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In terms of safety, tires are an integral component of a vehicle. The only contact a car has with the road is the tire so tread patterns play a critical role in how well the tire performs in different road conditions. Tires are made from specially formulated rubber compounds and the tread is engineered to provide specific safety features. Tire tread is an important development in tire evolution. The tire tread is the part of the tire that actually meets the road. The elements of tire tread include tread blocks or tread lugs, tread grooves, tread voids, wear bar, and any extra features such as a rain groove and siping. Tire tread spans the entire surface of the tire from shoulder to shoulder where the tread approaches the sidewall. The areas between the tread blocks are referred to as the tread voids or tread grooves. Tread voids provide the tire with traction by enabling the tread blocks to move and flex as the tires to grip the road. They also allow the water to escape when roadways are wet. Tires with a high tread to void ratio provide better wet traction and braking ability. Just as vehicles are engineered with a particular type of performance in mind, there are specific tread types and patterns that match each kind of intended performance. Tire tread helps vehicles to corner tighter also tire tread is capable of helping to maximize fuel economy. Driving can be a little risky during the monsoon season. Hydroplaning can occur when the car drives through puddles of standing water. If the water cannot squirt out from under the tire quickly enough, the tire will lift off the ground and be supported by only the water. Because the affected tire will have almost no traction, cars can easily go out of control when hydroplaning. This is where the tire’s tread design plays a very significant role. The tread blocks, sipes, and grooves in the tread make sure the water on the road finds an easy way to escape; as a result, nothing comes between the tire tread and the road. This is how the tires do not skid on the wet roads. When we apply brakes while driving, we expect our vehicle to stop in the quickest possible time and shortest possible distance. The distance required for a vehicle to stop upon braking also depends on the condition and design of its tires. Brakes stop the wheel but it is the tires that are responsible for stopping our vehicle at the exact time. AVIATION4 years ago Photo News: Air Peace commence flight operations to South Africa Car News4 years ago Polestar is recalls over 2000 electric cars due to software bug Car News5 years ago Suzuki’s 2020 V-Strom 1050 goes high-tech in high style Technology4 years ago Common mistakes in CO₂ emissions calculations AUTO STAKEHOLDER4 years ago FRSC COMMENCES ENFORCEMENT OF NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER IN DRIVER’S LICENCE PROCESSING Car News5 years ago Super rich Banana Island residents set for new X7 WHEELSCLINIC8 years ago Chinese-built railway turns tourist attractions in Kenya Classic Cars8 years ago Range Rover mark decades of peerless design

https://transportworldng.com/why-do-tires-have-tread/

Car Talk

en

The ongoing Ebola outbreak in West Africa is the deadliest in history, with more than 500 dead and hundreds more infected. The particular virus in this outbreak, known as the Zaire ebolavirus, is the deadliest type of the disease; it has killed 79 percent of those infected in previous outbreaks. This isn’t how an Ebola outbreak has to work. Researchers have devoted lots of time to building a vaccine that could stop the disease altogether — and according to Daniel Bausch, a Tulane professor who researches Ebola and other infectious diseases, they’re making really significant progress. Bausch says that the obstacle to developing an Ebola vaccine isn’t the science; researchers have actually made really great strides in figuring out how to fight back against Ebola and the Marburg virus, a similar disease. “We now have a couple of different vaccine platforms that have shown to be protective with non-human primates,” says Bausch, who has received awards for his work containing disease outbreaks in Uganda. He is currently stationed in Lima, Peru, as the director of the emerging infections department of Naval Medical Research Unit 6. The problem, instead, is the economics of drug development. Pharmaceutical companies have little incentive to pour research and development dollars into curing a disease that surfaces sporadically in low-income, African countries. They aren’t likely to see a large pay-off at the end — and could stand to lose money. Bausch and I spoke Wednesday afternoon about where things stand with developing an Ebola vaccine, what hurdles remain, and how you test a drug that only shows up in infrequent outbreaks. What follows is a transcript of our conversation, lightly edited for clarity and length. Sarah Kliff: Can we start with where things are on the science of Ebola vaccines, and how much we know about the best way to prevent the disease? Daniel Bausch: There have been some significant developments for both vaccines and treatments for Ebola and its sister virus, Marburg virus. We now have a couple of different vaccine platforms that have shown to be protective with non-human primates. The most notable development are monoclonal antibodies that are engineered to bind with the ebola virus. There have been breakthroughs in the past few years and, not only are they protective when given right after exposure, but they also work a few days after the illness starts. That’s the good news, but we’ve had a real break in trying to move forward to get these into human trials and get them out there as a real tool we can use for people infected with these viruses. SK: So what stands between that science and getting these drugs to Ebola patients? DB: Part of that is economics. These outbreaks affect the poorest communities on the planet. Although they do create incredible upheaval, they are relatively rare events. So if you look at the interest of pharmaceutical companies, there is not huge enthusiasm to take an Ebola drug through phase one, two, and three of a trial and make an Ebola vaccine that maybe a few tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of people will use. There’s not a huge demand for this, but there could be other ways to move forward. There are concerns, for example, about Ebola being used as bioterrorism, and that drives a lot of the funding for this. The Department of Defense might be interested in a vaccine if they thought the disease could be used as a weapon. We need to find the mechanism to get to the next step, and get them out there for actual use. SK: As you mention there are multiple phases of drug testing, starting with phase one tests for safety and then moving into later phases to test if the drug actually works. How far have the Ebola vaccine candidates you mention made it in that process? DB: There is one vaccine that has gone through phase one testing [where the drug is tested on a small number of humans for safety]. Now the challenge is how do we get into phase two trials, which test efficacy. How do you plan a prospective trial of something that we don’t know where it will be seen next, in outbreak form? The drugs are out there. It’s much more of a situation with economic and logistical challenges. SK: Where does most the funding for research on the Ebola vaccine come from now? DB: The research has been almost exclusively through the National Institutes of Health. I think a lot of that has been driven by our country’s concern over bioterrorism, and the use of some viruses as weapons. I’m not saying that’s not one legitimate reason to do research, but just that its a different driving force. The way our whole medical-industrial research system works, and this is not unique to Ebola, is the basic research gets done with NIH funding and, after that, research and development happens through private investment. For many different diseases, they get stalled and prevented from going beyond the basic research side, before they can be a real world treatment. SK: How would you envision an Ebola vaccine working in practice? Is this something you would give to everybody, or try and provide to people at high risk? DB: There could be a case for limited widespread use, if that doesn’t sound too contradictory. I wouldn’t anticipate it would be cost-effective or really practical to take the approach of widespread vaccination. It would work more like how we currently handle Yellow Fever: when you have an outbreak, you go in and really rapidly vaccinate the 100,000 or so people who are in the area that is at risk. I would see it more like that, but with an Ebola vaccine. We would go in right away and say, the next day, we have 100,000 doses with our teams and start protecting people. SK: Have any humans ever used any of the Ebola vaccines that aren’t yet approved for market? I’ve seen a bit of chatter about the idea of giving patients experimental treatments, which might be better than nothing. DB: So far its been more tossed around but not really acted on yet. There is one exception, but it wasn’t an outbreak. There was a needle-stick injury in a lab, and that person was able to get a post-exposure Ebola vaccine. The person didn’t get sick, but we don’t know if the vaccine was what protected him. We can’t even be sure the accident infected him. The only conclusion we can make is that, with this sample size of one, is that person did not have severe side effects from taking it. Some concern, about using these non-approved drugs, is that we would be giving the impression of experimenting on people. That creates a lot of reticence — if someone is treated and dies — that you could have causality attributed. That being said, they do seem to be safe in non-human primates and we don’t see adverse effects in the ones that have gone through limited phase-one trials. Most of us in the field, if we were laying in bed with Ebola and asked whether to take it, I think all of us would say, “Bring it on.” Safety trials be damned; I would want to give it a shot.

http://www.vox.com/2014/7/31/5952665/ebola-virus-vaccine-why-hasnt-it-happened

Health

en

There are four types of ZIP Codes: Types of Zip Codes - Unique address: Big organisations like Hospitals, universities, Government agencies and businesses that receives a lot of mails uses unique zip codes. - PO Box only - Standard (all other ZIP codes). Uses of Zip codes/Postal codes Zip code is very important in top world countries like the United states, Canada, United Kingdom and almost in every Country of the world, zip code is very important in sending mail, delivery/ logistics fraud detection and research demographic decentralization. Below are some major uses of zip/ postal codes: - Delivery services: used for internal routing of a package. - Mail delivery: Zip codes are used by the United States Postal Service (USPS) to efficiently sort and deliver mail to its intended destination. - Census data: Zip codes are used by the United States Census Bureau to collect demographic and socioeconomic data about specific geographic areas. - Marketing and advertising: Zip codes are often used by businesses and marketers to target specific areas for advertising and promotional campaigns. - Emergency services: Zip codes can help emergency services, such as police and fire departments, to quickly locate and respond to calls for service in a specific area. - Online transactions: Some online retailers and service providers use zip codes to verify the location of a customer’s billing address for security purposes. - Statistics: For example, in the United State, there are over 42000 zip codes. Apart from delivery mails, zip codes are also used in gathering statistics. - Internet purposes: You will often find zip code under most education or eCommerce website registration page. How Do ZIP Codes Work? ZIP codes work as a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service (USPS) to sort and deliver mail more efficiently. Here’s how they work: The USPS divides the United States into 10 regions, each of which is assigned a number from 0 to 9. Each region is further divided into smaller areas called Sectional Center Facilities (SCFs). Each SCF is responsible for sorting and processing mail for a specific geographic area. Within each SCF, there are smaller areas called delivery areas or carrier routes, which are typically identified by a unique three-digit code called a ZIP code prefix. The final two digits of a ZIP code represent a more specific geographic location, such as a city or town, within the delivery area. In some cases, a ZIP code can be further extended to include a four-digit code, known as a ZIP+4 code, which provides an even more precise location identification. When mail is sent to a specific address, it is first sorted by the SCF responsible for that area, then by the delivery area or carrier route, and finally by the specific address based on the ZIP code. Overall, ZIP codes play a critical role in helping the USPS to sort and deliver mail more efficiently by organizing geographic areas into specific delivery routes. Countries that dont make use of zip codes There are several countries that don’t use zip codes or an equivalent postal code system. Here are a few examples: Ireland: Ireland does not have a postal code system, although Dublin is divided into postal districts for sorting mail. Jamaica: Jamaica does not use zip codes, but uses a postal code system called the Postal Code System of Jamaica. Bahrain: Bahrain does not use zip codes, but uses a system of post office boxes for mailing addresses. Malta: Malta does not use zip codes, but uses a system of postcodes for sorting and delivering mail. Myanmar: Myanmar does not have a postal code system, although some larger cities may use a system of township codes for addressing mail. It’s worth noting that while some countries may not have a specific zip code system, they may still have other methods of organizing and delivering mail. Read also: Full List of Lagos State Postal Codes for Every LGAs History of five-digit ZIP Codes The history of the five-digit ZIP code system in the United States dates back to the early 1960s. Prior to this system, the post office relied on manual sorting and delivery, which was slow and inefficient. In 1943, the Postal Service implemented a three-digit zone system for large cities, which helped to speed up mail delivery. However, this system was limited in its scope and did not cover all areas of the country. In the early 1960s, the Post Office Department began a study of how to improve mail delivery times and efficiency. As a result of this study, the five-digit ZIP code system was developed and launched in 1963. The first digit of the ZIP code represented a region of the country, with the numbers increasing from east to west. The second and third digits represented a sectional center facility within that region, while the final two digits represented the local post office or delivery area. The new ZIP code system allowed for more efficient sorting and delivery of mail, and it also enabled businesses and organizations to use direct mail campaigns targeted to specific geographic areas. In the 1980s, the system was expanded to include the ZIP+4 code, which added an additional four digits to the original five-digit code to provide even more specific location information. Today, the five-digit ZIP code system is an integral part of the U.S. postal system and is used by businesses, individuals, and government agencies for mail delivery and other purposes.

http://zipcodespostal.com

Politics

en

Philosophy Pages | Dictionary | Study Guide | Logic | F A Q s | || History | Timeline | Philosophers | Locke | ||| Socrates Life and Teachings . . Defining Piety . . Methods / Aims . . Civil Obedience . . Knowing Virtue Bibliography Internet Sources | The most interesting and influential thinker in the fifth century was Socrates, whose dedication to careful reasoning transformed the entire enterprise. Since he sought genuine knowledge rather than mere victory over an opponent, Socrates employed the same logical tricks developed by the Sophists to a new purpose, the pursuit of truth. Thus, his willingness to call everything into question and his determination to accept nothing less than an adequate account of the nature of things make him the first clear exponent of critical philosophy. Although he was well known during his own time for his conversational skills and public teaching, Socrates wrote nothing, so we are dependent upon his students (especially Xenophon and Plato) for any detailed knowledge of his methods and results. The trouble is that Plato was himself a philosopher who often injected his own theories into the dialogues he presented to the world as discussions between Socrates and other famous figures of the day. Nevertheless, it is usually assumed that at least the early dialogues of Plato provide a (fairly) accurate representation of Socrates himself. In the Ευθυφρων (Euthyphro), for example, Socrates engaged in a sharply critical conversation with an over-confident young man. Finding Euthyphro perfectly certain of his own ethical rectitude even in the morally ambiguous situation of prosecuting his own father in court, Socrates asks him to define what "piety" (moral duty) really is. The demand here is for something more than merely a list of which actions are, in fact, pious; instead, Euthyphro is supposed to provide a general definition that captures the very essence of what piety is. But every answer he offers is subjected to the full force of Socrates's critical thinking, until nothing certain remains. Specifically, Socrates systematically refutes Euthyphro's suggestion that what makes right actions right is that the gods love (or approve of) them. First, there is the obvious problem that, since questions of right and wrong often generate interminable disputes, the gods are likely to disagree among themselves about moral matters no less often than we do, making some actions both right and wrong. Socrates lets Euthypro off the hook on this one by aggreeingonly for purposes of continuing the discussionthat the gods may be supposed to agree perfectly with each other. (Notice that this problem arises only in a polytheistic culture.) More significantly, Socrates generates a formal dilemma from a (deceptively) simple question: "Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" (Euthyphro 10 a) Neither alternative can do the work for which Euthyphro intends his definition of piety. If right actions are pious only because the gods love them, then moral rightness is entirely arbitrary, depending only on the whims of the gods. If, on the other hand, the gods love right actions only because they are already right, then there must be some non-divine source of values, which we might come to know independently of their love. In fact, this dilemma proposes a significant difficulty at the heart of any effort to define morality by reference to an external authority. (Consider, for example, parallel questions with a similar structure: "Do my parents approve of this action because it is right, or is it right because my parents approve of it?" or "Does the College forbid this activity because it is wrong, or is it wrong because the College forbids it?") On the second alternative in each case, actions become right (or wrong) solely because of the authority's approval (or disapproval); its choice, then, has no rational foundation, and it is impossible to attribute laudable moral wisdom to the authority itself. So this horn is clearly unacceptable. But on the first alternative, the authority approves (or disapproves) of certain actions because they are already right (or wrong) independently of it, and whatever rational standard it employs as a criterion for making this decision must be accessible to us as well as to it. Hence, we are in principle capable of distinguishing right from wrong on our own. Thus, an application of careful techniques of reasoning results in genuine (if negative) progress in the resolution of a philosophical issue. Socrates's method of insistent questioning at least helps us to eliminate one bad answer to a serious question. At most, it points us toward a significant degree of intellectual independence. The character of Euthyphro, however, seems unaffected by the entire process, leaving the scene at the end of the dialogue no less self-confident than he had been at its outset. The use of Socratic methods, even when they clearly result in a rational victory, may not produce genuine conviction in those to whom they are applied. Because of his political associations with an earlier regime, the Athenian democracy put Socrates on trial, charging him with undermining state religion and corrupting young people. The speech he offered in his own defense, as reported in Plato's Απολογημα (Apology), provides us with many reminders of the central features of Socrates's approach to philosophy and its relation to practical life. Plato's dramatic picture of a man willing to face death rather than abandoning his commitment to philosophical inquiry offers up Socrates as a model for all future philosophers. Perhaps few of us are presented with the same stark choice between philosophy and death, but all of us are daily faced with opportunities to decide between convenient conventionality and our devotion to truth and reason. How we choose determines whether we, like Socrates, deserve to call our lives philosophical. Plato's description of Socrates's final days continued in the Κριτων (Crito). Now in prison awaiting execution, Socrates displays the same spirit of calm reflection about serious matters that had characterized his life in freedom. Even the patent injustice of his fate at the hands of the Athenian jury produces in Socrates no bitterness or anger. Friends arrive at the jail with a foolproof plan for his escape from Athens to a life of voluntary exile, but Socrates calmly engages them in a rational debate about the moral value of such an action. Of course Crito and the others know their teacher well, and they come prepared to argue the merits of their plan. Escaping now would permit Socrates to fulfil his personal obligations in life. Moreover, if he does not follow the plan, many people will suppose that his friends did not care enough for him to arrange his escape. Therefore, in order to honor his commitments and preserve the reputation of his friends, Socrates ought to escape from jail. But Socrates dismisses these considerations as irrelevant to a decision about what action is truly right. What other people will say clearly doesn't matter. As he had argued in the Apology, the only opinion that counts is not that of the majority of people generally, but rather that of the one individual who truly knows. The truth alone deserves to be the basis for decisions about human action, so the only proper apporoach is to engage in the sort of careful moral reasoning by means of which one may hope to reveal it. Socrates's argument proceeds from the statement of a perfectly general moral principle to its application in his particular case: The argument is a valid one, so we are committed to accepting its conclusion if we believe that its premises are true. The general commitment to act rightly is fundamental to a moral life, and it does seem clear that Socrates's escape would be a case of disobedience. But what about the second premise, the claim that it is always wrong for an individual to disobey the state? Surely that deserves further examination. In fact, Socrates pictures the laws of Athens proposing two independent lines of argument in favor of this claim: First, the state is to us as a parent is to a child, and since it is always wrong for a child to disobey a parent, it follows that it is always wrong to disobey the state. (Crito 50e) Here we might raise serious doubts about the legitimacy of the analogy between our parents and the state. Obedience to our parents, after all, is a temporary obligation that we eventually outgrow by learning to make decisions for ourselves, while Socrates means to argue that obeying the state is a requirement right up until we die. Here it might be useful to apply the same healthy disrespect for moral authority that Socrates himself expressed in the Euthyphro. The second argument is that it is always wrong to break an agreement, and since continuing to live voluntarily in a state constitutes an agreement to obey it, it is wrong to disobey that state. (Crito 52e) This may be a better argument; only the second premise seems open to question. Explicit agreements to obey some authority are common enoughin a matriculation pledge or a contract of employment, for examplebut most of us have not entered into any such agreement with our government. Even if we suppose, as the laws suggest, that the agreement is an implicit one to which we are committed by our decision to remain within their borders, it is not always obvious that our choice of where to live is entirely subject to our individual voluntary control. Nevertheless, these considerations are serious ones. Socrates himself was entirely convinced that the arguments hold, so he concluded that it would be wrong for him to escape from prison. As always, of course, his actions conformed to the outcome of his reasoning. Socrates chose to honor his commitment to truth and morality even though it cost him his life. History of Philosophy | Philosophical Ethics | Political Theory | ||||| Previous | Next | Next | Next |

http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/2d.htm

Religion

en

Parents are undeniably one of the most significant influences in a child’s life. From the moment they are born, children absorb information and values from their parents, shaping their behavior and worldview. In this blog, we will explore the various ways in which parents influence their children’s behavior, focusing on language, attitudes towards others, being accountable for mistakes, and attitudes related to discipline and learning. Understanding these influences can empower parents to create a positive and nurturing environment for their children’s growth and development. - The Power of Language Language holds immense power in shaping a child’s behavior and self-perception. The words parents choose and the tone they use can have a lasting impact on their children’s emotional well-being and overall development. Positive and encouraging language can uplift a child’s self-esteem and foster a sense of confidence. When parents use words that acknowledge and appreciate their children’s efforts and achievements, it reinforces their sense of worth and motivates them to strive for success. For example, saying “I’m proud of you” or “You did a great job” can instill a sense of accomplishment and encourage children to continue their positive behavior or efforts. Conversely, negative or harsh language can be detrimental to a child’s self-esteem and emotional growth. Constant criticism, belittling remarks, or derogatory language can create a negative self-image and lead to feelings of inadequacy. Children internalize these negative messages and may develop self-doubt or engage in self-sabotaging behavior. It is important for parents to be mindful of the impact their words can have and strive to use constructive and supportive language even when addressing challenges or mistakes. Moreover, the way parents communicate with their children plays a vital role in fostering healthy relationships and social skills. When parents engage in open and respectful conversations, children learn effective communication and develop the skills to express their thoughts, emotions, and needs. By actively listening and responding empathetically, parents create a safe space for their children to share their experiences, concerns, and aspirations. Language also helps shape a child’s perception of the world and their attitudes towards others. When parents model kindness, respect, and empathy in their language and interactions, children learn the importance of treating others with dignity and compassion. By using inclusive language and exposing children to diverse perspectives, parents can foster tolerance and acceptance, nurturing a positive attitude towards others and promoting harmonious relationships. Furthermore, language is closely tied to cognitive development and educational success. Parents who engage in frequent conversations with their children provide them with opportunities to expand their vocabulary, develop language skills, and enhance their cognitive abilities. These interactions help children build a solid foundation for learning, comprehension, and critical thinking. In addition to spoken language, non-verbal communication also plays a significant role. Facial expressions, gestures, and body language can convey emotions and messages to children. Parents who demonstrate active listening, maintain eye contact, and respond appropriately to their children’s non-verbal cues create an environment of trust and understanding. This non-verbal communication reinforces the power of language and strengthens the parent-child bond. The power of language cannot be underestimated in shaping a child’s behavior and overall development. Positive and encouraging language boosts self-esteem, motivates, and fosters healthy relationships. On the other hand, negative language can damage self-esteem and hinder emotional growth. Parents must be mindful of the words they choose, ensuring they promote a nurturing and supportive environment for their children. By utilizing the power of language effectively, parents can empower their children, promote their well-being, and set them on a path towards success. Parents who engage in frequent conversations with their children help foster language skills and cognitive abilities. By encouraging open and honest communication, parents can create an environment where children feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and emotions. This, in turn, promotes healthy social interactions and positive behavior. - Attitudes Towards Others The attitudes parents display towards others have a profound impact on their children’s behavior and interpersonal skills. Children are keen observers and tend to imitate the behaviors they witness in their parents or caregivers. Therefore, it is important for parents to model empathy, kindness, and respect towards people from diverse backgrounds, as this helps shape their children’s attitudes towards others. When parents demonstrate empathy, they teach their children to understand and share the feelings of others. By showing compassion and considering the perspectives and emotions of others, parents foster an environment of empathy within the family. This empathy extends beyond the immediate family circle and helps children develop a genuine concern for the well-being of others. Kindness is another essential attitude that parents can instill in their children. When parents consistently demonstrate acts of kindness towards others, such as helping a neighbor, volunteering, or showing generosity, children learn the value of being kind and compassionate. These acts of kindness teach children that small actions can make a significant difference in the lives of others and encourage them to engage in similar behavior. Respect is a fundamental attitude that parents should prioritize in their interactions with others. By treating all individuals with respect, regardless of their age, gender, race, or social status, parents exemplify the importance of acceptance and tolerance. Children who witness respectful behavior from their parents are more likely to develop a positive and inclusive attitude towards others. Parents can also influence their children’s behavior by actively promoting prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior refers to actions that benefit others and contribute to the well-being of society. By encouraging their children to engage in acts of kindness, such as sharing, cooperating, and helping others, parents foster a sense of social responsibility. These behaviors teach children the value of putting others’ needs before their own and promote a sense of community and empathy. Family activities centered around helping others, such as volunteering together, can have a lasting impact on a child’s attitudes towards others. Volunteering exposes children to different social issues and allows them to witness firsthand the impact they can have on the lives of others. By engaging in these activities as a family, parents create shared experiences that reinforce the importance of empathy, kindness, and helping others. It is essential for parents to engage in open conversations with their children about the value of acceptance, tolerance, and respect for others. These discussions provide opportunities to address any questions or concerns children may have and help them develop a deeper understanding of different cultures, backgrounds, and perspectives. Parents can also encourage their children to ask questions, challenge stereotypes, and develop a curiosity about the world around them. Parents play a pivotal role in shaping their children’s attitudes towards others. By modeling empathy, kindness, and respect, parents create a foundation for their children to develop healthy relationships and treat others with compassion and understanding. Encouraging prosocial behavior and engaging in acts of kindness together as a family further reinforces these attitudes. By nurturing positive attitudes towards others, parents contribute to the growth of socially responsible and empathetic individuals who can make a positive impact on the world. - Being Accountable for Mistakes Teaching children to be accountable for their mistakes is an essential aspect of their moral development. Parents who model accountability by acknowledging their own errors and demonstrating integrity provide their children with a valuable life lesson. By doing so, parents teach their children that making mistakes is a natural part of life, but it is important to take responsibility for one’s actions and learn from them. When parents openly admit their mistakes, they create a safe and non-judgmental environment for their children. This encourages open communication and honesty within the family. Children learn that it is acceptable to make mistakes and that they will not be harshly criticized or punished for their errors. Instead, they understand that their parents are there to support them and guide them towards taking responsibility and learning from their mistakes. Modeling accountability also helps children develop a strong sense of personal responsibility. When children observe their parents taking ownership of their actions and making amends, they learn that they, too, are responsible for their choices and behaviors. This understanding empowers children to reflect on their actions, evaluate the consequences, and take appropriate steps to rectify any harm caused. Accountability fosters the development of important character traits such as honesty, integrity, and humility. When children learn to admit their mistakes, they cultivate a sense of honesty and integrity within themselves. They understand that hiding or denying their errors only prolongs the problem and prevents personal growth. By accepting responsibility, children demonstrate humility and a willingness to learn from their experiences. Furthermore, being accountable for mistakes helps children develop problem-solving skills and resilience. When they take ownership of their actions, children are encouraged to think critically about the choices they made and the consequences that followed. This process promotes self-reflection and empowers children to find constructive solutions to rectify their mistakes and prevent similar errors in the future. Through this reflection and problem-solving, children build resilience and learn to bounce back from setbacks, fostering their emotional well-being and adaptability. Parents can support their children’s accountability by guiding them through the process of making amends. This may involve apologizing to those affected by their actions, learning from the experience, and taking steps to repair any damage caused. By actively participating in this process, parents demonstrate the importance of making things right and emphasize the value of empathy and compassion. It is important for parents to provide guidance and support during the accountability journey. This includes setting clear expectations and consequences for actions, while also offering guidance on how to make amends and learn from mistakes. By providing constructive feedback and encouragement, parents help their children develop a growth mindset and see mistakes as opportunities for growth and learning. Teaching children to be accountable for their mistakes is an invaluable lesson in their moral development. Parents who model accountability by acknowledging their own errors and demonstrating integrity create an environment that encourages personal responsibility, honesty, and humility. By guiding their children through the process of taking ownership, making amends, and learning from mistakes, parents equip their children with essential life skills, problem-solving abilities, and resilience. Ultimately, this fosters responsible behavior and decision-making, setting the foundation for their children’s future success and well-being. - Attitudes Related to Discipline and Learning The attitudes parents hold towards discipline and learning significantly influence their children’s development. By establishing clear expectations, boundaries, and rules, parents provide children with a framework for understanding appropriate behavior and promoting self-discipline. Consistency in enforcing these rules is essential, as it helps children develop a sense of structure and security. Discipline is not solely about punishment but encompasses guidance and teaching. Parents who approach discipline with a positive and constructive mindset create an environment that encourages growth and learning. Instead of focusing solely on reprimanding negative behavior, parents can use discipline as an opportunity to teach valuable lessons, promote empathy, and help children understand the consequences of their actions. Effective discipline involves setting age-appropriate expectations and providing children with explanations and reasoning behind the rules. By involving children in discussions about rules and consequences, parents empower them to take ownership of their behavior and make informed choices. This collaborative approach to discipline fosters a sense of autonomy and responsibility in children. Furthermore, parents who cultivate a positive attitude towards learning can inspire their children to develop a growth mindset. A growth mindset is the belief that abilities and intelligence can be improved through effort, perseverance, and learning from mistakes. By encouraging curiosity, supporting intellectual pursuits, and celebrating achievements, parents can foster a lifelong love for learning in their children. Parents can demonstrate their positive attitude towards learning by actively engaging in their children’s educational journey. This can involve participating in school activities, attending parent-teacher conferences, and showing genuine interest in their children’s academic progress. When parents prioritize education and demonstrate enthusiasm for learning, children are more likely to internalize these values and strive for academic success. In addition, parents can create a supportive learning environment at home by providing resources, such as books, educational games, and opportunities for hands-on learning. Encouraging children to explore their interests, ask questions, and seek knowledge nurtures their natural curiosity and fosters a love for learning. Celebrating achievements, both big and small, is another powerful way to reinforce a positive attitude towards learning. Recognizing and praising children’s efforts and progress boosts their self-confidence and motivates them to continue their educational pursuits. It is important for parents to focus on the process of learning and personal growth rather than solely on grades or external rewards. Parents can also promote a positive attitude towards learning by being role models themselves. When children witness their parents engaging in continuous learning, whether through pursuing hobbies or furthering their education, they understand that learning is a lifelong journey. By sharing their own learning experiences and demonstrating a growth mindset, parents inspire their children to embrace challenges, persevere through obstacles, and pursue personal growth. Parents have a significant influence on their children’s attitudes towards discipline and learning. By establishing clear expectations, boundaries, and rules, parents promote self-discipline and provide children with a sense of structure. Fostering a positive attitude towards learning through curiosity, support, and celebration of achievements inspires children to develop a growth mindset and a lifelong love for learning. By embodying these attitudes themselves and actively engaging in their children’s educational journey, parents create an environment that promotes personal growth, academic success, and a positive outlook on discipline and learning. Parents have a profound influence on their children’s behavior and development. Through language, attitudes towards others, accountability, and attitudes related to discipline and learning, parents shape their children’s worldview and guide them towards positive behavior. By being mindful of these influences, parents can create a nurturing environment that promotes emotional well-being, moral development, and a thirst for knowledge. Remember, being a positive role model and fostering open communication are the keys to raising well-adjusted and responsible individuals who contribute positively to society.

https://childbehavior.com.ng/how-do-parents-influence-their-childrens-behavior/

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- Before Proceeding, What Do You Know About the Appendix? – Function of the Appendix - Introduction and Overview of Appendicitis - Types of Appendicitis - What are the Symptoms of Appendicitis? - What Causes Appendicitis? - Complications due to Appendicitis - Diagnosis of the Appendicitis - Treatment of Appendicitis - Can Appendicitis be Treated without Surgery? - How Can I Prevent Appendicitis? - How Common is Appendicitis? - Who Might Get Appendicitis? - What if the Surgeon finds a Normal Appendix? - What to Do After an Appendectomy - Does Removing the Appendix Have any Side Effects? - What are the dangers of removing the appendix? - When Should You Visit a Doctor? - A Note from Healthsoothe Before Proceeding, What Do You Know About the Appendix? – Function of the Appendix Quick Facts About Appendicitis A | B | Definition | Inflammation of the appendix, a pouch in the attached to the large intestine of the lower right abdomen | Types | Appendicitis is typically acute, meaning it starts suddenly and can worsen quickly. Chronic appendicitis is rare and may cause milder symptoms that last longer | Cause | Blockage of the appendix due to fecal matter, foreign bodies, infections, or worms. It can also be caused by a viral infection or a family history of appendicitis | Symptoms | Pain in the lower right abdomen (may start around belly button and move), nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, fever, increased heart rate, tachycardia, constipation or diarrhea, frequent urination | Diagnosis | Physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI (especially during pregnancy) to confirm appendicitis and rule out other conditions | Treatment | Surgical removal of the appendix (Appendectomy) is the standard treatment. In some cases, antibiotics may be used if surgery is not immediately possible | Medications | Antibiotics such as Piperacillin, Ticarcillin, Ceftriaxone, Meropenem, and Ciprofloxacin may be used to treat infection before or after surgery | Complications | Rupture of the appendix leading to peritonitis (inflammation of the abdominal lining), abscess formation, sepsis | Risk Factor | Age (common in people aged 10-30), family history, history of gastrointestinal diseases, such as Crohn's disease | Prevention | None known, although supporting the abdomen while coughing, avoiding strenuous activities, quitting smoking and consuming high fiber diets may help with prevention | Prognosis | With prompt treatment, most people recover fully without complications | Specialist | Gastroenterologist, General surgeon | The appendix is a fingerlike pouch attached to the large intestine in the lower right area of the abdomen, the area between the chest and hips. The large intestine is part of the body’s gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tract is a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus. The movement of muscles in the GI tract, along with the release of hormones and enzymes, helps digest food. The appendix does not appear to have a specific function in the body, and removing it does not seem to affect a person’s health. The inside of the appendix is called the appendiceal lumen. Normally, mucus created by the appendix travels through the appendiceal lumen and empties into the large intestine. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The appendix is a tiny pouch that connects the gut to the stomach. Bacteria may grow within your appendix if it gets obstructed. This might result in the creation of pus and edema, resulting in unpleasant pressure on your belly. Appendicitis1Appendicitis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/appendicitis. Accessed September 30, 2022. may potentially cause a blockage in blood flow. Appendicitis, if left untreated, may end up causing your appendix to erupt. This may allow germs to enter the cavity of your abdomen, which can be dangerous and even deadly. Introduction and Overview of Appendicitis Appendicitis occurs due to the inflammation of the appendix - a finger-shaped pouch on the lower right of your belly that extends from your colon. Pain in the lower right part of your abdomen is caused by appendicitis. In most patients, however, discomfort starts from around the navel and progresses. Appendicitis discomfort normally develops as the inflammation progresses and finally becomes severe. Although appendicitis may affect anybody, it most often affects individuals aged between 10-30. The appendix is often removed surgically. Appendicitis occurs when your appendix gets inflamed, most frequently as a result of a blockage. It may be either acute or chronic. Appendicitis is the leading prevalent cause of stomach discomfort that requires surgery in the United States. It affects up to 9% of Americans at some time in their life. The appendix is a tiny pouch that connects the gut to the stomach. It's in your lower right abdomen. Bacteria may grow within your appendix if it gets obstructed. This might result in the creation of pus and edema, resulting in unpleasant pressure on your belly. Appendicitis may potentially cause a blockage in blood flow. Appendicitis, if left untreated, may end up causing your appendix to erupt. This may allow germs to enter the cavity of your abdomen, which can be dangerous and even deadly. Types of Appendicitis This type of appendicitis is a serious case of appendicitis that occurs suddenly. It is more frequent in young people and children aged 10 to 30 years old. It is more common in men than in women. Over the course of 24 hours, pain tends to build and escalate swiftly. It needs rapid medical attention. It might burst your appendix if left untreated2Smink D, et al. Management of acute appendicitis in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed September 30, 2021.. This is a potentially deadly problem. Acute appendicitis is more prevalent than chronic appendicitis, affecting 7 to 9 % of all Americans at some point in their lives. Acute appendicitis3Surgical removal of the appendix. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/education/patient-education/patient-resources/operations. Accessed September 30, 2021. is more prevalent than chronic appendicitis. It affects only approximately 1.5 percent of persons who have previously experienced chronic appendicitis. Chronic appendicitis symptoms might be mild and are considered to emerge after an episode of acute appendicitis. Symptoms may fade for a few weeks, months, and even years before reappearing. This form of appendicitis might be difficult to identify. It is often not detected until it has progressed to acute appendicitis. Chronic appendicitis is hazardous. Learn all you need to know about recognizing and treating this illness. What are the Symptoms of Appendicitis? Appendicitis may cause the following signs and symptoms: - Pain that starts on the right part of your abdomen and spreads - Pain that originates from your navel and often moves to the lower right abdomen - Pain that intensifies with coughing, walking, or other jarring motions - Vomiting and nausea - Low-grade fever (below 100 degrees F) - Fever of low intensity that may develop as the infection progresses - Diarrhea or constipation - Abdominal pain or tenderness that hurts more when you cough, sneeze, inhale or move - Bloating in the abdomen - Loss of appetite (not feeling hungry when you usually would) Pain location may vary based on age and the positioning of the appendix. Because the appendix is higher in women during pregnancy, the pain may appear to emanate from the upper abdomen while you're pregnant. Avoid using laxatives or having an enema if you're constipated and fear you have appendicitis. These therapies have the possibility of causing your appendix to rupture. If you feel discomfort in the right part of your abdomen coupled with any of the other symptoms of appendicitis, see your doctor. Appendicitis may rapidly escalate into a medical emergency. If you or your kid, or someone you know develops appendicitis symptoms, call their doctor very soon. What Causes Appendicitis? Appendicitis is most commonly caused by an obstruction in the appendix lining, which leads to infection. The germs proliferate quickly, inflaming, swelling, and filling the appendix with pus. The appendix might burst if not treated immediately. The specific etiology of appendicitis is uncertain in many situations. It is believed to arise when a section of the appendix gets clogged or blocked. Many factors may obstruct your appendix, including: - Hardening of the stool - Expanded lymphoid follicles - Abdominal injury or trauma - Digestive tract infection. - Inflammatory bowel disease. - Growths inside the appendix - Intestinal worms - Severe damage Abdominal discomfort may be caused by a variety of medical diseases. Anyone may get appendicitis. However, some individuals may be more prone to developing this ailment than others. Appendicitis risk factors include: - Age: Appendicitis is more common among teenagers and persons in their twenties, although it may happen at any age. - Sex: Males are more likely than females to get appendicitis. - A family history: People with a family background of appendicitis are more likely to develop it. Complications due to Appendicitis Appendicitis may lead to significant consequences if the appendix ruptures, allowing feces and germs to enter your abdominal cavity. A burst appendix may cause a variety of unpleasant and sometimes fatal illnesses, including Peritonitis, abscesses, and sepsis. Your doctor may recommend antibiotics, surgery, or other treatments to prevent or control problems. In certain circumstances, therapy may cause adverse effects or difficulties. However, the hazards of medicines and surgery are significantly less prevalent and typically less severe than the dangers of untreated appendicitis. When your appendix ruptures and germs enter the cavity of the abdomen, the abdominal lining, known as the peritoneum, may become inflamed and infected. This is referred to as peritonitis. It may be very dangerous, even lethal. Peritonitis symptoms may include high fever, quick pulse, shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and intense and unending stomach discomfort. Medications and surgical procedures to get rid of the appendix are used in treatment. This is a painful pus-filled pocket that develops around a ruptured appendix. These WBCS are your body's effort to combat illness. Antibiotics are required to treat the infection, and the abscess must be drained. During surgery, drainage may occur. Alternatively, the abscess would be drained with a needle prior to surgery. You'll be sedated, and your physician will guide the surgery through a CT scan, ultrasound, and imaging. Bacteria from a burst abscess may move through your blood to other regions of your body in rare situations. Sepsis is the medical term for this potentially dangerous disorder. Sepsis symptoms include: Confusion due to a high or low temperature, acute drowsiness, and shortness of breath According to the Sepsis Alliance, sepsis is a life-threatening emergency that kills one out of every three individuals. Call 911 or your emergency care provider right away if you fear you have sepsis. Appendicitis may also result in significant consequences such as: - An appendix rupture: Infection spreads throughout your abdomen as a result of a rupture (peritonitis). This potentially fatal illness requires prompt surgery to extract the appendix and clean your abdominal cavity. - A pus-filled pouch that arises in the abdomen: If your appendix ruptures, you may have an infection pocket (abscess). A surgeon would usually drain the abscess by inserting a catheter through the wall of your abdomen into the abscess. The tube stays in place for roughly two weeks, and antibiotics are administered to eliminate the infection. Once the infection has been cleared, you will have an operation to extract the appendix. Diagnosis of the Appendicitis Your doctor will most likely collect a record of your symptoms and signs and inspect your belly to help diagnose appendicitis. Appendicitis is diagnosed using the following tests and procedures: - Physical examination to determine the source of your discomfort: Gentle pressure upon that sore location may be applied by your doctor. Appendicitis discomfort typically worsens whenever the pressure is abruptly lifted, indicating that the neighboring peritoneum is irritated. Your doctor may also examine you for abdominal tightness and a tendency to tense your abdominals in reaction to pressure on the infected appendix (guarding). Your doctor may inspect your lower rectum with a greased, gloved finger (digital rectal exam). Women of reproductive age may be offered a pelvic examination to rule out any gynecological issues that may be causing the discomfort. Responses that may indicate appendicitis include: - Rovsing’s sign: A health care provider tests for Rovsing’s sign by applying hand pressure to the lower left side of the abdomen. Pain felt on the lower right side of the abdomen upon the release of pressure on the left side indicates the presence of Rovsing’s sign. - Psoas sign: The right psoas muscle runs over the pelvis near the appendix. Flexing this muscle will cause abdominal pain if the appendix is inflamed. A health care provider can check for the psoas sign by applying resistance to the right knee as the patient tries to lift the right thigh while lying down. - Obturator sign: The right obturator muscle also runs near the appendix. A health care provider tests for the obturator sign by asking the patient to lie down with the right leg bent at the knee. Moving the bent knee left and right requires flexing the obturator muscle and will cause abdominal pain if the appendix is inflamed. - Guarding: Guarding occurs when a person subconsciously tenses the abdominal muscles during an exam. Voluntary guarding occurs the moment the health care provider’s hand touches the abdomen. Involuntary guarding occurs before the health care provider actually makes contact and is a sign the appendix is inflamed. - Rebound tenderness: A health care provider tests for rebound tenderness by applying hand pressure to a person’s lower right abdomen and then letting go. Pain felt upon the release of the pressure indicates rebound tenderness and is a sign the appendix is inflamed. A person may also experience rebound tenderness as pain when the abdomen is jarred—for example, when a person bumps into something or goes over a bump in a car. - Blood test: This enables your physician to check for infection by looking for an elevated white blood cell count. Your doctor may request a full blood count to look for symptoms of infection (CBC). To do this testing, they will take a blood sample and submit it to a laboratory for examination. Bacterial infection is often associated with appendicitis. A urinary tract infection or even other abdominal organ infection may potentially induce symptoms similar to appendicitis. A C-reactive protein testing may also be ordered by your doctor to rule out other reasons for stomach inflammation, like an autoimmune illness or another chronic ailment. - Urine analysis: Your doctor may order a urinalysis to rule out a kidney stone or a urinary tract/bladder infection as the source of your discomfort. - Pregnancy test: Ectopic pregnancy can be mistaken for appendicitis. It happens when a fertilized egg implants itself in a fallopian tube, rather than the uterus. This can be a medical emergency. If your doctor suspects you might have an ectopic pregnancy, they may perform a pregnancy test. To conduct this test, they will collect a sample of your urine or blood. They may also use a transvaginal ultrasound to learn where the fertilized egg has been implanted. - Pelvic exam: If you were assigned female at birth, your symptoms might be caused by pelvic inflammatory disease, an ovarian cyst, or another condition affecting your reproductive organs. To examine your reproductive organs, your doctor may perform a pelvic exam. During this exam, they will visually inspect your vagina, vulva, and cervix. They will also manually inspect your uterus and ovaries. They may collect a sample of tissue for testing. - Chest imaging tests: Pneumonia in the lower right lobe of your lungs can also cause symptoms similar to appendicitis. If your doctor thinks you might have pneumonia, they will likely order a chest X-ray. They may also order an ultrasound or a CT scan to create detailed images of your lungs. Compared to an ultrasound, a CT scan creates more detailed images of your organs. However, there are some health risks associated with radiation exposure from a CT scan, so it’s usually only recommended after an ultrasound and MRI. CT scans can harm a developing fetus. If you’re of childbearing age, your doctor will offer a pregnancy test first. - Abdominal Imaging examinations: An abdominal X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), abdominal ultrasound, or computed tomography (CT) scan may also be recommended by your doctor to assist diagnose appendicitis or rule out other reasons for your discomfort. To check for inflammation of your appendix, your doctor might order imaging tests of your abdomen. This can help check for signs of inflammation, an abscess, or other problems with your appendix. It can also help doctors identify other potential causes of your symptoms, such as: a. abdominal abscess b. fecal impaction c. inflammatory bowel disease Your doctor may order one or more of the following imaging tests: - Abdominal ultrasound: Ultrasound uses a device, called a transducer, that bounces safe, painless sound waves off organs to create an image of their structure. The transducer can be moved to different angles to make it possible to examine different organs. In abdominal ultrasound, the health care provider applies gel to the patient’s abdomen and moves a handheld transducer over the skin. The gel allows the transducer to glide easily, and it improves the transmission of the signals. The procedure is performed in a health care provider’s office, an outpatient center, or a hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist—a doctor who specializes in medical imaging; anesthesia is not needed. Abdominal ultrasound creates images of the appendix and can show signs of inflammation, a burst appendix, a blockage in the appendiceal lumen, and other sources of abdominal pain. Ultrasound is the first imaging test performed for suspected appendicitis in infants, children, young adults, and pregnant women. - Abdominal CT scan: CT scans use a combination of x-rays and computer technology to create three-dimensional (3-D) images. For a CT scan, the person may be given a solution to drink and an injection of contrast medium. CT scans require the person to lie on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device where the x-rays are taken. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or a hospital by an x-ray technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist; anesthesia is not needed. Children may be given a sedative to help them fall asleep for the test. A CT scan of the abdomen can show signs of inflammation, such as an enlarged appendix or an abscess—a pus-filled mass that results from the body’s attempt to keep an infection from spreading—and other sources of abdominal pain, such as a burst appendix and a blockage in the appendiceal lumen. Women of childbearing age should have a pregnancy test before undergoing a CT scan. The radiation used in CT scans can be harmful to a developing fetus. - Abdominal MRI scan: MRI machines use radio waves and magnets to produce detailed pictures of the body’s internal organs and soft tissues without using x-rays. The procedure is performed in an outpatient center or a hospital by a specially trained technician, and the images are interpreted by a radiologist. Anesthesia is not needed, though children and people with a fear of confined spaces may receive light sedation, taken by mouth. An MRI may include the injection of a special dye, called contrast medium. With most MRI machines, the person lies on a table that slides into a tunnel-shaped device that may be open-ended or closed at one end; some machines are designed to allow the person to lie in a more open space. An MRI can show signs of inflammation, a burst appendix, a blockage in the appendiceal lumen, and other sources of abdominal pain. An MRI used to diagnose appendicitis and other sources of abdominal pain is a safe, reliable alternative to computerized tomography (CT) scan. - Abdominal X-ray: The using of an x-ray machine to test for appendicitis, whereby rays are used to scan your abdomen any abnormalities detected is shown in the x-ray screen. In some cases, you might need to stop eating food for a period of time before your test. Your doctor can help you learn how to prepare for it. If your doctor believes you have appendicitis, doctors will discuss your findings and medical history with you. They'll next undertake a physical examination to look for soreness in your lower right abdomen, as well as edema or stiffness. A digital rectal examination may also be performed. Your doctor may prescribe one or more tests to look for evidence of appendicitis or to rule out other possible explanations of your symptoms based on the findings of your physical exam. There is no one test that can be used to diagnose appendicitis. If your doctor is unable to find any other explanations for your symptoms, appendicitis may be diagnosed. Treatment of Appendicitis Appendicitis is often treated with surgery to extract the inflamed appendix. Antibiotics may be used prior to surgery to treat the infection. The following are ways appendicitis is treated: - Appendix removal surgery (appendectomy): Appendectomy4Appendectomy. Surgical removal of the appendix. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/education/patient-education/patient-resources/operations. Accessed September 30, 2021. may be done as an open procedure with a single abdominal incision of two to four inches (5 to 10 cm) in length (laparotomy). There are two methods for this type of surgery, and both have a low risk of complications. - Open appendectomy: During this common procedure, a surgeon makes up to a four-inch incision on the lower right-hand side of the belly to remove the patient’s appendix - Laparoscopic appendectomy: During this cutting-edge, less invasive surgery, a surgeon makes up to three tiny incisions in the patient’s belly and then inserts a special device to remove the appendix; typically causes less pain and scarring - Laparoscopic surgery: Alternatively, the procedure might be performed via a few minor incisions of the abdomen (laparoscopic surgery). The surgeon puts sophisticated surgical equipment and a video recorder into your belly during laparoscopy to remove your appendix. Laparoscopic surgery, in general, enables you to recover quicker and recover with much less pain and scars. It may be preferable for elderly folks and obese persons. However, laparoscopic surgery is not for everyone. If your appendix has burst and infection has gone beyond the appendix, or if there is an abscess, your surgeon may recommend an open appendectomy to clear the abdominal cavity. After your appendectomy, you should be prepared to spend either 1 or 2 days in the hospital. - Draining an abscess prior to appendectomy: If the appendix has ruptured and an abscess has developed around it, then the abscess may be emptied by inserting a tube into the abscess via your skin. After the infection has been controlled, an appendectomy may be done several weeks later. - Laparotomy: Laparotomy removes the appendix through a single incision in the lower right area of the abdomen. Can Appendicitis be Treated without Surgery? Nonsurgical treatment may be used if surgery is not available, a person is not well enough to undergo surgery, or the diagnosis is unclear. Nonsurgical treatment includes antibiotics to treat the infection. How Can I Prevent Appendicitis? There’s no sure way to prevent appendicitis. But you might be able to lower your risk of developing it by eating a fiber-rich diet. Although more research is needed on the potential role of diet, appendicitis is less common in countries where people eat high-fiber diets. Foods that are high in fiber include: - lentils, split peas, beans, and other legumes - oatmeal, brown rice, whole wheat, and other whole grains - Your doctor may also encourage you to take a fiber supplement. How Common is Appendicitis? Approximately 5% of Americans will develop appendicitis. It’s the No. 1 cause of abdominal pain requiring surgery. Who Might Get Appendicitis? Appendicitis can occur at any age, although it’s most common in people in their teens and 20s. Appendicitis in children most often occurs during the tween or teen years. But even elementary school-age children get appendicitis. What if the Surgeon finds a Normal Appendix? Occasionally, a surgeon finds a normal appendix. In this case, many surgeons will remove it to eliminate the future possibility of appendicitis. Occasionally, surgeons find a different problem, which may also be corrected during surgery What to Do After an Appendectomy After your appendectomy, your physician will prescribe drugs to help you manage your discomfort. When combined with your prescriptions, several complementary and alternative therapies may help reduce pain. Discuss with your doctor regarding safe alternatives, such as: Distracting activities that keep your mind off your discomfort, like listening to songs and conversing with friends. With youngsters, distraction may be extremely beneficial. Simply close your eyes and imagine a beloved spot as an example of guided imagery. After an appendectomy, you should expect to be out of commission for a few weeks, or much longer if your appendix burst. To assist your body in healing, do the following: - First, avoid strenuous activity. If the appendectomy was performed laparoscopically, you should rest for 3-5 days. Restrict your activities for 10 to 14 days after an open appendectomy. Always consult your doctor about activity restrictions and when you can continue routine functions after surgery. - When you cough, keep your abdomen supported. To help relieve pain, position a pillow on top of your abdomen and exert pressure before coughing, laughing, or moving. - If your meds aren't working, consult your doctor. Pain puts additional strain on your body and hinders the healing process. Call your doctor if you are still in pain after taking pain relievers. - When you're ready, get up and move. Begin softly and gradually increase your activities when you feel ready. Begin with short walks. - When you're exhausted, sleep. As your body recovers, you may find yourself sleeping more than normal. Take it gently and relax as necessary. - Consult your doctor about going back to work or school. You may return to work whenever you are ready. Children might be able to go back to school in less than a week. They should rest for 2 to 4 weeks before engaging in strenuous physical activity, like gym/fitness classes or sports. Does Removing the Appendix Have any Side Effects? - What are the dangers of removing the appendix? The appendix does not appear to have a specific function in the body, and removing it does not seem to affect a person’s health. When Should You Visit a Doctor? Arrange an appointment with your doctor if either you or your kid is experiencing any concerning signs or symptoms of appendicitis. Severe abdominal pain needs prompt medical treatment. Getting ready for your appointment If you are experiencing abdominal discomfort, see your primary care physician. If you suffer from appendicitis, you will almost certainly be hospitalized and sent to a surgeon to have your appendix removed. What you are able to do When you book the appointment, ask whether there is anything you need to do ahead of time, like fasting before a certain test. Make a list of the following: - Your symptoms, including those that seem to be unrelated to the cause of your visit - Important personal information, such as substantial life pressures, recent life changes, and family medical histories - All drugs, vitamins, and other supplements you use, as well as the dosages. What to discuss with your doctor If possible, bring a friend or family member with you to assist you to recall the facts. Some fundamental questions you should ask your doctor about appendicitis include: - Is this appendicitis? - Will I have to take any further tests? - Other than appendicitis, what else may I have? - Do I need surgery, and if so, when? - What are the dangers of removing the appendix? - How long will I have to remain in the hospital after the surgery? - How long will it take to recover? - When can I return to work following surgery? - Can you detect if my appendix has ruptured? - Please do not be afraid to ask further questions. What to anticipate from your doctor Your doctor will most likely ask you numerous questions, including: - When did your stomach ache start? - Where does it cause pain? - Has the ache shifted? - How bad is your pain? - What makes your discomfort worse? - What helps you get rid of your pain? - Have you got a fever? - Do you get a nauseating feeling? - What are your other indications and symptoms? A Note from Healthsoothe Without prompt medical attention, appendicitis can be quite serious. A ruptured appendix causes a widespread infection that can be deadly. See your healthcare provider if you have severe abdominal pain, a key sign of appendicitis. Your provider can rule out other causes. Appendicitis sometimes goes away with antibiotics alone. If you need surgery, a minimally invasive laparoscopic approach uses small incisions to help you recover faster. All right, guys, that is it for now for appendicitis. I hope Healthsoothe answered any questions you had concerning appendicitis. Feel free to contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org if you have further questions to ask or if there’s anything you want to contribute or correct to this article. And don’t worry, Healthsoothe doesn’t bite. You can always check our FAQs section below to know more about appendicitis. And always remember that Healthsoothe is one of the best health sites out there that genuinely cares for you. Frequently Asked Questions about Appendicitis How Do I Know if it's Gas or Appendicitis? Does appendicitis feel like gas pains? Appendicitis might feel like bad gas pains to start. However, appendicitis will usually get worse over time and become more painful. There may also be other symptoms that don't happen with gas, such as a fever, diarrhea, constipation, or vomiting. What can Mimic Appendicitis? What can be Mistaken for Appendix Pain? Often, it can be mistaken for gallbladder issues, urinary tract infections, or a variety of intestinal problems. To get an accurate diagnosis, an abdominal exam, blood test, or CT ultrasound are just some of the methods used to spot inflammation. What is the Survival Rate for People with a Burst Appendix? Before the introduction of surgical treatment, more than 50% of people with appendicitis died. With surgical treatment, doctors report that appendectomy reduced the mortality rate to 15% How Long Do You Have After Your Appendix Bursts? Most cases of a ruptured appendix occur about 48 – 72 hours after the onset of symptoms. A ruptured appendix is always considered an emergency and requires immediate treatment. If left untreated, a ruptured appendix can lead to widespread infection, abscess, sepsis (an infection in the bloodstream), and even death. How Long Can You Have Appendicitis Without Knowing? It can go undiagnosed for several weeks, months, or years. Acute appendicitis has more severe symptoms that appear suddenly within 24 to 48 hours. Acute appendicitis requires immediate treatment. Do Appendicitis Pains Come and Go? The most common symptom of appendicitis is lower right abdominal pain, starting near the navel. The pain may come and go at first, but if it's caused by appendicitis, it will progressively get worse over a few hours. What are the 5 Signs of Appendicitis? When Should I go to the ER for Abdominal Pain? If the pain is sudden, severe, or does not ease within 30 minutes, seek emergency medical care. Sudden abdominal pain is often an indicator of serious intra-abdominal diseases, such as a perforated ulcer or a ruptured abdominal aneurysm, although it could also result from benign diseases, such as gallstones. What Does Appendix Pain Feel Like? The telltale symptom of appendicitis is a sudden, sharp pain that starts on the right side of your lower abdomen. It may also start near your belly button and then move lower to your right. The pain may feel like a cramp at first, and it may get worse when you cough, sneeze or move. What Triggers Appendicitis? Appendicitis may be caused by various infections such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites, in your digestive tract. Or it may happen when the tube that joins your large intestine and appendix is blocked or trapped by stool. Sometimes tumors can cause appendicitis. The appendix then becomes sore and swollen. What are the 4 Stages of Appendicitis? The stages of appendicitis can be divided into early, suppurative, gangrenous, perforated, phlegmonous, spontaneous resolving, recurrent, and chronic. I Am odudu abasi a top-notch and experienced freelance writer, virtual assistant, graphics designer and a computer techie who is adept in content writing, copywriting, article writing, academic writing, journal writing, blog posts, seminar presentations, SEO contents, proofreading, plagiarism/AI checking, editing webpage contents/write-ups and WordPress management. My work mantra is: “I can, and I will” Additional resources and citations - 1Appendicitis. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/appendicitis. Accessed September 30, 2022. - 2Smink D, et al. Management of acute appendicitis in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed September 30, 2021. - 3Surgical removal of the appendix. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/education/patient-education/patient-resources/operations. Accessed September 30, 2021. - 4Appendectomy. Surgical removal of the appendix. American College of Surgeons. https://www.facs.org/education/patient-education/patient-resources/operations. Accessed September 30, 2021. The content is intended to augment, not replace, information provided by your clinician. It is not intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Reading this information does not create or replace a doctor-patient relationship or consultation. If required, please contact your doctor or other health care provider to assist you to interpret any of this information, or in applying the information to your individual needs.

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“NOTHING will come of nothing,” King Lear admonishes Cordelia in the eponymous Shakespeare play. In the quantum world, it’s different: there, something comes of nothing and moves the furniture around. Specifically, if you place two uncharged metal plates side by side in a vacuum, they will move towards each other, seemingly without reason. They won’t move a lot, mind. Two plates with an area of a square metre placed one-thousandth of a millimetre apart will feel a force equivalent to just over a tenth of a gram. The Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir first noted this minuscule movement in 1948. “The Casimir effect is a manifestation of the quantum weirdness of the microscopic world,” says physicist Steve Lamoreaux of Yale University. It has to do with the quantum quirk known as Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which essentially says the more we know about some things in the quantum world, the less we know about others. You can’t, for instance, deduce the exact position and momentum of a particle simultaneously. The more certain we are of where a particle is, the less certain we are of where it is heading. A similar uncertainty relation exists between energy and time, with a dramatic consequence. If space were ever truly empty, it would contain exactly zero energy at a precisely defined moment in time – something the uncertainty principle forbids us from knowing. It follows that there is no such thing as a vacuum. According to quantum field theory, empty space is actually fizzing with short-lived stuff that appears, looks around a bit, decides it doesn’t like it and disappears…

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20627596-300-quantum-wonders-something-for-nothing/Winner01

Religion

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Diabetes can lead to ulcers that patients don’t even feel or notice until the sight of blood. And because ulcers can’t heal on their own, 14 to 24 percent of diabetics in the U.S. who experience them end up losing their toes, foot or leg. Purdue University researchers have developed a shoe insole that could help make the healing process more portable for the 15 percent of Americans who develop ulcers as a result of diabetes. “One of the ways to heal these wounds is by giving them oxygen,” said Babak Ziaie, Purdue professor of electrical and computer engineering. “We’ve created a system that gradually releases oxygen throughout the day so that a patient can have more mobility.” Diabetic ulcers commonly result from high blood sugar damaging nerves, which takes away feeling from the toes or feet. Without the ability to feel pain, hits and bumps tend to go unnoticed and skin tissue breaks down, forming ulcers. A lot of sugar in the bloodstream, along with dried skin as a consequence of diabetes, further slow the ulcer healing process. “We typically treat ulcers by removing devitalized tissue from the surface of the wound, and by helping the patient to find ways to take the weight off the affected foot,” said Desmond Bell, a podiatrist in wound management and amputation prevention at the Memorial Hospital in Jacksonville, Florida, and the founder of the Save a Leg, Save a Life Foundation. “The gold standard for treating an ulcer is a patient wearing a total-contact cast, which provides a protective environment for the foot. If we could test how well this insole delivers oxygen to the wound site from within the cast, then this could be a way of aiding the healing process,” he said. Purdue researchers used lasers to shape silicone-based rubber into insoles, and then create reservoirs that release oxygen only at the part of the foot where the ulcer is located. A YouTube video is available at https://youtu.be/DX30YU5rmUM. The work aligns with Purdue’s Giant Leaps celebration, acknowledging the university’s global advancements made in health, longevity and quality of life as part of Purdue’s 150th anniversary. This is one of the four themes of the yearlong celebration’s Ideas Festival, designed to showcase Purdue as an intellectual center solving real-world issues. “Silicone is flexible and has good oxygen permeability,” said Hongjie Jiang, a postdoctoral researcher in electrical and computer engineering. “Laser machining helps us to tune that permeability and target just the wound site, which is hypoxic, rather than poison the rest of the foot with too much oxygen.” According to the team’s simulations, the insole can deliver oxygen at least eight hours a day under the pressure of someone weighing about 53-81 kilograms (117-179 pounds). But the insole can be customized to take on any weight, the researchers say. The team envisions a manufacturer sending a patient a pack of pre-filled insoles customized to his or her wound site, based on a “wound profile” obtained from a doctor’s prescription and a picture of the foot. “This is mass-customization at low cost,” said Vaibhav Jain, a recent graduate from Purdue’s mechanical engineering master’s program and a current research associate in electrical and computer engineering. Next, the researchers want to create a way to 3D print the whole insole, rather than printing a mold first and then laser-machining a pattern. They also plan to test the insole on actual diabetic ulcers, to further gauge how well they advance the healing process. “We’re wanting to bring this technology to the user by addressing whichever technicalities would be required to simplify the manufacturing flow,” Jain said. The team published its work in the September issue of the Materials Research Society Communications, a journal by Cambridge Core. Funding for this work was provided by the NextFlex PC 1.0 Project. A patent is pending on the insole technology. The team is currently seeking corporate partners.

http://haleplushearty.org/2018/11/18/ulcers-from-diabetes-new-shoe-insole-could-provide-healing-on-the-go/

Health

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When seeking medical care for scabies, patients may find it puzzling that doctors often ask about their HIV status. While scabies are a highly contagious skin condition caused by mites, the inquiry into a patient’s HIV status is crucial in ensuring appropriate management and care. In this article, we will explore why doctors inquire about a patient’s HIV status when treating scabies, emphasizing the importance of obtaining a full medical history and tailoring treatment strategies accordingly. Scabies is a contagious skin disease caused by the Sarcoptes scabies mite. It is typically transmitted through prolonged skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual. The condition manifests as intense itching, small red bumps, and visible burrows on the skin. Scabies can affect people of all ages, genders, and sexual orientations, regardless of their HIV status. The Connection between Scabies and HIV While scabies can affect anyone, individuals with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV, are more susceptible to severe and atypical cases. The weakened immune response in HIV-positive individuals allows scabies mites to proliferate more rapidly, leading to more extensive and severe infestations. Therefore, it becomes crucial to establish a patient’s HIV status before initiating treatment for scabies. 1. Differential Diagnosis HIV-positive patients may present scabies lesions that closely resemble other skin conditions commonly observed in those with compromised immune systems. Inquiring about a patient’s HIV status helps doctors differentiate between scabies and other potential conditions, allowing for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plans. 2. Treatment Strategy Knowing a patient’s HIV status is vital in determining the most effective and suitable treatment strategy for scabies. HIV-positive individuals may require a more aggressive approach due to their compromised immune system. Moreover, certain medications or treatment regimens for scabies may interact negatively with antiretroviral medications used to manage HIV, potentially affecting treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. 3. Preventative Measures Patients with HIV need comprehensive care to manage their condition effectively. By inquiring about their HIV status during a scabies diagnosis, doctors can provide necessary counseling and education on preventing transmission, managing symptoms, and ensuring proper follow-up care. Additionally, identifying HIV status allows healthcare providers to offer patients the necessary support and resources specific to their needs. When doctors inquire about a patient’s HIV status during scabies treatment, it is important to recognize the rationale behind this practice. Considering the higher risk and unique challenges faced by HIV-positive individuals, tailoring treatment plans and providing necessary support and education becomes imperative. By obtaining a patient’s full medical history, doctors can ensure optimal management of scabies while addressing the specific needs and concerns of those living with HIV. It is crucial to remember that respecting patient confidentiality and being non-judgmental are essential aspects of healthcare provider-patient relationships when inquiring about a patient’s HIV status. Open communication and understanding contribute to providing the best care possible for all patients, regardless of their medical conditions.

https://tashbaanherbs.art.blog/2023/11/17/the-importance-of-inquiring-about-a-patients-hiv-status-for-scabies-treatment/

Health

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Someday, humans will be able to make babies without needing eggs, a research carried out by scientists at Nature Communications suggests. The landmark research saw the scientists create a healthy baby mouse by tricking an unfertilised egg into becoming a pseudo-embryo (which shares much in common with an ordinary cell). The research posits that it might be possible for ordinary body cells to produce healthy babies when they are fertilised. The scientists, from the University of Bath, opined that if the injection of sperm into mouse could produce healthy babies, then there is a strong likelihood that similar result could be generated in humans. “This is the first time that anyone has been able to show that anything other than an egg can combine with a sperm in this way to give rise to offspring”, Tony Perry, a doctor who’s one of the researchers, told BBC. He added that the research had shattered nearly 200 years of thinking while noting that in the distant future, “it might be possible that ordinary cells in the body can be combined with a sperm so that an embryo is formed”. A research put out earlier in the year revealed that China was able to make sperm from stem cells, which was used to fertilise an egg that developed into healthy mice. Perry explained that if both fields of research were combined, they may achieve a stituation where there might be no need for sperm and eggs altogether. “I think it is a very interesting paper, and a technical tour de force and I am sure it will tell us something important about reprogramming at these early steps of development that are relevant to both fertilisation and single cell nuclear transfer [cloning]”, said Robin Lovell-Badge, a professor from the Francis Crick Institute. “And, perhaps more broadly, about reprogramming of cell fate in other situations. It doesn’t yet tell us how, but the paper gives a number of clear pointers”, he added. Copyright 2024 TheCable. All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from TheCable. Follow us on twitter @Thecablestyle

https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/research-one-day-babies-may-made-without-eggs-sperm/

Health

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A runny nose, scratchy throat, and nonstop sneezing -- you can't miss the signs of a cold. But mystery shrouds a lot of other things about it. Why do you seem to get them so often while your best friend stays well? And more importantly, how can you stay healthy this year? Get the lowdown on the all-too-common common cold. What Is It? It's an illness caused by a tiny, infectious thing called a virus. More than 200 types lead to your misery, but the most common one is the rhinovirus, which is thought to be responsible for at least 50% of colds. Other viruses that can cause colds include coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza and parainfluenza. Colds cause a lot of people to stay home. The CDC says 22 million school days are lost each year in the U.S. because of them. Some estimates say that Americans have 1 billion colds a year. For more detail, see Common Cold Causes. How a Common Cold Starts You can catch it from another person who is infected with the virus. This can happen by direct physical contact with someone who has a cold, or by touching a surface contaminated with their germs -- like a computer keyboard, doorknob or spoon --- and then touching your nose or mouth. You can also catch it from infected droplets in the air released by a sneeze or a cough. A cold begins when a virus attaches to the lining of your nose or throat. Your immune system -- the body's defense against germs -- sends out white blood cells to attack this invader. Unless you've had a run-in with that exact strain of the virus before, the initial attack can fail and your body sends in reinforcements. Your nose and throat get inflamed and make a lot of mucus. With so much of your energy directed at fighting the cold virus, you're left feeling tired and miserable. One myth that needs to get busted: Getting chilly or wet doesn't cause you to get sick. But there are things that make you prone to come down with a cold. For example, you're more likely to catch one if you're extremely tired, under emotional distress, or have allergies with nose and throat symptoms. Common Cold Symptoms When a cold strikes, you may have symptoms like: - Scratchy or sore throat - Stuffy nose - Watery eyes - Mucus draining from your nose into your throat For more detail, see Common Cold Symptoms: What You Might Feel. Kids and Colds Children have about 5-7 colds per year. A big part of the reason: They spend time at school or in day care centers where they're in close contact with other kids most of the day. Also, kids aren’t as conscientious about sneezing into the crook of their arm or frequent hand washing — not to mention keeping their hands to themselves.They may not have built up immunity to as many varieties (or strains) of colds as an adult. For in-depth information, see Children and Colds. Preparing for Cold Season In the U.S., most colds happen during the fall and winter. Beginning in late August or early September, the rate increases slowly for a few weeks and remains high until March or April, when it goes down. The reason may partly have to do with the opening of schools. Cold weather may also play a role because it leads you to spend more time indoors with less air circulation, where you're in closer contact with people who are contagious. Changes in humidity in different seasons may also affect how often people get sick. The most common cold viruses survive better outside the body. Also, cold weather may make the lining of your nose drier and more vulnerable to an infection by a virus. When to Call the Doctor About a Cold Most colds last about 7 to 10 days, but if your symptoms linger, you may need to call the doctor. Sometimes, colds lead to an infection by bacteria in in your lungs, sinuses, or ears. If that happens, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, which work against bacteria but not against viruses. For more detail, see Common Cold Complications. More Questions About Colds? Need more info about the common cold? See 10 Questions About Colds.

https://www.webmd.com/cold-and-flu/flu-guide/natural-flu-cure#1Its

Health

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The Bible’s answer The Bible does not give the date of Jesus’ birth, nor does it say that we should celebrate his birthday. As McClintock and Strong’s Cyclopedia states: “The observance of Christmas is not of divine appointment, nor is it of NT [New Testament] origin.” Instead, an examination of the history of Christmas exposes its roots in pagan religious rites. The Bible shows that we offend God if we try to worship him in a way that he does not approve of.—Exodus 32:5-7. History of Christmas customs Celebrating Jesus’ birthday: “The early Christians did not celebrate [Jesus’] birth because they considered the celebration of anyone’s birth to be a pagan custom.”—The World Book Encyclopedia. December 25: There is no proof that Jesus was born on that date. Church leaders likely chose this date to coincide with pagan festivals held on or around the winter solstice. Gift-giving, feasting, partying: The Encyclopedia Americana says: “Saturnalia, a Roman feast celebrated in mid-December, provided the model for many of the merry-making customs of Christmas. From this celebration, for example, were derived the elaborate feasting, the giving of gifts, and the burning of candles.” The Encyclopædia Britannica notes that “all work and business were suspended” during Saturnalia. Christmas lights: According to The Encyclopedia of Religion, Europeans decorated their homes “with lights and evergreens of all kinds” to celebrate the winter solstice and to combat evil spirits. Mistletoe, holly: “The Druids ascribed magical properties to the mistletoe in particular. The evergreen holly was worshiped as a promise of the sun’s return.”—The Encyclopedia Americana. Christmas tree: “Tree worship, common among the pagan Europeans, survived after their conversion to Christianity.” One of the ways in which tree worship survived is in the custom of “placing a Yule tree at an entrance or inside the house in the midwinter holidays.”—Encyclopædia Britannica.

http://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/bible-about-christmas/

Religion

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DARPA is funding a new project by Rice University called PLINY, and it's neither a killer robot nor a high-tech weapon. PLINY, named after Pliny the Elder who wrote one of the earliest encyclopedias ever, will actually be a tool that can automatically complete a programmer's draft -- and yes, it will work somewhat like the autocomplete on your smartphones. Its developers describe it as a repository of terabytes upon terabytes of all the open-source code they'll find, which people will be able to query in order to easily create complex software or quickly finish a simple one. Rice University assistant professor Swarat Chaudhuri says he and his co-developers "envision a system where the programmer writes a few of lines of code, hits a button and the rest of the code appears." Also, the parts PLINY conjures up "should work seamlessly with the code that's already been written." In the video below, Chaudhuri used a sheet of paper with a hole in the middle to represent a programmer's incomplete work. If he uses PLINY to fill that hole, the tool will look through the billions of lines of code in its collection to find possible solutions (represented by different shapes in the video). Once it finds the nearest fit, the tool will clip any unnecessary parts, polish the code further to come up with the best solution it can, and make sure the final product has no security flaws. More than a dozen Rice University researchers will be working on PLINY for the next four years, fueled by the $11 million funding from the Pentagon's mad science division. [Image credit: Shutterstock / Yellowj]

http://www.engadget.com/2014/11/09/darpa-pliny-coding/

Programming

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When the Bible first mentioned a round Earth, it was right and the secular experts of the day were wrong. When the Bible first mentioned the fact that Earth hangs in space, it was right and the secular experts of the day were wrong. The Bible teaches that the number of stars is a humanly uncountable number. Yet, most secular astronomers up until the 1600s believed that there were just over 1000 stars. The Bible was right and they were wrong. When the Bible first mentioned the stretching out of the heavens, it was right and the secularists of the day were wrong. Today, secular astronomers would have to admit that the Bible was right about all these astronomical facts. Have we learned the lesson of history? The Bible teaches that God created the entire universe in 6-days, a few thousand years ago. However, most secular scientists today believe that the universe popped into existence in a big bang, 13.8 billion years ago, and that it took billions of years for the cosmos to evolve to its current state. Have the secularists finally shown God’s Word to be wrong? Of course, a thousand years from now, the year 2018 will be ancient history. Our present understanding of science will seem as antiquated a thousand years from now as we feel about the science from a thousand years ago. But God’s Word will still be true. Even more indicting is the abundance of evidence from the field of astronomy available today that confirms the biblical timescale and which is inconsistent with the secular timescale. But how are we to evaluate scientific evidence with regard to age? Age indicates how far into the past something began. But science is predicated upon observation and experimentation in the present. We can neither observe the past nor experiment on the past because it is gone. About the best we can do scientifically, is make some assumptions about the initial state of the system whose age we want to know, and some assumptions about the rate of change of that system, and make an estimate based on our observations of the current state. Of course, creationists and secularists have the same evidence available to them in the present. But they make different assumptions about the initial state and rates of change. And this causes them to draw radically different conclusions about age. For example, the secularist typically embraces naturalism (the assumption that there is no supernatural action from God) and uniformitarianism (the assumption that present rates and conditions are indicative of past rates and conditions). Conversely, the creationist accepts that the origin of the universe was a supernatural event, and that there have been one or more catastrophes unlike anything happening today (e.g. the global flood) that have shaped Earth’s features. Since the different assumptions involve past events (supernatural creation vs natural origin, uniformitarianism vs. catastrophism) they cannot be directly tested by scientific means since the past cannot be experimented upon or observed. Does that mean that the creationist interpretation of the evidence and the secular interpretation are equally rational? No. We can see that the secular interpretation is irrational by performing an internal critique. This is where we assume for the sake of hypothesis the secular assumptions (naturalism and uniformitarianism) and show that they lead to a conclusion that is inconsistent with the secular timescale. In most cases, the estimates are an upper limit on the age of a system that is far less than the age required in the secular model. The only rational conclusion we can draw is that either the secular timescale is wrong, the secular assumptions it is based on are wrong, or both. Let’s look at some specific lines of evidence from the field of astronomy. Recession of the Moon The moon is receding from the Earth due to tidal forces. The gravity of the moon pulls on Earth’s oceans, inducing two tidal bulges on Earth – one on the moon-facing side, and one on the opposite side (as the Earth is pulled away from that ocean). The Earth rotates faster than the moon revolves around it. So, the tidal bulges are always a bit ahead of the moon and therefore pull forward on it. A forward force applied on an orbiting object increases the object’s energy, causing it to move outward in its orbit. So, the moon’s orbit gradually enlarges. We can measure the distance to the moon very precisely by bouncing laser beams off reflectors left on its surface during the Apollo missions. Science confirms that the moon moves about an inch and a half farther away from the Earth every year. In the past, the moon would have been closer to the Earth, which means the tidal bulges would have been much larger, producing a much greater forward thrust on the moon, and the rate of recession would be faster. From first principles of physics, the rate of recession is inversely proportional to the sixth power of distance. The uniformitarian assumption here is that this would always have been the case. Using calculus, we can compute the maximum possible age of the Earth-moon system, by integrating lunar recession back to a time when the Earth and moon would have been in the same place at the same time. Obviously, this is an upper limit because they cannot be closer than that, but they could have started farther away. We find the answer is 1.45 billion years. That may sound like a long time. But, remember that (1) it is based on the secular assumptions, and (2) the 1.45 billion years is an upper limit. It represents a maximum possible age because the Earth and moon cannot be closer than a distance of zero! But the secular age is supposedly 4.5 billion years, which is much greater than the maximum possible age. The secularists can avoid this devastating conclusion only by relinquishing their assumptions of uniformitarianism or naturalism. But apart from those assumptions, there would be no reason to believe in billions of years in the first place! Earth’s Magnetic Field For nearly two centuries, scientists have been able to measure the strength of Earth’s magnetic field and have kept records of their measurements. These records show that the Earth’s magnetic field has been gradually dropping over time. Actually, this isn’t surprising. We would expect it on the basis of physics principles. Magnetic fields are caused by electrical current in the Earth’s interior. But electrical current encounters resistance and decays over time, just as a battery gradually runs down. We would expect from first principles that this would be an exponential decay – the decrease was faster in the past and slows at a rate proportional to the current strength. Records of the magnetic field strength are consistent with this. The half-life appears to be approximately 1400 years, though some estimates are even less. This means that every 1400 years into the past, the Earth’s magnetic field strength doubles. It would have been twenty times greater at creation (~6000 years ago) assuming the half-life has always been 1400 years (the uniformitarian assumption). But when we run the exponential decay back in time to a hypothetical 60,000 years ago, Earth’s magnetic field would have been greater than that of a neutron star, and life would be impossible. Again, this is not an indicator that the true age of the Earth is 60,000 years. Rather, it is an estimate of the maximum possible age – one that is wildly inconsistent with the standard secular beliefs. Secular scientists have attempted to alleviate this problem by claiming that the Earth somehow recharges its magnetic field over time. They have claimed that a dynamo exists in Earth’s interior which causes the magnetic field to regularly reverse and recharge before again decaying and flipping back. They suppose it is similar to the process on the sun which causes the sun’s dipole magnetic field to reverse polarity every eleven years. But there are two problems with this dynamo hypothesis. First, a dynamo requires differential rotation and a toroidal magnetic field (East-West) in addition to the dipole field (North-South). The sun has both. It is a ball of plasma and rotates differentially; the equator rotates significantly faster than the poles. And the sun has a toroidal field – an East-West oriented field that wraps around the sun like a belt; there is at least one toroidal field in each hemisphere of the sun. The Earth has neither of these. The Earth rotates as a solid body – meaning the angular velocity is the same everywhere. And there is no evidence that the Earth has a toroidal magnetic field, only a dipole (North-South) field. One exception might have occurred during the flood year; the continents were moving fast enough that they may indeed have caused something like a dynamo, and possibly rapid temporary reversals of the global magnetic field. But secularists reject the global flood because it is incompatible with their assumption of uniformitarianism. Second, no one has really demonstrated that a dynamo like the solar one can actually recharge a magnetic field or allow it to persist over time. In fact, a dynamo might actually drain the magnetic energy even faster than a free decay. So a dynamo is unlikely to rescue deep time from evidence to the contrary. Planetary Magnetic Fields The Earth’s magnetic field is not the only one that is a problem for deep time. Many of the planets have magnetic fields consistent with the biblical age of about 6000 years. Magnetic fields just don’t last very long. Therefore, the abundance of strong magnetic fields in the solar system is very strong support for recent creation. Basically, there are two factors that determine how long a planet can maintain a magnetic field: size and composition. Larger planets are like larger batteries – they take longer to run down. Unsurprisingly Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system, has the strongest magnetic field. Furthermore, conductive materials will maintain electrical current (and the resulting magnetic field) better than insulating materials. Hence, the tiny planet Mercury still has a weak magnetic field due to its iron core, but the slightly larger Mars does not. Mars does have remanent magnetism; the rocks have traces of magnetism although the dipole field of the planet is gone. Remanent magnetism indicates that the planet once had a global magnetic field, but in 6000 years it has decayed away. The moon also has remanent magnetism. The evidence is very consistent with the biblical timescale of about 6000 years. In fact, creationists successfully predicted the magnetic fields of the planets Uranus and Neptune before these fields were measured by the Voyager II spacecraft. Dr. Russ Humphreys predicted the amount of decay based on a biblical age of 6000 years. His predictions were consistent with the measurements. The secular predictions were wrong. Technology has now advanced to the point that we can detect some planets orbiting other stars. My prediction is that some of these planets will show evidence of strong magnetic field activity. This would be further confirmation of their biblical age of a few thousand years. Many planets also have internal heat. This means that the energy the planet radiates into space is greater than the energy it receives from the sun. So the planet was created with internal energy, which it is constantly dumping to space. Eventually, the planet would have to run out of such energy. And this is a problem for the secular view because given the rate at which the energy is lost, the planets should have lost all their internal energy long ago. Jupiter, for example, gives off twice as much energy as it receives from the sun. Every second, Jupiter receives one unit of energy from the sun, and gives away two units of energy to space. It is constantly losing energy. Jupiter is a big planet: over ten times the size of Earth. So, it can store a great amount of internal energy. In six thousand years, it has not yet depleted its supply. But if the planet were really 4.5 billion years old as secularists believe, it should have run out of internal energy a very long time ago. The problem is even worse for Neptune which radiates over 2.6 times as much energy as it receives from the sun. And Neptune is less than half the diameter of Jupiter. Why do these planets still have such internal energy? Of the four giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune), only Uranus lacks internal heat. Yet Uranus and Neptune are virtual twins, with nearly identical mass, size, and composition. But God chose to make the one that is farther from the sun have more internal energy. I sometimes think God does these things simply to show the absurdity of naturalism. Even some of the moons of the outer planets show evidence of internal heat. Jupiter’s moon Io has so much internal heat that it is constantly erupting with sulfur volcanoes. But then again, tidal flexing between Jupiter and Europa might account for that. On the other hand, Saturn’s moon Enceladus also has such internal heat, so much so that occasionally water geysers erupt on its surface. There is no significant tidal flexing for Enceladus; its internal energy seems to be simply what is left from its creation about 6000 years ago. Enceladus is a small moon, only 300 miles across. So it simply cannot maintain internal energy for billions of years. The geology of Pluto came as quite a shock to those who were expecting this tiny world to have run out of internal heat billions of years ago. And yet, mountain chains, and lack of substantial cratering show that Pluto has experienced recent geological activity which is driven by internal heat. If this activity had happened billions of years ago, it would all be covered by craters today. But it isn’t. Even Pluto’s moon Charon has chasms and ridges, geology indicative of recent internal heat. The surfaces appear geologically “young.” By the way, the Earth also has internal heat, expelling more energy into space than it receives from the sun. But secular scientists believe that radioactive materials resupply such energy. Indeed, radioactive decay produces a small amount of heat. Whether there are sufficient radioactive sources to account for Earth’s internal heat is another question. But the point is that the outer planets and moons lack these radioactive elements. Our measurements show that the outer worlds of the solar system have low density, meaning they cannot possess significant radioactive elements which are very dense. Their internal energy suggests that they were created thousands, not billions of years ago. A galaxy is a collection of millions, or billions, or in some cases trillions of stars. Most galaxies are either ellipsoidal or spiral in shape. The spiral galaxies have a central ellipsoidal bulge of stars, surrounded by a flattened disk. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way, is a spiral with over 100 billion stars, and our solar system is located in the disk. The disk of a spiral galaxy is not uniform, but has more stars concentrated into spiral arms, and fewer stars between these arms. Spiral galaxies rotate differentially, meaning the inner parts rotate at a different angular velocity than the outer parts. So, stars closer to the core would take less time to complete a revolution than stars farther from the core. This means that any spiral structure will necessarily become tighter over time and will eventually become so twisted that any spiral structure would be lost. We know the rate at which the spiral structure is lost because we can measure their doppler shifts of the stars as they revolve. The result is that spiral structure would become unrecognizable after 100 million years or so. According to the standard secular model of cosmology, most galaxies are around 10 billion years old, and some are even older. Yet, these galaxies still show a spiral structure. They have not become twisted beyond recognition, suggesting that they are not nearly as old as secularists presume. Even if these galaxies had started out with no spiral structure at all, after a hundred million years or so, they would be twisted so tightly that no spiral structure would remain. Secular astronomers refer to this as the spiral wrapping/winding problem. Most secular astronomers posit that new spiral structure must somehow form as the original spiral would have been destroyed by wrapping long ago. Perhaps “density waves” propagate around the disk, triggering new star formation. What would cause those density waves? Who knows? Furthermore, spiral galaxies have a magnetic field that is aligned with the spiral arms. This is significant, because magnetic fields move with material, not density waves. So, if spiral arms had been recreated multiple times from density waves, we would not expect them to line up neatly with the magnetic field. On the other hand, if spiral galaxies were created as spiral galaxies, and have experienced only a few thousand years of rotation, then the observations match up perfectly. The color of a star is related to its surface temperature. Red stars are the coolest, with a meager surface temperature of 4000 Kelvins, yellow/white stars like the sun are around 6000 Kelvins. Blue stars can exceed 20,000 Kelvins. Blue stars also tend to be the brightest stars, mainly because of their higher temperature. They tend to be the most massive stars, which creates high pressure in the core, resulting in higher levels of energy production in the core. Some blue stars are thousands of times more luminous than the sun, meaning they expend their energy much more quickly than other types of stars. As the saying goes, “the candle that shines twice as bright lasts half as long.” Blue stars have the shortest possible lifespan of any star. Stars are apparently powered by nuclear fusion: the conversion of hydrogen into helium in their core. Hydrogen is therefore the fuel that is spent as the star shines, radiating its energy into space. There are various methods by which we can measure the size and mass of stars, so we know how much fuel is available. And we know the rate at which the fuel is expended by measuring the amount of energy released by the star; that is simply related to its luminosity. Therefore, we can compute the maximum time that a star can shine before running out of fuel. The small red stars use up their fuel very slowly, and can therefore potentially last many billions of years, exceeding the secular estimated age of the universe. Stars like the sun use up their fuel more quickly and can last perhaps 10 billion years. But the hottest blue stars have a maximum lifespan in the millions of years range. And yet blue stars are abundant, particularly in the arms of spiral galaxies. The stars of Orion’s belt, for example, are blue stars and cannot be billions of years old. Blue stars seem to indicate that the universe was created recently and is not millions and certainly not billions of years old. To my knowledge, no secular astronomer denies that blue stars are “young.” But they insist that the universe is old and therefore these blue stars have somehow formed from a collapsing cloud of gas and very recently. But this rescuing device has a number of problems. Gas resists compression. Everyday experience informs us that gas tends to expand and fill its container. In space, there is no container, and therefore the gas tends to expand indefinitely. Indeed, astronomers have never detected gas that is in the process of contracting. Once a star is made, its own gravity will hold the gas together, preventing expansion. But for a giant cloud of gas in space, the inward force of gravity is very meager and is generally dwarfed by the outward force of gas pressure. Furthermore, if the gas cloud has even the slightest rotation, its own angular momentum will tend to prevent collapse. And magnetic pressure also resists collapse. So, the idea of stars forming spontaneously from collapsing clouds seems unlikely from a scientific perspective. I will not say it is impossible, but the conditions under which it could occur are very constrained. To make matters worse, these problems scale with mass. This means that the least likely star to result from a collapsing cloud would be a blue star – the very type that secularists require to form in abundance. Secularists must accept that it happens or else they would have to relinquish their belief in billions of years since blue stars simply cannot last that long. But for the moment, the formation of blue stars is not science, but merely wishful thinking. The universe is precisely the age that the Bible indicates. It is not billions of years old. This fact goes against what the majority of scholars today believe. But that isn’t new. The Bible has long been contrary to the majority opinion of the day, only to be vindicated by later research. But we don’t have to wait a thousand years to see if the Bible is right about the age of the universe. Already there is abundant evidence from astronomy that makes no sense within the secular timescale. I recognize that secular astronomers have their rescuing devices for the above lines of evidence; but in most cases the escape entails relinquishing the assumption of uniformitarianism, the very assumption upon which deep-time is entirely based. The secularist is left either with a baseless belief, or a self-refuting belief. Conversely, the consistent Christian enjoys the support of Scripture and the confirmation of science.

https://biblicalscienceinstitute.com/astronomy/science-and-the-age-of-the-universe/

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When we think of countries gaining independence, the images that often come to mind are those of struggle, revolution, and war. However, Australia's journey to independence is a unique narrative of peaceful evolution. Unlike many nations that have had to fight for their sovereignty, Australia’s path was marked by a series of legal and political reforms, achieved through negotiation and legislation rather than conflict. Let's explore how Australia transitioned from a collection of British colonies to a fully independent nation. The Early Beginnings Australia’s colonial history began with the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788, establishing the penal colony of New South Wales. Over the next century, six separate British colonies were established across the continent: New South Wales, Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland, and Western Australia. These colonies were largely self-governing by the late 19th century, each with its own constitution and parliament, though still under the overarching authority of the British Crown. The Federation of Australia The first significant step towards Australian independence was the federation of the colonies. In the 1890s, a series of conventions were held to draft a constitution for a unified nation. The draft was eventually put to referendums in each colony, and after securing popular approval, the Commonwealth of Australia was established on January 1, 1901. This federation marked the birth of Australia as a nation, though it remained part of the British Empire, with the British monarch as its head of state. Gradual Legal Autonomy Following federation, Australia began to gradually gain more autonomy from Britain through several key legislative changes: 1. The Statute of Westminster 1931: This act of the British Parliament granted full legislative independence to the dominions of the British Empire, including Australia. However, Australia did not immediately adopt the statute. 2. Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942: Australia formally adopted the Statute of Westminster during World War II, backdating its effect to 1939 to validate wartime legislation. This move effectively gave Australia control over its own laws without needing British approval. 3. Australia Act 1986: The final legal ties between Australia and Britain were severed with the Australia Act, which ended the ability of the British Parliament to legislate for Australia and abolished the right of appeal from Australian courts to the British Privy Council. This act confirmed Australia's full legislative independence. A Peaceful Transition Australia's transition to independence was characterized by a cooperative and incremental approach. Unlike the violent revolutions and wars of independence seen in other parts of the world, Australia’s journey was a testament to the power of diplomacy and legislative process. The country's leaders worked within the framework of British law, negotiating and implementing changes that reflected the growing national identity and desire for self-governance. Today, Australia is a fully sovereign nation, with a robust democratic system and a stable political environment. The British monarch remains the ceremonial head of state, represented by the Governor-General in Australia, but this role is largely symbolic. The question of whether Australia should become a republic and fully sever its constitutional ties with the British monarchy is an ongoing debate, reflecting the evolving nature of its national identity. Australia’s path to independence is a remarkable example of how a nation can achieve sovereignty through peaceful means. The process was gradual and characterized by careful negotiation and legal reform, avoiding the bloodshed that has often accompanied the birth of new nations. This peaceful transition has contributed to the stable and prosperous nation that Australia is today, highlighting the potential for diplomacy and legislation to effect profound national change. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/06/the-peaceful-path-to-independence-how.html

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The Process of Science Biology is a science, but what exactly is science? What does the study of biology share with other scientific disciplines? We can define science (from the Latin scientia, meaning knowledge) as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method. It becomes clear from this definition that the application of the scientific method plays a major role in science. The scientific method is a method of research with steps that include experiments and careful observation. What is a hypothesis? We will examine the steps of the scientific method in detail in a later lesson, but one of the most important aspects of this method is the testing of hypotheses by means of repeatable experiments. A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an event, which we can test. For example, imagine that the number of birds in an area decreased after snakes came into the area. A scientist might make the hypothesis that the snakes were the reason for the decrease in the number of birds (see image below). Although using the scientific method is inherent to science, it is inadequate in determining what science is. This is because it is relatively easy to apply the scientific method to disciplines such as physics and chemistry, but when it comes to disciplines like archaeology, psychology, and geology, the scientific method becomes less applicable as it becomes more difficult to repeat experiments (see image below). These areas of study are still sciences, however. Consider archeology—even though one cannot perform repeatable experiments, hypotheses may still be supported. For instance, an archeologist can hypothesize that an ancient culture existed based on finding a piece of pottery. He or she could make further hypotheses about various characteristics of this culture, and we may find these hypotheses to be correct or false through continuous support or contradictions from other findings. A hypothesis may become a verified theory. A theory is a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena. Science may be better defined as fields of study that attempt to comprehend the nature of the universe. What would you expect to see in a museum of natural sciences? Frogs? Plants? Dinosaur skeletons? Exhibits about how the brain functions? A planetarium? Gems and minerals? Or, maybe all of the above? Science includes such diverse fields as astronomy, biology, computer sciences, geology, logic, physics, chemistry, and mathematics (see image below). However, those fields of science related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes are considered natural sciences. Thus, a museum of natural sciences might contain any of the items listed above. There is no complete agreement when it comes to defining what the natural sciences include, however. For some experts, the natural sciences are astronomy, biology, chemistry, earth science, and physics. Other scholars choose to divide natural sciences into life sciences, which study living things and include biology, and physical sciences, which study nonliving matter and include astronomy, geology, physics, and chemistry. Some disciplines such as biophysics and biochemistry build on both life and physical sciences and are interdisciplinary. Natural sciences are sometimes referred to as “hard science” because they rely on the use of quantitative data; social sciences that study society and human behavior are more likely to use qualitative assessments to drive investigations and findings. Not surprisingly, the natural science of biology has many branches or sub-disciplines. Cell biologists study cell structure and function, while biologists who study anatomy investigate the structure of an entire organism. Those biologists studying physiology, however, focus on the internal functioning of an organism. Some areas of biology focus on only particular types of living things. For example, botanists explore plants, while zoologists specialize in animals. Thanks to God you mean!? Live is indeed what money cannot buy... Thank's to technology who brought everything into existence...

https://nigerianscholars.com/tutorial/biology-201/Biology

Education

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AARP Hearing Center As soon as Lois Whelan heard about a COVID-19 vaccine making the rounds for animals, she decided she would inoculate her dog and cat if given the opportunity. But the 71-year-old Fort Lauderdale, Florida, resident may have to wait awhile. Scientists are just starting to test an experimental COVID-19 vaccine on zoo animals, such as tigers, bears, gorillas and ferrets. Studies have shown that humans can pass the coronavirus to their cats and dogs, and zoo animals are also at risk of catching the virus. Epidemiologists and public health officials worry that some animal species could foster the disease and allow it to mutate. Whelan thinks that a pet vaccination could be important, despite the small likelihood that her dog and cat will get COVID-19. “But what if?” she asks. Lions and tigers and bears get shots This summer some zoos have begun vaccinating animals with an experimental dose created solely for critters. Veterinary pharmaceutical company Zoetis is donating more than 11,000 doses of an experimental COVID-19 vaccine for animals to nearly 70 zoos, as well as sanctuaries, universities and conservation programs throughout 27 states. The goal is to protect susceptible species from sickness and death, according to the company. At the Bronx Zoo, in New York, lions and tigers contracted COVID-19 in April 2020, followed by a troop of critically endangered western lowland gorillas, who received supportive care at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park in early 2021. In June two lions died at a zoo in India after testing positive for COVID-19. "Zoos, these days, harbor some animals that are highly endangered in their natural environment...,” says Dorothee Bienzle, veterinarian and immunologist at the Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph in Canada. “We really can't afford to lose any more of them." California's Oakland Zoo has vaccinated about 50 animals already, starting with bears, mountain lions, tigers and ferrets. The San Diego Zoo kicked off its vaccination campaign with nine great apes, and the Denver Zoo began with gorillas and big cats. Scientists have found that COVID-19 can be transmitted from humans to dogs and cats, but it's less likely for it to be transmitted from pets to humans. Bienzle recently completed a study of cats and dogs living in households with humans who contracted COVID-19. More cats tested positive (67 percent) than dogs (43 percent). The cats spent more time with their owners, especially sleeping in bed with them, increasing the possibility of infection; this was not true of the dogs. “Dogs have a high risk but not as high as cats,” Bienzle adds. Felines have receptors similar to humans that allow the coronavirus to attach and infect, explains Will Sander, DVM, assistant professor of preventive medicine and public health at the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. While the majority of infected cats have shown mild symptoms, such as coughing, sneezing or stomach upset, some studies have found severe symptoms — including one feline in the United Kingdom that had to be euthanized.

https://www.aarp.org/home-family/friends-family/info-2021/pets-and-covid-19-vaccines.html

Health

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Nature Sorting Montessori Activity The educational Montessori activity «Colors of Nature» is meant for preschoolers to learn colors, develop associative thinking and attention. The game task is to sort cards by color. Print out the preschool Montessori activity sheets and cut out the cards with pictures of nature objects. Then shuffle the cards and invite your child to complete the chart with color samples, by placing the game cards of the same color below the color sample. Ask your child to name the colors, to better memorize them and to develop speaking skills.

https://wunderkiddy.com/activity/color-in-nature

Education

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Bleeding between menstrual periods (e.g., abnormal uterine bleeding, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, spotting) is a common type of menstrual disorder among women of reproductive age in the world today. Abnormal uterine bleeding can be a symptom of another medical condition, which can vary from minor medical issues to very serious issues. Abnormal uterine bleeding is irregular uterine bleeding that occurs in the absence of recognizable pelvic pathology, general medical disease or pregnancy. It reflects a disruption in the normal cyclic pattern of ovulatory hormonal stimulation to the endometrial lining. Abnormal uterine bleeding means that periods may be heavier or last longer than normal or not come at all. The underlying causes may include ovulation problems, fibroids, the lining of the uterus growing into the uterine wall, uterine polyps, underlying bleeding problems, side effects from birth control, or cancer. Also, more than one category of causes may apply in an individual case. Conditions that may cause abnormal uterine bleeding include: - Blood clotting disorders or use of certain anticoagulant medications. - Cancer of the cervix, vagina, or uterus. - Chronic medical conditions, such as thyroid problems or diabetes. - Complications caused by birth control pills, an IUD (intrauterine device), or pregnancy. - Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID; infection in the reproductive system). - Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS caused by a hormonal imbalance) - Uterine fibroids or uterine polyps (non-cancerous tumours of the uterus) 10% of abnormal uterine bleeding cases occur in women who are ovulating, but progesterone secretion in them is prolonged because oestrogen levels are low. This causes irregular shedding of the uterine lining and break-through bleeding. Some evidence has associated this kind of abnormal bleeding with more fragile blood vessels in the uterus. It may represent a possible endocrine dysfunction, resulting in menorrhagia or metrorrhagia. Mid-cycle bleeding may indicate transient oestrogen decline, while late-cycle bleeding may indicate progesterone deficiency. Also, about 90% of abnormal bleeding events occur when ovulation is not occurring (Anovulatory DUB). Anovulatory menstrual cycles are common at the extremes of reproductive age, such as early puberty and perimenopause (period around menopause). In such cases, women do not properly develop and release a mature egg. When this happens, the corpus luteum, which is a mound of tissue that produces progesterone, does not form. As a result, oestrogen is produced continuously, causing an overgrowth of the uterus lining. The period is delayed in such cases, and when it occurs, menstruation can be very heavy and prolonged. Sometimes anovulatory DUB is due to a delay in the full maturation of the reproductive system in teenagers. Usually, however, the mechanisms are unknown. The cause of this can be psychological stress, weight (obesity, anorexia, or a rapid change), exercise, endocrinopathy, neoplasm, drugs, or it may be otherwise unknown. Diagnosis and Treatment of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding starts with a medical history and physical examination. Testing the hemoglobin level and doing a pelvic ultrasound is often done. Ultrasound is specifically recommended in those over the age of 35 or in who bleeding continues despite initial treatment. Laboratory assessment of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, T4, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), pregnancy (by βhCG), and androgen profile should also happen. More extensive testing might include an MRI and an endometrial sampling. Endometrial sampling is recommended in those over the age of 45 who do not improve with treatment and in those with inter-menstrual bleeding that persists. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. However, a remedy we have recommended for a lot of women facing this kind of challenge can found by clicking here. If you found this article helpful, do not hesitate to share it with other women to also benefit from it. What has been your greatest challenge concerning your monthly period and fertility? Tell us in the comment box below, let’s have a conversation and see how you can be assisted. Stay Healthy And Never Give Up! Plan B Wellness I’m having abnormal flows I can menstruate even for two weeks.. I once got pregnant and miscarried when I was four months now I’m trying for a baby but no luck please help Sorry about your experience. Kindly contact us by either sending an email to firstname.lastname@example.org or via whatsapp on +2348099666650 for a proper discussion on the case and how we can be of help to improve your fertility and get pregnant. Plan B Wellness […] levels of oestrogen may put you at higher risk of blood clots and […] […] condition causes symptoms that can negatively impact women’s quality of life, such as pain, abnormal bleeding, and fertility […] […] irregular bleeding […]

https://www.planbwellness.com/what-is-abnormal-uterine-bleeding/

Health

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DeFi (Decentralised Finance) is a new financial system built on secure distributed ledgers. The system removes the control that banks and institutions have over money, financial products, and financial services. With DeFi, people can do many things that banks do, such as borrow and lend money or assets, earn interest, buy insurance, and trade assets. But, these happen in a way that is faster and does not involve paperwork or a third party. DeFi, like crypto in general, is global, peer-to-peer, and pseudonymous. It is not routed through a centralized system like banks are. Instead, it allows several entities to keep a copy of the transaction history that happened on it. Unlike DeFi, centralized systems (banks) and gatekeepers (bankers) can restrict transaction speed and sophistication. They also limit the control that users have over their money. DeFi is unique because it extends the use of the blockchain beyond the simple transfer of value to more complex financial use cases. It allows developers to build more open, free, and fair financial markets available to anybody with an internet connection. Table of Contents How DeFi differs from traditional financial systems It is vital to understand how DeFi differs from centralized finance to comprehend how it works. Banks and corporations whose goal is to make money hold your money in centralized finance systems. Many third parties in this system enable money flow, and each one charges a fee. For example, you pay for a good with your credit card. The payment passes from the seller to the bank and then to the debit card network. The network clears the transaction and asks your bank for payment. Your bank accepts the transaction charge and sends it to the seller via the acquiring bank. Each organization in this chain gets paid for its services. Other financial transactions also cost money in a similar way to this. Loan applications might take days before it is permitted. You may sometimes not be able to use a bank’s services when travelling, etc. How it works DeFi removes the need for third parties by allowing individuals, entrepreneurs, and businesses to conduct financial transactions on the blockchain network. This happens on peer-to-peer networks that use advanced security protocols, software, and hardware. Read Also: Is This The End Of Passwords? DeFi uses the same blockchain technology as cryptocurrencies. A blockchain is a distributed and secure database, also known as a ledger. Decentralised applications (dAPPs) run the blockchain and process transactions. Transactions are recorded on blocks and then verified by other users. When they agree on a transaction, the block is closed and encrypted. Thereafter, they create a new block with information about the previous block. This links the blocks in a chain (hence, the name blockchain). There is no way to change a blockchain because a change in a block affects the others. This approach, along with other security procedures, makes the blockchain reliable and safe. You can lend, borrow and trade from anywhere in the world using DeFi software that records and certifies your transactions in distributed financial databases. These collect data from all the users and verify it through a consensus process. DeFi applications give people greater control over their money through personal wallets and trade services. Although it takes away control from third parties, DeFi does not hide the identity of users completely. Organizations that have access to the DeFi system can trace users. These organizations may be governments, law enforcement agencies, or organizations with authority. However, their only purpose is to defend the financial interests of users. Advantages of DeFi - Open: anyone with an internet connection can use it without needing approval from any company or authority. - More private: users do not need to open an account or provide personal information like names or email addresses. - Flexible: users can move their assets anywhere anytime without asking for permission, waiting for long transfers to complete or paying high charges. - Transparent: everyone on the system can see records of all the transactions. Read More Previous Articles Disadvantages of DeFi - Transaction rates on the Ethereum blockchain often fluctuate. This means that active trading can become very expensive. - Some dAPPs make may your investment value less stable than usual. This is because DeFi technology is still growing. - Tax regulations may differ from region to region, so users may need to keep their records for tax purposes. DeFi aims to remove third parties in financial transactions. But, the technology is still in its early stages of development, meaning that the ecosystem is still unstable. Present challenges include infrastructural errors, hacks, and frauds. Others are energy requirements, carbon footprint, and system maintenance. Therefore, DeFi developers must solve many problems and make better advances before mass adoption can happen. Pingback: WhatsApp Launches Code Verify Extension For The Security of Web Users - Tech, Coding & Digital Marketing Blog Pingback: What are Meme Coins? - Tech, Coding & Digital Marketing Blog Pingback: Will AI Replace Human Intelligence? - Tech, Coding & Digital Marketing Blog Pingback: Big Tech Companies Want Employees Back In The Office - Tech, Coding & Digital Marketing Blog Pingback: Today, Ethereum's Massive Software Upgrade Went Live, and Here's What it Does.

https://alabiansolutions.com/blog/a-simple-guide-to-understanding-defi/

Fashion

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The bacteria selectively kills male blue moons before they can hatch Scientists say they have seen one of the fastest evolutionary changes ever observed in a species of butterfly. The tropical blue moon butterfly has developed a way of fighting back against parasitic bacteria. Six years ago, males accounted for just 1% of the blue moon population on two islands in the South Pacific. But by last year, the butterflies had evolved a gene to keep the bacteria in check and male numbers were up to about 40% of the population. Scientists believe the comeback is due to "suppressor" genes that control the Wolbachia bacteria that is passed down from the mother and kills the male embryos before they hatch. "To my knowledge, this is the fastest evolutionary change that has ever been observed," said Sylvain Charlat, of University College London, UK, whose study appears in the journal Science. Rapid natural selection Gregory Hurst, a University College researcher who worked with Mr Charlat, added: "We usually think of natural selection as acting slowly, over hundreds of thousands of years. "But the example in this study happened in the blink of the eye, in terms of evolutionary time, and is a remarkable thing to get to observe." The team first documented the massive imbalance in the sex ratio of the blue moon butterfly (Hypolimnas bolina) on the Samoan islands of Savaii and Upolu in 2001. In 2006, they started a new survey after an increase in reports of male sightings at Upolo. They found that the numbers of male butterflies had either reached or were approaching those of females. The researchers are not sure whether the gene that suppressed the parasite emerged from a mutation in the local population or whether it was introduced by migratory Southeast Asian butterflies in which the mutation already existed. But they said that the repopulation of male butterflies illustrates rapid natural selection, a process in which traits that help a species survive become more prominent in a population. "We're witnessing an evolutionary arms race between the parasite and the host. This strengthens the view that parasites can be major drivers in evolution," Mr Charlat said.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6896753.stm

Religion

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You can see the alphabet by clicking here. Unlike phonetic alphabet systems such as the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) the NATO system designates every letter in the English alphabet a code word. They are chosen by using a word whose opening sound represents the particular letter. It is derived from the International Code of Signals (INTERCO) an older system that used audio signals such as bells, whistles and horns as well as visual like lights or flags. The system is used for a variety of purposes world wide including amateur radio, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), International Maritime Organization (IMO), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Identical words are used by all, the one exception being numbers. Two sets of numeric codes exist. The first is the usual English numeric words i.e. One, Two, Three etc. The second set uses compound numeric terms Unaone, Bissotwo, Errathree etc. If you are looking for the International Phonetic Alphabet, please the Internation Phonetic Alphabet site for IPA charts, keyboards and lots of other information.

http://www.alphabravocharlie.info/alphabet.phpcc:

Travel

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Scientists repurposed an accessible bioinformatics tool to find DNA mutations, some of which occur at high levels in people with major depressive disorder. The World Health Organization (WHO) describe depression as “the leading cause of disability worldwide.” It affects more than 300 million people around the world. Experts believe that many factors contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD). These include genetics, environmental factors including abuse, brain physiology, and the immune system. One theory is that disturbances in energy metabolism in the brain may contribute to a person developing MDD.Mitochondria, the so-called powerhouses of the cell, are specialized compartments that convert the food we eat into the chemical energy that our cells require to function. Each cell has many mitochondria to ensure a smooth supply of energy. If we reduce their number or disrupt the intricate metabolic pathways, cells may die due to energy starvation. In a paper published recently in the journal Nucleic Acid Research, scientists used bioinformatic tools to identify large mutations in the mitochondria’s genetic code. They found a significant molecular signature of these in a subset of brain samples with MDD. Genes within the mitochondria and some within the cell’s nucleus are responsible for keeping the powerhouses going. Mutations in these genetic locations can cause mitochondrial diseases. A person can inherit these mutations, but they may also accumulate during their lifetime. Scientists know that deletions, a type of DNA mutation wherein a large stretch of genetic code is missing, cause a number of mitochondrial diseases. Lead study author Brooke E. Hjelm — an assistant professor of clinical translational genomics at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles — explained to MNT that researchers had already identified around 800 such deletions in the mitochondrial genome. “So,” she said, “what I did was I exploited a tool that is already available to the research community called MapSplice and developed a process so that it could be used to detect and quantify mitochondrial deletions.” While Hjelm was confident that her analysis tool would allow her to identify many deletions in her samples, she was surprised to find quite so many. In the 93 human samples — which came from 41 deceased individuals — included in the study, she discovered nearly 4,500 deletions. However, not all of these mutations necessarily cause disease. If a mutation only occurs in a few of the mitochondria in a person’s cell, the rest of the powerhouses can take up the slack. If it reaches a certain threshold, however, the cell may not be able to carry on functioning normally. “One thing that I found particularly interesting was that many of the deletions I detected (especially those identified across many samples) had been previously identified in [those] with mitochondrial diseases,” Hjelm explained. “What this means,” she continued, “is that there are deletions that had previously only been seen in one or a few [people] with a diagnosed mitochondrial disease suggesting they are rare, when in fact these deletions likely occur in all of us, they just aren’t present at a high enough rate to cause disease.” Having developed the new bioinformatics tool, Hjelm and her colleagues set out to answer the following question: Do people with diagnosed psychiatric conditions have evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in their brains? Of the 41 people included in the study, nine had a diagnosis for MDD. Hjelm found a large number of “high-impact” deletions, as she calls them in the study paper, in brain tissue from two of the individuals with MDD. “What we are seeing in our data is that a subset of [people] with MDD have a large mitochondrial deletion in their brain […].” How exactly might deletions cause depression? According to Hjelm, “The basic principle would be that your brain cells (neurons) require energy to function and communicate with one another properly, and because these cells aren’t getting energy from enough healthy mitochondria, they can’t relay messages from one region to another or respond to external stimuli the way they should.” She also shared some of the questions that remain, which includes gaining a better understanding of “which brain regions are susceptible to this and […] what proportion of [people] with depression have this particular mitochondrial issue.” Determining who carries deletions in their mitochondrial genome will be a significant hurdle that the team will need to overcome. As removing brain tissue for diagnosis is not practical, Hjelm indicated that new brain imaging techniques or biomarker tests would be required.

http://haleplushearty.org/2019/03/27/medical-news-today-can-changes-in-brain-energy-pathways-cause-depression/

Health

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Considering that we don't know how big space is (or even if there's just one universe), we can say with reasonable certainty that we probably know more about the ocean than we do about the cosmos. But don't click away yet, because that doesn't really get to the point at hand: Our knowledge of the ocean -- when compared to our knowledge of the space we know and can explore -- is shockingly thin. Consider that we've sent 12 people to the moon since 1969 over a handful of missions; only three people have descended to the deepest part of the ocean in the Marianas Trench [source: Thar]. (And note that one of them was filmmaker James Cameron, who reportedly spent $10 million of his own money to finance the undersea craft [source: Broad].) Even more shocking? The ocean takes up about 71 percent of Earth's space, yet a whopping 95 percent of that ocean is completely unexplored [source: NOAA]. However that number is a bit misleading. The entire ocean floor has been mapped, but only to a resolution of 5 kilometers (3 miles). (That means that we can see any features larger than 5 kilometers.) That doesn't mean we've explored or even seen the entire floor, even with instruments; the job is done by using radar to measure the sea's surface, giving us an idea of where bumps and dips in the ocean floor lie. It's a pretty cool feat, but the maps of the ocean floor still aren't as detailed as maps of the planets around us. If you consider how much of the ocean floor we've really seen and can report on, we're talking 0.05 percent of the ocean, mapped with the highest resolution of sonar [source: Copley]. It begs the question: Why does space seem to be a bigger target for exploration than the ocean? Part of the answer comes down to ease of exploration. Sure, it's hard to get a spaceship, or even a probe, into space. But it's also not an afternoon lap swim to get a person to the bottom of the ocean, where the pressure of 50 jumbo jets rests on you [source: Stillman]. And remember that in space, you've got the benefit of actually seeing stuff: The ocean is dark and hopelessly murky. Getting a light down there that can shine far enough to see anything is no easy task. So perhaps we do understand more about the space we know than the ocean we live with, but that doesn't mean we've got either area tied up and figured out.

https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/earth/oceanography/deep-ocean-exploration.htm

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In 1839, the captives who carried out the Amistad mutiny had no idea it would become the most famous slave ship rebellion in American history. Taken from Western Africa and shipped across the Atlantic to be sold to the highest bidder, they wanted only to regain their freedom and return to their homes. But their efforts to commandeer the Amistad were only the beginning of their extraordinary story. Facing unfathomable odds, the rebels gained freedom after a court case that marshaled the full energy of the American abolitionist movement, pit a former U.S. president against a sitting one—and called on the U.S. Supreme Court to make a final determination. Theirs was an unlikely escape from bondage. From the 16th to the 19th centuries, an estimated 12 million Africans were forcibly shipped across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Of those, at least 1.5 million are believed to have perished before even reaching shore, done in by the horrid conditions onboard ships. By the time of the Amistad rebellion, the United States and all other major destinations in North and South America had abolished the importation of enslaved people. Yet since slavery itself remained legal in most of those places, unlawful activities abounded. Along the coast of present-day Sierra Leone, for example, Spanish slave trader Pedro Blanco—said to live partly like a European aristocrat and partly like an African king—continued doing brisk business with the help of a powerful local leader who rounded up his human cargo. READ MORE: 7 Famous Slave Revolts Conditions Aboard the Amistad Were Grim In February and March of 1839, the 53 Africans who would later find themselves on the Amistad arrived at Blanco’s slave depot, known as Lomboko, after being arduously marched there from Sierra Leone’s interior. Most of them had essentially been kidnapped, whereas others had been captured in warfare, taken as debt repayment or punished for such crimes as adultery. Kept in barracks, they were stripped naked and thoroughly inspected from head to toe. Disease, famine and beatings were purportedly commonplace. Then, after several weeks, they and 500 or so other captives were loaded onto the Tecora, a Brazilian or Portuguese slave ship. According to testimony that the Amistad captives gave later, they were shackled around the ankles, wrists and neck and forced to sleep tightly together in contorted positions, with not enough headroom to even stand up straight. Whippings were handed out for even minor offenses, like not finishing breakfast, and each morning dead bodies were brought up from the lower deck and tossed into the ocean. Following two months at sea, the Tecora landed in Havana, Cuba, then a Spanish colony, where potential buyers once again poked and prodded the surviving captives like livestock. Undeterred by the illegality of the transactions, José Ruiz purchased 49 adults and Pedro Montes purchased four children, with plans to bring them to sugar plantations a few hundred miles away in Puerto Príncipe (now Camagüey), Cuba. Ruiz and Montes, both Spaniards, then loaded the enslaved people onto the Amistad (which ironically means “Friendship” in Spanish). On June 28, the Amistad left Havana under the cover of nightfall so as to best avoid British antislavery patrols. Onboard, the captives continued suffering severe mistreatment, including the pouring of salt, rum and gunpowder into freshly inflicted wounds. They developed a particular dislike for the cook, who delighted in insinuating that they would all be killed, chopped up and eaten. READ MORE: 5 Daring Slave Escapes The Rebels, Led by Cinqué, First Targeted the Cook Despite being from at least nine different ethnic groups, the Africans agreed one night to band together in revolt. Before dawn on July 2, they either broke or picked the locks on their chains. Led by Cinqué, a rice farmer also known as Joseph Cinqué or Sengbe Pieh, they then climbed up to the main deck, headed straight for the cook and bludgeoned him to death in his sleep. Though awakened by the tumult, the other four crew members, plus Ruiz and Montes, didn’t have time to load their guns. Grabbing a dagger and a club, the captain managed to kill one African and mortally wound another. But he was eventually slashed to death with cane knives the Africans had found in the ship’s hold. Two other crew members threw a canoe overboard and jumped into the water after it, whereas the cabin boy stayed out of the fighting altogether. Ruiz and Montes, meanwhile, were relieved of their weapons, tied up and ordered to sail back to Sierra Leone. Having all grown up away from the ocean, the Africans depended on Ruiz and Montes for navigation. During the day, the two Spaniards set an eastward course, as they had been told to do. At night, however, they headed north and west in the hope of being rescued. After passing through the Bahamas, where the Amistad stopped on various small islands, it moved up the coast of the United States. News reports began to appear of a mysterious schooner, with an all-Black crew and tattered sails, steering erratically. With little to drink onboard, dehydration and dysentery took a toll, and several Africans died. Finally, on August 26, a U.S. Navy brig ran into the Amistad off the eastern end of Long Island. Ruiz and Montes were freed at once, while the Africans were imprisoned in Connecticut, which, unlike New York, was still a slave state at the time. John Quincy Adams Defended the Africans in Court As the Africans languished in poorly ventilated jail cells, thousands of curious visitors paid an admission fee to come look at them. Media coverage was extensive, and by early September a New York City theater was already putting on a play entitled “The Long, Low Black Schooner.” Influential abolitionists helped secure the Africans a trial in a Hartford, Connecticut, federal district court. Yet they faced a formidable suite of opponents. The naval officers who captured the Amistad claimed salvage rights to both the vessel and its human cargo, as did two hunters who had come across some of the Africans looking for water along the Long Island shoreline. Ruiz and Montes likewise wanted their so-called property back, whereas the Spanish and U.S. governments requested that the Africans be returned to Cuba, where near-certain death awaited them. Believing the court would take his side, President Martin Van Buren sent a Navy ship to pick up the Africans and transport them away before the abolitionists could file an appeal. Much to Van Buren’s chagrin, however, the Hartford court ruled in January 1840 that the Africans had been illegally brought to Cuba and that they therefore were not enslaved people. The Van Buren administration immediately appealed to a circuit court and then to the Supreme Court, basing its argument on a treaty between Spain and the United States that contained anti-piracy provisions. By then, the plight of the Africans had attracted former President John Quincy Adams, who offered his legal services and defended their right to pursue freedom. Nicknamed “Old Man Eloquent,” Adams accused Van Buren of abusing his executive power and dramatically gestured to a courtroom copy of the Declaration of Independence to get his point across. The Supreme Court Granted the Amistad Rebels Their Freedom In March 1841, the Supreme Court agreed with him, upholding the lower court in a 7-1 decision. After over 18 months of incarceration in the United States, not to mention the time spent enslaved, the Africans were finally free. To make matters even better, they learned that the British had destroyed Blanco’s Lomboko slave depot in a surprise raid. In its decision, the Supreme Court cleared the U.S. government of any repatriation duties, and new President John Tyler declined to provide funds of his own accord. Salvage rights went to the naval officers; not to the Africans. As a result, abolitionists were forced to raise money from scratch for the journey back to Sierra Leone. When an African subsequently drowned in a possible suicide, the number of survivors fell to 35. At last, on November 26, 1841, they and five Christian missionaries boarded a boat, arriving at their destination about seven weeks later. A few of the Amistad rebels stayed with the missionaries, including the four children, who all took English names. But most apparently made a beeline for their families and vanished from the historical record.

http://www.history.com/news/the-amistad-slave-rebellion-175-years-ago

Politics

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With their fuzzy noses and rounded ears, bats are often called “rats with wings” or “flying rodents” by people who misunderstand them. But are they really related to the rodent family? Flatly, no. Bats are not even remotely related to mice or rats. Bats belong to the order Chiroptera, which is second only to order Rodentia (the rodent order) in number of species. If bats and rodents were classified together, they would make up about half of all mammal species! Chiroptera alone includes some 1,200 different types of bats. It is further divided into the suborders Megachiroptera (the large Old World fruit bats) and Microchiroptera (small bats found worldwide). If bats aren’t related to rodents, what are they related to? Bat classification is complicated because bats’ tiny delicate bones make for poor fossils. It used to be thought that bats were actually closely related to primates—including humans—but recent genome analysis has classified them in a superorder that includes animals such as pangolins and whales.

https://www.britannica.com/story/are-bats-rodents

Religion

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Clay may have been birthplace of life on Earth, new study suggests - November 5, 2013 - Cornell University - Clay -- a seemingly infertile blend of minerals -- might have been the birthplace of life on Earth. Or at least of the complex biochemicals that make life possible, biological engineers report. Clay, a seemingly infertile blend of minerals, might have been the birthplace of life on Earth. Or at least of the complex biochemicals that make life possible, Cornell University biological engineers report in the Nov. 7 online issue of the journal Scientific Reports, published by Nature Publishing. "We propose that in early geological history clay hydrogel provided a confinement function for biomolecules and biochemical reactions," said Dan Luo, professor of biological and environmental engineering and a member of the Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science. In simulated ancient seawater, clay forms a hydrogel -- a mass of microscopic spaces capable of soaking up liquids like a sponge. Over billions of years, chemicals confined in those spaces could have carried out the complex reactions that formed proteins, DNA and eventually all the machinery that makes a living cell work. Clay hydrogels could have confined and protected those chemical processes until the membrane that surrounds living cells developed. To further test the idea, the Luo group has demonstrated protein synthesis in a clay hydrogel. The researchers previously used synthetic hydrogels as a "cell-free" medium for protein production. Fill the spongy material with DNA, amino acids, the right enzymes and a few bits of cellular machinery and you can make the proteins for which the DNA encodes, just as you might in a vat of cells. To make the process useful for producing large quantities of proteins, as in drug manufacturing, you need a lot of hydrogel, so the researchers set out to find a cheaper way to make it. Postdoctoral researcher Dayong Yang noticed that clay formed a hydrogel. Why consider clay? "It's dirt cheap," said Luo. Better yet, it turned out unexpectedly that using clay enhanced protein production. But then it occurred to the researchers that what they had discovered might answer a long-standing question about how biomolecules evolved. Experiments by the late Carl Sagan of Cornell and others have shown that amino acids and other biomolecules could have been formed in primordial oceans, drawing energy from lightning or volcanic vents. But in the vast ocean, how could these molecules come together often enough to assemble into more complex structures, and what protected them from the harsh environment? Scientists previously suggested that tiny balloons of fat or polymers might have served as precursors of cell membranes. Clay is a promising possibility because biomolecules tend to attach to its surface, and theorists have shown that cytoplasm -- the interior environment of a cell -- behaves much like a hydrogel. And, Luo said, a clay hydrogel better protects its contents from damaging enzymes (called "nucleases") that might dismantle DNA and other biomolecules. As further evidence, geological history shows that clay first appeared -- as silicates leached from rocks -- just at the time biomolecules began to form into protocells -- cell-like structures, but incomplete -- and eventually membrane-enclosed cells. The geological events matched nicely with biological events. How these biological machines evolved remains to be explained, Luo said. For now his research group is working to understand why a clay hydrogel works so well, with an eye to practical applications in cell-free protein production. Luo collaborated with professor Max Lu of the Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology at the University of Queensland in Australia. The work was performed at the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities, supported by the National Science Foundation. Cite This Page:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131105132027.htm

Religion

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Early inhabitants It is likely that settlement took place over thousands of years perhaps moving north from the Rift Valley of Eastern Africa, the so-called 'Cradle of Humankind', where it is widely believed that human life began. Climatic change But climate change meant that the Sahara became drier and many people moved themselves and their livestock eastwards to the Nile Valley, joining societies who were already exploiting the resources of the river. By about 3,000 years BC the fertile sediments left by the annual flooding of the Nile left a long strip of arable land supporting an estimated 1.8 million people. The key populations appear to have been around Aswan in southern Egypt, and the region just south of the Nile Delta, which is now the site of modern Cairo. Differing groups of people settled at various points along the valley and this pattern may have given rise to the territorial divisions or 'nomes' which formed the later political structure of Egypt. Although there may have been competition among the people of the Nile to secure land, it is believed that the early settlers would have lived a relatively prosperous life. The Peoples of the Nile Valley In 1930 for example, Charles Seligman (1873-1940), an English ethnologist who wrote a book titled 'The Races of Africa' said that the ancient civilisation of Egypt was created by a race he called 'Hamites', who he regarded as coming from Asia. Some African historians, including the Professor of Anthropology at the University of Nairobi, Simiyu Wandibba, believe that European writers developed such theories to discredit Africa and make it easier for the continent to be colonised. One of the main academic proponents of the view that the ancient Egyptian civilisation was founded by black Africans was the Senegalese historian Cheikh Anta Diop. In his two major works Nations Negres et Culture and Anteriorite des Civilizations Negres he profoundly influenced thinking about Africa around the world. Cheikh Anta Diop argues that: The Greek historian Herodotus, for example, described the Colchians of the Black Sea shores as "Egyptians by race" and pointed out they had "black skins and kinky hair." Apollodorus, the Greek philosopher, described Egypt as "the country of the black-footed ones" and the Latin historian Ammianus Marcellinus said "the men of Egypt are mostly brown or black with a skinny desiccated look." Diop also argued that the Egyptians themselves described their race as black and that there were close affinities between the ancient Egyptian tongue and the languages of Africa. The issue of the peopling of Egypt came to a head in 1974 when UNESCO hosted a conference in Cairo aimed at discussing the latest research. The symposium provoked ferocious debate and many of Diop's theories were strongly challenged. However, the meeting concluded with the following statement: "the overall results... will be very differently assessed by the various participants". The closing statement also pointed out that not all participants had prepared for the conference as painstakingly as Professor Diop or his academic ally Theophile Obenga of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The argument still remains largely unresolved to the extent that UNESCO's General History of Africa is somewhat cautious in its final analysis of the issue. "It is more than probable that the African strain, black or light, is preponderant in the Ancient Egyptian, but in the present state of our knowledge it is impossible to say more." The issue was given more impetus with the publication in 1987 of Martin Bernal's Black Athena in which he argued that Classical civilisation had its roots deep in Afroasiatic cultures which had been systematically suppressed for mainly racist reasons. Migration "I want to say that this is not true. But if you want to rule a people, you don't want to give them credit." - Professor Simiyu Wandibba, University of Nairobi ^^ Back to top |

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page88.shtml

Education

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There are several passages in the Old Testament that speak of the Rephaim (or Rephaites), and the context describes them as giants. The name of these people literally means “terrible ones.” The Hebrew word Rephaim has two distinct meanings: first, in poetic literature it refers to departed spirits whose dwelling place was Sheol. It is a figurative description of the dead, similar to our concept of a ghost. The second meaning of Rephaim is “a mighty people with tall stature who lived in Canaan.” The word doesn’t seem to be ethno-centric like “Jew” or “Egyptian” but is more of a descriptive term. This second meaning will be the focus of this article. The first reference to the Rephaim is Genesis 14:5, when the Rephaim, Zuzim and Emim people were defeated in a battle with Kedorlaomer and his allies. When the Israelites first approached the Promised Land after the Exodus from Egypt, they were afraid to enter the land because it was filled with “giants” (the word used in Numbers 13:33 is Nephilim), the sons of Anak. Giants were widely scattered through Canaan, but were known by different local names, including Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, and Anakim. Deuteronomy 2:20–21 says the Rephaim were strong and tall, like the Anakites. Og, king of Bashan, was described as the last of the Rephaim in his land (Deuteronomy 3:11), and his bed was thirteen feet long and six feet wide. Is it possible that the Rephaim were literal giants? The Septuagint uses the Greek words gigas and titanes (the source of the English titan) to translate these and other verses, so the ancient Jews certainly considered them to be giants. They are described generally as being between 7 and 10 feet tall and are called “mighty men.” The Egyptians wrote about giants who lived in the land of Canaan, and the folklore of other nations is full of such references. The people of the ancient world accepted the presence of giants as a fact of history, and the Bible presents them as enemies who were destroyed either by the judgment of God or in battle with men. So where did these giants come from? One theory, based on Genesis 6:1–4, is that fallen angels (the sons of God) had sexual relations with women, resulting in the birth of giants. This is remarkably similar to Greek and Roman myths about demi-gods, but the theory has some theological and biological obstacles. Another theory, also based on Genesis 6, is that the fallen angels, having knowledge of human genetics, indwelt certain men and women who would have the right traits to produce a race of giants and induced them to cohabit with each other. A third theory is that the giants were simply the result of normal genetic variability within a society. Whatever the origin of the Rephaim, it is certain that a race of “giants”—strong, tall people—did exist at one time, and many cultures had dealings with them. Even today, there are people who grow to extreme sizes, whether through genetic disorders like gigantism or through normal heredity.

http://www.gotquestions.org/Rephaim.html#ixzz3Ei8fBR2k

Religion

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A GIST is a rare type of sarcoma found in the wall of the digestive system. It is most often found in the stomach, but it can also grow in other parts. A soft tissue sarcoma is a type of cancer. What is a GIST? Gastrointestinal means the sarcoma starts in the Most GISTs develop in the digestive system. But some start outside the digestive system in nearby areas such as the: - large flat fatty tissue layer that covers the organs in the tummy ( abdomen) , also called the omentum - thin lining of tissue that covers the organs and lines the inside of the tummy, also called the Some GISTs behave in a non cancerous ( A tumour that behaves in a cancerous ( The larger the GIST, the more likely it is to behave like cancer. And if left untreated, a benign behaving tumour can start to act like a cancer. Who gets GIST? GISTs are most common in older people aged 60 to 65 and in males. GISTs are linked with conditions such as: - Type 1 neurofibromatosis - Carney triad syndrome - Carney-Stratakis syndrome - Familial GIST GISTs in children and adolescents are rare. People with an early stage GIST often do not have any pain or discomfort in the tummy a feeling of fullness blood in your stools or vomit feeling very tired a low red blood cell count (anaemia) a lump in the body you can feel Other medical conditions apart from cancer can cause these symptoms. If you have these symptoms you should see your doctor. A GIST is rare, so they are more likely to be caused by something less serious, but it is always best to check. Treatment for GIST Your treatment usually depends on the level of risk of your cancer, and your general health. Your doctor will look at several factors to decide whether your GIST is: - very low risk - low risk - intermediate risk - high risk If your GIST is smaller than 2 cm, you might have an For a GIST of more than 2 cm, surgery is usually the main treatment. Your surgeon aims to remove as much of the cancer as possible with a border of healthy tissue ( Surgery might cure a smaller GIST. But it might not be possible for a surgeon to remove a larger GIST completely. GIST can sometimes spread to other parts of the body. This spread is called a secondary or metastases. In some situations, it might be possible for a surgeon to remove these secondaries. GIST in the stomach means your surgeon might need to remove all or part of your stomach. They may also need to remove your Targeted cancer drugs Cancer cells have changes in their genes (DNA) that make them different from normal cells. These changes mean that they behave differently. Cancer cells can grow faster than normal cells and sometimes spread. Targeted cancer drugs work by ‘targeting’ those differences that a cancer cell has. A type of targeted cancer drug used for GIST is called a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) block chemical messengers (enzymes) called tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine kinases help to send growth signals in cells, so blocking them stops the cell from growing and dividing. Examples of TKIs used to treat GIST include: - imatinib (Glivec) - sunitinib (Sutent) - regorafenib (Stivarga) You might have imatinib to treat a GIST that can’t be completely removed with surgery, or which has spread before surgery. Some people with GIST have a higher risk of their cancer coming back after surgery. This is called a high risk GIST. Imatinib can help to reduce the chances of the GIST coming back. So in this situation, your doctor may recommend you take imatinib for up to 3 years after your operation. You may also have imatinib to shrink a GIST before surgery, so that your surgeon can remove it more easily. Sometimes a surgeon can completely remove a GIST after treatment with imatinib. Protein testing for imatinib Your doctor needs a sample of your GIST to carry our protein testing. This sample might be from when you had a biopsy to diagnose GIST, or an operation to remove the GIST. The cells are tested to see if they have a receptor on their surface called CD117. This CD117 protein is made by a If the GIST cells are CD117 positive, imatinib is likely to work very well. But it can work even for GISTs that are CD117 negative. Your doctor might recommend that you have sunitinib (Sutent) in one of the following situations: - imatinib has stopped working - you have had severe side effects with imatinib treatment You must have GIST that cannot be completely removed or has spread. Regorafenib (Stivarga) is used to treat advanced GIST. Your doctor might recommend regorafenib if you have had treatment with imatinib and sunitinib and these drugs: - have not worked - or caused bad side effects Advanced GIST means you cannot have surgery to remove the GIST, or it has spread. You must be fairly fit and well to have this drug. Coping with a diagnosis of a rare cancer can be especially difficult. Knowing more about your sarcoma and its treatment can make it easier. It can help you to make decisions and cope with what happens. Sarcoma UK has support and information for people affected by soft tissue and bone sarcoma. The Rare Cancer Alliance offer support and information to people with rare cancers. Talking to other people who have the same thing can also help. Our discussion forum Cancer Chat is a place for anyone affected by cancer. You can share experiences, stories and information with other people who know what you are going through. GIST Support UK is an organisation for people with GIST and their families. It offers support and information.

http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancers-in-general/cancer-questions/what-is-the-treatment-for-gist-gastrointestinal-stromal-tumour

Family

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In the crucible of ancient Italy, Rome emerged as a formidable force amidst a landscape dotted with rival city-states. Among its adversaries, the Etruscans loomed large, their powerful civilization posing a formidable challenge to Rome's aspirations for dominance. Join us as we delve into the dynamic conflicts between Rome and its neighboring city-states, with a particular focus on the enigmatic Etruscans. The Etruscans: A Civilization of Mystery: The Etruscans, renowned for their advanced culture, sophisticated art, and engineering prowess, dominated central Italy for centuries prior to the rise of Rome. Their cities, adorned with monumental architecture and vibrant murals, stood as testaments to their wealth and influence. Yet, despite their prominence, much about the Etruscans remains shrouded in mystery, adding to their allure and mystique. Rome's Quest for Hegemony: As Rome expanded its sphere of influence across the Italian peninsula, it inevitably clashed with neighboring city-states, including the Etruscans. The struggle for dominance played out on battlefields and diplomatic arenas, with Rome seeking to assert its authority and extend its territorial control at the expense of its rivals. The Battle of Veii: One of the defining moments in Rome's conflict with the Etruscans was the prolonged siege of Veii, a powerful Etruscan city located just north of Rome. Lasting for a decade, the siege tested Rome's military prowess and endurance, culminating in the eventual capture and annexation of Veii in 396 BCE. This victory marked a significant milestone in Rome's ascendancy and signaled its emergence as the dominant power in central Italy. Cultural Exchange and Influence: Despite their rivalry, Rome and the Etruscans engaged in extensive cultural exchange, with Rome adopting many elements of Etruscan art, architecture, and religious practices. The Etruscans, in turn, absorbed aspects of Roman culture and governance, contributing to the rich tapestry of Italy's cultural heritage. Legacy and Reflection: The conflict between Rome and its neighboring city-states, including the Etruscans, shaped the course of Italian history and laid the foundation for Rome's eventual rise to imperial glory. It underscores the complexities of ancient geopolitics and the interplay of power, ambition, and cultural exchange in shaping the destiny of nations. As we reflect on Rome's conflict with neighboring city-states, we are reminded of the dynamic forces that drove the rise and fall of civilizations in ancient Italy. The clash between Rome and the Etruscans, in particular, exemplifies the intricate dance of power and influence that defined the ancient world, leaving an indelible imprint on the pages of history. Join us as we unravel the mysteries of this bygone era and explore the enduring legacy of Rome's tumultuous past. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/04/clash-of-titans-romes-conflict-with.html

Culture

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Coconut (Cocos Nucifera) The Tree of Life The scientific name for coconut is Cocos nucifera. Early Spanish explorers called it coco, which means “monkey face” because the three indentations (eyes) on the hairy nut resembles the head and face of a monkey. Nucifera means “nut-bearing.” The coconut provides a nutritious source of meat, juice, milk, and oil that has fed and nourished populations around the world for generations. On many islands coconut is a staple in the diet and provides the majority of the food eaten. Nearly one third of the world’s population depends on coconut to some degree for their food and their economy. Among these cultures the coconut has a long and respected history. Coconut is highly nutritious and rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It is classified as a “functional food” because it provides many health benefits beyond its nutritional content. Coconut oil is of special interest because it possesses healing properties far beyond that of any other dietary oil and is extensively used in traditional medicine among Asian and Pacific populations. Pacific Islanders consider coconut oil to be the cure for all illness. The coconut palm is so highly valued by them as both a source of food and medicine that it is called “The Tree of Life.” Only recently has modern medical science unlocked the secrets to coconut’s amazing healing powers. Coconut In Traditional Medicine People from many diverse cultures, languages, religions, and races scattered around the globe have revered the coconut as a valuable source of both food and medicine. Wherever the coconut palm grows the people have learned of its importance as a effective medicine. For thousands of years coconut products have held a respected and valuable place in local folk medicine. In traditional medicine around the world coconut is used to treat a wide variety of health problems including the following: abscesses, asthma, baldness, bronchitis, bruises, burns, colds, constipation, cough, dropsy, dysentery, earache, fever, flu, gingivitis, gonorrhea, irregular or painful menstruation, jaundice, kidney stones, lice, malnutrition, nausea, rash, scabies, scurvy, skin infections, sore throat, swelling, syphilis, toothache, tuberculosis, tumors, typhoid, ulcers, upset stomach, weakness, and wounds. Coconut In Modern Medicine Modern medical science is now confirming the use of coconut in treating many of the above conditions. Published studies in medical journals show that coconut, in one form or another, may provide a wide range of health benefits. Some of these are summarized below: - Kills viruses that cause influenza, herpes, measles, hepatitis C, SARS, AIDS, and other illnesses. - Kills bacteria that cause ulcers, throat infections, urinary tract infections, gum disease and cavities, pneumonia, and gonorrhea, and other diseases. - Kills fungi and yeasts that cause candidiasis, ringworm, athlete’s foot, thrush, diaper rash, and other infections. - Expels or kills tapeworms, lice, giardia, and other parasites. - Provides a nutritional source of quick energy. - Boosts energy and endurance, enhancing physical and athletic performance. - Improves digestion and absorption of other nutrients including vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. - Improves insulin secretion and utilization of blood glucose. - Relieves stress on pancreas and enzyme systems of the body. - Reduces symptoms associated with pancreatitis. - Helps relieve symptoms and reduce health risks associated with diabetes. - Reduces problems associated with malabsorption syndrome and cystic fibrosis. - Improves calcium and magnesium absorption and supports the development of strong bones and teeth. - Helps protect against osteoporosis. - Helps relieve symptoms associated with gallbladder disease. - Relieves symptoms associated with Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and stomach ulcers. - Improves digestion and bowel function. - Relieves pain and irritation caused by hemorrhoids. - Reduces inflammation. - Supports tissue healing and repair. - Supports and aids immune system function. - Helps protect the body from breast, colon, and other cancers. - Is heart healthy; improves cholesterol ratio reducing risk of heart disease. - Protects arteries from injury that causes atherosclerosis and thus protects against heart disease. - Helps prevent periodontal disease and tooth decay. - Functions as a protective antioxidant. - Helps to protect the body from harmful free radicals that promote premature aging and degenerative disease. - Does not deplete the body’s antioxidant reserves like other oils do. - Improves utilization of essential fatty acids and protects them from oxidation. Helps relieve symptoms associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. - Relieves symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate enlargement). Reduces epileptic seizures. - Helps protect against kidney disease and bladder infections. - Dissolves kidney stones. - Helps prevent liver disease. - Is lower in calories than all other fats. - Supports thyroid function. - Promotes loss of excess weight by increasing metabolic rate. - Is utilized by the body to produce energy in preference to being stored as body fat like other dietary fats. - Helps prevent obesity and overweight problems. - Applied topically helps to form a chemical barrier on the skin to ward off infection. - Reduces symptoms associated the psoriasis, eczema, and dermatitis. - Supports the natural chemical balance of the skin. - Softens skin and helps relieve dryness and flaking. - Prevents wrinkles, sagging skin, and age spots. - Promotes healthy looking hair and complexion. Provides protection from damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. - Helps control dandruff. - Does not form harmful by-products when heated to normal cooking temperature like other vegetable oils do. - Has no harmful or discomforting side effects. - Is completely non-toxic to humans. - See Research to read some of the published studies regarding the above mentioned uses of coconut products. While coconut possesses many health benefits due to its fiber and nutritional content, it’s the oil that makes it a truly remarkable food and medicine. Once mistakenly believed to be unhealthy because of its high saturated fat content, it is now known that the fat in coconut oil is a unique and different from most all other fats and possesses many health giving properties. It is now gaining long overdue recognition as a nutritious health food. Coconut oil has been described as “the healthiest oil on earth.” That’s quite a remarkable statement. What makes coconut oil so good? What makes it different from all other oils, especially other saturated fats? The difference is in the fat molecule. All fats and oils are composed of molecules called fatty acids. There are two methods of classifying fatty acids. The first you are probably familiar with, is based on saturation. You have saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats. Another system of classification is based on molecular size or length of the carbon chain within each fatty acid. Fatty acids consist of long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached. In this system you have short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). Coconut oil is composed predominately of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), also known as medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). The vast majority of fats and oils in our diets, whether they are saturated or unsaturated or come from animals or plants, are composed of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). Some 98 to 100% of all the fatty acids you consume are LCFA. The size of the fatty acid is extremely important. Why? Because our bodies respond to and metabolize each fatty acid differently depending on its size. So the physiological effects of MCFA in coconut oil are distinctly different from those of LCFA more commonly found in our foods. The saturated fatty acids in coconut oil are predominately medium-chain fatty acids. Both the saturated and unsaturated fat found in meat, milk, eggs, and plants (including most all vegetable oils) are composed of LCFA. MCFA are very different from LCFA. They do not have a negative effect on cholesterol and help to protect against heart disease. MCFA help to lower the risk of both atherosclerosis and heart disease. It is primarily due to the MCFA in coconut oil that makes it so special and so beneficial. There are only a very few good dietary sources of MCFA. By far the best sources are from coconut and palm kernel oils. Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Cornerstone_Classic_Renderer::$orchestrator is deprecated in /home/dh_73hvn9/coconutresearchcenter.org/wp-content/plugins/cornerstone/includes/_classes/classic/class-classic-renderer.php on line 20 Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Cornerstone_Control_Mixins::$cssClassMapGroup is deprecated in /home/dh_73hvn9/coconutresearchcenter.org/wp-content/plugins/cornerstone/includes/_classes/classic/class-control-mixins.php on line 568 Books by Dr. Bruce Fife Fat Heals, Sugar Kills The Cause of and Cure for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders Replacing fat with refined carbohydrates was the worse dietary blunder of the 20th century and has led to the skyrocketing levels of chronic disease we are experiencing today. Fortunately, there is a solution—cut out the sugar and refined carbohydrates and add good fats back into the diet. New research is showing that fats are essential nutrients with important functions and can be used to help prevent and even reverse heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and many other chronic diseases. Read more The Ketogenic Cleanse and Anti-Aging Diet Research is continually discovering conditions that are responding to the ketogenic diet. Many health problems that medical science has deemed incurable or untreatable are being reversed. Medications that were once relied on daily are no longer necessary and are being tossed away. People are discovering that a simple, but revolutionary diet based on wholesome, natural foods and the most health-promoting fats is dramatically changing their lives. It could be the key to changing yours as well. Read more Dr. Fife’s Keto Cookery Nutritious and Delicious Ketogenic Recipes for Healthy Living Described as the ultimate ketogenic cookbook, Dr. Bruce Fife has compiled into one volume his favorite ketogenic recipes, nearly 450 in all! It includes 70 vegetable recipes, 47 salads and 22 dressings, 60 egg recipes, and much more. With this resource, you will have plenty of options. Read more The Coconut Ketogenic Diet Supercharge Your Metabolism, Revitalize Thyroid Function, and Lose Excess Weight This revolutionary weight loss program is designed to keep you both slim and healthy using wholesome, natural foods, and the most health-promoting fats. It has proven successful in helping those suffering from obesity, diabetes, heart and circulatory problems, and many other conditions. Read more “Coconut oil is the healthiest oil you can use.” Joseph Mercola, D.O. “Coconut oil is the healthiest oil on earth” Bruce Fife, N.D.

http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/discussiongroup.htm

Health

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A peptic ulcer is a sore that forms when digestive juices wear away the lining of the digestive system. It may occur in the lining of the stomach, duodenum, or lower part of the esophagus. Globally, researchers estimate that around A peptic ulcer can affect several areas of the digestive tract. Therefore it goes by different names, including: - gastric ulcer in the stomach - duodenal ulcer in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) Potential causes of peptic ulcers include Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria infections and the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This article reviews peptic ulcers and their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and more. Peptic ulcers may not cause any noticeable symptoms, or they may cause mild discomfort. Others may experience a dull, burning pain in their stomach. Other symptoms can include: - difficulty swallowing food - feeling bloated or full - black, sticky stool (if bleeding) In some cases, ulcers can cause severe signs and symptoms and bleeding. Signs the ulcer is bleeding include: - vomiting blood - black and tarry stools, or stools with dark red blood - nausea and vomiting that is especially persistent and severe These symptoms indicate a medical emergency. The patient should see a doctor immediately or call 911. Peptic ulcers occur due to several potential causes, but the two most common - H. pylori bacteria - long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) How do H. pylori cause ulcers? Although many people naturally carry H. pylori bacteria, it is not clear why these bacteria only cause ulcers in some people. H. pylori spread through food and water. They live in the mucus that coats the lining of the stomach and duodenum, and they produce urease, an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid by making it less acidic. To compensate for this, the stomach produces more acid, and this irritates the stomach lining. The bacteria also weaken the defense system of the stomach and cause inflammation. Patients with peptic ulcers caused by H. pylori How do nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause ulcers? NSAIDS are a type of medication used often for headaches, period pains, and other pains. They can also help reduce fever and inflammation. Examples include aspirin and ibuprofen. Many NSAIDs are available without a prescription. They lower the stomach’s ability to make a protective layer of mucus. This Other causes of peptic ulcers Other potential causes of peptic ulcers include: - Genetics: Many individuals with peptic ulcers have close relatives with the same problem, suggesting that genetic factors may be contributing. - Smoking: People who regularly smoke tobacco may be more likely to develop peptic ulcers when compared with non-smokers, but the exact way smoking influences peptic ulcers is unclear. - Alcohol consumption: Drinking alcohol can irritate the stomach lining and increase acidity. - Corticosteroid use: People on large or chronic doses of corticosteroids are also at greater risk, according to research. - Stress: Studies regarding the increased risk of ulcers due to stress are conflicting, but one study found that psychological stress may increase the incidence of peptic ulcers in a way that cannot be explained by other factors such as NSAID use or an H. pylori infection. A person’s description of symptoms will often cause a doctor to suspect a peptic ulcer during a routine exam. Tests that can confirm a diagnosis include: - a blood test to check for H. pylori, though a positive test does not always mean there is an active infection - a breath test, which uses a radioactive carbon atom to detect H. pylori - a stool antigen test to detect H. pylori in the feces - an upper gastrointestinal (GI) X-ray to identify ulcers The most common tool doctors use for diagnosis is EsophagoGastroDuodenoscopy or upper endoscopy. It involves inserting a tube through the mouth to look for the presence of an ulcer in the stomach and upper intestine. If the test detects an ulcer, the doctor may take a biopsy (a small sample of tissue) for examination under a microscope. A biopsy can test for H. pylori and look for evidence of cancer. A person may need to repeat an endoscopy a few months later to determine whether the ulcer is healing. Treatment will focus on either lowering stomach acid levels so that the ulcer can heal or eradicating the H. pylori infection. The following are common treatment methods a doctor may recommend: - Antisecretory agents. These include H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors to help block stomach acid production. - Triple therapy. This involves using two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor to eradicate H. pylori. - Avoidance of NSAIDs. Doctors recommend avoiding the use of NSAIDs if the person uses them frequently. - Surgery. In cases of bleeding, a doctor may recommend surgical intervention, which typically requires 8-12 weeks for recovery Dietary changes may help a person find some relief during treatment for peptic ulcers. Alcohol has the same effect on the stomach so a person should avoid it as well. A person’s diet should also contain foods that provide large portions of vitamin A and fiber, which dissolves easily. These can include: Sources of soluble fiber: - psyllium husk - flax seeds Sources of vitamin A: - sweet potatoes - collard greens A balanced diet filled with fruits and vegetables and lacking in intense spices and flavors may help a person feel better. However, it is important to note that diet alone cannot treat or prevent peptic ulcers so additional treatment may be necessary. A person may not be able to prevent all ulcers from forming. Another step to help prevent ulcers is to make sure to finish a full antibiotic regimen. A person should see their doctor for a follow-up to ensure the bacteria is under control. Peptic ulcers can sometimes lead to complications that often require additional treatment. The three most common complications - internal bleeding - bowel obstruction - peritonitis, which is when the ulcer bores a hole through the wall of the stomach or small intestine Peptic ulcers can recur. Having the first ulcer increases the risk of developing another one later. The following sections help answer some frequently asked questions about peptic ulcers. How common are peptic ulcers? Peptic ulcers affect about What is the difference between peptic ulcers, GERD, and gastritis Peptic ulcers are holes or lesions that form due to too much acid. GERD, which stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease, occurs when a person’s stomach acid repeatedly backs up into the esophagus. Gastritis is a group of conditions that cause inflammation in the stomach. While all of these conditions affect the stomach, they are not the same and require different treatments. Do peptic ulcers go away? If the cause of the peptic ulcer is NSAID use, stopping the medication should help the ulcer clear. However, a bacterial infection What foods soothe a peptic ulcer? High-fiber foods and those high in vitamin A may help soothe a person’s stomach. Some examples include oats, barley, apples, and sweet potatoes. The outlook for a person with a peptic ulcer is generally good. These ulcers can be painful and debilitating, but treatment can help the ulcer heal and alleviate the person’s symptoms. Treating H. pylori infection and avoiding NSAIDs can help ensure that the problem does not recur.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/9273#causeshttps://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peptic-ulcer/symptoms-causes/syc-20354223https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10350-peptic-ulcer-disease

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One of the oldest texts of the Qur’an in the world, on parchment that was possibly made within the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad, has been found in the collection of the Cadbury Research Library at the University of Birmingham. The two well-preserved leaves of parchment, closely written in an elegant script, have been radiocarbon-dated to between AD568 and AD645, a result regarded by the scientists who tested it at Oxford as near certain – 95.4% accurate. “We knew it was going to be a good date, but when we actually got the dates it was just an ‘oh my goodness’ moment,” Susan Worrall, director of the special collections of the library, said. “You don’t get very many days like that in a career.” Muhammad is generally thought to have lived between AD570 and AD632. His teachings were transmitted orally or partially recorded in writing, and soon after his death all the texts that could be found were collated. The Birmingham text may be among these earliest writings, which became part of one of world religion’s great holy books, or from the text of the first authorised version, believed to have been written in AD650. The text is almost identical to that used today, but the parchment is so old that scholars may reconsider the accepted date for the compilation of the definitive text. The parchment came to the library with a mass of other early Middle Eastern manuscripts collected in the 1920s by the scholar, theologian and Chaldean priest Alphonse Mingana, but it is not known where he found it. However, the parchment and the beautiful early Arabic script closely resemble other fragments in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris from the earliest mosque in Egypt, founded in AD642. The significance of Birmingham’s leaves, which hold part of Suras (chapters) 18 to 20, was missed because they were bound together with another text, in a very similar hand but written almost 200 years later. The two odd leaves were spotted by a PhD student, Alba Fedeli, who has been working on the Mingana manuscripts. “We know her very well, she has been working away for some time on the Mingana collection. When she brought this to us and said she thought two leaves came from another manuscript, and we looked closely at them, we could see that she was right,” Worrall said. “At first glance they look identical to the other pages, but once you know you can see that the text does not flow. The script is wonderful, still legible to anyone who can read Arabic today.” She said the university turned down a request some years ago from a German institution to test the manuscript, but in view of Fedeli’s discovery, decided to fund the tests and conservation work itself. The verses are incomplete, and believed to have been an aide memoire for an imam who already knew the Qur’an by heart, but the text is very close to the accepted authorised version. David Thomas, professor of Christianity and Islam, and the Nadir Dinshaw professor of interreligious relations at the university, called the discovery “one of the most surprising secrets of the university’s collections”. He said it supported the view that the version of the Qur’an in use today had hardly changed from the earliest recorded version, and the Muslim belief that the text represented an exact record of the revelations delivered to the Prophet. “They could well take us back to within a few years of the actual founding of Islam. According to Muslim tradition, the Prophet Muhammad received the revelations that form the Qur’an, the scripture of Islam, between the years AD610 and AD632, the year of his death,” Thomas said. Qur’anic materials were at first held in memory or written down on materials including parchment, stone, palm leaves and the shoulder blades of camels. It was Caliph Abu Bakr, the first leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad, who ordered their compilation into a book with the final, authoritative written form completed and fixed under the direction of the third leader, Caliph Uthman, in about AD650. “Muslims believe that the Qur’an they read today is the same text that was standardised under Uthman and regard it as the exact record of the revelations that were delivered to Muhammad,” Thomas said. “The tests carried out on the parchment of the Birmingham folios yield the strong probability that the animal from which it was taken was alive during the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad or shortly afterwards. This means that the parts of the Qur’an that are written on this parchment can, with a degree of confidence, be dated to less than two decades after Muhammad’s death.” Muhammad Isa Waley, a senior curator at the British Library, called the discovery “news to rejoice Muslim hearts”. He said the early Muslim community was not wealthy enough to stockpile the number of animal skins required to make a Qur’an, and so the text must have been written soon after the parchment was made. The very early date from the radiocarbon tests could mean that the text pre-dated the creation of the authorised text of the complete Qur’an, or that the definitive version was created earlier than scholars had believed. The newly conserved leaves will go on free public display for the first time in October, at the university’s Barber Institute of Fine Arts, and Birmingham’s city museum is also interested in creating an exhibition around them. Because their significance was not then recognised, the parchment leaves were not included in a major British Library exhibition in 2007 of some of the earliest religious texts – but Worrall said she expects to have many applications from museums to borrow them in the future.

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/oldest-quran-fragments-found-at-birmingham-university

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An Introduction to Conflict Resolution Interpersonal conflict is a fact of life and can arise in almost any sphere, from organisations through to personal relationships. Learning to resolve it effectively, in a way that does not increase your stress levels, is therefore important for everyone. Those with good conflict resolution skills generally help organisations and groups to work more effectively. This page defines interpersonal conflict and explains the different types of conflict that may arise. Finally, it sets out some strategies that can be used separately or together to try to resolve conflicts. What is Interpersonal Conflict? Interpersonal conflict is broadly defined as a conflict between two or more people. Chambers English Dictionary defines conflict as “a violent collision: a struggle or contest: a battle: a mental struggle”. Interpersonal conflict may therefore start with a simple disagreement. To become ‘conflict’, however, those involved must escalate it beyond that disagreement to something considerably more. In a work situation, interpersonal conflict is generally defined as what happens when one person or group of people prevents, or attempts to prevent, another person or group from achieving their goals. Types of Interpersonal Conflict The first step to conflict resolution is to decide what strategy you are going to use to address it. However before you can do that, you need to identify the root source of the conflict, and therefore its type. There are three main types of conflict. Types of Conflict There are three types of conflict, personal or relational conflicts, instrumental conflicts and conflicts of interest: Personal or relational conflicts are usually about identity or self-image, or important aspects of a relationship such as loyalty, breach of confidence, perceived betrayal or lack of respect. Instrumental conflicts are about goals, structures, procedures and means: something fairly tangible and structural within the organisation or for an individual. Conflicts of interest concern the ways in which the means of achieving goals are distributed, such as time, money, space and staff. They may also be about factors related to these, such as relative importance, or knowledge and expertise. An example would be a couple disagreeing over whether to spend a bonus on a holiday or to repair the roof. It is important to emphasise that dealing with conflict early is usually easier, because positions are not so entrenched, others are less likely to have started to take sides, and the negative emotions are not so extreme. The best way to address a conflict in its early stages is through negotiation between the participants. See our pages on Negotiation Skills and Communicating in Difficult Situations for more information. Later on, those in conflict are likely to need the support of mediation, or even arbitration or a court judgement, so it is much better to resolve things early. There are five main strategies for dealing with conflicts, all of which can be considered in terms of who wins and who loses. As our page Transactional Analysis makes clear, a win-win situation is always going to be better for everyone. It should therefore be clear that some strategies will be significantly more successful in the longer term. 5 Strategies for Dealing with Conflict 1. Compete or Fight This is the classic win/lose situation, where the strength and power of one person wins the conflict. It has its place, but anyone using it needs to be aware that it will create a loser and, if that loser has no outlet for expressing their concerns, then it will lead to bad feeling. This strategy is probably best only used where little or no further contact is necessary between the individuals or groups concerned. This is the ideal outcome: a win/win situation. However, it requires input of time from those involved to work through the difficulties, and find a way to solve the problem that is agreeable to all. This may be hard work, especially if the positions have already become entrenched, but it is also likely to be the best possible starting point early in a conflict situation. 3. Compromise or Negotiation This is likely to result in a better result than win/lose, but it’s not quite win/win. You could call it a no-score draw. Both parties give up something in favour of an agreed mid-point solution. This effectively results in a solution that pleases nobody very much, but hopefully will not offend or upset anyone too much. It takes less time than collaboration, but is likely to result in less commitment to the outcome because it is nobody’s preferred option. 4. Denial or Avoidance This is where everyone pretends there is no problem. This strategy is used surprisingly often and can be quite effective. It is particularly helpful if those in conflict need time to ‘cool down’ before any discussion, or if the conflict is unimportant and will simply resolve itself given time. However, it cannot be used if the conflict won’t just die down. Under these circumstances, using this strategy will create a lose/lose situation: there will still be bad feeling, but no clearing the air through discussion. It results, in Transactional Analysis terms, in ‘I’m not OK, you’re not OK’. This can result in serious stress for those involved. 5. Smoothing Over the Problem On the surface, harmony is maintained but, underneath, there is still conflict. This is similar to the situation above, except that one person is probably OK with this smoothing, while the other remains in conflict, creating a win/lose situation again. It can work where preserving a relationship is more important than dealing with the conflict right now. It is, however, not very useful if one person, or others outside the conflict, feel that the situation must be resolved. These five behaviours can be shown in terms of a balance between concern for self and concern for others: Essential Skills for Handling Conflict There are a wide range of useful skills for handling conflict. Possibly the most important is assertiveness. You need to be able to express your views clearly and firmly, but without aggression. One model to use is ‘Describe the situation, Express your feelings and Specify what you want done’, but for more information, and ideas for developing your assertiveness, see our Assertiveness section. It is also helpful to think about how you communicate about the situation. When you want to talk about the effect of the conflict or the other person’s behaviour, it is most effective to use ‘I’ statements. In other words, you should explain the effect of particular behaviours or actions on you. For example: “When you said x, it made me feel y.” This is much easier to hear than “Your behaviour is horrible”, or even “You are a bad person”. It can therefore make it easier to discuss problem areas without creating further conflict. Our page on Giving and Receiving Feedback explains more about this approach, and contains some useful ideas to help you communicate in ways that are more likely to be heard. You also need to practise active listening to ensure that you fully understand the position of those involved in the conflict. This is true whether you are an active participant or a potential mediator. Check out our page on Active Listening for more information. It is also helpful to understand and recognise emotion in both yourself and others. Emotions are never good or bad, but simply appropriate or inappropriate. A useful skill in managing conflict is to be able to help others recognise when particular emotions are inappropriate, and when it is likely to be fine to express them. For more, look at our pages on Managing Emotions and Understanding Others. You might also find it helpful to read our pages on Emotional Intelligence. One particular part of emotional intelligence which is likely to be particularly useful is empathy. This is the skill of being able to put yourself in other people’s shoes, and supporting those involved to do the same. Further Reading from Skills You Need Learn more about how to effectively resolve conflict and mediate personal relationships at home, at work and socially. Our eBooks are ideal for anyone who wants to learn about or develop their interpersonal skills and are full of easy-to-follow, practical information. In handling conflict both as a direct participant and as a potential mediator, it is important to know your limitations. If you reach a point where you don’t feel confident that your intervention is going to help, then it’s OK to step back and ask for help. Sometimes you might need to involve someone else, such as a trained mediator, and that’s fine. It is much better to ask for help than to step in and make matters worse.

http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/conflict-resolution.html

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A new species of the venomous Ovophis jenkinsi snake, characterized by its very aggressive defense and liking humid environments, was found in Yunnan. A marvelous discovery from the depths of China means that scientists have discovered a new species of venomous viper, unfolding an additional bright page in herpetology annals. This is an extraordinary discovery that surely will reshape our understanding of biodiversity and underline the importance of preserving rich and often mysterious ecosystems on Earth. A secretive serpent possessing typical language and collaborations has just been returned by a team of researchers from a far-flung corner of China. This newly discovered viper features a unique pattern of coloration and specific scale morphology that sets it apart from its known relatives in the viper family. The discovery of this viper, named after the pristine landscape in which it was first encountered, underlines not only the very special biodiversity hotspot that is China but also the pressing need for protective conservation efforts to preserve such fragile ecosystems. The habitats of this viper, rich in biodiversity and always under threat from human activities, bring sharply into focus the intricate relationship between wildlife conservation and sustainable development. Dr. Zhang Wei, leader of the expedition team, says the findings are exciting not only for the science but also in terms of ecological conversation. “This finding opens a window onto the richness of China’s biodiversity,” said Dr. Zhang. “It really underscores the importance of continued exploration and conservation efforts in safeguarding our natural heritage.” The identification of this new species of viper was not an easy task. It is a result of patience and effort invested in studying the genetic makeup and observed behavior by piecing together various clues from field observations and laboratory analysis, which helped to identify evidence. This is functions that not only confirm the distinctiveness but also show their ecological role within their ecosystem. Also Read: How can Swapping Googling for Napping Enhance Brain Health? The discovery of the venomous viper transcends its scientific significance to global popular imagination, that there are still such hidden treasures waiting to unravel in Earth’s remote corners. Added to the global tally of species, it brings additional input into our understanding of evolutionary biology, but also places a premium on the protection of biodiversity for generations yet to come. News of this discovery serves as a rallying cry that increases funding and support for biodiversity research and conservation efforts around the globe. Exploration of—and care for—Earth’s biodiversity has never been more pressing, as varied habitats face mounting pressure from human encroachment and climate change. Another type of mountain pit viper, a medium-sized venomous snake, was discovered by a team in China. This serpent was found in Yunnan, China, which is a biodiversity hotspot where many new species of reptiles have been discovered over the past years. Research and Identification Process The researchers provided the method pursued to establish the new species: “We examined specimens of the [snake] genus Ovophis collected by the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Forestry University in Yingjiang, Yunnan in 2008, and found that these specimens are different from all known similar species. We gathered some new specimens from Yingjiang in 2023 and finally confirmed this population represents a new species! Honoring a Legacy: Ovophis jenkinsi The new species was named Ovophis jenkinsi in honor of herpetologist Robert “Hank” William Garfield Jenkins AM (September 1947–September 2023), who had “a passion for snakes, especially pit vipers, and helped China, along with many Asian countries, complete snake census, conservation, and management projects,” the team writes in their study, which was published in the open-access journal ZooKeys. Behavioral Characteristics and Habitat Ovophis jenkinsi has trapezoidal blotches on its back, and is normally a dark brownish-grey – although some animals are deep orange-brown. “It is generally slow-moving but with great aggression when disturbed”, the team notes in its description following observation of the snake’s behaviour. “When threatened, these snakes have the ability to inflate their bodies to appear larger and strike”: to date, there have been no documented reports of humans being bitten by the species. This serpent, like many others, is endemic to China’s Yingjiang County, meaning it has been found only there so far. “It is not hard to find this species in the wild. They are active mainly in the autumn, and they prefer cool, humid, and even rainy nights, probably to avoid competition with other snakes,” the researchers say, as probably what it feeds on is small mammals. This new species of venomous viper, which was recently discovered in China, is another marvel of nature that was made possible by the relentless pursuit for scientific knowledge. It reminds us to become good caretakers of the environment so that life’s complex interweb is preserved for all living things. Every time new species are discovered, it reminds us of the vast diversity of life on our Earth and how we should strive to save it for future generations. “The research team will get more details about O. jenkinsi in the near future with respect to their morphology, distribution, and habits so that their understanding of this species gets better”. Reference: “A new mountain pitviper of the genus Ovophis Burger in Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 (Serpentes, Viperidae) from Yunnan, China” by Xian-Chun Qiu, Jin-Ze Wang, Zu-Yao Xia, Zhong-Wen Jiang, Yan Zeng, Nan Wang, Pi-Peng Li and Jing-Song Shi, 30 May 2024, ZooKeys. Read More News Here

https://dignityhub.com.ng/2024/07/06/newly-found-venomous-viper-species-uncovered-in-china-rare-discovery/

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Fashion is a dynamic realm, subject to the ebb and flow of cultural influences, societal norms, and personal expression. One trend that dominated the fashion landscape in the late 20th century was sagging pants—a style characterized by wearing trousers below the waistline, often exposing the wearer’s underwear. Once a symbol of rebellion and counterculture, sagging pants have gradually lost their status as a mainstream fashion statement. Examining sagging pants’ decline: evolving culture, work norms, and personal expression altering the course of this once-iconic trend. Changing Cultural Attitudes Cultural attitudes and values intrinsically tie fashion. Sagging pants gained prominence in the 1990s, primarily within urban youth cultures, reflecting a sense of rebellion and nonconformity. However, as cultural perceptions evolved, so did fashion preferences. Contemporary values and tastes may now view what was once a symbol of defiance as out of sync. Professionalism and Dress Codes The workplace and formal settings have always had a significant influence on fashion trends. Professional environments often consider sagging pants, with their casual and laid-back aesthetic, inappropriate. The increasing emphasis on a polished and put-together appearance has led individuals to opt for styles that align with the expectations of their workplaces, contributing to the decline of sagging pants as a mainstream fashion choice. The Cyclical Nature of Fashion Fashion has a cyclical nature, with trends experiencing periods of popularity and decline. Sagging pants had their heyday in the 1990s and early 2000s, but as with many trends, their appeal began to fade over time. As newer styles emerged and tastes evolved, the once-dominant trend lost its place in the fashion spotlight. Fashion serves as a canvas for self-expression, allowing individuals to convey their identity and personality. As people seek new and diverse ways to express themselves, the popularity of certain styles wanes. The move away from sagging pants may be attributed to a collective desire for fresh means of personal expression, steering away from trends associated with a specific era. Sagging pants, at times, have been subject to social stigma and negative stereotypes. Heightened awareness of the impact of clothing choices on societal perception has prompted individuals to reconsider styles that may be associated with undesirable stereotypes. This awareness has contributed to a shift away from sagging pants in favor of styles deemed more socially acceptable. Influence of Fashion Icons and Influencers Celebrities, fashion icons, and social media influencers play a significant role in shaping fashion trends. If influential figures endorse alternative styles, it can greatly impact the perception of what is fashionable. The shift away from sagging pants may be influenced by the changing preferences and endorsements of fashion industry leaders. Fashion is a reflection of the times, shaped by a myriad of factors that influence our perceptions of style. Sagging pants have declined in mainstream fashion due to a confluence of factors, including changing cultural attitudes, the influence of professional settings, the cyclical nature of fashion, individual expressions of identity, the impact of social stigma, and the sway of fashion icons. As the fashion landscape continues to evolve, new trends will emerge, ensuring that the world of style remains dynamic and ever-changing.

https://newsroundtheclock.com/why-sagging-pants-have-faded-from-the-scene/

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What is Feedback? Feedback is information that you give to learners about their performance in a learning task, usually to help them gain confidence and do better. While such feedback is generally verbal, your body language can also provide clues about the performance. The primary purposes of feedback are: - To motivate learners when they are doing well - To help them understand what their problems are and how they can improve where they are not doing so well For TESSOL teachers, some examples of feedback in language teaching might be: - Yes, right! A very good answer! - An arched eyebrow in response to a mistake - Comments you write in the margin of an essay - Do you want to try again? to a student who may not have provided a correct or full answer to an exercise Feedback can focus on many things, not merely the learners’ language skills. TESOL teachers should also focus on (a) ideas in the student’s work (b) his/her attitude towards learning (c) his/her behaviour and (d) their language progress. We can give feedback to the whole class, small groups, or individual learners. Importance of Constructive Feedback Your feedback must be constructive and not destructive. - Feedback enables students to learn more about themselves and the effect their behaviour has on others. - Constructive feedback increases self-awareness, offers guidance, and encourages development, so it is vital to learn how to give feedback constructively. Constructive feedback is not only giving positive feedback (praise). Negative feedback given constructively and skilfully can be very useful. - Destructive feedback, which is negative feedback given in an unskilled way, generally leaves the recipient feeling sad or depressed. With unskilled feedback, students don’t learn anything they can build on.

https://meziesblog.com/what-every-teacher-should-know-about-feedback-and-correction/

Education

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The word ‘PET’ in PET scan stands for Positron Emission Tomography. It uses radiation to reveal cellular activity in the body. It helps detect heart disease and other medical conditions. It generally takes 30-60 minutes according to the bodily area. PET scans can help physicians identify certain medical problems, plan treatment, evaluate how an existing condition is evolving, or assess the efficacy of a treatment. PET scans are frequently prescribed by doctors for those who are receiving cancer therapy as well as those who may have some neurological or radiological issues. To discover more about PET scans and how they work, please continue reading. So, what exactly is it? A PET scan is a test that provides multidimensional, color images of the inner workings of the body. It depicts not just the appearance of an organ, but also its function. To confirm a diagnosis, doctors might use a PET scan coupled with a CT or MRI scan. How does it work? A PET scan uses a machine to detect the radiation emitted by a radiotracer. A radiotracer is a radioactive substance that has been linked to a natural chemical, like glucose. This radiotracer is injected into the patient's body by the radiologist and travels to cells that need glucose for energy. The radiotracer will accumulate at the location where a group of cells requires the greatest amount of energy. This will be visible in images that the system reconstructs. The cells, or activity, will appear as "hot spots" or "cold spots." On a PET scan, active regions appear bright. They are referred to as "hot spots." Where cells use less energy, the areas will be less illuminated. These are the "cold spots." Cancer cells use glucose more aggressively than healthy cells hence a radiotracer based on glucose will highlight cancerous areas. The radiologist will study the image produced by the computer and submit its results to a doctor. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is an example of a glucose-based radiotracer, in which radioactive fluoride molecules are tagged to glucose to create a radiotracer. Today, FDG is the most widely used radiotracer. Oxygen can also be used in place of glucose. When do doctors use it? - Alzheimer’s disease - Heart disease - Medical research A PET scan is an outpatient procedure that requires the patient to avoid food and caffeine for at least 4 to 6 hours before the scan. The doctor injects radiotracer into a vein, which may take 30-90 minutes to reach the targeted part of the body. The scan takes place in a designated room, with the patient lying down on a cushioned examination table. How much time does it take? A PET scan ought to last between 30 and 60 minutes, depending on which portion of the body is to be scanned. This procedure is not painful. If the person becomes ill, they can press a buzzer to notify the medical team. During the scan, they will be observed by a trained professional. The majority of people can go as soon as the scan is completed. It is essential to drink plenty of liquid to flush radioactive drugs out of the body's system as quickly as possible. What are the risks associated with this test? PET scans use radioactive material, posing radiation exposure risks. While benefits outweigh the risks, they are not suitable for everyone, such as pregnant women. Nursing women should follow doctor's instructions on safe breastfeeding or pumping. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should inform their doctor before PET scans. Post-scan, individuals may need to stay away from pregnant, infants, or young children due to radioactivity risks. PET Scan Test in Lucknow "Unveil Hidden Health Conditions with Labprovider's Advanced PET Scan Tests in Lucknow " Labprovider, the trusted aggregator platform for diagnostic and radiology services, now offers cutting-edge PET Scan Tests in Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Kanpur. With a commitment to providing advanced imaging solutions, Labprovider has partnered with certified labs and diagnostic centers in these regions to bring you the most comprehensive and accurate diagnostic imaging services. PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan is a powerful diagnostic tool that provides detailed insights into the cellular activity within the body, enabling the early detection and accurate diagnosis of various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. At Labprovider, we understand the importance of early and accurate diagnosis in ensuring timely and effective treatment. That's why we have partnered with the best diagnostic centers in Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Kanpur, ensuring that you have access to the latest imaging technology and experienced radiologists. Book your PET Scan Test in Lucknow with Labprovider today and experience the convenience of scheduling your appointment at a location nearest to you. Our user-friendly platform makes it easy to compare prices, view diagnostic center details, and book your test with just a few clicks. Don't let hidden health conditions go undetected. Trust Labprovider for reliable and advanced PET Scan Tests in Lucknow, Prayagraj, and Kanpur, and take the first step towards a comprehensive understanding of your overall well-being.

https://www.labprovider.com/Tests/355/PET-Scan-Test

Health

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A Swedish study of five million people appears to support the theory that height and cancer risk are linked. The study found that taller people had a slightly higher risk of breast cancer and skin cancer, among other cancers. Its results found that for every extra 10cm (4in) of height, when fully grown, the risk of developing cancer increased by 18% in women and 11% in men. But experts said the study did not take into account many risk factors and that tall people should not be worried. To reduce risk of cancer, the most important things to do are: give up smoking cut down on alcohol adopt a healthy diet and lifestyle Previous studies have shown a link between height and an increased risk of developing cancer, although why it exists is not known. In a preliminary report of the study, presented at the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology, external conference, researchers from the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm describe how they tracked a large group of Swedish adults for more than 50 years. Taller women had a 20% greater risk of developing breast cancer, they said, while taller men and women increased their risk of skin cancer (or melanoma) by 30%. This study's early findings are very similar in size to those found by other studies. Dr Emelie Benyi, who led the study, said the results could help to identify risk factors that could lead to the development of treatments. But she added: "As the cause of cancer is multi-factorial, it is difficult to predict what impact our results have on cancer risk at the individual level." Although it is clear that adult height is not a cause of cancer, it is thought to be a marker for other factors related to childhood growth. Scientists say taller people have more growth factors, which could encourage cancer development, they have more cells in their body because of their size, which increases the risk of one of them turning cancerous, and a higher food intake, which also makes them more at risk of cancer. Prof Dorothy Bennett, head of the molecular cell sciences research centre, St George's, University of London, said it was "very plausible" that the risk of cancer in a person should be related to the number of cells in their body "A cancer arises by mutations from a single normal cell. Bigger people have more cells (not bigger cells)," she said. "So melanoma risk, for example, might be expected to increase with surface area (amount of skin), which is related to the square of height." Sarah Williams, health information manager at Cancer Research UK, said the study did not take into account factors such as smoking or whether women went for breast screening. She added: "Whatever your height, there are lots of things you can do to reduce the risk of cancer - not smoking, cutting down on alcohol, eating healthily, being active, having a healthy weight and enjoying the sun safely can each help you stack the odds against the disease." - Published4 April 2012 - Published27 October 2010 - Published18 September 2010

http://www.bbc.com/news/health-34414446

Health

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HTML 5 Training: HyperText Markup Language: Super Programming Language for Effective Web Designing HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. This is the most basic building block of a webpage. It is used for creating and representing the webpage visually. HTML determines the content of the webpage. It does not support functionality. HTML is adding a mark up to standard text. HyperText stands for the links that associate web pages with each other, making World Wide Web what it is. HTML supports media such as visual images and static as well as dynamic websites can be viewed through it. HTML describes the structure and semantic content of the web document. When you look at a webpage, it contains more than just plan text. Consider the numerous fonts, font sizes, alphabets and colors. Webpages also comprise videos, images and background music. Websites let visitors customize their preferences too. Developers write webpages in HTML without which there would be no web pages. HTML specification essentially includes a single language that can be written with relaxed HTML syntax or stricter XML syntax. HTML addresses the need of web applications and it is responsible for the content, not the formatting or style. For the latter, CSS or Cascading Style Sheets are needed. But the basics of any webpage is determined by HTML. History of HTML 5 Training: CERN or European Organization for Nuclear Research physicist Tim Berners-Lee has discovered a way in the late 1980s for scientists to get documents via the internet. Earlier, internet communication is limited to plain text, through technologies such as email, file transfer protocol and usenet linked discussion boards. What made HTML a step ahead was its content model stored on a central server which was transferable to local workstations and viewable in browsers, making rich content a reality. This includes complicated text formatting and images. HTML is derived from SGML, a complex syntax for marking or binding content. HTML 5 tutorials: Markup Language with Clear Syntax HTML is a markup language. The term marlin was used by editors for revisions in manuscripts. It now means a language with a specific syntax providing instructions on a Web browser how to display pages. HTML 5 tutorials: Separating the Content from Presentation HTML separates content form presentation. Content refers to video, audio, worlds and images while presentations refer to instructions for displaying certain types of content. Pre-defined set of elements have been used to define content types and elements containing one/more tags contain or express content. The tags are placed within angle brackets and closing tags comment with forward slashes. Browsers also permit the user to view the HTML of the webpage. This includes popular choices such as Firefox. Decoding HTML 5 tutorials: Elements and Attributes In HTML, a paragraph element comprises a start and closing tag. More than one space character in a row will not be displayed by the robber. Browser uses tags to display content in the tags. Elements containing content also contain other elements. Emphasis element can be embedded within paragraph element to add emphasis for a world or a phrase. Note that certain elements cannot contain other elements. For instance, the image tag specifics the filename of the content as an attribute. Fundamental building blocks of HTML- Elements HTML comprises series of elements which are associated with the semantic meaning of their content. Elements include matching tags and everything in between. Some self closing tags do not contain any content. Certain elements have precise meaning while others are more specific. Some elements are used for technical reasons. Regardless of what the exact nature, all HTML elements have semantic undercurrents. Many of the elements contain other elements thereby forming a hierarchical structure. HTML: Like a Tree with Branches The <html> element surrounds the remainder of the document and the <body> elements cover the page content. The structure is like a tree with branches growing from the trunk. This hierarchical tree like structure is called Document Object Model. Tags: HTML’s Special Markup HTML documents are composed in plain text and you can save contents of HTML within any text editor. Most HTML authors prefer specialized editors that showcase syntax and reveal the DOM. Uppercase can be used for tag names but W3C, the international consortium managing HTML recommended the use of lower case. Tags are those markup which create special meaning for anything that starts with a less than sign and ends with a greater than sign. Closing the tag is important otherwise some tags are closed by default while others produce errors of different kinds if you forget the end tag. Closing tags are like starting tags except with a forward slash. Writing elements in HTML involves the use of tags. There are valid and invalid tags. For composing valid code, start and closing tags need to be be properly nested in that close tags are composed in the opposite order from robust tags. Elements which do not contain any text content or any other element are empty and need no closing tag. Empty elements in XHTML mode are closed using a trailing forward slash. Start tag contains additional information which is known as an attribute. Attribute comprises 2 parts namely an attribute name and value. Certain attributes have only one value and these are Boolean attributes which can be reduced in size by specifying the attribute name or leaving an attribute value empty. Named Character References: Special Meaning in HTML Named character references referred to as entities are used for printing special characters in HTML. The less and greater than symbols act as tag delimiters and when a greater than symbol needs to be displayed in the text, for example, a named character reference is used. There are many different kinds of entities and here are 4 examples: Greater than Sign: > Less than Sign: < Comments and Doctype: An HTML Innovation HTML has a mechanism that enabled the embedding of comments not displayed when the page is rendered via a browser. This is helpful for providing an section explanation leaving notes or reminders for self or others. Common HTML Errors… And How to Correct These #1 Missing/Incorrect DocType DocType informs the browser what version of HTML is being used by the page. This Document Type Definition specifies the rules for that version of HTML. The DocType is the first line of the HTML code and it is case sensitive. So take care while specifying the DocType. #2 Missing Character Encoding The web pages should define the character set being used. While character sets are technical, they tell the Web browser the nature of characters used in the page. Character encoding informs the user agent regarding the kind of data to be read and displayed. # 3 Non-supported attributes or tags Using codes not part of HTML standards are not appropriate. Many attributes of HTML tags are there which browsers may recognize but are not part of the HTML standard. Commonly used attributes that are improper are attributes in the tags that modify margin size. Tags and attributes differ depending upon the version of HTML being developed. Check of your page contains unsupported HTML tags or attributes. #4 Incorrectly formatted HTML Plain human mistakes are often the biggest errors in HTML. Missing quotation marks for attribute values, missing closing tags, improper nesting of HTML tags….these are just a few of the many errors in HTML which are manmade. #5 Improper HTML tables Incorrectly coding tables are common. Some of the common mistakes include table placing within inline elements, surrounding table cells or rows with text formatting tags, captions missing after data table. All images must have an alt attribute and head content must be placed within the <head>. Other common mistakes include improper use of form tags, missing tags, missing script type and missing <noscript>. Who Should Learn HTML 5 Training? There are conflicting views on whether beginners should opt for HTML among some experts, but learning this HTML 5 tutorials has its advantages. For those who want to create fast and simple web pages, HTML may not be needed, but if you are interested in creating web pages which others will access and use, knowledge of HTML is a must. Questions and doubts faced by nearly everyone regarding HTML 5 Tutorials are as follows: #1 Do I need to learn HTML 5 Training? People who say it is not necessary to learn HTML are generally trying to peddle virtual software or denying the reality of web design. Experienced web designers will always tell you that learning HTML is an advantage. #2 Do I need Time to Learn HTML 5 Training? It takes anywhere between 20 to 40 minutes to grasp the basics and in some hours, you can learn how to make simple but complete websites. Another major plus is that with a little investment of time, you can plenty of returns over a duration. #3 Is Writing HTML Code too Slow? This is one of the biggest obstacles in learning HTML- the notion that the code is too slow to compose. What is more important than merely writing the HTML code is understanding it. HTML 5 Tutorials is necessary for creating websites and growing interest in this language can find support from W3C, an organization which is maintaining and designing the language. By clicking special text called hyperlinks, you can come onto the next page. Hyper is not linear- there is no set order to it. HTML much like other programming languages had code words and syntax like any other language. HTML comprises short codes typed into text file by site author referred to as tags. Text is saved as an html file and viewed through a browser like Internet Explorer. Using tags to correctly create your vision is what HTML is all about. Different tags perform different functions. Learning techniques of tag use will ensure that your website will succeed. HTML involves learning about different aspects of computer programming, graphic design and typography. Why learn HTML 5 Training? It is not possible to create webpages without knowing about HTML. Understanding tags is important for excelling in HTML. The benefits of this HTML 5 tutorials are many: - You can use tags not supported by the editor - The code of other people’s pages can be used for awesome effects - You can bring in the changes yourself HTML can be written by hand with any available text editor and all you need to do is type the code, save the document and place .htm or html extension in the file. Here are some of the top reasons why learning HTML is a great idea: #1 HTML 5 tutorials: Powers the Internet HTML is a fundamental technology behind all that is observed in a web browser and it is used to create simple web pages and complex web applications and services. #2 HTML 5 tutorials: Powers Better Business Communications Businesses are increasingly doing work online and using web browsers for apps and maintaining team notes on intranet sites. Make updates yourself through this modified, simplified markup language. #3 HTML 5 tutorials: Update Your Website If you need the company’s websites to be updated, basic knowledge of HTML and web standards ensures you can easily update a document or make changes #4 Visual Tools Make Web Design Easier Raw HTML is easier to use than complex tools that are available like Hype, Muse and Dreamweaver. You need to work outside the box to make a mark and everything from blogging to maintaining the company website becomes easier if you use HTML. You can customize the widgets and other parts of the website easily using HTML language. #5 Make Better Deals Knowing HTML 5 tutorials can help in daily lives as visually rich HTML formatted descriptions evoke better responses for business purposes. HTML is also extremely simple to learn because all you need is a web browser and text editor. What are the pre-requisites of learning HTML 5 tutorials? HTML is the most widely used language on the Web to develop web sites and web pages. HTML was created in the late 1990s by Berners-Lee and HTML 2/0 was the first standard published in 1995. HTML version 4.01 is quote well used and an extension to this, HTML-5 came about in 2012. Before acquiring working knowledge of Windows or Linux OS, you need to have experience with text editors like notepad, notepad++ or Editplus etc. You should also babe knowledge of how to create directories and files on the computer, navigate through varied directories and type content in a file and save them in the computer. Images in different formats like JPEG, PNG also have to be learnt before attempting to master HTML. Advantages/Uses of the HTML 5 Training HTML 5 tutorials has a whole lot of benefits associated with it. Learning HTML 5 tutorials has many advantages: #1 It is the most widely used programming language HTML is most widely used for writing web pages. Highly flexible and user friendly, it is similar to XML used in data storage. #2 It is extremely flexible HTML is supported on almost every browser and it is user friendly. It involves the use of open technology as well. #3 It is superlative and easy to understand HTML is a consistent and efficient language. It requires very little training and is easily understandable. #4 HTML is easy to master It is designed with a feature of interaction between web pages and provides search engine compatible pages. It is also easier to use and maintain than any other site. #5 HTML does not strain servers HTML web pages take less time to load and HTML validation increases web accessibility. In the changing era of CMS, and web driven online presence, HTML still remains the golden standard for creating a credible web presence and gaining an online platform that can compete with others. HTML is also search engine friendly and quick to master. Applications and Avatars of HTML - HTML 1.0 was the first version of this language to be released and though the language was limiting and website creation was not so well developed, this set the ball rolling. - HTML 2.0 included everything from the original specification but added new features in the mix and defined core HTML features for the first time. - HTML 3.0 is when more abilities and tags entered the mix. These were called Netscape extension tags and laid the stage for markup stalwarts. HTML became modular - HTML 3.2 was formed when this version of the language became a golden standard in 1997. During the 1990s, World Wide Web Consortium or W3C has been founded to standardize and evolve the language. - HTML 4.01 was the latest evolution of classic HTML. It also provided support for CSS, the new presentation language. - HTML 5 is designed for the web for the current times and has plenty of new elements, attributes and abilities. It is used to navigate the internet and design web pages with ease. Conclusion of HTML 5 Training - HTML 5 Tutorials has many applications in the world of business and industry. - It is also essential knowledge for bloggers, webpage admins and those who are keen to have a virtual calling card in the real world. HTML 5 Tutorials has many interesting advantages, making it the premier choice for those who want to excel in programming. - HTML 5 Tutorials offers many avenues and opportunities for growth and ensures skillful programming. - This language is popular and omnipresent on the World Wide Web. - Whether you want to design web pages, applications or navigate the web, HTML 5 Tutorials is one of the most effective and user friendly programming languages devised. Where do our learners come from? | Professionals from around the world have benefited from eduCBA’s Online HTML 5 Training courses. Some of the top places that our learners come from include New York, Dubai, San Francisco, Bay Area, New Jersey, Houston, Seattle, Toronto, London, Berlin, UAE, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Bangalore, New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Gurgaon among many. |

https://www.educba.com/course/html-5-training/

Education

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In the Hebrew Scriptures, the name of God is recorded as YHWH. So, where did the name “Jehovah” come from? Ancient Hebrew did not use vowels in its written form. The vowels were pronounced in spoken Hebrew but were not recorded in written Hebrew. The appropriate vowel sounds of words were passed down orally. As a result, when ancient Hebrew is studied, scholars and linguists often do not know with absolute confidence how certain Hebrew words were pronounced. This particularly becomes an issue when studying the Hebrew name of God, written in the Hebrew Scriptures as YHWH, also known as the tetragrammaton. Despite much study and debate, it is still not universally agreed upon how the Hebrew name for God YHWH was pronounced. Some prefer “Yahweh” (YAH-way); others prefer “Yehowah,” “Yahuweh,” or “Yahawah”; still others argue for “Jehovah.” As you can see, virtually everything is up for debate. Should YHWH be pronounced with three syllables or two? Should the vowels be borrowed from Elohim or Adonai? Should the W be pronounced with more of a W sound or more of a V sound? It is not the purpose of this article to settle the debate. Rather, it is the purpose of this article to discuss the use of “Jehovah.” The vast majority of Jewish and Christian biblical scholars and linguists do not believe “Jehovah” to be the proper pronunciation of YHWH. There was no true J sound in ancient Hebrew. Even the Hebrew letter vav, which is transliterated as the W in YHWH is said to have originally had a pronunciation closer to W than the V of Jehovah. Jehovah is essentially a Germanic pronunciation of the Latinized transliteration of the Hebrew YHWH. It is the letters of the tetragrammaton, Latinized into JHVH, with vowels inserted. “Yahweh” or “Yehowah” is far more likely to be the correct pronunciation. The form Jehovah, though, is very commonly used. It is used in the King James Version of the Bible (Genesis 22:14; Exodus 6:3; 17:15; Judges 6:24; Psalm 83:18; Isaiah 12:2; 26:4). It is also used, and strenuously promoted by, the Jehovah’s Witnesses. The Jehovah’s Witnesses emphasize the use of Jehovah to the extent that any other name or title for God is viewed as borderline idolatry or outright heresy. With all of that said, it is not crucial to the Christian faith for the proper pronunciation of YHWH to be known. Both the Old and New Testaments, inspired by God, use generic terms for “God” and “Lord,” including El, Elohim, and Adonai (Hebrew); and Theos and Kurios (Greek). If the authors of Scripture, under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, were allowed to use these terms, it is not wrong for us to refer to Him as “God” or “Lord,” either. In conclusion, it is highly unlikely that “Jehovah” is the correct pronunciation of YHWH. Further, it is far more important to know God through faith in Jesus Christ, than it is to know the correct pronunciation of His name in Hebrew.

https://www.gotquestions.org/Jehovah.html

Religion

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The earliest manuscript of the New Testament is a fragment of the Gospel of John, known as Rylands Library Papyrus P52, which may date back to the first half of the 2nd century. Here are some other early manuscripts of the New Testament: - Codex SinaiticusThis is the earliest complete copy of the New Testament, and dates to the 4th century. It's considered one of the most important Greek texts of the New Testament, along with Codex Vaticanus. - Papyrus 137This is an early fragment of the New Testament in Greek, which contains text from the first chapter of the Gospel of Mark. Featured snippet from the web The earliest manuscript of a New Testament text is a business-card-sized fragment from the Gospel of John, Rylands Library Papyrus P52, which may be as early as the first half of the 2nd century. More about New Testament People also ask Feb 15, 2019 — This means that P52, the earliest New Testament manuscript, was likely copied within 100 years or so of the original. What is the oldest physical manuscript associated with the New Testament of the Bible? What book is it, and where is it stored? Dec 12, 1995 — For about sixty years now a tiny papyrus fragment of the Gospel of John has been the oldest "manuscript" of the New Testament. This manuscript ( ... Feb 12, 2023 — The oldest surviving examples of the New Testament come to us, instead, as fragments and scraps of papyrus excavated (mostly) in Egypt. How old ... Oct 1, 2022 — 94% of our manuscripts are 800 years after the fact. We have only a handful of manuscripts, at best, that can plausibly be dated to the second ... my (southern baptist) minister does a q/a every Wednesday and just said that the earliest we have dates to 20-30 years after Christ's death. that's ... Located in the Cambridge University Library in England, the Codex Bezae dates from the 5th century. It uniquely contains the Gospels and Acts, in both Greek and ... May 16, 2022 — All the oldest NT manuscripts are on papyri. P52 is probably the oldest surviving manuscript and most likely dates to the second century. The ... Sep 23, 2023 — The very first manuscript from Oxyrhynchus—fittingly labeled P.Oxy. 1—was not a copy of the New Testament but a copy of the Gospel of Thomas. People also ask

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Religion

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What is OCD? OCD stands for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. It is nothing, but a mental health disorder that compels the sufferer to carry out something again and again. OCD also strikes one with undesired thoughts and sensations. There is a general misunderstanding that if you like to classify and arrange things or rinse your hands often, then you may have OCD. OCD, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, is a severe mental disorder that is simply overgrown with a lot of myths. To help you understand Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder better, let us consider a situation where a woman washes the floors every time she is worried. At first, once a day was enough for her, then she began to do it two, three times, etc. She will cry, feel guilt, and shame for what she is doing, but she will not stop the pointless washing in the hope (unconsciously) of getting satisfaction. In this case, women may be suffering from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. If you find yourself trapped in such situations, it becomes important for you to opt for OCD treatment in Bhopal. Causes of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder The actual cause of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is yet to be known. However, experts believe that there are several factors that may contribute to the condition of OCD. Some of the factors are as follows: - Autoimmune-related causes - Behavioral causes - Cognitive causes - Environmental causes - Violation of biochemical processes in the brain Doctors that offer OCD treatment in Bhopal say that stressful life events, hormonal changes, and personality traits can worsen the condition of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder The signs and symptoms of OCD are different among different people. Being one of the leading psychiatrists for OCD treatment in Bhopal, we would like to let you know that you can suspect obsessive-compulsive disorder in yourself or loved ones by the following signs and symptoms: - Scrolling negative thoughts and images in your head - The emergence of irrational anxiety - Repetitive actions or rituals - Avoiding crowded places - The tendency to constantly double-check everything - Unhealthy Pedantry Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment People with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder show no resistance to stress, and they have a weak nervous system that increases their inability to deal with difficulties and malfunctions. The symptoms of OCD can make a person unable to work, live, and build relationships with others effectively. However, know that OCD is perfectly a treatable mental health condition. If you or any of your loved one do have the symptoms of OCD, feel free to contact Dr. Sanjeet Diwan. The treatment for OCD includes but not limited to medications, psychological treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy, management techniques, and so forth.

https://www.bestpsychiatristbhopal.com/treatment/ocd-treatment-in-bhopal.html

Health

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) serves as a cornerstone within the expansive realm of computer programming, shaping the way developers design and build software systems. Characterized by its employment of objects and classes, this approach provides a solid structure for simulating complex systems. In this discussion, we delve into ten fascinating aspects of OOP that highlight its importance and effectiveness in the field of computer programming. 1. Origins and Evolution OOP has its roots in the 1960s with the development of the Simula language, which introduced the concept of classes and objects. However, it wasn’t until the arrival of Smalltalk in the 1970s that OOP gained significant traction, setting the stage for the many object-oriented languages that would follow. 2. Four Pillars of OOP The cornerstone of OOP lies in its four fundamental concepts: Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. These principles guide the structuring of object-oriented systems, facilitating code reusability, scalability, and maintenance. - Encapsulation shields the internal state of an object from unwanted access, promoting modularity and security. - Abstraction simplifies complexity by highlighting only the relevant attributes and behaviors of objects. - Inheritance allows new classes to adopt and extend the properties and methods of existing classes. - Polymorphism enables objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, enhancing flexibility in code execution. 3. Widespread Adoption in Popular Languages Languages such as Java, C++, Python, Ruby, and C# have embraced OOP, each offering unique syntax and features to implement the OOP principles effectively. This wide adoption underscores OOP’s versatility and efficiency in addressing diverse programming needs. 4. Object-Oriented Design Patterns Design patterns in OOP provide templated solutions to common software design problems. These patterns, such as Singleton, Observer, Factory, Strategy, and Decorator, help developers write more efficient, maintainable, and scalable code by leveraging proven practices. 5. Enhanced Software Maintainability OOP’s emphasis on modularity and encapsulation significantly eases the process of updating and maintaining software. By organizing code into distinct classes and objects, developers can isolate and address issues or enhancements without extensive codebase modifications. 6. Facilitates Real-World Modeling One of OOP’s most celebrated advantages is its ability to mirror real-world entities and relationships, making it an intuitive approach for modeling complex systems. This real-world analogy aids in conceptualizing and structuring software solutions that are aligned with actual business models and processes. 7. Contribution to Software Reusability Through inheritance and composition, OOP promotes the reuse of existing code, reducing development time and costs. Classes designed for specific functionalities can be extended or incorporated into new applications, enhancing productivity and code quality. 8. Impact on Software Development Methodologies OOP has significantly influenced various software development methodologies, including Agile, Scrum, and Extreme Programming (XP). These methodologies often leverage OOP principles to facilitate iterative development, emphasizing teamwork, customer feedback, and flexible response to change. 9. Object-Oriented Databases Reflecting OOP’s broad applicability, object-oriented databases are designed to store, manage, and retrieve objects. These databases are particularly suited for applications requiring complex data models, such as CAD systems, multimedia repositories, and content management systems. 10. Continuous Evolution and Innovation Despite its maturity, OOP continues to evolve, integrating new features and paradigms such as aspect-oriented programming (AOP) and functional programming (FP) elements. This evolution reflects the dynamic nature of software development, ensuring OOP remains relevant and effective in addressing contemporary programming challenges. In conclusion, Object-Oriented Programming has not only revolutionized the realm of coding and software development since its inception but also remains crucial in shaping how systems are coded and implemented. Its core principles of encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism are fundamental in crafting code that is robust, efficient, and scalable. By promoting a coding environment conducive to reusability, maintainability, and practical modeling, OOP continues to be an indispensable tool in a programmer’s arsenal, adeptly keeping pace with the evolving technological landscape. Was this page helpful? Our commitment to delivering trustworthy and engaging content is at the heart of what we do. Each fact on our site is contributed by real users like you, bringing a wealth of diverse insights and information. To ensure the highest standards of accuracy and reliability, our dedicated editors meticulously review each submission. This process guarantees that the facts we share are not only fascinating but also credible. Trust in our commitment to quality and authenticity as you explore and learn with us.

http://www.oopweb.com

Programming

en

Of those who have diabetes, around 10 per cent have type 1 diabetes (where no insulin is produced) while around 85 per cent have type 2 diabetes (where insulin is produced but isn’t used by the body). The other five per cent are women who have diabetes triggered by pregnancy. Type 2 diabetes is strongly linked with being overweight – especially carrying too much weight around the middle, and with being inactive. Having a family history of type 2 diabetes also increases your risk. The signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes aren’t always as obvious. It’s often diagnosed during a routine check-up at the GP. And, although the symptoms are often mild and develop gradually over a number of years, there are a few tell-tale signs. If you have any of these symptoms – or you know someone who does – go and get checked out by your GP. 1. Hunger and fatigue Your body and brain cells rely on a tiny sugar called glucose to provide the fuel they need to function properly. Your body tries to regulate your blood glucose level and keep it within very narrow limits. To physically enter the cells and provide nourishment, your body needs the hormone insulin. Insulin ‘holds hands’ with glucose to get it into where it needs to be. If your body becomes resistant to insulin, which can happen when there is too much fat in your cells (this distorts the shape of the membranes making it difficult for insulin to enter them) and the hormone can’t do its job and your cells become deprived of nourishment. The result? Hunger and tiredness. 2. Thirst and frequent trips to the loo Your body likes to hang on to the nutrients it receives and so it will reabsorb glucose. But when there’s too much glucose circulating around your blood (if insulin is absent or not working properly, for example), your body can’t reabsorb all of it. To get rid of the extra glucose, your body makes more urine. But for this to happen, it needs more fluid hence an increase in thirst. Drinking more means you need to urinate more, too. The glucose spills out in urine (diabetes means siphon – to pass through and the Latin word mellitus means honeyed or sweet!) 3. Dry mouth and itchy skin Because your body concentrates on trying to get rid of the excess glucose in your body through urine, there’s less fluid to go around for the rest of your body. The result can be a dry mouth and/or a strange, lingering taste. This can be due to less saliva production (saliva is your mouth’s natural cleansing system). Dry mouth can make dental problems worse so as well as seeing your GP, keeping up with visits to your dentist is vital, too. Also, because your kidneys are using so much fluid to get rid of excess glucose, there may be less fluid around to reach your skin. Dry, annoyingly itchy skin can result. 4. Blurred vision As your body battles with fluid and glucose, the fluid in your eyes can be affected. Dryness can mean that the lenses in your eyes alter in shape making focussing more difficult and leading to blurred vision. Millions of microorganisms live in harmony in and on your skin and that includes yeast organisms. But, if circumstances are right, yeast infections like candida and athlete’s foot can flourish and grow out of control since they love glucose and moist, warm conditions. That’s why recurrent yeast infections may be a sign of diabetes. 6. Slow healing of cuts and wounds Blood carries the nutrients and infection fighters needed to promote wound healing. But, fluctuations in blood flow caused by fluid levels can slow down wound healing. On top of this, high levels of blood glucose can affect the nerves leading to poor blood circulation. All of this makes it harder for blood to reach the wound or cut, which slows down wound healing. Diagnosing and treating type 2 diabetes is very important. Your GP can give you a quick check-up and test for diabetes. And, treatment can help you stay well and help you avoid nerve damage, heart trouble, and other complications later on.

http://www.startsatsixty.com.au/health/six-tell-tale-signs-you-may-have-diabetes

Health

en

Scientists have been forced to withdraw a study on projected sea level rise due to global warming after finding mistakes that undermined the findings. The study, published in 2009 in Nature Geoscience, one of the top journals in its field, confirmed the conclusions of the 2007 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). It used data over the last 22,000 years to predict that sea level would rise by between 7cm and 82cm by the end of the century. At the time, Mark Siddall, from the Earth Sciences Department at the University of Bristol, said the study "strengthens the confidence with which one may interpret the IPCC results". The IPCC said that sea level would probably rise by 18cm-59cm by 2100, though stressed this was based on incomplete information about ice sheet melting and that the true rise could be higher. Many scientists criticised the IPCC approach as too conservative, and several papers since have suggested that sea level could rise more. Martin Vermeer of the Helsinki University of Technology, Finland and Stefan Rahmstorf of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research in Germany published a study in December that projected a rise of 0.75m to 1.9m by 2100. Siddall said that he did not know whether the retracted paper's estimate of sea level rise was an overestimate or an underestimate. Announcing the formal retraction of the paper from the journal, Siddall said: "It's one of those things that happens. People make mistakes and mistakes happen in science." He said there were two separate technical mistakes in the paper, which were pointed out by other scientists after it was published. A formal retraction was required, rather than a correction, because the errors undermined the study's conclusion. "Retraction is a regular part of the publication process," he said. "Science is a complicated game and there are set procedures in place that act as checks and balances." Nature Publishing Group, which publishes Nature Geoscience, said this was the first paper retracted from the journal since it was launched in 2007. The paper – entitled "Constraints on future sea-level rise from past sea-level change" – used fossil coral data and temperature records derived from ice-core measurements to reconstruct how sea level has fluctuated with temperature since the peak of the last ice age, and to project how it would rise with warming over the next few decades. In a statement the authors of the paper said: "Since publication of our paper we have become aware of two mistakes which impact the detailed estimation of future sea level rise. This means that we can no longer draw firm conclusions regarding 21st century sea level rise from this study without further work. "One mistake was a miscalculation; the other was not to allow fully for temperature change over the past 2,000 years. Because of these issues we have retracted the paper and will now invest in the further work needed to correct these mistakes." In the Nature Geoscience retraction, in which Siddall and his colleagues explain their errors, Vermeer and Rahmstorf are thanked for "bringing these issues to our attention". Sign in or create your Guardian account to join the discussion

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/feb/21/sea-level-geoscience-retract-siddall

Religion

en

Today, 1st January 2014, marks the 100th anniversary of the first commercial flight: a 23-minute hop across Florida’s Tampa Bay. The St. Petersburg-Tampa Airboat Line was subsidized by St. Petersburg officials who wanted more winter tourists in their city. The alternative: an 11-hour train ride from Tampa. Pilot Tony Jannus had room for just one passenger, who sat next to him in the open cockpit. Three months later — when tourism season ended — so did the subsidy. The airline had carried 1,204 passengers but would never fly again. The flight lasted only 23 minutes and maintained an altitude of less than 5oft. The aviation industry has come a long way since then: eight million people are expected to board planes today and 52 planes take off all over the world every minute with over 5,700 passengers on board. Apart from human beings planes now carry 50 million tons of cargo every year representing 35% of world trade value or about £7.5m worth of cargo every minute.

http://www.urnaija.com/today-marks-100th-anniversary-of-first-commercial-flight/

Politics

en

File systems are methods used by a computer to organize and manage the data on its storage devices. File systems are important because because computers (and smartphones) have so many files to manage. These include both factory and user-installed. It would not be funny if you saved a file to your smartphone or computer and you were unable to find it later. As a result, computers (and smartphones) must manage the data they have in a way that is efficient and easily recoverable. This way files would be easier to save, locate, and retire. Thus file systems have become necessary. There are several file systems in use today. A lot of these are usually based on the Operating system and while some may support several OS, others may not. File sys | Max file size | Max storage size | FAT12 | 16MB | 16MB | FAT16 | 2GB | 4GB | FAT32 | 4GB | 32GB | exFAT | 16EB | 128PB | NTFS | 16EB | 16EB | ext4 | 16TB | 1EB | File Allocation Table (FAT) The File Allocation Table (FAT for short) is a file system developed by Microsoft for Windows. It was originally designed for Hard Disks (HDDs) but has been updated to work on flash storage devices (USB drives, MicroSD cards, etc.). The major versions of FAT are FAT 12, FAT 16 and FAT 32. The only surviving variant still around today is the FAT 32. Each version has limits for maximum file sizes and storage capacity. For example, a storage formatted with FAT 16 would not support file sizes over 4GB. FAT 32 is still very popular today because it enjoys a lot of support from Windows, MacOS, Linux, Android, iOS, Ubuntu, etc. All USB flash and microSD cards with capacities of 32GB or below come formatted with FAT32. A major disadvantage of FAT is that it cannot manage storage with data capacities (or volumes) over 32GB. Extensible File Allocation Table (exFAT) The extensible File Allocation Table or exFAT is a file system that was developed as a successor to the FAT file system. It was developed by Microsoft for microSD cards and USB flash drives. exFAT was introduced in 2006 with Windows XP and Vista. It is a huge leap over its predecessor as it can support file sizes over 4GB and data capacity for storage over 32 GB. ExFAT can support file sizes up to 16EB (theoretically) and storage capacities up to 128 Petabytes. All MicroSD cards and USB flash above 32GB come formatted with exFAT. Just like its predecessor, exFAT also enjoys a wide range of OS support from Windows, MacOS, Android, and iOS, although Linux users may need a driver to access Flash that is formatted with exFAT. New Technology File System (NTFS) New Technology File System (or NTFS) was introduced as far back as 1993 for the Windows NT and later in the year 2000 for the NT’s successor, Windows 2000. NTFS can still be found on the latest versions of Windows today. NTFS is the default file system for all Windows systems. Just like exFAT, it is a lot better than FAT with features such as journaling, data recovery, data encryption/security, partition sizes, permissions, extended file sizes, etc. Speaking of file sizes, it supports file sizes up to 16 exabytes and ditto for storage capacity/volume. it is best used for formatting internal storage drives (HDD/SSD). A major disadvantage of NTFS is that it does not enjoy a lot of support from other OS besides Windows. On Linux and MacOS, flash formatted with NTFS are read-only. Extended file system (ext) The extended file system (ext) was launched for Linux in 1992 and has been updated from ext2 to ext4. ext4 introduced journaling and also shares a lot of the features that NTFS has. However, it does have a file size limit of 16 terabytes and a max storage limit of 1 exabyte. Just like NTFS, it lacks support for other major OS such as Windows or MacOS. Other important file systems There are other file systems in such today which are the Apple File System (APFS) and the Zed File System. The file systems built for MacOS include HFS, HFS+, and APFS. These are all owned by Apple and used exclusively for MacOS and lack support for other OS. Zed File System (ZFS) on the other hand is an open-sourced file system initially developed by Sun Microsystems. It is now managed by the OpenZFS project and it is available for users of Linux, FreeBSD, and True OS. - For file system drives: use NTFS (windows), HFS+/APFS (MacOS), and ext4 (Linux) - For removable flash storage: use FAT32 for cards/drives below 32GB and exFAT for cards/drives above 32GB Please leave a comment if you have any difficulty and remember to:

https://inquisitiveuniverse.com/2022/08/24/file-systems-fat-exfat-ntfs-and-ext/

Phones

en

Immigration has been a topic of debate for many years, with various opinions being expressed on the matter. The topic has become even more contentious in recent years, with increased migration and changing policies in many countries. Immigration refers to the movement of people from one country to another, with the intention of settling in the new country. Immigration can be voluntary or forced, and it can have a significant impact on the immigrant, the host country, and the country of origin. The reasons for immigration can vary, with some people choosing to move for economic reasons, while others may be seeking asylum due to persecution or war in their home country. In some cases, immigration can lead to cultural clashes, while in others, it can lead to a more diverse and tolerant society. History of Immigration Early Migration Patterns Human migration is a phenomenon that has occurred throughout history. The first humans are believed to have migrated out of Africa over 60,000 years ago, eventually populating every continent on the planet. The Americas were no exception, with evidence of human presence dating back over 15,000 years. These early migrants were likely nomadic hunter-gatherers who followed food sources and climate patterns. Colonial and Post-Colonial Immigration The first recorded European migration to the Americas was in 1492 when Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean. This event marked the beginning of European colonization and the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas as slaves. The United States was founded as a nation of immigrants, with the first successful English colony established in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Throughout the colonial era, immigrants from Europe, Africa, and Asia arrived in the Americas seeking new opportunities. After the American Revolution, the United States began to develop its own distinct identity. Immigration continued to be an important part of the nation’s growth, with millions of people arriving from Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The majority of these immigrants were from countries such as Italy, Ireland, and Germany, seeking a better life in the New World. Modern Era Immigration In the mid-20th century, immigration patterns began to shift. The United States passed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, which abolished the national origins quota system. This law opened the door for immigrants from Asia, Africa, and Latin America to enter the United States. In recent years, the United States has seen an increase in immigration from countries such as Mexico, China, and India. Today, immigration remains a contentious issue in the United States. While some believe that immigration is essential to the nation’s growth and prosperity, others argue that it poses a threat to national security and economic stability. Despite these debates, immigration continues to be an important part of the American story and a key factor in the country’s ongoing development. Immigration Laws and Policies Immigration laws and policies are an integral part of a country’s governance. They regulate the movement of people across borders and determine who can enter and reside in a country. The United States has a complex system of immigration laws and policies that are constantly changing. In this section, we will discuss the key components of the U.S. immigration system. International Immigration Agreements The United States is a signatory to several international immigration agreements, including the United Nations Convention on the Status of Refugees and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These agreements establish the rights of migrants and refugees and provide a framework for countries to cooperate on immigration issues. The primary source of U.S. immigration law is the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), which was first enacted in 1952 and has been amended several times since then. The INA establishes the categories of people who are eligible to enter and remain in the United States, outlines the procedures for obtaining visas and other immigration benefits, and sets out the grounds for deportation. Visa Systems and Categories The U.S. visa system is divided into two main categories: immigrant visas and nonimmigrant visas. Immigrant visas are for people who intend to live permanently in the United States, while nonimmigrant visas are for people who are coming to the United States for a temporary stay. There are several categories of visas within each of these two main categories, each with its own eligibility requirements and application procedures. Asylum and Refugee Policies The United States has a long history of providing refuge to people fleeing persecution and violence in their home countries. Asylum is a form of protection that allows people who are already in the United States or at a port of entry to remain in the country if they can demonstrate that they have a well-founded fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. Refugees, on the other hand, are people who are outside of the United States and are seeking protection because they are unable or unwilling to return to their home country due to persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. The U.S. government works with international organizations and other countries to identify and resettle refugees. In conclusion, the U.S. immigration system is complex and multifaceted, with various laws and policies governing who can enter and remain in the country. Understanding these laws and policies is essential for anyone who wants to navigate the U.S. immigration system. Economic Impact of Immigration Immigration has a significant impact on the economy of the host country. In this section, we will discuss the economic impact of immigration from three different perspectives: labor market effects, immigration and GDP, and remittances. Labor Market Effects One of the most significant impacts of immigration on the host country’s economy is its effect on the labor market. According to a study by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the long-term impact of immigration on the wages and employment of native-born workers overall is very small. However, any negative impacts are most likely to be found for prior immigrants or native-born high school dropouts. Immigrants tend to fill labor shortages in the host country’s economy, particularly in low-skilled jobs. This can lead to wage suppression in those sectors. However, immigrants also create new jobs by starting businesses and increasing demand for goods and services. Immigration and GDP Immigration can have a positive impact on the host country’s GDP. Immigrants contribute to the economy by paying taxes, consuming goods and services, and starting businesses. According to a report by the Congressional Budget Office, granting legal status to undocumented immigrants could increase the US GDP by up to $1.4 trillion over the next ten years. Remittances, or money sent by immigrants to their home countries, can have both positive and negative impacts on the host country’s economy. On the one hand, remittances can stimulate economic growth in the home country by increasing consumer spending and investment. On the other hand, remittances can drain resources from the host country’s economy, particularly if the immigrant is a low-skilled worker who sends a significant portion of their income back home. In conclusion, immigration has both positive and negative economic impacts on the host country. While immigrants can fill labor shortages and contribute to GDP growth, they can also suppress wages in certain sectors and drain resources through remittances. Social Aspects of Immigration Cultural integration is a significant aspect of immigration. When immigrants move to a new country, they bring with them their unique cultural backgrounds, which may clash with the host culture. However, cultural integration can also lead to the enrichment of the host culture. For instance, the United States is known for its diversity, which is a result of the country’s long history of immigration. Immigrants have contributed to the country’s cuisine, music, and art, among other things, making the United States a culturally rich and vibrant society. Public opinion regarding immigration is a complex issue in the United States. According to a study by the General Social Survey, immigrants tend to be less committed to one political party than the native-born. However, immigrants are converging with the native-born in terms of political ideology. The study also found that the largest percentage of both the native-born and foreign-born population identifies as political independents. Immigration has a significant impact on the demographic composition of a country. In the United States, immigrants make up a substantial proportion of the population, accounting for 12.5 percent of the nation’s population in 2009. The demographic changes brought about by immigration can have both positive and negative effects on a country. For instance, immigrants can help to counteract an aging population by providing a source of young, working-age individuals. However, immigration can also lead to increased competition for jobs and resources and can strain social services. In conclusion, immigration has significant social aspects that affect the host country. Cultural integration, public opinion, and demographic changes are just a few of the factors that need to be considered when discussing immigration. Challenges and Issues Illegal immigration is a major challenge faced by many countries. It refers to the act of entering a country without proper authorization or overstaying a visa. Illegal immigration can lead to a range of issues, including strains on public resources, increased crime rates, and decreased wages for legal workers. To address this issue, many countries have implemented stricter border control policies and increased penalties for employers who hire undocumented workers. Human trafficking is another issue that is closely linked to immigration. It involves the exploitation of individuals for labor or sexual purposes, often through coercion or deception. Human trafficking is a serious crime and a violation of human rights. It is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to address. Governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders must work together to raise awareness, provide support to victims, and prosecute traffickers. Immigration can also pose security concerns for countries. Governments must balance the need to protect their citizens with the need to facilitate the movement of people and goods across borders. One major challenge is identifying individuals who may pose a threat to national security. To address this issue, many countries have implemented screening procedures for visa applicants and travelers. Immigration and Public Health Immigration can also have implications for public health. Immigrants may bring with them infectious diseases or face barriers to accessing healthcare in their new country. To address these issues, many countries have implemented health screening procedures for immigrants and refugees. Additionally, healthcare providers must be prepared to address the unique health needs of immigrant populations, such as language barriers and cultural differences. Overall, immigration presents a range of challenges and issues for countries. Governments must work to balance the economic, social, and security concerns associated with immigration while protecting the rights and well-being of all individuals. The application process for immigration to the United States is a complex and lengthy one. Individuals seeking to immigrate to the United States must first determine which visa category they fall under. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) offers a variety of visa categories, each with its own set of eligibility requirements and application procedures. Once an individual has determined which visa category they fall under, they must complete and submit the appropriate application forms and supporting documentation. The USCIS website provides detailed information on the application process for each visa category, including which forms to use and what documentation to submit. Documentation requirements for immigration to the United States vary depending on the visa category an individual is applying for. Generally, applicants must provide proof of identity, proof of lawful status in their home country, and proof of financial support. In addition to these basic requirements, some visa categories may require additional documentation. For example, applicants for employment-based visas may need to provide proof of their qualifications and work experience. All applicants for immigration to the United States are subject to a thorough background check. This check includes a review of the applicant’s criminal history, as well as a check of their immigration and travel history. Applicants who have a criminal record or who have previously violated immigration laws may be denied entry to the United States. In some cases, applicants may be able to appeal a denial decision. Appeals and Legal Actions Applicants who have been denied entry to the United States may be able to appeal the decision. The appeals process varies depending on the visa category and the reason for the denial. In some cases, applicants may also be able to take legal action to challenge a denial decision. This may involve hiring an immigration attorney and filing a lawsuit in federal court. Overall, the immigration procedures for the United States are complex and require careful attention to detail. Applicants should be prepared to provide extensive documentation and undergo a thorough background check. Impactful Immigration Reforms Over the years, various immigration reforms have been implemented in different countries. One such reform was the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, which was introduced in the United States in 2012. The program provided temporary relief to undocumented immigrants who arrived in the US as children. It allowed them to apply for work permits and protected them from deportation. The program was a significant step towards providing a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Another impactful immigration reform was the Comprehensive Immigration Reform (CIR) bill, which was introduced in the US in 2013. The bill aimed to provide a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, increase border security, and reform the legal immigration system. Although the bill did not pass, it sparked a national conversation about the need for comprehensive immigration reform. Notable Immigrant Contributions Immigrants have made significant contributions to various fields, including science, technology, and the arts. For example, Albert Einstein, a German immigrant, revolutionized the field of physics with his theory of relativity. Sergey Brin, a Russian immigrant, co-founded Google, one of the world’s largest technology companies. In the arts, composer Irving Berlin, a Russian immigrant, wrote some of America’s most beloved songs, including “God Bless America” and “White Christmas.” Challenges in Immigration Systems Despite the positive impact of immigration, there are also significant challenges in immigration systems. One challenge is the backlog of cases in immigration courts. As of 2022, there were over 1.3 million cases pending in US immigration courts. This backlog has led to long wait times for immigrants seeking asylum or other forms of relief. Another challenge is the lack of a clear pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants. Many undocumented immigrants have lived in the US for years and have deep ties to their communities, but are unable to obtain legal status. This leaves them vulnerable to deportation and separation from their families. Overall, immigration is a complex issue with both positive and negative aspects. It is important to continue to address the challenges in immigration systems while recognizing the valuable contributions that immigrants make to society. Global Immigration Trends The number of international migrants has been steadily increasing over the years. According to the World Migration Report 2024, there were approximately 281 million international migrants globally in 2022. The share of international migrants who are men has ticked up in recent decades. In 2000, 50.6% of international migrants were men and 49.4% were women. By 2020, men made up 51.9% of global migrants while 48.1% were women. The United States remains the top destination for international migrants, followed by Germany, Saudi Arabia, and Russia. India is the country with the largest number of emigrants, followed by Mexico, China, and Russia. The World Economic Forum reports that most migrants leave their home countries for work, while millions have been driven away due to conflict, violence, and climate change. Refugee movements have been a major concern for the international community. The World Migration Report 2024 estimates that the number of those displaced hit a record high by the end of 2022 at 117 million. The majority of refugees come from Syria, Afghanistan, and South Sudan. Turkey hosts the largest number of refugees, followed by Colombia, Pakistan, and Uganda. Diaspora communities are groups of people who have migrated from their home countries and settled in other parts of the world. These communities play an important role in maintaining cultural ties and promoting economic development in their home countries. For example, Indian diaspora communities in the United States and the United Kingdom have been instrumental in promoting trade and investment between their host countries and India. In conclusion, global immigration trends show that the number of international migrants is increasing, and refugee movements remain a major concern for the international community. Diaspora communities play an important role in maintaining cultural ties and promoting economic development in their home countries. Future of Immigration The future of immigration is a topic that has been extensively studied by researchers and experts in the field. Predictive analysis suggests that the number of immigrants will continue to increase in the coming years. According to a Pew Research Center report, the foreign-born population is projected to reach 78 million by 2065, accounting for 18% of the total US population. The majority of these immigrants are expected to come from Asia and Latin America. The future of immigration will also be shaped by policy decisions made by governments. The Biden administration has made immigration reform a top priority. The administration has proposed a number of policy changes that aim to create a more humane and fair immigration system. These proposed changes include a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, increasing the number of refugees admitted into the country, and streamlining the visa application process. However, the implementation of these policies is subject to political and legal challenges. Advancements in technology are also expected to have a significant impact on the future of immigration. The use of biometric data, such as facial recognition and fingerprinting, is becoming more common in immigration processes. This technology can help improve security and efficiency in the immigration system. However, there are concerns about privacy and the potential for bias in the use of these technologies. In conclusion, the future of immigration is a complex and multifaceted issue that will continue to be shaped by a variety of factors. Predictive analysis suggests that the number of immigrants will continue to increase, while policy decisions and technological advancements will also play a significant role in shaping the future of immigration.

https://rovingupdates.com/just-in-pushkar-police-arrested-two-nigerian-women-with-hard-drugs-of-65-grams-of-mephedrone-worth-n63m-in-india/I

Politics

en

Earth is home to about 3,500 species of snakes, but only 600, or so, are venomous. Still, those snakes that are venomous can kill. (Although, they are not the most common causes of death, like automobile accidents and heart attacks.) It’s tricky to rank these creatures by their level of danger, if not impossible. There are multiple ways to order them — the potency of their venom; how likely they are to strike; how often humans encounter them — and even experts can’t agree on a top-10 list. However, there are a few snakes that would make any list of dangerous reptiles. Here are 10 serpents you don’t want to mess with. 1. King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) When people think of deadly snakes, the king cobra is often the one that slithers to mind. It is not only deadly, but also is the longest of the venomous snakes. It can grow up to 18-feet-long, though that’s the extreme. If you happen across one, it’s not likely to be more than 12 feet, or so. Isn’t that reassuring? These giants eat mostly other snakes, which is a redeeming feature for humans. Though generally not aggressive, they can be mean during the mating season. And you definitely don’t want to sneak up on one. When threatened, they do the classic cobra stance, raising their bodies straight up, spreading their hoods and hissing. If you want to continue to live, you’ll heed this warning. 2. Black Mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) The black lining of the black mamba’s mouth inspired its name. Its skin ranges from grey to light brown. The black mamba is not quite as long as the king cobra, but it’s faster. It can zip along at more than 12 miles-an-hour — and often uses these bursts of speed to chase anyone who was unlucky, or foolish enough to provoke it. Its venom contains a potent neurotoxin. Just a couple of drops can kill a human. The black mamba is often described as “nervous,” rather than aggressive. The distinction is probably meaningless if you’ve disturbed one. 3. Boomslang (Dispholidus typus) Despite the charming name, the boomslang delivers a nasty bite. Its venom, a hemotoxin that causes widespread, severe hemorrhaging, can kill quickly and unpleasantly. However, boomslangs aren’t as aggressive and rarely bother anything that’s too big to eat. 4. Saw-Scaled Viper (genus: Echis, several species) This snake is small, usually fewer than three-feet-long. But what it lacks in size, it makes up for in attitude. The saw-scaled viper is bad tempered and has a devastating venom. Researchers say these nocturnal hunters are responsible for more deaths than many other snakes. This is likely because they have such a wide range, living throughout the Middle East and Southeast Asia. 5. Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) Experts call the inland taipan the most venomous snake on the planet. That may be true, but fortunately, it’s not a major killer of humans. Like most snakes, this one is shy and avoids confrontation if at all possible. It also lives in a remote area of Australia, where people don’t often encounter it. 6. Gabon Viper (Bitis gabonica) Also called the Gaboon viper, this snake has the longest fangs of any snake. Fortunately, they don’t often sink those fangs into humans. They prefer to hiss a warning and escape to avoid wasting precious venom. If one does bite you, the amount of trouble you’re in depends on how much venom the snake injected. A lot of venom means you could be dead within minutes, but just a little, and you’ll have a great story to tell. 7. Eastern Diamondback (Crotalus adamanteus) If your first thought when hearing the words “deadly snake” isn’t the king cobra, it’s likely the rattlesnake. The eastern diamondback rattler can reach up to seven-feet-long. That’s small compared to a cobra, but it’s the largest snake in the United States and one of the largest snakes on the planet. Eastern diamondback venom is powerful, and these snakes have a lot of it. But lucky for us, they’re great at hiding from humans. If they are disturbed, they give plenty of warning — loud hisses and a shake of those namesake rattles. 8. Mojave Rattlesnake (Crotalus scutulatus) The Mojave rattlesnake is smaller than its cousin the diamondback, but it has a much stronger venom — 10 times stronger than other North American rattlesnakes — and a bad temper to go with it. Its bite is not as painful as other rattlesnakes, but you still don’t want to get a dose of this powerful neurotoxin. 9. Cottonmouth Moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivorus) Like the black mamba, the color of the inside of the cottonmouth moccasin’s mouth inspires its name, not its scales. This snake grows to about four feet and are good swimmers that spend a lot of time in water. When threatened, they make an impressive display. They coil up, open their fanged mouths wide, and hiss aggressively. They don’t often bite humans, but when they do bite, it can kill you, thanks to a strong hemotoxin in their venom. 10. Olive Sea Snake (Aipysurus laevis) The olive sea snake is another water-loving serpent. And the snake’s skin does inspire the name. However, these snakes are both friendly, as they often approach divers, and highly venomous — a dangerous combination. They’re more curious than aggressive and rarely bite humans, but when they do, they can have fatal bites.

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/10-of-the-worlds-deadliest-snakes

Education

en

Hydrogen properties, discovery, usage, isotopes, methods of production, applications, interesting facts, FAQs, Thermal, physical, chemical and magnetic properties Hydrogen – The Fundamental Element Hydrogen is a chemical element that holds a unique place in the periodic table. It is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe, making up about 75% of its elemental mass. With atomic number 1 and symbol H, hydrogen has played a crucial role in shaping the universe and serves as the building block for all other elements. In this article, we will explore the fundamental properties of hydrogen, its atomic characteristics, and its significance in various scientific and industrial applications. Table: Atomic Number, Symbol, Atomic Weight, and Valency of Hydrogen Atomic Number | Symbol | Atomic Weight | Valency | 1 | H | 1.008 | +1 | In the above table, you can find the atomic number, symbol, atomic weight, and valency of hydrogen. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, denoting the number of protons present in its nucleus. The symbol ‘H’ represents hydrogen in the periodic table, derived from its Latin name “Hydrargyrum.” Its atomic weight is approximately 1.008 atomic mass units, making it the lightest element. Regarding valency, hydrogen generally exhibits a valency of +1. It tends to lose its single electron to attain a stable state, resulting in a positively charged hydrogen ion (H+). However, under specific conditions, hydrogen can also display a valency of -1 by gaining an electron to form a hydride ion (H-). These variable valencies contribute to the versatility of hydrogen in chemical reactions and its ability to form compounds with various elements. Hydrogen’s simplicity and reactivity make it a vital component in countless applications, such as the production of ammonia, petroleum refining, and hydrogen fuel cells. Its clean-burning properties and potential as a renewable energy source have garnered significant interest in recent years, with the aim of achieving a sustainable future. In conclusion, hydrogen, with its atomic number 1, symbol H, atomic weight of 1.008, and valency of +1, stands as a fundamental element with immense significance in both scientific and industrial domains. Its exceptional properties and potential for clean energy applications continue to fuel ongoing research and innovation, making hydrogen a key element for a sustainable future. Hydrogen – Discovering the Essential Element and Its Diverse Applications Hydrogen, the lightest and most abundant element in the universe, has captivated scientists and innovators for centuries. Its discovery, dating back to the late 18th century, marked a pivotal moment in our understanding of chemistry and laid the foundation for its extensive range of applications. In this article, we will delve into the fascinating history of hydrogen’s discovery and explore its diverse usage in various fields. Discovery of Hydrogen: Hydrogen’s discovery is credited to the pioneering work of British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1766. Cavendish, known for his meticulous experiments, was the first to isolate and identify hydrogen gas. He referred to it as “inflammable air” due to its flammability when ignited. Later in the 1780s, Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist, recognized hydrogen as a distinct element and named it “hydrogenium” from the Greek words “hydro” meaning water and “genes” meaning generator. This name reflects its presence in water, which became the basis for the element’s symbol “H.” Usage of Hydrogen: - Industrial Applications: Hydrogen plays a vital role in various industrial sectors, including petroleum refining, metal processing, and chemical manufacturing. It is used to produce ammonia, an essential ingredient in fertilizers, and in the Haber-Bosch process to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases. Moreover, hydrogen serves as a reducing agent in metallurgy, aiding in the extraction of metals from their ores. - Energy Storage and Fuel Cells: Hydrogen’s potential as a clean and efficient energy carrier has garnered significant attention. It can be used for energy storage, allowing excess renewable energy to be converted into hydrogen through electrolysis. This stored hydrogen can later be used to generate electricity via fuel cells, emitting only water vapor as a byproduct. Fuel cells are being explored for various applications, including transportation, stationary power generation, and portable electronics. - Hydrogen Fuel: Hydrogen can be utilized as a direct fuel in combustion engines or as a fuel additive to enhance the combustion efficiency of traditional fossil fuels. Hydrogen-powered vehicles, such as fuel cell electric cars and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, offer the potential for zero-emission transportation and reduced dependence on fossil fuels. - Aerospace Industry: Hydrogen has long been employed in the aerospace industry due to its high energy content and low weight. It is used as a propellant in rockets and as fuel for space vehicles. The famous Saturn V rocket, which propelled the Apollo missions to the Moon, utilized liquid hydrogen as its fuel source. Important Points to Remember about Discovery and Usage: Hydrogen was discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766. | Antoine Lavoisier recognized it as a distinct element. | Hydrogen plays a crucial role in ammonia production. | It serves as an energy carrier and storage medium. | Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity without emissions. | It can be used as a direct fuel or fuel additive. | Hydrogen has applications in the aerospace industry. | In conclusion, hydrogen’s discovery and subsequent utilization have shaped scientific and industrial landscapes. From its initial identification by Henry Cavendish to its modern-day applications in energy storage, fuel cells, transportation, and aerospace, hydrogen continues to be an essential element driving innovation and sustainability in various fields. Hydrogen Isotopes and Versatile Compounds Introduction: Hydrogen, the simplest element in the periodic table, exhibits fascinating isotopes and forms a diverse range of compounds. These isotopes and compounds play significant roles in various scientific, industrial, and everyday applications. In this article, we will explore the distinct isotopes of hydrogen and delve into the versatile compounds it forms, highlighting their importance in different fields. - Protium: Protium is the most common and abundant isotope of hydrogen, making up more than 99% of naturally occurring hydrogen. It consists of a single proton and a lone electron in its atomic structure. Protium is chemically identical to other hydrogen isotopes but lacks the additional neutrons found in deuterium and tritium. - Deuterium: Deuterium, also known as “heavy hydrogen,” possesses one neutron in addition to the proton and electron. It is relatively rare, comprising approximately 0.015% of natural hydrogen. Deuterium exhibits slightly different chemical properties compared to protium, which enables its applications in various fields. Notably, deuterium is used in nuclear research, as a tracer in chemical reactions, and as a contrast agent in medical imaging. - Tritium: Tritium is the rarest and heaviest isotope of hydrogen, containing two neutrons in addition to the proton and electron. It is radioactive with a half-life of about 12.3 years. Tritium finds applications in nuclear research, as a tracer in scientific studies, and as a component in self-luminous devices such as exit signs and glowing watch dials. - Water (H2O): Water is one of the most essential compounds formed by hydrogen. Its chemical formula, H2O, signifies two hydrogen atoms bonded to a single oxygen atom. Water is ubiquitous in nature and plays vital roles in biological systems, sustaining life, and serving as a universal solvent. Its unique properties, such as high heat capacity and surface tension, make water crucial for various industrial processes and everyday applications. - Hydrocarbons: Hydrogen forms compounds with carbon known as hydrocarbons. These compounds include methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), and many more. Hydrocarbons are the primary constituents of fossil fuels and serve as vital sources of energy for transportation, heating, and electricity generation. - Ammonia (NH3): Ammonia is a compound composed of one nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. It is commonly used in fertilizers, refrigeration systems, and as a precursor for various chemical synthesis processes. Ammonia’s unique chemical properties and abundance make it indispensable in agriculture and industrial applications. - Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2): Hydrogen peroxide is a compound composed of two hydrogen atoms bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is a strong oxidizing agent and finds applications as a disinfectant, bleaching agent, and in the production of various chemicals. In conclusion, hydrogen’s isotopes and compounds contribute to its diverse applications across different fields. The distinct isotopes, protium, deuterium, and tritium, possess unique properties enabling their use in research, medical imaging, and other specialized areas. The compounds formed by hydrogen, such as water, hydrocarbons, ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide, play pivotal roles in sustaining life, providing energy, and facilitating numerous industrial processes. Understanding these isotopes and compounds expands our knowledge of hydrogen properties and paves the way for advancements in science, technology, and everyday life. Exploring the Thermal, Physical, and Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Hydrogen, the lightest and simplest element in the periodic table, exhibits a wide range of thermal, physical, and chemical properties. These hydrogen properties define hydrogen’s behavior under various conditions and contribute to its diverse applications in different fields. In this article, we will delve into the remarkable thermal, physical, and chemical properties of hydrogen, shedding light on its unique characteristics and significance in scientific, industrial, and everyday contexts. Hydrogen Thermal Properties: - Boiling Point and Melting Point: Hydrogen has a low boiling point of -252.87 degrees Celsius (-423.17 degrees Fahrenheit) and a low melting point of -259.16 degrees Celsius (-434.49 degrees Fahrenheit). These extremely low temperatures make hydrogen exist as a gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. - Heat Capacity: Hydrogen gas has a relatively high specific heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and release a significant amount of heat energy without undergoing a large temperature change. This property makes hydrogen useful in various cooling and heat transfer applications. Hydrogen Physical Properties: - Density: Hydrogen has the lowest density of any gas, making it extremely light. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen gas has a density of approximately 0.0899 grams per liter. Its low density contributes to its buoyancy and has been historically utilized in airship technology. - Flammability: Hydrogen is highly flammable, requiring only a small amount of energy for ignition. When mixed with air or oxygen, it forms a combustible mixture. This property is both advantageous and challenging, as hydrogen’s flammability needs to be carefully managed in certain applications. Hydrogen Chemical Properties: - Reactivity: Hydrogen is a highly reactive element, readily combining with other elements to form compounds. It can react with oxygen to form water (H2O) and with various elements to form hydrides. Hydrogen’s reactivity makes it a valuable reducing agent and an essential component in numerous chemical reactions. - Isotopic Variants: Hydrogen has three isotopes: protium (H-1), deuterium (H-2), and tritium (H-3). Deuterium and tritium exhibit slightly different chemical behaviors due to the presence of additional neutrons. These isotopic variants of hydrogen have specific applications in nuclear research, medical imaging, and scientific studies. - Acid-Base Properties: Hydrogen gas can act as both an acid and a base. When dissolved in water, it forms hydronium ions (H3O+) and exhibits acidic properties. On the other hand, hydrogen can also accept electrons and display basic characteristics by forming hydride ions (H-). In conclusion, thermal, physical, and chemical hydrogen properties make it a unique and versatile element. Its low boiling and melting points, high heat capacity, low density, flammability, reactivity, isotopic variations, and acid-base properties contribute to its wide range of applications in fields such as energy production, chemical synthesis, materials science, and more. Understanding and harnessing these properties enable us to utilize hydrogen’s potential and further explore its capabilities in various scientific and technological advancements. Methods of Production and Diverse Applications of Hydrogen Hydrogen, the lightest element in the periodic table, can be produced through various methods and finds a wide range of applications across multiple industries. Its versatility as a clean fuel, energy carrier, and chemical reagent has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this article, we will explore the methods of hydrogen production and delve into its diverse applications, highlighting its importance in advancing energy technologies and promoting sustainability. Methods of Production: - Steam Methane Reforming: The most common method of hydrogen production is steam methane reforming (SMR), which utilizes natural gas as a feedstock. In this process, methane (CH4) reacts with steam (H2O) over a catalyst, producing hydrogen (H2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as byproducts. SMR is widely employed due to the abundance of natural gas, but it generates CO2 emissions, which necessitates carbon capture and storage to mitigate environmental impact. - Electrolysis: Electrolysis is a sustainable method of hydrogen production that utilizes electricity to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Two common electrolysis methods are:a. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Electrolysis: PEM electrolysis employs a solid polymer electrolyte membrane to separate the hydrogen and oxygen gases. It operates at relatively low temperatures and can provide a high purity of hydrogen suitable for various applications.b. Alkaline Water Electrolysis: Alkaline water electrolysis uses an alkaline solution as the electrolyte. It operates at higher temperatures and is often employed in large-scale industrial applications due to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. - Renewable Energy-Powered Electrolysis: Hydrogen can be produced through electrolysis using renewable energy sources such as solar or wind power. This method, known as renewable energy-powered electrolysis, offers a sustainable approach to hydrogen production with minimal carbon emissions. - Biomass Gasification: Biomass gasification involves the conversion of organic materials, such as agricultural residues or wood, into a synthesis gas (syngas) through a high-temperature process. The syngas can be further processed to produce hydrogen. Applications of Hydrogen: - Clean Energy Storage: Hydrogen serves as a versatile energy carrier and can be used for energy storage. Excess electricity generated from renewable sources can be used to produce hydrogen through electrolysis. The stored hydrogen can be later converted back into electricity through fuel cells or combustion engines, providing a sustainable means of energy storage and grid balancing. - Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells convert the chemical energy of hydrogen into electrical energy with high efficiency and minimal emissions. Fuel cells have applications in various sectors, including transportation (e.g., fuel cell vehicles), stationary power generation, and portable electronics. They offer a promising alternative to traditional combustion-based technologies, contributing to cleaner and more sustainable energy systems. - Chemical Industry: Hydrogen is extensively used in the chemical industry as a feedstock for the production of various chemicals. It is a crucial component in processes such as ammonia synthesis, methanol production, and hydrogenation reactions. Hydrogen’s reactivity and ability to act as a reducing agent make it invaluable in diverse chemical synthesis processes. - Transportation: Hydrogen can be utilized as a fuel for various modes of transportation, offering a zero-emission alternative. Hydrogen-powered vehicles, including fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, hold promise for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating the reliance on fossil fuels. - Metal Production: Hydrogen plays a significant role in the production of metals. It is used as a reducing agent in metallurgical processes to extract metals from their ores. Top 10 countries in production, extraction, resources capacity of Hydrogen Country | Production (thousand metric tons) | Extraction Capacity (thousand metric tons) | Resources Capacity (thousand metric tons) | United States | 10,000 | 15,000 | 50,000 | Russia | 8,000 | 12,000 | 40,000 | China | 7,500 | 11,000 | 38,000 | Canada | 6,000 | 9,500 | 35,000 | Saudi Arabia | 4,500 | 7,000 | 30,000 | Australia | 4,000 | 6,500 | 28,000 | Germany | 3,500 | 6,000 | 27,000 | India | 3,000 | 5,500 | 25,000 | Brazil | 2,500 | 4,500 | 22,000 | United Kingdom | 2,000 | 4,000 | 20,000 | 10 interesting facts of Hydrogen - Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe, constituting about 75% of its elemental mass. - The name “hydrogen” originates from the Greek words “hydro” (meaning water) and “genes” (meaning generator), reflecting its role in the formation of water. - Hydrogen is highly flammable and has a wide flammability range. It can ignite and burn in the presence of an ignition source, producing only water as a byproduct. - In its liquid form, hydrogen has a boiling point of -252.87 degrees Celsius (-423.17 degrees Fahrenheit) and because of these hydrogen properties it is often used as a cryogenic coolant in various scientific and industrial applications. - Some Hydrogen properties like colorless, odorless, and tasteless, making it undetectable to our senses. Specialized equipment is needed to detect and measure its presence. - Hydrogen has the highest energy content per unit of weight of any known fuel, making it a promising candidate for clean and sustainable energy applications. - In 1766, Henry Cavendish discovered that hydrogen gas is lighter than air and can be used to lift objects. This discovery laid the foundation for the development of airship technology. - Hydrogen has three isotopes: protium (H-1), deuterium (H-2), and tritium (H-3). Deuterium is used in nuclear reactors and as a tracer in scientific studies, while tritium is used in self-luminous devices and experimental fusion reactions. - Hydrogen fuel cells convert hydrogen and oxygen into electricity through an electrochemical reaction, offering a clean and efficient alternative to traditional combustion engines. - The use of hydrogen as a fuel for transportation, particularly in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to a more sustainable and low-carbon future. 10 common but interesting FAQs about Hydrogen Is hydrogen dangerous to handle? Hydrogen gas itself is not inherently dangerous, but it is highly flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air or oxygen. Proper handling and storage procedures are necessary to ensure safety. Can hydrogen be used as a fuel for cars? Yes, hydrogen can be used as a fuel for cars. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) use hydrogen to produce electricity, which powers an electric motor. FCVs offer zero-emission driving and have the advantage of fast refueling times compared to battery-electric vehicles. Is hydrogen renewable? Hydrogen is not a renewable resource on its own since it typically requires energy to produce. However, if the energy used for hydrogen production comes from renewable sources such as solar or wind power, the hydrogen can be considered a renewable fuel. How is hydrogen used in industry? Hydrogen is widely used in industries such as chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, and metallurgy. It serves as a feedstock for various chemical reactions, a reducing agent in metal production, and a key component in processes like ammonia synthesis and oil refining. Can hydrogen be used for electricity generation? Yes, hydrogen can be used for electricity generation through fuel cells. Fuel cells convert the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy, producing water as a byproduct. This technology offers high efficiency and clean power generation. Is hydrogen a greenhouse gas? Hydrogen itself is not a greenhouse gas since it does not trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, the production of hydrogen from fossil fuels can release greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide. It is crucial to produce hydrogen from renewable or low-carbon sources to minimize its environmental impact. How does hydrogen compare to batteries for energy storage? Hydrogen and batteries are both used for energy storage, but they have different characteristics. Hydrogen offers the advantage of high energy density, enabling long-duration storage and scalability. Batteries, on the other hand, provide rapid response times and are well-suited for shorter-duration applications. Can hydrogen be used for heating homes? Yes, hydrogen can be used for heating homes and buildings. It can be burned directly in furnaces or boilers, similar to natural gas, providing heat for space heating and water heating. However, the infrastructure for widespread hydrogen use in homes is still under development. Is hydrogen used in space exploration? Hydrogen has been extensively used in space exploration. It is used as a propellant in rocket engines due to its high energy content and efficiency. Additionally, hydrogen fuel cells are used to generate electricity for spacecraft and provide life support systems. Are there any safety concerns with hydrogen fuel cell vehicles? Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have undergone rigorous safety testing and adhere to strict safety standards. The hydrogen tanks in these vehicles are designed to withstand crashes and prevent leaks. Additionally, hydrogen is lighter than air, so any leaked hydrogen will disperse rapidly, minimizing the risk of explosions.

https://edunovations.com/notes/science/chemistry/elements/hydrogen-properties/

Education

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When people think of exercises to build or tone their muscles, they most likely consider weight machines or other strength- and resistance-oriented activities. Distance running, however, although undertaken most often as a way to lose weight or build cardiovascular fitness, is an effective way to firm up your leg muscles, especially when you lose fat in the process and thus allow those muscles to show themselves all the more. Video of the Day You have three pairs of gluteal muscles — the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius and gluteus maximus. The latter muscle is, as the name implies, the largest of the three and is responsible for the overall shape of your butt. The job of these muscles is to keep the upper body upright — that is, to extend the legs at the hip. This, as Kirk Mahoney, Ph.D. points out, is why four-legged animals have almost no gluteal muscle mass. If you want to tone these in particular, plan on a lot of running up steep hills. Video of the Day The hamstrings consist of three muscles in the back of the thigh on each side — the biceps femoris, semimembranosus and the semitendinosus. Their job is to flex the lower leg at the knee. They are called into heavier duty during sprinting, because it accentuates the swing phase of the gait cycle. Although running works these muscles, they are, as explained in "Running Times," subject to overuse injuries because the muscles on the other side of the thigh, the quadriceps group, assume a higher share of the burden of running and thereby set up the hamstrings to be weaker. The four muscles of the quadriceps group of the thigh, usually the most prominent muscles in runners owing to both their location and considerable overall size, span two joints — the knee and the hip — and have two functions: extending the leg at the knee and flexing the thigh at the waist. They participate in braking when you run downhill, when you are at the greatest risk of injuring them. In a runner with especially firm quads, the four individual muscles are easily distinguishable. Your calf muscles include the gastrocnemius, the more prominent of the two muscles in this area, and the soleus, which attaches lower on the back of the shin than the gastrocnemius and is seated more deeply. Together, these muscles flex the foot downward at the ankle, making them responsible for virtually all of the push-off phase during running, Therefore, if you want to build more strong and toned calves, sprinting and hill running will get the job done. Be careful, however, to stretch and warm up before you run to minimize injury risk.

https://www.livestrong.com/article/529026-what-muscles-are-used-and-firmed-while-jogging/

Health

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While food is good for the body and necessary for survival, humans are also expected to be wary of the meals they ingest and the rate at which they consume them. Some types of food, if taken excessively, are capable of causing health risks. The onus is on you to learn why certain foods are unhealthy, why you shouldn’t take them and how you can make better choices on daily basis. Here are some unhealthy meals to watch out for. At the mention of this soup, many will salivate as it is much-loved by many Nigerians… but hold that saliva. Egusi contains something called phytosterols which when consumed, compete with cholesterol for absorption in the digestive system. Also, egusi has a high level of calories and when garnished with few chunks of stock fish and two pieces of meat, it has a total of roughly 700 calories per serving. Imagine consuming it with about 3 wraps of eba which is about 600 calories. Bread is widely consumed daily across the country especially because it doesn’t have to be cooked before consumption. Bread belongs to the class of starchy foods and overt consumption increases the risk of getting diabetes. If you are taking in 100 grams of bread, you are consuming 265 calories, especially if it is white bread. Some Nigerian-made breads are also not completely bromate free. Potassium bromate is added to help strengthen the bread dough and this chemical is cancerous. If you can steer off bread, there are other excellent choices that are low in carbs. While noodles can’t be called a Nigerian food, it has been adopted into Nigeria’s stream of foods such that it is consumed by both young and old. Nigerians go for noodles because it is cheap, easy and fast to cook, hence the name “instant noodles.” Tests have revealed that noodles contain high sodium which aside being cancerous, causes heart disease and skin damage. Eating too much of noodles is bad for digestion and it also leads to obesity. Processed from cassava, garri is a food rich in carbohydrate; both the yellow and the white type. Garri helps to restore lost energy but a high rate of consumption does more harm than good. A cup of garri contains about 360 calories, 95% of which is carbohydrates and further consumption with soup, meat and/or fish, increases the level of calories. Consuming a great deal of starchy foods like eba is like welcoming excess weight with open arms. Fufu is another staple food made from cassava and its origin can be traced to Ghana. Fufu is of good nutritional value as it is rich in protein, fat, carbohydrates, potassium and low in cholesterol. Some are turned off by the smell that fufu gives and/or the fact that it takes longer time to digest. Research has it that every part of cassava plant has a toxic chemical called Linamarin. This chemical, even after boiling the cassava, doesn’t change its state and this could be harmful during digestion. Also, under-processing of fufu, which is rampant, has harmful implications on the health. This is because the cyanide content is not reduced to a non-toxic state. Women and children are susceptible to cyanide poisoning as they are usually the ones who carry out the processing of fufu. There is a meme trending on social media about plantain which reads, “How can you say in good faith that the God who created plantain doesn’t love you?”. This is proof of the love people have for plantain. Granted, plantain is a good source of carbohydrates, vitamin B6, vitamin C and is also a natural remedy for peptic ulcer. However, plantain contains a considerable amount of carbohydrates and more calories are produced when it is fried in oil. Also, the water content decreases when fried and this might not be satiating enough. Integrating plantain into your diet is making way for ample calorie intake. Taking 100 grams of plantain is consuming about 30 grams of carbohydrates, 15 grams of sugar and 120 calories. Other methods of cooking plantain (aside frying) should be adopted if one cannot live without plantain. There’s an endless list of flour-based pastries which are baked, fried or roasted and are often taken between meals. Healthy snacking helps you maintain physical and mental energy and it also helps one have control over main meals. Snacking is however, only healthy when it is done to control appetite and meet nutritional needs. It shouldn’t become a habit because many snack foods are high in fat, calories, sugar and salt. One tends to gain extra pounds through added daily calories if snacking is done out of boredom or habit. Consuming too many sugary pastries could also lead to tooth decay. Endeavour to avoid buying pastries on the street. Home-made pastries are advisable as one is sure of the type of oil used for the preparation. Oil when used over time becomes acidic but most sellers tend to keep old oil in use and keep frying with oil which is already harmful to the health. Rice is rich in carbohydrates and fairly low in calories. It is a good source of energy because it is carbohydrate-dense. Consuming too much of carbohydrate-dense foods may cause one to eat little of other nutritious meals needed for a healthy life. Eating too much rice could adversely affect glucose metabolism in the body. White rice contains about 4 grams of fiber per cup and consuming it in excess would fill one up preventing intake of other foods. White rice is also low in phytic acid because of the bran which is always removed during processing. Ample research has it that white rice increases the risk of getting diabetes. It is advisable to consume brown rice or reduce the rate of white rice consumption. A lot of Nigerians love pounded yam and it is widely consumed across the country. Pounded yam is a source of carbohydrate and a good source of energy which contains dietary fiber that helps reduce constipation. Pounded yam is high in calories as a small slice of yam contains about 330 calories and one tin cup of pounded yam contains about 400 calories from carbohydrates alone. Pounded yam has the highest glycemic index compared to boiled yam and the process of arriving at pounded yam makes carbohydrates more available to enzymes that disintegrate the carbohydrates to glucose. Eating pounded yam is consuming calories with no real nutrition. Diabetic patients are advised to steer off foods with high starch and embrace foods with low starch. Copyright 2024 TheCable. All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from TheCable. Follow us on twitter @Thecablestyle If all this classes of food are considered to be harmful, what then should we eat. i wonder oooo Dey want make we eat Chinese food .Pls what of our 4 father’s that eat dose food & stay 120 years? D Our forefathers do not live sedentary lifestyles like we do these days. They walk long distances to farm and hunt. They eat fresher fruits and vegetables and they consume less preservatives and other harmful chemicals. The trick is to eat these meals but burn them out by exercising. Meant “did not” I see an attempt to flood your kitchen with GMD foods. That us the trend. Condemn every indigenous food and force you to ask ‘what then should we eat?’ …that is when GMO foods are introduced as healthiest. That us how they introduced wheat as best for you but fail to inform you that wheat contain harmful chemicals too. Meanwhile Nigeria is biggest importer of US-GROWN wheat. So they created a market for themselves by brainwashing us to discard one indigenous food for theirs. Of all swallow, fufu is safest followed by garri given its processing process. Anyway, I don’t buy into this western crap. They make no meaning to me. I will still get along with fufu, eba etc like my forefathers did. Soon, they will come to tell us that Bush meat is not healthy…rubbish! What else am i going to eat! I will starve till death Editior!!! Foods like potatoes, brown rice, plantain, yam/plantain flour,oat, fish instead of meat, Chicken without the skin, fruits and Vegetables. Thank God potatoes and oats can be made into solids for our Swallows. Lots of water, eat moderately. Boil, bake or grill instead of frying. Olive oil, Avocado oil canola oil better than vegetable oils. Palm oil should also be used sparingly because its high in saturated fat which is bad for heart health Lots of exercise also good for overall health There are lots of healthy meals we can be eating instead of those that can cause various disease. With determination and discipline we can live off junk and food that does not benefit our health in anyway. Life is sweeter when spent in good health and remember Health is Wealth. Saturated fat is healthier than unsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats are unstable and get converted into trans fats in the body which are ‘unnatural’ and highly carcinogenic fat forms. Coconut oil and palm oil are better that those ‘lighter’ oils… Please how can we make potatoes and oats for swallow. I need your help Cook the potatoes 🥔 but make sure it’s not over cooked. Then pound it. You could also add a little bit of cooked flour when pounding to make it cling more together like eba. As for oats, blend into powder and cook like you make amala You are the best. I sure will take this home. Trust me. Phytosterols are plant sterols unlike cholesterol which only comes from animals. They are amazing in reducing cholesterol levels. Reduction of cholesterol levels is a good thing so I don’t know why you made it sound like a negative for egusi. Wetin person want chop again for Nigeria Sickness can still meet you even when you don’t eat those things so I think we should eat whatever food we like to, We all lived by the grace of God not by food. OnlyGod can give longevity, however discipline will be highly appreciated as heaven helps those who help themselves , all these food mentioned if appropriate routine and moderation is applied ,we will derive the necessary nutrition required daily for our wellbeing

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Trinitarians Roger Olson and Christopher Hall say of the doctrine (the Trinity) in their book, The Trinity (pp. 1-2): It is understandable that the importance placed on this doctrine is perplexing to many lay Christians and students. Nowhere is it clearly and unequivocally stated in Scripture. How can it be so important if it is not explicitly stated in Scripture? (p.1). The doctrine of the Trinity developed gradually after the completion of the N. T. in the heat of controversy. The full-blown doctrine of the Trinity was spelled out in the fourth century at two great ecumenical councils: Nicaea (324 AD) and Constantinople (381 AD). Trinitarian Douglas McCready in his work He Came Down From Heaven, states: New Testament scholars disagree whether the N.T. directly calls Jesus as God because of the difficulty such language would create for early Christians with a Jewish background. It is important to note that every passage that identifies Jesus as "theos" can be translated other ways or has variants that read differently (p. 51). In biblical Judaism the term "messiah" did not necessarily carry any connotation of divine status, and Jews of Jesus' day were not expecting their messiah to be other than human (p. 55). While some have used the title Son of God to denote Jesus' deity, neither the Judaism nor the paganism of Jesus' day understood the title in this way. Neither did the early church (p. 56). Writing as a Trinitarian in his bestselling book Christian Doctrine, Professor Shirley C. Guthrie Jr., makes these strong The Bible does not teach the doctrine of the Trinity. Neither the word "trinity" itself nor such language as "one-in-three," "three-in-one," "one essence" (or "substance"), and "three persons" is biblical language. The language of the doctrine is the language of the ancient church taken from classical Greek philosophy (pp 76, 77). But there is an obvious problem here (calling Jesus Lord and Savior). There is only one God, the Creator of heaven and earth, the Lord and Savior of Israel. If we say that God is really present and at work in Jesus, how can we avoid saying that there are in fact two Gods one "up in heaven" and one who appeared down here on earth? The N.T. does not solve this problem (pp 78, 79). The doctrine of the Trinity is not found in the Bible (p. 80). Trinitarian G. W. Bromley is quoted in The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, edited by Walter Elwell, as saying: In the New Testament there is no explicit statement of the doctrine... (p. 1112). Respected Trinitarian Evangelical Biblical scholar Professor Charles C. Ryrie, writing in his well known work, Basic Theology, admits: The N. T. contains no explicit statement of the doctrine of the Trinity of God (since "these three are one" in 1 John 5:7 is apparently not a part of the genuine text of scripture (p. 60). A definition of the Trinity is not easy to construct. Some are done by stating several propositions. Others err on the side of oneness or threeness (p. 61). Even with all the discussion and delineation that we attempt in relation to the Trinity, we must admit that in the final analysis it is a mystery (p.61). In the second half of the fourth century, three theologians from the province of Cappadocia in eastern Asia Minor gave definitive shape to the doctrine of the Trinity (p.65). But many doctrines are accepted by evangelicals as being clearly taught in the Scripture for which there are no proof texts. The doctrine of the Trinity furnishes the best example of this. It is fair to say that the Bible does not clearly teach the doctrine of the Trinity. In fact, there is not even one proof text, if by proof text we mean a verse or passage that "clearly" states that there is one God who exists in three persons (p. 89). The above illustrations prove the fallacy of concluding that if something is not proof-texted in the Bible we cannot clearly teach the results.... If that were so, I could never teach the doctrine of the Trinity or the deity of Christ or the deity of the Holy Spirit (p.90). Regarding the O.T. name for God, "Elohim," Ryrie says: To conclude plurality of persons from the name itself is dubious (doubtful - p. Trinitarian Millard J. Erickson, research professor of theology at S. W. Baptist Theological Seminary (Southern Baptist) in his book on the Trinity, God in Three Persons, is compelled by the Biblical evidence to make some strong admissions: This doctrine in many ways presents strange paradoxes .... It is a widely disputed doctrine, which has provoked discussion throughout all the centuries of the church's existence. It is held by many with great vehemence and vigor. These advocates are certain they believe the doctrine, and consider it crucial to the Christian faith. Yet many are unsure of the exact meaning of their belief. It was the very first doctrine dealt with systematically by the church, yet is still one of the most misunderstood and disputed doctrines. Further, it is not clear or explicitly taught anywhere in Scripture, yet it is widely regarded as a central doctrine, indispensible to the Christian faith. In this regard, it goes contrary to what is virtually an axiom (a self evident truth) of biblical doctrine, namely, that there is a direct correlation between the Scriptural clarity of a doctrine and its cruciality to the faith and life of the church (pp 11, 12). Erickson goes on to say that some oppose the doctrine of the Trinity because of: "[The Trinity] is not clearly or explicitly taught anywhere in Scripture, yet it is widely regarded as a central doctrine, indispensable to the Christian faith. In this regard, it goes contrary to what is virtually an axiom of biblical doctrine, namely, that there is a direct correlation between the scriptural clarity of a doctrine and its cruciality to the faith and life of the church".There is another, more general objection against the doctrine of the Trinity. It is essentially an argument from the apparent silence of the Bible on this important subject. This contention notes that there really is no explicit statement of the doctrine of the Trinity in the Bible, particularly since the revelation by textual criticism of the spurious nature of 1 John 5: 7. Other passages have been seen on closer study to be applicable only under the greatest strain. The question however is this: It is claimed that the doctrine of the Trinity is a very important, crucial, and even basic doctrine. If that is indeed the case, should it not be somewhere more clearly, directly, and explicitly stated in the Bible? If this is the doctrine that especially constitutes Christianity's uniqueness, how can it be only implied in the biblical revelation? In response to the complaint that a number of portions of the Bible are ambiguous or unclear, we often hear a statement something like, "It is the peripheral matters that are hazy or on which there seem to be conflicting Biblical materials. The core beliefs are clearly and unequivocally revealed." This argument would appear to fail us with respect to the doctrine of the Trinity, however, for here is a seemingly crucial matter where the Scriptures do not speak loudly or clearly... Little direct response can be made to this charge. It is unlikely that any text of Scripture can be shown to teach the doctrine of the Trinity in a clear, direct, and unmistakable fashion. The noted Catholic scholar Graham Greene was quoted in Life Magazine as saying: Our opponents sometimes claim that no belief should be held dogmatically which is not explicitly stated in Scripture ... but the Protestant Churches have themselves accepted such dogmas as The Trinity, for which there is no such precise authority in the Gospels. (Oct. 30, 1950, Vol. 29, No. 19, p. 51) Adam Clarke, a Trinitarian Methodist in his Adam Clarke's Commentary on the Bible makes this strong statement: trust I may be permitted to say, with all due respect for those who differ from me, that the doctrine of the eternal son ship of Christ is in my opinion anti-Scriptural and highly dangerous (p. 854). Writer Lee Strobel, in his book The Case for Christ (two million copies sold), recounts a conversation with Trinitarian professor Ben Witherington of Asbury Theological Seminary, regarding the person of Jesus. Witherington makes this interesting statement: If he had simply announced, "Hi folks, I'm God" that would have been heard as I'm Yahweh, because the Jews of His day didn't have any concept of the Trinity. They only knew of God the Father whom they called Yahweh and not God the Son or God the Holy Spirit. So if someone were to say he was GOD, that wouldn't have made any sense to them and would have been seen as clear-cut blasphemy (p. 133). Theologian James Hastings, a Trinitarian, in his famous work Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, simply states: avoid every kind of language which suggests that to St. Paul the ascension of Christ was deification. To a Jew the idea that a man might come to be GOD could have been an intolerable blasphemy (p.707). Hastings also says: It may be that St. Paul nowhere names Christ "God." To a Jew the idea that a man might come to be God would have been an intolerable blasphemy. (Hastings Dictionary of the Bible: 1994; p. 707-708). Still more explicit is I Corinthians 11: 3: the head of the woman is the man, and the head of Christ is God; and in I Corinthians 15:28 Christ is portrayed as delivering up the Kingdom to God, and as finally submitting even Himself to a higher, "that God may be all in all." St. Paul does not give us much help, perhaps in solving this antinomy [inconsistency]. (P. 708). Professor James Dunn, a Trinitarian scholar, in his exhaustive work Christology in the Making includes the following There is no clear indication anywhere in Paul that he ever identified Christ (pre-existent or otherwise) with the Logos (Word) of God Similarly in Acts there is no sign of any Christology of pre-existence (p. 51). In Matthew and Luke Jesus' divine son ship is traced back specifically to his birth or conception he was Son of God because his conception was an act of creative power by the Holy Spirit (p. 61). earliest period of Christianity "Son of God" was not an obvious vehicle of a Christology of incarnation or pre-existence. Certainly such a Christology cannot be traced back to Jesus himself with any degree of conviction.... It is less likely that we can find such a Christology in Paul or Mark or Luke or Matthew (p. 64). There is no thought in any of the passages we have studied of Jesus existing prior to His birth whether as an angel or an archangel, spirit or Spirit (p. 159). They (the N.T. writers) do not think of Jesus as the incarnation of the Spirit, nor of Jesus as already Spirit prior to his existence on earth (p. 61). In the early stages of this development (the time of Paul's writings) it would be inaccurate to say that Christ was understood as a pre-existent being become incarnate, or that Christ himself was thought to have been present and active in creation (p.211). There is no indication that Jesus thought or spoke of Himself as having pre-existed with God prior to His birth or appearance on earth. (That is) Christological thinking which cannot be traced back to Jesus Himself. We cannot claim that Jesus believed Himself to be the incarnate Son of God (p. 254). There is of course always the possibility that popular pagan superstition became popular Christian superstition, by a gradual assimilation and spread of belief (p. 251). Professor James Dunn, a Trinitarian scholar says in his book Christology In The Making: We cannot claim that Jesus believed himself to be the incarnate Son of God... (p. 254). In Matthew and Luke Jesus� divine sonship is traced back specifically to his birth or conception... he was Son of God because his conception was an act of creative power by the Holy Spirit (p. 51). Frederic William Farrar, chaplain to the Queen of England, and faculty fellow at Trinity College in Cambridge, in his Early Days of Christianity, vol. I (Boston, Massachusetts: DeWolfe, Fiske & Company, 1882) p. 55, wrote: The first teachers of Christianity were never charged by the Jews (who unquestionably believed in the strict unity of God), with introducing any new theory of the Godhead. Many foolish and false charges were made against Christ; but this was never alleged against him or any of his disciples. When this doctrine of three persons in one God was introduced into the Church, by new converts to Christianity, it caused immense excitement for many years.6 Referring to this, Mosheim writes, under the forth century, �The subject of this fatal controversy, which kindled such deplorable divisions throughout the Christian world, was the doctrine of the Three Persons in the Godhead; a doctrine which in the three preceding centuries had happily escaped the vain curiosity of human researches, and had been left undefined and undetermined by any particular set of ideas.... Would there not have been some similar commotion among the Jewish people in the time of Christ, if such a view of the Godhead had been offered to their notice, and if they had been told that without belief in this they "would perish everlastingly"? Revealing Statements from Other Credible Sources: There are other credible sources such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, and secular works that make revealing statements regarding the doctrine of the Trinity not being found in the Bible. They have no apparent "ax to grind" in regard to its truth or error, but make these statements based on history and scholarship. Here are some examples: International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. The Trinity doctrine; the Catholic Faith, is this: We worship one in trinity, but there is one person of the Father, another of the Son and another of the Holy Ghost ... the Glory equal, the Majesty coeternal. The doctrine is not found in its fully developed form in the Scriptures. Modern theology does not seek to find it in the O. T. At the time of the Reformation the Protestant Church took over the doctrine of the Trinity without serious International, Univ. of Glasgow, 1982 ed., Vol. 18, p. 228): The doctrine of the Trinity did not form part of the apostles preaching as this (preaching) is reported in the N.T. Dr. Colin Brown, Trinity and Incarnations: In Search of Contemporary Orthodoxy, Ex Auditu (7); 1991, p. 88-89: It is a common but patent misreading of the opening of John's Gospel to read it as if it said: In the beginning was the Son and the Son was with God and the Son was God. What has happened here is the substitution of Son for Word, and thereby the Son is made a member of the Godhead which existed from the beginning. Encyclopedia Britannica, 11 ed. Vol. 23, p.963: Believers in God as a single person (God, the Father), were at the beginning of the third century still forming the large majority. Harper Collins Encyclopedia of Catholicism, p. 564-565: Today scholars generally agree that there is no doctrine of the Trinity as such in either the O.T. or the N.T. It would go far beyond the intention and thought-forms of the O.T. to suppose that a late-fourth-century or thirteenth-century Christian doctrine can be found there. Likewise, the N. T. does not contain an explicit doctrine of the Trinity. Encyclopedia Americana, Vol. 27, p. 27-28: The Trinity is a "mystery," a formula or conception which really transcends human understanding. It is held that although the doctrine is beyond the grasp of human reason it ... may be apprehended (though it may not be comprehended) by the human mind. The full development of Trinitarianism took place in the west, in the Scholasticism of the Middle Ages, when an explanation was undertaken in terms of philosophy and psychology, especially of the recovered Aristotelianism of the 13th Century. International Dictionary of N. T. Theology, Colin Brown, Gen. Ed., Vol. 2, The N.T. does not contain the developed doctrine of the Trinity. The Bible lacks the express declaration that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit are of equal essence and therefore in an equal sense God himself. And the other express declaration is also lacking, that God is God thus and only thus, i.e., as the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. These two express declarations, which go beyond the witness of the Bible, are the twofold content of the Church doctrine of the Trinity. Encyclopedia of Catholicism, Richard P. McBrein, editor, p 1271: Trinitarian doctrine as such emerged in the fourth century, due largely to the efforts of Athanasius and the Cappadocians ... The doctrine of the Trinity formulated in the late fourth century thus affirms that the one God exists as three Persons. The purpose of this formulation was to profess that God, Christ, and the Spirit are equally responsible for our salvation, thus each must be divine. Academic International Encyclopedia, Lexicon Publ., 1992 ed.; p. 300-301: The doctrine of the Trinity is a post-scriptural attempt to bring to coherent expression diverse affirmations about God. For Christians the one God appeared in what they call a threefold "economy," in, so to speak, three forms or modes. Difficulties soon emerged in formulating and understanding the threefold "economy." Catholic and Protestant theology has sought in various ways to make the doctrine stated at Nicaea comprehensible. In the religious thought of the Enlightenment (17 and 18th centuries) there was a strong reaction against Trinitarianism as an "orthodox" mystery without basis in either experience or reason. Harper Collins Bible Dictionary, Paul J. Achtemeier, Editor, 1996 ed.; pp 452-453, 1052-1053, 1178-1179: [Incarnation] refers to the Christian doctrine that the pre-existent Son of God became man in Jesus. None of these writers (Matthew, Mark, Luke) deals with the question of Jesus' pre-existence. Paul does not directly address the question of the incarnation... It is only with the fathers of the church in the third and fourth centuries, that a full-fledged theory of the incarnation develops. The use of the word "appointed" in Romans 1: 4 indicates that at this stage in the history of Christian thought, the title Son of God denoted an office or function in salvation history rather than a metaphysical quality as in later dogmatics. This usage is in accord with O.T. Jewish thinking. [The birth narratives of Matthew and Luke] do not imply a pre-existence-incarnation Christology or a divine son-ship in the metaphysical sense. Rather, it implies Jesus' predestination from the womb for a messianic role in salvation history. The functional meaning of divine son ship is made clear in Luke 1:32-33. It is generally acknowledged that the Church father Tertullian [A.D. 145-220] either coined the term [Trinity] or was the first to use it with reference to God. The explicit doctrine was thus formulated in the post-biblical period... Attempts to trace the origins still earlier to the O.T. literature cannot be supported by historical-critical scholarship. The formal doctrine of the Trinity as it was defined by the great Church Councils of the fourth and fifth centuries is not to be found in Bishop D. L. Welch stated that: The doctrine of the Trinity is as weak as the broth off of a turkey's shadow. Rogers, former pastor of Bellevue Baptist Church of Memphis, Tennessee, began a sermon on the doctrine of the Trinity with this statement: Ladies and gentlemen, I am going to confess to you at the start of this message that I do not understand it (the Trinity). No wonder a famous author, who Dr. Billy Graham calls one of his favorite Evangelical writers, said in a letter to me recently: "As you know, the Trinity was one of the most hotly debated topics of the first five centuries, and still it has us scratching our heads." "For I am the Lord thy God, the Holy one of Israel .... before Me there was no God formed, neither shall there be after Me. I, even I, am the lord; and beside Me there is no Savior ... ye are my witnesses, saith the Lord, that I am God. I am the Lord, your Holy one, the Creator of Israel" Isa. 43: 3, 10-12, 15. Note: God is our true Saviour but He used many men through the ages as "saviours," and He has used His son Jesus to save us eternally. II Kings 13:5; Nehemiah 9:27; Obadiah 1:21; Luke 1: 47; 2:11. Robert A. Wagoner, in The Great Debate Regarding the Father, Son, & Holy Spirit, wrote:

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What is GAPS? Gut and Psychology Syndrome (GAP Syndrome or GAPS) is a condition establishing a connection between the functions of the digestive system and the brain. This term was coined by Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride, MD, MMedSci (neurology), MMedSci (human nutrition) in 2004 after working with hundreds of children and adults with neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as autistic spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD/ADD), schizophrenia, dyslexia, dyspraxia, depression, obsessive –compulsive disorder, bi-polar disorder and other neuro-psychological and psychiatric problems. Gut and Physiology Syndrome includes chronic physical conditions which stem from an unhealthy gut, such as all autoimmune conditions (celiac disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes type one, multiple sclerosis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune skin problems, Hashimoto disease and other hormonal problems, etc.), asthma, eczema, various allergies, food allergy and intolerance, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, multiple many endocrine disorders (thyroid, adrenal and other), chronic infections, many neurological diseases and all chronic digestive disorders (such as irritable bowel syndrome, gastritis, colitis, etc). The collective bacteria that reside along the GI tract is referred to as your gut microbiome. Clinical research continues to reveal how significant the health and function of the gut flora are to every physiological action in the body including metabolism, digestion, nutrient production and absorption, neurotransmitter production and transport, inflammation, detoxification, etc. Through dietary intervention, targeted supplementation, detoxification, and lifestyle changes, the nutritional protocol is designed to restore digestive function, brain function, and overall health. To learn more about the GAPS Diet, please read Dr Campbell-McBride’s book Gut and Psychology Syndrome available here. To read Dr. Campbell-McBride’s new book Gut and Physiology Syndrome, order it here. Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride holds a degree in Medicine and Postgraduate degrees in both Neurology and Human Nutrition. In her clinic in Cambridge she specialized in nutrition for children and adults with behavioral and learning disabilities, and adults with digestive and immune system disorders. Dr. Campbell-McBride set up The Cambridge Nutrition Clinic in 1998. As a parent of a child diagnosed with learning disabilities, she was acutely aware of the difficulties facing other parents like her, and she has devoted much of her time to helping these families. She realized that nutrition played a critical role in helping children and adults to overcome their disabilities, and has pioneered the use of probiotics in this field. She believes that the link between learning disabilities, the food and drink that we take, and the condition of our digestive system is absolute, and the results of her work have supported her position on this subject. In her clinic, parents discuss all aspects of their child’s condition, confident in the knowledge that they are not only talking to a professional but to a parent who has lived their experience. Her deep understanding of the challenges they face puts her advice in a class of its own. **This site should be used as a complement to Dr. Campbell-McBride’s book Gut and Psychology Syndrome and is in no way a substitute for all the information provided within it.**

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Clubfoot baby treatment A baby with a twisted foot is born per 1,000 births, on average. With the toes bent at an amusing angle, it might curl to the side. Or it could be crooked, almost upside down, or have a strange shape and point in the incorrect direction. This condition is referred to as clubfoot by doctors. Approximately half of the infants with clubfoot are born with it on both feet, but the majorities are otherwise healthy. Even though clubfoot does not hurt, if it is left untreated, it may be challenging for a youngster to walk without a limp. Most children don't suffer long-term consequences because it's usually simple to fix. The muscles and tendons in and around the foot are shorter than they should be which leads to clubfoot. Tendons are bands of tissue that connect muscles to bones. ALSO READ: How to Stop Hiccups in Babies instantly There is no way to guarantee that your baby won't be born with it, and doctors don't know what causes it. However, some factors increase the risk of clubfoot. They consist of: make up two-thirds of clubfoot infants. background: Clubfoot is twice as likely to occur in infants whose parent or sibling had it. of lifestyle: The likelihood that your unborn child will have it increases if you smoke or use illegal substances while you're pregnant. birth abnormalities: Sometimes it's connected to another ailment a baby is born with, like spina bifida. amniotic fluid during pregnancy: This encompasses your unborn child in the womb. Your kid is more likely to be born with clubfoot if it is - When a baby is first born, clubfoot is quite obvious. Here are a few indicators: - The toes may be pointing inward while the foot is pointing down. - The foot seems to be turned sideways or perhaps even upside down. - The difference between the foot and a typical foot could be up to a half-inch. - It's possible that the affected leg doesn't have fully developed calf muscles. - There can be a finite range of motion for the foot. Most medical professionals can identify clubfoot just by taking a quick glance at your newborn. Your doctor might catch it if you have an ultrasound done around the end of your pregnancy. Soon after your baby is delivered, your doctor will start to treat the clubfoot. The objective is to correct it early enough to avoid delays because babies don't use their feet until they can stand and walk. A cast or surgery will be used by your doctor. casting process: Doctors are able to move the clubfoot in the proper direction to help with the condition since tendons can flex and stretch quite easily in infants. They gently nudge the foot into a place that is more in line with where it ought to be. Then, to keep it in place, they put on a cast. The doctor removes the cast about a week later. The infant's foot is gently stretched once again, moved, and a new cast is applied. They'll carry on in this manner for a few weeks or months. Your doctor might use X-rays to verify that the baby's bones are gradually shifting into the proper Your infant will need to wear a special brace or shoe to keep their clubfoot at the proper angle until they have learned to walk if the series of casts help to repair it. This is due to the fact that a clubfoot frequently returns to its original posture. For some kids, the brace or shoe may only need to be worn temporarily. Others might require it for a few years to maintain the correct foot angle. procedures: Stretching and casting won't help if the tendons and other tissues in your baby's foot are too short. In this situation, surgery might be Between the ages of six months and a year, clubfoot surgery is frequently performed on infants. The doctor fixes everything in a single procedure, unlike the progressive casting process. To turn and mold the foot into a more natural position, they could stretch tendons or do other actions. ALSO READ: Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy The baby will require a cast following surgery to maintain the proper angle of the foot. They will then require a brace or specialized footwear for roughly a year to prevent the foot from returning to its previous your healthy practices as much as possible. Don't forget to follow our recommendations if you want to be the healthiest and fittest version of yourself. We offer accurate, current assessments to enhance your general health. Several educational resources on health-related subjects are being created by a group of corporate executives. Your ability to live the richest life imaginable is because of our efforts to educate you. Both the most recent facts and advice for a restful night's sleep PLEASE COMMENT BELOW IN THE "COMMENTS" SECTION ABOUT ANY UNIQUE EXPERIENCES YOU MAY HAVE. - Clubfoot baby - Clubfoot treatment - Clubfoot causes - Clubfoot surgery - Clubfoot awareness month - Clubfoot at birth - A baby with a club foot Post a Comment

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When a virus strikes Africa, we barely notice The Ebola virus ravaged West Africa in 2014. Neither the media nor the markets paid much attention. It could have been much worse. Ebola is highly contagious and has an average mortality rate of 50 per cent. (The average mortality rate for Covid-19 is about one per cent.) When the disease spread to Nigeria’s commercial capital Lagos, a densely populated city of 21million people often crowded in slums, public-health officials envisioned an urban apocalypse. Yet despite thousands of deaths, and the realistic potential of millions eventually contracting and dying of Ebola in West Africa, global markets hardly blinked. Even this year, at the same time as Covid-19 has been spreading across the world, Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, has been facing what is turning out to be the world’s largest outbreak of Lassa fever. This is a viral disease far deadlier than Covid-19, with an average mortality rate of 23 per cent. So far there have been 906 cases and 161 deaths spread across 27 of Nigeria’s 36 states. Few outside the country have noticed, just as few outside West Africa noticed the impact of Ebola. Compare the response to the Ebola outbreak to the market meltdown we have been witnessing for weeks, even when Europe’s Coronavirus death toll was still in the low hundreds. Why the difference in reaction? It cannot be explained by the fact that the Ebola outbreak was mostly limited to a region. If a disease as deadly and contagious as Ebola had broken out in several Western European nations simultaneously, markets would still have plunged. It raises the obvious question: why do African lives seem to matter less to the world? Some will say it is because of racism. But this is not about racism. The brutal reality is that this is about economic relevance. And, unfortunately, Africa is on the margins of the global economy. Despite constituting 17 per cent of the world’s population, Africa accounts for just 2.5 per cent of global GDP. Its share of global manufacturing is just one per cent. Its share of global trade is two per cent. And just three per cent of foreign direct investment goes to the world’s second-most populous continent. There are many historical reasons for why Africa came to be so far behind the rest of the world economically – slavery, colonialism and so on. But historical explanations do not change current realities. And the current reality is that Africa is not considered significant in terms of the global economy today. What happens in Africa has little economic consequence for the rest of the world. There is nothing the continent produces or consumes at the moment that cannot be easily offset elsewhere. This is why markets don’t care what happens in Africa – because it is economically irrelevant. And this economic irrelevance in turn influences global media who follow market trends closely. Hence mass deaths and pandemics in Africa don’t end up fazing or worrying the world the way they do when they happen in Europe, Asia or North America. Together, these continents account for 87 per cent of global GDP. While racism is not the cause of Africa’s economic insignificance, that economic insignificance still has racial implications. That’s because, whether you like capitalism or not, we live in a capitalist world. And in a capitalist world, everything ultimately revolves around money. If I walk into a room with a billionaire, most people will be way more interested in what the billionaire has to say than in what I have to say. Because a billionaire’s actions can have real-life consequences for thousands of people. Mine can’t. In the logic of capitalism, one billionaire is more relevant than 100 Remis. Annoying, yes, but that’s the way it is. As it works on the individual level, so too on the group level. White-majority nations remain the richest and most economically developed nations in the world, while black nations remain the poorest and least economically developed. The rest of the world is somewhere in between. It is no coincidence that the current racial hierarchy reflects the current economic hierarchy. What happens in white-majority nations and, increasingly, in Asian nations, is considered far more important than what happens in the world’s only majority-black continent. This has a psychological knock-on effect on perceptions of black people in general, including those of us in the diaspora. The continent we are associated with is considered pretty marginal in the larger scheme of things. By subconscious extension, so are we. Imagine a world in which two out of the five largest economies were in Africa. A world in which when Africa sneezed, the rest of the globe caught a cold. A world in which markets breathlessly responded to developments in Nigeria or South Africa’s economy because that had global consequences. It would be a world in which Africa was unignorable. Because no one can ignore the relevant. Relevance today means economic relevance. That is why Africa’s focus this century must be on becoming rich by any means necessary. Anything else is a distraction. Only then will black lives matter. Dr Remi Adekoya teaches political economy at the University of Sheffield. His new book, Biracial Britain: A Different Way of Looking at Race is due out in June 2020. Picture by: Getty. To enquire about republishing spiked’s content, a right to reply or to request a correction, please contact the managing editor, Viv Regan.

https://www.spiked-online.com/2020/03/23/when-a-virus-strikes-africa-we-barely-notice/amp/?__twitter_impression=true

Culture

en

Tuesday's Amtrak crash raises concerns about transportation safety. But statistically speaking, trains are actually a very safe way to travel -- much safer than driving. CNNMoney calculated how many people are killed for every one billion passenger miles traveled to compare the safety of different modes of transportation. So a 500-mile trip on a plane carrying 100 people would be equivalent in passenger miles to someone driving a 500 mile car trip alone 100 times. The figures are for U.S travel only using data for the most recent five-year period that's available. Motorcycles: Motorcycles are far more dangerous than most forms of transportation, but what's surprising is just how much more dangerous they are. There were 23,000 people killed by them over a five year period, making them by far a traveler's most dangerous option. Cars & trucks: More than 113,000 people were killed riding in cars or trucks in the five years ending in 2013, which is a much higher absolute number than any other form of transportation. But that's because people most often travel in cars and trucks. Commuter rails & Amtrak: Amtrak and commuter railroads are a relatively safe mode of travel, with only a handful of deaths each year from 2009 through 2013. But since then there have been a number of major accidents, including two commuter rail accidents in the New York area last fall and earlier this year, as well as Tuesday's Amtrak crash. Subways & metro rail: These trains, which include subways and light rail systems, carry passengers for even more miles than Amtrak and commuter rail lines combined. And their safety record is fairly good. The last major accident involved the Washington DC Red Line, which had an accident in 2009 that killed the train's operator and eight passengers. Buses: They're one of the safest forms of travel around. School buses, which generally drive slowly on local streets and are painted a bright yellow to alert other drivers, are a a big reason for that. City buses also provide very safe transportation. Commercial airlines: Nothing is safer than a U.S. commercial planes, which have been involved in very few crashes. The 2013 Asiana Airlines crash in San Francisco, which killed three passengers, is not included in these statistics since that was a foreign carrier on U.S. soil. Small planes, known as air taxis, that carry passengers to very rural destinations are responsible for most of the deaths in this category. Private planes cause far more deaths than commercial airlines, but those deaths also are not included in these figures.

http://money.cnn.com/2015/05/13/news/economy/train-plane-car-deaths/

Travel

en

Mild cases of acid reflux can often be prevented by adopting a few lifestyle changes, such as avoiding certain foods or not lying down immediately after a meal. Over-the-counter or prescribed medications can be used if lifestyle changes don’t help. Acid reflux happens when your stomach acid backs up into your esophagus. Your esophagus is the muscular tube that connects your throat and stomach. The most common symptom of acid reflux is a burning sensation in your chest, known as heartburn. Other symptoms may include a sour or regurgitated food taste in the back of your mouth. Acid reflux is also known as gastroesophageal reflux (GER). If you experience it more than twice a week, you may have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). In addition to frequent heartburn, symptoms of GERD include difficulty swallowing, coughing or wheezing, and chest pain. Most people experience acid reflux and heartburn from time to time. GERD is a more serious condition that affects about Learn about steps you can take to prevent acid reflux and heartburn. Lifestyle changes, medication, or surgery may help you find relief. Anyone can experience occasional acid reflux and heartburn. For example, you may experience these symptoms after eating too quickly. You may notice them after consuming lots of spicy food or high-fat treats. You’re more likely to develop GERD if you: - are overweight or obese - are pregnant - have diabetes Eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa, may also contribute to some cases of GERD. “People who induce vomiting, or have in the past, can have an increased risk of heartburn,” says Jacqueline L. Wolf, M.D., an associate professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School. Occasional or mild cases of acid reflux can usually be prevented by adopting a few lifestyle changes. For example: - Avoid lying down for three hours after a meal. - Eat smaller meals more frequently throughout the day. - Wear loose-fitting clothing to avoid pressure on your abdomen. - Lose excess weight. - Quit smoking. - Raise the head of your bed six to eight inches by placing wooden blocks under your bedposts. Bed risers are another option for Several types of food can cause acid reflux and heartburn. Pay close attention to how you feel after eating different foods. Your triggers may include: - fatty or fried foods - carbonated beverages, such as soda - citrus fruits - tomato sauce If you experience acid reflux or heartburn after eating certain foods, take steps to avoid them. Many people can resolve their symptoms through lifestyle changes. Other people may require medications to prevent or treat acid reflux and heartburn. Your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription medications, such as: - antacids, such as calcium carbonate (Tums) - H2-receptor blockers, such as famotidine (Pepcid AC) or cimetidine (Tagamet HB) - mucosal protectants, such as sucralfate (Carafate) - proton pump inhibitors, such as rabeprazole (Dexilant), and esomeprazole A Note About Proton Pump Inhibitors Proton pump inhibitors are the most effective treatments for chronic acid reflux. They’re generally considered very safe. They reduce your body’s production of gastric acids. Unlike some other medications, you only need to take them once a day to prevent symptoms. There are also downsides to using proton pump inhibitors on a long-term basis. Over time, they can deplete vitamin B-12 in your body. Since stomach acid is one of your body’s defenses against infection, proton pump inhibitors can also raise your risk of infection and bone fractures. In particular, they can raise your risk of hip, spine, and wrist fractures. They can also be expensive, often costing more than $100 each month. Surgery is only necessary in rare cases of acid reflux and heartburn. The most common surgery used to treat acid reflux is a procedure known as Nissen fundoplication. In this procedure, a surgeon lifts a portion of your stomach and tightens it around the junction where your stomach and esophagus meet. This helps increase pressure in your lower esophageal sphincter (LES). This procedure is performed with a laparoscope. You will need to stay in the hospital for one to three days after it’s performed. Complications are rare and the results are extremely effective. However, surgery may lead to increased bloating and flatulence or trouble swallowing. If you experience regular acid reflux or heartburn, speak to your doctor. They may recommend lifestyle changes to help prevent your symptoms. For example, they may advise you to eat smaller meals, remain upright after eating, or cut certain foods from your diet. They may also encourage you to lose weight or quit smoking. If lifestyle changes don’t relieve your symptoms, your doctor may recommend over-the-counter or prescription medications. In rare cases, you may need surgery. Complications from the surgery are rare.

https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/preventing-heartburn#Lifestyle-Changes-Dotinacircle:

Health

en

There’s a broad assumption that this phenomenon — a preference for light skin over dark and accompanying discrimination — is contained within the black community and other communities of color. But now, research suggests that some white people buy into colorism, too. In a new study published in the journal Social Currents, Villanova University’s Lance Hannon found that, all things being equal, white interviewers deemed lighter-skinned blacks and Hispanics more intelligent than darker-skinned people who had identical educational achievement, vocabularies, scores on a political test, and a variety of other factors. The results provide good reason to believe that what Hannon calls “white colorism” exists. And they raise concerns about what unfair, complexion-based beliefs about who’s smart and who’s not can have in every area of American life. Skin color discrimination by white people isn’t a new concept. As Hannon writes in the paper, “The history of white colorism runs as deep as the history of white racism in U.S. society. For African Americans, the skin color hierarchy is firmly rooted in the slavery regime, where white owners gave certain work privileges to slaves with more Eurocentric features.” And in fact, colorism in various areas of American life has been studied before. In his write up of the new research, Pacific Standard’s Tom Jacobs summed up the findings of previous studies on the topic, with conclusions including: - lighter-skinned black men with bachelor's degrees have a distinct advantage in job application processes over black men who have MBAs; - lighter skinned black women in North Carolina received lighter prison sentences than their darker peers; - African-Americans with more education are remembered as being lighter than they actually are. But Hannon’s new research is the first to focus on how colorism determines white people’s perceptions of the intelligence of people of color. He analyzed data from the 2012 American National Election Study, which is a face-to-face survey on social and political values and opinion. Interviewers are required to describe each subject’s skin tone on a 10-point scale, and also rate intelligence on a five-point scale from “very low” to “very high.” Looking at the results for 223 African-American and Hispanic subjects who were interviewed by white interviewers, he found that African Americans and Latinos who were deemed to have lighter skin tones were also significantly more likely to be seen as intelligent. If you’re wondering whether it could be that the lighter-skinned subjects really were more intelligent (perhaps because of the way colorism in the larger society affected their educational opportunities) you’re wrong — Hannon controlled for all of that. “Importantly, the effects of skin tone on intelligence assessment were independent of respondent education level, vocabulary test score, political knowledge assessment, and other demographic factors,” he wrote. Consequently, the interviewers could look at two identically qualified black or Hispanic subjects and assess the lighter one as being smarter. Why white colorism matters The research drives home the point that colorism is not just a form of prejudice people of color impose on each other. Also, it’s a reminder that that while it’s certainly a relevant part of conversations where it most often arises — about things like worldwide demand for skin bleaching cream, debates about dating preferences, and more diverse representation of black women in Hollywood — the harm it causes extends far beyond these realms. A belief among some white people that darker-skinned black and Hispanic people aren’t smart could have (and is likely already having) society-wide impacts that perpetuate inequality. “If white adults have a tendency to equate lighter skin with intelligence,” Hannon concluded, “this may impact the quality and level of expectations white teachers and other school authorities have for certain students.” It’s reasonable to conclude that this type of thinking — whether it’s conscious or the result of implicit bias — could taint decisions about everything from hiring and promotions, awards and internships, to mentorship and all of the other judgments that determine the trajectory of a person’s life. The paper calls for future sociological research to stop treating colorism as something that only happens within racial groups, and insists that if American racism is to be fully addressed, white colorism will have to be a part of the conversation.

http://www.vox.com/2015/2/28/8116799/white-colorism-racism-study

Culture

en

Learning a new language offers numerous advantages for seniors, as it can considerably affect cognitive capacity and overall health. Language learning isn’t just for the young; older adults also benefit from sharpening their language skills. This article explores the advantages of learning a foreign language at an older age. Seniors, learn a new language! Here’s why: - Boost cognitive capacity and overall health. - Language learning benefits seniors immensely. - It’s not just for the young. - Older adults gain advantages from language skills. Unlock Cognitive Benefits of Language Learning for Seniors Learning a new language offers numerous cognitive benefits, especially for seniors who want to keep their minds sharp and active. As we age, our brains experience alterations that may influence recollection, concentration span, and cognitive abilities. 1. Boost Memory Retention by Learning a New Language One of the most significant advantages of learning a new language is its positive impact on memory retention. When seniors study another language, they are constantly exposed to new vocabulary words and grammar rules that challenge their brains to remember information more effectively. 2. Language Learning Enhances Problem-Solving Abilities Language learning involves deciphering complex patterns and structures within an unfamiliar linguistic system, which requires critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Language learning for seniors keeps these skills active. 3. Delay Age-Related Cognitive Decline With Bilingualism Research has shown that bilingualism may delay the onset of age-related cognitive decline by several years compared to monolingual individuals, making it an excellent way for seniors to maintain optimal brain health as they age. How Can Seniors Use Technology to Learn a New Language? Technology has opened up a world of possibilities for older adults looking to learn a foreign language. Here are some ways seniors can leverage technology to enhance their language learning experience: 1. Language Learning Apps Mobile applications have revolutionized language learning, and seniors can easily access many language learning apps on their smartphones or tablets. These apps offer a variety of features, such as vocabulary drills, pronunciation practice, and language exercises. They often incorporate gamification elements to make learning more enjoyable and engaging. Examples of Language Learning Apps for Seniors: - Learn languages at your own pace with Duolingo. - Visit duolingo.com to explore interactive lessons for seniors. - Expand your vocabulary efficiently with AnkiApp’s flashcards. - Create personalized flashcards at ankiapp.com for effective language learning. - Engage in interactive language courses with Memrise. - Join virtual study groups and practice skills at memrise.com for an immersive language learning experience. - Rosetta Stone is a renowned language learning program that provides immersive language courses and interactive exercises. - You can enhance your learning through visual and audio practices at rosettastone.com. 2. Online Language Learning Platforms Seniors can use dedicated online language learning platforms that offer comprehensive courses tailored to their needs. These platforms provide interactive lessons, practice exercises, and even virtual tutors to guide learners through language acquisition. With self-paced learning, seniors can progress at their speed and revisit lessons as needed. 3. Virtual Language Exchange Programs Seniors can connect with language learners worldwide through virtual language exchange programs. These platforms facilitate language exchange and practice between people who speak different languages. Seniors can improve their speaking and listening skills through video chats and messaging. Improve Communication Skills With Language Learning As seniors age, maintaining strong communication skills becomes increasingly important for their overall well-being. 1. A Boost in Confidence and Self-Expression Gaining proficiency in a foreign language can bolster self-assurance, thus aiding seniors in more confidently conveying their thoughts and ideas. For seniors, this newfound confidence can translate into improved social interactions and greater ease when communicating with others. 2. Cross-Cultural Communication Enhancement With a New Language In today’s globalized world, having the ability to communicate effectively across cultures is invaluable. When seniors learn a new language, they also gain insights into different cultural norms and practices, which allow them to engage more deeply with people from diverse backgrounds. Tips for improving cross-cultural communication: - Be aware of non-verbal cues and body language. - Show genuine interest in learning about the other person’s culture. - Be open-minded and avoid making assumptions based on stereotypes. Gain Cultural Awareness Through Language Learning Gaining cultural awareness through language learning can be an incredibly enriching experience for seniors, enabling them to gain insight into different cultures and fostering empathy and understanding. 1. New Language Is a Window Into Different Culture When seniors learn a new language, they effectively open a window into another culture. This allows them to explore various facets, such as art, history, cuisine, music, and literature – all through the lens of that particular language. 2. Enriching Travel Experiences With a Foreign Language For seniors who enjoy traveling, learning a new language can significantly enhance their experiences abroad. It provides an opportunity for language school vacations, where seniors can combine travel with intensive language study – making for both an educational and enjoyable trip. Enhance Social Connections With Language Learning By engaging in language learning, seniors can foster social connections and build relationships with individuals from different cultures. By acquiring new language skills, senior citizens can expand their social circles and create meaningful relationships with people from diverse backgrounds. 1. Common Language Breaks Down Barriers and Builds Relationships Learning a new language enables seniors to break down communication barriers that may have previously existed between them and individuals who speak different languages. 2. Join Language Groups or Classes Seniors can join local language groups or classes specifically designed for older adults as an excellent way of meeting like-minded individuals who share similar interests. - TIP: Look out for local community centers or libraries offering free language courses tailored to the needs of senior learners. - TIP: Consider joining online forums dedicated to specific languages where you can ask questions, seek advice, and interact with fellow learners at your own pace. 3. Travel Opportunities By Learning a Language By learning a language, seniors can access many travel opportunities that enable them to engage with different cultures and form meaningful connections. This enhanced ability to connect with others while traveling can lead to memorable experiences and lasting friendships. Learn more about why seniors should learn a new language below. Is 70 Too Old to Learn a New Language? No, 70 is not too old to learn a new language. Age should not be considered an obstacle to acquiring linguistic skills. In fact, seniors have various cognitive and experiential advantages that can facilitate the learning process. Why Is Learning Another Language Important for Seniors? Learning another language offers numerous benefits, including improved cognitive function, better communication skills, increased cultural awareness, and enhanced social connections. Does Learning a Language in the Elderly Enhance Switching Ability? Yes, learning a new language can enhance switching ability in elderly individuals by improving their executive functions, such as attention control and task-switching abilities. Bilingualism has been linked to better cognitive performance, especially in tasks requiring mental flexibility. Can Visually Impaired Seniors Learn a New Language With Smartphone App? Yes, visually impaired seniors can learn a new language using smartphone apps designed with accessibility features. Many language learning apps provide options for screen readers, voice prompts, and tactile feedback, making it possible for visually impaired seniors to engage with lessons, practice exercises, and interactive content. Why Are New Hobbies Important for Seniors? The benefits of new hobbies for seniors include cognitive stimulation, mental agility, and reduced cognitive decline. Taking part in group activities facilitates social interaction. The benefits of physical activity include increased mobility and fitness. Developing new interests enhances seniors’ sense of achievement, purpose, and joy. The Bottom Line In conclusion, learning a second language at an older age can have numerous cognitive benefits for older adults. It not only improves communication skills but also enhances social connections and cultural awareness. At Senior Supported, we believe in providing seniors with the necessary resources to lead fulfilling lives. Take the first step today by visiting SeniorSupported.com.

https://seniorsupported.com/benefits-of-using-walking-canes/l

Health

en

It’s a long-held belief among animal breeders that pure-bred progeny are best produced by females who have never mated before. Call it puritanical or ridiculous, but in breeding, it’s been a long-standing practice—even though there has never been much science to back it up. Now, however, researchers at University of New South Wales in Australia believe they may finally have some evidence to give that notion some scientific support. Working with flies, Angela Crean, a research fellow at the evolution and ecology research center, picked up on her mentor’s work of looking at how male factors can influence offspring outside of the DNA in his semen. “The genetic tests showed that even though the second male fertilized the eggs, the offsprings’ size was determine by the condition of the first male,” she says of her findings, published in the journal Ecology Letters. “The cool thing is that the non-genetic effects we are seeing are not necessarily tied to the fertilization itself.” Cool, or really disturbing. The implications of the study are that any mates a female has had may leave some legacy—in the form of physical or other traits that are carried in the semen (but not the DNA-containing sperm)—that could show up in her future offspring with another mate. While there’s a growing body of work showing that a mother’s diet, her smoking status, and other lifestyle habits can have an influence on her offspring, the data on similar factors on the father’s side is just emerging. With flies it’s known, for example, that males who eat a maggot-rich diet while they’re mere larvae, develop into larger than average adults, and on top of that, sire larger than average offspring as well. Males fed a meager maggot diet tend to be smaller have have smaller progeny. Eager to learn how this was happening, Crean conducted a series of mating experiments with female flies when their eggs were immature. At that stage, the eggs are more receptive to absorbing factors in semen, but because they aren’t fully developed, they can’t be fertilized and won’t result in baby flies. When she and her colleagues “mated” these females with males who were larger, then allowed the females to actually mate with smaller males once they were mature, the offspring turned out to be large, just like the first males the females had sexual contact with. Genetically, they were the offspring of the second, smaller male, but physically, they resembled the larger males. The same was true when they reversed the experiment and first exposed the females to smaller flies and then mated them with the larger ones. To be sure that the was indeed due to something in the semen, Crean repeated the studies with an unfortunate group of male flies who had their genitalia glued down so they could not pass on any semen during their encounters. (“It’s horrifying but seemed nicer than cutting them off,” she says.) When these males, both large and small, were the first “mates” for females, their size did not have an effect on the offspring when the female mated with her second mate and had offspring. In other words, those offspring were large if the second male was large, and small if the second male was small. Crean says the idea of a female’s previous mates having an effect on their offspring isn’t unheard of. In fact, this very idea, called telegony, was proposed by ancient scholars such as Aristotle but dismissed with the advent of genetics. But new findings about epigenetics — how our behaviors, such as diet, smoking and drinking — can affect our genes and how those changes can be passed on, make the idea of such non-genetic inheritance possible. “This could be seen as a maternal effect [such as diet or smoking] where the mother’s environment are her previous mating partners,” she says. “We have to realize that it’s not just DNA that gets passed on. It opens up the opportunity for all these other pathways that we had excluded.” And while flies aren’t people, what are the chances that the same phenomenon is occurring in human reproduction? “It’s something we definitely don’t want to speculate about yet with humans,” she says. “There is no direct scientific evidence for that at all.” At least, for now. More Must-Reads from TIME - The Reinvention of J.D. Vance - Iran, Trump, and the Third Assassination Plot - Welcome to the Golden Age of Scams - Did the Pandemic Break Our Brains? - 33 True Crime Documentaries That Shaped the Genre - The Ordained Rabbi Who Bought a Porn Company - Introducing the Democracy Defenders - Why Gut Health Issues Are More Common in Women Contact us at email@example.com

http://time.com/3461485/how-previous-sexual-partners-affect-offspring/

Romance

en

News Hub Creator 1d is a disease especially of Africa that is caused by an arenavirus (species Lassa virus of the genus Arenavirus) and is characterized by a high fever, headaches, mouth ulcers, muscle aches, small hemorrhages under the skin, heart and kidney failure, and a high mortality rate Lassa fever is an acute viral illness that occurs in west Africa. And it was first noticed when some pastors went for a Field missionary in a particular town located in enugu. The incubation period of Lassa fever ranges from 6–21 days. The onset of the disease, when it is symptomatic, is usually gradual, starting with fever, general weakness, and malaise. After a few days headache, stomach ache may develop in some cases Primary transmission of the Lassa virus from its host to humans can be prevented by avoiding contact with Mastomys rodents, especially in the geographic regions where outbreaks occur. Putting food away in rodent-proof containers and keeping the home clean help to discourage rodents from entering homes. One of the way out of this deadly virus is abstainance and also making sure our environment is clean and free from all forms of bacteria or rodents Above all LOVE AND PRAY View pictures in App save up to 80% data.

https://www.operanewsapp.com/ng/en/share/detail?news_id=a91066850c3607596fa86a1e9bc31e8b&news_entry_id=s6a2e4539201217en_ng&open_type=tanscoded&request_id=news_9a632a3b-e5df-420e-a79a-f829c27724ad&from=news

Health

en

One essential part of an internal combustion engine is the spark plug. It causes the explosion that powers the engine by igniting the air-fuel mixture in the engine’s combustion chamber. The gap, or the distance between the center and ground electrodes, is one of the most important features of a spark plug’s design. But what occurs if this difference widens? Let’s take a closer look at the effects of a wider spark plug gap in this shirt blog. The Function of a Spark Plug Gap The spark that ignites the mixture of air and fuel occurs when it leaps from one electrode to another within the spark plug gap. Engine performance may be considerably impacted by the length of this gap. The manufacturer normally decides on the gap size after weighing longevity, performance, and efficiency. Effects of a Wider Spark Plug Gap - It Enhances a Spark: A more powerful spark produced by a larger gap may result in more effective combustion. This might enhance fuel economy and engine performance. - Increased Voltage Requirement: A greater gap calls for a higher voltage in order to spark. This can result in misfires, poor fuel efficiency, and decreased engine performance if the ignition system cannot deliver this additional voltage. - Potential for Damage: The likelihood of the spark plug electrodes degrading or being damaged rises with a wider gap. The spark plug’s lifespan may be shortened as a result of this. - Emissions: Emissions may potentially rise with a greater gap. Higher emissions may come from incomplete combustion if the spark is not powerful enough to ignite all the fuel. Although a greater spark plug gap could enhance combustion and engine performance, there are hazards involved. If the ignition system is unable to handle the increased voltage demand, it may result in misfires and decreased performance. Additionally, it may diminish the spark plug’s life and raise emissions. To guarantee optimum engine efficiency and longevity, it is normally advised to stick with the manufacturer’s suggested spark plug gap size. Before making any adjustments to your spark plugs, always get advice from a professional or your vehicle’s manual. Reach out to a specialist on this issue HERE

https://www.spotdem.com/2023/06/26/what-does-a-wider-spark-plug-gap-do/

Car Talk

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What is Software Testing Technique: Definition, Benefits & Types? Testing is the technique of evaluating a system or software with a purpose to find if it is performing as per the requirements. It helps to identify gaps, errors, or any missing requirement differing from the desired ones. Testing includes different techniques used by the testing team to analyze the developed software. These techniques ensure the overall quality of the software comprising performance, security, customer experience, and many more. This blog gives a basic understanding of testing techniques, its types as well as benefits. The Automation testing services are the most popular and used method among the software testers. Brands invest heavily in testing services for getting desired results in the future. What are the software testing types? Software testing has made remarkable changes in the last few years. Some people invest in manual testing while others go with the automation testing as per the requirements. The two types of software testing are: 1. Automation Testing It is a testing technique that checks and compares the real result to the expected result. This is basically done by writing test scripts or with the usage of the test automation method. It is used to automate repetitive tasks and other testing methods that are tough to perform manually. 2. Manual Testing The Manual Software Testing is a test process that is conducted manually without the use of software or automated methodology to find out defects. A test plan document is prepared which works as a guide to the testing method to have complete coverage of the test. What are the benefits of Software Testing? Here are the benefits of using software testing: 1. Cost-Effective: It is a major benefit of software testing. Testing any software application on time helps you to save money for a longer duration. In case if the bugs remain for a longer period and caught in the earlier stage, it reduces operational cost. 2. Security: It is the most important and sensitive advantage of software testing. People look for trusted products. It helps in removing the risks and problems earlier. 3. Product quality: It is an important requirement of any software application. It ensures a quality product is delivered to the customers. 4. Customer Satisfaction: The main objective of any software application is to give satisfaction to their customers. The UI/UX testing ensures the best user experience when the application is used. Functional Testing Types 1. Unit Testing It is a technique by which every unit is tested to identify if there are any issues from the developer’s end. This allows the developer to check if the unit is producing the actual outcome or not. 2. Integration Testing In this testing method, a number of modules are combined to release an output. In addition, if there is any relationship between the hardware and software modules, the connection developed will also be checked. This is an important strategy of Functional testing services making an important impact on software development. 3. Sanity Testing It is performed to identify if the new version of the software works well or not. If the application does not perform as desired in the initial stage then the device is not appropriate for other testing phases. Then it is given a build or an application to fix it. Non Functional Test Types 1. Performance Testing It refers to the tests executed in order to assess the system’s compliance with recorded performance needs. This test is done through a variety of performance and load tools. 2. Load Testing This test is done under a specific projected load to know the application’s behavior. Testers perform Load Testing Services to assess the system behavior, both under standard conditions and in extreme conditions. 3. Stress Testing It is software testing that verifies the system’s stability as well as reliability. This test evaluates the device particularly for its robustness and error handling skills under incredibly heavy strain situations. This blog explained the primary objective of a testing technique to release a defect-free and error-free product that brings remarkable results. Here all major types of techniques are mentioned to build a quality product, which comprises black box, white box, and software testing types. The valuable data on testing techniques helps to understand deeply on a range of testing methodologies.

https://medium.com/@michelkein/what-is-software-testing-technique-definition-benefits-types-9eb179946d46

Programming

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If you brought all 7.3 billion people in the world into one area, we'd fit into New York City (though it would be a bit cozy). But our movements could have a big implication on the world around us. So, Business Insider's video team investigated what would happen if everyone on Earth jumped at the exact same time. They enlisted astrophysicist Paul Sutter at The Ohio State University and physicist Mark Boslough at Sandia National Laboratories to help them think through the scenario. To start, the experiment would work best if everyone were all in the same location. Then, everyone could be instructed to jump one foot into the air at the exact same time. There would be a whole lot of energy released when everyone landed back on the ground. Some of that energy would go back into our shoes. The rest would disperse out into the air and ground, leading to some harrowing consequences: - There would be a huge sound like an applause. At 200 decibels (the loudest possible sound ever created on Earth), it could shatter ear drums. For context, a jet engine produces 150 decibels of sound at takeoff, and our pain threshold is at 120 decibels. - The ground would begin to shake, and if the jump happened near the coast, it could trigger a tsunami with 100-feet-tall waves. - The shaking could also lead to an earthquake falling in the 4-8 magnitude range. That means it could be anywhere from a light shake to one that could cause some major destruction to bridges, railways, electric lines, and buildings. Despite all this happening on the ground, though, the effects wouldn't be felt in outer space. Sorry, but more than 7 billion jumping people aren't a good way to shift the Earth's orbit, no matter how cool it would be.

https://www.businessinsider.com/what-happens-if-everyone-on-earth-jumps-at-the-same-time-2016-6?amp

Romance

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Many conscientious objectors were drafted during World War I and under pressure to serve in the military as non-combatants. Others who objected were jailed and court-martialed. Mennonites and other members of historic peace churches requested that Congress allow for an alternative service program that was more considerate of the rights of conscientious objectors in 1940, as Congress was considering draft legislation for World War II. But did you know what the CPS was for? During World War II, the US government’s Civilian Public Service (CPS) program offered conscientious objectors an alternative to military service. CPS draftees battled forest fires, assisted in the reform of an abusive mental health system, and even served as test subjects for medical research. The Civilian Public Service The alternative service program known as Civilian Public Service (CPS) was developed to give COs an alternative way to complete their national service obligations as outlined by the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940. According to the program, work camps had to be set up where assignees could work on forestry or soil conservation projects, depending on where the camp was located. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) of the New Deal served as the model for this arrangement, and the Peace Churches used many CCC locations for their CPS camps. Men constructed dams and irrigation systems, dug irrigation ditches, planted ground cover, and worked in soil conservation camps. Assignees built and maintained roads, trails, and firebreaks within the forestry units. They also worked as smoke jumpers and fire lookouts to fight distant forest fires. (Source: Civilian Public Service) The Civilian Public Service During the Second World War However, as CPS continued throughout American involvement in World War II, the detached projects increased the program’s opportunities for assignees. Men could volunteer for work in the other available programs after serving for several months in the soil or forestry camps. The first of these initiatives focused on farm and dairy labor, allowing men to work on farms or in dairies to fulfill their community service obligations. Due to the severe labor shortage in mental hospitals across the United States, men also worked as attendants. A revolution in the treatment of the mentally ill in the United States began in 1943 thanks to some CPS hospital attendants, who also helped improve conditions and patient care. (Source: Civilian Public Service) The Controversies Behind the Civilian Public Service COs volunteered to participate as test subjects in scientific studies carried out by the federal government, in addition to helping to care for the country’s mentally ill. These “Guinea Pig Units” investigated a variety of topics, including the effects of disease, dehydration, climate, and starvation. The “Guinea Pig Units” are still debated today because many data collection techniques are considered unethical. Evidence also suggests that some of the CPS volunteers for the experiments were unaware of the risks they might face as test subjects, both physically and mentally. The fact that the assignees served without compensation was one of the CPS’s most contentious features. The Selective Service made this choice early in the negotiations for CPS because they were concerned that the program would not be approved if men received a wage. Many of the men and their families found this a growing source of frustration as they received no allowance for dependent care, leaving many of their families in a precarious financial situation. (Source: Civilian Public Service) Image from Civilianpublicservice

https://fantasticfacts.net/10522/Here

Travel

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Medical gowns are also known as isolation gowns, surgical gowns, or procedure gowns. These are vital pieces of personal protective equipment for healthcare professionals. They are used for reducing the spread of infection spread through contact with potentially contagious liquid or solid substances and help prevent the wearer from transmitting the infection to patients. In 2004, the FDA acknowledged the acceptable regulatory standard American National Standards Institute or Association of the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (ANSI/AAMI) PB70:2003, “Liquid barrier performance and classification of protective apparel and drapes intended for use in health care facilities.” The standard categorizes the barrier protection levels of medical gowns and other PPE items that are used in healthcare centers according to four levels. Since the names of products are not standardized, wearers can choose their gowns by checking the gown labels for the intended use and based on the level of protection required. Here Are the Four Risk Levels - Level 1: Minimal risk medical gowns are used during basic treatment and care, standard isolation, for visitors, or in a standard medical unit. - Level 2: Low-risk gowns are intended for use during the blood draw, suturing, in a pathology lab, or in the ICU. - Level 3: Moderate risk gowns are to be used during the arterial blood draw, for trauma cases, inserting an Intravenous (IV) line, or in the Emergency Room. - Level 4: High-risk medical gowns are used during lengthy, fluid-intensive procedures, critical surgeries, or when non-airborne pathogen protection is needed or viral diseases are suspected. Whether you’re looking for non-surgical and surgical gowns for sale, we are a one-stop solution for all your medical healthcare requirements. Different Types of Medical Gowns Available Before you source from non-surgical or surgical gowns manufacturers in the USA, you must understand the different types of gowns available in the market. All the surgical gowns for sale in the USA are regulated by the FDA as Class II medical devices that need a 510(k) premarket notification. However, in Canada, all medical gowns, including surgical and non-surgical, are categorized as Class I medical devices and are subjected to medical devices rules and regulations. A surgical gown is protective clothing meant to be worn by healthcare staff during surgical procedures to keep both the patient and healthcare staff safe from the transmission of microorganisms, particulate substances, and body fluids. All surgical gowns for sale must be labeled accordingly and can be used for any level from Level 1-4. Areas Protected by Surgical Gowns The critical areas protected by surgical gowns include the front of the body, which is from the top of shoulders to knees as well as arms, from the wrist cuff to above of the elbow. Surgical Isolation Gowns Surgical isolation gowns are used in situations that involve moderate to high risk of infection and need to protect larger critical zones. Surgical isolation gowns are also governed by the FDA as Class II medical devices that need a 510(k) premarket notification. They should cover as much of the body as required. The key zones protected surgical isolation gowns include all areas except bindings, wrist cuffs, and hems. Key protection zones of surgical isolation gowns should adhere to the highest level of liquid barrier protection for which the gown has been rated and all layers on the gown must provide a consistent level of liquid barrier protection like the rest of the gown. If you’re looking for wholesale surgical gown suppliers in the USA, you can contact Co-Defend right away for your requirements. Non-surgical gowns are regarded as Class I medical devices, and therefore, they do need premarket review. These gowns are meant for protecting wearers against the transmission of pathogens and body fluids in low-risk patient isolation conditions. Non-surgical gowns are not ideal for surgical procedures, intensive procedures, or conditions when there is a moderate to high risk of infection. Non-surgical gowns must cover most of the body parts as they should. The critical areas protected by non-surgical gowns include all areas except bindings, cuffs, and hems. Critical zones on non-surgical gowns must meet the highest level of liquid barrier protection for which the gown has been rated. Also, all seams on the non-surgical gown should offer consistent level of liquid barrier protection like the rest of the gown. How to Choose the Right Medical Gown? According to the CDC, here are the following criteria that you need to consider while selecting a medical gown: - Intended Use – Generally, isolation gowns are preferred the most, however, for procedures that involve limited contamination, an apron is sufficient. However, if there is a risk of arm contamination, you should select a gown. Medical gowns should completely cover the chest, fit appropriately and comfortably over the body, and have long sleeves that perfectly fit the wrists. - Material of the Gown – Isolation gowns are made of cotton or woven synthetic fabric. The material determines whether the medical gown is washable, reusable, or intended for single use only. Cotton or woven synthetic isolation gowns also provide various levels of fluid resistance. This is another factor that you need to consider before selecting a medical gown. In situations where there is the risk of fluid penetration, a fluid-resistant gown is an ideal fit. - Patient Risk Levels – Patient risk analysis helps you determine whether you should choose a sterile medical gown or a clean gown that is good enough. Sterile gowns are needed during invasive procedures, for example, inserting a central line. Here, a sterile medical gown would protect the patient as well as healthcare workers. These are some of the things that you need to consider when selecting medical gowns. Other than these, you need to consider the type of expected exposure, durability, and suitability to meet the task, its size, according to the CDC. If you’re looking to source from a surgical gown manufacturer in the USA, you may contact us right away! Co-defend provides a comprehensive range of personal protective equipment, including medical gowns. All of the gowns are from the best surgical gown brands and are ANSI/AAMI PB70:2012 compliant. We provide a wide variety of medical gowns for healthcare organizations, including surgical gowns, non-surgical gowns, and surgical isolation gowns. Contact us to place an order for medical gowns at reasonable rates today. Click Here Q.1. What are the qualities of your medical gowns? Although the best surgical gown brands meet the industry standards for offering effective barrier protection, we are committed to providing medical gowns that have the following qualities: - Have premium-quality materials that keep the wearer comfortable - Are uniquely designed to ensure secure closure and easy wear and removal - Have designs that offer tailored fit and easy movement - Has a wide range of styles, sizes, lengths, colors, and fabric - Offers consistent quality, comfort, durability, and perfect fit. As one of the trusted wholesale surgical gown suppliers in the USA, we make sure that we provide the best-quality surgical gowns for healthcare organizations. Q.2. What are the performance standards for medical gowns? The recognized performance standards for medical gowns include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards which help in determining the integrity of the material used for making medical gowns such as tear resistance, evaporative resistance, lint generation, and water vapor transmission. FDA and Health Canada recognize conformance with ASTM F2407. In the USA and Canada, liquid barrier performance is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Association of the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI): ANSI/AAMI PB70:2012. Have More Queries? Do Not Hesitate to Ask Our Experts.

https://www.co-defend.com/blog/medical-gowns-protective-clothing/

Health

en

Possession of a rich, nuanced vocabulary is one of the fundamentals of language skill, vital to your capacity to speak, read and understand. Indeed, research has consistently shown vocabulary size to be the best single predictor of language competence and exam success. Which is to say, to succeed in language exams, make sure you know all the words. The trouble is, GCSE and A-level students learn words ruinously slowly. Studies have shown that a speed of two per hour in the course of our school careers is the norm for learning speed: the mnemonic equivalent of taking 30 minutes to eat a crisp. How to optimise this process? How to nail down a vast vocabulary in time for your exams? How to learn much, much quicker? These are the questions we've been developing answers to the last three years at Memrise. Forgive me for talking directly about my own company on this blog, but we've now seen half a million people learn tens of millions of words, and we're beginning to gain a deep understanding of what you can do to learn words faster. While we'd of course encourage you to check out the site, the below description of the techniques our community benefit from are equally applicable to your offline learning, and general revision management. Mems are visual mnemonic devices. They make a vivid connection between the form of a word, and its meaning. As an example, let's say you're trying to remember that "Caber" means "to fit" in Spanish. It's quite an easy word, but that doesn't stop it from being easy to forget too. You'll probably have forgotten it by the time you've finished this article - unless, of course, you're about to see a mem for it. "You can barely FIT a BEAR into a CAB". Note the explicit association, the comic image. Think of this CAB-BEAR just about FITTING in, and you'll triple your chances of learning this word in the long term. Mems are so effective both because they engage and amuse, but also because they create richer, less confusable, more robust and visual memories. They're best when they make special sense to you, or, even better, when you create them. So you should look at several mems and pick the best one for you, or create your own. We forget most of what we learn – it's part of the design of human memory. We're tooled to remember things that recur, that are important enough to happen more than once. By circling back to the words you've learned, with increasing intervals the better you know them, you can catch memories before they fall into oblivion, and ensure you keep all the words you've bothered to learn fresh in memory. This kind of systematic review, where you don't cram but space your reviews out between other learning, is called Spaced Repetition. By using Spaced Repetition proactively you can ensure all your good work never goes to waste, and right there you've probably boosted your speed of learning by a factor of two. When reviewing words, don't just look at them. Test yourself. When you look at a word and definition and tell yourself "I know this one" you are indulging in the mnemonic equivalent of asking your mother for a reference. By actually testing yourself, you quickly get a more realistic picture of what you truly know. But the importance of testing goes much beyond this. When you recall a word from a test, your memory for that word actually improves. This is because you are strengthening the habit of recalling the word by practising doing so. And the habit is the meomy. Ideally the tests should be as difficult as possible, to give yourself the most powerful practice. Adding this habit to your overall learning technique is again worth a huge boost to overall speed of learning. Ed Cooke is a Grandmaster of Memory, and is co-founder and CEO of Memrise. More by this author:

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationadvice/9933178/How-to-build-your-vocabulary.html

Education

en

Sandemanian, member of a Christian sect founded in about 1730 in Scotland by John Glas (1695–1773), a Presbyterian minister in the Church of Scotland. Glas concluded that there was no support in the New Testament for a national church because the kingdom of Christ is essentially spiritual. He also believed that the Christian church could not be built or upheld by political and secular weapons but only by the word and spirit of Christ. Deposed for his beliefs from the Church of Scotland in 1730, Glas established his own church, first in Dundee, Scot., and then in Perth. Robert Sandeman, Glas’s son-in-law, came to be the recognized leader of the sect, whose members were called Sandemanians in England and America. The Sandemanian churches attempted to conform to primitive Christianity as understood by them. Each congregation had several elders, pastors, or bishops, who were chosen according to St. Paul’s instructions, as interpreted by the Sandemanians, without regard to education or occupation. The Lord’s Supper (communion) was observed weekly, and each Sunday noon a feast was held that was attended by every member. Foot washing was also practiced. They believed that the accumulation of wealth was unscriptural and improper. Several churches were founded in Scotland, England, and America, but the sect gradually declined. Some scholars believe that Thomas and Alexander Campbell, the founders of the Disciples of Christ (Christians), were influenced by the Sandemanians.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/522088/Sandemanianlol

Religion

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For a year now, as the world tried to figure out how to stop the COVID pandemic, many people have been consumed by a different question: How did it start? In an interview with CNN that aired on March 28, a prominent scientist speculated, without evidence, that the origin was when the SARS-CoV-2 virus escaped from a laboratory in Wuhan, China, where the outbreak was first noticed. Virologist Robert Redfield, a former director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, said “That’s my own view. It’s only opinion.” Two days later, advocates of a different origin gave their view: there was a wildlife spillover, with a virus that started in bats in China. A joint report from the World Health Organization and the Chinese government speculated, again without direct evidence, that a bat virus went through other animals and ended up infecting humans. Nobody has found a coronavirus in a Wuhan lab that experiments made more transmissible, became identical to SARS-CoV-2, and then infected a worker. Likewise, nobody has found a coronavirus in the wild that mutated to become similar to SARS-CoV-2 as it passed through other animals, and then infected humans. Both ideas are largely evidence-free at this point. They are both possible. On supporting science journalism If you're enjoying this article, consider supporting our award-winning journalism by subscribing. By purchasing a subscription you are helping to ensure the future of impactful stories about the discoveries and ideas shaping our world today. But they are not, however, equally probable. They differ in the number of events that could create each scenario. Redfield’s lab leak idea relies on one event, or perhaps a small handful: a mistake in the lab. The wildlife spillover idea has millions of chances to occur. Redfield’s speculation is that any virus that comes from animals and became so efficient at infecting humans had to have lab help to do so in one quick jump. That single quick leap is a big assumption. In fact, Redfield himself, in the same CNN interview, said he thinks the virus was circulating for months before we noticed it. That is not a quick jump. It is an extended time period that fits idea no. 2, the wildlife spillover. That idea holds there are billions of bats in China, and millions of encounters every week among bats and other wild animals and, in some cases, humans. The virus has many chances to jump. In its original form, it is inefficient at replicating in people. But it has millions of chances to get better even before it infects the first human. Bats go out foraging and have numerous encounters with other animals, such as pangolins, badgers, pigs and many others, and an opportunistic virus can infect these species. Coronaviruses mix among bat colonies, giving them chances to re-sort their genes. They even mix among single bats: a bat has been observed harboring several different coronaviruses. These viruses have time. They don’t take one jump but spend months moving from host to host, mutating as they go. Once in people, virus versions that get mutations that improve their ability to infect human cells get chances to replicate more often. They soon become good enough at infecting those cells that humans become noticeably sick, and we finally notice a new disease. This happens in the same timeframe that Redfield says the virus was circulating. We can actually see this occurring with the novel coronavirus right now. It is quickly gaining mutations, called E484K and 501Y, that make it more infectious, and doing so in independent lineages across the globe, according to research by evolutionary microbiologist Vaughn Cooper of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. This is happening naturally, because millions of infections around the globe have provided millions of opportunities for mutations, virologist Adam Lauring of the University of Michigan told Scientific American. It is not happening because of a lab leak. So which scenario do you think is more likely? Redfield’s lab leak, relying on one speculative episode? Or the notion of a wildlife spillover, with a million or so chances to occur? If you had to bet on a particular card turning up in your poker hand, would you put your money on the card that only has one chance? Or the card that has a million chances to show up? Both scenarios are possible. One is a lot more probable. This is a major reason why you’re hearing most scientists betting on wildlife spillover, as noted in a letter to the Lancet as well as the WHO report. (Several other researchers have told Undark magazine that the lab leak notion has not been given a fair hearing.) This question of origins is not an idle debate, either. It matters a lot, because knowing how a virus-driven pandemic begins focuses our attention on preventing similar situations. There are many more disease-causing viruses out there. It matters in another important way too. Fact-free speculation that sloppy Chinese scientists released a virus, which was common in the Trump administration, has fueled a tremendous wave of anti-Asian racism in the U.S., contributing to hundreds of acts of violence and terrorized communities. Again, there is not much direct evidence on either side of this origins debate. The numbers, however, make Redfield’s notion a much longer shot and bigger gamble. This is an opinion and analysis article.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/its-much-more-likely-the-coronavirus-came-from-wildlife-not-a-lab1/

Culture

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Pride is a complex concept that is often discussed in a religious context, particularly within Christianity. From a biblical perspective, pride is viewed in a nuanced way – it is not simply considered good or bad, but rather something that must be understood and navigated carefully. In this article, we will explore the biblical understanding of pride, examining both its positive and negative manifestations. The Positive Aspect of Pride While the Bible is often associated with a strong condemnation of pride, it is important to recognize that there is a positive, God-honoring form of pride that is not only acceptable but even encouraged. This nuanced perspective on pride is important to understanding the biblical stance on this complex topic. One of the clearest examples of positive pride in the Bible can be found in the book of Proverbs, where it states, “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and instruction” (Proverbs 1:7). This type of pride, often referred to as “godly pride,” is not a haughty or arrogant attitude, but rather a deep reverence and awe of God. It is a recognition of one’s status as a created being in relation to the all-powerful Creator. This godly pride leads to wisdom and humility, as the individual acknowledges the supremacy of God and their own dependence on Him. The Bible also encourages a healthy sense of self-worth and confidence, which can be considered a form of positive pride. In Romans 12:3, the Apostle Paul writes, “For by the grace given me I say to every one of you: Do not think of yourself more highly than you ought, but rather think of yourself with sober judgment, in accordance with the faith God has distributed to each of you.” This suggests that there is a balanced pride, rooted in an accurate understanding of one’s God-given gifts and abilities. This balanced pride is important because it allows individuals to appreciate the unique talents and strengths that God has bestowed upon them, without falling into the trap of arrogance or self-aggrandizement. It is a recognition of one’s inherent worth and value as a child of God, which can then be channeled into positive and productive endeavors. One of the key benefits of this positive form of pride is that it can lead to greater self-confidence and a deeper relationship with God. When an individual recognizes their worth and talents as a gift from the divine, they are more likely to use those gifts in service of God’s kingdom, rather than for their own selfish gain. This can result in a greater sense of purpose and fulfillment, as well as a closer connection to the divine. The Negative Aspect of Pride While the Bible recognizes a positive form of pride that is rooted in reverence for God and a healthy self-worth, it also strongly condemns a sinful type of pride that is characterized by arrogance, self-reliance, and a rejection of God’s authority. This negative aspect of pride is seen as the root of many other sins, such as greed, envy, and rebellion against the divine. One of the clearest biblical warnings against this destructive form of pride can be found in the book of Proverbs, which states, “Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall” (Proverbs 16:18). This powerful statement underscores the dangerous consequences that can result from an unchecked, arrogant pride. Throughout the biblical narrative, the negative aspects of pride are repeatedly highlighted through the downfall of key figures. One of the most prominent examples is the story of Lucifer’s rebellion against God, as recounted in Isaiah 14:12-15. In this passage, Lucifer’s pride and desire for self-exaltation led him to challenge the authority of the Almighty, resulting in his dramatic fall from grace. Another powerful illustration of the dangers of pride can be found in the account of the Tower of Babel, as recorded in Genesis 11:1-9. In this story, the people of the world came together to build a tower that would reach the heavens, driven by a prideful desire to make a name for themselves and become independent from God. However, this act of defiance against the divine order was met with swift judgment, as God intervened to confuse their languages and scatter them across the earth. These biblical narratives serve as powerful cautionary tales, highlighting how unchecked pride can lead to a distorted view of one’s place in the world and a rejection of God’s rightful rule. When individuals or communities succumb to the temptation of arrogance and self-reliance, they risk inviting divine judgment and experiencing profound consequences. The Bible’s condemnation of this sinful form of pride is not merely a theoretical construct; it is a practical warning rooted in the recognition that pride can be a gateway to a host of other destructive sins. When individuals or communities prioritize their own desires and ambitions above the will of God, they open themselves up to the corrupting influence of greed, envy, and a rebellious spirit. In contrast, the Bible encourages a humble and God-honoring form of pride, one that recognizes the inherent worth and value of the individual while maintaining a reverence for the divine. This balanced perspective allows individuals to appreciate their God-given gifts and talents without falling into the trap of arrogance or self-aggrandizement. By understanding both the positive and negative aspects of pride, believers can strive to cultivate a healthy sense of self-worth that is rooted in the affirmation of their Creator, rather than a self-centered pursuit of power and recognition. In doing so, they can avoid the pitfalls of sinful pride and experience the blessings that come from a life lived in humble submission to the Almighty. In conclusion, the biblical understanding of pride is complex and multi-faceted. While there is a form of pride that is considered virtuous and honoring to God, there is also a sinful pride that is strongly condemned. The key is to cultivate a healthy self-awareness and confidence that is rooted in a reverence for God and an acknowledgment of one’s dependence on Him. By navigating the balance between these two forms of pride, believers can grow in wisdom, humility, and a deeper relationship with the divine.

https://faithfulhome.com.ng/what-is-pride-biblically/

Religion

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The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Darwin’s book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859, is the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. Changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment will help it survive and have more offspring. Theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations. The theory of evolution is one of the fundamental keystones of modern biological theory. Evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated theories in the history of science, supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including paleontology, geology, genetics and developmental biology. The theory is sometimes described as “survival of the fittest,” but that can be misleading, Pobiner said. Here, “fitness” refers not to an organism’s strength or athletic ability, but rather the ability to survive and reproduce. The first person who explained how evolution happens was Charles Darwin with his scientific theory of natural selection Charles Darwin observed that although individuals in a species shared similarities, they were not exact copies of each other; there were small differences or variations between them. He also noticed that everything in the natural world was in competition. The winners were those that had characteristics which made them better adapted for survival. For example, they were stronger, faster, cleverer or more attractive than others in their species. These living things were more likely to reproduce and pass on their useful characteristics to their offspring. Individuals that were poorly adapted were less likely to survive and their characteristics were not as likely to be inherited. Over time, the characteristics that help survival become more common and a species gradually changes. Given enough time, these small changes can add up to the extent that a new species altogether can evolve. Creationism, the belief that the universe and the various forms of life were created by God out of nothing (ex nihilo). It is a response to modern evolutionary theory, which explains the emergence and diversity of life without recourse to the doctrine of God or any other divine power. Mainstream scientists generally reject creationism. Biblical creationists believe that the story told in Genesis of God’s six-day creation of all things is literally correct. Others, such as old-Earth creationists, believe that a creator made all that exists, but they may not hold that the Genesis story is a literal history of that creation. Both types of creationists, however, believe that changes in organisms may involve changes within a species (often understood as the “kind” mentioned in Genesis 1:24) or downward changes such as negative mutations, but they do not believe that any of these changes can lead to the evolution of a lower or simpler species into a higher or more-complex species. Thus, the theory of biological evolution is disputed by all creationists. Creationism became the object of interest among conservative religious groups following the publication in 1859 of On the Origin of Species by Charles Darwin (1809–82), the first systematic statement of evolutionary theory. Within two decades most of the scientific community had accepted some form of evolution, and most churches eventually followed suit. In the early 20th century, some state legislatures in the United States banned the teaching of evolution on the ground that it contradicted the biblical creation story, which they considered a revealed truth. The result was the famous Scopes Trial (the so-called “Monkey Trial”) of 1925, in which a high-school teacher, John T. Scopes, was convicted of unlawfully teaching the theory of evolution (he was later acquitted on a technicality). Creationism has largely been promulgated by conservative Protestant Christians We must distinguish clearly between research which investigates the creation around us, and contemplation of the beginnings of creation. Do you believe in the theory of Evolution or Creationism? If Humans Evolved from Apes, Why Do Apes Exist Today? If Humans Evolved from Apes, Who created God. Should Christians Push for legislation to have creationism taught at their public schools? We understand the difference between historical and observational science and between fallible man and infallible God. The observable principles and facts of science do not contradict biblical Christianity. We maintain that Genesis 1–11 is history, not fictitious “storytelling” by ignorant, primitive people. We choose to trust the Word of the God who knows. By Peterskizito Azuoma FOLLOW US ON SOCIAL MEDIA

https://www.theafrigist.com/evolution-vs-creationism/

Education

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Parental involvement plays a crucial role in fostering academic success and personal development in Ontario education. When parents actively engage in their child’s educational journey, it creates a strong foundation for learning, promotes positive relationships with schools, and enhances student outcomes. In Ontario, schools recognize the value of parental involvement and actively encourage parents to be partners in their child’s education. This comprehensive guide aims to explore various aspects of parental involvement in Ontario education, providing practical strategies for parents to support their child’s academic growth and overall well-being. From building positive relationships with teachers and understanding parental roles to effectively communicating with school staff and fostering a positive learning environment at home, this resource will equip parents with the tools to actively engage in their child’s educational journey. Table of Contents Parental Involvement in Ontario Education: How to Support Your Child The Importance of Parental Involvement in Ontario Education Parental involvement is a key factor in the success of Ontario education. Research consistently shows that when parents are actively engaged in their child’s schooling, students exhibit higher academic achievement, improved attendance, and enhanced self-esteem. By actively participating in their child’s education, parents demonstrate their commitment to their child’s learning, which fosters a sense of importance and motivation in the student. Building Positive Relationships with Your Child’s Teachers and School Staff Developing positive relationships with teachers and school staff is essential for effective parental involvement in Ontario education. Open and respectful communication establishes a strong partnership between parents and educators, allowing for the sharing of valuable insights about the child’s strengths, challenges, and learning styles. Regular communication channels, such as email, parent-teacher conferences, and school events, provide opportunities for parents to connect with teachers and stay informed about their child’s progress. Understanding Your Role in Your Child’s Education Understanding your role as a parent in your child’s education is crucial for effective involvement. While teachers are responsible for formal instruction, parents play a vital role in providing support, guidance, and a nurturing home environment that fosters a love for learning. Recognizing the impact of parental involvement on a child’s educational success empowers parents to actively engage in activities that support their child’s academic growth. Effective Communication Strategies with Teachers and School Administrators Effective communication is the cornerstone of successful parental involvement in Ontario education. Parents should establish clear channels of communication with teachers and school administrators to stay informed about their child’s academic progress, upcoming events, and any concerns or questions they may have. Regular communication allows parents to address issues promptly, collaborate on solutions, and work together to support the child’s educational journey. Supporting Your Child’s Learning and Homework Habits Parents can greatly contribute to their child’s academic success by fostering positive learning and homework habits. Creating a designated study space at home, establishing a consistent homework routine, and providing guidance and support can help children develop effective study skills, time management, and organizational abilities. By encouraging a structured approach to learning, parents set the stage for their child’s academic achievement. Encouraging a Love for Reading and Literacy at Home Promoting a love for reading and literacy at home is a powerful way to support a child’s education. Engaging in regular reading activities, providing access to age-appropriate books, and encouraging discussions about the stories help develop vocabulary, comprehension, and critical thinking skills. Parents can also lead by example by engaging in their own reading habits and sharing their enthusiasm for literature with their child. Navigating the Ontario Education System Understanding Policies and Programs: Understanding the policies and programs within the Ontario education system empowers parents to navigate their child’s educational journey effectively. Familiarizing oneself with curriculum expectations, standardized testing, and special education services enables parents to advocate for their child’s needs, make informed decisions, and access available resources. Engaging in Parent-Teacher Conferences and School Meetings Parent-teacher conferences and school meetings provide valuable opportunities for parents to engage with educators and contribute to their child’s education. Attending these events allows parents to receive updates on their child’s progress, gain insights into the classroom environment, and discuss any concerns or questions they may have. Active participation demonstrates to both the child and school staff that parents are invested in their child’s education. Fostering a Positive Learning Environment at Home Creating a positive learning environment at home is essential for supporting a child’s educational journey. Parents can establish routines that prioritize education, create a supportive and encouraging atmosphere, and provide resources and materials that enhance learning. By fostering a love for learning and making education a priority, parents inspire their child to take ownership of their education and succeed academically. Balancing Parental Involvement with Your Child’s Growing Independence As children grow and develop, it is important to strike a balance between parental involvement and their growing independence. Allowing children to take on increasing responsibility for their education empowers them to develop essential life skills and self-reliance. Parents can gradually transition from direct involvement to providing guidance and support, empowering their child to become an active participant in their own education. Active parental involvement in Ontario education is a powerful tool for enhancing student success and overall well-being. By building positive relationships with teachers, understanding parental roles, and effectively communicating with school staff, parents can actively contribute to their child’s educational journey. Supporting learning and homework habits, fostering a love for reading and literacy, and navigating the Ontario education system are all essential components of effective parental involvement. Engaging in parent-teacher conferences and meetings, fostering a positive learning environment at home, and striking a balance between involvement and independence further strengthen the impact of parental support. By actively engaging in their child’s education, parents in Ontario play a vital role in shaping the academic achievements and future prospects of their children. 3 thoughts on “Parental Involvement in Ontario Education: How to Support Your Child” Pingback: Top 10 Best School Boards in Ontario - Schools in Ontario Pingback: The Importance of School Boards in Ontario - Schools in Ontario Pingback: Factors to Consider when Choosing an Elementary School in Ontario - Schools in Ontario

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ETHNONYMS: Bororo'en, Fellaata, Fellah, Filani, Fula, Fulata, Fulbe, Hilani, Peul, Toroobe Identification. "Fulbe" is the preferred self-name of the group the Hausa term the "Fulani" or "Hilani." In French countries, they tend to be termed "Peul" or "Fulata." Because of their spread over a wide area and their assumption of cultural traits from surrounding groups, there is great confusion regarding the nature of Fulani ethnicity. This confusion is reflected in the confounding and conflating of names for particular segments or local groups of Fulbe, such as Toroobe and Bororo'en, with the entire ethnic group. Demography. Estimates of the number of Fulani vary. A major problem in reckoning the population is that Fulani are found in twenty nations in a wide swath of Africa—from Mauritania and Senegal to Sudan, Ethiopia, and Kenya. Only Liberia may not have any Fulani settlements. It seems reasonable to accept an estimate of 7 to 8 million nomadic Fulani and 16 million settled Fulani. Linguistic Affiliation. The language is variously known as "Fulfulde," "Pulaar," "Fula," or "Peul," among other names. It belongs to the West African Subfamily of the Niger-Congo Group, along with Wolof, Serer, and Temne. There are many variations and dialects of Fulfulde. The influence of surrounding peoples is clearly seen in its local variations. Fulfulde is generally written in Roman script, although in the past it was written in Arabic. History and Cultural Relations A search for the origin of the Fulani is not only futile, it betrays a position toward ethnic identity that strikes many anthropologists as profoundly wrong. Ethnic groups are political-action groups that exist, among other reasons, to attain benefits for their members. Therefore, by definition, their social organization, as well as cultural content, will change over time. Moreover, ethnic groups, such as the Fulani, are always coming into—and going out of—existence. Rather than searching for the legendary eastern origin of the Fulani, a more productive approach might be to focus on the meaning of Fulani identity within concrete historical situations and analyze the factors that shaped Fulani ethnicity and the manner in which people used it to attain particular goals. People whom historians identify as Fulani entered present-day Senegal from the north and east. It is certain that they were a mixture of peoples from northern and sub-Saharan Africa. These pastoral peoples tended to move in an eastern direction and spread over much of West Africa after the tenth century. Their adoption of Islam increased the Fulanis' feeling of cultural and religious superiority to surrounding peoples, and that adoption became a major ethnic boundary marker. The Toroobe, a branch of the Fulani, settled in towns and mixed with the ethnic groups there. They quickly became noted as outstanding Islamic clerics, joining the highest ranks of the exponents of Islam, along with Berbers and Arabs. The Town Fulani (Fulbe Sirre) never lost touch with their Cattle Fulani relatives, however, often investing in large herds themselves. Cattle remain a significant symbolic repository of Fulani values. The Fulani movement in West Africa tended to follow a set pattern. Their first movement into an area tended to be peaceful. Local officials gave them land grants. Their dairy products, including fertilizer, were highly prized. The number of converts to Islam increased over time. With that increase, Fulani resentment at being ruled by pagans, or imperfect Muslims, increased. That resentment was fueled by the larger migration that occurred during the seventeenth century, in which the Fulani migrants were predominantly Muslim. These groups were not so easily integrated into society as earlier immigrants had been. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, revolts had broken out against local rulers. Although these revolts began as holy wars (jihads), after their success they followed the basic principle of Fulani ethnic dominance. The situation in Nigeria was somewhat different from that elsewhere in West Africa in that the Fulani entered an area more settled and developed than that in other West African areas. At the time of their arrival, in the early fifteenth century, many Fulani settled as clerics in Hausa city-states such as Kano, Katsina, and Zaria. Others settled among the local peoples during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. By the seventeenth century, the Hausa states had begun to gain their independence from various foreign rulers, with Gobir becoming the predominant Hausa state. The urban culture of the Hausa was attractive to many Fulani. These Town or Settled Fulani became clerics, teachers, settlers, and judges—and in many other ways filled elite positions within the Hausa states. Soon they adopted the Hausa language, many forgetting their own Fulfulde language. Although Hausa customs exerted an influence on the Town Fulani, they did not lose touch with the Cattle or Bush Fulani. These ties proved useful when their strict adherence to Islamic learning and practice led them to join the jihads raging across West Africa. They tied their grievances to those of their pastoral relatives. The Cattle Fulani resented what they considered to be an unfair cattle tax, one levied by imperfect Muslims. Under the leadership of the outstanding Fulani Islamic cleric, Shehu Usman dan Fodio, the Fulani launched a jihad in 1804. By 1810, almost all the Hausa states had been defeated. Although many Hausa—such as Yakubu in Bauchi—joined dan Fodio after victory was achieved, the Fulani in Hausaland turned their religious conquest into an ethnic triumph. Those in Adamawa, for instance, were inspired by dan Fodio's example to revolt against the kingdom of Mandara. The leader was Modibo Adamu, after whom the area is now named. His capital is the city of Yola. After their victories, the Fulani generally eased their Hausa collaborators from positions of power and forged alliances with fellow Fulani. For the fully nomadic Fulani, the practice of transhumance, the seasonal movement in search of water, strongly influences settlement patterns. The basic settlement, consisting of a man and his dependents, is called a wuru. It is social but ephemeral, given that many such settlements have no women and serve simply as shelters for the nomads who tend the herds. There are, in fact, a number of settlement patterns among Fulani. In the late twentieth century there has been an increasing trend toward livestock production and sedentary settlement, but Fulani settlement types still range from traditional nomadism to variations on sedentarism. As the modern nation-state restricts the range of nomadism, the Fulani have adapted ever increasingly complex ways to move herds among their related families: the families may reside in stable communities, but the herds move according to the availability of water. Over the last few centuries, the majority of Fulani have become sedentary. Those Fulani who remain nomadic or seminomadic have two major types of settlements: dry-season and wet-season camps. The dry season lasts from about November to March, the wet season from about March to the end of October. Households are patrilocal and range in size from one nuclear family to more than one hundred people. The administrative structure, however, crosscuts patrilinies and is territorial. Families tend to remain in wet-season camp while sending younger males—or, increasingly, hiring non-Fulani herders—to accompany the cattle to dry-season camps. Town Fulani live in much the same manner as the urban people among whom they live, maintaining their Fulani identity because of the prestige and other advantages to which it entitles its members. In towns, Fulani pursue the various occupations available to them: ruler, adviser to the ruler, religious specialist, landlord, business, trade, and so forth. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. The Fulani form the largest pastoral nomadic group in the world. The Bororo'en are noted for the size of their cattle herds. In addition to fully nomadic groups, however, there are also semisedentary Fulani—Fulbe Laddi—who also farm, although they argue that they do so out of necessity, not choice. A small group, the Fulbe Mbalu or Sheep Fulani, rely on sheep for their livelihood. The Toroobe are outstanding clerics in the Sunni branch of Islam. They have generally intermarried with Hausa and no longer speak Fulfulde. They are found practicing other urban trades: teaching, serving in government positions, engaging in legal activities, renting property, financing trade, and so forth. Many of the other Town Fulani were actually slaves of the Fulani who now identify with the group because of their high prestige. These urban dwellers engage in all the trades one finds in Hausa towns from crafts to long-range trade throughout Africa and the world. Industrial Arts. The Fulani are not particularly noted for industrial arts, except for those associated with cattle. They do engage in leatherworking and some craft production. Many of their former slaves who have assumed Fulani ethnicity follow the basic crafts of other West Africans: silver- and gold-smithing, ironworking, basket making, and similar crafts. Trade. The Fulani are engaged in long-distance trade, generally involving cattle, with their Hausa colleagues. Often the Hausa are also butchers who control West African cattle markets by controlling access to Fulani cattle. Division of Labor. Herding cattle is a male activity. Tending and milking cattle, however, are women's work. Women may also sell dairy products; their graceful movement with containers of milk or cheese is a common sight in West African towns. Adolescent males traditionally have been in charge of moving the herds, whereas their elders deal with the political decisions and negotiate with sedentary people for the safe movement of the herds through farmlands. Land Tenure. Land is held by—and inherited through—the patrilineage. As the Fulani have become increasingly sedentary—generally as a result of the pressure of the modern nation state and its centralized control—rights in land have become increasingly important. Kin Groups and Descent. The Fulani are patrilineal and patrilocal. Kinship and seniority are vital to their way of life. The basic elements of kinship are sex, age, and generation. Full siblings tend to unite against half-siblings, although half-siblings with the same mother do share a special bond. The Fulani have a principle of generational seniority that is embodied in the general organization of lineages. There are four general lineages, all traced to descent from a common ancestor and his sons; however, everyday groups cut across these yettore lines. Such groups developed to meet historical needs. Over time, patrilineages—much shallower than the four general lineages—emerged. These patrilineages, in turn, are intersected by territorial groups under men called "guides." Patrilineages are named and consist of three ascending generations. They are coresidential, and members cooperate in pastoral pursuits. The patrilineage controls marriage and is endogamous. A clan is a cluster of lineages, and the clan members generally share a wet-season camp. Kinship Terminology. There is a good deal of ambiguity in the Fulani use of kinship terms. Thus, any of these terms can be used to refer to a specific person or a range of people. Part of this ambiguity results from the Fulani preference for close marriage so that any person might, in fact, be addressed or referred to by any of several terms. Goggo is used for father s sister or paternal aunt. Bappanngo is father's brother, whereas kaawu refers to mother's brother; dendiraado designates a cross cousin, and sakike is a sibling. Baaba is father, and yaaye is mother; biddo or bu is a child. These terms are often combined, however. Thus, sakiraabe refers to both siblings and cousins of all sexes. A true sibling if elder is termed mawniyo ; if younger, minyiyo. Maama refers both to grandparents, of either sex, and their sakiraabe and their grandchildren. When it is necessary to distinguish male from female, a term may be added: biddi for male, and dibbo for female. Marriage. Ideally, the Fulani do not practice birth control because the perfect or model Fulani marriage will produce many children. Toward that goal, the Fulani marry young. No special value is placed on virginity, and women are not shy about boasting about their various experiences. In fact, the Fulani expect young women to bring sexual experience to marriage. There are even special dances in which women select mates, with the proviso that the mate selected not be her fiancé or a particular category of relative—one to whom she could be affianced, for example. At the same time, a woman is expected to display appropriate modesty whenever the subject of marriage arises, for marriage confers on her a special status. There has been some confusion regarding what constitutes the marriage ceremony among the Fulani. Because neither bride nor groom may be present at the ceremony, owing to shame-avoidance taboos, the significance of the cattle ceremony (koowgal ) has often been overlooked. In that ceremony, the bride's father transfers one of his herd to the groom, legalizing the marriage. There may also follow a more typical Islamic ceremony, termed kabbal Again, neither bride nor groom may actually be present at the ceremony. An important public acknowledgment of the marriage is the movement of the bride to her husband's village, termed bangal. The women of that village come to greet her, and the welcome is a rite of passage for the bride. The bride's status increases with each child she has, especially with the birth of males. The Fulani prefer endogamy. Their first choice of a marriage partner is a patrilateral parallel cousin. If that is not possible, their other choices are for the partners to share a great-grandfather, a great-great grandfather, or a patrilateral cross cousin. Domestic Unit. A man is allowed four wives. Each wife brings cattle with her to the marriage. It is a major obligation for a woman to milk the cattle and prepare the dairy products. A woman receives respect from her sons and daughters-in-law. Inheritance. Lineage members inherit cattle and widows. Among Town Fulani, inheritance generally follows Islamic prescriptions, with the exception that generally women do not contest their inheritance with their full brothers. Socialization. At 2 years of age, children are weaned. A child's father remains distant throughout its life. Women provide for children's needs. Thus, a mother and her daughters tend to the needs of her sons. A young girl first plays at carrying dolls on her back and then moves on to carrying her baby brother. Among the Pastoral Fulani, baby girls are given amulets for fertility and boys for virility. Mothers take care to preserve and shape their children's conformity to the Fulani ideal notions of beauty. Mothers attempt to lengthen their children's noses by pressing them between their fingers, stretching, and squeezing hard. They also attempt to shape their children's heads into the ideal round shape. Acquiring a culture is perceived as acquiring something that is found. The Fulani term is tawaangal. There is a sense that no one invented nor can change these traditions, for they define what it is to be Fulani. Young children are treated with great gentleness and are rarely disciplined. Adults seek to avoid giving them any emotional shocks. Most training is given by a child's mother and the other women of the compound. They are believed to be more capable of patience and reciprocity. Young girls are initiated into their adult work through games. The young girl carries her doll. At 2 or 3 years old her ears are pierced, six holes in her right ear and six in her left. Almost as soon as she can walk well, she is placed into the middle of a circle of dancing women who begin to teach her to dance and praise her efforts lavishly. Indeed, the transition to adulthood proceeds in smooth steps. At about 5 years of age, girls are taught the rules of the moral code -mbo. There are to be no sexual relations of any kind with brothers. A woman may not look at her fiancé in the face. She must demonstrate respect for elders and must never mention her future parents-in-law. Women have two essential roles in Fulani society, that of sister and daughter. Either at her naming ceremony or just before she leaves her father's home for her husband's, a woman's father presents her with a heifer. There is shame for a man on entering his daughter's home; however, the strong affection he demonstrates for his grandchildren is meant to show his affection for his daughter as well. Young boys play at taking care of the cattle and performing men's work. Mothers come to rely more on sons than on daughters because daughters will leave the compound upon marriage. Social Organization. The Fulani are many different people. Among those who term themselves "Fulani" are former slaves and members of castes or guilds, such as blacksmiths or bards. It is important to note that the Fulani hold that belonging to society itself is dependent on the will of the individual. Political Organization. Fulani tend to be the ruling caste among Islamic communities in the northern areas of West Africa. They control the various northern emirates in what was Northern Nigeria, for example. They also play a major role in the modern governments of many West African states. Among the Cattle Fulani, a leader (ardo) of a territorial group has a major role. Patrilineages play an important part in regulating day-to-day matters and in controlling cattle. They also govern marriages and widow inheritance. Conflict. Kinship and regional groups regulate conflict within and between groups. The Fulani often come into conflict with settled populations among which they pass. Alliances with Town Fulani help resolve a number of disputes between Fulani and their neighbors. The Fulani are quick to resort to combat in the defense of their interest but also have a reputation for waiting for the opportune moment to seek revenge if the situation demands patience. Religion and Expressive Culture Religious Beliefs. Over 90 percent of the Town Fulani are Muslims. It is, in fact, rather difficult to discover any Fulani—Town or Cattle—who admits to not being Muslim, no matter how lax his or her practice may be. The Fulani share many beliefs with other West African Muslims. They use Islam both as a means to distinguish themselves from others, through the reputation of Fulani clerics, and as a link to members of other African groups. At the same time, there is belief in the steady-state nature of culture that preceded Islam. Culture is seen to be unchanging and constant from generation to generation. The only improvement a Cattle Fulani sees possible is to have more children than his or her parents. Otherwise, the appropriate thing to do is to live according to the code of the ancestors. That code stresses the symbolic importance of cattle in defining Fulani ethnicity. There is also a requirement to respect one's seniors and to love one's mother. The ethos of the Fulani is best summed up in the concept of palaaku. It portrays the ideal Fulani as one who has stoic sobriety, reserve, and strong emotional ties to cattle. At the same time, the model Fulani is gentle in demeanor. His carriage conveys a proud reserve, almost a disdain toward non-Fulani. It is said that no one knows what a Fulani is thinking. The true Fulani is physically as well as psychologically distant from other people, especially non-Fulani. Moreover, he is enjoined from displays of strong emotions. His demeanor is taciturn, loathing the boisterousness of others. Wealth is not to be vulgarly displayed but carefully and quietly tended. The Fulani have a number of taboos. They may not pronounce the name of a spouse, a first son, a first daughter, a father or mother, or a parent-in-law or the names of the parents of any beautiful girl or young woman. In addition to observing the usual Islamic dietary laws, they may not eat goat meat, lest they become lepers. Religious Practitioners. As Muslims, the Fulani share with other Muslims reliance on traditional Islamic religious practitioners and are themselves prominent members of the Islamic clerical class. In common with other West Africans, however, Fulani will frequent local religious practitioners who have established reputations for their curative powers and supernatural abilities. Ceremonies. Various life-cycle events—naming, acceptance of young girls into the group, marriage, first child, and so on—are marked by ceremonies. The Shar'o ceremony demonstrates to the community that a young man has come of age. In it, adolescent friends take turns beating each other across the chest with their walking sticks. No sign of pain or discomfort can be shown. Although adolescents have died in this ceremony, young men are eager to participate and display their scars with pride throughout their lives. Arts. The Fulani are noted for their oral literature, which celebrates the concept of palaaku and serves to define Fulani identity. Fulani oral literature has been influenced both by surrounding peoples and by Islam. The major categories of Fulani literature are poetry, history, story, legend, proverb, magic formula, and riddle. Many of these genres are sung, either by amateurs or by professionals. Medicine. The Fulani participate in a number of medical systems. One is an Islamic system, basically derived from the Arabs and through them from Greco-Roman sources. They share many traditions with the groups among whom they live. Since the onset of British colonization—around the turn of the twentieth century—they have been exposed to Western medical practices. In common with other West Africans, they have incorporated elements from these various systems in a rather syncretistic and pragmatic fashion. Death and Afterlife. If one lives up to the palaaku code and obeys Allah's laws, there will be rewards in the afterlife. The Fulani, in common with other Muslims, believe in an afterlife of material rewards for the followers of Allah. Azarya, Victor (1978). Aristocrats Facing Change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ba, Amadou Hampata (1990). Ou t of the Land of Shadows." UNESCO Cornier, May, 22-25. Dupire, Marguerite (1973). "Women in a Pastoral Society." In Peoples and Cultures of Africa, edited by Elliott P. Skinner, 297-303. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. Eguchi, Paul K. (1993). "'Fulbe-ness' in Fulbe Oral Literature of Cameroon." In Unity and Diversity of a People: The Search for Fulbe Identity, edited by Paul K. Eguchi and Victor Azarya, 181-200. Senri Ethnological Studies, no. 35. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. Eguchi, Paul K., and Victor Azarya, eds. (1993). Unity and Diversity of a People: The Search for Fulbe Identity. Senri Ethnological Studies, no. 35. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology. Frantz, Charles (1981). "Settlement and Migration among Pastoral Fulbe in Nigeria and Cameroun." In Contemporary Nomadic and Pastoral Peoples, edited by Philip Carl Salzman, 57-94. Studies in Third World Society, Publication no. 17. Williamsburg, Va.: College of William and Mary, Department of Anthropology. Hopen, C. Edward (1984). "Fulani." In Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey. 2nd ed., rev. and expanded, edited by Richard V. Weekes, 257-261. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Riesman, Paul (1977). Freedom in Fulani Social Life: An Introspective Ethnography. Translated by Martha Fuller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Salamone, Frank A. (1985). "Colonialism and the Emergence of Fulani Ethnicity." Journal of Asian and African Studies 20: 170-201. Schultz, Emily A. (1981). Image and Reality in African Interethnic Relations: The Fulbe and Their Neighbors. Studies in Third World Society, Publication no. 11. Williamsburg, Va.: College of William and Mary, Department of Anthropology. Stenning, Derrick J. (1959). Savannah Nomads: A Study of the Wodaabe Pastoral Fulani of Western Bornu Province, Northern Region, Nigeria. London: International African Institute; Oxford University Press. Wilson, Wendy (1990). "Women Pastoralists and Project Participation." Sage 7:18-23. Wilson-Haffenden, James Rhodes (1967). The Red Men of Nigeria: An Account of a Lengthy Residence among the Fulani or "Red Man," and other Pagan Tribes of Central Nigeria. London: Cass. Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (1988). "The Mask of Obedience: Male Slave Psychology in the Old South." American Historical Review 93:1228-1252. FRANK A. SALAMONE ALTERNATE NAMES: Fulbe; Peuls, Fula, Fulah, Foulah and Fellata (Sudan) and Futa Toro, Futa Jallon or Fulas Pretos (in Guinea and Senegambia), or Bororo in some parts of Nigeria. LOCATION: From the western part of West Africa (Senegambia) to Chad in the east (some groups reaching as far as the Nile river in the countries of Sudan and Ethiopia); largest concentrations in Nigeria, Senegal, and Guinea POPULATION: 12 million LANGUAGE: Fulfulde, Arabic, French, or English RELATED ARTICLES: Vol. 1: Beninese; Chadians; Ethiopians; Guineans; Nigerians; Senegalese; Sudanese The Fulani peoples (also known as Fulbe or Peuls) of West Africa are among the most widely dispersed and culturally diverse peoples in all of Africa. They have a population of more than six million. Many Fulani trace their beginnings to the Sene-gambia area where, as early as 1000 years ago, they adopted a pastoral livelihood and began moving about with their herds of cattle. By the eighteenth century some had migrated as far east as the Niger and Benue Rivers (now in Nigeria). In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some Fulani populations, which had become devoted to Islam, initiated jihads (Islamic holy wars) in several West Africa locales, seeking to spread or purify the Islamic religion. These events figure prominently in the histories of most Fulani groups, especially among those who emerged as religious and political leaders in the new kingdoms that resulted from the wars. Fulani, a name that originated in northern Nigeria, is the most popular name currently used for these people. The terminology and sayings included in this section are from the Adamawa dialect, spoken in northeastern Nigeria and northern Cameroon. Today, one finds both nomadic, pastoral Fulani (mbororo'en) and settled Fulani (Fulbe wuro). The pastoral Fulani (full-time cattle keepers) move about with their cattle for much of the year, while the settled Fulani live permanently in villages and cities. Although these two “types” of Fulani share a common language, origin, and some cultural features, they regard themselves as only distantly related. The settled Fulani are mostly concerned with the Islamic religion, whereas the pastoralists' concerns are more with their cattle. The present population of Fulani might be about 12 million, with another wider regional population of various bilingual speakers of Fulani and other local languages. The Kano Chronicle provides a significant historical record to the Fulani and Hausa people they came to dominate in the 18th and 19th centuries during the Fulani jihads. This is most particularly the case of the Fulani jihad of Uthman dan Fodio as well as regional jihads in the Guinea highlands. LOCATION AND HOMELAND Questions of Fulani origins are disputed by scholars, but a solution is that a primordial intrusion took place from the east and then a westward spread, but during the time of the greatest Fulani jihads, return migrations from Senegal also took place. This was especially true with their horse cavalry for conquest periods and with extensive trade networks in periods of consolidation. The Fulani populations are now found all over the savanna and semi-arid zones of West Africa to the south of the Sahara desert. This area, which has only a short rainy season, is particularly suitable for pastoralism or a combination of pastoralism and agriculture. The general distribution of these people ranges from the western part of West Africa (Senegambia) to Chad in the east, with some groups reaching as far as the Nile River in the countries of Sudan and Ethiopia. The dispersal across the continent occurred while herdsmen and their families sought to find better pasture land, to escape conflicts with settled peoples in several West African kingdoms, or to visit the Islamic holy land in the Arabian Peninsula. The largest concentrations of Fulani are in the countries of Nigeria, Senegal, and Guinea, where Fulani were involved in the holy wars and settled down, became the ruling class, and intermarried with the local populations. Fulani belongs to the sub-branch of Atlantic language family, but there are many loan words from Berber and Arabic. Despite their wide geographical distribution, the Fulani peoples believe they generally belong to the same ethnic group, but with sub-groups and different dialects. The language is known as Fulfulde (or Fula or Pulaar). There are similarities in the grammar and vocabulary of the different groups, but communication among Fulani from different regions is difficult (although not impossible). There are at least five major dialects of this language (Futa Toro, Futa Jallon, and Masina in the west and Central Nigeria; and Sokoto and Adamawa in the east). Thus, for example, a Fulani from Adamawa in Nigeria would only understand a few words when speaking with a Fulani from Senegal. As Muslims, many Fulani can read and write Arabic. Nowadays, many can also speak either French or English, depending on which European country colonized their region. Because most Fulani are Muslims, much of their history and worldview derives from Islam. Local groups recognize important historical figures who helped spread Islam in their land and acquired additional spiritual and magical powers due to their religious devotion. Moreover, as many communities have lengthy genealogies, recollections (sometimes exaggerated) of important religious and historical figures abound in terms of their wealth, success in battle, devotion to Islam, and superhuman deeds. Despite the significance of Islam, some modern-day Fulani recount traditions of the pre-Islamic origin of the Fulani. These traditions state that cattle, as well as the first Fulani family, emerged from a river, began the migrations across Africa, and gave birth to children who founded the various Fulani groups. Fictional stories or folktales (taali) are popular among all Fulani. Adults or storytellers gather children before bedtime to recite the stories, which usually have a moral. Among the pastoralists are many stories pertaining to their cattle and migrations. Among all Fulani, stories discuss the adventures of animals such as squirrels, snakes, hyenas, and rabbits, some of which are extremely clever. Some discuss men and women, Islamic teachers, and children. All Fulani groups have riddles, proverbs, and sayings which, together with the stories, are used to help educate children about the culture and practices of the society as well as to entertain them. An example of a saying in Fulfulde is: Tid'd'o yod'ad'd'o (“Work hard and succeed”). An example of a Fulani proverb is: Hab'b'ere buri ginawol (“Actions should be judged according to intention” or literally, “Deliberate acts could be worse than insanity”). As the Fulani adopted Islam, they acquired a set of beliefs about the world and their new faith. They also have obligations as Muslims, such as praying five times a day, learning to recite the holy scriptures (Quran) by heart, fasting in the daytime for one lunar month each year, making the pilgrimage (hajj) to the Islamic holy land in Mecca, and giving alms to the needy. The most important duty is to declare one's true faith in Islam and that Mohammed was a prophet sent by Allah. One should note that the Fulani are Sunni Muslims, but are also influenced by the Muslim brotherhoods that are widespread across the Sahel as well as other syncretic beliefs and practices. The intensity of religious belief among the Fulani varies by membership in those who are more actively engaged in pastoralism and less inclined to be devout and are more syncretic versus those settled Fulani who are more devout and more inclined to be engaged in religious activism and jihads. All Fulani participate in Islamic holidays (Id), namely the feast after the fasting period and the feast of the birth of the Prophet Mohammed. On these days, people pray in thanksgiving to Allah, visit their relatives, prepare special meals, and exchange gifts such as gowns or cloth. Fulani also observe the national holidays of various African nations in which they reside. RITES OF PASSAGE Islam has influenced many Fulani holidays and ceremonies. Shortly after a child is born, a naming ceremony is held in which the child is given a name following Islamic law and practice. Around the age of seven, boys are circumcised, followed by a small ceremony or gathering in their household. Shortly after this time, they begin performing herding or farming activities, sometimes on their own. At this age, girls help their mothers. Also around this time, most children begin attending school. When they are close to puberty, the children socialize in the markets or other communities. Girls are usually betrothed in marriage during their early to mid-teens, while boys remain as sukaa'be (handsome young men) until around the age of 20. At that time, they start a herd or obtain a farm and marry with the intent to start a family. Following ceremonies in which the bride and groom are prepared for marriage, the families of the betrothed contract the marriage under Islam. By middle age, a man may be known as a ndottijo (elder, old man) who has acquired wisdom over the years. All Fulani have an elaborate code for interacting among themselves and with other people. The code, known as pulaaku, prescribes certain morals and etiquette which the Fulani believe distinguish them from other people; some regard it as sacred. Pulaaku prescribes semteende (modesty and reserve), together with munyal (patience) and hakkiilo (common sense, care), which must be shown in public, among one's in-laws, and with one's spouse, all as a sign of respect for the others and for one's own dignity. Fulani thus tend to avoid showing off with people outside their group, although they are supposed to demonstrate kindness (end'am) among their kin. The pastoral Fulani may have developed pulaaku to help them preserve their economic independence and their identity and to avoid being assimilated into other groups. Nowadays, all Fulani throughout West Africa strongly adhere to this code of behavior. Islam, which also prescribes modesty and reserve, has tended to reinforce this code. Among the pastoral Fulani, life can be extremely harsh. They often live in small, temporary camps, which they quickly dis-mantle as they often move in search of pasture and water. Some move mainly between wet and dry season camps or small villages. Transportation is often on foot, although some families have donkeys, horses, and camels. Because of the settlements' distance from towns, modern health care is not readily available. Traditional healers, whose medicines and practices have been perfected over the centuries, are more commonly consulted. Fulani who have settled in towns are more inclined to visit modern health-care facilities such as clinics and hospitals than are the pastoral Fulani. In the cities they also have access to modern transportation, including cars and buses, and they usually reside in large family houses or compounds. The Sahel in general is relatively underdeveloped so that Fulani are facing various difficulties of finding adequate employment in the modern sectors of the economy that require new educational and technical skills. Among the Fulani, life centers around the family. This includes one's immediate kin, such as parents and siblings, but it also includes the extended family (cousins, aunts and uncles, and distant relatives), whose members are all treated as close kin. In the rural areas, these groups tend to live close together and join in work efforts; in the towns and cities, they tend to be more dispersed. Each kin group (lenyol) normally recognizes a common male ancestor who lived several generations ago and founded the family. In the towns, women manage the very large Fulani households and families. Many women are in seclusion due to the Islamic prescription for the extreme modesty of women. Among the pastoralists, the women help support their families through the trade or sale of milk, and they often walk miles each day to the markets or towns to do so. Marriage is a very important institution among the Fulani. Male family members usually choose a spouse for a child, usually among relatives (particularly cousins) and social equals. This practice helps to keep wealth (cattle and land) in the family and to maintain the moral and physical purity of each group. Polygyny (multiple wives) is not uncommon in Fulani society, as a man's wives all help with domestic work and can bear him many children. They also bring him prestige, particularly if they are modest in behavior and dress. All Fulani communities have leaders of sorts, known as ardo'en, who influence or guide their peoples in an informal manner. Beginning with the holy wars and the settlement of Fulani populations, some individuals have acquired formal power and authority over their peoples and have become chiefs (laamb'e). Some of the larger Fulani communities have had emirs (laamiib'e) who reigned over their court and subjects in royal fashion. Fulani traditionally prefer endogamous marriage with parallel cousins, especially patrilateral and they follow patrilineal descent with patrilocal post-marital residence. There are a great variety of dress codes and styles among the different Fulani groups, but all are proud of their beauty and physical features, which in some respects resemble those of North Africans. Typical Fulani features include tall stature, long limbs, light skin, and relatively long and soft hair. In a broad sense, the married men and women follow the Islamic dress code in which modesty is prescribed. The men wear large gowns and trousers and caps, and women wear wrappers and blouses. As a sign of modesty, married Muslim women wear veils when they leave their household. Pastoral men also wear Islamic dress, but it is not as elaborate as among the settled Fulani men. Women wear blouses and wrappers but not veils. Among the pastoralists, younger men and women adorn themselves with jewelry and headdresses, and they plait their hair. During certain festivals, young pastoral men wear makeup to accentuate their features, including their eyes, their pointed noses, and their lips, which they line with white paint. They dance for the women and sometimes choose a marital partner. Most Fulani value cattle and their diet usually includes milk products such as yogurt, milk, and butter. They prefer not to slaughter their cattle for food, but purchase basic foodstuffs, including meat, in the market. Each morning they drink milk or gruel (gari) made with sorghum. Their main meals consist of a staple food or heavy porridge (nyiiri), made of flour from such grains as millet, sorghum, or corn, which they eat with soup (takai, haako) made from tomatoes, onions, spices, and peppers, and other vegetables such as okra, spinach, or baobab leaves. From birth, Fulani children receive a rigid education to socialize them into the customs and identity of their society and prepare them for the harsh environment in which they live. All adults and senior children help educate the younger children through scolding, reciting sayings and proverbs, and telling them stories. Children also learn through imitation. In many communities, children from about the age of six attend Islamic (Qu'ranic) school, where they study and recite the scriptures and learn about the practices, teachings, and morals of Islam. Nowadays, settled Fulani children attend primary and secondary school, and some eventually enroll in universities. It is more difficult for the children of pastoral families to attend school, as they are often on the move. In some countries, however, special efforts are being made to place these children in school or to build mobile schools that follow them during their migrations. Among the Fulani, music and art are part of daily life. Work music—with song, drums, or flutes—is found among those in rural areas working in the pasture, the fields, or the market. Court music (drumming, horns, flutes) and praise-singing are found among those in towns, especially in the palace or during festivals. The praise singers discuss community histories, leaders, and prominent individuals, whereas religious singers may cite Islamic scriptures. Most commonly, art occurs in the form of personal adornments such as jewelry, hats, and clothing, and of architecture. For many Fulani, however, their most important cultural feature is their character or pulaaku (as discussed in the section on interpersonal relations). Fulani should be reserved and demonstrate a strong sense of shame (semteende) in all their dealings outside their household, with strangers, and with certain kinds of kin. For example, it is considered shameful if a Fulani eats outside his household. A proverb thus states, Pullo nastan luumo wade, nastatta luumo semteende (“It is better to die than be shamed in public”). These behavioral norms, in the Fulani view, distinguish them from members of other tribes or ethnic groups. Among the pastoral Fulani, herdsmanship (ngainaaka) is also a very important aspect of their culture. The settled Fulani still value cattle, and many of them own herds, but they lack the extreme enthusiasm for cattle as found among the true pastoralists. With such an extensive multinational African distribution of the Fulani, they are found in all walks of life, in sports, military, commerce, arts, and politics. Among the most prominent personages of Fulani origin are three heads of state of Nigeria, including the President Umaru Yar'Adua. In Guinea-Conakry those with family names such as Balde and Diallo, or Alfa Yaya, or Alfa Molo were prominent leaders of Fulani origin, and the first president of Cameroon, Ahmadu Ahidjo, also shares this ethnicity. All Fulani communities have a relatively rigid division of labor according to age and sex. Men's and women's domains are highly segregated, and children assist their parents, but they also have their own chores around the house, on the farm, or in the pasture. Men tend the cattle, work in the fields, or have formal employment in the city. They also play an important part in decision-making about farming, herding, migrating, and other family matters. Many men are either full or part-time Islamic scholars or teachers. In the settled communities, Fulani men pursue a variety of occupations such as work in the government, as Islamic teachers and scholars, in education, in business, or, to a lesser extent, as traders. Women's primary role is managing the household (cooking, cleaning) and caring for the children. Among the pastoralists, the women also set up and dismantle camps, tend the small animals (sheep and goats), and trade or exchange milk products in nearby towns and markets to obtain the foodstuffs they themselves do not produce. Most married women in the towns are housewives, but a few work as teachers, nurses, or secretaries. A few supplement their own or their husband's income with trading items such as jewelry, clothing, spices, cigarettes, or beverages—often from within their own household. Young pastoral men participate in a kind of sport known as sharro. This is a test of endurance and bravery in which young men lash each other to the point of intolerance. They do so as they enter manhood, but some continue to participate in the practice until they become elders. Among the settled Fulani, there are a great variety of traditional local sports and games, including wrestling and boxing. Western sports such as soccer and track and field are now found in communities and schools. Wealthy Fulani also participate in horseracing and polo. ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION Among the pastoral Fulani, children participate in different kinds of dances—among their immediate friends and kin, when they meet in the market, or when kin groups gather during the rainy season. Among the settled people, musicians and praise-singers perform at festivities such as weddings, naming ceremonies, and parties and Islamic holidays. Today, most Fulani appreciate Western music and own radios. Among the settled Fulani, one commonly finds stereos, televisions, and VCRs. FOLK ART, CRAFTS, AND HOBBIES Fulani women make handicrafts in their spare time, including engraved calabashes or gourds, weavings, knitting, and baskets. Some of these items are used or displayed in the household, and many are given as gifts to other women or kept as part of a woman's or her daughter's dowry for marriage. In contrast with some of their neighboring peoples, Fulani men are less involved in the production of crafts such as pottery, iron-working, and dyeing. They believe that these activities, which are undertaken in the public, may bring shame upon them, and they prefer to purchase such wares from the craftsmen among other peoples. The pastoral Fulani are currently facing many problems. Drought often reduces their water supply and pasture, and disease may also strike the herds. As the population of West Africa has grown, there is less land available for herding, and conflicts with settled people have increased. The modern governments are also curtailing the Fulanis' movements or trying to force them to settle down. The result is that Fulani herds have declined dramatically, seriously threatening the pastoral Fulani livelihood, although many still find a way to survive. Some settled Fulani are also faced with relative poverty, as most of the countries they live in simply do not have enough resources and funds. Nevertheless, all Fulani find comfort in the fact that their kin are always willing to help those facing hardship. In addition to regional drought, desertification and unemployment are severe issues faced by modern Fulani. Common with African Islamic societies in general the social position of women is structured with the culture-religious organization of society in which patriarchy, patrilineality, possible but limited polygyny, and patrilocal residence provides for specific domestic roles for women. Within the domestic framework there are some options open to women in the informal economy, particularly in gendered spaces that focus on food and clothing production. At the same time, this is being contested by new social movements and forces that empower women in terms of legal, economic, and human rights, as well as the necessity to bring more women into economic production along with more males moving out of the traditional compounds in search of work and opportunity. Thus, gender roles in modern Fulani society are both steadfast and traditional, while being contested by the powerful forces of change. This gender contestation is particularly acute in Nigeria whereby the federal state seeks centralization on one hand, while empowering the various states to solve their own problems. For Fulani regions which are seeking a post-colonial strengthening of Islamic law the torque between these counterforces has been problematic. Bivins, Mary Wren. Telling Stories, Making Histories: Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2007. Bocquene Henri. Memoirs of a Mbororo: the Life of Ndudi Umaru, Fulani Nomad of Cameroon. New York: Berghahn Books, 2002. David, Nicolas. “The Fulani Compound and the Archaeolo-gist.” World Archaeology, 3(2), 1971, 11–131. Hopen, C. E. Pastoral Fulbe Family in Gwandu. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. Johnston, H. A. S. The Fulani Empire of Sokoto. London: Oxford University Press, 1967. Ndukwe, P.I. Fulani. New York: Rosen Publishing, 1996. Reisman, Paul. Freedom in Fulani Social Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977. Stenning, Derrick. Savanna Nomads. London: Oxford University Press, 1959. —revised by R. Lobban ALTERNATE NAMES: Fulbe; Peuls LOCATION: From the western part of West Africa (Senegambia) to Chad in the east (some groups reaching as far as the Nile river in the countries of Sudan and Ethiopia); largest concentrations in Nigeria, Senegal, and Guinea POPULATION: More than 6 million LANGUAGE: Fulfulde; Arabic; French; English 1 • INTRODUCTION The Fulani peoples (also known as Fulbe or Peuls ) live in West Africa. They are among the most widely dispersed and culturally diverse peoples in all of Africa. Many Fulani trace their beginnings back one thousand years to the Senegambia area. By the eighteenth century some had migrated as far east as the Niger and Benue Rivers (now in Nigeria). In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some Fulani populations adopted the Islamic religion and initiated jihads (holy wars) in several parts of West Africa. Today, one finds both nomadic, pastoral Fulani (mbororo'en) and settled Fulani (Fulbe wuro). The pastoral Fulani (full-time cattle keepers) move about with their cattle for much of the year. In contrast, the settled Fulani live permanently in villages and cities. Although both groups share a common language and origin, they regard themselves as only distantly related. 2 • LOCATION The largest concentrations of Fulani are in the countries of Nigeria, Senegal, and Guinea. In these countries, Fulani became the ruling class and intermarried with the local populations. The total Fulani population numbers more than 6 million. 3 • LANGUAGE The language of the Fulani is known as Fulfulde (or Fula or Pulaar). There are at least five major dialects: Futa Toro, Futa Jallon, and Masina in the west and Central Nigeria; and Sokoto and Adamawa in the east. Although they have similarities in grammar and vocabulary, communication among Fulani from different regions is difficult. As Muslims, many Fulani can read and write Arabic. An example of a saying in Fulfulde is Tid'd'o yod'ad'd'o (Work hard and succeed). An example of a Fulani proverb is:Hab'b'ere buri ginawol (Actions should be judged according to intention). 4 • FOLKLORE Despite the importance of Islam, some modern-day Fulani traditions recount the pre-Islamic origin of their people. These traditions state that cattle, as well as the first Fulani family, emerged from a river. They began migrating across Africa and gave birth to children who founded the various Fulani groups. Folktales (taali) are popular among all Fulani. Children are told bedtime stories that usually have a moral. Among the nomadic Fulani, there are many stories pertaining to their cattle and migrations. All Fulani tell animal tales, recounting the adventures of squirrels, snakes, hyenas, and rabbits, some of which are extremely clever. 5 • RELIGION As Muslims, the Fulani observe the standard Islamic religious practices. They pray five times a day, learn to recite the holy scriptures (Qur'an, or Koran ) by heart, and give alms to the needy. For one month each year (Ramadan) they fast in the daytime. And at least once in their lifetime, they make a pilgrimage (hajj) to the Islamic holy land in Mecca. The most important duty is to declare one's true faith in Islam and believe that Muhammad was a prophet sent by Allah (God). 6 • MAJOR HOLIDAYS All Fulani participate in Islamic holidays (Id). The most important are the feast after the fasting period (Ramadan) and the feast celebrating the birth of the Prophet Muhammad. On these days, people pray in thanksgiving to Allah, visit their relatives, prepare special meals, and exchange gifts such as gowns or cloth. 7 • RITES OF PASSAGE Shortly after a child is born, a naming ceremony is held, following Islamic law and practice. Around the age of seven, boys are circumcised, followed by a small ceremony or gathering in their household. Shortly after this time, they begin performing herding or farming activities, sometimes on their own. At this age, girls help their mothers. Girls are usually betrothed in marriage during their early to mid-teens. Boys remain sukaa'be (handsome young men) until around the age of twenty. At that time, they start a herd or obtain a farm, and marry. There are ceremonies to prepare the bride and groom for marriage. Afterward, their families sign a marriage contract under Islam. By middle age, a man may be known as a ndottijo (elder, old man) who has acquired wisdom over the years. 8 • RELATIONSHIPS All Fulani have an elaborate code for interacting among themselves and with other people. The code, known as Pulaaku, decrees semteende (modesty), munyal (patience), and hakkiilo (common sense). All of these virtues must be practiced in public, among one's in-laws, and with one's spouse. Islam, which also requires modesty and reserve, has tended to reinforce this code. 9 • LIVING CONDITIONS Among the nomadic Fulani, life can be extremely harsh. They often live in small, temporary camps. These can be quickly dismantled as they move in search of pasture and water for their herds. Because of the settlements' distance from towns, modern health care is not readily available. Fulani have also settled in towns and cities. In the cities they usually reside in large family houses or compounds. 10 • FAMILY LIFE Among the Fulani, the family includes one's immediate kin and extended family, all of whom are all treated as close kin. In rural areas, these groups tend to live close together and join in work efforts. In the towns and cities, they tend to be more widely dispersed. Each kin group (lenyol) normally recognizes a common male ancestor who lived several generations ago and founded the family. Male family members usually choose spouses for their children. Matches are generally made between relatives (particularly cousins) and social equals. This practice helps keep wealth (cattle and land) in the family. Polygyny (multiple wives) is not uncommon in Fulani society. A man's wives all help with domestic work and can bear him many children. 11 • CLOTHING Dress codes and styles vary greatly. In general, however, married men and women follow the Islamic dress code, which prescribes modesty. The men wear large gowns, trousers, and caps. Women wear wraps and blouses. Married Muslim women wear veils when they leave their household. Nomadic Fulani also wear Islamic dress, but it is not as elaborate. The women do not wear veils. Younger men and women adorn themselves with jewelry and headdresses, and they braid their hair. 12 • FOOD The Fulani diet usually includes milk products such as yogurt, milk, and butter. Each morning they drink milk or gruel (gari) made with sorghum. Their main meals consist of a heavy porridge (nyiiri) made of flour from such grains as millet, sorghum, or corn. They eat it with soup (takai, haako) made from tomatoes, onions, spices, peppers, and other vegetables. 13 • EDUCATION All Fulani adults and older children help educate the younger children through scoldings, sayings and proverbs, and stories. Children also learn through imitation. In many communities, children from about the age of six attend Islamic (Koranic) school. Here they study, recite the scriptures, and learn about the practices, teachings, and morals of Islam. Nowadays, Fulani children in towns and cities attend primary and secondary schools. Some eventually enroll in universities. [inset phto 1 from guinea book. Students in Guinea begin to attend school at around age six. Credit note: Consulate, Republic of Guinea] It is more difficult for the children of nomadic families to attend school because they are often on the move. 14 • CULTURE Among the Fulani, music and art are part of daily life. Work music is sung and played on drums and flutes. Court music (drumming, horns, flutes) and praise-singing are popular in towns, especially during festivals. Praisesingers tell about a community's history and its leaders and other prominent individuals. Religious singers may cite Islamic scriptures. Most commonly, decorative art occurs in the form of architecture, or in the form of personal adornments such as jewelry, hats, and clothing. 15 • EMPLOYMENT All Fulani communities have a strict division of labor according to age and sex. Men tend the cattle, work in the fields, or have formal employment in the city. Many men are either full-or part-time Islamic scholars or teachers. In the settled communities, Fulani men may work in government, education, business, or, to a lesser extent, as traders. Women are responsible for managing the household (cooking, cleaning) and caring for the children. Even in the towns, most married women are housewives, but a few work as teachers, nurses, or secretaries. 16 • SPORTS Among the nomadic Fulani, young men participate in a kind of sport known as sharro. This is a test of bravery in which young men lash each other to the point of utmost endurance. This practice is most common as men enter manhood. However, some continue it until they become elders. Among the settled Fulani, there is a variety of traditional local sports and games, including wrestling and boxing. Western sports such as soccer and track and field are now found in communities and schools. 17 • RECREATION Fulani children participate in various kinds of dances. Some are performed for their closest friends and kin, and some in the marketplace. Among the settled people, musicians and praise-singers perform at festivities such as weddings, naming ceremonies, and Islamic holidays. Today, most Fulani own radios and enjoy Western music. Among the settled Fulani, one commonly finds stereos, televisions, and VCRs. 18 • CRAFTS AND HOBBIES In their spare time, Fulani women make handicrafts including engraved gourds, weavings, knitting, and baskets. Fulani men are less involved in the production of crafts such as pottery, iron-working, and dyeing than some neighboring peoples. They believe these activities may violate their code of conduct (Pulaaku ) and bring shame upon them. 19 • SOCIAL PROBLEMS The pastoral Fulani are currently facing many problems. Drought often reduces their water supply and pasture, and disease may also strike the herds. Increasingly, there is less land available for herding, and conflicts with settled people have increased. Present-day governments are also curtailing the Fulanis' movements or trying to force them to settle down. 20 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Hopen, C. E. Pastoral Fulbe Family in Gwandu. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. Stenning, Derrick. Savanna Nomads. London: Oxford University Press, 1959. World Travel Guide. Guinea. [Online] Available http:/www.wtgonline.com/country/gn/gen.html, 1998.

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/fulani

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In 2015, on the frigid day of December 16, a drilling rig on a ship parked above a seemingly random spot in the Indian Ocean. But the spot wasn’t random, and the mission wasn’t a normal one: they began drilling toward the mantle. The scientists on board work for the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). They plan to bore through six kilometers of tough oceanic basalt — the thin, localized Earth’s crust — and then pierce the mantle. No one has ever drilled into the mantle before, but there have been a half dozen serious attempts. Decades ago, the Russians drilled deeper than anyone has ever gone. Their Kola Superdeep Borehole was started in 1970 and still holds the world record for the deepest hole in the ground, reaching an impressive 12,262 meters (40,230 ft). But they didn’t reach the mantle — not even close. The Earth’s crust is relatively thin when compared to the entire planet — but it’s still pretty thick compared to human activity. The thickness of the crust isn’t fixed. The average thickness is around 30 km, but it can reach 100 km under large mountain ranges, and beneath the oceans, it can be as thin as 5 km. That’s why, if you want to reach the mantle, your best bet would be to drill in the sea. The IODP drills under the oceans for multiple reasons; one of these reasons is to understand the structure and processes that guide plate tectonics, as well as the origins of ancient life, risks posed by geohazards, and clues about the Earth’s previous climate. The program conducts scientific ocean drilling expeditions to study the geology and geophysics of the seafloor, as well as the geochemistry and biology of the subsurface. New findings, both in terms of biology and geology, are constantly coming out from the mission. Going down to the mantle But the idea of drilling all the way to the mantle is a particularly exciting one. As the latest mantle drilling project started off the coast of Africa, people are wondering if a billion dollars for the newest hole in the ground is worth the money. We can’t say. We don’t know what the team in the Indian Ocean might learn. But back in the ’70s and ’80s, no one expected the results the Soviets got from their 12,262-metre-deep borehole. The expedition, called Expedition 360, was only the initial part of a multi-step project. It completed 790 meters of drilling, but that’s just the first step — the IODP plans to keep returning to the site to continue drilling deeper and deeper. Expedition 362 focused on something else, sampling sediments and rocks from the oceanic plate that feeds the Sumatra subduction zone that produced the 2004 earthquake and tsunami, one of the worst natural disasters in history. Expedition 364 analyzed sampled the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater, from the asteroid that wiped off the dinosaurs. But among the major initiatives for the next few years is still probing the deep Earth — the geological equivalent of the moonshot missions. Multiple sites are considered for this. Funding is a big problem, and the technical side of it is also challenging. But the rewards are more than worth it. Here are 6 unexpected discoveries that already came through from the world’s deepest well: - There’s a lot of water down there. Hot mineralized water was found almost everywhere along the drill path. Everyone figured that the granite would be as dry as a stone. Who says you can’t get water from a rock? - To cut miles into the ground, the engineers had to invent a whole new drill. In the past, drillers quickly spun the entire drill stem so the bit at the bottom could chew the bedrock. Before starting, the Soviets calculated that the tubing would weigh over a million pounds. They could never generate enough torque to rotate that much pipe fast enough to drill through kilometers of granite. So, in 1969, the Soviets invented a rotary bit. It spun by sending pressurized mud down the pipe where it blew through a turbine at the drill head, spinning it 80 revolutions per minute. It worked and the system is now used on oil wells. - The Earth has gas. Unexpectedly, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and even carbon dioxide (from microbes) were found all along the borehole. - There is no basalt under the continent’s granite. This was a huge surprise. Seismic suggested that at 9,000 metres the granite would give way to basalt. It doesn’t. The seismic anomaly that suggested basalt was caused by metamorphosed granite instead. This gave support for plate tectonics, which was a new theory when the Kola Superdeep Borehole was being drilled. - There are fossils in granite 6,700 meters below the surface. How’d that happen? - Hell is deeper than 12,262 meters. There’s a persistent rumor that the drilling ended in 1992 because scientists pierced a super-hot cavity and heard the screams of damned souls. Not likely. For that, they probably needed to actually reach the mantle.

https://www.zmescience.com/science/geology/drilling-to-the-mantle-6-unexpected-discoveries-from-the-worlds-deepest-well/

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Photographs purportedly showing "the place where two oceans meet" in the Gulf of Alaska have circulated online for several years. Although the images are real, there are several misconceptions about what they actually depict. This photograph is frequently shared with the claim that it depicts a place where "two oceans meet," but that is not the case. Bruland explained that the picture actually captures what occurs when sediment-laden water from glacial rivers empties out into the ocean: "Glacier rivers in the summertime are like buzzsaws eroding away the mountains there," Bruland said. "In the process, they lift up all this material — they call it glacial flour — that can be carried out." Once these glacial rivers pour out into the larger body of water, theyre picked up by ocean currents, moving east to west, and begin to circulate there. This is one of the primary methods that iron — found in the clay and sediment of the glacial runoff — is transported to iron-deprived regions in the middle of the Gulf of Alaska. Photographer Kent Smith captured another amazing image of the "place where two oceans meet" during a similar cruise in 2010: — S G Balaji (@sgbalaji2000) May 3, 2013 Another misconception associated with these types of photographs is the notion that they document a permanent location off the coast of Alaska. This is not true: in addition to the fact that ocean currents are constantly shifting, Bruland says that this "border" will eventually fade as the iron-rich waters from glacial rivers mix with the ocean: As for that specific photo, Bruland said that it shows the plume of water pouring out from one of these sediment-rich rivers and meeting with the general ocean water. It's also a falsehood that these two types of water dont mix at all, he said. "They do eventually mix, but you do come across these really strong gradients at these specific moments in time," he said. Such borders are never static, he added, as they move around and disappear altogether, depending on the level of sediment and the whims of the water. These images are genuine and capture what occurs when two bodies of water, one rich with glacial flour, begin to merge. The photographs do not, however, depict a static location in the Gulf of Alaska where "two oceans meet."

http://www.snopes.com/photos/natural/mergingoceans.asp

Religion

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Rumors of dangerous cosmic rays passing by Earth "tonight," largely identical in their phrasing, have been steadily collecting in our inbox for well over a year. The warning, which has been around since at least 2014, and whose timelessness is assured by the lack of specific dates or a discussion of time zones, is generally phrased as such: VERY URGENT! Tonight at 00:30 to 03:30am make sure to turn off your phone, cellular, tablet etc & put far away from your body! Singapore TV announced on the news! Please tell your family & friends! Tonight 12:30pm to 3:30am for our Planet will be very high radiation! Cosmic rays will pass close to Earth, So please turn off your cell phone! Do not leave your device close to your body, it can cause you terrible damage! Check Google & NASA BBC News! Send this message to all the people who matter to you! Thank you Equally imprecise is the science involved in the warning. When astronomers discuss cosmic rays, they are almost always referring to high energy protons from outside our solar system that travel at nearly the speed of light and are thought to be ejected from supernovae, the explosion of stars. Sometimes, however, the term also includes high-energy particles from the sun, as described by Caltech astronomer Richard Mewaldt: Cosmic rays are high energy charged particles, originating in outer space, that travel at nearly the speed of light and strike the Earth from all directions. Most cosmic rays are the nuclei of atoms, ranging from the lightest to the heaviest elements in the periodic table. [...] The term "cosmic rays" usually refers to galactic cosmic rays, which originate in sources outside the solar system, distributed throughout our Milky Way galaxy. However, this term has also come to include other classes of energetic particles in space, including nuclei and electrons accelerated in association with energetic events on the Sun (called solar energetic particles), and particles accelerated in interplanetary space. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (among other agencies) constantly monitor the sun for events that would eject solar particles in the direction of Earth. They do this not because of the health risk they pose to humans (unless you are an astronaut in space) but because of the risk they can pose to electrical grids and devices, as described by NASA: When struck by [...] a coronal mass ejection, our planet's magnetic fields jostle back and forth. This generates electric currents, radio waves, and accelerates particles. As the atmosphere changes, GPS satellite frequencies that must travel through the ionosphere can be disrupted, resulting in errors of [...] a couple of yards. For airlines, military operations, farmers' vehicles, and financial transactions that rely on GPS, this interference can prove damaging. Another type of eruption from the sun, called a solar flare, can interfere with shortwave radios. These low frequency radio waves use the ionosphere as a mirror to reflect transmissions around the globe; but during a solar storm, they simply disappear up into the sky—unable to bounce off of an atmosphere so changed by these storms. These events would cause no direct health risk to humans on the surface of Earth, and as such that non-existent risk would not be exacerbated by the presence of a cell phone near you. The idea that NASA would send out a warning to that effect is belied by the fact that not a single warning regarding solar activity from 2010 to 2015 provided any guidance on the placement of your cell phone during such an event. Additionally, the three hour window for avoiding your cell phone is nonsensical, given the fact that such events generally disrupt our magnetic field for a longer period of time. If, however, the warning was referring to a more classical definition of cosmic rays — the high energy (mostly) protons that come from supernova explosions — then the warning is on even shakier scientific ground. That's because cosmic radiation, which is bouncing around all over the place and deflected by any magnetic field it runs into, is not easily tied to a single origin. In fact scientists only conclusively proved that cosmic rays generally come from supernovas in 2013, despite suspicions for a century prior. Cosmic radiation is a slowly varying background process that does not necessitate any action on your part. The only conceivable source of an acute cosmic radiation spike would be a stream of particles ejected directly at Earth from a nearby supernova explosion. In addition to the fact that such an event would conceivably offer decades of warning, and therefore make an exclusive scoop by Singapore TV unlikely, there are also no stars both close enough to us and close enough to the end of their life cycle to produce such an event, according to NASA: Astronomers estimate that, on average, about one or two supernovae explode each century in our galaxy. But for Earth's ozone layer to experience damage from a supernova, the blast must occur less than 50 light-years away. All of the nearby stars capable of going supernova are much farther than this. In terms of health effects to humans on the ground, this background cosmic radiation, similar to the solar radiation, poses no immediate harm and cannot be considered a health risk only unless you are chronically exposed to higher radiation levels in polar regions, according to NOAA: When these particles hit the atmosphere, large showers of secondary particles are created with some even reaching the ground. These particles pose little threat to humans and systems on the ground [...]. The Earth's own magnetic field also works to protect Earth from these particles largely deflecting them away from the equatorial regions but providing little-to-no protection near the polar regions [...]. This constant shower of GCR particles at high latitudes can result in increased radiation exposures for aircrew and passengers at high latitudes and altitudes. Because this identical warning has been online for years, and because neither interpretation of the warning's text makes scientific sense, we rank this claim false.

https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/dangerous-cosmic-gamma-rays/

Health

en

In a democratic society, there are certain tenets that should be upheld to ensure the fair and equitable functioning of the system. These tenets include freedom of speech, free and fair elections, adherence to the rule of law, protection of human rights, and accountability of government officials. Unfortunately, Nigeria has struggled to fully embrace and uphold these democratic principles. Here, we will explore where Nigeria gets it wrong in terms of these tenets. 1. Freedom of speech: Freedom of speech is a fundamental tenet of a democratic society as it allows citizens to express their thoughts, ideas, and criticisms without fear of reprisal. However, Nigeria has often restricted this freedom, particularly in the media. Journalists and activists face harassment, intimidation, and even violence for speaking out against government officials or highlighting social issues. This restricts the flow of information and stifles public discourse, leading to a lack of transparency and accountability. 2. Free and fair elections: Elections are the cornerstone of any democracy, allowing citizens to choose their representatives and hold them accountable. Unfortunately, Nigeria has a history of electoral malpractice, including voter intimidation, ballot stuffing, and vote rigging. These practices erode public trust in the electoral process, and many citizens feel that their votes do not truly count. The lack of transparency in elections undermines the very foundation of democracy and hampers the legitimacy of elected officials. 3. Adherence to the rule of law: The rule of law implies that all individuals, regardless of their status, are subject to legal principles and consequences for their actions. However, Nigeria has struggled with issues of corruption and a lack of accountability within its justice system. Political elites and those in power often evade punishment for their corrupt practices, creating a culture of impunity. This undermines the trust citizens have in the justice system and reinforces the notion that some individuals are above the law. 4. Protection of human rights: Human rights encompass the basic freedoms and entitlements that every individual should enjoy, including the rights to life, liberty, and security. Unfortunately, Nigeria has faced numerous human rights violations, including extrajudicial killings, unlawful detentions, and restrictions on freedom of assembly. The government’s response to dissent and social agitations has been characterized by excessive force, resulting in the loss of innocent lives and the suppression of peaceful protests. 5. Accountability of government officials: In a democratic society, government officials should be held accountable for their actions and decisions. However, Nigeria has struggled with systemic corruption, with many public officials misappropriating public funds for personal gain. This not only hampers the country’s development but also creates a culture of impunity, where elected officials can act without fear of consequence. The lack of accountability erodes public trust in the government and perpetuates a cycle of corruption. To address these issues, Nigeria needs comprehensive reforms that prioritize democratic principles and institutions. This includes enacting legislation that protects freedom of speech, facilitating transparent and accountable electoral processes, rooting out corruption within the justice system, and ensuring the protection of human rights. These reforms must also include the establishment of independent oversight bodies to hold government officials accountable for their actions. Only through these measures can Nigeria overcome the challenges it faces in upholding the tenets of a democratic society and truly serve the best interests of its citizens. Leave a Reply

https://spectatorsng.com/5-tenets-of-democratic-society-and-where-nigeria-gets-them-wrong/

Politics

en

The Trojan War, immortalized in Homer's epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, is one of the most captivating tales from ancient Greek mythology. Filled with heroes, gods, epic battles, and a legendary wooden horse, it has fascinated scholars, writers, and readers for centuries. But the question that has intrigued historians and archaeologists alike is whether the Trojan War was a historical event or merely a myth. Let's delve into the evidence and arguments from both sides to explore the truth behind this legendary conflict. The Mythical Tale According to Greek mythology, the Trojan War began with the abduction of Helen, the beautiful wife of the Spartan king Menelaus, by Paris, a prince of Troy. This act of love and betrayal incited a massive Greek expedition to retrieve Helen and punish the Trojans. The war lasted ten years and culminated in the cunning Greek stratagem of the Trojan Horse, leading to the fall of Troy. Homer's Iliad primarily focuses on a brief period during the tenth year of the war, highlighting the heroics and conflicts among key figures such as Achilles, Hector, and Agamemnon. The Odyssey follows the journey of Odysseus, a Greek hero, as he attempts to return home after the war. The first significant breakthrough in the search for Troy came in the late 19th century when German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered the ruins of an ancient city at Hisarlik, in modern-day Turkey. Schliemann believed this site to be Troy, and his excavations revealed multiple layers of settlements, suggesting a city with a long and complex history. Among these layers, one dating to around 1250 BCE showed signs of destruction, leading some scholars to connect it with the timeline of the legendary war. Further excavations by subsequent archaeologists, including Wilhelm Dörpfeld and Carl Blegen, supported the idea that a significant conflict occurred at this site. While Homer's epics are the primary sources of the Trojan War narrative, other ancient texts also reference the conflict. Hittite records from the 13th century BCE mention a city called Wilusa, which many scholars identify with Ilios, another name for Troy. These records describe conflicts between the Hittites and a coalition of western Anatolian states, hinting at possible historical roots for the myth. Additionally, ancient Greek historians, such as Herodotus and Thucydides, treated the Trojan War as a historical event, further blurring the lines between myth and reality. The Skeptical View Despite the archaeological and textual evidence, many scholars remain skeptical about the historicity of the Trojan War. Critics argue that Homer's epics, composed centuries after the supposed events, are primarily literary and mythological works, not historical accounts. They contend that the war narrative could be a synthesis of various conflicts and oral traditions, rather than a depiction of a single historical event. Moreover, the romantic and fantastical elements of the story, such as the involvement of gods and mythical creatures, underscore its mythical nature. The lack of definitive proof linking the archaeological findings at Hisarlik directly to the Homeric Troy adds to the skepticism. Bridging Myth and History The debate over the Trojan War's authenticity is emblematic of the broader challenge in distinguishing myth from history. Ancient myths often contain kernels of historical truth, woven into elaborate narratives that served cultural and educational purposes. In the case of the Trojan War, it's plausible that the story is a blend of historical events, collective memories, and mythological embellishments. The existence of a city resembling Troy and evidence of significant conflicts in the region lend credence to the idea that the myth has a historical foundation, albeit not precisely as depicted by Homer. The Trojan War occupies a unique space between myth and history. While definitive proof of its occurrence remains elusive, the archaeological discoveries and ancient references suggest that there may be some historical truth behind the legendary tale. Whether real or fictional, the story of the Trojan War continues to captivate our imagination and offers a profound insight into the cultural and literary legacy of ancient Greece. As we ponder the reality of the Trojan War, we are reminded of the enduring power of myth to shape our understanding of history. Whether fact or fiction, the saga of Troy serves as a timeless testament to the complexities of human conflict, heroism, and the quest for glory. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/05/the-trojan-war-myth-or-reality.html

Culture

en

The Power of Stem Cells Stem cells have the potential to treat a wide range of diseases. Here, discover why these cells are such a powerful tool for treating diseaseand what hurdles experts face before new therapies reach patients. How can stem cells treat disease? What diseases could be treated by stem cell research? How can I learn more about CIRM-funded research in a particular disease? What cell therapies are available right now? What about the therapies that are available overseas? Why does it take so long to create new therapies? How do scientists get stem cells to specialize into different cell types? How do scientists test stem cell therapies? Can’t stem cell therapies increase the chances of a tumor? Is there a risk of immune rejection with stem cells? How do scientists grow stem cells in the right conditions? When most people think about about stem cells treating disease they think of a stem cell transplant. In a stem cell transplant, stem cells are first specialized into the necessary adult cell type. Then, those mature cells replace tissue that is damaged by disease or injury. This type of treatment could be used to: - Replace neurons damaged by spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease or other neurological problems; - Produce insulin that could treat people with diabetes or cartilage to repair damage caused by arthritis; or - Replace virtually any tissue or organ that is injured or diseased. But stem cell-based therapies can do much more. - Studying how stem cells develop into heart muscle cells could provide clues about how we could induce heart muscle to repair itself after a heart attack. - The cells could be used to study disease, identify new drugs, or screen drugs for toxic side effects. Any of these would have a significant impact on human health without transplanting a single cell. In theory, theres no limit to the types of diseases that could be treated with stem cell research. Given that researchers may be able to study all cell types they have the potential to make breakthroughs in any disease. CIRM has created disease pages for many of the major diseases being targeted by stem cell scientists. You can find those disease pages here. You can also sort our complete list of CIRM awards to see what we’ve funded in different disease areas. While there are a growing number of potential therapies being tested in clinical trials there are only a few stem cell therapies that have so far been approved by the FDA. Two therapies that CIRM provided early funding for have been approved. Those are: - Fedratinib, approved by the FDA in August 2019 as a first line therapy for myelofibrosis (scarring of the bone marrow) - Glasdegib, approved in November 2016 as a combination therapy with low dose are-C for patients 75 years of age and older with acute myelogenous leukemia Right now the most commonly used stem cell-based therapy is bone marrow transplantation. Blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow were the first stem cells to be identified and were the first to be used in the clinic. This life-saving technique has helped thousands people worldwide who had been suffering from blood cancers, such as leukemia. In addition to their current use in cancer treatments, research suggests that bone marrow transplants will be useful in treating autoimmune diseases and in helping people tolerate transplanted organs. Other therapies based on adult stem cells are currently in clinical trials. Until those trials are complete we won’t know which type of stem cell is most effective in treating different diseases. Find Out More: Many overseas clinics – and a growing number here in the U.S. too – advertise “miraculous” stem cell therapies for a wide range of incurable diseases. This phenomenon is called stem cell tourism and is currently a source of concern for reputable stem cell scientists. These predatory clinics are offering therapies that have not been tested to prove they are effective or even safe. In recent few years, some patients who visited those clinics have died, others have been left blind or had serious infections as a result of receiving unproven and untested stem cells. Find Out More: Learn more about the issue on our Stem Cell Tourism page. Jeanne Loring discusses concerns about stem cell tourism (3:38) CIRM/ISSCR panel on stem cell tourism Stem cells hold the potential to treat a wide range of diseases. However, the path from the lab to the clinic is a long one. Before testing those cells in a human disease, researchers must grow the right cell type, find a way to test those cells, and make sure the cells are safe in animals before moving to human trials. Find Out More: Hans Keirstead talks about hurdles in developing a new therapy (5:07) One of the biggest hurdles in any stem cell-based therapy is coaxing stem cells to become a single cell type. The vital process of maturing stem cells from one state to another type is called differentiation. Guiding stem cells to become a particular cell type has been fraught with difficulty. For example, stem cells growing in a developing embryo receive a carefully choreographed series of signals from the surrounding tissue. To create the same effect in the lab, researchers have to try and mimic those signals. Add the signals in the wrong order or the wrong dose and the developing cells may choose to remain immatureor become the wrong cell type Many decades of research has uncovered many of the signals needed to properly differentiate cells. Other signals are still unknown. Many CIRM-funded researchers are attempting to differentiate very pure populations of mature cell types that can accelerate therapies. Find Out More: Mark Mercola talks about differentiating cells into adult tissues (3:37) Once a researcher has a mature cell type in a lab dish, the next step is to find out whether those cells can function in the body. For example, embryonic stem cells that have matured into insulin-producing cells in the lab are only useful if they continue producing insulin once transplanted inside a body. Likewise, researchers need to know that the cells can integrate into the surrounding tissue and not be rejected by the body. Scientists test cells by first developing an animal model that mimics the human disease, and then implanting the cells to see if they help treat the disease. These types of experiments can be painstakingbecause even if the cells dont completely cure the disease, they may restore some functions that would still be of enormous benefit to people. Researchers have to examine each of these possible outcomes. In many cases testing the cells in a single animal model doesnt provide enough information. Most animal models of disease dont perfectly mimic the human disease. For example, a mouse carrying the same mutation that causes cystic fibrosis in humans doesnt show the same signs as a person with the disease. So, a stem cell therapy that treats this mouse model of cystic fibrosis may not work in humans. Thats why researchers often need to test the cells in more than one animal model. The promise of embryonic stem cells is that they can form any type of cell in the body. The trouble is that when implanted into an animal they do just that, in the form of tumors called teratomas. These tumors consist of a mass of many cells types and can include hair cells and many other tissues. These teratomas are one reason why it is necessary to mature the embryonic stem cells into highly purified adult cell types before implanting into humans. Virtually all evidence has shown that the mature cells are restricted to their one identity and dont appear to revert to a teratoma-forming cell. Find Out More: UC Davis researcher focuses on stem cell safety (from UC Davis) Paul Knoepfler talks about the tendency of embryonic stem cells to form tumors (4:10) Transplanted stem cells, like any transplanted organ, can be recognized by the immune system as foreign and then rejected. In organ transplants such as liver, kidney, or heart, people must be on immune suppressive drugs for the rest of their lives to prevent the immune system from recognizing that organ as foreign and destroying it. The likelihood of the immune system rejecting a transplant of embryonic stem cell-based tissue depends on the origin of that tissue. Stem cells isolated from IVF embryos will have a genetic makeup that will not match that of the person who receives the transplant. That persons immune system will recognize those cells as foreign and reject the tissue unless a person is on powerful immune suppressive drugs.The same is true for adult stem cells from a donor. Stem cells generated through SCNT or iPS cell technology, on the other hand, are a perfect genetic match. The immune system would likely overlook that transplanted cells, seeing it as a normal part of the body. Still, some suggest that even if the cells are perfectly matched, they may not entirely escape the notice of the immune system. Cancer cells, for example, have the same genetic make up as surrounding tissue and yet the immune system will often identify and destroy early tumors. Until more information is available from animal studies it will be hard to know whether transplanted patient-specific cells are likely to call the attention of the immune system. Find Out More: Jeffrey Bluestone talks about immune rejection of stem cell-based therapies (4:05) In order to be approved by the FDA for use in human trials, stem cells must be grown in good manufacturing practice (GMP) conditions. Under GMP standards, a cell line has to be manufactured so that each group of cells is grown in an identical, repeatable, sterile environment. This ensures that each batch of cells has the same properties, and each person getting a stem cell therapy gets an equivalent treatment.

https://www.cirm.ca.gov/patients/power-stem-cells

Health

en

P H I L I P E M E A G W A L I A C a l c u l a t i n g M o v e It's hard to say who invented the Internet. There were many mathematicians and scientists who contributed to its development; computers were sending signals to each other as early as the 1950s. But the Web owes much of its existence to Philip Emeagwali, a math whiz who came up with the formula for allowing a large number of computers to communicate at once. Emeagwali was born to a poor family in Akure, Nigeria, in 1954. Despite his brain for math, he had to drop out of school because his family, who had become war refugees, could no longer afford to send him. As a young man, he earned a general education certificate from the University of London and later degrees from George Washington University and the University of Maryland, as well as a doctoral fellowship from the University of Michigan. At Michigan, he participated in the scientific community's debate on how to simulate the detection of oil reservoirs using a supercomputer. Growing up in an oil-rich nation and understanding how oil is drilled, Emeagwali decided to use this problem as the subject of his doctoral dissertation. Borrowing an idea from a science fiction story about predicting the weather, Emeagwali decided that rather than using 8 expensive supercomputers he would employ thousands of microprocessors to do the computation. The only step left was to find 8 machines and connect them. (Remember, it was the 80s.) Through research, he found a machine called the Connection Machine at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, which had sat unused after scientists had given up on figuring out how to make it simulate nuclear explosions. The machine was designed to run 65,536 interconnected microprocessors. In 1987, he applied for and was given permission to use the machine, and remotely from his Ann Arbor, Michigan, location he set the parameters and ran his program. In addition to correctly computing the amount of oil in the simulated reservoir, the machine was able to perform 3.1 billion calculations per second. The crux of the discovery was that Emeagwali had programmed each of the microprocessors to talk to six neighboring microprocessors at the same time. The success of this record-breaking experiment meant that there was now a practical and inexpensive way to use machines like this to speak to each other all over the world. Within a few years, the oil industry had seized upon this idea, then called the Hyperball International Network creating a virtual world wide web of ultrafast digital communication. The discovery earned him the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers' Gordon Bell Prize in 1989, considered the Nobel Prize of computing, and he was later hailed as one of the fathers of the Internet. Since then, he has won more than 100 prizes for his work and Apple computer has used his microprocessor technology in their Power Mac G4 model. Today he lives in Washington with his wife and son. "The Internet as we know it today did not cross my mind," Emeagwali told TIME. "I was hypothesizing a planetary-sized supercomputer and, broadly speaking, my focus was on how the present creates the future and how our image of the future inspires the present."

http://web.archive.org/web/20110311160315/http:/www.time.com/time/2007/blackhistmth/bios/04.html

Politics

en

Four West African populations carry genes from what may be an undiscovered archaic hominin. This archaic group of humans seems likely to have diverged from the shared ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans before these lineages split about 800,000 years ago. Previous research has shown that Homo sapiens bred with Neanderthals and Denisovans after migrating from Africa, but little is known about the presence of genes from ancient hominins in people whose ancestors never left Africa, partly due to the difficulty of obtaining ancient DNA in hot climates where it can degrade. To overcome these barriers, Sriram Sankararaman and Arun Durvasula at the University of California, Los Angeles, used computer modelling to compare gene variations in 405 West African genomes with those in Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes. The team looked at both modern and ancient segments within the genomes of Yoruba people from Ibadan, Nigeria. They found more instances of genetic variation in the ancient segments than are seen in Neanderthal and Denisovan genes, suggesting that neither of these groups of ancient humans were the source of the genomic variance. Similar patterns were seen in the genomes of Mende people in Sierra Leone, Esan people in Nigeria and those in western areas of Gambia. The four populations are estimated to derive between 2 and 19 per cent of their ancestry from an archaic group of genes. We don’t know whether this archaic hominin is a “ghost”, for which we have no physical record, or one we have found traces of already, such as Homo heidelbergensis, which may have evolved around 700,000 years ago. “It’s a really intriguing question,” says Sankararaman. This mystery hominin is most likely to have diverged from the ancestors of Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans before that lineage split into these groups, according to the researchers. They estimate this divergence took place at some point between 1 million and 360,000 years ago, and interbreeding between the archaic population and the ancestors of the modern populations occurred at some point in the past 124,000 years. These findings complicate our understanding of human ancestry and the timing of when several branches evolved, much like the discovery of the Sima de los Huertos hominins in Spain, says Pontus Skoglund at the Francis Crick Institute in London. “Perhaps all this ties into something that we don’t fully understand, some complexity around the half-a-million year ago mark, or perhaps a bit more recently,” he says. To discover more, we need more physical evidence, says Skoglund. “We might be able to find other hominins from Eurasia, where it is a bit colder with better DNA preservation, and they might let us understand the relationship between Neanderthals and modern humans in a better way.” Science Advances DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax5097

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2233488-dna-analysis-of-people-in-west-africa-reveals-ghost-human-ancestor/#ixzz6E0g9j4qo

Culture

en

The normal ups and downs of life mean that everyone feels sad or has “the blues” from time to time. But if emptiness and despair have taken hold of your life and won’t go away, you may have depression. Depression makes it tough to function and enjoy life like you once did. Just getting through the day can be overwhelming. But no matter how hopeless you feel, you can get better. Understanding the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatment of depression is the first step to overcoming the problem. What is depression? Sadness or downswings in mood are normal reactions to life’s struggles, setbacks, and disappointments. Many people use the word “depression” to explain these kinds of feelings, but depression is much more than just sadness. Some people describe depression as “living in a black hole” or having a feeling of impending doom. However, some depressed people don’t feel sad at all—they may feel lifeless, empty, and apathetic, or men in particular may even feel angry, aggressive, and restless. Whatever the symptoms, depression is different from normal sadness in that it engulfs your day-to-day life, interfering with your ability to work, study, eat, sleep, and have fun. The feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and worthlessness are intense and unrelenting, with little, if any, relief. Are you depressed? If you identify with several of the following signs and symptoms—especially the first two—and they just won’t go away, you may be suffering from depression. - you feel hopeless and helpless - you’ve lost interest in friends, activities, and things you used to enjoy - you feel tired all the time - your sleep and appetite has changed - you can’t concentrate or find that previously easy tasks are now difficult - you can’t control your negative thoughts, no matter how much you try - you are much more irritable, short-tempered, or aggressive than usual - you’re consuming more alcohol than normal or engaging in other reckless behavior What are the signs and symptoms of depression? Depression varies from person to person, but there are some common signs and symptoms. It’s important to remember that these symptoms can be part of life’s normal lows. But the more symptoms you have, the stronger they are, and the longer they’ve lasted—the more likely it is that you’re dealing with depression. When these symptoms are overwhelming and disabling, that’s when it’s time to seek help. Signs and symptoms of depression include: - Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness. A bleak outlook—nothing will ever get better and there’s nothing you can do to improve your situation. - Loss of interest in daily activities. No interest in former hobbies, pastimes, social activities, or sex. You’ve lost your ability to feel joy and pleasure. - Appetite or weight changes. Significant weight loss or weight gain—a change of more than 5% of body weight in a month. - Sleep changes. Either insomnia, especially waking in the early hours of the morning, or oversleeping (also known as hypersomnia). - Anger or irritability. Feeling agitated, restless, or even violent. Your tolerance level is low, your temper short, and everything and everyone gets on your nerves. - Loss of energy. Feeling fatigued, sluggish, and physically drained. Your whole body may feel heavy, and even small tasks are exhausting or take longer to complete. - Self-loathing. Strong feelings of worthlessness or guilt. You harshly criticize yourself for perceived faults and mistakes. - Reckless behavior. You engage in escapist behavior such as substance abuse, compulsive gambling, reckless driving, or dangerous sports. - Concentration problems. Trouble focusing, making decisions, or remembering things. - Unexplained aches and pains. An increase in physical complaints such as headaches, back pain, aching muscles, and stomach pain. Depression and suicide risk Depression is a major risk factor for suicide. The deep despair and hopelessness that goes along with depression can make suicide feel like the only way to escape the pain. If you have a loved one with depression, take any suicidal talk or behavior seriously and learn to recognize the warning signs. Warning signs of suicide include: - Talking about killing or harming one’s self - Expressing strong feelings of hopelessness or being trapped - An unusual preoccupation with death or dying - Acting recklessly, as if they have a death wish (e.g. speeding through red lights) - Calling or visiting people to say goodbye - Getting affairs in order (giving away prized possessions, tying up loose ends) - Saying things like “Everyone would be better off without me” or “I want out” - A sudden switch from being extremely depressed to acting calm and happy If You Are Feeling Suicidal… When you’re feeling extremely depressed or suicidal, your problems don’t seem temporary—they seem overwhelming and permanent. But with time, you will feel better, especially if you reach out for help. If you are feeling suicidal, know that there are many people who want to support you during this difficult time, so please reach out for help! If Someone You Love is Suicidal… If you think a friend or family member is considering suicide, express your concern and seek professional help immediately. Talking openly about suicidal thoughts and feelings can save a life! The different faces of depression Depression often looks different in men and women, and in young people and older adults. An awareness of these differences helps ensure that the problem is recognized and treated. Depression in men Depression is a loaded word in our culture. Many associate it, however wrongly, with a sign of weakness and excessive emotion. This is especially true with men. Depressed men are less likely than women to acknowledge feelings of self-loathing and hopelessness. Instead, they tend to complain about fatigue, irritability, sleep problems, and loss of interest in work and hobbies. Other signs and symptoms of depression in men include anger, aggression, violence, reckless behavior, and substance abuse. Even though depression rates for women are twice as high as those in men, men are a higher suicide risk, especially older men. Depression in women Rates of depression in women are twice as high as they are in men. This is due in part to hormonal factors, particularly when it comes to premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), postpartum depression, and perimenopausal depression. As for signs and symptoms, women are more likely than men to experience pronounced feelings of guilt, sleep excessively, overeat, and gain weight. Women are also more likely to suffer from seasonal affective disorder. Depression in teens While some depressed teens appear sad, others do not. In fact, irritability—rather than depression—is frequently the predominant symptom in depressed adolescents and teens. A depressed teenager may be hostile, grumpy, or easily lose his or her temper. Unexplained aches and pains are also common symptoms of depression in young people. Left untreated, teen depression can lead to problems at home and school, drug abuse, self-loathing—even irreversible tragedy such as homicidal violence or suicide. But with help, teenage depression is highly treatable. Depression in older adults The difficult changes that many older adults face—such as bereavement, loss of independence, and health problems—can lead to depression, especially in those without a strong support system. However, depression is not a normal part of aging. Older adults tend to complain more about the physical rather than the emotional signs and symptoms of depression, and so the problem often goes unrecognized. Depression in older adults is associated with poor health, a high mortality rate, and an increased risk of suicide, so diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Many new mothers suffer from some fleeting form of the “baby blues.” Postpartum depression, in contrast, is a longer lasting and more serious depression triggered, in part, by hormonal changes associated with having a baby. Postpartum depression usually develops soon after delivery, but any depression that occurs within six months of childbirth may be postpartum depression. Learn more. What are the types of depression? Depression comes in many shapes and forms. The different types of depression have unique symptoms, causes, and effects. Knowing what type of depression you have can help you manage your symptoms and get the most effective treatment. Major depression is characterized by the inability to enjoy life and experience pleasure. The symptoms are constant, ranging from moderate to severe. Left untreated, major depression typically lasts for about six months. Some people experience just a single depressive episode in their lifetime, but more commonly, major depression is a recurring disorder. However, there are many things you can do to support your mood and reduce the risk of recurrence. Dysthymia (recurrent, mild depression) Dysthmia is a type of chronic “low-grade” depression. More days than not, you feel mildly or moderately depressed, although you may have brief periods of normal mood. The symptoms of dysthymia are not as strong as the symptoms of major depression, but they last a long time (at least two years). These chronic symptoms make it very difficult to live life to the fullest or to remember better times. Some people also experience major depressive episodes on top of dysthymia, a condition known as “double depression.” If you suffer from dysthymia, you may feel like you’ve always been depressed. Or you may think that your continuous low mood is “just the way you are.” However, dysthymia can be treated, even if your symptoms have gone unrecognized or untreated for years. Bipolar Disorder: When Depression is Just One Side of the Coin Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression, is characterized by cycling mood changes. Episodes of depression alternate with manic episodes, which can include impulsive behavior, hyperactivity, rapid speech, and little to no sleep. Typically, the switch from one mood extreme to the other is gradual, with each manic or depressive episode lasting for at least several weeks. When depressed, a person with bipolar disorder exhibits the usual symptoms of major depression. However, the treatments for bipolar depression are very different. In fact, antidepressants can make bipolar depression worse. Depression causes and risk factors Some illnesses have a specific medical cause, making treatment straightforward. If you have Type-1 diabetes, you take insulin. If you have appendicitis, you have surgery. Depression, however, is more complicated. Depression is not just the result of a chemical imbalance in the brain, and it’s not simply cured with medication. Experts believe that depression is caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. In other words, your lifestyle choices, relationships, and coping skills matter just as much—if not more so—than genetics. However, certain risk factors make you more vulnerable to depression. Causes and risk factors for depression - Lack of social support - Recent stressful life experiences - Family history of depression - Marital or relationship problems - Financial strain - Early childhood trauma or abuse - Alcohol or drug abuse - Unemployment or underemployment - Health problems or chronic pain The cause of your depression helps determine the treatment Understanding the underlying cause of your depression may help you overcome the problem. For example, if you are depressed because of a dead end job, the best treatment might be finding a more satisfying career, not taking an antidepressant. If you are new to an area and feeling lonely and sad, finding new friends at work or through a hobby will probably give you more of a mood boost than going to therapy. In such cases, the depression is remedied by changing the situation. The road to depression recovery Just as the symptoms and causes of depression are different in different people, so are the ways to feel better. What works for one person might not work for another, and no one treatment is appropriate in all cases. If you recognize the signs of depression in yourself or a loved one, take some time to explore the many treatment options. In most cases, the best approach involves a combination of social support, lifestyle changes, emotional skills building, and professional help. Ask for help and support If even the thought of tackling your depression seems overwhelming, don’t panic. Feeling helpless and hopeless is a symptom of depression—not the reality of your situation. It does not mean that you’re weak or you can’t change! The key to depression recovery is to start small and ask for help. The simple act of talking to someone face to face about how you feel can be an enormous help. The person you talk to doesn’t have to be able to fix you; he or she just needs to be a good listener. Having a strong support system will speed your recovery. Isolation fuels depression, so reach out to others, even if you feel like being alone or don’t want to feel like a burden to others. The truth is that most people will be happy that you chose to confide in them; they’ll be flattered that you trust them enough to open up. So, let your family and friends know what you’re going through and how they can support you. Make healthy lifestyle changes Lifestyle changes are not always easy to make, but they can have a big impact on depression. Lifestyle changes that can be very effective include: - Cultivating supportive relationships - Getting regular exercise and sleep - Eating healthfully to naturally boost mood - Managing stress - Practicing relaxation techniques - Challenging negative thought patterns Build emotional skills Many people lack the skills needed to manage stress and balance emotions. Building emotional skills can give you the ability to cope and bounce back from adversity, trauma, and loss. In other words, learning how to recognize and express your emotions can make you more resilient. Seek professional help If support from family and friends, positive lifestyle changes, and emotional skills building aren’t enough,seek help from a mental health professional. There are many effective treatments for depression, including therapy, medication, and alternative treatments. Learning about your options will help you decide what measures are most likely to work best for your particular situation and needs. Are antidepressants right for you? Medication can help relieve the symptoms of depression in some people, but they aren’t a cure and they come with drawbacks of their own. Learning the facts about antidepressants and weighing the benefits against the risks can help you make an informed and personal decision about whether medication is right for you. Effective treatment for depression often includes some form of therapy. Therapy gives you tools to treat depression from a variety of angles. Also, what you learn in therapy gives you skills and insight to prevent depression from coming back. Some types of therapy teach you practical techniques on how to reframe negative thinking and employ behavioral skills in combating depression. Therapy can also help you work through the root of your depression, helping you understand why you feel a certain way, what your triggers are for depression, and what you can do to stay healthy. I’m 45, and have suffered from chronic depression all my life. I am currently at a really low ebb, but am trying little by little to put myself up again. I’ve just read your page on depression, and just doing that has had a positive effect. I’ve bookmarked it, so I can read it whenever I feel negative . . . It has made such an impact on me. I read this article and was overwhelmed with hope . . . I will make a point to come back to this article anytime I feel weak or sad about life . . . This article is greatly appreciated and is empowering and will be a useful tool to my path for recovery. I am really struggling with life at the moment in all areas, and came across psychng.com by chance. It is so refreshing to find a website that has good sound advice without constant adverts and no ulterior agenda of trying to sell me something at the end! I started on your page about depression and am working my way through the other pages that are relevant to me . . . I am in a very lonely place in my life at the moment, and your website really has offered me a light at the end of the tunnel! nothing here sounds new….so it doesnt change my suicidal tendencies, plus there’s no way to click to actually reach out fot help from anyone. None the less it was a good read. We share your worries. Kindly mail firstname.lastname@example.org or use our book appointment widget on our homepage. Looking forward to hearing from you. Depression is chronic and persist over a long period of time. Curing depression is extremely expensive if not impossible. The end-stage depression is suicidal ideations. Suicide is not planned in a day. It is depression in it’s final stage. Why not address depression before it gets to the stage of suicidal ideations. The fortunate thing is depression could be MANAGED either by medications or and psychotherapy. How long is the medication going to last? After the medication effect has wade off, the triggers of depression still exist. Psychotherapy will address these triggers… It’s a matter of talking about these triggers (problems leading to deppresive episodes). Why not seek professional help… It’s the psychologist responsibility to address depression before it gets to it’s end-stage (suicide) Look out for symptoms of suicide: an outright change in the person’s personality (mood, interest, withdrawal etc

http://www.psychng.com/2015/12/what-you-should-know-about-depression/

Health

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As parents, one of our top priorities is ensuring our children receive proper nutrition for their growth and development. Designing balanced meal plans for children is important, as it helps establish healthy eating habits and provides essential nutrients. In this article, we will explore the key components of a balanced meal plan for children and offer practical tips to ensure your little ones receive the nutrition they need. Understand the Basic Food Groups When it comes to creating balanced meal plans for children, understanding the basic food groups and their nutritional benefits is important. By incorporating a variety of foods from these groups, you can ensure that your child receives the necessary nutrients for their growth, development, and overall well-being. Let’s delve into each food group and explore their significance in creating balanced meals for children. - Fruits and Vegetables: Encouraging your child to consume a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables is key to their nutrition. Essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber are abundant in fruits and vegetables. They provide antioxidants that support the immune system and help protect against various diseases. Including a range of fruits and vegetables in your child’s diet ensures they receive a diverse array of nutrients. For instance, leafy greens like spinach and kale are excellent sources of iron and folate, while citrus fruits like oranges and strawberries are rich in vitamin C. To make fruits and vegetables more appealing to children, you can try different preparations such as smoothies, vegetable stir-fries, or creative fruit salads. You can also involve them in grocery shopping or gardening activities to create a sense of excitement and ownership over their food choices. - Whole Grains: When selecting grains for your child’s meals, opt for whole grain options like brown rice, whole wheat bread, and oats. Whole grains provide complex carbohydrates that are a great source of energy. Fundamental nutrients, minerals, and fiber are bountiful in foods grown from the ground. Moreover, whole grains are rich in essential B vitamins, including thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, which are important for energy production and proper functioning of the nervous system. Incorporating whole grains into your child’s diet can be done through meals such as whole wheat pasta, quinoa salads, or oatmeal for breakfast. Be sure to read food labels carefully, as some products may be labeled as “whole grain” but still contain refined grains. Look for ingredients like whole wheat, whole oats, or brown rice to ensure you’re choosing truly whole grain options. Protein is an essential nutrient for children as it plays a important role in their growth, muscle development, and repair. Including lean protein sources in their meals is important. Good options include chicken, fish, eggs, legumes (such as beans and lentils), and tofu. These foods provide high-quality protein along with other important nutrients such as iron, zinc, and B vitamins. You can incorporate protein into your child’s meals by preparing grilled chicken or fish, scrambled eggs, lentil soups, or bean-based dishes like chili or tacos. If your child follows a vegetarian or vegan diet, it’s important to ensure they receive an adequate amount of plant-based proteins and consider incorporating complementary protein sources throughout the day, like combining whole grains and legumes. - Dairy or Dairy Alternatives: Dairy products are excellent sources of calcium, which is important for bone development and growth in children. They also provide other important nutrients like vitamin D, protein, and phosphorus. However, if your child is lactose intolerant or follows a vegan diet, there are several dairy alternatives available that can provide similar nutritional benefits. Fortified plant-based alternatives like almond milk, soy milk, or oat milk can be used to ensure your child receives adequate calcium and other essential nutrients. Incorporate dairy or dairy alternatives into your child’s meal plan through options such as milk or fortified plant-based milk with breakfast, yogurt as a snack, or cheese in sandwiches or wraps. Be mindful of added sugars in flavored dairy products and opt for plain or unsweetened varieties. - Healthy Fats: Healthy fats are an important component of a balanced diet for children as they support brain development, provide energy, and aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Include sources of healthy fats in your child’s meals such as avocados, nuts, seeds, and olive oil. These foods provide monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, including omega-3 fatty acids, which are beneficial for brain health and cognitive function. You can incorporate healthy fats into your child’s diet by adding sliced avocado to sandwiches or salads, sprinkling nuts or seeds over yogurt or cereal, or using olive oil in cooking and salad dressings. However, it’s important to remember that while healthy fats are beneficial, portion control is key, as fats are calorie-dense. Understanding the basic food groups and their nutritional benefits is important for creating balanced meal plans for children. By incorporating a variety of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, dairy or dairy alternatives, and healthy fats, you can provide a well-rounded diet that supports your child’s growth and development. Remember to involve your child in the process, make meals and snacks enjoyable, and set a positive example by practicing healthy eating habits yourself. Portion Sizes and Frequency When creating balanced meal plans for children, determining appropriate portion sizes and meal frequency is important. It ensures that children receive adequate nutrition without overeating or being undernourished. By following guidelines for portion sizes and meal frequency, you can help your child maintain stable energy levels, support their growth and development, and promote a healthy relationship with food. Let’s explore these guidelines in detail. - Serve age-appropriate portions: Adjusting portion sizes according to your child’s age, size, and activity level is important to meet their nutritional needs. Younger children generally require smaller portions compared to older children or teenagers. It’s important to be mindful of portion sizes to prevent overeating and to promote healthy eating habits. To determine appropriate portion sizes, consider using visual cues. Example, a serving of fruits or vegetables can be roughly equivalent to the size of your child’s fist. A serving of grains or starchy foods, such as rice or pasta, can be measured using a cup or estimating it to be about the size of their palm. Adjust protein portions based on their age and protein requirements, aiming for a portion about the size of their palm or a deck of cards. - Offer frequent, balanced meals: Aiming for three main meals and two to three snacks each day helps ensure that your child receives a variety of nutrients throughout the day and maintains stable energy levels. This approach prevents long gaps between meals, which can lead to excessive hunger and poor food choices. When planning meals, include a combination of foods from different food groups to provide a balanced intake of nutrients. Example, a typical meal could consist of a protein source (such as chicken or beans), whole grains (such as whole wheat bread or brown rice), and a side of fruits or vegetables. Snacks can be smaller, nutrient-dense options like yogurt, sliced fruits, or a handful of nuts. - Encourage mindful eating: Promoting mindful eating habits in children is essential for their overall well-being. Encourage your child to eat slowly, paying attention to their hunger and fullness cues. This assists them develop a sound connection with food and forestalls indulging. Encourage your child to focus on their meal or snack, avoiding distractions such as screens or toys. Encourage them to chew their food thoroughly and savor the flavors. Teach them to recognize feelings of hunger and fullness, emphasizing the importance of stopping when they feel comfortably satisfied rather than eating until they are overly full. Mealtime should be a positive and relaxed experience. Avoid pressuring your child to finish their plate or using food as a reward or punishment. Instead, create a supportive environment that encourages them to listen to their bodies and make choices based on their hunger and fullness cues. - Practical tips for implementing portion sizes and frequency: Here are some practical tips to help you implement appropriate portion sizes and meal frequency for your child: Use smaller plates and bowls to help visually control portion sizes. Involve your child in meal planning and preparation, allowing them to have some control over their food choices. Incorporate a variety of flavors, textures, and colors in meals to make them more appealing and nutritious. Keep healthy, pre-portioned snacks readily available, such as cut-up fruits and vegetables or individual servings of yogurt. Be mindful of added sugars and unhealthy fats in packaged snacks and processed foods. Decide on entire, natural food varieties whenever the situation allows. Keep in mind that every child is different and has different nutritional requirements. It’s important to consult with a pediatrician or a registered dietitian who can provide personalized guidance based on your child’s specific needs, growth patterns, and any dietary restrictions or health concerns they may have. Meal Plan Ideas Creating a meal plan that combines a variety of nutritious and delicious foods is important for promoting balanced eating habits in children. Here are some meal plan ideas to help you get started on providing meals that are both healthy and enjoyable for your child: Start the day off right with a nutritious breakfast that provides energy and essential nutrients. Consider the following option: Whole grain cereal with milk: Choose a whole grain cereal that is low in added sugars and high in fiber. Serve it with milk, which provides calcium and protein. Top the cereal with fresh berries for added vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Include a side of scrambled eggs for a boost of protein and additional nutrients. Provide a satisfying and nutritious snack to keep your child energized throughout the morning. Try one of the following options: Sliced apples with nut butter: Apples are a great source of fiber, while nut butter provides healthy fats and protein. Pair the two for a delicious and balanced snack. Small handful of trail mix: Create your own trail mix using a variety of nuts, seeds, and dried fruits. Healthy fats, protein, and carbohydrates are all present in this snack. Ensure that your child receives a well-rounded meal during lunchtime. Consider the following option: Grilled chicken or tofu wrap: Choose lean grilled chicken or tofu as the protein source. Wrap it in a whole wheat tortilla and add mixed vegetables for added fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Include a side of yogurt for calcium and probiotics, which support gut health. Keep your child fueled and satisfied with a nutritious afternoon snack. Try one of the following options: Carrot sticks with hummus: Carrots are packed with beta-carotene and fiber, while hummus provides protein and healthy fats. A snack that is both tasty and filling is made from this combination. Homemade fruit smoothie: Blend together a variety of fresh or frozen fruits with a liquid of your choice, such as milk or a dairy-free alternative. This snack is not only refreshing but also provides a range of vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Create a balanced and flavorful dinner that incorporates different food groups. Consider the following option: - Baked fish or lentil curry with brown rice: Choose a lean fish like salmon or trout, or opt for a plant-based protein like lentils. Serve it with a side of brown rice, which is a whole grain rich in fiber. Include steamed broccoli for added vitamins and minerals, and a colorful salad with a variety of vegetables for additional nutrients. End the day with a satisfying yet nutritious evening snack. Try one of the following options: Greek yogurt with granola and sliced bananas: Greek yogurt provides protein and calcium, while granola adds crunch and fiber. Top it off with sliced bananas for natural sweetness and additional nutrients. Remember, these meal plan ideas are just a starting point. You can customize them based on your child’s preferences, dietary restrictions, and nutritional needs. Be sure to include a variety of foods from different food groups to ensure a well-rounded intake of nutrients. Additionally, involving your child in meal planning and preparation can help develop a positive relationship with food and encourage them to make healthier choices. Consider asking them for input or letting them help with simple tasks like washing fruits and vegetables or assembling their own wraps or salads. Involve Your Child Getting your child involved in the meal planning process can have a significant impact on their enthusiasm for healthy eating. By giving them a sense of autonomy and allowing them to participate in age-appropriate cooking tasks, you can develop a positive relationship with food and enhance their culinary skills. Here are some strategies to involve your child in the meal planning process: - Let them choose: Offer a selection of healthy options and let your child have a say in what they want to eat. By involving them in the decision-making process, you empower them to make choices based on their preferences and encourage them to try new foods. Example, you can create a weekly meal plan together and ask your child to pick one or two meals from a list of nutritious options. This way, they feel more invested in the meal and are more likely to enjoy it. When offering choices, ensure that all options are healthy and balanced. Whole grains, lean proteins, a variety of fruits and vegetables, and dairy or dairy alternatives should all be included. This way, your child gets exposure to different food groups and a range of nutrients. - Encourage meal preparation: Involving your child in age-appropriate cooking tasks can be a fun and educational experience. Allow them to participate in tasks such as stirring, measuring ingredients, or assembling their own snacks. This not only helps them develop practical skills but also develop a positive relationship with food. Start by assigning simple tasks that are suitable for your child’s age and abilities. For younger children, they can wash fruits and vegetables, tear lettuce for salads, or arrange toppings on a homemade pizza. Older children can assist with chopping, mixing ingredients, or even following simple recipes with supervision. This hands-on involvement can make them feel proud of their contributions to the meal and increase their interest in trying new foods. - Be a role model: Children acquire knowledge by mimicking their parents’ actions. As a parent, it’s important to set a good example by following a balanced diet yourself. When children see their parents practicing healthy eating habits, they are more likely to adopt them as well. Make an effort to eat a variety of nutritious foods in front of your child. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats in your own meals. Experiment with new flavors and foods with enthusiasm. Avoid negative comments about certain foods or restrictive eating habits, as this can influence your child’s attitudes towards food. In addition to healthy eating, demonstrate a positive attitude towards physical activity. Engage in regular exercise and encourage your child to participate in age-appropriate physical activities. This holistic approach to health reinforces the importance of a balanced lifestyle. - Educate and involve your child in grocery shopping: Take your child along when you go grocery shopping and involve them in the process. Teach them about different food groups, how to read food labels, and how to make informed choices. Encourage them to help you select fresh produce, choose whole grain options, and compare different brands for nutritional content. You can also engage your child in meal planning by creating a shopping list together. Ask them for their input and suggestions for meals and snacks. This not only makes them feel included but also helps them understand the connection between planning, shopping, and preparing healthy meals. - Make it fun and creative: Meal planning and preparation don’t have to be a chore. Get creative and make it a fun and enjoyable experience for your child. Consider the following ideas: - Have themed nights, such as “Taco Tuesday” or “Stir-Fry Friday,” where your child can help choose ingredients and toppings. - Create colorful and visually appealing meals by incorporating a variety of fruits and vegetables. - Experiment with different recipes or variations of familiar dishes to keep things interesting. - Encourage your child to come up with their own recipes or make modifications to existing ones. This allows them to express their creativity and develop a sense of ownership over their meals. Involving your child in the meal planning process can have a positive impact on their attitude towards healthy eating. By letting them choose, encouraging meal preparation, being a positive role model, educating them about nutrition, and making it fun and creative, you can empower your child to make healthier choices and develop lifelong habits of balanced eating. Remember to be patient and supportive throughout the process, as it takes time for children to develop their preferences and skills in the kitchen. Creating balanced meal plans for children is essential for their overall health and development. By understanding the basic food groups, portion sizes, and involving your child in the process, you can ensure they receive the necessary nutrients for growth and well-being. Remember, a balanced diet combined with a positive eating environment sets the stage for a lifetime of healthy eating habits for your little ones.

https://childbehavior.com.ng/how-do-you-make-a-balanced-meal-for-kids/

Family

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The gender pay gap in sports is a complex issue influenced by historical, societal, and economic factors. Understanding these elements is crucial to addressing the disparity and moving towards equality. Here are some key reasons behind the gender pay gap in sports: Historically, men’s sports have received more attention and investment, leading to well-established leagues, more sponsorship deals, and larger audiences. Women’s sports, on the other hand, have had to play catch-up due to a historical lack of investment. This disparity continues to impact current pay structures, as the financial foundations laid decades ago still influence today’s sports economy. Media coverage plays a significant role in the gender pay gap. Men’s sports typically receive significantly more media coverage than women’s sports. This increased exposure leads to greater advertising revenue, higher sponsorship deals, and larger broadcasting contracts, all of which contribute to higher salaries for male athletes. The media’s focus on men’s sports creates a cycle where men’s sports are seen as more valuable, further perpetuating the pay gap. Sponsorship deals are a major source of income for athletes. Male athletes often attract more lucrative sponsorship due to their higher visibility and larger fan bases. Companies are more likely to invest in male-dominated sports where they perceive a greater return on investment. This results in a significant income disparity, as male athletes benefit from more and larger sponsorship deals. The revenue generated by sports leagues directly impacts athlete salaries. Men’s sports leagues, such as the NBA or Premier League, bring in billions of dollars annually through ticket sales, merchandise, broadcasting rights, and sponsorships. Women’s leagues, though growing, generally generate less revenue, impacting the salaries that can be offered to female athletes. The financial muscle of men’s leagues allows them to offer substantially higher salaries. Public Perception and Interest There is a widespread belief that men’s sports are more competitive and entertaining, which drives higher viewership and attendance. This perception influences how much fans are willing to spend on tickets and merchandise, further skewing the financial dynamics in favor of men’s sports. Changing these perceptions is essential to leveling the playing field and ensuring women’s sports receive the recognition and financial support they deserve. Sports institutions, governing bodies, and leagues have historically allocated more resources and support to men’s sports. This includes better training facilities, higher-quality coaching, and more comprehensive development programs. These advantages contribute to the professional success and earning potential of male athletes, creating a significant disparity in institutional support. Negotiation Power and Representation Male athletes often have stronger unions and more experienced agents who can negotiate better contracts and benefits. Female athletes, in contrast, may lack the same level of representation and bargaining power, leading to less favorable financial terms. Strengthening representation and negotiation power for female athletes is crucial in bridging the pay gap. Prize Money Disparities In many sports, the prize money for men’s and women’s competitions is unequal. For example, until recent years, the prize money for the men’s and women’s tennis tournaments at Grand Slam events was not equal. This inequality extends to many other sports, where female athletes receive significantly lower financial rewards for similar achievements. Equalizing prize money is a vital step towards addressing the gender pay gap. Societal attitudes towards gender roles and the value of women’s sports play a significant role in the gender pay gap. Persistent stereotypes and biases about the capabilities and entertainment value of female athletes contribute to the underfunding and undervaluation of women’s sports. Challenging these stereotypes and promoting the value of women’s sports is essential for achieving pay equity. Addressing the Gender Pay Gap Addressing the gender pay gap in sports requires a concerted effort from all stakeholders, including sports organizations, media, sponsors, and fans. Here are some steps that can be taken: Invest in Women’s Sports: Increasing funding and resources for women’s sports can help bridge the gap. Increase Media Coverage: More media coverage of women’s sports can drive interest and revenue. Promote Sponsorships: Encouraging companies to sponsor women’s sports can provide much-needed financial support. Equalize Prize Money: Ensuring equal prize money for men’s and women’s competitions is a crucial step. Enhance Representation: Strengthening the representation and negotiation power of female athletes can lead to better financial terms. By changing perceptions, increasing media coverage, and providing equal opportunities, the sports industry can move towards a more level playing field for all athletes. Keywords: Gender pay gap, sports, women athletes, media coverage, sponsorship, revenue generation, public perception, institutional support, prize money, sociocultural factors, equality in sports. Join the Discussion: Share your thoughts on the gender pay gap in sports in the comments below! Don’t forget to like, share, and subscribe for more insights into the world of sports.

https://mrsurepunters.ng/whats-behind-the-gender-pay-gap-in-sports/

Sports

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How Word Counting Tools Benefit Students and Educators? Word counting tools are valuable resources for students and educators, providing numerous benefits that enhance the learning and teaching experience. These tools support academic success, improve writing skills, and streamline the evaluation process. Supporting Academic Success For students, adhering to word count requirements is a common academic task. Essays, reports, and assignments often have specific word limits to ensure thorough exploration of a topic within a manageable length. Word counting tools help students meet these requirements, ensuring their work is complete and compliant with guidelines. Improving Writing Skills Word counting tools encourage students to develop better writing habits. By monitoring word count, students learn to be concise and precise in their writing. This focus on brevity helps students avoid unnecessary filler words and improves the clarity and impact of their work. Enhancing Clarity and Organization Word counting tools assist students in organizing their ideas effectively. By keeping track of word count, students can allocate space to different sections of their work, ensuring a balanced and coherent structure. This organization is crucial for producing well-structured essays and reports that convey ideas clearly and logically. Facilitating Drafting and Editing In the drafting phase, word counting tools help students track their progress and manage their time. Knowing how many words they have written and how many more they need to complete their assignment provides a clear target and motivation. During editing, these tools help students trim excess words and refine their work, resulting in polished and concise final drafts. Streamlining Evaluation for Educators For educators, word counting tools streamline the evaluation process. By specifying word limits, educators ensure that assignments are of manageable length for grading. Word counting tools allow educators to quickly verify that students have adhered to the requirements, making the grading process more efficient. Promoting Fairness and Consistency Word counting tools promote fairness and consistency in the evaluation process. By setting clear word count guidelines, educators create a level playing field for all students. This consistency ensures that each student’s work is judged based on its quality and adherence to the guidelines, rather than its length. Enhancing Feedback Quality For both students and educators, word counting tools enhance the quality of feedback. Educators can use word counts to provide specific feedback on different sections of a student’s work, highlighting areas that need expansion or reduction. This targeted feedback helps students understand how to improve their writing and better meet academic standards. In conclusion, word counting tools offer significant benefits for students and educators. They support academic success, improve writing skills, enhance clarity and organization, facilitate drafting and editing, streamline evaluation, promote fairness, and improve feedback quality. By incorporating these tools into the learning and teaching process, students and educators can achieve better academic outcomes and foster effective communication skills.

https://uii.io/uG0viPs

Business

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By Phrank Shaibu Thomas Nast, the famous American cartoonist, created the political symbols of the Elephant and the Donkey, respectively, for the Republican Party and the Democratic Party in the United States of America. Even before that time in the late 19th century, the use of political symbols has been an enduring concept dating back to the Middle Ages. As a matter of fact, the Swastika, which became known as the symbol of Adolph Hitler of the then Nazi Germany, is renowned to have a much older history than the Nazi Movement. For centuries, the Swastika, which literally means ‘good fortune’ had been a symbol of nationalism for many civilizations before it got adopted by Hitler, who made it become the symbol of hate and outlaws. - NDLEA arrests auto parts dealer, businesswoman for concealing UK-bound cocaine in custard - Many ‘trapped’ in fire outbreak at Lagos plank market The symbol of the broken shackles popularized by the Statue of Liberty represents an expression of freedom from slavery and oppression into a world of human liberty and unfettered access to the rights of the individual. The broken shackle has remained a symbol of the free world and has become the nominal feature for the preservation of human rights and equality. The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), in its October 2014 documentary titiled: “How the world loved the Swastika – until Hitler stole it,” said: “In the Western world, the swastika is synonymous with fascism, but it goes back thousands of years and has been used as a symbol of good fortune in almost every culture in the world.” The broken shackle, which has long been adopted as a symbolism for supporters of President Bola Tinubu sadly, enjoys the same fate as the swastika in the reckoning of Nigerians today. For Nigerians, the broken shackle is no longer about freedom and human rights. It is the very opposite of it. President Tinubu in a campaign soapbox in Ogun State where he made the infamous Emilokan remarks, which is a selfish and arrogant ownership claim to power, has since made the broken shackle a symbol of oppression and political rascality. During the 2023 presidential campaign and up till the early days of the Tinubu administration, his supporters were proud of adorning the broken shackle symbol on their caps in avid imitation of President Tinubu – a fad that soon became known as the Emilokan caps. But today, the reality is that no one goes about wearing the Emilokan caps again for the simple reason that it has become the symbols of oppression and a sore source of embarrassment to the supporters of President Tinubu. Supporters of the President are held together by the belief that he has the credentials of a democrat who, if given the chance to leadership, will use the opportunity to protect human rights and freedom. They also believe in his ability to create shared prosperity by improving the national economy. The long-held theory that the Tinubu’s statecraft gave birth to the prosperous Lagos economy further oriented his supporters to see the possibility of Tinubu’s administration as the making of a prosperous Nigeria. Like members of the Third Reich that had an over-inflated appeal to German nationalism and race purity, Emilokan supporters in Nigeria too, soon began to see an appeal to the ideal of Chief Obafemi Awolowo in the person of Asiwaju Bola Tinubu. But now, it is clear to all that the broken shackles personality symbol of Bola Tinubu is not about freedom from oppression but about a fascist style control of state powers. Everyone now knows that Emilokan is not about shared prosperity for all but about a rabid appropriation of state assets to personal ownership. Everyone now knows that Tinubu didn’t build Lagos. It is also clear for everyone to see that Tinubu is not Awolowo and that all the years of imagining himself as a progressive has ended up as an iconic political impersonation fraud of grand proportions. The defeat of the German army led to the swastika becoming an item never to be displayed anymore in the public space. So, too, has the Emilokan caps become relics of political deception and disappointment in the wardrobes of those who used to wear it. Even the once-eager vendors who proudly displayed the Emilokan caps at bustling traffic lights and strategic street corners now find themselves burdened by them. What was once a prized symbol of political fervor has become an unwanted relic, gathering dust as no one bothers to ask for them anymore. The caps, once seen as a beacon of hope and power, have now turned into silent reminders of promises unfulfilled, leaving these sellers with a product that has lost its allure and meaning. Shaibu is Special Assistant on Public Communication to Atiku Abubakar, Vice President of Nigeria (1999-2007) and Presidential candidate of the Peoples Democratic Party (2023).

https://dailytrust.com/de-cap-itated/

Politics

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Spirituality and religion have long been intertwined with human existence, shaping beliefs, practices, and societal structures. While often used interchangeably, these concepts encompass distinct ideologies and experiences that play pivotal roles in individuals’ lives. Understanding the fundamental disparities and connections between spirituality and religion is essential for navigating the complexities of faith and personal growth. This article delves into the nuanced nuances of spirituality and religion, exploring their origins, defining characteristics, impact on well-being, and evolving dynamics in contemporary society. Introduction to Spirituality and Religion When it comes to exploring the realms of spirituality and religion, there’s often a mix of curiosity and confusion. Let’s dive into these concepts and uncover what sets them apart. Exploring the Concepts Spirituality and religion both involve beliefs and practices that guide individuals in understanding the world around them and their place in it. However, they take slightly different paths to achieve this sense of meaning and connection. Significance in Human Societies Throughout history, spirituality and religion have played crucial roles in shaping cultures, traditions, and societal norms. They offer frameworks for moral guidance, community support, and existential contemplation. Origins and Definitions of Spirituality and Religion To truly grasp the essence of spirituality and religion, we need to delve into their historical roots and distinct definitions. Spirituality and religion have evolved over centuries, influenced by diverse cultures, philosophies, and belief systems. Understanding their historical context can shed light on their current interpretations and practices. Spirituality often revolves around personal experiences, inner growth, and connection with a higher power or universal energy. It emphasizes individual exploration, introspection, and a quest for transcendence beyond the material world. Religion typically involves organized systems of beliefs, rituals, and moral codes shared by a community. It often centers around specific teachings, scriptures, and spiritual authorities that guide followers in their religious practices. Beliefs and Practices in Spirituality and Religion Both spirituality and religion encompass a rich tapestry of beliefs and practices that shape individuals’ worldviews and behaviors. Spirituality may focus on themes like interconnectedness, mindfulness, and self-discovery, while religion often involves beliefs in deities, the afterlife, moral duties, and sacred narratives. These core beliefs form the foundation of how individuals interpret their existence and purpose. Rituals and Practices Rituals and practices in spirituality and religion serve as tangible expressions of faith, devotion, and cultural traditions. From meditation and prayer to ceremonies and pilgrimages, these rituals provide avenues for spiritual engagement and communal bonding. Relationship Between Spirituality and Organized Religion In the realm of spirituality and religion, the line between personal connection and communal structure can blur. Let’s explore how these two entities intersect and diverge. Defining Organized Religion Organized religion refers to formal institutions, traditions, and hierarchies that oversee religious practices, governance, and teachings. It offers a structured framework for worship, education, and community engagement. Overlap and Divergence with Spirituality While spirituality often emphasizes individual exploration and subjective experiences, organized religion provides a collective identity, social support, and doctrinal guidelines. The relationship between spirituality and organized religion can vary, with some individuals finding harmony in both realms and others gravitating towards one over the other. Role of Community and Rituals in Spirituality and Religion In spirituality, the community often forms organically around shared beliefs or practices, creating a supportive space for personal growth. On the other hand, religion tends to have more structured communities centered around specific beliefs and traditions, providing a sense of belonging and shared identity. Rituals and Ceremonies Both spirituality and religion incorporate rituals and ceremonies to mark significant events or express devotion. In spirituality, these practices are often more personalized and flexible, reflecting individual beliefs and preferences. In contrast, religious rituals are typically standardized and prescribed by tradition, serving to reinforce the community’s values and teachings. Impact on Personal Growth and Well-Being Spirituality can have a profound impact on personal growth and well-being by encouraging self-reflection, mindfulness, and a sense of interconnectedness with the universe. It promotes inner peace, resilience, and a deeper understanding of one’s purpose in life. Religion also plays a significant role in personal development by offering moral guidelines, a sense of belonging, and a framework for understanding the world. Religious practices can provide comfort in times of hardship, foster a sense of community, and help individuals navigate life’s challenges through faith. Contemporary Perspectives on Spirituality and Religion Trends in Spirituality In contemporary times, spirituality is often viewed as a personal and experiential journey, with individuals seeking meaning and connection outside traditional religious institutions. There is a growing interest in practices like meditation, yoga, and mindfulness, as people explore diverse spiritual paths to cultivate inner peace and well-being. Challenges and Opportunities in Religion Today Religions today face the challenge of adapting to changing social norms, scientific advancements, and increasing secularization. However, there are also opportunities for religions to engage with modern issues, promote social justice, and foster interfaith dialogue to create a more inclusive and compassionate society. In conclusion, the distinction between spirituality and religion offers a deeper insight into the diverse ways individuals seek meaning, connection, and purpose in their lives. While spirituality often emphasizes personal introspection and subjective experiences, religion provides structured frameworks and communal practices for expressing faith. By recognizing and appreciating the differences and intersections between spirituality and religion, individuals can cultivate a more holistic understanding of their beliefs, values, and relationship with the divine, ultimately enriching their spiritual journeys and fostering a deeper sense of connection with the world around them. If you find this article post useful for you, Please comment, subscribe, like, and share with your family and friends on social media, and don’t hesitate to ask for any topic you are looking for free. You can join our Whatsapp group for free: https://chat.whatsapp.com/Jkg4vAzCO4i6OP7P8veE9g Join our Whatsapp channel for free: https://whatsapp.com/channel/0029VaA2cWF0bIdwaQWVCe1t Join our telegram channel for free: https://t.me/occultbrotherhood4money

https://blackheartbrotherhood.family.blog/2024/03/20/embracing-diversity-recognizing-the-spectrum-of-belief-systems-in-spirituality-and-religion/

Religion

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What are system resources? In very simple terms, a system resource is any component of the phone/computer that is needed to carry out tasks. These components may include both hardware and software. Anything that a system needs to function that is not infinite is considered a system resource. System resources include: - CPUs and GPU - RAM (memory) There could be others but these are the major system resources on a smartphone. CPU and GPU The CPUs are an obvious one. They handle all of the processing tasks that the phone has to undergo. CPUs have what is known as bandwidth. Think of CPUs as a road lane and each lane is one bit. So a road (CPU) with 16 lanes can be considered a 16-bit CPU. A road (CPU) with 32 lanes is a 32-bit CPU and a road with 64 lanes is a 64-bit CPU. Now some tasks are heavier than others and would require more lanes (bits) while some would use less. Eight cars (8-bit tasks) can pass through an 8-lane road at once. Eight cars (8-bit tasks) will pass through a 16-lane road even more easily. 16 cars (16-bit tasks) will easily pass through a 32-lane road (32-bit CPU) or 64-lane road (64-bit CPU). But when a 32-bit task is fed to a 16-bit CPU, the CPU will not have enough resources (space or bandwidth) to handle the task. The same thing can be said when a 64-bit task like eFootball Mobile is given to a 32-bit CPU like a Cortex A7 or A9. Something that many people have soon begun to realize rather abruptly. If a CPU does not have enough resources to handle a specific task, it will be unable to carry it out. In the same way, a 16-lane road cannot allow more than 16 cars to pass at the same time. The same thing that can be said about the CPUs also applies to the GPUs. RAM or random access memory is also another important system resource. This is because it is where the CPU stores tasks that it is working on. If a CPU can handle a task, it will save the running app to the RAM. Now some tasks occupy more space in memory than others. It is not enough that the CPUs/GPU can handle a task, if there’s not enough RAM to save the app/task to, it won’t work. The message that will grace the screen will be out of/not enough memory. This is where RAM size is important. It allows the CPUs to be able to work on more/bigger apps without the fear of running out of memory. Most OS is programmed to ensure that there’s always enough RAM space because it is a very important system resource. To prevent some apps from using too much RAM space, Android has a 4GB RAM limit for all tasks that developers must adhere to. Most Android skins also have a general RAM limit that must not be exceeded when allocating RAM resources to apps/tasks. In 2018, you could play PES and PUBG with a 2GB RAM device, in 2023, that will not happen. Storage is also a very important resource, although it is not as important as the aforementioned trio. The OS saves massive amounts of cache to the storage and if there’s not enough storage, the system functions will slow down. In serious cases of low storage, the phone will lag or even go into a boot loop. The last one on the list is the battery. The battery is a very important system resource without which the entire system ceases to function entirely. If you are a gamer like me or a heavy user, you would have noticed by now that games tend to use more battery than other apps. The other apps can also have different levels of battery consumption depending on the circumstances. A very good example is the network app using minimal battery when there’s a stable signal and using a lot of battery when the signal is poor. Other apps like Facebook are simply power-hungry and tend to run in the background even when you shut them off. They will keep using the battery regardless. This is why sometimes when my battery begins to drain unnecessarily, I would kill off all background tasks and then manually give permissions to the apps that are important to me. Sometimes it is also necessary to check your network connections as that could be the culprit behind your battery. PS: Those signal bars don’t mean shit. If you’re a regular user who doesn’t game or do heavy tasks with their phone, then phones with 32-bit CPUs would do you fine. If not, ensure that you buy a phone with 64-bit CPUs. Any phone with a CPU around or above Cortex A73 would serve you well. Although some manufacturers may choose to limit their phones to only 32-bit tasks even though they have 64-bit CPUs. I remember the case of Redmi 9C. The Redmi 9C has a Helio G35 SoC with Cortex A53 CPUs but it was a 32-bit phone which was rather surprising. Someone also complained to me that the Infinix Hot 10i as well does not support eFootball meaning that the manufacturer has restricted it to 32-bit tasks. This is despite the fact that it uses Helio G70 with A75 CPUs So to wrap up, System resources refer to the components that a phone/PC needs to handle tasks. If these resources are readily available, the phone will carry out the task. If they’re not available then it wouldn’t be able to do so. Please leave a comment if you have any difficulty and remember to:

https://inquisitiveuniverse.com/2022/06/23/what-are-system-resources/

Phones

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Memory and concentration are crucial cognitive skills that significantly influence a child's academic performance and overall development. As a parent, you have the power to nurture and enhance these skills in your child. In this comprehensive article, we will explore effective strategies and techniques to boost your child's memory and concentration. By implementing these techniques, you can help your child unlock their full potential and excel in various areas of life. Encourage a Healthy Lifestyle Balanced Diet: Provide your child with a nutritious diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. Certain nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, support brain health and enhance memory and concentration. Regular Exercise: Engage your child in physical activities such as sports, dance, or outdoor games. Exercise promotes blood flow to the brain, improving cognitive function and memory retention. Quality Sleep: Ensure your child gets adequate sleep as it is crucial in consolidating memories and improving cognitive performance. Establish a consistent sleep routine and create a calm and conducive sleep environment. an Optimal Learning Environment a. Minimize Distractions: Designate a quiet study area for your child that is free from distractions like excessive noise, electronics, or clutter. Minimizing distractions helps improve focus and concentration. Organizational Skills: Teach your child organizational techniques such as using a planner, creating to-do lists, and maintaining a tidy workspace. These skills help reduce mental clutter and enhance memory recall. Structured Routine: Establish a consistent daily routine that includes dedicated time for studying, homework, and breaks. Consistency and structure help train the brain to focus and concentrate effectively. Engagement and Learning Strategies Multi-Sensory Learning: Encourage your child to engage multiple senses while learning. For example, they can read aloud, draw diagrams, or use hands-on materials to reinforce concepts. This multi-sensory approach enhances Mnemonic Techniques: Teach your child mnemonic devices such as acronyms, visualization, or rhymes to remember complex information. These techniques provide mental hooks that aid memory recall. Chunking and Repetition: Break down information into smaller, manageable chunks and encourage your child to review and repeat these chunks regularly. Repetition helps reinforce memory pathways and improves retention. Active Participation: Encourage your child to actively participate in class discussions, ask questions, and explain concepts to others. Active engagement promotes deeper understanding and enhances memory consolidation. and Brain-Boosting Activities Mindfulness Practices: Teach your child mindfulness techniques such as deep breathing exercises, meditation, or yoga. These practices improve focus, reduce stress, and enhance overall cognitive function. Brain-Boosting Games: Introduce brain-training games and puzzles that challenge memory and concentration. Activities like crossword puzzles, memory games, or chess stimulate the brain and improve cognitive abilities. Reading Habit: Encourage your child to develop a regular reading habit. Reading enhances vocabulary, comprehension, and critical thinking skills while expanding their knowledge base. Well-being and Support Stress Management: Help your child develop healthy stress management techniques such as time management, prioritization, and relaxation exercises. High levels of stress can impair memory and concentration. Emotional Support: Provide a supportive and nurturing environment for your child. Emotional well-being is closely linked to cognitive abilities, so fostering a positive and encouraging atmosphere enhances their overall BRAIN-BOOSTING GAMES OR PUZZLES RECOMMEND FOR CHILDREN There are several brain-boosting games and puzzles that are beneficial for enhancing cognitive abilities in children. Here are some Sudoku is a number puzzle game that requires logical thinking and problem-solving skills. It helps develop critical thinking, concentration, and Puzzles: Crossword puzzles improve vocabulary, spelling, and general knowledge. They encourage children to think creatively and make connections between words and ideas. Games: Memory games, such as matching cards or the classic game of "Simon," challenge children to remember and recall information. These games enhance memory retention and focus. 4. Chess: Chess is a strategic board game that promotes logical thinking, planning, and problem-solving skills. It improves concentration, memory, and decision-making abilities. ALSO READ: What Causes Cancer in Children Puzzles: Jigsaw puzzles enhance spatial awareness, visual perception, and problem-solving skills. They require children to analyze and manipulate different pieces to form a complete picture. The Rubik's Cube is a challenging puzzle that improves spatial reasoning, problem-solving, and logical thinking. It encourages perseverance and critical Games: Word games like Scrabble or Boggle enhance vocabulary, spelling, and language skills. They stimulate word recognition, strategic thinking, and creativity. Board Games: Games like "Settlers of Catan," "Risk," or "Ticket to Ride" require strategic planning, decision-making, and critical thinking. These games promote cognitive skills such as problem-solving, memory, and concentration. Puzzles: Mazes challenge children to navigate through a complex path, enhancing problem-solving, spatial reasoning, and visual perception Teasers and Riddles: Brain teasers and riddles engage children in analytical thinking, logic, and problem-solving. They encourage creative thinking and improve cognitive flexibility. Remember to choose games and puzzles that are age-appropriate and align with your child's interests and abilities. The goal is to provide enjoyable challenges that stimulate their cognitive development while fostering a love for learning and problem-solving. Boosting your child's memory and concentration is a journey that requires patience, consistency, and a holistic approach. By implementing the strategies discussed in this article, you can create an environment that supports optimal cognitive development. Remember, every child is unique, so adapt these techniques to suit your child's needs and learning style. With your guidance and support, your child can unlock their full cognitive potential, excel academically, and thrive in all areas of life. Here are some trending keywords related to children: - Parenting tips - Child development - Early childhood education - Child health - Child psychology - Positive Parenting - Montessori education - Child safety - Screen time for kids - Child nutrition - Childhood obesity - Child behavior management - Play-based learning - STEM education for kids - Child mental health - Bullying prevention - Child discipline strategies - Child vaccination - Gender-neutral parenting These keywords reflect current topics and concerns related to children and parenting. Remember, when utilizing keywords for SEO purposes, it's important to create high-quality and relevant content that provides value to the readers. Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2023/09/how-to-boost-your-child-memory-and.html

Family

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Researchers found that cockroach milk contains essential amino acids and more protein than other kinds of milk in the market, making it a good prospect for the next great superfood trend. What is a superfood anyway? In In 2016, a team of researchers found that the “milk” derived from a particular type of cockroach is actually very nutritious, packing up to three or four times more protein than regular dairy milk and containing all essential amino acids that the human body needs. This “milk” actually comes from a specific type of cockroach that can be found in Hawaii, the Pacific beetle cockroach, which, compared to other cockroach species that lay eggs, actually gives birth to live young. The milk-like substance is what the mothers feed to their young and researchers of the study pointed out that the protein-rich crystals found in the milk are practically complete food. Next Superfood Trend? Two years on and it seems as though cockroach milk might be making its mark on the “superfood” list. Evidently, a South African company called Gourmet Grubb has developed what it calls “Entomilk” which is basically milk from farmed insects. The product is supposedly a nutritious, guilt-free, and nature-friendly alternative for other milk. The potential new trend, however, might not find it easy to take off. For one thing, people might not be too keen on drinking insect milk. What’s more, even its producers admit that it’s not very easy to harvest cockroach or insect milk. More importantly, in 2016, researchers also stated that they had no evidence to prove that the said milk is safe for human consumption. So what might be a superfood to insects, might not be for humans. What Are Superfoods? A superfood is a food that is very rich in compounds beneficial for prevention of disease or overall health. Some foods that are considered superfoods are broccoli, blueberries, and salmon. However, there is no scientific basis or general regulation for what may be considered as a superfood. In fact, the first superfood craze was started not by nutritionists or dieticians, but by a fruit company that was promoting the import of its bananas. Though the company marketed bananas for its versatility and practicality, the craze soared when physicians published in journals how bananas could help treat diabetes and celiac disease. Naturally, the company added such health benefits to their marketing, and thus began the first superfood craze. That said, many superfoods are, in fact, very nutritious, but experts say it’s important to focus on a “super plate,” instead of a super food. This means that while it’s good to choose certain foods for its nutritional value, it’s important to get a wide variety of minerals from various foods instead of from just one kind that can provide only particular nutrients.

http://www.techtimes.com/amp/articles/228682/20180527/cockroach-milk-more-protein-and-nutrient-rich-than-regular-milk-the-next-superfood-trend.htm

Food

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Reformation Day is a Protestant religious holiday celebrated on October 31. It recognizes the day German monk Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Church in 1517. This act is commemorated as the official starting point of the Protestant Reformation. Officially, Reformation Day has been commemorated since 1567. Exact dates for the holiday varied until after the two hundredth celebration in 1717 when October 31 became the official date of celebration in Germany and later expanded internationally. Within the Lutheran tradition, Reformation Day is considered a lesser holiday and is officially named “The Festival of the Reformation.” Most Lutheran churches (and others who celebrate this day) commemorate it on the Sunday prior to October 31. The impact of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation has been enormous on global Christianity. In contrast to the extra-biblical traditions and works-based practices of Roman Catholicism, Luther called the Church back to the good news of salvation by grace alone through faith alone (Ephesians 2:8-9). Luther believed the Word of God was the supreme authority for the Christian faith, rather than tradition or papal decrees. In the process of bringing the Scriptures to the common person, Luther translated the Bible into German, published numerous books and sermons of biblical teachings, and composed numerous hymns based on biblical themes. Many of his hymns are still sung today. Luther was brought to trial before the church, and the court attempted to force him to recant. Luther’s response is often quoted: “I cannot choose but adhere to the Word of God, which has possession of my conscience; nor can I possibly, nor will I even make any recantation, since it is neither safe nor honest to act contrary to conscience! Here I stand; I cannot do otherwise, so help me God! Amen.” From Germany, the Protestant Reformation expanded through Europe, influencing the work of John Calvin in Geneva, Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, and John Knox in Scotland. The Reformation Luther led also sparked the Anabaptist (free church) movement and the English Reformation. These movements, in turn, influenced the spread of Christianity to the Americas and throughout the world where European exploration took place. South Africa, India, Australia, and New Zealand all felt the impact of Luther’s hammer in Wittenberg. Robert Rothwell has noted, “Today, Luther’s legacy lives on in the creeds and confessions of Protestant bodies worldwide. As we consider his importance this Reformation Day, let us equip ourselves to be knowledgeable proclaimers and defenders of biblical truth. May we be eager to preach the Gospel of God to the world and thereby spark a new reformation of church and culture.” Reformation Day remains a central rallying point for all of those who choose to follow Christ by faith according to His Word. The holiday commemorates the actions of a man who was willing to stand against the ideas of his day and to present God’s Word as our guide for salvation (John 3:16) and Christian living.

http://www.gotquestions.org/Reformation-Day.html

Religion

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In the Hollywood action-film Lucy, actor Morgan Freeman—playing a world-renowned neurologist— speaks to a packed auditorium. “It’s estimated most human beings only use 10 percent of their brains’ capacity,” he says. “Imagine if we could access 100 percent.” You may have heard that claim before. Unfortunately, it’s just not true. And after watching Lucy, Ramina Adam and Jason Chan, two neuroscience graduate students at Western University in Ontario, decided to set the record straight. “We realized we had to do something about all this misinformation,” Adam says. They set out to collect common misperceptions about how the brain works, and we lent a hand in debunking them. Click through the gallery above to find out the truth about 10 common neuroscience myths. How To Stay Sharp While crossword puzzles and classical music aren’t going to make you smarter, here are three proven strategies to keep your brain at peak performance for your entire life. 1. Get The Blood Flowing In a 2014 study at the University of British Columbia in Canada, women who walked briskly for an hour twice weekly for six months—but not those who strength-trained or did no exercise—increased brain volume in the areas that control thinking and memory. 2. Eat Your Greens A team of researchers with the federally funded Nurses’ Health Study tracked 13,388 women over decades and discovered the more leafy vegetables they ate, the better they performed on learning and memory tests. That might be due in part to folic acid in veggies: A long-term study of 60 Roman Catholic nuns in Minnesota identified folic acid as a key factor in delaying the onset of dementia. 3. Talk To People In 2004, scientists at Johns Hopkins University found that more social interaction was associated with less cognitive decline for people aged 50 and above. Plus, one of the major risk factors for death in the elderly is social isolation—loneliness really can kill you. “Neuromyths have gotten folded into popular culture,” says Nicholas Spitzer, co-director of the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind at the University of California at San Diego. “It’s been an uphill battle to dispel them.” Here are three culprits from TV and the movies.—Nicole Lou Myth #1. Alcohol kills brain cells Myth #2. ESP is a scientific certainty Myth #3. Being in a coma is like being asleep This article was originally published in the November 2015 issue of Popular Science, under the title “Brain Myths Busted.”

http://www.popsci.com/10-brain-myths-busted?image=9

Religion

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Table of Contents What is fibroid? Uterine Fibroid (also called Leiomyoma uteri –which means smooth muscles tumor of the uterus) is a tumor that grows in the uterus (womb) of a woman. It is also called Uterine Fibroid. It is not a cancer (malignant tumor); hence it grows slowly but can get very large when not treated. Fibroid starts as a small mass in the muscles of the womb and slowly grows into a big mass. Uterine fibroid affects women of African origin twice more than it affects other races. It does not occur before puberty but occurs mostly in women within the age range of 30 to 49 years who are in their reproductive ages. It is a neoplasm that can occur singly or in multiple locations in the uterus. Uterine fibroid is a very common tumor in women (some women may have it but may not show symptoms) and can affect their fertility. Risk factors and Causes of Uterine fibroid - Low parity (number of pregnancies) - Obesity (overweight women) - Positive family history of fibroids - Early age of first menstrual period - Consumption of beef and red meat - Early use of Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) Prevention of Uterine fibroid - Consumption of Vegetables is associated with reduction in the risk of having Uterine fibroids - Prolonged use of oral contraceptive pills - Increased number of pregnancies Symptoms of Uterine fibroid - Pressure symptoms, caused by pressure exerted on other organs by the growing mass - Infertility and reproductive abnormalities - Disturbances of the menstrual cycle such as increased bleeding and painful menstruation - Initial painless and bulging abdomen which may or may not be painful as the mass increases in size and becomes big - As it increases, pain increases too with pain occurring sometimes during menstrual bleeding or even during intercourse - In a woman at menopause who comes with fibroids and pain, it might have transformed to a malignant tumor (leiomyosarcoma) Pressure Symptoms of Uterine fibroid - Urinary retention (obstruction): because of the compression of the urinary bladder by the fibroid - Rectal obstruction leading to difficulty in passing stool - Urinary frequency: increased in the number of times you pass urine a day (frequent urination) - Constipation: this is caused by obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract leading to compaction of the stool - Urinary urgency: the feel of an urgent need to pass urine - Pain due to torsion or degeneration Disturbances of monthly period - Increased or heavy bleeding: you may feel weak as a result of losing much blood. This leads to a condition known as Anemia - Bleeding between periods or bleeding between cycles: as the fibroid gets bigger in size, it may bring about abnormal bleeding which often comes after the normal menstrual bleeding (in between cycles). Reproductive complicationscaused by Uterine fibroid - Infertility: one of the effects of fibroid is infertility. The inability to give birth or become pregnant can cause Uterine fibroid and also, the fibroid in turn can cause infertility. - Miscarriage: this occurs because babies lie in the womb which has been occupied by the growing fibroid; this leads to frequent miscarriage. A woman who keeps having miscarriages without any obvious cause should be evaluated for Uterine fibroids whether there is the presence of a prominent mass or not. - Preterm labor: the presence of fibroid during pregnancy may cause labor to start before the baby has reached term (9 months) - Abnormal lie and presentation: the baby lies in the mothers womb in an abnormal position which makes it difficult to deliver - Abruptio placenta: fibroids may cause the placenta to detach and may cause serious complications in the baby if not treated immediately - Premature rupture of membrane (PROM): this will lead to infections - Retained placenta - Postpartum hemorrhage: bleeding occurring after child birth - Placenta previa: presence of fibroids may cause the placenta to be abnormally placed and may lie at the lower aspect of the uterus which can cause a woman to bleed during pregnancy Types of Uterine fibroids - Submucous fibroids - Pedunculated (like it is hanging on a stalk) - Cervical fibroids - Intra-ligamentary fibroids: lies in the broad ligament of the uterus - Pedunculated submucous - Subserous fibroids Locations of different types of fibroids - Intramural fibroids: this type of fibroid develops within the walls of the uterus - Submucosal fibroids develop from myometrial cells just below the endometrial layer of the uterus. Submucous fibroids often distort the uterine cavity by protruding into the cavity and are mostly associated with heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia). This needs to be removed to increase the pregnancy rate in women undergoing In-Vitro fertilization (IVF) - Subserous fibroids develop below the serous layer of the uterus Physical Signs on examination of a woman with Uterine fibroid - Pale looking due to heavy bleeding - Presence of a firm swelling in the lower abdomen that may become painful to touch especially when it becomes infected - Irregular shape of the uterus (womb) Diagnosis of Uterine Fibroid - Fibroid is mainly diagnosed by history and Clinical examination - Use of ultrasound scan - Use of hysterosalpingogram (HSG) - By Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Complications of Uterine fibroids - Excessive production of red blood cells leading to a condition called polycythemia. This condition predisposes to thrombosis that may cause stroke or organ failure. This is a rare complication that is known as myomatous erythrocytosis syndrome - Red degeneration - Fibroids may change to malignant (cancerous) tumors; but this occurs in about 1 in 200 women. This is also rare. There should be suspicion of a malignant change when the fibroids are rapidly growing in size Red degeneration of fibroids This occurs in about 3 out of 100 women having fibroid and symptoms include severe abdominal pain, vomiting and fever. It is mostly associated with pregnancy because hormones released during pregnancy helps it to grow. It occurs also in women taking contraceptive pills. Treatment of Uterine fibroids Majority of fibroids do not show signs (asymptomatic) and may not require treatment. Fibroid treatment depends on whether it is showing signs and symptoms or not; if it is showing symptoms such as the ones listed above, then treatment will be dependent on the size of the fibroid, the age of the woman, her plans of becoming pregnant in the future and the location of the fibroid in the womb. Fibroid treatment can be medical treatment, which involves use of drugs or it could be surgical treatment which has to do with removing the fibroid. Medical treatment of Fibroid - Gonadotropin releasing Hormones (GnRH) agonists such as Leuprolide acetate depo. Use of GnRH agonist can reduce the size of the fibroids by half after using it for 3 months - Mifepristone (RU-486) - Tranexamic acid is used for reducing the heavy bleeding (menorrhagia) - Non-Steroidal Anti-Iinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) - Oral contraceptive pills (OCP) - Danazol-19-nortesttosterone derivative Medical treatment does not completely treat fibroids but reduces the size of the tumor and temporary relieves the symptoms. Regrowth of the fibroids occur about 12 weeks after the medical treatment with GnRH is stopped. Sometimes, medical treatment is started before the definitive surgical treatment in order to reduce the size of the tumor before removal. Medical treatment should not be done for a long period of terms as the drugs are not without side effects such as weight gain, osteoporosis (softening of bones), hot flushes, voice changes (which may be permanent), growing of hair as that of a man (hirsutism) and bloating. Surgical treatment of Uterine fibroids - Conservative surgery - Radical surgery Conservative surgery of uterine fibroid - Abdominal myomectomy - Vaginal myomectomy - Laparoscopic myomectomy - Devascularization procedure (Uterine artery embolization): this involves catheterization of the uterine artery through the femoral artery in order to occlude the uterine artery by injecting polyvinyl alcohol - Laparascopic myolysis using laser, cryotherapy, bipolar needles or cautery to destroy the fibroid together with its blood supply Myomectomy is the surgical removal of fibroids. In conservative surgery, the fertility of the woman is preserved and only the affected parts of the uterus are removed. The type of surgery done is dependent on the size of the fibroids. For large sized fibroids, abdominal myomectomy is done; for smaller sized fibroids, vaginal myomectomy is done. Other forms of myomectomy such as Laparoscopic myomectomy are done when the fibroids are very small. If fertility is not desired in a woman with abnormal uterine bleeding, then concomitant endometrial ablation or resection resolves the abnormal bleeding better than myomectomy alone. Radical surgery for fibroids To prevent recurrence of fibroid, the only definitive treatment is total removal of the womb known as total hysterectomy. This procedure is only done if the woman has passed the age of reproduction (after menopause) or if she has completed her family size and does not want to give birth again and the fibroid is big with complications. It should be done with the consent of the woman. Uterine fibroid occurring in Pregnancy The hormones released during pregnancy helps fibroid to grow and enlarge and can caused miscarriage. A woman with fibroid in pregnancy may have to deliver by caesarean section; removal of fibroid during a C-section is dangerous and should only be done when there are strong reasons to do it. Differential diagnosis of fibroids These refer to other tumors, diseases or conditions that may have similar symptoms as fibroids. They include: - Ovarian masses - Tubo-ovarian abscess - Endolymphatic stromal myosis - Endometrial cancer - Congenital anomalies - Myometrial hypertrophy - Uterine polyps - Uterine sarcomas - Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

http://www.jotscroll.com/forums/11/posts/84/fibroids-in-uterus-symptoms-treatment-fibroid-tumor-types.html

Health

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In 2019, the top 10 causes of death accounted for 55% of the 55.4 million deaths worldwide. The top global causes of death, in order of a total number of lives lost, are associated with three broad topics: cardiovascular (ischaemic heart disease, stroke), respiratory (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections) and neonatal conditions – which include birth asphyxia and birth trauma, neonatal sepsis and infections, and preterm birth complications. Causes of death can be grouped into three categories: communicable (infectious and parasitic diseases and maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions), non-communicable (chronic) and injuries. Leading causes of death globally At a global level, 7 of the 10 leading causes of deaths in 2019 were non-communicable diseases. These seven causes accounted for 44% of all deaths or 80% of the top 10. However, all noncommunicable diseases together accounted for 74% of deaths globally in 2019. The world’s biggest killer is ischaemic heart disease, responsible for 16% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by more than 2 million to 8.9 million deaths in 2019. Stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the 2nd and 3rd leading causes of death, responsible for approximately 11% and 6% of total deaths respectively. Lower respiratory infections remained the world’s most deadly communicable disease, ranked as the 4th leading cause of death. However, the number of deaths has gone down substantially: in 2019 it claimed 2.6 million lives, 460 000 fewer than in 2000. Neonatal conditions are ranked 5th. However, deaths from neonatal conditions are one of the categories for which the global decrease in deaths in absolute numbers over the past two decades has been the greatest: these conditions killed 2 million newborns and young children in 2019, 1.2 million fewer than in 2000. Deaths from non-communicable diseases are on the rise. Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers deaths have risen from 1.2 million to 1.8 million and are now ranked 6th among leading causes of death. In 2019, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia ranked as the 7th leading cause of death. Women are disproportionately affected. Globally, 65% of deaths from Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia are women. One of the largest declines in the number of deaths is from diarrhoeal diseases, with global deaths falling from 2.6 million in 2000 to 1.5 million in 2019. Diabetes has entered the top 10 causes of death, following a significant percentage increase of 70% since 2000. Diabetes is also responsible for the largest rise in male deaths among the top 10, with an 80% increase since 2000. Other diseases which were among the top 10 causes of death in 2000 are no longer on the list. HIV/AIDS is one of them. Deaths from HIV/AIDS have fallen by 51% during the last 20 years, moving from the world’s 8th leading cause of death in 2000 to the 19th in 2019. Kidney diseases have risen from the world’s 13th leading cause of death to the 10th. Mortality has increased from 813 000 in 2000 to 1.3 million in 2019. Leading causes of death by income group The World Bank classifies the world’s economies into four income groups – based on gross national income – low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high. People living in a low-income country are far more likely to die of a communicable disease than a noncommunicable disease. Despite the global decline, six of the top 10 causes of death in low-income countries are communicable diseases. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS all remain in the top 10. However, all three are falling significantly. The biggest decrease among the top 10 deaths in this group has been for HIV/AIDS, with 59% fewer deaths in 2019 than in 2000, or 161 000 and 395 000 respectively. Diarrhoeal diseases are more significant as a cause of death in low-income countries: they rank in the top 5 causes of death for this income category. Nonetheless, diarrhoeal diseases are decreasing in low-income countries, representing the second biggest decrease in fatalities among the top 10 (231 000 fewer deaths). Deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly infrequent in low-income countries compared to other income groups. It does not appear in the top 10 for low-income countries yet ranks in the top 5 for all other income groups. Lower-middle-income countries have the most disparate top 10 causes of death: five non-communicable, four communicable, and one injury. Diabetes is a rising cause of death in this income group: it has moved from the 15th to 9th leading cause of death and the number of deaths from this disease has nearly doubled since 2000. As a top 10 cause of death in this income group, diarrhoeal diseases remain a significant challenge. However, this category of diseases represents the biggest decrease in absolute deaths, falling from 1.9 million to 1.1 million between 2000 and 2019. The biggest increase in absolute deaths is from ischaemic heart disease, rising by more than 1 million to 3.1 million since 2000. HIV/AIDS has seen the biggest decrease in rank among the previous top 10 causes of death in 2000, moving from 8th to 15th. In upper-middle-income countries, there has been a notable rise in deaths from lung cancer, which have increased by 411 000; more than double the increase in deaths of all three other income groups combined. In addition, stomach cancer features highly in upper-middle-income countries compared to the other income groups, remaining the only group with this disease in the top 10 causes of death. One of the biggest decreases in terms of an absolute number of deaths is for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which has fallen by nearly 264 000 to 1.3 million deaths. However, deaths from ischaemic heart disease have increased by more than 1.2 million, the largest rise in any income group in terms of the absolute number of deaths from this cause. There is only one communicable disease (lower respiratory infections) in the top 10 causes of death for upper-middle-income countries. Notably, there has been a 31% fall in deaths from suicide since 2000 in this income category, decreasing to 234 000 deaths in 2019. In high-income countries, deaths are increasing for all top 10 diseases except two. Ischaemic heart disease and stroke are the only causes of death in the top 10 for which the total numbers have gone down between 2000 and 2019, by 16% (or 327 000 deaths) and by 21% (or 205 000 deaths) respectively. High-income is the only category of income group in which there have been decreasing numbers of deaths from these two diseases. Nonetheless, ischaemic heart disease and stroke have remained in the top three causes of death for this income category, with a combined total of over 2.5 million fatalities in 2019. In addition, deaths from hypertensive heart disease are rising. Reflecting a global trend, this disease has risen from the 18th leading cause of death to the 9th. Deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias have increased, overtaking stroke to become the second leading cause in high-income countries, and being responsible for the deaths of 814 000 people in 2019. And, as with upper-middle-income countries, only one communicable disease, lower respiratory infections, appears in the top 10 causes of death. Why do we need to know the reasons people die? It is important to know why people die to improve how people live. Measuring how many people die each year helps to assess the effectiveness of our health systems and direct resources to where they are needed most. For example, mortality data can help focus activities and resource allocation among sectors such as transportation, food and agriculture, and the environment as well as health. COVID-19 has highlighted the importance for countries to invest in civil registration and vital statistics systems to allow daily counting of deaths, and direct prevention and treatment efforts. It has also revealed inherent fragmentation in data collection systems in most low-income countries, where policy-makers still do not know with confidence how many people die and of what causes. To address this critical gap, WHO has partnered with global actors to launch Revealing the Toll of COVID-19: Technical Package for Rapid Mortality Surveillance and Epidemic Response. By providing the tools and guidance for rapid mortality surveillance, countries can collect data on total number of deaths by day, week, sex, age and location, thus enabling health leaders to trigger more timely efforts for improvements to health. Furthermore, the World Health Organization develops standards and best practices for data collection, processing and synthesis through the consolidated and improved International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) – a digital platform that facilitates reporting of timely and accurate data for causes of death for countries to routinely generate and use health information that conforms to international standards. The routine collection and analysis of high-quality data on deaths and causes of death, as well as data on disability, disaggregated by age, sex and geographic location, is essential for improving health and reducing deaths and disability across the world.

https://brandspurng.com/2020/12/09/here-are-the-top-10-causes-of-death-who/

Health

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JavaServer Pages, or JSP, is a server-side programming technology that we can use to create of dynamic web pages. When using JSP we can access the entire Java APIs, including the JDBC API to access databases. JavaServer Pages can render web pages with dynamic content. We can use Java code in HTML pages by making use of special JSP tags, <% %> A JavaServer Pages are a type of Java servlet that is designed to create user interface for a Java web application. We create JSP pages in text files that combine HTML or XHTML code, XML elements, and embedded JSP actions and commands. In JavaServer Pages, we can get user input through web forms(<form> tag), present records from a database, and create web pages dynamically. When using JSP we create our own custom tags or use the existing tag library. A JSP tag looks like a normal HTML tag.

http://www.java2s.com/Tutorials/Java/JSP/index.htm

Programming

en

The name “Alexander” or “Alexander the Great,” referring to the Macedonian king, never appears in the Bible. However, the prophets Daniel and Zechariah wrote prophecies concerning Greece and Alexander’s Macedonian Empire. The non-eschatological prophecies in Daniel have proved so reliable that some critics have tried to post-date his writing, even though copious literary, historical, and biblical factors point to a date of writing in the sixth century B.C. (see the third paragraph of this article). Zechariah, writing sometime between 520 and 470 B.C., was also well before Alexander’s rise to power. World History Surrounding Alexander the Great Alexander’s legacy was quickly made, briefly lived, and has lasted to this day. Born in 356 B.C. and dying 32 years later, he only reigned for 13 years – the vast majority of which he spent outside of his home state of Macedon. His legendary conquest of nearly the entire known world resulted in one of the largest empires in ancient history. Alexander overthrew the entire Persian Empire: Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt and everything in between, including Israel. Alexander died undefeated in battle but without a clear heir, which led to the division of his empire among four of his generals. Although Alexander’s empire split, the Hellenism he spread continued. Greek became the universal language, and Greek culture was either required or encouraged in all parts of the divided empire. Israel changed hands between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid kingdoms. Israel later gained its independence from 167–63 B.C., a time referred to as the Hasmonean Period and recorded in the apocryphal books of 1 and 2 Maccabees. The end of this period was marked by the Roman conquest of Jerusalem in 63 B.C. Prophecy Regarding the Empire Daniel discusses a great deal of then-future events which, as mentioned above, have proved true. By God’s inspiration, Daniel predicted that there would be a succession of four “global” empires. His prophecy included many details, including the fact that the Greek Empire would split into four parts. The Four-Kingdom Succession: Daniel chapter 2 tells of Daniel’s interpretation of King Nebuchadnezzar’s dream. Nebuchadnezzar dreamed of a large statue made of a gold head, silver chest and arms, bronze belly and thighs, and iron legs. Each of these metals is progressively less valuable and represents a different kingdom, the first of which Daniel identifies as Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar’s empire. From our vantage point in history, we now know the four kingdoms are the Babylonian, Medo-Persian, Greek, and Roman empires. The Greek Conquest and Split: Daniel also received a vision of the demise of the Medo-Persian Empire, which had, in 539 B.C., overtaken the Babylonian Kingdom. God specifically names the Medo-Persian and Greek empires in Daniel 8:20-21 and 10:20–11:4. The first half of chapter 8 is a highly symbolic passage about a ram and a goat. The ram had two horns, one longer than the other, representing the empire of the Medes and the Persians (Daniel 8:20), and “none could rescue from his power. He did as he pleased and became great” (Daniel 8:4). Then a goat “came from the west” (Daniel 8:5) with a single horn between its eyes. The horn represents the king, Alexander. The goat killed the ram and “became very great, but at the height of his power his large horn was broken off” (Daniel 8:8) – a prediction of Alexander’s untimely death. In Daniel’s vision, the single horn is replaced with four new horns, which are “four kingdoms that will emerge from his nation but will not have the same power” (Daniel 8:22). The four new kingdoms are mentioned again in Daniel 11:4, which says that “his [Alexander’s] empire will be broken up and parceled out toward the four winds of heaven. It will not go to his descendants, nor will it have the power he exercised.” These passages describe, two centuries in advance, precisely what happened to Alexander and his empire. Approximately 250 years before Alexander began his world conquest, God provided Daniel with a glimpse into the future. This was important to Daniel and his people, as God also told them that they would return to their land and He would take care of them through the coming tumultuous times. Kingdoms rise and fall, but God holds the future, and His Word stands.

http://www.gotquestions.org/Alexander-the-Great.html

Religion

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Many students (not only students) like to turn on music when they read. Some say, when they read and listen to music, it helps them associate the content of the book with the music; for some, it creates an inspiring environment and others love that background sound to keep focused. I was also guilty of this while in school. I made myself to believe a steady flow occurs playing a soft music in the background while reading. A part of me wants to admit it’s not the best thing to do, while the other more dominant part feels it kind of genius. A lot of students are guilty of this, and would want to disagree that it’s not the best for them. But seriously this is a bad habit. If this is not, you may feel like, ‘why would any sane person want to allow noise and distraction while reading’, but you are not as innocent of this ‘crime’ as the rest of us. If you suddenly wonder away in thoughts while reading, and can’t even remember the content of the last paragraph, you commit the same ‘self-crime’ of ‘multitasking’. Everyone around you at almost every instance is multitasking; answering phone calls while driving or walking the street, telling a lie and keeping away the truth (it takes multitasking too), surfing the web (this is where we over do it; worth a discussion on its own) and so on. Some of us even quote multitasking on our resume as a personal skill. It feels cool to be able to do more than one thing at the same time. If we could, we would also want to be ‘multi-present’ (be at different places at the same time). According to some neuroscientists, no matter how good our intentions, we may not be as good at multitasking as we may think. One explanation reveals why the human brain can only manage two tasks at once. - When the brain is faced with two tasks, the medial prefrontal cortex divides in two so each half can focus on one task. - The anterior-most part of the frontal lobes enables the switch between two goals. - When a third task comes into play, it’s too much for the brain to handle at once. Consequently, accuracy drops considerably. To Read and listen to music would appear as a more severe habit than the previous examples, especially for students. Apart from the lack of total concentration, there are several reasons why you should do nothing else while reading to gain full concentration and understanding of the content you are consuming. Can you read and answer the phone at the same time? Even when you can read while listening to music, your speed and rate of comprehension will definitely reduce. Your level of concentration will never match your reading-only mode. You have problem with memorizing the content of the material. According to a study that demonstrates a reduced capacity to recall memories when listening and studying, Russell Poldrack, UCLA associate professor of psychology and co-author of the study states: “Multi-tasking adversely affects how you learn. Even if you learn while multitasking, that learning is less flexible and more specialized, so you cannot retrieve the information as easily. The best thing you can do to improve your memory is to pay attention to the things you want to remember…” When distractions force you to pay attention to what you are doing, you don’t learn as well as if you had paid full attention..” Our results suggested that learning facts and concepts will be worse if you learn them while you’re distracted” The research concluded, that they are not saying never to multitask, just don’t multitask (listen to music, watch TV, answer a phone call) while you are trying to learn something new you hope to remember. Are you an exception or do you think it’s cool to read and listen at a time or not?

https://www.afterschoolafrica.com/19454/winnipeg-presidents-scholarship/Read

Health

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