing the boys in this area: 28 per cent of 10- to 16-year-old boys in Canada reported accumulating at least 60 minutes of moderate-to vigorous-intensity physical activity a day compared to only 17 per cent of girls.

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A nocturnal bird of prey. (AM2: dp. 1,009 (f.); l. 18710; 1 b. 356; dr. 104; s. 14 k.; cpl. 78; a. 2 3; cl. Lapwing) The first Owl (AM2) was laid down 25 October 1917 by the Todd Shipbuilding Corp., Brooklyn, N.Y.; launched 4 March 1918; sponsored by Miss Ruth R. Dodd; and commissioned 11 July 1918, Lt. (j.g.) Charles B. Babson in command. Following a New York to Charleston towing assignment, Owl reported to the 5th Naval District at Norfolk, 22 August 1918. Employed as a minesweeper for the remaining months of World War I, she then served as a light ship in the inner approach to Chesapeake Bay until 10 July 1919. From that time until 1936, she was primarily engaged in providing towing services along the eastern seaboard and in the Caribbean. Between June 1936 and January 1941, she operated with units of the Aircraft Division, Base Force, providing planeguard, seaplane tender, and target and mooring buoy planting services from New England to the Caribbean. Then, temporarily attached to Train, Patrol Force at Culebra, P.R., she steamed to Bermuda in May for towing and servicing duties with MinDiv 14. Redesignated AT137, 1 June 1942, she was based at Bermuda until June 1943. During that time, towing and escort duties frequently took her to the east coast, while numerous salvage and rescue missions, including aid to the submarine R1 and torpedoed Argentine tanker Victoria, kept her busy at Bermuda and in nearby convoy lanes. Detached from Bermudan duty in June, Owl spent the last six months of 1943 with DesRon 30 operating out of Guantanamo Bay. She then steamed back to Norfolk for overhaul, and sailed for Europe. She arrived at Falmouth, U.K., 14 March 1944 to join the Allied forces gathering for the invasion of France. Redesignated ATO137 on 15 May 1944, she arrived off the Normandy coast two days after D-Day. As ground forces pushed inland, she towed port and road construction materials to the French coast, thus aiding the all important flow of men and equipment to the front. Availability at Falmouth early in the new year, 1945, preceded her return to the United States, 27 February, and midAtlantic coast towing assignments. Transferred to the Pacific Fleet, she sailed from Newport, 5 May, with YNG11 in tow, and arrived at San Diego 23 June, to join ServRon 2. In August she continued on to Pearl Harbor for four months of target towing duty, returning to the west coast 2 January 1946. Owl then provided towing services for the 19th (Reserve) Fleet until beginning inactivation in April. She decommissioned in the 13th Naval District 26 July 1946 and on 27 June 1947 was sold for scrapping to the Pacific Metal and Salvage Co. at Port of Nordland, Wash. Owl received 1 battle star for World War II service.

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Up next in How to Use Microsoft Excel (29 videos) Get a handle on Microsoft Excel -- the industry standard for spreadsheets -- with the help of computer whiz Shir Moscovitz in these Howcast videos. Hi, my name is Shir and I'm the founder and CEO of shirconsulting.com where we focus on converting the existing data from your business into massive savings and extraordinary profits. Today we're going to learn the basics of Excel. Let's get started. So now let's talk about moving CELLS around inside of the WORKSHEET. I can do it in a number of ways. I can use the mouse to select the CELLS I want and as soon as I hover over the edge of the selected CELLS, I get four diff, four directional arrows. If I click and drag that - I'm physically moving all of those. I tend to stay away from that. I am just hitting undo to go back which is CTRL+Z. I like to do instead a CTRL+X which is a CUT and then click where I want to move it to and hit CTRL+V to paste. This CUT and PASTE will always work and that's why I recommend using it for all moving needs. You can also INSERT new CELLS in between current data. So if I want to move everything down and move some stuff around that way - I click on the CELL that I want, I right click and then I do INSERT. It then asks me in this little window - do I want to shift the CELLS to the right or down? I want to try shifting them down. I can do this all at once across these five by doing, by selecting all five, right clicking on it, hitting INSERT and shifting the CELLS down. I can do the same thing with vertical CELLS. I select all these, I right click on it, I hit INSERT and I shift them to the right. And now I have new CELLS over here. The best method to move CELLS around is to select what you want, hit CTRL+X to CUT, click where you want to PASTE it, and then hit CTRL+V to PASTE. Another important reason to do that is to maintain the CELL references. We'll go over that later but that's a very important concept. And that's how you move CELLS around in Microsoft EXCEL.

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2012 Highlights: UC IPM Annual Report When honey bees invade Spring is when bees most often swarm, which can be scary if they are too close to where people live. In May, UC IPM published a new Pest Note about how to get rid of honey bee swarms and hives in and near houses. In the Pest Note, extension entomologist and author Eric Mussen describes how and why bees swarm, then advises readers how to keep a swarm from establishing itself in a home—or, if it’s too late to prevent establishment, what to do to remove it. Removing a swarm requires a professional, but the capture is much easier than removing bees inside a wall or attic, so prompt action is important. Local beekeepers are often willing to help, and swarming bees can often be removed without killing them. Since UC Cooperative Extension offices receive many calls about swarms, this Pest Note was particularly helpful and timely. Removing Honey Bee Swarms and Established Hives is available on the home, garden, turf, and landscape pests section of the UC IPM Web site. This section also includes information about hundreds of other home and landscape pests. > Next article: Resource Roundup

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The following are recommended books for parents and educators. A Guide to Collaboration for IEP Teams This book contains everything necessary for establishing effective IEP meetings. The former President of the Texas Council of Administrators of Special Education, Chuck Noe, M.A., acknowledges this and says, "Martin's ideas work " and he recommends this book to "anyone wanting to strengthen the quality of meetings and outcomes." The book targets the needs of administrators, teachers, resource professionals, and parents. It is a skills-based book that will help these groups to design, review, and modify IEPs for children with special education needs. A Parent's Guide to Special Education The term 'special education' encompasses dozens of learning challenges: developmental delay, learning and physical disabilities, emotional disturbance, retardation, language impairment, autism, and others. By nature of this diversity, navigating even well-run, well-funded special education programs can be daunting. A Parent's Guide to Special Education offers invaluable information and a positive vision of special education that will help them through a potentially overwhelming process. Filled with practical recommendations, sample forms, and enlightening examples, this is a priceless resource for helping every child learn. Meeting the Challenge: Special Education Tools That Work for All Kids This book is intended to serve as a freestanding reference for teachers whose classes include students with academic or behavioral difficulties. The recommended best practices were originally developed for students with disabilities but have been found to be effective with all students. Each chapter provides principles, suggestions and specific tools (such as sample check lists, rubrics, forms, word lists, observation guides, planning guides, and lesson plans). Negotiating the Special Education Maze Negotiating the Special Education Maze is one of the best tools available to parents and teachers for developing an effective education program for their child or student. Every step is explained, from eligibility and evaluation to the Individualized Education Program (IEP) and beyond. This edition covers changes in disability laws, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). It reviews early intervention services for children from birth to age three, and for those who have young adults with special needs, it also covers transitioning out of school. The Complete IEP Guide: How to Advocate for Your Special Ed Child The Individualized Education Program, or IEP, determines the nuts and bolts of your child's special education. This includes the specific classroom set up, curricula, support services, and program and educational goals. Understanding every aspect of the IEP process will help you avoid surprises along the way. The Complete IEP Guide walks you step-by-step through the IEP process. The book provides all the instructions, suggestions, strategies, resources and forms you need to proceed from the beginning, when you first suspect a problem, to the end, when your child completes school. Wrightslaw: From Emotions to Advocacy Wrightslaw: From Emotions to Advocacy, second edition will teach you how to plan, prepare, organize and get quality special education services. In this comprehensive, easy-to-read book, you will learn your child's disability and educational needs, how to create a simple method for organizing your child’s file and devising a master plan for your child's special education. You will understand parent-school conflict, how to create paper trails and effective letter writing. This book includes dozens of worksheets, forms and sample letters that you can tailor to your needs Wrightslaw: Special Education Law Wrightslaw: Special Education Law, 2nd Edition provides a clear roadmap to the laws and how to get better services for all children with disabilities. This Wrightslaw publication is an invaluable resource for parents, advocates, educators, and attorneys. You will refer to this book again and again. Proceeds from the sale of books purchased from our recommended books section can help support LD OnLine.

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(NaturalNews) According to Finnish researchers, a diet rich in carotenoids such as lycopene and beta-carotene may significantly lower the risk of stroke for men. Higher concentrations of carotenoids in the blood were associated with as much as a 55-59 percent decrease in the likelihood of having a stroke during the 12-year study of over 1,000 Finnish men aged 46-65. Fruit and vegetable consumption and carotenoid concentration in the blood has gradually been gaining a positive reputation in maintaining cardiovascular health. Lycopene (commonly found in tomatoes and watermelon) and beta-carotene (which can be found in carrots, pumpkin, and spinach) are two of the chief carotenoids believed to help in the prevention of stroke. The magic of carotenoids Carotenoids have numerous preventive effects. They have been renowned for their ability to help prevent lung and prostate cancer, and their antioxidant properties may be responsible for preventing the build-up of plaque in the arteries, which is a crucial contributor to heart disease and stroke. These benefits may arise as much from the general diet and lifestyle that accompany the consumption of large amounts of carotenoid-containing vegetables. Because of this, scientists are unable to draw a causal connection between carotenoids and stroke. The research is promising; however, and researchers and public health advocates alike are eager to point to results of studies like this to encourage a well-rounded, veggie-heavy diet. The highest concentrations of carotenoids can be found in fruits and vegetables with red, orange, and yellow skins or flesh. Heavy hitters include tomato paste, sweet potatoes, carrot juice, papayas, citrus fruits, and leafy greens. Aim for at least five servings of fruits and vegetables each day, and eat carotenoid-containing foods with a source of fat to help your body absorb the nutrients properly. Supplements may also be effective, although fewer studies have demonstrated a strong connection between carotenoid pills and improved cardiovascular health. Most physicians recognize the value of these amazing antioxidants but also recommend a varied, nutritious diet and regular physical activity as the best way to promote cardiovascular health. In addition, although the study did not extend to women or young individuals, researchers expect that a diet high in carotenoids and fruits and vegetables will hold similar preventive effects for the general population. About the author: Katie BrindAmour is a Certified Health Education Specialist and passionate health and wellness freelance writer. She enjoys cooking, yoga, gardening, searching for the perfect wine and chocolate combination, and spending time with friends. She has a Masters in Biology and is currently pursuing her PhD in Health Services Management and Policy. She also enjoys blogging for Women's Healthcare Topics and Healthline Networks. FREE online report shows how we can save America through a nutrition health care revolution. "Eating healthy is patriotic!" Click here to read it now... Healing Power of Sunlight and Vitamin D In this exclusive interview, Dr. Michael Holick reveals fascinating facts on how vitamin D is created and used in the human body to ward off chronic diseases like cancer, osteoporosis, mental disorders and more. Click here to read it now... Get the Full Story The International Medical Council on Vaccination has released, exclusively through NaturalNews.com, a groundbreaking document containing the signatures of physicians, brain surgeons and professors, all of which have signed on to a document stating that vaccines pose a significant risk of harm to the health of children. Click here to read it now... Ranger Storable Organics GMO-free, chemical-free foods and superfoods for long-term storage and preparedness. See selection at www.StorableOrganics.com

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Community inDetail, Part 3 Myths and Realities Myth 1: Institutions are the best setting for some individuals with severe intellectual and developmental disabilities. Four groups of people are often cited as the most difficult to serve in the community. - Medically Fragile: Some institution residents have complex medical conditions such as seizure disorder, aspiration risk, and dysphagia, requiring intensive medical support. If skilled nursing and medical planning are provided, successful community placement of people with complex medical issues can be ensured (Kozma et al., 2003). - Dual Diagnoses: Half of institution residents have a condition requiring psychiatric attention (Lakin et al., 2009). Often people with dual diagnoses need high levels of services and supports that require integrated interventions from both ID/DD and mental health providers. Often ID/DD providers do not have the capacity to provide treatment for mental health issues, and mental health providers do not have the capacity to provide self-care supports to address ID/DD issues. Joint system planning can be difficult because the two types of services are available through different funding streams (Day, 2009). - Involved with the Criminal Justice System: Developmental services agencies are expected to serve a public safety function for these individuals. This can be challenging in the context of developing a system designed to promote self-determination and community participation (Bascom, 2009). - Older People Who Have Spent Many Years in the Institution: Older residents who have spent many years in an institution present several challenges; they (or their parents or guardians) may feel that the institution is their home and they do not want to be uprooted. Many have never had the experience of living in the community. Some states have developed specific strategies to meet the needs of challenging populations, including those with the most significant challenges. People with co-occurring developmental disabilities and mental illnesses and older adults with developmental disabilities are particularly vulnerable populations. They face barriers to services related to a lack of coordination and collaboration across service systems, as well as gaps in research, clinical expertise, and access to appropriate programs. This lack of coordination has many causes, including separate systems for financing services; a reluctance by mental health and developmental disabilities systems to allocate scarce resources for a high-needs population that could be served in another service system; established provider networks that are not cross-trained; and the evolution of advocacy movements emphasizing different priorities. In many cases, specific barriers to service may be both a cause and a result of the lack of coordination across systems. In 2002, the Surgeon General addressed the needs of vulnerable populations in A National Blueprint to Improve the Health of Persons with [Mental Retardation]. States and advocates have implemented strategies and programs to address the needs of people with complex medical needs, dual diagnoses, and older adults with development disabilities. For example: - To facilitate the closure of Agnews Developmental Center, California created 23 licensed homes in the community that provide sophisticated medical support (SB 962 homes). Although they are expensive (an average monthly cost of $15,000 per person), they seem to be meeting the needs of a medically fragile population (California Health and Human Service Agency ,2010). - In 2008, Tennessee opened a 16-bed ICF/DD with medical services including 24-hour nursing care. - Missouri advocates founded the Association on Aging with Developmental Disabilities to increase awareness of the importance of providing community-based services and support focusing on older adults with developmental disabilities. - The Florida Department of Elder Affairs sponsored training for service providers on meeting the needs of aging people with developmental disabilities. (www.adrc-tae.org/tiki-download_file.php?fileId=30426) - As part of a federal lawsuit settlement, the State of Hawaii is required to take specific steps to identify people with developmental disabilities within the mental health system and ensure that there are smooth discharges from the state psychiatric hospital. - In 2008, the New Jersey Department of Human Services convened the Dual Diagnosis Task Force to examine and resolve the serious lack of services, unmet service needs, and other significant obstacles to receiving mental health and developmental disability services. The task force made recommendations on a framework for change that would enable the service system to effectively serve the needs of children and adults with developmental disabilities and co-occurring mental health and/or behavior disorders. - Oregon and several other states use person-centered planning, coupled with individual budgeting, to adequately address complex individual needs. - Maryland’s Rosewood Center placed 17 of the 30 court-committed individuals in the community and 13 in a secure residential facility to ensure public safety. In the community, the individuals were placed in small residences with a range of supports, including one-to-one supervision and/or awake overnight supervision, or creative monitoring in a small (up to three individuals) residential setting with day, vocational, or supported employment services. Monitoring may include oversight by another agency (regular reporting to a probation officer through the Department of Corrections) or monitoring devices (alarmed windows and doors) (Maryland Developmental Disabilities Administration, 2008). Myth 2: The quality of care cannot be assured in a community-based residential setting. Opponents of institutional closure argue that it is easier to monitor the quality of a small number of large institutions rather than a large number of smaller facilities. Proponents of deinstitutionalization admit that “in the early phases of deinstitutionalization, efforts to develop quality assurance strategies suited to community services were sometimes subordinated in the rush to meet court-ordered deadlines” (Bradley and Kimmich, 2003). Most states have now developed mechanisms to monitor the quality of community-based services. However, no quality assurance mechanism is foolproof, and incidents of abuse, neglect, and even death occur in the community, just as they do in institutions. We have found no studies comparing the rate of adverse incidents in the community with the rate in institutional settings. Family, friends, and neighbors play important roles in assuring safety and service quality for people in community-based settings. Several researchers found that family presence and participation in the person’s life can be an important safeguard for security and service quality (Lemay, 2009) and should be regarded as the most important and dependable source of quality assurance. Although there are few specific federal requirements as to how states must assure quality, states must persuade the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) that the state can assure health and welfare. CMS has established a Quality Framework that addresses access, PCP and service delivery, provider capacity, participant safeguards, rights and responsibilities, outcomes and satisfaction, and system performance. Though it is not regulatory, it provides a framework for certain expectations of quality outcomes for HCBS Waiver program services. In recent years, most states and communities have increased regulation or oversight of community-based services. Most states have multifaceted systems of quality assurance, including the participation of different stakeholders in and outside government and the service system. Systems of quality assurance include the following (from Bascom, 2009): - Licensure: Group homes and other community residences where three or more unrelated people with disabilities live require licensure. - Quality Management Reviews: Reviewers assess Medicaid-funded services to ensure compliance with state and federal Medicaid standards. In Vermont, for example, site visits are conducted every two years, with follow-up as appropriate. - Guardianship: Public guardians who are provided to adults with developmental disabilities play distinct quality assurance functions. They are expected to have regular (in some states at least monthly) face-to-face contact with the people for whom they are guardians and to monitor their welfare and quality of life and advocate for appropriate services. - Safety and Accessibility Checks: All residences of people with developmental disabilities are inspected for compliance with safety and accessibility standards. - Consumer and Family Surveys: Annually, about 25 states participate in the National Association of State Directors of Developmental Disability Services and Human Services Research Institute NCI survey, which canvasses consumer and family members to measure the satisfaction of people receiving services and to measure what services people report receiving. (http://www2.hsri.org/nci) - Critical Incident Reporting Process: Most states have a critical incident reporting process, whereby developmental disability service providers report to the state developmental disability agency when certain incidents take place, such as the death of someone receiving services; use of restrictive procedures; allegations of abuse, neglect, or exploitation; or criminal behavior by or against someone receiving services. - Grievance and Appeals: The only formal federal requirement for developmental disability service providers is that they provide rights of appeal for eligibility decisions. However, many states require each developmental disability service provider to have written grievance and appeals procedures and to inform applicants and service recipients of that process. - Abuse Complaints: Any human service provider is legally required to file an immediate report of any suspected abuse, neglect, or exploitation of a vulnerable adult. - Medicaid Fraud Unit: The Medicaid Fraud Unit is a specially staffed unit within the Office of the Attorney General. It investigates allegations of criminal activity, including abuse, neglect, or exploitation, in any Medicaid-funded facility or involving a person receiving Medicaid-funded supports. - Service Coordination: The role of service coordinator or case manager often includes the functions of monitoring and advocacy. In some states, the service coordinator is the focal point for individual-based quality assurance at the local level. - Advocacy: Empowered service users and families are powerful components in the quality assurance chain. Self-advocacy groups work to empower people with disabilities to learn about their rights, step forward, and speak for themselves. In addition, advocacy organizations such as The Arc provide information, support, and advocacy for people with disabilities and their families. - Other Organizations: Other organizations develop the capacity to monitor specific groups of people. For example, the Guardianship Trust in Vermont provides regular, structured individually based citizen monitoring of residential services provided by the state. Brandon Training School Association is an alliance of parents and other people concerned with the well-being of former residents of Brandon Training School. Myth 3: Community-based settings do not offer the same level of safety as institutional settings. All states take measures to make sure that people, whether living in institutions or in the community, are healthy, safe, and protected from harm. However, if the state’s safeguards are not rigorous, closely enforced, and monitored, people with developmental disabilities are not safe, regardless of where they live. Two significant factors increase the risk of abuse and neglect: isolation from family and a system that rewards compliant attitudes among people with developmental disabilities (Valenti-Hein and Schwartz, 1995). The NCI 2009–2010 survey shows that the majority of people with ID/DD feel safe in their home, in their neighborhood, and their work/day program/daily activity. More than 90 percent of the individuals surveyed reported that they have someone to go to when they feel afraid. Nevertheless, some opponents of deinstitutionalization claim that the safeguards offered in the community are inadequate to ensure the physical safety of a very vulnerable population. Based on newspaper reports, Protection and Advocacy investigations, and state investigations, it is clear that instances of abuse and neglect occur in community settings, and some of them result in unnecessary deaths. However, the same can be said about institutions. For example, the 2009 “fight club” incident, in which institution workers forced residents to fight one another while employees taped the incidents on their cell phones, made national news. In 2007, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution published an exposé on state mental health hospitals that revealed more than 100 suspicious deaths of patients during the previous five years (Judd, 2010). The 2002 death of Brian Kent in Kiley Center in Waukegan, Illinois, revealed a pattern of neglect caused by unprofessional attitudes, administrative indifference, lack of competence, and caregiver fatigue (Equip for Equality, 2008). As systems of care become more sophisticated and mature, states are able to move toward increasing their quality assurance efforts to protect health and safety. Missouri, for example, has instituted a Health Identification Planning System, which represents the quality monitoring process for the discovery and remediation of health and safety concerns for individuals in Division of Developmental Disability community residential services. A Health Inventory tool is completed on all people when they enter a community placement and annually, as well as when there are significant health changes. Regional Office registered nurses complete Nursing Reviews on individuals with a defined score on their health inventory. These reviews evaluate the provider’s health supports and services, evaluate the individual’s response to treatment, and identify unmet health care needs. Missouri also created an Office of Constituent Services to serve as an advocate for people with ID/DD. Myth 4: Mortality rates are higher in the community for individuals with ID/DD than in Institutions. Older adults or adults who are medically fragile have a higher mortality rate regardless of where they live (or their geographic location). As a result, mortality comparisons are not straightforward and require complex statistical approaches. For example, a Massachusetts study on deaths showed that the average age at death varied across residential settings. The study indicated generally that the average age of death for each residential setting reflects the relative age and health status of the residents in each of the residential settings. The study also showed that mortality rates are lowest among people living at home or with family. (Center for Developmental Disabilities Evaluation and Research (CDDER), 2010). The study showed that people with developmental disabilities generally died of the same causes as the general population. Heart disease remained the leading cause of death and Alzheimer’s disease the second leading cause. The Massachusetts Department of Developmental Services (DDS), in collaboration with the CDDER, has focused on the health status of people with developmental disabilities. Examples of projects they have taken on in Massachusetts include the following: - Identification and customization of a health screening tool for use by direct supportive providers - Development of Preventive Health Guidelines for Individuals with Mental Retardation - Root Cause Analysis training and support - Incident Management protocol development - Mapping the community-based system of mental health and physical health supports - Annual mortality reports - Annual Quality Assurance reports and the development of web-based Quality Briefs - Implementation of the DDS STOP Falls Pilot to identify patterns and risk factors for falls among people with ID/DD - Implementation and evaluation of a pilot study of DDS’s new Health Promotion and Coordination initiative - Support in development of training modules for community providers - Quantitative analysis of clinical service capacity within the residential provider system - Analysis of Medicaid pharmacy utilization claims data An increasing number of states conduct mortality studies, review each death, and have proactively begun programs and initiatives to improve the health status of people with developmental disabilities. However, adults with developmental disabilities are more likely to develop chronic health conditions at younger ages than other adults due to biological factors related to syndromes and associated developmental disabilities, limited access to adequate health care, and lifestyle and environmental issues. They have higher rates of obesity, sedentary behaviors, and poor nutritional habits than the general population (Yamaki, 2005). Most studies find that the mortality rate is comparable across settings or is favorable in community settings. For example: - Conroy and Adler (1998) found improved survival for people leaving the Pennhurst Institution for life in the community and no evidence of transfer trauma. - Lerman, Apgar, and Jordan (2003) found the death ratio of 150 movers who left a New Jersey institution was quite comparable to a matched group of 150 stayers after controlling for critical high risk variables. - Heller et al. (1998) found that, although transitions from institutions or nursing homes to community settings may result in short-term stress and risks that may affect mortality (transfer trauma), the long-term survival rates improve. - Hsieh et al. (2009) found that, regardless of residential location, those who had a greater variation in the physical environment and greater involvement in social activities had a lower risk of mortality. Despite such findings, opponents of deinstitutionalization continue to use the mortality argument. In its advocacy literature, one group continues to cite Strauss, Eyman, and Grossman (1996) and Strauss, Kastner, and Shavelle (1998), who suggest that people with developmental disabilities, particularly those with severe disabilities, have higher mortality rates in the community than in institutions. Subsequent studies did not reproduce these results. O’Brien and Zaharia (1998) question the accuracy of the database used by Strauss and colleagues, Durkin (1996) critiques Strauss’s methodology, and Lerman et al. (2003) review a number of unsuccessful attempts to reproduce the results.

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Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Abstract: The expansion of outdoor recreational activities has increased greatly the interaction between the public and waterfowl and waterfowl habitat. The effects of these interactions on waterfowl habitats are more visible and obvious, whereas the effects of interactions which disrupt the normal behavior of waterfowl are more subtle and often overlooked, but perhaps no less of a problem than destruction of habitat. Resource managers and administrators require information on the types, magnitude, and potential effects of disturbances that will affect human use of and access to wildlife resources. This bibliography contains excerpts or annotations from 211 articles that contained information about effects of human disturbances on waterfowl. Indices are provided for subject/keywords, geographic locations, species of waterfowl, and authors used in this bibliography. Increases in human population, transportation, recreational boating, industrial and residential development, birdwatching, camping, and hiking all create conflicts with waterfowl which must use a dwindling and fragmented habitat base. Managers and administrators require information on the types, magnitude, and potential effects of disturbances that will affect human use of and access to wildlife resources. Managers responsible for waterfowl production should be aware of the problems created by human disturbance to aid them in the design of facilities and developments to increase public appreciation of waterfowl. This bibliography resulted from concerns about human disturbance to flocks of canvasback ducks (Aythya valisineria) and other waterfowl that stage on navigation pools of the Upper Mississippi River during fall migration. Initially, a field study and subsequent literature search for information to use in a manuscript describing these disturbances (Korschgen et al. 1985) indicated that few specific studies had been conducted on the subject, although there were numerous anecdotal references. Aspects of human disturbance to other groups of wildlife, especially large game mammals (e.g., Bollinger et al. 1973; Ream 1980; Ferguson and Keith 1982) and nesting seabirds and shorebirds (e.g., Hunt 1972; Robert and Ralph 1975; Buckley and Buckley 1976; Manuwal 1979; Rodgers and Burger 1981; Burger 1981; Whitman 1988; Frederick and Collopy 1989; Strauss and Dane 1989; Yalden and Yalden 1990), have received considerable attention because of the increased frequency of human-wildlife interactions in national and state parks, refuges, management areas, and seashores (Foin et al. 1977; Purdy et al. 1987; Pomerantz et al. 1988). Books have been written relating to effects of human disturbance on natural resources (Edington and Edington 1986; Hammitt and Cole 1987). We decided that a consolidated information source on human disturbances to waterfowl would be of value to waterfowl managers and administrators. We searched Wildlife Abstracts, Wildlife Review, Journal of Wildlife Management, Wildlife Society Bulletin, and Wildlife Monographs for titles and key words related to human disturbance. Unfortunately, few key words used by journals relate to this topic. We also searched a bibliography of waterfowl papers maintained by Kenneth J. Reinecke (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center) that contains over 5,000 citations. Perhaps our most valuable source of information was the reference sections of publications dealing with human disturbances to waterfowl. Some of the bibliographic entries are papers that did not directly pertain to waterfowl, but the topics may be important for further research related to waterfowl. The definition of human disturbance to waterfowl varies among authors. The following definition seems reasonable to us: a direct event, intentionally or unintentionally created by people, leading to a reaction of alertness; fright (obvious or inapparent); interruption of activities; flight, swimming, or other displacements; or death or disablement. The event may have long-term or short-term effects. We have excluded almost all references dealing with death of waterfowl including: hunter harvest or illegal harvest, waterfowl collisions with power lines, deaths from the ingestion of angler's lead sinkers, losses of diving ducks to commercial fish nets and trotlines, and losses of waterfowl to furbearer trapping during spring seasons that are no longer in existence. Sometimes it was so awkward to exclude these subjects that we included them, but our intent was to confine ourselves chiefly to disturbance caused by direct human activity (presence, traffic, flights, fishing, boating, and so forth). We included several papers relating to waterfowl energetics because disturbances may hinder the acquisition of food (energy) which may affect fitness for migration and breeding. Energetics is a rapidly developing topic that will be important in answering some of the questions about the effects of disturbance that cannot now be answered. The frequency of topics in the subject index is shown in Table 1. Disturbances created by water users, chiefly boaters, anglers, and hunters, are mentioned most frequently. These disturbances were serious in that they displaced waterfowl from their feeding grounds, created energetic costs associated with flight, and affected nesting or brooding waterfowl, which may have lowered productivity. Interestingly, researcher-caused disturbances also had a high frequency of occurrence. Most biologists are familiar with the desertions of females caused while conducting nesting studies. We hope this bibliography will stimulate research and focus on those areas most lacking in definitive data. Despite our efforts to include all the pertinent references, this bibliography is incomplete. It provides, however, a starting point for the reader interested in human disturbances to waterfowl. |Subject||Number of citations| |Anglers (See fishing)| |Boating (boats, canoes, sculling, rowing, power, airboats, sailing)||66| |Development (industrial, petroleum, pollution, urban, construction)||24| |Energetic costs (flight)||23| |Lead weights (fishing or angler's)||2| |Human activity/disturbance, general||58| |Nest (see Investigator/research-caused)| |Refuge (restricting trespass, sanctuary--see Abatement)||36| |Research (see Investigator/research)| |Roads (also see Development)| |Shipping (see Barges/shipping)| |Wariness (tameness, alert, tolerance distance)||43| This project was begun under the direction of R. F. Berry, Manager of the Upper Mississippi River Refuge Complex. We particularly thank the following persons for their encouragement and aid: D. V. Bell, Senior Research Officer of the Wildfowl Trust, Slimbridge, England; R. B. Kahl, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources; L. A. Batten, Senior Ornithological Advisor and Chief Scientist Directorate, Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, England; and L. H. Fredrickson, Director of the Gaylord Memorial Laboratory, University of Missouri. We are indebted to many researchers, both in America and in Europe, who supplied reprints of their work. Most important has been the patient and thorough assistance of A. Zimmerman, librarian at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, who obtained many of the publications and provided editorial comments on the manuscript. J. Sauls and S. H. Thatcher, translated German papers. D. Stroud and J. Magerus, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, translated German and French papers. We are also grateful to A. Prochowicz, L. Ames, B. Toal, C. Eloranta, and H. Sampson who typed and checked the manuscript. Bollinger, J. G., O. J. Rongstad, A. Soom, and R. G. Eckstein. 1973. Snowmobile noise effects on wildlife, 1972-1973 report. Engineering Experiment Station, University Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 85 pp. Buckley, P. A., and F. G. Buckley. 1976. Guidelines for the protection and management of colonial nesting waterbirds. U.S. National Park Service, Boston, Mass. 54 pp. Burger, J. 1981. The effect of human activity on birds at a coastal bay. Biological Conservation 21:231-241. Edington, J. M., and M. A. Edington. 1986. Ecology, recreation, and tourism. Cambridge University Press, New York. 198 pp. Ferguson, M. S. D., and L. B. Keith. 1982. Influence of nordic skiing on distribution of moose and elk in Elk Island National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 96:69-78. Foin, T. C., E. O. Garton, C. W. Bowen, J. M. Everingham, and R. O. Schultz. 1977. Quantitative studies of visitor impacts on environments of Yosemite National Park, California, and their implications for park management policy. Journal of Environmental Management 5:1-22. Hammitt, W. E., and D. N. Cole. 1987. Wildland recreation. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 341 pp. Hunt, G. L., Jr. 1972. Influence of food distribution and human disturbance on the reproductive success of herring gulls. Ecology 53:1051-1061. Korschgen, C. E., L. S. George, and W. L. Green. 1985. Disturbance of diving ducks by boaters on a migrational staging area. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13:290-296. Manuwal, D. A. 1978. Effect of man on marine birds: a review. Pages 140-160 in Wildlife and People. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, Ind. Pomerantz, G. A., D. J. Decker, G. R. Goff, and K. G. Purdy. 1988. Assessing impact of recreation on wildlife: a classification scheme. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:58-62. Purdy, K. G., G. R. Goff, D. J. Decker, G. A. Pomerantz, and N. A. Connelly. 1987. A guide to managing human activity on National Wildlife Refuges. Human Dimensions Research Unit, Department Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Information Transfer, 1025 Pennock Place, Fort Collins, Colo. 57 pp. Ream, C. H. 1980. Impacts of backcountry recreationists on wildlife: an annotated bibliography. U.S. Forest Service General Technical Report INT-81. 62 pp. Robert, H. C., and C. J. Ralph. 1975. Effects of human disturbance on the breeding success of gulls. Condor 77:495-499. Rodgers , J. A., Jr., and J. Burger. 1981. Symposium on human disturbance and colonial waterbirds. Colonial Waterbirds 4:1. Strauss, E., and B. Dane. 1989. Differential reproductive success in a stressed population of piping plovers in areas of high and low human disturbance. American Zoologist 29:42A. Whitman, P. L. 1988. Biology and conservation of the endangered interior least tern: a literature review. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Biological Report 88(3). 22 pp. Yalden, P. E., and D. W. Yalden. 1990. Recreational disturbance of breeding golden plovers Pluvialis apricarius. Biological Conservation 51:243-262. This resource is based on the following source (Northern Prairie Publication 0859): Dahlgren, Robert B., and Carl E. Korschgen. 1992. Human disturbances of waterfowl: an annotated bibliography. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 188. 62pp. This resource should be cited as: Dahlgren, Robert B., and Carl E. Korschgen. 1992. Human disturbances of waterfowl: an annotated bibliography. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 188. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/literatr/disturb/index.htm (Version 16JUL1997).

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Fraction interpolation walking a Farey tree We present an algorithm to find a proper fraction in simplest reduced terms between two reduced proper fractions. A proper fraction is a rational number m/n with m1. A fraction m/n is simpler than p/q if m <= p and n <= q, with at least one inequality strict. The algorithm operates by walking a Farey tree in maximum steps down each branch. Through monte carlo simulation, we find that the present algorithm finds a simpler interpolation of two fractions than using the Euclidean-Convergent [Matula 1980] walk of a Farey tree and terminating at the first fraction satisfying the bound. Analysis shows that the new algorithms, with very high probability, will find an interpolation that is simpler than at least one of the bounds, and thus take less storage space than at least one of the bounds. - download PDF (150K) Mosko, M. ; Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. J. Fraction interpolation walking a Farey tree. Information Processing Letters. 2006 April 15; 98 (1): 19-23.

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General Motors Company was started by William Durant in 1908. After the stock market panic of 1907, a lot of companies were in dire straits and Durant chose this opportunity to buy smaller car builders and companies that manufactured car parts. He combined these companies and created the General Motors Company. Due to mismanagement and over extending the companies in 1910 bankers were forced to step in to prevent the financial collapse of the Company. Durant was removed from the company he had founded. Durant had managed to start another car manufacturing company, called Chevrolet. He used this company to once again take over the reins at General Motors in 1915. This time he was successful in developing a car company that was profitable. During this time the Cadillac was introduced and became luxury car icon. Durant position as head of the company only lasted until 1920 when he was again removed from the company. General Motors went on to become one of the leaders in the auto industry. General Motors was founded in 1908 but didn’t really start to become a giant in the auto industry until the 1920’s. With a new leader at the helm, Alfred Sloan, auto sales reached the 4.5 million mark and the auto industry now had three giants which were, General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. General Motors were now interested in giving the public more stylish colors, features and comfort became the new motto of the company. General Motors also came up with the option of buying on credit. General Motors had five brands, including Pontiac, Cadillac, Buick, Oldsmobile, and Chevrolet. There were some rough years for the company after the Wall Street Crash in 1929 but the company kept at it and by 1955 they were the first company to make more than a billion dollars in one year. At one time General Motors was the largest corporation in the US as well as the single largest employer in the world. Currently the company is facing financial woes and will hopefully once again make back to the top of the auto industry. Leave a Reply

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What determines how much coverage a climate study gets? It probably goes without saying that it isn’t strongly related to the quality of the actual science, nor to the clarity of the writing. Appearing in one of the top journals does help (Nature, Science, PNAS and occasionally GRL), though that in itself is no guarantee. Instead, it most often depends on the ‘news’ value of the bottom line. Journalists and editors like stories that surprise, that give something ‘new’ to the subject and are therefore likely to be interesting enough to readers to make them read past the headline. It particularly helps if a new study runs counter to some generally perceived notion (whether that is rooted in fact or not). In such cases, the ‘news peg’ is clear. And so it was for the Steig et al “Antarctic warming” study that appeared last week. Mainstream media coverage was widespread and generally did a good job of covering the essentials. The most prevalent peg was the fact that the study appeared to reverse the “Antarctic cooling” meme that has been a staple of disinformation efforts for a while now. It’s worth remembering where that idea actually came from. Back in 2001, Peter Doran and colleagues wrote a paper about the Dry Valleys long term ecosystem responses to climate change, in which they had a section discussing temperature trends over the previous couple of decades (not the 50 years time scale being discussed this week). The “Antarctic cooling” was in their title and (unsurprisingly) dominated the media coverage of their paper as a counterpoint to “global warming”. (By the way, this is a great example to indicate that the biggest bias in the media is towards news, not any particular side of a story). Subsequent work indicated that the polar ozone hole (starting in the early 80s) was having an effect on polar winds and temperature patterns (Thompson and Solomon, 2002; Shindell and Schmidt, 2004), showing clearly that regional climate changes can sometimes be decoupled from the global picture. However, even then both the extent of any cooling and the longer term picture were more difficult to discern due to the sparse nature of the observations in the continental interior. In fact we discussed this way back in one of the first posts on RealClimate back in 2004. This ambiguity was of course a gift to the propagandists. Thus for years the Doran et al study was trotted out whenever global warming was being questioned. It was of course a classic ‘cherry pick’ – find a region or time period when there is a cooling trend and imply that this contradicts warming trends on global scales over longer time periods. Given a complex dynamic system, such periods and regions will always be found, and so as a tactic it can always be relied on. However, judging from the take-no-prisoners response to the Steig et al paper from the contrarians, this important fact seems to have been forgotten (hey guys, don’t worry you’ll come up with something new soon!). Actually, some of the pushback has been hilarious. It’s been a great example for showing how incoherent and opportunistic the ‘antis’ really are. Exhibit A is an email (and blog post) sent out by Senator Inhofe’s press staff (i.e. Marc Morano). Within this single email there are misrepresentations, untruths, unashamedly contradictory claims and a couple of absolutely classic quotes. Some highlights: Dr. John Christy of the University of Alabama in Huntsville slams new Antarctic study for using [the] “best estimate of the continent’s temperature” Perhaps he’d prefer it if they used the worst estimate? ;) [Update: It should go without saying that this is simply Morano making up stuff and doesn't reflect Christy's actual quotes or thinking. No-one is safe from Morano's misrepresentations!] [Further update: They've now clarified it. Sigh....] Morano has his ear to the ground of course, and in his blog piece dramatically highlights the words “estimated” and “deduced” as if that was some sign of nefarious purpose, rather than a fundamental component of scientific investigation. Internal contradictions are par for the course. Morano has previously been convinced that “… the vast majority of Antarctica has cooled over the past 50 years.”, yet he now approvingly quotes Kevin Trenberth who says “It is hard to make data where none exist.” (It is indeed, which is why you need to combine as much data as you can find in order to produce a synthesis like this study). So which is it? If you think the data are clear enough to demonstrate strong cooling, you can’t also believe there is no data (on this side of the looking glass anyway). It’s even more humourous, since even the more limited analysis available before this paper showed pretty much the same amount of Antarctic warming. Compare the IPCC report, with the same values from the new analysis (under various assumptions about the methodology). (The different versions are the full reconstruction, a version that uses detrended satellite data for the co-variance, a version that uses AWS data instead of satelltes and one that use PCA instead of RegEM. All show positive trends over the last 50 years). Further contradictions abound: Morano, who clearly wants it to have been cooling, hedges his bets with a “Volcano, Not Global Warming Effects, May be Melting an Antarctic Glacier” Hail Mary pass. Good luck with that! It always helps if you haven’t actually read the study in question. That way you can just make up conclusions: Scientist adjusts data — presto, Antarctic cooling disappears Nope. It’s still there (as anyone reading the paper will see) – it’s just put into a larger scale and longer term context (see figure 3b). Inappropriate personalisation is always good fodder. Many contrarians seemed disappointed that Mike was only the fourth author (the study would have been much easier to demonise if he’d been the lead). Some pretended he was anyway, and just for good measure accused him of being a ‘modeller’ as well (heaven forbid!). Others also got in on the fun. A chap called Ross Hays posted a letter to Eric on multiple websites and on many comment threads. On Joe D’Aleo’s site, this letter was accompanied with this little bit of snark: Icecap Note: Ross shown here with Antarctica’s Mount Erebus volcano in the background was a CNN forecast Meteorologist (a student of mine when I was a professor) who has spent numerous years with boots on the ground working for NASA in Antarctica, not sitting at a computer in an ivory tower in Pennsylvania or Washington State This is meant as a slur against academics of course, but is particularly ironic, since the authors of the paper have collectively spent over 8 seasons on the ice in Antarctica, 6 seasons in Greenland and one on Baffin Island in support of multiple ice coring and climate measurement projects. Hays’ one or two summers there, his personal anecdotes and misreadings of the temperature record, don’t really cut it. Neither do rather lame attempts to link these results with the evils of “computer modelling”. According to Booker (for it is he!) because a data analysis uses a computer, it must be a computer model – and probably the same one that the “hockey stick” was based on. Bad computer, bad! The proprietor of the recently named “Best Science Blog”, also had a couple of choice comments: In my opinion, this press release and subsequent media interviews were done for media attention. This remarkable conclusion is followed by some conspiratorial gossip implying that a paper that was submitted over a year ago was deliberately timed to coincide with a speech in Congress from Al Gore that was announced last week. Gosh these scientists are good. All in all, the critical commentary about this paper has been remarkably weak. Time will tell of course – confirming studies from ice cores and independent analyses are already published, with more rumoured to be on their way. In the meantime, floating ice shelves in the region continue to collapse (the Wilkins will be the tenth in the last decade or so) – each of them with their own unique volcano no doubt – and gravity measurements continue to show net ice loss over the Western part of the ice sheet. Nonetheless, the loss of the Antarctic cooling meme is clearly bothering the contrarians much more than the loss of 10,000 year old ice. The poor level of their response is not surprising, but it does exemplify the tactics of the whole ‘bury ones head in the sand” movement – they’d much rather make noise than actually work out what is happening. It would be nice if this demonstration of intellectual bankruptcy got some media attention itself. That’s unlikely though. It’s just not news.

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Scientists have long held theories about the importance of proteins called B-type lamins in the process of embryonic stem cells replicating and differentiating into different varieties of cells. New research from a team led by Carnegie's Yixian Zheng indicates that, counter to expectations, these B-type lamins are not necessary for stem cells to renew and develop, but are necessary for proper organ development. Their work is published 24 November by Science Express. Nuclear lamina is the material that lines the inside of a cell's nucleus. Its major structural component is a family of proteins called lamins, of which B-type lamins are prominent members and thought to be absolutely essential for a cell's survival. Mutations in lamins have been linked to a number of human diseases. Lamins are thought to suppress the expression of certain genes by binding directly to the DNA within the cell's nucleus. The role of B-type lamins in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into various types of cells, depending on where in a body they are located, was thought to be crucial. The lamins were thought to use their DNA-binding suppression abilities to tell a cell which type of development pathway to follow. But the team - including Carnegie's Youngjo Kim, Katie McDole, and Chen-Ming Fan - took a hard look at the functions of B-type lamins in embryonic stem cells and in live mice. They found that, counter to expectations, lamin-Bs were not essential for embryonic stem cells to survive, nor did their DNA binding directly regulate the genes to which they were attached. However, mice deficient in B-type lamins were born with improperly developed organs - including defects in the lungs, diaphragms and brains - and were unable to breathe. 'Our works seems to indicate that while B-type lamins are not part of the early developmental tissue-building process, while they are important in facilitating the integration of different cell types into the complex architectures of various developing organs,' Kim, the lead author, said. 'We have set the stage to dissect the ways that a cell's nuclear lamina promote tissue organisation process during development.'

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Dec. 5, 2012 Engineers at the University of Sheffield have developed a new technique for delivering stem cell therapy to the eye which they hope will help the natural repair of eyes damaged by accident or disease. This could help millions of people across the world retain -- or even regain -- their sight. In research published in the journal Acta Biomaterialia, the team describe a new method for producing membranes to help in the grafting of stem cells onto the eye, mimicking structural features of the eye itself. The technology has been designed to treat damage to the cornea, the transparent layer on the front of the eye, which is one of the major causes of blindness in the world. Using a combination of techniques known as microstereolithography and electrospinning, the researchers are able to make a disc of biodegradable material which can be fixed over the cornea. The disc is loaded with stem cells which then multiply, allowing the body to heal the eye naturally. "The disc has an outer ring containing pockets into which stem cells taken from the patient's healthy eye can be placed," explains EPSRC Fellow, Dr Ílida Ortega Asencio, from Sheffield's Faculty of Engineering. "The material across the centre of the disc is thinner than the ring, so it will biodegrade more quickly allowing the stem cells to proliferate across the surface of the eye to repair the cornea." A key feature of the disc is that it contains niches or pockets to house and protect the stem cells, mirroring niches found around the rim of a healthy cornea. Standard treatments for corneal blindness are corneal transplants or grafting stem cells onto the eye using donor human amniotic membrane as a temporary carrier to deliver these cells to the eye. For some patients, the treatment can fail after a few years as the repaired eyes do not retain these stem cells, which are required to carry out on-going repair of the cornea. Without this constant repair, thick white scar tissue forms across the cornea causing partial or complete sight loss. The researchers have designed the small pockets they have built into the membrane to help cells to group together and act as a useful reservoir of daughter cells so that a healthy population of stem cells can be retained in the eye. "Laboratory tests have shown that the membranes will support cell growth, so the next stage is to trial this in patients in India, working with our colleagues in the LV Prasad Eye Institute in Hyderabad," says Professor Sheila MacNeil. "One advantage of our design is that we have made the disc from materials already in use as biodegradable sutures in the eye so we know they won't cause a problem in the body. This means that, subject to the necessary safety studies and approval from Indian Regulatory Authorities, we should be able to move to early stage clinical trials fairly quickly." Treating corneal blindness is a particularly pressing problem in the developing world, where there are high instances of chemical or accidental damage to the eye but complex treatments such as transplants or amniotic membrane grafts are not available to a large part of the population. The technique has relevance in more developed countries such as the UK and US as well, according to Dr Frederick Claeyssens. "The current treatments for corneal blindness use donor tissue to deliver the cultured cells which means that you need a tissue bank. But not everyone has access to banked tissues and it is impossible to completely eliminate all risks of disease transmission with living human tissue," he says. "By using a synthetic material, it will eliminate some of the risk to patients and be readily available for all surgeons. We also believe that the overall treatment using these discs will not only be better than current treatments, it will be cheaper as well." The research is supported by a Wellcome Trust Affordable Healthcare for India Award to the University of Sheffield and the LV Prasad Eye Institute, where the work is led by Associate Director and Head of Clinical Research, Dr Virender Sangwan. The work has also been supported through a Research Fellowship for Dr Ortega from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). Other social bookmarking and sharing tools: - Ílida Ortega, Anthony J. Ryan, Pallavi Deshpande, Sheila MacNeil, Frederik Claeyssens. Combined microfabrication and electrospinning to produce 3-D architectures for corneal repair. Acta Biomaterialia, 2012; DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.10.039 Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

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The Long Walk Home The Black Worker & The Great Migration from Cape Breton At the turn of the century, a mass migration occurred to Cape Breton Island of hundreds of free, skilled Black workers from Alabama, lured by what they called 'The Promise.' Their emigration back to the US is scarcely known today. In 1911, hundreds of men from the West Indies were again lured by 'The Promise'. Their descendents form the heart of the historic Whitney Pier community. Our correspondent, Paul MacDougall, files reports from Bangor, Maine, and Sydney. By Paul MacDougall* Shunpiking Magazine No. 38 Bangor, January 13/1903-About 250 Black people showed up here today at the police station looking for shelter from the fierce winter cold. They were a penniless, destitute bunch, clad mainly in rags, complaining about being hungry, and shivering from the cold. Their spokesmen seemed to be a person by the name of Griggins or Griffin, I couldn't make him out, Walter was his first name so let's stick with that. His wife was with him and she seemed awfully upset at their predicament. Walter said they needed a place for the night and planned to head on up to Bucksport the next day or so by train, then catch the steamer Penobscot to take them to Boston. From there the group planned to head down to the southern states, many back to Alabama, where they originally came from. I thought that some of these people looked familiar when I saw them mingling around town earlier in the day, and Walter confirmed for me they were in Bangor about two years earlier during their trek north. They had all been guaranteed work in the new steel mill that was being constructed in Sydney, Nova Scotia. The mill was the brainchild of New Englander, Henry Melville Whitney, the same fellow who had organized the Dominion Coal Company in Cape Breton around 1893. In 1899, Nova Scotia Steel, a steel-producing operation out of New Glasgow, NS turned down Whitney's offer of a merger of their two companies. Whitney knew he could get easy access to coal (he already owned it) and iron ore from Bell Island off Newfoundland, so he gathered some financiers from Toronto and Montreal and formed his own company, The Dominion Iron and Steel Company or DISCO as they called it. They started building a steel plant almost immediately. By 1902 it was in operation. Walter claimed that he and his companions were recruited to work at DISCO through agents at steel mills they worked in throughout the country. Hundreds of skilled Black furnace men were enticed to come and help build and work in the blast furnaces at the steel plant in Sydney. The blast furnace combines coke made from coal, iron ore and limestone to produce liquid iron, which eventually becomes steel. It's hot and hellish work and DISCO officials insisted on hiring only "first class men in every way," men that they could "rely on at all times." Numerous men mentioned J.H. Means, the Superintendent of Furnaces, as instrumental in recruiting them to Cape Breton. They thought Means was from Alabama, and he was well connected with Alabama and Pennsylvanian steelmen. He recruited men from these contacts as well as from people he knew in New York and Maryland. By early 1902 many Black American steel workers had taken up residence in Sydney and were working at the steel plant. Housing was a problem right from the beginning, I was told. They were no fine homes with gardens, the families were housed in shacks that were nothing more than bunkhouses normally only used for single men. Skilled white employees lived in the Ashby area of Sydney or "overtown", while the skilled Blacks and any other unskilled labourers lived in Whitney Pier, many almost adjacent to the plant or its coke ovens. They called this area Cokovia or Cokeville (see 1902 map this page). Most of these living quarters lacked sewer or water hookup, were filthy and had poor ventilation. The men claimed that even though they had important jobs at the steel plant they were at the bottom rung of the social scale. They had to open their own school in 1902 with the aid of the African Methodist Episcopal church which was formed earlier that same year. Mixing between Blacks and Whites rarely happened socially and the Black person's lot in life was not moving forward. The $2:00 a day wage was really only $1:25 and they didn't see any of this until they had worked over sixty days. Enough was enough. I left Walter, his wife and the rest of the Black families at the police station and roamed back down the street. A few Blacks were hanging about the restaurant at the corner, and I knew they weren't local; more displaced Cape Breton workers I thought. It was only a couple of years ago that these people were streaming through here at a fast and furious pace. It was as if they couldn't wait to leave the States and settle in Canada. They had some of the happiest looks on their faces that I'd seen on just about anybody. My how things changed. I couldn't help wonder if they'd been hoodwinked by someone in heading all the way to Cape Breton to work. Filed by your correspondent for the Bangor Daily News After they left a couple of days later I fired off a letter to a newspaperman I knew in Sydney. He worked for the Sydney Record and got back to me some time later. He said that a steel company official told him Alabama Blacks "were all doing well," earning twice as much as they did before, and they were happy and contented." Sydney, Nova Scotia, February 2001-From 1901 to 1904 hundreds of Black men and their families tramped back and forth from the steel cities of the United States to a fledgling steel plant city in Cape Breton that had been described in 1902 by the Canadian Manufacturing Association as, "the outstanding feature of our industrial development of the past few years." The steel plant's founder Henry Whitney said, "I cannot control my enthusiasm when I think of the future." Sadly, this future was short and bleak for the skilled migrant Black men who were sold on the dream of a new country to live and raise their families in. Faced with the obvious sterotypism of the day, poor despicable living conditions, and a molten stream of broken promises, almost every one of these families returned home. Many died along the way. J.H. Means left the plant in early 1903 and it may have been his leaving that influenced many Blacks to leave. He had recruited many of them and his absence may have removed any faint hope of social advancement they may have hoped for. By the end of 1904 this African-American community was all but dead. The school died, the church died, the institutions they so quickly built in Sydney all but disappeared. By 1911 the plant was expanding at an incredible rate. New workers were needed and the company began to actively recruit Blacks from the British West Indies and especially the island of Barbados. Between 1911 and 1914 hundreds of these immigrants settled in Sydney and worked as mainly unskilled labourers at the steel plant. Some also worked in the mines and settled in Glace Bay and New Waterford. These people are the ancestors of the small African-Canadian community that resides in Cape Breton today. Communities will always be an evolving place. The Whitney Pier region of Sydney was probably one of the most cosmopolitan areas on the planet during the early years of the last century. If you search back enough you can probably trace back dozens of different ethnic groups to a period of time when their ancestors came to work at the steel plant. But there is always an exception to every rule. The American Blacks played a crucial role in the very beginning of the Sydney steel plant, but never stayed around to reap any benefits. It may be fair to surmise that the development of Sydney over the past 100 years is owed to a few hundred Black men who got the first blast furnace operational. Their expertise cannot be underestimated. At a time when Sydney Steel is on its deathbed, after 100 years of operation, the contribution of the people who built it, worked there, and raised families around it, must be recognized. The majority of these people stayed, the American Blacks left, but the legacy of steel making in Sydney needs to be remembered in a true light, not as a bargain basement sale or an environmental war zone. The men, women and children that walked from Sydney to Maine and beyond in the dead of winter in 1903 and 1904 for the hopes of a better life, need to be remembered for more than this. I encourage anyone to read Elizabeth Beaton's paper "An African-American Community in Cape Breton, 1901-1904" published in Acadiensis, XXIV, 2 Spring 1995. Elizabeth teaches history at UCCB and most of the material for this article comes from her research and she should be commended for it. I invented the correspondent from Maine, but stories of the plight of the returning Black workers were reported in the Sydney Record and the Bangor Daily News. Working in Steel, The Early Years in Canada, 1883-1935 by Craig Heron is an interesting book and the quotes by the CMA and Henry Whitney regarding the future success of DISCO were taken from it. Community meeting, Melnick Labour Hall, Whitney Pier in Sydney, Cape Breton, mid-1950s. Courtesy the Coward family A rare though blurred 1901 photograph inside the Sydney steel works of black furnace workers on the DISCO cast house floor. Beaton Institute, photographer unknown. Black steel workers marshalling blast furnace 'miniature' in coronation parade. Beaton Institute, photographer unknown. Lillian Coward (centre) was the first wife of Arthur Coward, who emigrated from Barbados in 1911 (and great-grandfather of Justin Coward, see centrefold). Mae Crawford (on right), also from the West Indies, was a well-known community entrepreneur (West Indian dishes). Throughout Nova Scotia, the Black community always met on a regular basis in similar halls whenever the occasion arose. Lucus Toussaint emigrated to the Pier in 1911 from Grenada. He is the maternal grandfather of Curtis Coward and great-grandfather of Justin Coward (see centrefold). Albert Almon Plan of Sydney, 1902. Whitney Pier (Ward V), indicating "Cokeville". Courtesy of the Whitney Pier Historical Society and the Beaton Institute. *Paul MacDougall, a freelance writer and microbiology technologist, teaches in the Environmental Health Program at UCCB. Comments to : email@example.com Copyright New Media Services Inc. © 2004. The views expressed herein are the writers' own and do not necessarily reflect those of shunpiking magazine or New Media Publications.

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When the National Wild Turkey Federation (NWTF) was first founded in 1973 there were only 1.5 million wild turkeys across the U.S., Canada and Mexico. Today, it is estimated there are more than 5.6 million wild turkeys. In Utah, wild turkey restoration efforts continue to be the most aggressive in the nation. Over 2,800 wild turkeys have been relocated to suitable habitat areas in Utah since the winter of 1999. As a result, wild turkey permits have increased 20 percent for the spring 2002 season. However, this program will not be complete until over 200,000 wild turkeys roam the cottonwood river bottoms, pinyon/juniper, and ponderosa pine forests of the state. Whether you pursue wild turkeys as a hunter, or simply enjoy watching these magnificent birds in their natural surroundings, the time to view wild turkeys in Utah has never been better. At the forefront of this dramatic return in Utah, has been the Federation's volunteers, working side-by-side with the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. Now, with most restoration efforts completed in the East, all eyes have shifted to the West, where the wild turkey continues to redefine it's own idea of suitable habitat. While the release of a wild turkey into western habitat remains one of the federation's most enduring symbols, it is just one brick in a foundation of good works that are impacting people's lives and the environment in many positive ways. Since 1977, the NWTF has spent over 144 million dollars on over 16,000 projects nationwide. The federation helps fund transplants, research projects, habitat acquisition, education, and the equipment needed to successfully accomplish these tasks. Through the Federation's regional habitat programs, volunteers have helped improve hundreds of thousands of acres by planting trees, crops, winter food sources and grasses that provide food and shelter for not only the wild turkey, but many others species of wildlife as well. Also improved in many areas, particularly in the west, has been water quality. Projects occurring right here in southeastern Utah include a San Rafael Desert guzzler, Knolls Ranch habitat improvement, and numerous other projects on the La Sal Mountains, Blue Mountains and Book Cliffs areas. This month the Price River chapter of the NWTF will be hosting it's annual Wild Turkey Banquet on January 26. For more information, please call (435) 259-9453.

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Tightly wound: A cross-section of a new cable design shows superconducting ribbons wound around a core of copper wires. Source: “Home Alone: Co-Residency Detection in the Cloud via Side-Channel Analysis” Yinqian Zhang et al. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, May 2011 Results: A prototype system allows companies that use cloud computing services to confirm that their data is safe from others using the same service provider. It can detect with 80 percent accuracy the presence of unauthorized processing on the same server; the rate of false positives is 1 percent. The system will notice both attackers and inappropriate data sharing. Why it matters: Cloud computing makes it possible to access generic processing and storage resources over the Internet. But security concerns have made many companies and organizations hesitant to use these services. Data could be stored on hardware shared with competitors, they fear, or it could even be vulnerable to malicious software actively trying to steal information. Some customers, such as NASA, have demanded that cloud providers physically isolate their data from that of other users. The problem is that until now, it’s been almost impossible to verify that this is being done. Methods: In the past, researchers have found that attackers can steal data about a virtual machine’s activities—even sensitive information such as passwords—by watching subtle clues such as how it uses shared system resources, including the server’s temporary storage system. The researchers coöpted this principle to make it work for defense. They trained a legitimate virtual machine to watch a server’s cache for telltale signs of hostile virtual machines on the same server. The technique requires no modification to existing cloud technologies and no action from the cloud provider. Next Steps: The researchers are expanding the prototype to create a complete system that can run on a commercial cloud service, such as Amazon Web Services. Low-Literacy Web Search A form of the Web for people who can’t read aims to help poor countries Source: “Spoken Web: Creation, Navigation and Searching of Voicesites” Sheetal Agarwal et al. 2011 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI), February 13-16, 2011, Palo Alto, California Results: A search engine developed by IBM researchers makes it possible to find and access information on a spoken version of the World Wide Web. A test of the interface by 40 farmers in the Indian state of Gujarat showed that it was easy to use. Why it matters: More than one billion people worldwide are illiterate, most of them in poor nations. This poses a more fundamental barrier to Web use than the cost of computers and network access. For four years, a team at IBM Research India has operated a system called the Spoken Web that uses telephone numbers in place of Web addresses so that users can dial in to “upload” or listen to spoken information. Several thousand people worldwide use the service to share information such as local crop prices. However, until now there hasn’t been an efficient way to search and sort through that information. Methods: IBM’s search engine relies on speech recognition to understand the word a person is searching for—a pesticide name, for example—and to find mentions of that word on the Spoken Web. Like a conventional search engine, it can rapidly generate a list of many results, but a user cannot skim the list to choose the best result, as is possible on the text Web. Instead, the system tells the user how many results it found and suggests ways to filter that list—for example, by the name of the person who recorded a particular piece of information. This step is repeated until there are five or fewer results. That short list is read out to the user, who chooses which result to “browse” to. Next Steps: The researchers plan to roll out the system to all users of the Spoken Web. They are also working to improve the quality of the speech recognition software involved. Most access to the Spoken Web is in Indian languages that makers of such software have not focused on before.

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December 21, 2009 What might our landscape look like in the near future? More specifically, where has urban growth occurred in the last thirty years, and where is it likely to occur over the next twenty years? Researchers at UNC Asheville and UNC Charlotte, as part of an ongoing Renaissance Computing Institute (RENCI) project, are conducting analyses that answer these types of questions, and also developing tools to help policy makers and planners understand and manage rapid urban growth. . Using historical satellite imagery, development trends, population data and population projections, they’ve been able to design an Urban Growth Model that can generate visual representations of what our landscape may look like in the future. Building upon a similar study of the Greater Charlotte region, released in 2007, researchers are in the process of analyzing land conversion patterns for all of western North Carolina. The initial results of their collaborative research highlight the effect of development on four western North Carolina counties: Madison, Buncombe, Henderson and Transylvania. Those results indicate that between 1976 and 2006, development in the four-county region increased nearly 500 percent, or at an average rate of six acres of green space per day – outpacing population growth by nearly 10-to-one. Researchers have identified several important predictors of development patterns, including an area’s proximity to nearest road or interstate interchange and proximity to nearest urban center, or major employment center. Topographical slope and “development pressure,” or proximity to previously developed areas, are also key indicators of where urbanization and future development are likely to occur. Development forecasts extend to 2030, utilizing all available county-level population projections for the region. The Urban Growth Model indicates an additional 47,489 acres of forests and farm lands will be developed in the four-county region by 2030, which is the equivalent of losing almost 75 square miles – or more than six properties the size of the Biltmore Estate – worth of green space. That’s significant for an area that draws visitors from around the globe for its natural and scenic attractions. The Urban Growth Model results include statistics on the amount and rate of development as well as maps of future development patterns. These are important tools for policy makers, planners and conservationist as they provide valuable information on not only when and how much development is expected, but also where it is likely to occur. James Fox, the director of RENCI at UNC Asheville and the school’s National Environment Modeling and Analysis Center (NEMAC), has already witnessed local lawmakers' interest in the growth model results. “It’s going to be used by several different groups of decision makers,” he said, adding the study is an important tool that will make it easier for local governments to collaborate with each other when making policy and planning decisions. “This is another important tool we can incorporate into our work," said Richard Broadwell, a Land Protection Specialist for the Conservation Trust of North Carolina, which is working to preserve the scenic viewsheds along the Blue Ridge Parkway. His organization plans to use the data to help them determine which lands to protect and "how to spend our limited funds." Most of the anticipated growth is expected to occur in Buncombe and Henderson Counties. These two counties are forecast to contribute 22,101 and 18,381 acres of developed land, respectively, between 2010 and 2030. Henderson County is predicted to experience the greatest change in total developed land relative to county area, with total number of developed acres comprising 13.5% of county area in 2010 and 21.3% of county area by 2030. “For every acre of land that is converted from a natural state through development, there is a really big impact on the mountains' plants and animals,” said Carl Silverstein, Executive Director for the Southern Appalachian Highlands Conservancy. Silverstein is also concerned about development pressure on local farmers, decreased interest from tourists, and the impact urban sprawl could have on the headwaters of rivers, which provide drinking water for millions of North Carolina citizens. Further, the findings demonstrate that humans require more land per person than they once did. In 1976, developed land equated to 0.06 acres per person in the four-county area. By 2030, researchers forecast per-capita land requirements will increase to over a quarter-acre in the region. Madison County’s "human footprint" is projected to increase more than the other three counties, by 0.18 acres per person (a 67 percent increase) between 2006 and 2030. In comparison, per-capita land consumption in Buncombe, Henderson and Transylvania Counties is forecast to increase by 28 percent, 13 percent and 18 percent, respectively, in the same period. Created in 2004, RENCI includes a statewide network of academic institutions working to solve complex problems affecting quality of life and economic competitiveness in North Carolina by tapping into university expertise and through the use of advanced technologies. The study on the four-county expansion of the Urban Growth Model was conducted by researchers at UNC Charlotte’s Center for Applied Geographic Information Science (CAGIS), which is one of the partners in the RENCI at UNC Charlotte team. RENCI’s UNC Asheville Engagement Center is the lead regional partner for the western North Carolina expansion, with funding from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation, the City of Asheville, the U.S. Forest Service and RENCI’s home office in Chapel Hill. The study’s findings for the remaining western North Carolina counties are expected to be released in the spring of 2010. Additional research findings, including animated maps of land conversion rates for the four-county region, are available at (http://renci.uncc.edu/WesternExpansion). RENCI operates facilities at UNC Asheville, UNC Charlotte, East Carolina University, UNC Chapel Hill, Duke University and NC State University as well as its flagship site off campus in Chapel Hill. http://www.renci.org RENCI at UNC Charlotte involves faculty and staff from three UNC Charlotte research centers: the Urban Institute, the Center for Applied Geographic Information Science and the Charlotte Visualization Center. www.renci.uncc.edu; www.ui.uncc.edu; www.gis.uncc.edu; www.viscenter.uncc.edu About UNC Asheville As the only designated liberal arts institution in the 16-campus University of North Carolina system, UNC Asheville serves students who are prepared for academic challenges by offering an intellectually rigorous education that builds critical thinking and workforce skills. UNC Asheville's 3,400 undergraduate students select from 30 majors. The University gets high marks for educational innovation from U.S. News & World Report and is ranked among the best liberal arts colleges nationally. http://www.unca.edu About UNC Charlotte A public research university, UNC Charlotte is the fourth largest campus among the 17 institutions of The University of North Carolina system. It is the largest institution of higher education in the Charlotte region. The University offers 18 doctoral programs, 62 master’s degree programs and 90 programs leading to bachelor’s degrees. Fall 2009 enrollment surpassed 24,000 students, including 5,000 graduate students. http://www.uncc.edu For more information or to schedule an interview, contact John Chesser at 704/678-2762 or email@example.com.

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The United States Commission on Civil Rights The United States Commission on Civil Rights, first created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957, and reestablished by the United States Commission on Civil Rights Act of 1983, is an independent, bipartisan agency of the Federal Government. By the terms of the 1983 act, as amended by the Civil Rights Commission Amendments Act of 1994, the Commission is charged with the following duties pertaining to discrimination or denials of the equal protection of the laws based on race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or in the administration of justice: investigation of individual discriminatory denials of the right to vote; study and collection of information relating to discrimination or denials of the equal protection of the law; appraisal of the laws and policies of the United States with respect to discrimination or denials of equal protection of the law; maintenance of a national clearinghouse for information respecting discrimination or denials of equal protection of the law; investigation of patterns or practices of fraud or discrimination in the conduct of Federal elections; and preparation and issuance of public service announcements and advertising campaigns to discourage discrimination or denials of equal protection of the law. The Commission is also required to submit reports to the President and the Congress at such times as the Commission, the Congress, or the President shall deem desirable. The State Advisory Committees An Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights has been established in each of the 50 States and the District of Columbia pursuant to section 105(c) of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and section 3(d) of the Civil Rights Commission Amendments Act of 1994. The Advisory Committees are made up of responsible persons who serve without compensation. Their functions under their mandate from the Commission are to: advise the Commission of all relevant information concerning their respective States on matters within the jurisdiction of the Commission; advise the Commission on matters of mutual concern in the preparation of reports of the Commission to the President and the Congress; receive reports, suggestions, and recommendations from individuals, public and private organizations, and public officials upon matters pertinent to inquiries conducted by the State Advisory Committee; initiate and forward advice and recommendations to the Commission upon matters in which the Commission shall request the assistance of the State Advisory Committee; and attend, as observers, any open hearing or conference that the Commission may hold within the State.

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Learn something new every day More Info... by email Thermal epoxy is any adhesive epoxy that has one or more substances added to it to enhance thermal, or heat, transfer. These epoxies can be electrically conductive or not conductive, depending on the thermal additive used. Silver and other metal-based thermal additives are usually electrically conductive, and thermal epoxies that contain these additives must be applied very carefully so as not to cause electrical shorts. Ceramic-based additives are not electrically conductive but are also not as efficient at thermal conduction. Manufacturers make thermal epoxies that are designed to work as high-performance engineering adhesives and structural adhesives in a wide range of applications and environments. These include aircraft, boats, marine equipment, cars, surfboards, snowboards, and bicycles, among others. There are thermal formulations for almost every application imaginable, including those that cure while under water, those that remain very flexible or get quite rigid when cured, those resistant to fire or high heat, and even those certified by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for low outgassing. Heat can damage or destroy electrical components, and today’s high-speed computer components produce a large amount of heat that must be removed. Devices called heat sinks are used to pull heat away from an object and dissipate the heat to the air, sometimes with the help of a cooling fan. Heat sinks are made from metal alloys designed to have excellent thermal conduction properties, and they have specially designed fins to help conduct and remove the heat. They are almost always mounted to a surface using a special adhesive thermal epoxy. When used in computer applications, a thermal epoxy can help fill microscopic voids that occur in the surfaces of heat sinks and other devices. These voids occur in the manufacturing process. When two objects are mounted together, for instance a chip and a heat sink, the voids fill with air. Air is a very poor thermal conductor, so a substance is introduced to fill the voids and help conduct the heat to the heat sink for removal. The substance used can be thermal grease, thermal tape, thermal pads or, if the device needs to be secured to the mounting surface, thermal epoxy. When applying thermal epoxy it is very important to use the least possible amount required to fill any voids and make the bond. If a too-thick coat of epoxy is applied, the electrical conductivity of the epoxy will be degraded. Once the epoxy has cured, the bond between the two surfaces is permanent. Epoxies should only be used in well-ventilated areas, and the manufacturer’s instructions should always be followed for best results.

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Their Life Work Ended Their Lives Their work was for the benefit of the world, but they died as a direct or indirect result of their inventions. Marie Curie won the Nobel Prize in 1903 for her work science and chemistry. She discovered two new elements including radium and polonium and the theory of radioactivity. She carried test tubes of radioactive materials in her pocket and kept them in her desk drawer. She often wrote about the pretty blue light it gave off. She died of aplastic anaemia – a direct result of her work. William Bullock invented the rotary printing press. It completely changed the printing industry. It increased the speed and accuracy of printing especially for newspapers. But one of his machines crushed his foot when he was trying to repair it when he tried to kick a pulley in place. After his foot became infected, he died during an operation to amputate it. Otto Lilienthal was known as the Glider King. He studied birds and built gliders with big wings that almost made him look like a bird and he was able to glide like one. He made repeated flights until August of 1896 when he fell six stories and broke his back. He died the next day. Astrodome Capsule Stunt Karel Soucek was a Canadian stuntman who built what he called a cushioned capsule to make a successful plunge over Niagara Falls. He was arrested and prosecuted, but he made a name for himself and in 1985 convinced a promoter to put on a stunt at the Houston Astrodome. He was hoisted 180 feet to the top of the dome and the idea was to ride a cascade of water to a pool on the Astrodome floor. It didn’t go as planned. His capsule hit the side of the pool and was destroyed. He was badly hurt and died the next day. Be careful what you invent. SOURCE: Listverse

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Ticks have been bad in north central Arkansas ever since the spring of 2011, even throughout the "winter" months in unusual numbers. In particular, there are a lot of seed ticks, say park officials. Coming into contact with ticks in this part of the country is normal and those who live here generally know the common-sense steps to take to minimize tick contacts and tick bites. Avoiding tick habitat, including grassy, brushy, and wooded areas, doesn't leave much else but gravel bars, parking lots, and lake surfaces. However, just knowing that you may be entering such areas will help with the next level of preventive measures: - Use 20%-30% DEET insect repellant on exposed skin and clothing (yes, there are risks associated with using DEET, too). Premethrin is a chemical which will kill ticks on contact but should not be applied to the skin. - Wear long pants, long sleeves, long socks; tuck pant legs into sock tops or wear gaiters to help keep ticks away from the skin. - Check clothes for ticks, preferably before going indoors, and check all skin surfaces to eliminate ticks before they begin the process of biting you. This goes for your pets, too. They often bring these hitch-hikers indoors with them where they end up in surprising places. And don't turn your back on tried and true techniques, such as keeping a roll of duct tape handy to wrap around the palm of your hand, sticky side out, to remove seed ticks. Whatever works! Click here for more information on ticks and their health risks to humans from the Centers for Disease Control website. Image courtesy: CDC website.

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French winemakers will harvest fewer grapes this year than in 2007 because spring frost hurt early buds and some growers uprooted vines to combat overproduction. The smaller harvest in France comes at a time when California winemakers believe that the state's wine grape crop could be 15% smaller than last year. Total production in France will probably fall about 5% to 1.2 billion gallons, according to Paris-based industry group Viniflhor. That's "much lower" than the average harvest in the last five years, Viniflhor said in a statement on its website. Vineyards in Bordeaux, Provence and other southern regions were particularly affected after buds that had developed early thanks to mild winter temperatures froze at the outset of spring. Bourgogne, Alsace, Champagne and other northern areas were spared since vines mature later there because of a colder climate. "The cold that arrived in late March had a direct impact on some vineyards," Viniflhor said. "From the Bordeaux region to Provence, the frost wreaked havoc on April 6 and 7, at a critical period when the buds are very vulnerable." Winemakers also had to combat mildew after April rains, according to the statement. "The health of the grapes was preserved, but only thanks to treatments that were sometimes very costly," the industry group said. Some producers chose to uproot unprofitable vineyards to receive compensation from the European Union, which seeks to limit production and improve quality. In the Rhone-Alpes region alone, vineyards covering about 3,800 acres were torn up, according to Viniflhor.

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A fairly recent study put on by researchers at Columbia, Harvard and the University of Wisconsin sought to test the effects of internet/computer use to see if it is changing the way people remember information. For one part of the experiment, participants were asked type 40 different bits of trivia into a computer. One example of such trivia was "an ostrich's eye is bigger than its brain." Half of these participants were told the computer would save what they typed in, while the other half were told their items would be erased. The study found that the participants who were told their items would not be saved were better able to recall what they typed as opposed to the participants who thought their items would be saved. In essence, the people who thought they could simply check the computer later did not make as much as an effort to remember what they typed. The experiment toys with the notion of transactive memory and our growing reliance on computers and internet. The idea behind transactive memory is that we rely on other people and materials in our lives to help recall information. The advent of computers and internet has increased our reliance on accessing information transactively. In this day and age we don't need to remember everything anymore. Google has become a household term, with the click of a mouse we can pretty much find anything we want. The validity of this experiment seems legitimate, except we aren't told how these participants were selected - some people may be better at remembering information. If you tell people something won't be saved, of course they are going to pay closer attention to the details. While people argue that the "Google Effect" is making us dumber, I have to disagree. Aren't we taking advantage of our resources? Isn't it making us more productive? Why spend three hours looking for a formula in a dusty book when I could find it instantly on Google? I argue that with the "Google Effect" we have more time to work rather than waste valuable time recalling information. There is in fact successful replicability of this experiment. All in all, there is still a lot to explore, but is this phenomenon good or bad? Memories or Megabytes? TrackBack URL: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/cgi-bin/mt-tb.cgi/159371

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DENVER – Put on your poodle skirts and tune in Elvis on the transistor radio, because it’s starting to look a lot like the 1950s. Unfortunately, this won’t be the nostalgic ’50s of big cars and pop music. The 1950s that could be on the way to Colorado is the decade of drought. So says Brian Bledsoe, a Colorado Springs meteorologist who studies the history of ocean currents and uses what he learns to make long-term weather forecasts. “I think we’re reliving the ’50s, bottom line,” Bledsoe said Friday morning at the annual meeting of the Colorado Water Congress. Bledsoe studies the famous El Niño and La Niña ocean currents. But he also looks at other, less well-known cycles, including long-term temperature cycles in the oceans. In the 1950s, water in the Pacific Ocean was colder than normal, but it was warmer than usual in the Atlantic. That combination caused a drought in Colorado that was just as bad as the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. The ocean currents slipped back into their 1950s pattern in the last five years, Bledsoe said. The cycles can last a decade or more, meaning bad news for farmers, ranchers, skiers and forest residents. “Drought feeds on drought. The longer it goes, the harder it is to break,” Bledsoe said. The outlook is worst for Eastern Colorado, where Bledsoe grew up and his parents still own a ranch. They recently had to sell half their herd when their pasture couldn’t provide enough feed. “They’ve spent the last 15 years grooming that herd for organic beef stock,” he said. Bledsoe looks for monsoon rains to return to the Four Corners and Western Slope in July. But there’s still a danger in the mountains in the summer. “Initially, dry lightning could be a concern, so obviously, the fire season is looking not so great right now,” he said. Weather data showed the last year’s conditions were extreme. Nolan Doesken, Colorado’s state climatologist, said the summer of 2012 was the hottest on record in Colorado. And it was the fifth-driest winter since record-keeping began more than 100 years ago. Despite recent storms in the San Juan Mountains, this winter hasn’t been much better. “We’ve had a wimpy winter so far,” Doesken said. “The past week has been a good week for Colorado precipitation.” However, the next week’s forecast shows dryness returning to much of the state. Reservoir levels are higher than they were in 2002 – the driest year since Coloradans started keeping track of moisture – but the state is entering 2013 with reservoirs that were depleted last year. “You don’t want to start a year at this level if you’re about to head into another drought,” Doesken said. It was hard to find good news in Friday morning’s presentations, but Bledsoe is happy that technology helps forecasters understand the weather better than they did during past droughts. That allows people to plan for what’s on the way. “I’m a glass-half-full kind of guy,” he said.

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Water Conservation; Environmental Economics & Policies; Governance Indicators; Poverty Assessment; Health Economics & Finance; Community Development and Empowerment; Decentralization; Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems Summary: States can do much to tap community-level energies, and resources for development, if they seek to interact more synergistically with local communities. The broader spin-off is creating a developmental society, and polity. Using case studies from Asia and Latin America, the authors show how: 1) State efforts to bring about land reform, tenancy reform, and expanding non-crop sources of income, can broaden the distribution of power in rural communities, laying the basis for more effective community-driven collective action; and 2) Higher levels of government can form alliances with communities, putting pressure on local authorities from above, and below to improve development outcomes at the local level. These alliances can also be very effective in catalyzing collective action at community level, and reducing :local capture" by vested interests. There are several encouraging points that emerge from these case studies. First, these powerful institutional changes do not necessarily take long to generate. Second, they can be achieved in a diversity of settings: tightly knit or loose-knit communities; war-ravaged, or relatively stable; democratic, or authoritarian; with land reform, or (if carefully managed) even without. Third, there are strong political payoffs in terms of legitimacy, and popular support for those who support such developmental action. Official, scanned versions of documents (may include signatures, etc.)

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Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet, 1880-1885. |Family||King Hamlet (father) Claudius (uncle, stepfather) |Role||Prince of Denmark| |Quote||"To be, or not to be, that is the question"| Prince Hamlet is the title character and protagonist of Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet. He is the Prince of Denmark, nephew to the usurping Claudius and son of King Hamlet, the previous King of Denmark. Throughout the play he struggles with whether, and how, to avenge the murder of his father, and struggles with his own sanity along the way. By the end of the tragedy, Hamlet has caused the deaths of Polonius, Laertes, Claudius and his two childhood friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. He is also indirectly involved in the deaths of his love Ophelia (drowning) and of his mother Gertrude (poisoned by mistake). Hamlet himself is the final character to die in the play. Views of Hamlet Perhaps the most straightforward view sees Hamlet as seeking truth in order to be certain that he is justified in carrying out the revenge called for by a ghost that claims to be the spirit of his father. The 1948 movie with Laurence Olivier in the title role is introduced by a voiceover: "This is the tragedy of a man who could not make up his mind." T. S. Eliot offers a similar view of Hamlet's character in his critical essay, "Hamlet and His Problems" (The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism). He states, "We find Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' not in the action, not in any quotations that we might select, so much as in an unmistakable tone...". Others see Hamlet as a person charged with a duty that he both knows and feels is right, yet is unwilling to carry out. In this view, all of his efforts to satisfy himself of Claudius' guilt, or his failure to act when he can, are evidence of this unwillingness, and Hamlet berates himself for his inability to carry out his task. After observing a play-actor performing a scene, he notes that the actor was moved to tears in the passion of the story and compares this passion for an ancient Greek character, Hecuba, in light of his own situation: - "O, what a rogue and peasant slave am I! - Is it not monstrous that this player here, - But in a fiction, in a dream of passion, - Could force his soul so to his own conceit - That from her working all his visage wan'd; - Tears in his eyes, distraction in's aspect, - A broken voice, and his whole function suiting - With forms to his conceit? And all for nothing! - For Hecuba? - What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, - That he should weep for her?" […] Etymology of his name The name Hamlet occurs as early as the 10th century. His name is easily derived in from Belleforest and the lost play from Amlethus of Saxo, and remaining in this form is then derived from its Latin form of the old Jutish Amlethoe. From this point the name can be divided into sections with common meanings. In terms of etymology the root name of Hamlet is an Icelandic noun, Amlooi, meaning ‘fool.’ However, this name is derived from the way that Hamlet acts in the play and is not in all actuality the true etymology of the name. The second way of translating the name is by analyzing the noun aml-ooi into ‘raving mad’ and the second half, amla into ‘routine’. Later these names were incorporated into Irish dialect as Amlodhe. As phonetic laws took their course the name’s spelling changed eventually leaving it as Amlaidhe. This Irish name was given to a hero in a common folk story. The root of this name is ‘furious, raging, wild.’ These are all meanings Shakespeare would have been aware of when deciding on the name for his longest play. Influence of the Reformation It has also been suggested that Hamlet's hesitations may also be rooted in the religious beliefs of Shakespeare's time. The Protestant Reformation had generated debate about the existence of purgatory (where King Hamlet claims he currently resides). The concept of purgatory is a Catholic one, and was frowned on in Protestant England. Hamlet says that he will not kill his uncle because death would send him straight to heaven, while his father (having died without foreknowledge of his death) is in purgatory doing penance for his. Hamlet's opportunity to kill his uncle comes just after the uncle has supposedly made his peace with God. Hamlet says that he would much rather take a stab at the murderer while he is frolicking in the "incestuous sheets", or gambling and drinking, so he could be sure of his going straight to hell. Freudian interpretation Ernest Jones, following the work of Sigmund Freud, held that Hamlet suffered from the Oedipus complex. He said in his essay "The Oedipus-Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive": - His moral fate is bound up with his uncle's for good or ill. The call of duty to slay his uncle cannot be obeyed because it links itself with the call of his nature to slay his mother's husband, whether this is the first or the second; the latter call is strongly "repressed," and therefore necessarily the former also. Harold Bloom did a "Shakespearean Criticism" of Freud's work in response. As a mirror of the audience It has also been suggested that Hamlet, who is described by Ophelia as "th’ expectancy and rose of the fair state, / The glass of fashion and the mould of form" (Act III, Scene i, lines 148-9), is ultimately a reflection of all of the interpretations possessed by other characters in the play—and perhaps also by the members of an audience watching him. Polonius, most obviously, has a habit of misreading his own expectations into Hamlet’s actions ("Still harping on my daughter!"), though many other characters in the play participate in analogous behaviour. Gertrude has a similar tendency to interpret all of her son’s activities as the result of her "o’erhasty marriage" alone. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tend to find the stalled ambitions of a courtier in their former schoolmate’s behaviour, whereas Claudius seems to be concerned with Hamlet’s motivation only so far as it reveals the degree to which his nephew is a potential threat. Ophelia, like her father, waits in vain for Hamlet to give her signs of affection, and Horatio would have little reason to think that Hamlet was concerned with anything more pressing than the commandment of the ghost. And the First Gravedigger seems to think that Prince Hamlet, like that "whoreson mad fellow” Yorick, is simply insane without any need for explanation. Several critics, including Stephen Booth and William Empson have further investigated the analogous relationship between Hamlet, the play, and its audience. Parallels with other characters One aspect of Hamlet's character is the way in which he reflects other characters, including the play's primary antagonist, Claudius. In the play within a play, for instance, Gonzago, the king, is murdered in the garden by his nephew, Lucianus; although King Hamlet is murdered by his brother, in The Murder of Gonzago - which Hamlet tauntingly calls "The Mousetrap" when Claudius asks "What do you call the play?" - the regicide is a nephew, like Prince Hamlet. However, it is also worth noting that each of the characters in the play-within-a-play maps to two major characters in Hamlet, an instance of the play's many doubles: - Lucianus, like Hamlet, is both a regicide and a nephew to the king; like Claudius, he is a regicide that operates by pouring poison into ears. - The Player King, like Hamlet, is an erratic melancholic; like King Hamlet, his character in The Murder of Gonzago is poisoned via his ear while reclining in his orchard. - The Player Queen, like Ophelia, attends to a character in The Murder of Gonzago that is "so far from cheer and from [a] former state"; like Gertrude, she remarries a regicide. Hamlet is also, in some form, a reflection of most other characters in the play (or perhaps vice versa): - Hamlet, Laertes, Fortinbras and Pyrrhus are all avenging sons. Hamlet and Laertes both blame Claudius for the death of their fathers. Hamlet and Pyrrhus are both seized by inaction at some point in their respective narratives and each avenges his father. Hamlet and Fortinbras both have plans that are thwarted by uncles that are also kings. - Hamlet, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, Osric and Polonius are all courtiers. - Hamlet, his father, Bernardo, Marcellus, Francisco, Fortinbras and several other characters are all soldiers. - Hamlet and his father share a name (as do Fortinbras and his father). - Hamlet, Horatio, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Laertes are all students. - Hamlet, his father, Gertrude and Claudius are all members of the Royal Family. Each of them is also killed by poison—poison that Claudius is responsible for. - Hamlet and Ophelia are each rebuked by their surviving parent in subsequent scenes; the surviving parent of each happens to be of the opposite gender. Both also enter scenes reading books and there is a contrast between the (possibly) pretend madness of Hamlet and the very real insanity of Ophelia. - Hamlet, Horatio, Polonius, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern and Claudius are each "lawful espials" at some point in the play. Hamlet's age In Act V, scene I of Shakespeare's Hamlet, the First Gravedigger is asked by Hamlet at about line 147 and following, how long he has "been a grave-maker." His reply appears to determine the age of Hamlet for us in a roundabout but very explicit manner. The Gravedigger says that he has been in his profession since the day that Old Hamlet defeated Old Fortinbras, which was "the very day that young Hamlet was born." Then, a little later, he adds that "I have been sexton here, man and boy, thirty years." According to this logic, Hamlet must be thirty years old. Yorick, the dead jester whose skull Hamlet holds during this scene, is said to have been in the earth "three-and-twenty years," which would make Hamlet no more than seven years old when he last rode on Yorick's back. This view of Hamlet's age is supported by the fact that Richard Burbage, the actor who originally played the role, was thirty-two at the time of the play's premiere. However, a case has been made that at an early stage in Hamlet — with its apparent history of multiple revisions — Hamlet was presented as a sixteen-year-old. Several pieces of evidence support this view. Hamlet attends the University of Wittenberg, and royals and nobles (Elizabethan or medieval Danish) did not attend university at age 30. Additionally, a 30-year old Prince Hamlet would clearly have been of ruling age. Given his great popularity (mentioned by Claudius), this would raise the question of why it was not he, rather than his uncle, who was elected to succeed to the throne upon the death of King Hamlet. The line about the length of the Gravedigger's career does not appear in the First Quarto of Hamlet; in that text Yorick is said to have been in the ground only twelve years. Furthermore, in Belleforest, Shakespeare's source for the story, it is said that Amleth has "not attained to man's estate." And in the original spelling of the Folio text, one of the two authoritative texts for the play, the Gravedigger's answer to how long he has "been a grave-maker" reads "Why heere in Denmarke: I haue bin sixeteene heere, man and Boy thirty yeares.." "Sixteene" is usually rendered as "sexton" (a modernization of the second quarto's "sexten"), even in modern texts that take F1 as their "copy text." But modernizing the punctuation — a normal practice in modernized texts — renders "Why heere in Denmarke: I haue bin sixeteene heere — man and Boy thirty yeares." In other words, this reading suggests that he has been a grave-digger for sixteen years, but that he has lived in Denmark for thirty. According to this logic, then, it is the Grave-digger who is thirty, whereas Hamlet is only sixteen. However, this reading has the disadvantage that in the Folio the length of time Yorick has been in the ground is said to be twenty-three years, meaning that he had been dead seven years by the time Hamlet was born. Another theory offered is that the play was originally written with the view that Hamlet was 16 or 17, but since Shakespeare wrote his plays to be performed, and not read, these lines were likely changed so Burbage (who was almost always the protagonist in Shakespeare's plays) could play the role. Below are listed some of the notable acting portrayals of Hamlet. - Richard Burbage originated the role of Hamlet at the Globe Theatre. - David Garrick made the role one of the centerpieces of his repertory in the 18th century. - Master Betty played the role at the height of his popularity in 1805, and the House of Commons once adjourned early so that members of Parliament could see him play it. - Edwin Booth was famous for the role in New York in the 1860s and 1870s. - Sir Henry Irving, the first actor to be knighted, played Hamlet for an unprecedented 200 consecutive performances at the Lyceum Theatre in London in 1874. - Johnston Forbes-Robertson played the role in 1898. - John Barrymore created a sensation with his performance on Broadway in 1922 and again when he took it to London in 1925. - John Gielgud played Hamlet over 500 times between 1930 and 1945. - Gustav Gründgens played Hamlet in the Staatliches Schauspielhaus in Berlin in 1936. - Laurence Olivier first played Hamlet at the Old Vic in 1937, later performing the production at Elsinore Castle. - Maurice Evans first played the part at the Old Vic Theatre in 1935 and had a triumph on Broadway in 1938 and 1945. - Paul Scofield (actor) played Hamlet at the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1948 and again in 1955, directed by Peter Brook. - Richard Burton first played the role at the Old Vic Theatre in 1953 and returned to it in a 1964 Broadway production that became notorious when he married Elizabeth Taylor during its out-of-town tryout. - David Warner starred in Peter Hall's Hamlet in the RSC's August 1965 production at Stratford-Upon-Avon. - Richard Chamberlain was the first American actor to play the role in London since John Barrymore. This occurred in the late 1960s, immediately after the run of Dr. Kildare, the TV-series in which Chamberlain first made his name, ended. - Vladimir Vysotsky played Hamlet in Moscow's Taganka Theatre between 1971 and 1980. - Derek Jacobi played the role for the Prospect Theatre Company in 1978. - Christopher Walken played the role for the American Shakespeare Theatre in 1982. - Kenneth Branagh played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1992 - Ralph Fiennes won the Best Actor Tony Award in 1995 for his portrayal. - Samuel West played Hamlet for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2001-2 and won the Critic's Circle Award. - Christopher Eccleston played the role for the West Yorkshire Playhouse in 2002. - Toby Stephens played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2004. - Ben Whishaw played the role for the old Vic in 2004. - David Tennant played the role for the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2008-9. - Jude Law played the role for the Donmar West End and later on Broadway. - Michael Brando (grandson of Marlon Brando) played the role for a special TED event in 2010; he had played the role previously in 2008-9. - Michael Sheen played the role at the Young Vic in 2011-12. - Gustaf Skarsgård played Hamlet in Stockholm City Theatre's Hamlet in 2010. - Pat O'Neill played the role for the Melbourne Theatre Company in 2011. - Johnston Forbes-Robertson immortalized scenes from his performance in a highly truncated silent film made in 1913. - Danish actress Asta Nielsen portrayed Hamlet in a loose 1921 adaptation which re-imagines Hamlet as a woman. - Laurence Olivier directed himself as Hamlet in the 1948 film. - Richard Burton portrayed Hamlet in a 1964 filmed version of the stage play. - Innokenty Smoktunovsky played Hamlet in the 1964 Russian film Hamlet (1964 film), directed by Grigori Kozintsev. - Nicol Williamson portrayed Hamlet in Tony Richardson's 1969 version. - Mel Gibson played Hamlet in Franco Zeffirelli's 1990 version. - Iain Glen portrayed Hamlet in the 1990 film Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead, directed by Tom Stoppard and based on his play. - Kenneth Branagh directed himself as Hamlet in a 1996 film version, which is the only full length version of the play on film. - Ethan Hawke played Hamlet in an adaptation released in 2000. - Maurice Evans was the first to play the role on American television, in 1953 on the Hallmark Hall of Fame. - Christopher Plummer received an Emmy Award nomination for a television version filmed at Elsinore Castle in 1964. - Richard Chamberlain played Hamlet in a Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation in 1970. - Derek Jacobi played Hamlet in the 1980 BBC Television Shakespeare production. - Kevin Kline played the role in a 1990 PBS television production which he also directed, and which originated at the New York Shakespeare Festival. - Campbell Scott played the role in a U.S. 2000 television production set during the American Civil War, in which Polonius, Ophelia, and Laertes were portrayed as an African-American family. - David Tennant and the rest of the original cast from the 2008-9 Royal Shakespeare Company production reprised their roles for a BBC film version, which aired in the UK in December 2009. Other versions In the comic book series Kill Shakespeare, Hamlet is the central character. After he is exiled from Denmark, his ship is attacked and he washes up on England. He is encountered by Richard III of England, who tells him that he is the "Shadow King", a figure of prophecy. He tells Hamlet that he must find and kill the wizard William Shakespeare and retrieve his quill. He goes off, but is relentlessly pursued by assassins from Richard and his lieutenant, Iago. He is eventually captured by the fool known as Falstaff, who helps him get out of the woods after an encounter with a being known as a Prodigal. He is shot in the leg by Iago, but is saved by Juliet Capulet and Othello. Hamlet stops Othello from killing Iago, but is taken captive by Juliet and her resistance army. After going with them into a town and seeing the cruelty of Richard, Hamlet flees into the woods, where he is forced to face the ghost of his father. He defeats the ghost and is eventually picked up by two travellers: Lysander and Demetrius. - Kemp Malone The Review of English Studies, Vol. 3, No. 11 (Jul.,1927),pp.257-271 <http://www.jstor.org/view/00346551/ap020014/02a00000/0> - The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 21, No. 1. (Jan., 1910), pp. 72-113. - Roth, Steve Hamlet: The Undiscovered Country <http://www.princehamlet.com/chapter_1.html> - Writing in La Jeune Belgique in 1890; quoted by Braun (1982, 40). - Braun, Edward. 1982. The Director and the Stage: From Naturalism to Grotowski. London: Methuen. ISBN 978-0-413-46300-5. - Jenkins, Harold. Hamlet. Ed. Methuen, 1982. (The Arden Shakespeare) - Wilson, J. Dover, What Happens in Hamlet. Cambridge University Press; 3rd edition, 1951. (First published in 1935) - "The Women Who Have Played Hamlet" - Interview with Tony Howard on research into female Hamlets

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VLTI observations of the radii of four small stars The radii and masses of the four very-low-mass stars now observed with the VLTI, GJ 205, GJ 887, GJ 191 (also known as "Kapteyn''s star") and Proxima Centauri (red filled circles; with error bars). For comparison, planet Jupiter's mass and radius are also plotted (blue triangle). The two curves represent theoretical models for stars of two different ages (400 million years - red dashed curve; 5 billion years - black fully drawn curve; models by Gilles Charier and collaborators at the Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, France). As can be seen, theory and observations fit very well. About the Image |Release date:||29 November 2002| |Size:||800 x 789 px|

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In an era when almost every energy technology is unpopular with somebody, the people who don’t want wind turbines, generating stations or new transmission lines installed in their neighborhoods often raise the idea of improving energy efficiency as an alternative. That argument is particularly common in New York State and in Vermont, where state governments are trying to close nuclear reactors within their borders. So, how effectively can efficiency replace a reactor, making up for the loss of this zero-carbon energy source? Not very, according to a new study of carbon dioxide output in Japan in the months around the Fukushima disaster. Figures collected by the Breakthrough Institute, a group that often presents contrarian views on environmentalism and energy conservation, found that despite stringent efforts to use less energy, Japan emitted 4 percent more carbon dioxide in November 2011 than it did in the same month the previous year. After a quake and tsunami in March 2011 led to three meltdowns at the Fukushima nuclear plant, Japan began closing other plants as well, one because it appeared vulnerable to tsunami and others because local officials did not want them running. Energy consumption dropped sharply and was nearly 10 percent lower last November than in November 2010, the institute’s figures show. But with natural gas, oil and coal substituting for about 46 reactors, the production of carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced ran about 15 percent higher. The pattern was the same all year after the March 11 tsunami and quake: consumption dropped but fuel burn increased. This was true even though Japan ran office air-conditioners at far reduced levels last summer and some demand had disappeared because of damage from the disaster. What analogy can be drawn at Indian Point, 30 miles north of New York City, or Vermont Yankee, near Brattleboro? This month, a New York State Assembly committee concluded that Indian Point was replaceable, an assertion sharply disputed by a business consumer group. Jason Grumet, an air pollution expert and founder of the Bipartisan Policy Center, said it was hard to draw direct parallels. “The circumstances in the United States are obviously different from Japan,’’ he said. For one thing, Japan was parsimonious in its use of electricity even before Fukushima, and American consumers probably have more fat to cut. But in either country, he said, it is true that “a decrease in nuclear production in favor of fossil fuels will increase carbon intensity of the power sector, and total carbon dioxide emissions.’’ “It’s an incredibly difficult public policy challenge’’ for the United States, Mr. Grumet said, with different imperatives colliding. “One is to ensure that the aging fleet of nuclear plants is held to the highest safety standards, and the second is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,’’ he said. “And the third is to keep the lights on.”

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4 Nero ascended to the Roman throne. 1332 Rinchinbal Khan, Emperor Ningzong of Yuan became the Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, reigning for only 53 days. 1775 The United States Continental Congress orders the establishment of the Continental Navy (later renamed the United States Navy). 1777 British General John Burgoyne’s Army at The Battles of Saratoga was surrounded by superior numbers, setting the stage for its surrende which inspired France to enter the American Revolutionary War against the British. 1792 The cornerstone of the United States’ Executive Mansion (known as the White House ) was laid. 1812 War of 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights – As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer were repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock. 1843 Henry Jones and 11 others founded B’nai B’rith (the oldest Jewish service organization in the world). 1845 A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approved a proposed constitution, that if accepted by the U.S. Congress, would make Texas a U.S. state. 1862 Mary Kingsley, English writer and explorer, was born (d. 1900). 1885 The Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) was founded in Atlanta. 1904 Wilfred Pickles, English actor and broadcaster, ws born (d. 1978). 1915 The Battle for the Hohenzollern Redoubt marked the end of the Battle of Loos in northern France, World War I. 1917 The “Miracle of the Sun” was witnessed by an estimated 70,000 people in the Cova da Iria in Fátima, Portugal. 1918 Mehmed Talat Pasha and the Young Turk (C.U.P.) ministry resigned and signed an armistice, ending Ottoman participation in World War I. 1923 Ankara replaced Istanbul as the capital of Turkey. 1925 Lenny Bruce, American comedian (d. 1966) 1925 – Margaret Thatcher, former British Prime Minister, was born. 1934 Nana Mouskouri, Greek singer and politician, was born. 1941 Paul Simon, American singer and musician (Simon & Garfunkel), was born. 1943 World War II: The new government of Italy sided with the Allies and declared war on Germany. 1946 France adopted the constitution of the Fourth Republic. 1959 Marie Osmond, American entertainer, was born. 1962 The Pacific Northwest experienced a cyclone the equal of a Cat 3 hurricane. Winds measured above 150 mph at several locations; 46 people died. 1968 Carlos Marin, Spanish baritone (Il Divo), was born. 1969 Nancy Kerrigan, American figure skater, was born. 1970 Paul Potts, British opera singer, was born. 1972 An Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-62 crashed outside Moscow killing 176. 1972 Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crashed in the Andes mountains. By December 23, only 16 out of 45 people were still alive to be rescued. 1975 Dame Whina Cooper led a land march to parliament. 1976 A Bolivian Boeing 707 cargo jet crashed in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, killing 100 (97, mostly children, killed on the ground). 1976 The first electron micrograph of an Ebola viral particle was obtained by Dr. F.A. Murphy. 1977 Four Palestinians hijacked Lufthansa Flight 181 to Somalia and demanded the release of 11 members of the Red Army Faction. 1983 Ameritech Mobile Communications (now AT&T) launched the first US cellular network in Chicago, Illinois. 1990 End of the Lebanese Civil War. Syrian forces launched an attack on the free areas of Lebanon removing General Michel Aoun from the presidential palace. 1992 An Antonov An-124 operated by Antonov Airlines crashed near Kiev. 1999 – The United States Senate rejected ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). 2010 – The 2010 Copiapó mining accident in Copiapó, Chile came to an end as all 33 miners arrived at the surface after surviving a record 69 days underground awaiting rescue. Sourced from NZ History Online & Wikipedia

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EPO is a nootropicWednesday, 10 September, 2008 Erythropoietin (EPO), a hormone that increases red blood cells and is used as a performance enhancer for athletic performance, has now been shown to enhance memory in normal, healthy mice. Mice that received EPO injections had enhanced memory for 3-4 weeks afterwards, which is longer than the elevation in red blood cell count lasts. This effect isn’t actually novel, as other researchers had noticed that EPO improved brain function over 18 years ago (Grimm et al, 1990), and research into mental illness has also suggested that EPO has an effect on brain function (Ehrenreich et al, 2004). But it was always thought to be dependent on the change in red blood cells, but more recent evidence has suggested it works independently of effects on blood cells (Miskowiak et al, 2007). This mouse model confirms this. Of course, the researchers have been focusing on this as a treatment, but anyone can see that this is a promising enhancement too. This mouse research showed that EPO enhanced memory and athletic function in healthy mice. It enhances both athletic and mental performance – how good is that? Then again, if EPO becomes a common cognitive enhancer, it will mean that few of us normal people would ever be able to compete in the Olympics. It was only in 2004 that caffeine was allowed in professional competition, but pretty soon college students will be doping themselves with EPO as a biochemical study aid. It will be interesting when almost all normal people would not be able to pass an Olympic-level drug test. The possibility exists, however, that we may want the cognitive boost without increasing our red blood cells too much. And now that we know the cognitive effects of EPO are independent of red blood cell production, this may be possible too. Make a drug that stimulates the brain like EPO does, but doesn’t effect an increase in red blood cells. And this study has gone a long way to unraveling the relevant effects of EPO on neuronal plasticity that underly the enhancement to memory circuitry in the brain, which means that we may be able to find drugs that do so more effectively than EPO or act on other brain functions.

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Resources - Homeschool Groups - Article This article was published in the HSLDA Discount Groups E-Zine, March 2007. Guest Article: A Mom Shares Her Perspective— Making Families of Handicapped Students Welcome By Esther Mast Given that homeschoolers come in all shapes and sizes, it is not surprising to find a few in wheelchairs. The local homeschool group is in a position to make these students feel as valued and included as possible. There are a few practical ways to do this: First of all, keep the physical limitations of handicapped students in mind when planning group activities. Try to arrange at least a couple events a year that can include everyone, even those who can’t kick a ball or run races. Such awareness of limitations is especially important when planning a field trip. A considerate coordinator will research the proposed location well beforehand and inform the pupil’s parents about accessibility issues, so that there is less chance of an unpleasant surprise on arrival. In addition, all students must be treated with respect by their homeschooled peers. Even if the venue of an activity is physically accessible, a handicapped student may feel out of place if other people constantly stare, ask awkward questions, or try to be too helpful by pushing the wheelchair for him. Remember, it is not the responsibility of the handicapped family to educate the entire group on demand, they have enough stress as it is. Make it a priority to teach proper courtesy to your own able-bodied children; if you must ask, direct a tactful question to the parents privately. If a handicapped student senses that others are uncomfortable around him, he will also feel very uncomfortable. A wheelchair indeed places certain restrictions on the student and her family and homeschool group. With thoughtful planning and good manners, however, it need not be a hindrance to the homeschool experience. The Masts have homeschooled eight children, four of whom have graduated and gone on to college. One of these college students is in a wheelchair.

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Cancer of the Throat Alternative NamesSquamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tonsil What is Cancer of the Throat Throat cancer takes its beginning in your throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx) or tonsils. The throat is the passage from the back of your mouth to the top tubes that go down to your stomach and lungs. Voice box is the part of your throat that you use to produce the sounds when you speak. Both the throat and the voice box are located below the throat. Throat cancer is subdivided into different types: - Nasopharyngeal cancer originates just behind your nose. - Oropharyngeal cancer starts behind your mouth that includes your tonsils. - Hypopharyngeal cancer (laryngopharyngeal cancer) develops in the hypopharynx (the lower part of your throat, just above your esophagus and windpipe). - Glottic cancer located in the vocal cords. - Supraglottic cancer begins in the upper portion of the larynx (the part of your throat where the voice produced). - Subglottic cancer. This type of the cancer is found in the lower portion of your voice box, below your vocal cords. Signs and symptoms The symptoms below may signal that the person has got a throat cancer: - A cough - A hoarseness (when you speak in a low rough voice) - Swallowing problems - Feeling pain in your ear - Open wound - A sore throat The patients with throat cancer can have possible complications: - Swallowing problems - Airway obstruction - Disfigured neck or face - Stiff skin of the neck - Speaking disability - Metastasis of the cancer The main reasons leading to the occurrence of throat cancer is the development of genetic mutations in your throat. As a result uncontrolled growth of tumour cells happen which can live longer than healthy cells. Unfortunately there are no proper ways which help to prevent the disease. But in order to avoid your risk of occurrence of throat cancer, you should: - Get rid of smoking - Avoid drinking alcohol - Keep to a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables - Don’t contact chemicals - Avoid breathing hazardous chemical fumes - Air your room and working place There are the following ways of throat cancer treatments: - Surgery – can help to get rid of tumour alone, either combined with radiation therapy, especially when it’s of small size. Some patients are offered operations which can help to remove the tumor, including all or part of the vocal cords. - Radiotherapy is used when the tumor reached the second stage and became larger. If the tomour has spread to lymph nodes in the neck, a combination of radiation and chemotherapy is recommended. - Speech therapy can be effective if you’ve got laryngectomy. There exist some other ways to talk that are leant. - Swallowing therapy helps patients adjust to the changes in the structure of the throat.

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Jacob loves books. His mom knows this because when she sits down to read to him every night, he waves his arms excitedly. His favorite page of "Goodnight Moon" shows a cow jumping over the moon. He squeals and reaches for the book every time he sees it. When she is done reading, his mom usually lets him hold the sturdy board book, which he promptly sticks into his mouth. Jacob is only 6 months old, but he is already well on his way to becoming a reader. Why Read to My Baby? You may wonder about the benefits of reading to your baby. An infant won't understand everything you're doing or why. But you wouldn't wait until your child could understand what you were saying before you started speaking to him or her, right? Nor would you bypass lullabies until your baby could carry a tune or wait until he or she could shake a rattle before you offered any toys. Reading aloud to your baby is a wonderful shared activity you can continue for years to come — and it's an important form of stimulation. teaches a baby about communication introduces concepts such as numbers, letters, colors, and shapes in a fun way builds listening, memory, and vocabulary skills gives babies information about the world around them Believe it or not, by the time babies reach their first birthday they will have learned all the sounds needed to speak their native language. The more stories you read aloud, the more words your child will be exposed to and the better he or she will be able to talk. Hearing words helps to build a rich network of words in a baby's brain. Kids whose parents frequently talk/read to them know more words by age 2 than children who have not been read to. And kids who are read to during their early years are more likely to learn to read at the right time. When you read, your child hears you using many different emotions and expressive sounds, which fosters social and emotional development. Reading also invites your baby to look, point, touch, and answer questions — all of which promote social development and thinking skills. And your baby improves language skills by imitating sounds, recognizing pictures, and learning words. But perhaps the most important reason to read aloud is that it makes a connection between the things your baby loves the most — your voice and closeness to you — and books. Spending time reading to your baby shows that reading is a skill worth learning. And, if infants and children are read to often with joy, excitement, and closeness, they begin to associate books with happiness — and budding readers are created. Young babies may not know what the pictures in a book mean, but they can focus on them, especially faces, bright colors, and contrasting patterns. When you read or sing lullabies and nursery rhymes, you can entertain and soothe your infant. Between 4 and 6 months, your baby may begin to show more interest in books. He or she will grab and hold books, but will mouth, chew, and drop them as well. Choose sturdy vinyl or cloth books with bright colors and repetitive or rhyming text. Between 6 and 12 months, your child is beginning to understand that pictures represent objects, and most likely will develop preferences for certain pictures, pages, or even entire stories. Your baby will respond while you read, grabbing for the book and making sounds, and by 12 months will turn pages (with some help from you), pat or start to point to objects on a page, and repeat your sounds. When and How to Read Here's a great thing about reading aloud: It doesn't take special skills or equipment, just you, your baby, and some books. Read aloud for a few minutes at a time, but do it often. Don't worry about finishing entire books — focus on pages that you and your baby enjoy. Try to set aside time to read every day — perhaps before naptime and bedtime. In addition to the pleasure that cuddling your baby before bed gives both of you, you'll also be making life easier by establishing a routine. This will help to calm your baby and set expectations about when it's time to sleep. It's also good to read at other points in the day. Choose times when your baby is dry, fed, and alert. Books also come in handy when you're stuck waiting, so have some in the diaper bag to fill time sitting at the doctor's office or standing in line at the grocery store. Here are some additional reading tips: Cuddling while you read helps your baby feel safe, warm, and connected to you. Read with expression, pitching your voice higher or lower where it's appropriate or using different voices for different characters. Don't worry about following the text exactly. Stop once in a while and ask questions or make comments on the pictures or text. ("Where's the kitty? There he is! What a cute black kitty.") Your child might not be able to respond yet, but this lays the groundwork for doing so later on. Sing nursery rhymes, make funny animal sounds, or bounce your baby on your knee — anything that shows that reading is fun. Babies love — and learn from — repetition, so don't be afraid of reading the same books over and over. When you do so, repeat the same emphasis each time as you would with a familiar song. As your baby gets older, encourage him or her to touch the book or hold sturdier vinyl, cloth, or board books. You don't want to encourage chewing on books, but by putting them in his or her mouth, your baby is learning about them, finding out how books feel and taste — and discovering that they're not edible! Books for babies should have simple, repetitive text and clear pictures. During the first few months of life, your child just likes to hear your voice, so you can read almost anything, especially books with a sing-song or rhyming text. As your baby gets more interested in looking at things, choose books with simple pictures against solid backgrounds. Once your baby begins to grab, you can read vinyl or cloth books that have faces, bright colors, and shapes. When your baby begins to respond to what's inside of books, add board books with pictures of babies or familiar objects like toys. When your child begins to do things like sit up in the bathtub or eat finger foods, find simple stories about daily routines like bedtime or bathtime. When your child starts talking, choose books that invite babies to repeat simple words or phrases. Books with mirrors and different textures (crinkly, soft, scratchy) are also great for this age group, as are fold-out books that can be propped up, or books with flaps that open for a surprise. Board books make page turning easier for infants and vinyl or cloth books can go everywhere — even the tub. Babies of any age like photo albums with pictures of people they know and love. And every baby should have a collection of nursery rhymes! One of the best ways you can ensure that your little one grows up to be a reader is to have books around your house. When your baby is old enough to crawl over to a basket of toys and pick one out, make sure some books are included in the mix. In addition to the books you own, take advantage of those you can borrow from the library. Many libraries have storytime just for babies, too. Don't forget to pick up a book for yourself while you're there. Reading for pleasure is another way you can be your baby's reading role model.

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Check out our new Video Podcast -- Math Snacks! This hands-on activity uses manipulatives to help students physically trade in one unit for another, larger unit of measure. By manipulating the tiles, students can find all types of conversions. To download the entire lesson plan, click on file attachments below. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to email me email@example.com Using the 200 Chart For Division Using the 200 Chart to Count Money The other day I saw the neatest way of using a 200 Chart (a hundreds chart that goes through 200) to help students as they were learning to count money. I would have never came up with this idea, but it worked so well for students who were struggling keeping track of how much money they were counting. Directions for how it works: These easy-to-use cards let students explore place value concepts—from ones to one hundred thousand. Just cut off the extra white to the left of the digits. These cards can be used to teach standard and expanded form of a number. Download the files below. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to contact me at firstname.lastname@example.org My Kids Turn is a website which hosts 6 different shows which provides quick ideas for parents to use with their children. This would be awesome to share with parents as a follow up to parent teacher conferences. My Kids Turn is about our kids -- yours and ours -- and how we're going to make sure that they have the best opportunity we can give them to succeed at school. I often get asked the question, why do students need to learn how to find the LCM of two or more numbers. I can only think of two mathematical examples, the first is to find common denominators for fractions so that we can add the fractions more easily. For example, if we have the fractions 1/4, 1/3, and 1/6, we could use the LCM to create equivalent fractions to add quickly and easily. Comparing and ordering numbers is an important skill for students at any grade level. But there is more to comparing and ordering numbers than comparing the individual digits in each of the placeholders. When we teach children to look a the first number, furthest to the left, and then if they are the same, look at the second number, we are teaching children a rote procedure to compare and order numbers. The goal of this math lesson is for students, using dice, to create four-digit numbers which become larger and larger. This can be adjusted easily for older students (add more dice) to younger students (use fewer dice). Lesson can be downloaded below. This lesson is designed to help students learn the representational value of numbers. This lesson is accompanied with pictorial representation of base ten blocks, numerals, and numbers written in expanded form. Students match the cards to identify several representations. An example of a card, match 5 hundreds, 13 tens, and 4 ones to 634. Sometimes the order is mixed around, this gets to true understanding of the value of the number.

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Part 1: North Carolina's First Radio Stations, Part 2: Radio Enters Its "Golden Age" in North Carolina, Part 3: National Networks and Popular Local Shows and Personalities, Part 4: Radio Broadcasting and the Civil Rights Movement, Part 5: Growth of FM Stations and Increasing Corporate Ownership Part 3: National Networks and Popular Local Shows and Personalities With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 came a temporary freeze on radio station applications, which hampered smaller carriers. Through the 1940s, the airwaves were dominated by the four major broadcast networks:NBC, ABC, CBS, and the now-defunct Mutual Broadcasting System. In addition to war-related news, the networks provided a wealth of block programming-from serialized dramas to live performances. Comedy shows featuring Fred Allen, Jack Benny, George Burns, and Gracie Allen, along with dramas such as the Lux Radio Theater, Orson Welles's Mercury Theatre on the Air, and The Guiding Light, made radio the centerpiece of family entertainment. Kay Kyser joined the ranks of big band leaders like Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, and Duke Ellington on nationally broadcast shows. Despite the networks' seeming monopoly of radio real estate, small stations still managed to spring up across North Carolina. Mount Airy's WPAQ, after its birth in 1948, began broadcasting live string band performances at 10,000 watts while also amassing a sizable catalog of traditional and folk music. In 1947 the North Carolina Association of Broadcasters was founded to provide support and information to state radio talent. Recognizable on-air personalities carved out reputations in the region. Greensboro native Edward R. Murrow moved on to a national audience, but local color ruled the state's airwaves. Commentators such as WBT's fiery, pulpit-tested J. S. Nathaniel Tross and WRAL's Fred Fletcher, known for his children's programming and traffic reports, were radio fixtures for years. Although by the 1950s television replaced radio as America's "everyday" medium, local radio fought the advance of network TV by filling spots on the airwaves normally overlooked by larger corporations, such as early morning time slots. For 30 years Grady Cole, beloved as "Mr. Dixie," was the voice of WBT's sunrise schedule, providing farm reports, community announcements, weather reports, and more into the early 1960s. Devotion to certain broadcasters induced listeners to continue tuning in, either for a chance of catching the "Voice of the Duke Blue Devils," announcer Lee Kirby, or the sweet sounds of Crackerjacks bandleader Arthur Smith. In addition to Grady Cole, WBT helped bring Charles H. Crutchfield, a station program director and the eventual president of Jefferson-Pilot Broadcasting, to prominence in the postwar years. Kay Kyser and his band entertain U.S. Navy personnel during a live NBC radio broadcast of Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge, ca. 1943. North Carolina Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library. 1 January 2006 | McFee, Philip; Williams, Wiley J.

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Fri October 12, 2012 For Sale: A Chunk Of Mars Originally published on Tue October 23, 2012 2:31 pm Few things are as rare as a piece of rock that falls from outer space and crashes onto Earth. Among the most prized of these meteorites are from Mars. Friday, scientists describe the latest one discovered: It's called Tissint, and this weekend you can buy a piece of it. First, it's clear to experts that Tissint is extraordinary as well as extraterrestrial. It contains a unique story about Mars. Says meteoriticist Caroline Smith of the London Museum of Natural History: "Many people think that this meteorite may well be one of the most important meteorites that have actually fallen in the last century." She's one of those people. The museum owns the biggest piece of Tissint, and Smith is one of the scientists who described it in the journal Science on Friday. Tissint's journey began as basaltic volcanic rock on the Martian surface. Smith says scientists can tell liquid washed over the rock and weathered it. It deposited elements from Martian soil inside cracks in the rock. Then an object — probably an asteroid — smacked into Mars and blasted the rock into space. In July 2011, it flamed through the Earth's atmosphere and smashed into the Moroccan desert. "The thing is, no matter how fantastic the robotic missions are, it's still not the same as being able to actually analyze a piece of rock in a laboratory on Earth," she says. "So I think the big message here is that the meteorite is almost ground-truthing what we're actually seeing on Mars." There are a few other Martian meteorites. But Tissint is special for several reasons. The impact that blew it off Mars melted part of its surface into smooth, black glass. That trapped bubbles of Martian atmosphere and elements inside, including cerium, an element scientists thought might be on Mars but weren't sure of. Also, its fragments were found quickly, so it hasn't been too contaminated by elements on Earth. It's also one of only five Martian meteorites that was observed hitting the Earth. Scientists have just begun to tease out its story. "Whenever I pick up a meteorite," says Smith, "I get excited. Each of those stones is a little time capsule and a little space probe to actually help us understand how our solar system formed." But the piece in London is just one of many that broke off Tissint as it hurtled through Earth's atmosphere. Where they ended up is a story that begins in Morocco. Meteorite scientist Hasnaa Chennaoui Aoudjehane at Hassan II Casablanca University had heard news of the fireball that lit up the sky in the summer of 2011. Last January she traveled 700 miles from Casablanca, over the Sahara, to find the "strewn field" — where pieces spread across the sand. She was not the first one there. "The first thing that I see is hundreds of people in the middle of nowhere. And this is something that I will never forget." Men, women and children were camped out, hunting for the pieces. Meteorites are often found in North Africa — unusual rocks stand out in the desert — and they bring a good price. People brought pieces to her to identify. "On the first view of the first sample, it's clear that it's a Martian meteorite," she says. Professional dealers scooped up most of the pieces. Aoudjehane bought some small pieces for her university in Casablanca, where laboratory tests confirmed what she'd recognized on sight — Martian rock. She's a co-author on the paper in Science. About the time Aoudjehane was collecting pieces, a meteorite collector and dealer in New York City named Darryl Pitt got a tip about fragments of Mars for sale. Pitt, who is curator of the Macovich Collection of meteorites, got money from a group of investors. A Moroccan dealer sold him a piece, dispatching his au pair to fly with it to New York City. "Immediately after she clears customs, she reaches into her purse and gives me a packet and I'm looking around and looking at the cameras and thinking, 'Oh my golly, this is going to be a problem.' " Not that it was illegal; the transaction just made it look suspicious. Pitt bought or brokered the sale of more pieces, including the one that went to the London's Natural History Museum. "It's important to make the material available to scientists and researchers first and foremost," he says. Collectors like Pitt have the time and means to cultivate contacts in places like Morocco, where the trade has flourished, especially among the Berber nomads. "Several of these fellows that I know have become rich. A couple own hotels now. They're no longer trekking the desert. ... it's been really fantastic." The museum's Caroline Smith agrees that collectors and scientists do help each other — the collectors to find meteorites, the scientists to analyze them. "I would be not telling the truth if I said there was no tension with anything where large amounts of money is involved," she says. "But I would like to stress that, you know, on the whole relationships are very good, it's a mutually beneficial arrangement in many cases." The trade does push up prices, sometimes beyond what scientists can afford. But Smith says sometimes collectors sell them to museums at a discount. On Sunday, a piece of Tissint will be offered at a meteorite auction in Manhattan. It's billed as the biggest ever, and Pitt helped Heritage Auctions arrange it. There are pieces from the moon and from the asteroid belt. But Pitt says the Martian meteorites are the stars because they are so rare. All told on Earth, he says, "You're talking like about 300 pounds of material. That's it. Mars is among the rarest substances on Earth." The Tissint fragment at the auction starts at $230,000. As for potential buyers, Pitt says they're "most anyone who has an appreciation for the exotic, the romantic. Anyone who wants to enthrall a child or anyone's sense of wonder. Radio hosts? Everyone." Pitt notes that the piece at the auction actually fits exactly into the piece at the London museum. He's hoping whoever buys it will reunite the two.

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Go to these sites to learn about a person in the news. Use the information you learn to answer the questions on your sheet: FOR FRIDAY ONLY: First, search for an interesting news story or article on anything you want. Use the news source links above to find it. Next, copy the web address of the article and paste it on Crocodoc. Paste the web address on Crocodoc. Use the highligher to highlight important or interesting information. Highlight five-to-seven words in each paragraph. Next, use the “notes” to write two questions and two connections. Finally, copy and paste the web address of your page to the comments section of this post.

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Photo by Brad Otto One of the world’s most technologically advanced floating nautical survey platforms has been anchored off Birch Bay for the past few weeks collecting data to update national nautical charts. The Rainier, one of the research ships in the Pacific fleet of the National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA), is in the middle of a mission collecting data to update NOAA’s nautical charts for the Strait of Georgia. Its work will eventually take it up the coast of Alaska. The data will provide more information on the shoals in the vicinity of Cherry Point, which is the largest tanker port in Washington. This information will be helpful to the Puget Sound pilots who steer large tankers through the sound and the Strait of Georgia. The area has seen changes in vessel traffic recently due to the increased capacity of the facilities at Cherry Point, according to the NOAA website for the ship. The Rainier, originally launched in 1967, is 231 feet long and weighs about 1,500 tons. It can house a total of 25 crew members and stay at sea for 22 days at a time. For more information on the Rainier, visit the ship’s website.

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When Pablo Picasso presented his first cubist paintings to the world, even most educated people thought them hideous and irrational, yet his peers saw them to be ingenious. Likewise, Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity was equally baffling to the uninitiated. But to those who were knowledgeable about both art and physics, parallels would have been recognized between Einstein’s new visions of reality and Picasso’s paintings that could be viewed from multiple points of view in simultaneous space and time. They also would have guessed correctly that Picasso’s revolutionary paintings were influenced by Einstein’s visionary physics. And it has become evident to me, after working with science and art students for two years on collaborative projects, that the humanities and sciences must be united – for our collective future success. At the highest levels of innovative thought, art and physics share one common goal: the investigation of reality. Art tends to communicate through metaphor and poetics. Science communicates through logic and mathematics. Both disciplines seek to foster and produce creative and innovative problem solvers. One way students of the arts and sciences can communicate with one another to enhance opportunities for success and educational enrichment is through collaborative activities. Two almost overlapping events in Orlando – a UCF/National Science Foundation-sponsored art exhibition and a national physics-students convention – serve as examples where both disciplines were enhanced by the other. One event is a STEAM Exhibition, “Searching for Ultimate Truth in Science and Art,” to be held Thursday, Nov. 15, from 5:30 to 9 p.m. at UCF’s Center for Emerging Media in downtown Orlando. STEAM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics, and the exhibition of paintings, posters and sculptures responds to and attempts to interpret current breakthroughs and issues in science. The posters are a result of collaborations between science and art students. The works attempt to visually illustrate the complex concepts behind cutting-edge scientific research, some literally and others abstractly. The paintings and sculptures are inspired by various presentations in science and engineering by UCF scientists and their students. In these pieces the art students have attempted to communicate their own imaginative conceptions of reality through visual metaphor. Some serve as commentaries on the potentials for both good and harm to humanity and the earth. The other event was the Quadrennial Physics Congress, “Connecting Worlds through Science and Service,” this past weekend in Orlando. The theme was “Scientific Citizenship.” As a brochure announced: “From global warming to Facebook to the International Space Station, we’re realizing now, more than ever, how connected we all are – as physicists, as scientists, as members of society, as humans, and as part of a vast universe.” At the congress, it was repeatedly acknowledged that as scientific research and knowledge become increasingly more specialized and complex, outreach and education becomes more important. Two popular sessions during the gathering highlighted that one way to communicate complex ideas is through art and emerging media. An example of a professional who has crossed both disciplines is Henry Reich, the creator and animator of a popular YouTube video series called “MinutePhysics” that explains “cool topics in physics.” Another example in which science and the humanities converge in contemporary pop culture is the TV sitcom “The Big Bang Theory.” At the Physics Congress we met David Saltzberg, who is the science consultant to the show. His contribution is to work with the artists – the script writers, art directors, prop designers and actors – to make sure the science behind the show is correct. University undergraduate and graduate arts programs across the country are encouraging and teaching students to reach out into their communities to initiate and facilitate public art and collaborative art-related activities among citizens. Like scientists, artists realize their discipline is in no way isolated. Jordan Guzman, a Bachelor of Fine Arts painting major, won a first-place award in the art contest at the Physics Congress in the category of “Connecting Worlds.” She and many other art students at UCF are becoming increasingly intrigued with science, especially physics, because of educational collaborations between the arts and sciences through UCF’s 2-year-old STEAM project. The first UCF STEAM exhibition of science-themed artworks was last spring. More than 500 visitors attended the two-day exhibition, many of whom were K-12 students. The artworks provided a visual doorway to the science behind the images, sparking enthusiasm and conversation about both the science and the art. The show illustrated how images that emerge from collaborations between science and art students can provide provocative points of view to contemplate and discuss outside the traditional science classroom. As Florida and other states wrestle with current pressing issues of how best to fund and facilitate effective educational preparedness for future students, perhaps legislators could take a larger view of the long-term issues facing our young people. A solid education offers opportunities for students to become innovative problem solvers by encouraging them to seek out unanticipated interdisciplinary connectedness and by exposing students to more – not less – diversity. UCF Forum columnist Carla Poindexter is an associate professor of fine art at the University of Central Florida and can be reached at Carla.Poindexter@ucf.edu.

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Wed December 5, 2012 How History Created The Cult Of The Catcher NEAL CONAN, HOST: Earlier this week, Deacon White was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. And yes, we know, you've never heard of him. White's career began in 1871, at the dawn of professional baseball. He played catcher in the days when catchers use no equipment at all: no glove, no pads, no facemask. They became heroes celebrated for their courage and their wits, and Deacon White stood out as one of the best. Baseball historian Peter Morris serves on what used to be called the Veteran's Committee at Cooperstown. It's now called the Pre-Integration Era Committee. He's also the author of "Catcher: How the Man Behind the Plate Became an American Folk Hero" and joins us now from the studios at Michigan Radio in Ann Arbor. Good to have you with us today. PETER MORRIS: My pleasure to be here, Neal. CONAN: And in your book, you argue that the generation that came of age after the Civil War looked around for some heroes and found them behind home plate. MORRIS: Yeah. It's hard to understand today just how much the catcher, especially in the 1870s, dominated the baseball game. A single baseball game was - really revolved around the catcher's ability to harness what the pitcher was pitching, and everything revolves around that. The pitcher couldn't use his best pitches if he had - he didn't have confident - confidence in the catcher. So he really was a sort of iconic folk hero, dominated the game in a way that I think no player ever has before or since and - at a point to where people resented it and would say, you know, this is a game played by two players while the other seven just kind of watch. CONAN: The pitcher and the catcher and everybody else watches. The catcher's - well, we are familiar with the crouched position right behind home plate. That was not what they did in the 1870s. MORRIS: No. They stood, sometimes a little stooped but mostly straight up, and they would just catch the ball and be ready to throw it to bases immediately. And the way that they would throw it sort of made them look like gunslingers. And so that really fed into the whole icon of them, the whole idea of them as American folk heroes. CONAN: Folk heroes. Give us some idea. You quote any number of sources, literary and otherwise, in your book who worshipped these men. MORRIS: Yeah. One of the most prominent was Stephen Crane, the great American novelist, and he really - most of his preparation for writing the "The Red Badge of Courage" and his other novels was spent being a catcher. And in fact, he really had two very unsuccessful stints in college where he spent most of his time trying to be the catcher for the college nine and didn't go to too many classes. And really, all he developed was a kind of love of baseball and a sense of what it took to be - to have great courage. And I think both of those really fed into "The Red Badge of Courage." CONAN: And courage, we see the beating that catchers take today. They got the same foul tips and balls off their various parts of their body back then too. MORRIS: Oh, it was tremendously difficult position to be in. You were right in the line of fire, and of course, you know, you could be the most prepared possible and then the batter might foul tip it. And it would just, you know, the angle will change just enough that it would, you know, hit your forehead usually. And a few of them had such great reflex. I mean, Deacon White was known for his great reflexes and became an incredibly durable catcher. But it was sort of known that, you know, if you put a neophyte behind a plate, he would usually get injured within an inning or two. That was - the danger was so great. CONAN: And the early history of baseball is replete with teams that raided other teams for their catchers. MORRIS: Oh, and particularly in the 1870s that the best teams were the ones with the best catchers. You really couldn't be successful without one. And Deacon White stood above everybody else to the point where he played on five consecutive championship teams. And he went from team to team and the championship just followed him around wherever he went. CONAN: He was quite a good hitter too. MORRIS: He was a great hitter. He was a way above-average hitter, playing a position where, you know, the defense was so all-encompassing as a skill that you could, you know, you could really just put anybody there if they could field the position and not worry about their bat. But he was a consistent .300 and above hitter. CONAN: And I wonder - statistics then and now are so different. The game essentially was so different. When you were talking with the people on the Veterans Committee about Deacon White, what were you saying that finally convinced them that this man, at long last, deserves to be in the Hall of Fame? MORRIS: Well, we had some great conversations about what it took to play the position. And you know, Bob Watson, who started out as a catcher, was one of the committee members. Phil Niekro, Bert Blyleven and Don Sutton, Pat Gillick, all pitchers, all Hall Famers, were really able to add a lot of insight to what it must have been like. And the other - one of the main things we talked about was just how they played much shorter schedules in the 1870s. So when you look at career statistics, that's a huge distortion. Deacon White ended up with 2,000 career hits, but he was playing in a - in an average of 40, 50, 60-game schedules a year. So there was no way to generate the kind of career milestones that we look at as benchmarks today. You know, 3,000 hits would be all but impossible. And 2,000 was a terrific accomplishment. CONAN: And the number of errors he recorded even as a great defensive catcher would have been, you know, totally unacceptable by today's standards. MORRIS: Oh, exactly. Yeah. And again, an issue where we had to really sort of look at what - compare him to people from his own era. And when we did that, you know, it became really obvious just how much he stood above his contemporaries. CONAN: Are the records from those days good enough that you have reliable accounts of who was good and who was great? MORRIS: Well, they're getting a lot better. I mean, we have a very good full statistical record now. We're getting a better sense - it's becoming easier and easier to get back to the contemporary accounts of them in the newspapers and generate an idea from it then. And you know, the trouble over the years in putting people in the Hall of Fame has been that that's been either on a partial statistical record or, you know, after all their contemporaries are dead, so we don't have that record. And of course we can never bring those people back to life. But by accessing the newspaper accounts, we can get a better sense of it, and I think it's really encouraging to be able - to be able to - to be on a committee that, I think, did such great work in bringing back an era that happened so long ago that even when the Hall of Fame was founded in 1939, it was ancient history back then. CONAN: And it's interesting, your book had pictures of the hands of some of the great catchers of those days, gnarled and twisted. Anybody who played catcher could expect to be crippled - their hands - for the rest of their lives. MORRIS: Exactly. And people would say, you know, I don't know what this guy looks like but just look for a catcher's hands. And as soon as you'll see - you see those hands, you recognize, oh, that's - that must be who it was. CONAN: Are there stories about Deacon White? You mentioned he traveled from team to team. I guess he had one fantastic year in Boston. But what kind of a man was he? Do we know? MORRIS: He was a really high-character man. In a time when baseball had a lot of guys who spent their evenings drinking and carousing, Deacon - he was known as Deacon because he went to church and he was a Sunday school teacher. And family came absolutely first for him. And so the only season in his first 15 years in the big leagues where he missed any significant amount of time was when his father was ill. And when his father passed away, he signed a new contract to come back and play. But he actually signed it - he signed a very unique contract that said he would only have to play for two months, and then he could decide for himself whether he needed to go back home when the harvest was ready to (unintelligible) ready and his mother would need help around the house. So he was a man of family. He was - family came first and his religion came first. He never played on a Sunday. And he was teammates with Connie Mack and Billy Sunday towards the end of his career. So... CONAN: Two other well-known gentleman of the game, yes. CONAN: And it's interesting, you talked about the hero worship these catchers generated in the 1870s. When protective equipment did start to come in, gloves and then masks and pads, Roger Bresnahan and shin guards, that - the view of the catcher began to change. MORRIS: Exactly. It really - in a way it almost emasculated what had been this ultimate American hero. And instead of, you know, being able to look at themselves as this sort of ultimate warrior, this ultimate gunslinger, they started to see themselves, you know, they would - people would make fun of them, you know, this man with a mattress on, this man with a bustle on his face. You know, people would compare the mask to a bustle, which is part of a woman's dress, and it was very, you know, very insulting. And a lot of catchers had a really hard time adjusting to that. CONAN: And the gloves were pretty primitive by today's standards, but even the first ones were no more than just a pad, I guess, on the palm of the hand. The fingers were left exposed. MORRIS: Exactly. Because the idea was you really - you had to catch the ball with both hands and then throw it with one. So catchers would have really very light gloves on both hands. And often they just cut the fingers off altogether because the idea was you would catch it, you would catch it like a spring, kind of like a receiver catches the ball where you just - you let it hit your hands and your hands moved back. And then you have to immediately adjust into the throwing position. So again, very much like a gunslinger. CONAN: And it's interesting. As you talk about this, the catcher today has regained some of that reputation from those days. MORRIS: I think so. I think the catcher's toughness is really recognized. And also, the catcher's unique position, as somebody who's part of the offense and part of the defense, plays a key role in what the pitcher throws and the pitcher's ability to throw, you know, particularly balls in the dirt, which are very hard. You know, if you don't have a good catcher back there, then the whole team is lost. And so I think the catcher has really started to regain the reputation of being a key contributor to both, and I think that's why so many great managers are former catchers. CONAN: We've been talking about Deacon White, the newest member of baseball's Hall of Fame. Baseball historian Peter Morris, thanks very much for your time today. MORRIS: You're very welcome. Thank you. CONAN: Peter Morris wrote the book "Catcher: How the Man Behind the Plate Became an American Folk Hero" and joined us from the studios at Michigan Radio in Ann Arbor. It's the TALK OF THE NATION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

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- Historic Sites The Great Diamond Fraud Two slick miners fooled Tiffanys and Rothschilds until a geologist found the fake “mountain of gems” February 1956 | Volume 7, Issue 2 In England, Baron Rothschild was watching developments. After the testimony of Tiffany and Janin, the Baron ordered his agents to get control of the gem enterprise. Ralston laughed at this move but he had Rothschild’s agent, A. Gansel, elected to the board of directors. Meanwhile, Arnold and Slack decided they had had enough of the last company. After showing several corporation officials how to locate the diamond field, they sold out. They took for their interest $300,000 each and a percentage of the future profits. King and Gardner still were sure that the mine was fraudulent, and they decided that they must talk to Henry Janin. Since they did not expect Janin to want to talk to them, they learned where he customarily ate dinner and waited for two days until he appeared. When he entered the restaurant, King invited Janin to eat with them. To their astonishment, Janin opened the conversation by asking if they had heard about the Arizona diamond discovery. He was proud that his name was associated with it. He related that the journey on horseback had followed an erratic course. Even with their blindfolds, he could tell that at times Arnold and Slack seemed lost. Perplexed, they argued about the position of the sun; Arnold left the party to climb a high peak in search of landmarks. Long after the San Franciscans were ready to give up the search, the guides removed their blindfolds and announced that they had reached their goal. The spot was at a high elevation, about 7,000 feet above sea level, and near a conical mountain. Immediately all fatigue and irritation disappeared. The party began to scratch and dig where Arnold and Slack pointed. Within ten minutes a San Franciscan found a diamond. Then they all began to have fantastic success. Diamonds were everywhere; occasionally the hunters found a ruby, a garnet, a sapphire, or an emerald. Janin swore that twenty rough laborers could wash out a million dollars’ worth of diamonds per month indefinitely. When Janin was spent, King and Gardner began a cross-examination. “Of course, you know exactly where the place is?” King asked. “No. No, I don’t. I was taken a long distance on a train, about 36 hours. Then we left the railroad at some small station where there was no attendant. We were brought out of the station blindfolded and put on horses which our guides secured in some way. For two days we rode, and at last they took our blinds off when we got to this mountain. If I hadn’t gone through it all myself, I should hardly believe it.” “Why?” Gardner asked. “It’s a curious place, a desert with a conical but flattopped mountain rising right out of it, and on the mountain you find everything from garnets to diamonds!” King then commented, “It’s a pity you had such had weather to ride in.” “Why, we had splendid weather,” Janin said. “In fact, we had the sun in our laces for the entire two days during the trip; it was quite too hot.” When the mining expert left, King explained to Gardner why he had asked Janin about the weather, Janin was fooled about the mine’s location, or he had not been entirely frank with them. It was impossible to get to Arizona by a 36-hour train trip followed by a two-day ride on horseback. Thirty-six hours on the Central Pacific would have taken the party east of Promontory Point in Utah and on into Wyoming. This checked with some information they had about rainfall. Almost all the mountainous areas in Nevada and Utah had been covered with rains and storms at the time of the trip, yet Janin had said that his trip was dry. Only southwestern Wyoming and northern Utah had escaped the deluge. The party must have been traveling generally southward since Janin made such a point about facing the sun for the entire day. Unless they had wound and twisted a great deal, two days’ trip to the south would have taken them into Utah. King and Gardner studied their maps. They had a faint recollection ol the mountain Janin had described, but neither could place it exactly. In a few minutes, they found such a mountain on the edge of the Uinta Range east of Salt Lake City, which they had surveyed only a year before. Thirty-six hours later, King arrived at Rawlings Springs, near what is now Green River, Wyoming. Here he hired an elderly German prospector who had some horses to carry the barometers, transits, sextants, food and books King found necessary for all his trips. King and the German cut across Red Canyon and the valley of the Green River and up into the gulches and ravines of the Uinta foothills, about 140 miles east of Salt Lake City. Finally they climbed onto the mountain of their destination, Table Rock, a plateau of 6,840 feet elevation. They arrived on November 2. At first they found nothing. Quickly satisfied that their search was profitless. King quit scratching around in the rocks and began to took supper; the old prospector, however, still continued digging, just as the meal was ready, the German called from a spot several hundred feet from their camp site. He had discovered what |an!n and the San Francisco reports had promised: raw diamonds, emeralds, rubies and sapphires. The geologist and the prospector pitched camp and went to bed, but neither of them slept much. At sunrise, the prospector was again scurrying around picking up the valuable stones. Suddenly he held up a stone and shouted, “Look, Mr. King. This diamond field not only produces diamonds but cuts them also!”

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Family Maps of Hancock County, Illinois by Gregory A. Boyd, J.D. 328 pages with 83 total maps Locating original landowners in maps has never been an easy task-until now. This volume in the Family Maps series contains newly created maps of original landowners (patent maps) in what is now Hancock County, Illinois , gleaned from the indexes of the Illinois State Archives. But it offers much more than that. For each township in the county, there are two additional maps accompanying the patent map: a road map and a map showing waterways, railroads, and both modern and many historical city-centers and cemeteries. Included are indexes to help you locate what you are looking for, whether you know a person's name, a last name, a place-name, or a cemetery. The combination of maps and indexes are designed to aid researchers of American history or genealogy to explore frontier neighborhoods, examine family migrations, locate hard-to-find cemeteries and towns, as well as locate land based on legal descriptions found in old documents or deeds. The patent-maps are essentially plat maps but instead of depicting owners for a particular year, these maps show original landowners, no matter when the transfer from the federal government was completed. Dates of patents typically begin near the time of statehood and run into the early 1900s. List of Details Found Below . . . What's Mapped in his book? What YEARS are these maps for? What Cities and Towns are in Hancock County, Illinois (and in this book)? Acts of Congress Authorizing . . . Indexes in this book Reviews by the Experts . . . Surnames found in this book Book Specifications What's Mapped in this book (that you'll not likely find elsewhere) . . . 3877 Parcels of Land (with original landowner names and patent-dates labeled in the relevant map) 93 Cemeteries plus . . . Roads, and existing Rivers, Creeks, Streams, Railroads, and Small-towns (including some historical), etc.Back to Top of Description What YEARS are these maps for? Here are the counts for parcels of land mapped, by the decade in which the patent applications were made: Back to Top of Description What Cities and Towns are in Hancock County, Illinois (and in this book)? Adrian, Augusta, Basco, Bentley, Bowen, Breckenridge, Burnside, Carthage, Chili, Colusa, Dallas City, Denver, Disco, Durham, Elderville, Elvaston, Ferris, Fountain Green, Hamilton, Joetta, La Crosse, La Harpe, McCall, Middle Creek, Nauvoo, Niota, Old Niota, Plymouth, Pontoosuc, Powellton, Pulaski, Quashquema (historical), Saint Mary, Sonora (historical), Stillwell, Sutter, Tioga, Warsaw, Webster, West PointBack to Top of Description Acts of Congress Authorizing the Land Patents in this book: April 24, 1820: Sale-Cash Entry (3 Stat. 566) May 6, 1812: ScripWarrant Act of 1812 (2 Stat. 728)Back to Top of Description Indexes in this book -Surnames in the County * number of times each Surname occurs -Surname/Township Index * every Surname and the frequency in which each appears in relevant Township-level Maps -Full-Name Index (of Original Landowners) for each Township -Multi-Patentees (Groups of people who acquired land together)Back to Top of Description Reviews by the Experts What they are saying about the Family Maps Back to Top of Description - instant gratification! - Elizabeth Shown Mills, Author, Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace - incredible on-going series . . . - Christine Rose, Author, Courthouse Research for Family Historians - must have publications . . . - Dick Eastman, Eastman's Online Genealogy Newsletter - a great service . . . - Sharon Tate Moody, former President, Association of Professional Genealogists SURNAMES found in this Book: ABBOT, ABBOTT, ABEL, ABERNATHY, ABERNETHY, ACCOR, ADAMS, AGNEW, AIRS, ALBRIGHT, ALDRICH, ALEXANDER, ALLARD, ALLEN, ALLISON, ALLTON, ALTERFIET, AMBLER, AMES, AMOS, ANDERSON, ANDREWS, ANGEL, ANNIS, ANSON, ARCHDEACON, ARCHER, ARMSTRONG, ASHER, ASHLEY, ATCHISON, ATHERTON, ATKINS, AUGUR, AUSTIN, AUTINGER, AVERY, AVISE, AYERS, AYLWARD, AYRES, BABBIT, BABCOCK, BABCOOK, BACON, BAGBY, BAILES, BAILEY, BAINTER, BAKER, BALDWIN, BALL, BANCROFT, BANGS, BARBER, BARGER, BARKER, BARLOW, BARNES, BARNETHY, BARNUM, BARR, BARRET, BARRETT, BARROW, BARTLETT, BARTOL, BARTON, BASELY, BASS, BATES, BATTELL, BAYARD, BEALS, BEAMER, BEAN, BEARD, BEASELY, BEATTLE, BEATY, BEAUSSEIR, BECK, BECKWITH, BEDELL, BEDINGER, BEEBE, BEEBEE, BEEDE, BEEDLE, BEEHLER, BELKNAP, BEMAR, BENBOW, BENDER, BENNETT, BENNUM, BENSON, BENTON, BERLSTEIN, BERNARD, BERRY, BERTHOLD, BESOM, BETTESWORTH, BETTING, BETTISWORTH, BIBB, BIGFORD, BINGHAM, BIRD, BISBEE, BISSELL, BITHER, BIXBY, BIXLEY, BLACK, BLACKBURN, BLACKMAN, BLACKWELL, BLAGG, BLAKE, BLAND, BLAUVELT, BLOOMFIELD, BLOYD, BLYTHE, BOBBIT, BOBBITT, BOCKOUR, BODWELL, BOHANNAN, BOID, BOLDEN, BOLTON, BONCK, BOND, BONE, BONNER, BONNY, BOOTH, BOOTHE, BOSTROM, BOTHWICK, BOTTS, BOUCK, BOURNE, BOWEN, BOWLES, BOWLSBY, BOWMAN, BOWTELL, BOX, BOYD, BOYDE, BOYLE, BOYNTON, BRADBURY, BRADFORD, BRADISH, BRADLEY, BRADLY, BRADY, BRAFFORD, BRAGDON, BRAGG, BRANSFORD, BRANTON, BRATTAIN, BRENT, BREWER, BREWSTER, BRIANT, BRIDGES, BRIGGS, BRIGHT, BRILEY, BRINKMAN, BRINN, BRISLOW, BROCK, 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TOMBLINGS, TONER, TONGUE, TOTMAN, TOTTEN, TOWER, TOWLES, TOWSON, TRAHUNE, TRAINER, TRAMMEL, TRANSWAY, TREADAWAY, TREXALL, TRIMBLE, TRUCKS, TRYON, TUCKER, TULL, TUNNELL, TURNER, TURRELL, TURRILL, TUTTLE, TWEED, TYLER, TYRRELL, TYSON, UNDERHAND, VAIL, VALENTINE, VAN DEWORKER, VAN NATTER, VAN RIPER, VAN TASSELL, VANALSTYNE, VANCE, VANCIL, VANGEESEN, VANNEST, VARNEY, VAWTER, VENARD, VERMULE, VICKORY, VINEYARD, VINICA, VINTON, VITTUM, VIVRETT, VOWELL, VULGERMITT, WADDILL, WADE, WADKINS, WAGGONER, WAITE, WAKEMAN, WALDO, WALDREN, WALKER, WALLACE, WALTER, WALTON, WARD, WARENER, WARNER, WARREN, WASHBURN, WASSOM, WASSON, WATERHOUSE, WATSON, WATT, WATTS, WAY, WAYBOURN, WEAKLEY, WEAVER, WEBB, WEBBER, WEBSTER, WEDGE, WEED, WEEKS, WELCH, WELDON, WELLINGTON, WELLS, WELP, WELSH, WENTWORTH, WEST, WESTBROOK, WESTON, WHALEY, WHEELER, WHEELOCK, WHETSTONE, WHIDDEN, WHIPPLE, WHITAKER, WHITCOMB, WHITE, WHITEMAN, WHITFORD, WHITING, WHITMORE, WHITNEY, WHITTAKER, WHITTALL, WHITTEMORE, WHITTINGTON, WHITTLESEY, WHITTON, WIGGINS, WIGHTMAN, WILCOX, WILDS, WILKE, WILKENSON, WILKIE, WILKINS, WILKINSON, WILLETT, WILLEY, WILLIAMS, WILLIAMSON, WILLIS, WILLS, WILLSON, WILSEY, WILSON, WILTON, WIMP, WINN, WINSHIP, WINSLOW, WINSTEAD, WINTERS, WISE, WITTON, WOLCOTT, WOOD, WOODARD, WOODBURN, WOODCOCK, WOODEN, WOODRAM, WOODS, WOODSWORTH, WOODY, WOOLWORTH, WORK, WORKMAN, WORRELL, WORTH, WRIGHT, WYATT, WYNE, WYRE, YAGER, YARBOROUGH, YATES, YEATON, YETTER, YORK, YOUNG, YOUNGBLOOD, ZELLERS, ZERBYBack to Top of Description Back to Top of Description |Binding Option||Copyright Year||Dimensions||ISBN||ISBN13| |Paperback||2010||8-5/16" x 10-3/4"||1420311654||9781420311655| |Spiral-bound||2005||8-1/2" x 11" (plus coil)||1420301543||9781420301540| |Hardbound||2009||8-1/2" x 11"||1420301535||9781420301533|

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Toddlers are just like the rest of us – they don't always listen. In fact, at their age they need you to teach them how to pay attention. "But what often happens," says Roni Leiderman, associate dean of the Family Center at Nova Southeastern University in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, "is that parents say something ten times, then they start counting down to punishment. What this does is actually condition the child not to listen until the tenth time." By not listening, your child is getting your attention (though constant nagging isn't the best form of it). But being a good listener helps your child learn more effectively, obey warnings, get along better with you and her teachers and other adults she'll be expected to heed, and make better friends. There are many simple strategies that, when consistently followed, teach toddlers the skills they need to become good listeners. And, as Leiderman points out, "It's never too early to begin teaching your child. A toddler may not listen as well as a 5-year-old, but she still has lots of these skills." Get on his level. As every parent realizes sooner or later, bellowing from a great height (much less from the other room) rarely has the desired effect. Squat down or pick your child up, so you can look him in the eye and grab his attention. He'll listen much more closely if you sit down next to him at the breakfast table when reminding him to eat up his cornflakes, or perch on his bed at night when telling him you're about to turn out the light. Eye contact is critical and most effective when you're face-to-face with your child. State your message clearly, simply, and authoritatively. Your child will zone out if you harp on a topic too long. It's hard to find the point of a wordy message such as "It's really cold outside, and you've been sick lately, so I want you to put on your sweater before we go to the store." On the other hand, "It's time to get your sweater" is unmistakable. And don't phrase something as a question if your child doesn't actually have a choice. "It's time to climb into your car seat" has a lot more impact than "Come climb into your car seat, okay, honey?" It's good to give toddlers choices, too. Just be sure you're okay with the options you offer – and stick with only two. By allowing your toddler to make limited choices, she'll feel empowered (and you'll be satisfied with the result). Follow through — quickly. Make it clear that you mean what you say, and don't make threats – or promises – you won't keep. If you tell your 2-year-old, "You need to drink some milk at dinnertime," don't waffle five minutes later and let him have juice instead. If you warn him he'll have a time-out if he hits his brother, give him that time-out when the blow comes. Make sure your spouse or partner shares your rules and respects them as well, so that neither of you undermines the other. And if there's a disagreement, talk it through so you're both clear about what needs to be said or done when the issue comes up again (as it surely will). In addition, make your follow-through speedy. You would never expect to have to shout "Don't run across the street!" five times before your child stops. It's also important for your child to know when something is especially dangerous and for you to demonstrate a safe way to approach the situation. For example, when your child crosses the street, always hold his hand – that way he'll associate the danger of cars with being careful. And don't fall into the trap of repeating less urgent instructions, such as "Set your cup on the table," over and over again before expecting your child to comply. Gently guide your child's hand to place the cup on the table so he knows exactly what you want him to do. Reinforce your message. It often helps to follow up your verbal statement with a number of other kinds of messages, especially if you are trying to pull your child away from an absorbing activity. Say "Time for bed!" and then give a visual cue (flicking the light switch on and off), a physical cue (laying a hand on her shoulder to gently pull her attention away from her doll and toward you), and a demonstration (steering her toward her bed, pulling down the covers, and patting the pillow). Give your child some advance notice before a big change will take place, especially if he's happily involved with toys or a friend. Before you're ready to leave the house, say, "We're going to leave in a few minutes. When I call you, it's time to come out of the sandbox and wash your hands." Give realistic instructions – and make them fun. "If you tell a 2-year-old to put her toys away, she looks around the room and says, 'Sheesh!'" says Leiderman. "Give realistic tasks, like 'Let's put the yellow blocks away.' Then you can make it into play: 'Good, now let's put the blue blocks away.'" Yelling orders may produce results (in some children), but no one will enjoy the process. Most children respond best when you treat them with confident good humor. For example, occasionally use a silly voice or a song to deliver your message. You might sing, "Now it's time to brush your teeth" to the tune of "London Bridge." Stress the benefits of complying over mere dutifulness ("Brush your teeth and then you can pick out your favorite jammies" instead of "You have to brush your teeth or you'll get cavities" or "Brush your teeth now!"). Praise him when he finishes brushing, with "Good listening!" The good humor, affection, and trust you demonstrate to your child when speaking to him this way will make him want to listen to you, because he'll know that you love him and think he's special. This is an important aspect of even those strategies that require firmness. Giving straightforward, authoritative instructions does not mean you have to be crabby – such messages are much more powerful when accompanied by a hug or a smile. Then your child learns that paying attention to you is worthwhile. Model good behavior. Preschoolers will be better listeners if they see that you are a good listener, too. Make it a habit to listen to your child as respectfully as you would to any adult. Look at her when she talks to you, respond politely, and let her finish without interrupting whenever possible. While it may seem like a tall order when you're cooking dinner and your toddler is being especially chatty, try not to walk away from her or turn your back on her while she's talking. As with so many other behaviors, the old advice "Do as I say, not as I do" has no value when teaching your children to listen. Catch your child being good. How often do you talk to your child about what he's doing wrong? Would you want to listen to someone – like your boss, for example – who only gave you negative guidance? Your child is more likely to listen to you if you notice when he's behaving well and comment on it. "You put your blocks away the first time I asked. Good job!" or "You were very gentle with the puppy. I'm proud of you!" Make sure you give your toddler plenty of positive reinforcement and he'll be less likely to tune you out when you need to steer him back on course. Numerous books provide sound advice in this area. Among the most popular are How to Talk So Kids Will Listen, and Listen So Kids Will Talk, by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish, Discipline Without Spanking or Shouting, by Jerry Wyckoff and Barbara Unell, and Raising Your Spirited Child, by Mary Sheedy Kurcinka.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

Gamification is about taking the essential ingredients of a game and applying them to real-world, non-game situations. By introducing game mechanics such as rules, challenges and rewards for achievements; businesses can not only increase the fun factor, but most importantly motivate and engage their audience. Early endeavors have proven that a healthy dose of competition really can make all the difference. Training, for example, is key to any business, yet traditional teaching methods are often more likely to induce slumber than an expansion of expertise. Here, gamification can provide a very real solution; but it’s not as simple as providing points or badges for a job well done – effective gamification is something of an art form. The psychology of play In any context, a game is only as good as it’s design. When training, a clear understanding of how game elements can drive learning behavior must be gained before a gamified framework can be constructed. One of the most powerful aspects of games is their ability to ignite a player’s emotions, producing everything from frustration to pride and therefore deeply engaging them in the task at hand. Beyond raw emotion - rules, for example, provide the player with boundaries within which they are free to explore and discover – testing theories and learning through trial and error. Problem solving can also be approached from a fresh perspective as players are provided with the opportunity to assume new identities and tackle challenges from within that new role. Once considered, a game designer has to work out how to harness these drivers by carefully selecting the basic building blocks of a gamified system and placing them within the framework. These mechanics can include anything from points and leaderboards to levels, achievements and virtual goods. Each of these blocks have to satisfy basic human motivations, such as that for status, recognition and self-expression that are important to the player. The secret of successful gamified training is to accurately pinpoint the motivations of the learner and provide them with the perfect balance between challenge and reward. These small rewards represent only part of the overall gain, as they come accompanied by a reinforcement of learning objectives, constructive feedback and dynamic classroom environment. Playing games in the workplace Typically, having fun doesn’t trump deadlines on the to-do list of business executives – but gamification can be a potent way to dispel the tedium of training and boost the talent pool – without trivializing the learning content. Deloitte, for example, created a Leadership Academy – an innovative digital training program that is currently accessed by more than 50,000 users in over 14 different countries around the world. The academy provides content from leading educational and training institutions using an online portal and mobile applications. By signing up to the academy, senior executives can deepen their knowledge of effective self-development, communication methods, talent management, developing strategy and innovation. Most recently, collaborating with software company Badgeville, users who complete course modules, share ideas or reach notable leaderboard statuses are rewarded with badges - and can share their achievements through social networks, such as Linkedin and Twitter. Getting serious about gaming Gamified mechanics, such as these are only the tip of the iceberg. Serious games can also involve the use of simulations that immerse the learner in a virtual world, allowing them to put theoretical knowledge to the test within a safe environment. The learning value of games such as these is marked. Research carried out by the Federation of American Scientists revealed that, “Students remember only 10 percent of what they read; 20 percent of what they hear; 30 percent if they see visuals related to what they hear; 50 percent if they watch someone do something while explaining it; but almost 90 percent if they do the job themselves, even if only as a simulation". With such effective learning outcomes - it’s easy to understand why the aviation industry, the military and medical teams have for decades relied on the strength simulations when training their experts; and finally companies have caught up. With the seeds of potential having been sown, it is increasingly clear that with careful development and commitment, gamification could reinvent the way we train and learn – helping industries meet the complex challenges presented by the modern world and taking them to the next level. Michelle Katics is the CEO of BankersLab

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About Lead-free Crystal From the Illustrated Glass Dictionary at GlassOnLine.com: The type of glass produced when lime in the batch is replaced by lead oxide. The composition of lead crystal is 54-65% silicon dioxide (SiO2), 18-38% lead oxide (PbO), 13-15% soda (Na2O) or potash (K2O), and other oxides. Such glass has a high refractive index and is particularly suited for decoration by cutting. Barium oxide derived from BaCO3 (witherite) is used principally in optical and crystal glass instead of lime or red lead. Glass which contains barium is lighter than lead crystal but gives comparable brilliance due to its high refractive index.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

You exercise your body to stay physically in shape, so why shouldn't you exercise your brain to stay mentally fit? With these daily exercises you will learn how to flex your mind, improve your creativity and boost your memory. As with any exercise, repetition is necessary for you to see improvement, so pick your favorite exercises from our daily suggestions and repeat them as desired. Try to do some mentalrobics every single day! What you eat can have a large impact on how your mind operates. After all, the brain accounts for 20% of your body's total energy consumption. The brain needs a steady supply of glucose throughout the day to keep in tip-top working order, so be sure to not skip any meals, especially breakfast. Salads contain antioxidants such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E, which help your brain stay healthy. Yogurt contains the amino acid tyrosine, which is needed for some essential brain chemistry. Fish contains Omega-3 fatty acids, which help prevent dementia and keep your brain working in tip-top shape. Curry contains a spice called turmeric which can help prevent Alzheimer's Disease. Try to avoid junk food high in sugar and fat. There have been some studies that imply a connection between junk food and mental disorders such as dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism. Short Term Memory Test Interactively test your short term memory. Mentalrobics Public Forums Chat about these articles and other mind related topics. Sudoku Logic Puzzle This puzzle requires logic and a good memory.

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The concept of a welfare pedestal has been popularized by Noel Pearson. As a lawyer and passionate advocate for the interests of aboriginal people who live on the Cape York Peninsula of North Queensland, some readers might expect that he would spend his time arguing for more government hand-outs to remedy social problems in aboriginal communities. However, Pearson recognizes that the welfare programs are actually a major cause of the social problems in those communities and his main focus is on finding ways to stop hand-outs from harming his clients. He is not against government help for his clients, he just wants to ensure that it does them more good than harm. The insight behind the welfare pedestal is that welfare payments can provide perverse incentives by encouraging some people to remain on welfare rather than to seek paid employment. Over the last decade or so, concern about an emerging problem of inter-generational welfare dependency (in non-indigenous communities as well as indigenous communities) has led to some tightening up in the provisions attached to unemployment benefits. It is too soon to claim that the problems associated with unemployment benefits and pretend work schemes have all been resolved, but the problems are now widely recognized and some appropriate remedial action is being taken. The example of a government program contributing to the welfare pedestal that Pearson gives in his recent lecture, ‘Pathways to Prosperity for Indigenous People’, is family benefits. He suggests: ‘Life on the welfare pedestal in a country that distributes money through a generous family tax benefit system is quite a rational choice’ (The Sir Ronald Trotter Lecture, New Zealand Business Roundtable, 2010). I had not previously thought of the family tax benefit in that way. I have tended to view the family tax benefit as a kind of negative income tax, providing net benefits for families with low and modest incomes. I was previously aware of adverse incentives resulting from fairly high effective marginal tax rates for people on fairly modest family incomes above the point where the means test begins to cut in (about $45,000). According to the way economists usually look at these things, however, a family with four children obtaining $19,600 per annum from family benefits has no disincentive to obtaining additional income from work of more than $25,000. In another paper Pearson acknowledges that the absence of punitive marginal tax rates is probably not an important consideration when people in Cape York Peninsula make their decisions about how many hours of the week they allocate to work or leisure. He writes: Pearson argues that ‘conditions and incentives to make active and beneficial life choices should apply to family payments’ even though he acknowledges that problems arise because such payments ‘are not indigenous-specific schemes’. That poses a question: If people make the choice to live on generally available family benefits rather than to earn higher incomes, why should we view this as a problem? I see no problem in individuals choosing to live on low incomes. We should respect the choices that some individuals make to live a life of poverty (and of chastity too, if that is their choice). I can’t see why anyone should have a problem with individuals making whatever income/leisure choice that they desire. I can see a problem, however, in governments providing family benefits to people who do not have adequate regard for the well-being of their children. I think we (taxpayers/voters) should insist that family assistance should only be provided to parents when they meet conditions such as ensuring that their children attend school regularly. Perhaps it would not be too difficult for a prime minister who has a special interest in educational opportunity to find a simple way for such a condition to be applied to family tax benefits across all sections of the community.

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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT

The people of Georgia having dissolved their political connection with the Government of the United States of America, present to their confederates and the world the causes which have led to the separation. For the last ten years we have had numerous and serious causes of complaint against our non-slave-holding confederate States with reference to the subject of African slavery. They have endeavored to weaken our security, to disturb our domestic peace and tranquility, and persistently refused to comply with their express constitutional obligations to us in reference to that property, and by the use of their power in the Federal Government have striven to deprive us of an equal enjoyment of the common Territories of the Republic. In the momentous step which our State has taken of dissolving its connection with the government of which we so long formed a part, it is but just that we should declare the prominent reasons which have induced our course. Our position is thoroughly identified with the institution of slavery-- the greatest material interest of the world. Its labor supplies the product which constitutes by far the largest and most important portions of commerce of the earth. These products are peculiar to the climate verging on the tropical regions, and by an imperious law of nature, none but the black race can bear exposure to the tropical sun. These products have become necessities of the world, and a blow at slavery is a blow at commerce and civilization. That blow has been long aimed at the institution, and was at the point of reaching its consummation. There was no choice left us but submission to the mandates of abolition, or a dissolution of the Union, whose principles had been subverted to work out our ruin. Texas abandoned her separate national existence and consented to become one of the Confederated Union to promote her welfare, insure domestic tranquility and secure more substantially the blessings of peace and liberty to her people. She was received into the confederacy with her own constitution, under the guarantee of the federal constitution and the compact of annexation, that she should enjoy these blessings. She was received as a commonwealth holding, maintaining and protecting the institution known as negro slavery-- the servitude of the African to the white race within her limits-- a relation that had existed from the first settlement of her wilderness by the white race, and which her people intended should exist in all future time. Her institutions and geographical position established the strongest ties between her and other slave-holding States of the confederacy. Those ties have been strengthened by association. But what has been the course of the government of the United States, and of the people and authorities of the non-slave-holding States, since our connection with them? The controlling majority of the Federal Government, under various pretences and disguises, has so administered the same as to exclude the citizens of the Southern States, unless under odious and unconstitutional restrictions, from all the immense territory owned in common by all the States on the Pacific Ocean, for the avowed purpose of acquiring sufficient power in the common government to use it as a means of destroying the institutions of Texas and her sister slaveholding States. Declaration of Causes of Seceding States The constitution, it is true, secured every essential guarantee to the institution while it should last, and hence no argument can be justly urged against the constitutional guarantees thus secured, because of the common sentiment of the day. Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the government built upon it fell when the "storm came and the wind blew." Our new government is founded upon exactly the opposite idea; its foundations are laid, its corner- stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery subordination to the superior race is his natural and normal condition. This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth. ~ Alexander H. Stephens March 21, 1861 Savannah, Georgia The American Civil War was not fought to end slavery; it was fought to preserve it. The people who started it just lost.

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Hepatitis A is a preventable disease. A vaccine is currently available for people at risk for hepatitis A. It is also recommended as a routine childhood immunization. Hepatitis A, at the top of the alphabet of viruses causing liver disease, puts travelers at risk and, until recently, worried parents of children in day care. Aside from immunization, hand washing before eating or preparing food and after using the bathroom or changing a baby's diaper, remains one of the best preventions against getting or spreading hepatitis A virus (HAV), according to the CDC. The disease is spread by feces-to-mouth contact. The virus can be carried on an infected person's hands and spread by direct contact or by consuming food or drink the infected person handled. HAV also can be transmitted through oral-anal sex or by consuming water or raw shellfish contaminated by sewage. How is it spread? HAV is not spread by coughing, sneezing, or other casual contact, such as sitting next to a person or being in the same room. People at increased risk for hepatitis A include travelers to developing countries, injecting drug users, men who have sex with men, and possibly children and workers in day care centers where outbreaks occasionally occur. What are the symptoms? Symptoms include fatigue (tiredness), mild fever, flu-like illness, nausea and vomiting, stomach ache, and loss of appetite. Some people also have jaundice (yellow eyes and skin), dark urine, and light-colored bowel movements. Children, especially young ones, may have few if any symptoms. Diagnosis is made through a blood test. The average incubation period is 30 days, but it can range from 15 to 50 days, and people can be contagious up to 14 days before symptoms appear. What is the treatment? Treatment is mainly rest, a low-fat diet and plenty of liquids. Antibiotics aren't useful, because hepatitis A is a virus. This is not a chronic disease; once you get it, you will never get it again. People who have recovered from hepatitis A do not continue to carry the virus. Healthy people rarely die from hepatitis A, and most people recover in a few weeks. People who already have a chronic liver disease when they get hepatitis A are at higher risk of developing liver failure. The hepatitis A vaccine has become part of the routine childhood immunization schedule, and, as of 2006, is recommended for all children, not just those at risk. These adults should consider immunization: Travelers who will be visiting or living in high-risk areas, including countries in Latin and South America and many parts of Africa and Asia Men who have sex with men Injecting drug users People working in institutions and day care centers People with chronic liver disease or who have clotting-factor disorders also may want to get the vaccine. Tips for prevention If you are not immunized against hepatitis A, here are suggestions on how to avoid infection: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and running water after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food. This is the most important step in preventing hepatitis A. Teach children to wash their hands. Change diapers on surfaces that can be cleaned and disinfected after each use. A good disinfectant is one tablespoon liquid household bleach to one quart of water. Never change diapers on eating or food preparation surfaces. Cook shellfish thoroughly before eating, especially if you already have a chronic liver disease. Drink water from approved sources only. Let your doctor or health department workers know if someone in your family has hepatitis A. Get the vaccine if you are in a high-risk group or are planning an extended trip to a country with a high rate of hepatitis A.

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Information contained on this page is provided by NewsUSA, an independent third-party content provider. WorldNow and this Station make no warranties or representations in connection therewith. /Sylvan Learning ) - Summer outdoor play is central to a child's development. Many experts agree that reading, however, is just as important. According to Richard E. Bavaria, Ph.D., senior vice president of education outreach for Sylvan Learning, summer is the perfect time for learning and discovery. "It's very important that children continue to practice their academic skills in summer as strong reading skills are incredibly important for all subjects in school. The more children read, the more they'll enjoy reading, and the better readers they're likely to become." Here are some reading tips from the brain-trust at the National Summer Learning Association and tutoring authority, Sylvan Learning. * Be a reading role model. By spending time reading at the beach or using the lengthy directions to put the grill together, you show your child that reading is both fun and useful. * Set aside a consistent time each day for reading. Depending on your family's schedule, reading time might be in the morning, afternoon or before bed. Whatever time you choose, stick to it! Consistency is key to building good habits. * Let your child make their reading choices. Let kids read whatever they want. Now is a good time to encourage reading about topics they don't study during school to explore new interests, discover new talents or delve into old hobbies. * Get your child to savor the book she or he is reading. Don't rush through a book -- take time to enjoy it. Have your child stop and think about plot points and characters. This will develop their analytical skills. * Set goals and reward effort. Reward reading with more reading. Download the next book in your child's favorite series on your tablet or Kindle. Let your child peruse library catalogues online for e-books. * Read the book, then watch the movie. Few things make kids feel more "superior" than comparing and contrasting a movie to the book it's based on. "That's not the way it was in the book!" Let them explain the differences, guess why a director made those changes and then discuss which version they preferred. * Go online for ideas. There are lots of websites for kids' book choices. Visit www.BookAdventure.com for reading tips, book suggestions and educational games.

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There is a "quick" method of estimating time to harvest a drought damaged corn field: the "squeeze test". - Select a few stalks (like described in the previous paragraph) and chop them into pieces about the same size that the silage chopper would using a heavy knife or cleaver. Also, you could chop a round of the field with a silage chopper and sample the chopped material. Grab a hand full of the chopped material and squeeze it for 30 seconds. - If the juices drip easily from the material, then it is too wet. In this situation, wait to chop in a couple of days or test again in a couple of days. - If the sample doesn't drip any juices from the squeezed material, then slowly open your hand. - If the stalk material remains compacted and doesn't fall apart or quickly expand back , the moisture level is acceptable for ensiling. - If your hand is not wet and the stalk material falls apart when you open your hand, the material is too dry to ensile. If the chopped silage is too wet: - Stop chopping and allow the field to dry. - OR - - Add whole corn, dried distillers grains, or ground dry forage. To avoid the nitrates, the chopper head could be set to leave an 8 inch stubble. This will result in a reduction in yield. The ensiling process will reduce nitrate 30 to 60 percent, so a compromise is leaving a 6 inch stubble. Droughted corn silage will be 85% to 95% the energy value of regular corn silage depending on the number of ears on the stalk. The protein content can be slightly greater than regular corn silage. Before feeding, sample and test for moisture, energy (TDN), crude protein, and nitrates. Pricing drought corn silage is a bit of a challenge. Rule of thumb has been that each ton of 65% moisture corn silage in the bunker is priced at 9 to 10 times price of a bushel of corn (normal, well-eared corn). Pricing the standing crop is a little more difficult to determine. Below are two ways some have priced it in the field. - Ton price is 5 times price of a bushel of corn (earless corn) - Ton price is 6 to 7 times price of a bushel of corn (low grain corn - less than 100 bu/A). It is hard to estimate the amount of silage that will be produced in a corn field that has been droughted out. The National Corn Handbook estimates the tonnage of a drought damaged corn field is related to the corn yield if the field were allowed to be harvested. For each 5 bu/acre corn yield results in a ton of corn silage per acre. If the droughted corn field were going to yield 15 bu/acre it would produce 3 tons of corn silage per acre.

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Through education, outreach, legal reform, and direct support for on-the-ground conservation programs, Defenders is working to enhance the conservation of six of the world's seven endangered species of sea turtles that nest in Mexico. We have succeeded in getting new regulations adopted to protect sea turtle nesting sites from disruption by light sources, vegetation removal, dune destruction and mishandling of nests and newborn sea turtles. Visit our Species at Risk: Sea Turtles page for more information about what we’re doing to help sea turtles. Despite a moratorium on commercial whaling that began in the 1980s, every year some countries try to overturn the moratorium and remove international protections for whales. Defenders continues to fight these attempts through our work with international treaties. Another major threat to whales accidental trapping in fishing gear. In 2007, Defenders was successful in getting drift nets and surface nets banned in the shark fishery in Mexico. Mangroves are a very important coastal ecosystem that supports many endangered species like sea turtles, manatees, parrots and many types of fish. They also support 70% of all commercial fisheries serving as breeding, refuge and feeding sites—for example the shrimp fishery. Defenders has been instrumental in getting landmark legislation adopted in Mexico to protect mangroves from tourist and industrial developments, shrimp farms and other threats. Migratory birds face many threats during their migration as a result of habitat destruction and pollution. In Mexico, wild birds are still being trapped for the pet trade and, in some parts, are still hunted for food. Defenders of Wildife has launched a campaign to promote birdwatching to encourage bird conservation. We are working alongside environmental and tourism authorities and helping produce bird guides to help state and local governments and local conservation groups promote birdwatching in their areas. Our goal is to change the way Mexicans perceive birds and put an end to bird trapping for the pet trade.

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CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.defenders.org/print/5156

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368698207393/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516095647-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu/sample-100BT