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Menu Using App Router Features available in /app * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project Organization](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/colocation) 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [ESLint Config](#eslint-config) * [ESLint Plugin](#eslint-plugin) * [Custom Settings](#custom-settings) * [rootDir](#rootdir) * [Linting Custom Directories and Files](#linting-custom-directories-and-files) * [Caching](#caching) * [Disabling Rules](#disabling-rules) * [Core Web Vitals](#core-web-vitals) * [Usage With Other Tools](#usage-with-other-tools) * [Prettier](#prettier) * [lint-staged](#lint-staged) * [Migrating Existing Config](#migrating-existing-config) * [Recommended Plugin Ruleset](#recommended-plugin-ruleset) * [Additional Configurations](#additional-configurations) [Edit this page on 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Add `next lint` as a script to `package.json`: package.json { "scripts": { "lint": "next lint" } } Then run `npm run lint` or `yarn lint`: Terminal yarn lint If you don't already have ESLint configured in your application, you will be guided through the installation and configuration process. Terminal yarn lint > You'll see a prompt like this: > > ? How would you like to configure ESLint? > > ❯ Strict (recommended) > Base > Cancel One of the following three options can be selected: * **Strict**: Includes Next.js' base ESLint configuration along with a stricter [Core Web Vitals rule-set](#core-web-vitals). This is the recommended configuration for developers setting up ESLint for the first time. .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next/core-web-vitals" } * **Base**: Includes Next.js' base ESLint configuration. .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next" } * **Cancel**: Does not include any ESLint configuration. Only select this option if you plan on setting up your own custom ESLint configuration. If either of the two configuration options are selected, Next.js will automatically install `eslint` and `eslint-config-next` as dependencies in your application and create an `.eslintrc.json` file in the root of your project that includes your selected configuration. You can now run `next lint` every time you want to run ESLint to catch errors. Once ESLint has been set up, it will also automatically run during every build (`next build`). Errors will fail the build, while warnings will not. > If you do not want ESLint to run during `next build`, refer to the documentation for [Ignoring ESLint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint). We recommend using an appropriate [integration](https://eslint.org/docs/user-guide/integrations#editors) to view warnings and errors directly in your code editor during development. [ESLint Config](#eslint-config) ------------------------------- The default configuration (`eslint-config-next`) includes everything you need to have an optimal out-of-the-box linting experience in Next.js. If you do not have ESLint already configured in your application, we recommend using `next lint` to set up ESLint along with this configuration. > If you would like to use `eslint-config-next` along with other ESLint configurations, refer to the [Additional Configurations](#additional-configurations) section to learn how to do so without causing any conflicts. Recommended rule-sets from the following ESLint plugins are all used within `eslint-config-next`: * [`eslint-plugin-react`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/eslint-plugin-react) * [`eslint-plugin-react-hooks`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/eslint-plugin-react-hooks) * [`eslint-plugin-next`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/eslint-plugin-next) This will take precedence over the configuration from `next.config.js`. [ESLint Plugin](#eslint-plugin) ------------------------------- Next.js provides an ESLint plugin, [`eslint-plugin-next`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/eslint-plugin-next), already bundled within the base configuration that makes it possible to catch common issues and problems in a Next.js application. The full set of rules is as follows: Enabled in the recommended configuration Rule Description [@next/next/google-font-display](/docs/messages/google-font-display) Enforce font-display behavior with Google Fonts. [@next/next/google-font-preconnect](/docs/messages/google-font-preconnect) Ensure `preconnect` is used with Google Fonts. [@next/next/inline-script-id](/docs/messages/inline-script-id) Enforce `id` attribute on `next/script` components with inline content. [@next/next/next-script-for-ga](/docs/messages/next-script-for-ga) Prefer `next/script` component when using the inline script for Google Analytics. [@next/next/no-assign-module-variable](/docs/messages/no-assign-module-variable) Prevent assignment to the `module` variable. [@next/next/no-async-client-component](/docs/messages/no-async-client-component) Prevent client components from being async functions. [@next/next/no-before-interactive-script-outside-document](/docs/messages/no-before-interactive-script-outside-document) Prevent usage of `next/script`'s `beforeInteractive` strategy outside of `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-css-tags](/docs/messages/no-css-tags) Prevent manual stylesheet tags. [@next/next/no-document-import-in-page](/docs/messages/no-document-import-in-page) Prevent importing `next/document` outside of `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-duplicate-head](/docs/messages/no-duplicate-head) Prevent duplicate usage of `<Head>` in `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-head-element](/docs/messages/no-head-element) Prevent usage of `<head>` element. [@next/next/no-head-import-in-document](/docs/messages/no-head-import-in-document) Prevent usage of `next/head` in `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-html-link-for-pages](/docs/messages/no-html-link-for-pages) Prevent usage of `<a>` elements to navigate to internal Next.js pages. [@next/next/no-img-element](/docs/messages/no-img-element) Prevent usage of `<img>` element due to slower LCP and higher bandwidth. [@next/next/no-page-custom-font](/docs/messages/no-page-custom-font) Prevent page-only custom fonts. [@next/next/no-script-component-in-head](/docs/messages/no-script-component-in-head) Prevent usage of `next/script` in `next/head` component. [@next/next/no-styled-jsx-in-document](/docs/messages/no-styled-jsx-in-document) Prevent usage of `styled-jsx` in `pages/_document.js`. [@next/next/no-sync-scripts](/docs/messages/no-sync-scripts) Prevent synchronous scripts. [@next/next/no-title-in-document-head](/docs/messages/no-title-in-document-head) Prevent usage of `<title>` with `Head` component from `next/document`. @next/next/no-typos Prevent common typos in [Next.js's data fetching functions](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) [@next/next/no-unwanted-polyfillio](/docs/messages/no-unwanted-polyfillio) Prevent duplicate polyfills from Polyfill.io. If you already have ESLint configured in your application, we recommend extending from this plugin directly instead of including `eslint-config-next` unless a few conditions are met. Refer to the [Recommended Plugin Ruleset](#recommended-plugin-ruleset) to learn more. ### [Custom Settings](#custom-settings) #### [`rootDir`](#rootdir) If you're using `eslint-plugin-next` in a project where Next.js isn't installed in your root directory (such as a monorepo), you can tell `eslint-plugin-next` where to find your Next.js application using the `settings` property in your `.eslintrc`: .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next", "settings": { "next": { "rootDir": "packages/my-app/" } } } `rootDir` can be a path (relative or absolute), a glob (i.e. `"packages/*/"`), or an array of paths and/or globs. [Linting Custom Directories and Files](#linting-custom-directories-and-files) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- By default, Next.js will run ESLint for all files in the `pages/`, `app/`, `components/`, `lib/`, and `src/` directories. However, you can specify which directories using the `dirs` option in the `eslint` config in `next.config.js` for production builds: next.config.js module.exports = { eslint: { dirs: ['pages', 'utils'], // Only run ESLint on the 'pages' and 'utils' directories during production builds (next build) }, } Similarly, the `--dir` and `--file` flags can be used for `next lint` to lint specific directories and files: Terminal next lint --dir pages --dir utils --file bar.js [Caching](#caching) ------------------- To improve performance, information of files processed by ESLint are cached by default. This is stored in `.next/cache` or in your defined [build directory](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir). If you include any ESLint rules that depend on more than the contents of a single source file and need to disable the cache, use the `--no-cache` flag with `next lint`. Terminal next lint --no-cache [Disabling Rules](#disabling-rules) ----------------------------------- If you would like to modify or disable any rules provided by the supported plugins (`react`, `react-hooks`, `next`), you can directly change them using the `rules` property in your `.eslintrc`: .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next", "rules": { "react/no-unescaped-entities": "off", "@next/next/no-page-custom-font": "off" } } ### [Core Web Vitals](#core-web-vitals) The `next/core-web-vitals` rule set is enabled when `next lint` is run for the first time and the **strict** option is selected. .eslintrc.json { "extends": "next/core-web-vitals" } `next/core-web-vitals` updates `eslint-plugin-next` to error on a number of rules that are warnings by default if they affect [Core Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/). > The `next/core-web-vitals` entry point is automatically included for new applications built with [Create Next App](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app). [Usage With Other Tools](#usage-with-other-tools) ------------------------------------------------- ### [Prettier](#prettier) ESLint also contains code formatting rules, which can conflict with your existing [Prettier](https://prettier.io/) setup. We recommend including [eslint-config-prettier](https://github.com/prettier/eslint-config-prettier) in your ESLint config to make ESLint and Prettier work together. First, install the dependency: Terminal npm install --save-dev eslint-config-prettier yarn add --dev eslint-config-prettier pnpm add --save-dev eslint-config-prettier bun add --dev eslint-config-prettier Then, add `prettier` to your existing ESLint config: .eslintrc.json { "extends": ["next", "prettier"] } ### [lint-staged](#lint-staged) If you would like to use `next lint` with [lint-staged](https://github.com/okonet/lint-staged) to run the linter on staged git files, you'll have to add the following to the `.lintstagedrc.js` file in the root of your project in order to specify usage of the `--file` flag. .lintstagedrc.js const path = require('path') const buildEslintCommand = (filenames) => `next lint --fix --file ${filenames .map((f) => path.relative(process.cwd(), f)) .join(' --file ')}` module.exports = { '*.{js,jsx,ts,tsx}': [buildEslintCommand], } [Migrating Existing Config](#migrating-existing-config) ------------------------------------------------------- ### [Recommended Plugin Ruleset](#recommended-plugin-ruleset) If you already have ESLint configured in your application and any of the following conditions are true: * You have one or more of the following plugins already installed (either separately or through a different config such as `airbnb` or `react-app`): * `react` * `react-hooks` * `jsx-a11y` * `import` * You've defined specific `parserOptions` that are different from how Babel is configured within Next.js (this is not recommended unless you have [customized your Babel configuration](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel)) * You have `eslint-plugin-import` installed with Node.js and/or TypeScript [resolvers](https://github.com/benmosher/eslint-plugin-import#resolvers) defined to handle imports Then we recommend either removing these settings if you prefer how these properties have been configured within [`eslint-config-next`](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/packages/eslint-config-next/index.js) or extending directly from the Next.js ESLint plugin instead: module.exports = { extends: [ //... 'plugin:@next/next/recommended', ], } The plugin can be installed normally in your project without needing to run `next lint`: Terminal npm install --save-dev @next/eslint-plugin-next yarn add --dev @next/eslint-plugin-next pnpm add --save-dev @next/eslint-plugin-next bun add --dev @next/eslint-plugin-next This eliminates the risk of collisions or errors that can occur due to importing the same plugin or parser across multiple configurations. ### [Additional Configurations](#additional-configurations) If you already use a separate ESLint configuration and want to include `eslint-config-next`, ensure that it is extended last after other configurations. For example: .eslintrc.json { "extends": ["eslint:recommended", "next"] } The `next` configuration already handles setting default values for the `parser`, `plugins` and `settings` properties. There is no need to manually re-declare any of these properties unless you need a different configuration for your use case. If you include any other shareable configurations, **you will need to make sure that these properties are not overwritten or modified**. Otherwise, we recommend removing any configurations that share behavior with the `next` configuration or extending directly from the Next.js ESLint plugin as mentioned above. [Previous TypeScript ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) [Next Environment Variables ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [cookies](#cookies) * [set(name, value)](#setname-value) * [get(name)](#getname) * [getAll()](#getall) * [delete(name)](#deletename) * [json()](#json) * [redirect()](#redirect) * [rewrite()](#rewrite) * [next()](#next) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/next-response.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)NextResponse NextResponse ============ NextResponse extends the [Web Response API](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response) with additional convenience methods. [`cookies`](#cookies) --------------------- Read or mutate the [`Set-Cookie`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie) header of the response. ### [`set(name, value)`](#setname-value) Given a name, set a cookie with the given value on the response. // Given incoming request /home let response = NextResponse.next() // Set a cookie to hide the banner response.cookies.set('show-banner', 'false') // Response will have a `Set-Cookie:show-banner=false;path=/home` header return response ### [`get(name)`](#getname) Given a cookie name, return the value of the cookie. If the cookie is not found, `undefined` is returned. If multiple cookies are found, the first one is returned. // Given incoming request /home let response = NextResponse.next() // { name: 'show-banner', value: 'false', Path: '/home' } response.cookies.get('show-banner') ### [`getAll()`](#getall) Given a cookie name, return the values of the cookie. If no name is given, return all cookies on the response. // Given incoming request /home let response = NextResponse.next() // [ // { name: 'experiments', value: 'new-pricing-page', Path: '/home' }, // { name: 'experiments', value: 'winter-launch', Path: '/home' }, // ] response.cookies.getAll('experiments') // Alternatively, get all cookies for the response response.cookies.getAll() ### [`delete(name)`](#deletename) Given a cookie name, delete the cookie from the response. // Given incoming request /home let response = NextResponse.next() // Returns true for deleted, false is nothing is deleted response.cookies.delete('experiments') [`json()`](#json) ----------------- Produce a response with the given JSON body. app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' export async function GET(request: Request) { return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Internal Server Error' }, { status: 500 }) } [`redirect()`](#redirect) ------------------------- Produce a response that redirects to a [URL](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URL). import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/new', request.url)) The [URL](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URL) can be created and modified before being used in the `NextResponse.redirect()` method. For example, you can use the `request.nextUrl` property to get the current URL, and then modify it to redirect to a different URL. import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' // Given an incoming request... const loginUrl = new URL('/login', request.url) // Add ?from=/incoming-url to the /login URL loginUrl.searchParams.set('from', request.nextUrl.pathname) // And redirect to the new URL return NextResponse.redirect(loginUrl) [`rewrite()`](#rewrite) ----------------------- Produce a response that rewrites (proxies) the given [URL](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URL) while preserving the original URL. import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' // Incoming request: /about, browser shows /about // Rewritten request: /proxy, browser shows /about return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/proxy', request.url)) [`next()`](#next) ----------------- The `next()` method is useful for Middleware, as it allows you to return early and continue routing. import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' return NextResponse.next() You can also forward `headers` when producing the response: import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' // Given an incoming request... const newHeaders = new Headers(request.headers) // Add a new header newHeaders.set('x-version', '123') // And produce a response with the new headers return NextResponse.next({ request: { // New request headers headers: newHeaders, }, }) [Previous NextRequest ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) [Next notFound ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) Was this helpful? supported. 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Loading Environment Variables](#loading-environment-variables) * [Referencing Other Variables](#referencing-other-variables) * [Bundling Environment Variables for the Browser](#bundling-environment-variables-for-the-browser) * [Runtime Environment Variables](#runtime-environment-variables) * [Default Environment Variables](#default-environment-variables) * [Environment Variables on Vercel](#environment-variables-on-vercel) * [Test Environment Variables](#test-environment-variables) * [Environment Variable Load Order](#environment-variable-load-order) * [Good to know](#good-to-know) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/07-configuring/03-environment-variables.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring)Environment Variables Environment Variables ===================== Examples * [Environment Variables](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/environment-variables) Next.js comes with built-in support for environment variables, which allows you to do the following: * [Use `.env.local` to load environment variables](#loading-environment-variables) * [Bundle environment variables for the browser by prefixing with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`](#bundling-environment-variables-for-the-browser) [Loading Environment Variables](#loading-environment-variables) --------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js has built-in support for loading environment variables from `.env.local` into `process.env`. .env.local DB_HOST=localhost DB_USER=myuser DB_PASS=mypassword > **Note**: Next.js also supports multiline variables inside of your `.env*` files: > > # .env.local > > # you can write with line breaks > PRIVATE_KEY="-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY----- > ... > Kh9NV... > ... > -----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----" > > # or with `\n` inside double quotes > PRIVATE_KEY="-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----\nKh9NV...\n-----END DSA PRIVATE KEY-----\n" > **Note**: If you are using a `/src` folder, please note that Next.js will load the .env files **only** from the parent folder and **not** from the `/src` folder. This loads `process.env.DB_HOST`, `process.env.DB_USER`, and `process.env.DB_PASS` into the Node.js environment automatically allowing you to use them in [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers). For example: app/api/route.js export async function GET() { const db = await myDB.connect({ host: process.env.DB_HOST, username: process.env.DB_USER, password: process.env.DB_PASS, }) // ... } ### [Referencing Other Variables](#referencing-other-variables) Next.js will automatically expand variables that use `$` to reference other variables e.g. `$VARIABLE` inside of your `.env*` files. This allows you to reference other secrets. For example: .env TWITTER_USER=nextjs TWITTER_URL=https://twitter.com/$TWITTER_USER In the above example, `process.env.TWITTER_URL` would be set to `https://twitter.com/nextjs`. > **Good to know**: If you need to use variable with a `$` in the actual value, it needs to be escaped e.g. `\$`. [Bundling Environment Variables for the Browser](#bundling-environment-variables-for-the-browser) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Non-`NEXT_PUBLIC_` environment variables are only available in the Node.js environment, meaning they aren't accessible to the browser (the client runs in a different _environment_). In order to make the value of an environment variable accessible in the browser, Next.js can "inline" a value, at build time, into the js bundle that is delivered to the client, replacing all references to `process.env.[variable]` with a hard-coded value. To tell it to do this, you just have to prefix the variable with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. For example: Terminal NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID=abcdefghijk This will tell Next.js to replace all references to `process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID` in the Node.js environment with the value from the environment in which you run `next build`, allowing you to use it anywhere in your code. It will be inlined into any JavaScript sent to the browser. > **Note**: After being built, your app will no longer respond to changes to these environment variables. For instance, if you use a Heroku pipeline to promote slugs built in one environment to another environment, or if you build and deploy a single Docker image to multiple environments, all `NEXT_PUBLIC_` variables will be frozen with the value evaluated at build time, so these values need to be set appropriately when the project is built. If you need access to runtime environment values, you'll have to setup your own API to provide them to the client (either on demand or during initialization). pages/index.js import setupAnalyticsService from '../lib/my-analytics-service' // 'NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID' can be used here as it's prefixed by 'NEXT_PUBLIC_'. // It will be transformed at build time to `setupAnalyticsService('abcdefghijk')`. setupAnalyticsService(process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID) function HomePage() { return <h1>Hello World</h1> } export default HomePage Note that dynamic lookups will _not_ be inlined, such as: // This will NOT be inlined, because it uses a variable const varName = 'NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID' setupAnalyticsService(process.env[varName]) // This will NOT be inlined, because it uses a variable const env = process.env setupAnalyticsService(env.NEXT_PUBLIC_ANALYTICS_ID) ### [Runtime Environment Variables](#runtime-environment-variables) Next.js can support both build time and runtime environment variables. **By default, environment variables are only available on the server**. To expose an environment variable to the browser, it must be prefixed with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. However, these public environment variables will be inlined into the JavaScript bundle during `next build`. To read runtime environment variables, we recommend using `getServerSideProps` or [incrementally adopting the App Router](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration). With the App Router, we can safely read environment variables on the server during dynamic rendering. This allows you to use a singular Docker image that can be promoted through multiple environments with different values. import { unstable_noStore as noStore } from 'next/cache' export default function Component() { noStore() // cookies(), headers(), and other dynamic functions // will also opt into dynamic rendering, meaning // this env variable is evaluated at runtime const value = process.env.MY_VALUE // ... } **Good to know:** * You can run code on server startup using the [`register` function](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation). * We do not recommend using the [runtimeConfig](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) option, as this does not work with the standalone output mode. Instead, we recommend [incrementally adopting](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) the App Router. [Default Environment Variables](#default-environment-variables) --------------------------------------------------------------- In general only one `.env.local` file is needed. However, sometimes you might want to add some defaults for the `development` (`next dev`) or `production` (`next start`) environment. Next.js allows you to set defaults in `.env` (all environments), `.env.development` (development environment), and `.env.production` (production environment). `.env.local` always overrides the defaults set. > **Good to know**: `.env`, `.env.development`, and `.env.production` files should be included in your repository as they define defaults. **`.env*.local` should be added to `.gitignore`**, as those files are intended to be ignored. `.env.local` is where secrets can be stored. [Environment Variables on Vercel](#environment-variables-on-vercel) ------------------------------------------------------------------- When deploying your Next.js application to [Vercel](https://vercel.com), Environment Variables can be configured [in the Project Settings](https://vercel.com/docs/projects/environment-variables?utm_medium=docs&utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=next-website). All types of Environment Variables should be configured there. Even Environment Variables used in Development – which can be [downloaded onto your local device](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/projects/environment-variables#development-environment-variables?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) afterwards. If you've configured [Development Environment Variables](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/projects/environment-variables#development-environment-variables?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) you can pull them into a `.env.local` for usage on your local machine using the following command: Terminal vercel env pull .env.local > **Good to know**: When deploying your Next.js application to [Vercel](https://vercel.com), your environment variables in `.env*` files will not be made available to Edge Runtime, unless their name are prefixed with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. We strongly recommend managing your environment variables in [Project Settings](https://vercel.com/docs/projects/environment-variables?utm_medium=docs&utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=next-website) instead, from where all environment variables are available. [Test Environment Variables](#test-environment-variables) --------------------------------------------------------- Apart from `development` and `production` environments, there is a 3rd option available: `test`. In the same way you can set defaults for development or production environments, you can do the same with a `.env.test` file for the `testing` environment (though this one is not as common as the previous two). Next.js will not load environment variables from `.env.development` or `.env.production` in the `testing` environment. This one is useful when running tests with tools like `jest` or `cypress` where you need to set specific environment vars only for testing purposes. Test default values will be loaded if `NODE_ENV` is set to `test`, though you usually don't need to do this manually as testing tools will address it for you. There is a small difference between `test` environment, and both `development` and `production` that you need to bear in mind: `.env.local` won't be loaded, as you expect tests to produce the same results for everyone. This way every test execution will use the same env defaults across different executions by ignoring your `.env.local` (which is intended to override the default set). > **Good to know**: similar to Default Environment Variables, `.env.test` file should be included in your repository, but `.env.test.local` shouldn't, as `.env*.local` are intended to be ignored through `.gitignore`. While running unit tests you can make sure to load your environment variables the same way Next.js does by leveraging the `loadEnvConfig` function from the `@next/env` package. // The below can be used in a Jest global setup file or similar for your testing set-up import { loadEnvConfig } from '@next/env' export default async () => { const projectDir = process.cwd() loadEnvConfig(projectDir) } [Environment Variable Load Order](#environment-variable-load-order) ------------------------------------------------------------------- Environment variables are looked up in the following places, in order, stopping once the variable is found. 1. `process.env` 2. `.env.$(NODE_ENV).local` 3. `.env.local` (Not checked when `NODE_ENV` is `test`.) 4. `.env.$(NODE_ENV)` 5. `.env` For example, if `NODE_ENV` is `development` and you define a variable in both `.env.development.local` and `.env`, the value in `.env.development.local` will be used. > **Good to know**: The allowed values for `NODE_ENV` are `production`, `development` and `test`. [Good to know](#good-to-know) ----------------------------- * If you are using a [`/src` directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory), `.env.*` files should remain in the root of your project. * If the environment variable `NODE_ENV` is unassigned, Next.js automatically assigns `development` when running the `next dev` command, or `production` for all other commands. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v9.4.0` Support `.env` and `NEXT_PUBLIC_` introduced. [Previous ESLint ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) [Next Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Usage](#usage) * [Local Images](#local-images) * [Remote Images](#remote-images) * [Domains](#domains) * [Loaders](#loaders) * [Priority](#priority) * [Image Sizing](#image-sizing) * [Styling](#styling) * [Examples](#examples) * [Responsive](#responsive) * [Fill Container](#fill-container) * [Background Image](#background-image) * [Other Properties](#other-properties) * [Configuration](#configuration) * [API Reference](#api-reference) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/01-images.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Images Image Optimization ================== Examples * [Image Component](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/image-component) According to [Web Almanac](https://almanac.httparchive.org), images account for a huge portion of the typical website’s [page weight](https://almanac.httparchive.org/en/2022/page-weight#content-type-and-file-formats) and can have a sizable impact on your website's [LCP performance](https://almanac.httparchive.org/en/2022/performance#lcp-image-optimization). The Next.js Image component extends the HTML `<img>` element with features for automatic image optimization: * **Size Optimization:** Automatically serve correctly sized images for each device, using modern image formats like WebP and AVIF. * **Visual Stability:** Prevent [layout shift](/learn/seo/web-performance/cls) automatically when images are loading. * **Faster Page Loads:** Images are only loaded when they enter the viewport using native browser lazy loading, with optional blur-up placeholders. * **Asset Flexibility:** On-demand image resizing, even for images stored on remote servers > **🎥 Watch:** Learn more about how to use `next/image` → [YouTube (9 minutes)](https://youtu.be/IU_qq_c_lKA). [Usage](#usage) --------------- import Image from 'next/image' You can then define the `src` for your image (either local or remote). ### [Local Images](#local-images) To use a local image, `import` your `.jpg`, `.png`, or `.webp` image files. Next.js will [automatically determine](#image-sizing) the `width` and `height` of your image based on the imported file. These values are used to prevent [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://nextjs.org/learn/seo/web-performance/cls) while your image is loading. app/page.js import Image from 'next/image' import profilePic from './me.png' export default function Page() { return ( <Image src={profilePic} alt="Picture of the author" // width={500} automatically provided // height={500} automatically provided // blurDataURL="data:..." automatically provided // placeholder="blur" // Optional blur-up while loading /> ) } > **Warning:** Dynamic `await import()` or `require()` are _not_ supported. The `import` must be static so it can be analyzed at build time. ### [Remote Images](#remote-images) To use a remote image, the `src` property should be a URL string. Since Next.js does not have access to remote files during the build process, you'll need to provide the [`width`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#width), [`height`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#height) and optional [`blurDataURL`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#blurdataurl) props manually. The `width` and `height` attributes are used to infer the correct aspect ratio of image and avoid layout shift from the image loading in. The `width` and `height` do _not_ determine the rendered size of the image file. Learn more about [Image Sizing](#image-sizing). app/page.js import Image from 'next/image' export default function Page() { return ( <Image src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/my-bucket/profile.png" alt="Picture of the author" width={500} height={500} /> ) } To safely allow optimizing images, define a list of supported URL patterns in `next.config.js`. Be as specific as possible to prevent malicious usage. For example, the following configuration will only allow images from a specific AWS S3 bucket: next.config.js module.exports = { images: { remotePatterns: [ { protocol: 'https', hostname: 's3.amazonaws.com', port: '', pathname: '/my-bucket/**', }, ], }, } Learn more about [`remotePatterns`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#remotepatterns) configuration. If you want to use relative URLs for the image `src`, use a [`loader`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#loader). ### [Domains](#domains) Sometimes you may want to optimize a remote image, but still use the built-in Next.js Image Optimization API. To do this, leave the `loader` at its default setting and enter an absolute URL for the Image `src` prop. To protect your application from malicious users, you must define a list of remote hostnames you intend to use with the `next/image` component. > Learn more about [`remotePatterns`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#remotepatterns) configuration. ### [Loaders](#loaders) Note that in the [example earlier](#local-images), a partial URL (`"/me.png"`) is provided for a local image. This is possible because of the loader architecture. A loader is a function that generates the URLs for your image. It modifies the provided `src`, and generates multiple URLs to request the image at different sizes. These multiple URLs are used in the automatic [srcset](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/HTMLImageElement/srcset) generation, so that visitors to your site will be served an image that is the right size for their viewport. The default loader for Next.js applications uses the built-in Image Optimization API, which optimizes images from anywhere on the web, and then serves them directly from the Next.js web server. If you would like to serve your images directly from a CDN or image server, you can write your own loader function with a few lines of JavaScript. You can define a loader per-image with the [`loader` prop](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#loader), or at the application level with the [`loaderFile` configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#loaderfile). [Priority](#priority) --------------------- You should add the `priority` property to the image that will be the [Largest Contentful Paint (LCP) element](https://web.dev/lcp/#what-elements-are-considered) for each page. Doing so allows Next.js to specially prioritize the image for loading (e.g. through preload tags or priority hints), leading to a meaningful boost in LCP. The LCP element is typically the largest image or text block visible within the viewport of the page. When you run `next dev`, you'll see a console warning if the LCP element is an `<Image>` without the `priority` property. Once you've identified the LCP image, you can add the property like this: app/page.js import Image from 'next/image' import profilePic from '../public/me.png' export default function Page() { return <Image src={profilePic} alt="Picture of the author" priority /> } See more about priority in the [`next/image` component documentation](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#priority). [Image Sizing](#image-sizing) ----------------------------- One of the ways that images most commonly hurt performance is through _layout shift_, where the image pushes other elements around on the page as it loads in. This performance problem is so annoying to users that it has its own Core Web Vital, called [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/). The way to avoid image-based layout shifts is to [always size your images](https://web.dev/optimize-cls/#images-without-dimensions). This allows the browser to reserve precisely enough space for the image before it loads. Because `next/image` is designed to guarantee good performance results, it cannot be used in a way that will contribute to layout shift, and **must** be sized in one of three ways: 1. Automatically, using a [static import](#local-images) 2. Explicitly, by including a [`width`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#width) and [`height`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#height) property 3. Implicitly, by using [fill](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#fill) which causes the image to expand to fill its parent element. > **What if I don't know the size of my images?** > > If you are accessing images from a source without knowledge of the images' sizes, there are several things you can do: > > **Use `fill`** > > The [`fill`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#fill) prop allows your image to be sized by its parent element. Consider using CSS to give the image's parent element space on the page along [`sizes`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#sizes) prop to match any media query break points. You can also use [`object-fit`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/object-fit) with `fill`, `contain`, or `cover`, and [`object-position`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/CSS/object-position) to define how the image should occupy that space. > > **Normalize your images** > > If you're serving images from a source that you control, consider modifying your image pipeline to normalize the images to a specific size. > > **Modify your API calls** > > If your application is retrieving image URLs using an API call (such as to a CMS), you may be able to modify the API call to return the image dimensions along with the URL. If none of the suggested methods works for sizing your images, the `next/image` component is designed to work well on a page alongside standard `<img>` elements. [Styling](#styling) ------------------- Styling the Image component is similar to styling a normal `<img>` element, but there are a few guidelines to keep in mind: * Use `className` or `style`, not `styled-jsx`. * In most cases, we recommend using the `className` prop. This can be an imported [CSS Module](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules), a [global stylesheet](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules#global-styles), etc. * You can also use the `style` prop to assign inline styles. * You cannot use [styled-jsx](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) because it's scoped to the current component (unless you mark the style as `global`). * When using `fill`, the parent element must have `position: relative` * This is necessary for the proper rendering of the image element in that layout mode. * When using `fill`, the parent element must have `display: block` * This is the default for `<div>` elements but should be specified otherwise. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Responsive](#responsive)  import Image from 'next/image' import mountains from '../public/mountains.jpg' export default function Responsive() { return ( <div style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column' }}> <Image alt="Mountains" // Importing an image will // automatically set the width and height src={mountains} sizes="100vw" // Make the image display full width style={{ width: '100%', height: 'auto', }} /> </div> ) } ### [Fill Container](#fill-container)  import Image from 'next/image' import mountains from '../public/mountains.jpg' export default function Fill() { return ( <div style={{ display: 'grid', gridGap: '8px', gridTemplateColumns: 'repeat(auto-fit, minmax(400px, auto))', }} > <div style={{ position: 'relative', height: '400px' }}> <Image alt="Mountains" src={mountains} fill sizes="(min-width: 808px) 50vw, 100vw" style={{ objectFit: 'cover', // cover, contain, none }} /> </div> {/* And more images in the grid... */} </div> ) } ### [Background Image](#background-image)  import Image from 'next/image' import mountains from '../public/mountains.jpg' export default function Background() { return ( <Image alt="Mountains" src={mountains} placeholder="blur" quality={100} fill sizes="100vw" style={{ objectFit: 'cover', }} /> ) } For examples of the Image component used with the various styles, see the [Image Component Demo](https://image-component.nextjs.gallery). [Other Properties](#other-properties) ------------------------------------- [**View all properties available to the `next/image` component.**](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) [Configuration](#configuration) ------------------------------- The `next/image` component and Next.js Image Optimization API can be configured in the [`next.config.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js). These configurations allow you to [enable remote images](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#remotepatterns), [define custom image breakpoints](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#devicesizes), [change caching behavior](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#caching-behavior) and more. [**Read the full image configuration documentation for more information.**](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#configuration-options) API Reference ------------- Learn more about the next/image API. [ App Router ... Components ### <Image> Optimize Images in your Next.js Application using the built-in \`next/image\` Component. ](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) [Previous Optimizing ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing) [Next Videos ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/videos) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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inject a `<meta name="robots" content="noindex" />` tag. [`notFound()`](#notfound) ------------------------- Invoking the `notFound()` function throws a `NEXT_NOT_FOUND` error and terminates rendering of the route segment in which it was thrown. Specifying a [**not-found** file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) allows you to gracefully handle such errors by rendering a Not Found UI within the segment. app/user/\[id\]/page.js import { notFound } from 'next/navigation' async function fetchUser(id) { const res = await fetch('https://...') if (!res.ok) return undefined return res.json() } export default async function Profile({ params }) { const user = await fetchUser(params.id) if (!user) { notFound() } // ... } > **Good to know**: `notFound()` does not require you to use `return notFound()` due to using the TypeScript [`never`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/functions.html#never) type. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `notFound` introduced. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Props](#props) * [href (required)](#href-required) * [replace](#replace) * [scroll](#scroll) * [prefetch](#prefetch) * [Examples](#examples) * [Linking to Dynamic Routes](#linking-to-dynamic-routes) * [If the child is a custom component that wraps an <a> tag](#if-the-child-is-a-custom-component-that-wraps-an-a-tag) * [If the child is a functional component](#if-the-child-is-a-functional-component) * [With URL Object](#with-url-object) * [Replace the URL instead of push](#replace-the-url-instead-of-push) * [Disable scrolling to the top of the page](#disable-scrolling-to-the-top-of-the-page) * [Middleware](#middleware) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/01-components/link.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components)<Link> <Link> ====== `<Link>` is a React component that extends the HTML `<a>` element to provide [prefetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#2-prefetching) and client-side navigation between routes. It is the primary way to navigate between routes in Next.js. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return <Link href="/dashboard">Dashboard</Link> } [Props](#props) --------------- Here's a summary of the props available for the Link Component: Prop Example Type Required [`href`](#href-required) `href="/dashboard"` String or Object Yes [`replace`](#replace) `replace={false}` Boolean \- [`scroll`](#scroll) `scroll={false}` Boolean \- [`prefetch`](#prefetch) `prefetch={false}` Boolean or null \- > **Good to know**: `<a>` tag attributes such as `className` or `target="_blank"` can be added to `<Link>` as props and will be passed to the underlying `<a>` element. ### [`href` (required)](#href-required) The path or URL to navigate to. <Link href="/dashboard">Dashboard</Link> `href` can also accept an object, for example: // Navigate to /about?name=test <Link href={{ pathname: '/about', query: { name: 'test' }, }} > About </Link> ### [`replace`](#replace) **Defaults to `false`.** When `true`, `next/link` will replace the current history state instead of adding a new URL into the [browser’s history](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/History_API) stack. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <Link href="/dashboard" replace> Dashboard </Link> ) } ### [`scroll`](#scroll) **Defaults to `true`.** The default behavior of `<Link>` **is to scroll to the top of a new route or to maintain the scroll position for backwards and forwards navigation.** When `false`, `next/link` will _not_ scroll to the top of the page after a navigation. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <Link href="/dashboard" scroll={false}> Dashboard </Link> ) } > **Good to know**: > > * Next.js will scroll to the [Page](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#pages) if it is not visible in the viewport upon navigation. ### [`prefetch`](#prefetch) Prefetching happens when a `<Link />` component enters the user's viewport (initially or through scroll). Next.js prefetches and loads the linked route (denoted by the `href`) and its data in the background to improve the performance of client-side navigations. Prefetching is only enabled in production. * **`null` (default)**: Prefetch behavior depends on whether the route is static or dynamic. For static routes, the full route will be prefetched (including all its data). For dynamic routes, the partial route down to the nearest segment with a [`loading.js`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming#instant-loading-states) boundary will be prefetched. * `true`: The full route will be prefetched for both static and dynamic routes. * `false`: Prefetching will never happen both on entering the viewport and on hover. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <Link href="/dashboard" prefetch={false}> Dashboard </Link> ) } [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Linking to Dynamic Routes](#linking-to-dynamic-routes) For dynamic routes, it can be handy to use template literals to create the link's path. For example, you can generate a list of links to the dynamic route `app/blog/[slug]/page.js`: app/blog/page.js import Link from 'next/link' function Page({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}> <Link href={`/blog/${post.slug}`}>{post.title}</Link> </li> ))} </ul> ) } ### [If the child is a custom component that wraps an `<a>` tag](#if-the-child-is-a-custom-component-that-wraps-an-a-tag) If the child of `Link` is a custom component that wraps an `<a>` tag, you must add `passHref` to `Link`. This is necessary if you’re using libraries like [styled-components](https://styled-components.com/). Without this, the `<a>` tag will not have the `href` attribute, which hurts your site's accessibility and might affect SEO. If you're using [ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint#eslint-plugin), there is a built-in rule `next/link-passhref` to ensure correct usage of `passHref`. import Link from 'next/link' import styled from 'styled-components' // This creates a custom component that wraps an <a> tag const RedLink = styled.a` color: red; ` function NavLink({ href, name }) { return ( <Link href={href} passHref legacyBehavior> <RedLink>{name}</RedLink> </Link> ) } export default NavLink * If you’re using [emotion](https://emotion.sh/)’s JSX pragma feature (`@jsx jsx`), you must use `passHref` even if you use an `<a>` tag directly. * The component should support `onClick` property to trigger navigation correctly ### [If the child is a functional component](#if-the-child-is-a-functional-component) If the child of `Link` is a functional component, in addition to using `passHref` and `legacyBehavior`, you must wrap the component in [`React.forwardRef`](https://react.dev/reference/react/forwardRef): import Link from 'next/link' // `onClick`, `href`, and `ref` need to be passed to the DOM element // for proper handling const MyButton = React.forwardRef(({ onClick, href }, ref) => { return ( <a href={href} onClick={onClick} ref={ref}> Click Me </a> ) }) function Home() { return ( <Link href="/about" passHref legacyBehavior> <MyButton /> </Link> ) } export default Home ### [With URL Object](#with-url-object) `Link` can also receive a URL object and it will automatically format it to create the URL string. Here's how to do it: import Link from 'next/link' function Home() { return ( <ul> <li> <Link href={{ pathname: '/about', query: { name: 'test' }, }} > About us </Link> </li> <li> <Link href={{ pathname: '/blog/[slug]', query: { slug: 'my-post' }, }} > Blog Post </Link> </li> </ul> ) } export default Home The above example has a link to: * A predefined route: `/about?name=test` * A [dynamic route](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes): `/blog/my-post` You can use every property as defined in the [Node.js URL module documentation](https://nodejs.org/api/url.html#url_url_strings_and_url_objects). ### [Replace the URL instead of push](#replace-the-url-instead-of-push) The default behavior of the `Link` component is to `push` a new URL into the `history` stack. You can use the `replace` prop to prevent adding a new entry, as in the following example: <Link href="/about" replace> About us </Link> ### [Disable scrolling to the top of the page](#disable-scrolling-to-the-top-of-the-page) The default behavior of `Link` is to scroll to the top of the page. When there is a hash defined it will scroll to the specific id, like a normal `<a>` tag. To prevent scrolling to the top / hash `scroll={false}` can be added to `Link`: <Link href="/#hashid" scroll={false}> Disables scrolling to the top </Link> ### [Middleware](#middleware) It's common to use [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) for authentication or other purposes that involve rewriting the user to a different page. In order for the `<Link />` component to properly prefetch links with rewrites via Middleware, you need to tell Next.js both the URL to display and the URL to prefetch. This is required to avoid un-necessary fetches to middleware to know the correct route to prefetch. For example, if you want to serve a `/dashboard` route that has authenticated and visitor views, you may add something similar to the following in your Middleware to redirect the user to the correct page: middleware.js export function middleware(req) { const nextUrl = req.nextUrl if (nextUrl.pathname === '/dashboard') { if (req.cookies.authToken) { return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/auth/dashboard', req.url)) } else { return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/public/dashboard', req.url)) } } } In this case, you would want to use the following code in your `<Link />` component: import Link from 'next/link' import useIsAuthed from './hooks/useIsAuthed' export default function Page() { const isAuthed = useIsAuthed() const path = isAuthed ? '/auth/dashboard' : '/public/dashboard' return ( <Link as="/dashboard" href={path}> Dashboard </Link> ) } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` No longer requires a child `<a>` tag. A [codemod](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods#remove-a-tags-from-link-components) is provided to automatically update your codebase. `v10.0.0` `href` props pointing to a dynamic route are automatically resolved and no longer require an `as` prop. `v8.0.0` Improved prefetching performance. `v1.0.0` `next/link` introduced. [Previous <Image> ](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) [Next <Script> ](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Using <video> and <iframe>](#using-video-and-iframe) * [<video>](#video) * [Common <video> tag attributes](#common-video-tag-attributes) * [Video best practices](#video-best-practices) * [<iframe>](#iframe) * [Common <iframe> tag attributes](#common-iframe-tag-attributes) * [Choosing a video embedding method](#choosing-a-video-embedding-method) * [Embedding externally hosted videos](#embedding-externally-hosted-videos) * [Self-hosted videos](#self-hosted-videos) * [Using Vercel Blob for video hosting](#using-vercel-blob-for-video-hosting) * [Adding subtitles to your video](#adding-subtitles-to-your-video) * [Resources](#resources) * [Open source next-video component](#open-source-next-video-component) * [Cloudinary Integration](#cloudinary-integration) * [Mux Video API](#mux-video-api) * [Fastly](#fastly) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/02-videos.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Videos Video Optimization ================== This page outlines how to use videos with Next.js applications, showing how to store and display video files without affecting performance. [Using `<video>` and `<iframe>`](#using-video-and-iframe) --------------------------------------------------------- Videos can be embedded on the page using the HTML **`<video>`** tag for direct video files and **`<iframe>`** for external platform-hosted videos. ### [`<video>`](#video) The HTML [`<video>`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/video) tag can embed self-hosted or directly served video content, allowing full control over the playback and appearance. app/ui/video.jsx export function Video() { return ( <video width="320" height="240" controls preload="none"> <source src="/path/to/video.mp4" type="video/mp4" /> <track src="/path/to/captions.vtt" kind="subtitles" srcLang="en" label="English" /> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> ) } ### [Common `<video>` tag attributes](#common-video-tag-attributes) Attribute Description Example Value `src` Specifies the source of the video file. `<video src="/path/to/video.mp4" />` `width` Sets the width of the video player. `<video width="320" />` `height` Sets the height of the video player. `<video height="240" />` `controls` If present, it displays the default set of playback controls. `<video controls />` `autoPlay` Automatically starts playing the video when the page loads. Note: Autoplay policies vary across browsers. `<video autoPlay />` `loop` Loops the video playback. `<video loop />` `muted` Mutes the audio by default. Often used with `autoPlay`. `<video muted />` `preload` Specifies how the video is preloaded. Values: `none`, `metadata`, `auto`. `<video preload="none" />` `playsInline` Enables inline playback on iOS devices, often necessary for autoplay to work on iOS Safari. `<video playsInline />` > **Good to know**: When using the `autoPlay` attribute, it is important to also include the `muted` attribute to ensure the video plays automatically in most browsers and the `playsInline` attribute for compatibility with iOS devices. For a comprehensive list of video attributes, refer to the [MDN documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/video#attributes). ### [Video best practices](#video-best-practices) * **Fallback Content:** When using the `<video>` tag, include fallback content inside the tag for browsers that do not support video playback. * **Subtitles or Captions:** Include subtitles or captions for users who are deaf or hard of hearing. Utilize the [`<track>`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/track) tag with your `<video>` elements to specify caption file sources. * **Accessible Controls:** Standard HTML5 video controls are recommended for keyboard navigation and screen reader compatibility. For advanced needs, consider third-party players like [react-player](https://github.com/cookpete/react-player) or [video.js](https://videojs.com/), which offer accessible controls and consistent browser experience. ### [`<iframe>`](#iframe) The HTML `<iframe>` tag allows you to embed videos from external platforms like YouTube or Vimeo. app/page.jsx export default function Page() { return ( <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfU1iZnjRZM" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen /> ) } ### [Common `<iframe>` tag attributes](#common-iframe-tag-attributes) Attribute Description Example Value `src` The URL of the page to embed. `<iframe src="https://example.com" />` `width` Sets the width of the iframe. `<iframe width="500" />` `height` Sets the height of the iframe. `<iframe height="300" />` `frameborder` Specifies whether or not to display a border around the iframe. `<iframe frameborder="0" />` `allowfullscreen` Allows the iframe content to be displayed in full-screen mode. `<iframe allowfullscreen />` `sandbox` Enables an extra set of restrictions on the content within the iframe. `<iframe sandbox />` `loading` Optimize loading behavior (e.g., lazy loading). `<iframe loading="lazy" />` `title` Provides a title for the iframe to support accessibility. `<iframe title="Description" />` For a comprehensive list of iframe attributes, refer to the [MDN documentation](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/iframe#attributes). ### [Choosing a video embedding method](#choosing-a-video-embedding-method) There are two ways you can embed videos in your Next.js application: * **Self-hosted or direct video files:** Embed self-hosted videos using the `<video>` tag for scenarios requiring detailed control over the player's functionality and appearance. This integration method within Next.js allows for customization and control of your video content. * **Using video hosting services (YouTube, Vimeo, etc.):** For video hosting services like YouTube or Vimeo, you'll embed their iframe-based players using the `<iframe>` tag. While this method limits some control over the player, it offers ease of use and features provided by these platforms. Choose the embedding method that aligns with your application's requirements and the user experience you aim to deliver. ### [Embedding externally hosted videos](#embedding-externally-hosted-videos) To embed videos from external platforms, you can use Next.js to fetch the video information and React Suspense to handle the fallback state while loading. **1\. Create a Server Component for video embedding** The first step is to create a [Server Component](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) that generates the appropriate iframe for embedding the video. This component will fetch the source URL for the video and render the iframe. app/ui/video-component.jsx export default async function VideoComponent() { const src = await getVideoSrc() return <iframe src={src} frameborder="0" allowfullscreen /> } **2\. Stream the video component using React Suspense** After creating the Server Component to embed the video, the next step is to [stream](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) the component using [React Suspense](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense). app/page.jsx import { Suspense } from 'react' import VideoComponent from '../ui/VideoComponent.jsx' export default function Page() { return ( <section> <Suspense fallback={<p>Loading video...</p>}> <VideoComponent /> </Suspense> {/* Other content of the page */} </section> ) } > **Good to know**: When embedding videos from external platforms, consider the following best practices: > > * Ensure the video embeds are responsive. Use CSS to make the iframe or video player adapt to different screen sizes. > * Implement [strategies for loading videos](https://yoast.com/site-speed-tips-for-faster-video/) based on network conditions, especially for users with limited data plans. This approach results in a better user experience as it prevents the page from blocking, meaning the user can interact with the page while the video component streams in. For a more engaging and informative loading experience, consider using a loading skeleton as the fallback UI. So instead of showing a simple loading message, you can show a skeleton that resembles the video player like this: app/page.jsx import { Suspense } from 'react' import VideoComponent from '../ui/VideoComponent.jsx' import VideoSkeleton from '../ui/VideoSkeleton.jsx' export default function Page() { return ( <section> <Suspense fallback={<VideoSkeleton />}> <VideoComponent /> </Suspense> {/* Other content of the page */} </section> ) } [Self-hosted videos](#self-hosted-videos) ----------------------------------------- Self-hosting videos may be preferable for several reasons: * **Complete control and independence**: Self-hosting gives you direct management over your video content, from playback to appearance, ensuring full ownership and control, free from external platform constraints. * **Customization for specific needs**: Ideal for unique requirements, like dynamic background videos, it allows for tailored customization to align with design and functional needs. * **Performance and scalability considerations**: Choose storage solutions that are both high-performing and scalable, to support increasing traffic and content size effectively. * **Cost and integration**: Balance the costs of storage and bandwidth with the need for easy integration into your Next.js framework and broader tech ecosystem. ### [Using Vercel Blob for video hosting](#using-vercel-blob-for-video-hosting) [Vercel Blob](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-blob?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) offers an efficient way to host videos, providing a scalable cloud storage solution that works well with Next.js. Here's how you can host a video using Vercel Blob: **1\. Uploading a video to Vercel Blob** In your Vercel dashboard, navigate to the "Storage" tab and select your [Vercel Blob](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-blob?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) store. In the Blob table's upper-right corner, find and click the "Upload" button. Then, choose the video file you wish to upload. After the upload completes, the video file will appear in the Blob table. Alternatively, you can upload your video using a server action. For detailed instructions, refer to the Vercel documentation on [server-side uploads](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-blob/server-upload). Vercel also supports [client-side uploads](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-blob/client-upload). This method may be preferable for certain use cases. **2\. Displaying the video in Next.js** Once the video is uploaded and stored, you can display it in your Next.js application. Here's an example of how to do this using the `<video>` tag and React Suspense: app/page.jsx import { Suspense } from 'react' import { list } from '@vercel/blob' export default function Page() { return ( <Suspense fallback={<p>Loading video...</p>}> <VideoComponent fileName="my-video.mp4" /> </Suspense> ) } async function VideoComponent({ fileName }) { const { blobs } = await list({ prefix: fileName, limit: 1, }) const { url } = blobs[0] return ( <video controls preload="none" aria-label="Video player"> <source src={url} type="video/mp4" /> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> ) } In this approach, the page uses the video's `@vercel/blob` URL to display the video using the `VideoComponent`. React Suspense is used to show a fallback until the video URL is fetched and the video is ready to be displayed. ### [Adding subtitles to your video](#adding-subtitles-to-your-video) If you have subtitles for your video, you can easily add them using the `<track>` element inside your `<video>` tag. You can fetch the subtitle file from [Vercel Blob](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-blob?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) in a similar way as the video file. Here's how you can update the `<VideoComponent>` to include subtitles. app/page.jsx async function VideoComponent({ fileName }) { const {blobs} = await list({ prefix: fileName, limit: 2 }); const { url } = blobs[0]; const { url: captionsUrl } = blobs[1]; return ( <video controls preload="none" aria-label="Video player"> <source src={url} type="video/mp4" /> <track src={captionsUrl} kind="subtitles" srcLang="en" label="English"> Your browser does not support the video tag. </video> ); }; By following this approach, you can effectively self-host and integrate videos into your Next.js applications. [Resources](#resources) ----------------------- To continue learning more about video optimization and best practices, please refer to the following resources: * **Understanding video formats and codecs**: Choose the right format and codec, like MP4 for compatibility or WebM for web optimization, for your video needs. For more details, see [Mozilla's guide on video codecs](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Video_codecs). * **Video compression**: Use tools like FFmpeg to effectively compress videos, balancing quality with file size. Learn about compression techniques at [FFmpeg's official website](https://www.ffmpeg.org/). * **Resolution and bitrate adjustment**: Adjust [resolution and bitrate](https://www.dacast.com/blog/bitrate-vs-resolution/#:~:text=The%20two%20measure%20different%20aspects,yield%20different%20qualities%20of%20video) based on the viewing platform, with lower settings for mobile devices. * **Content Delivery Networks (CDNs)**: Utilize a CDN to enhance video delivery speed and manage high traffic. When using some storage solutions, such as Vercel Blob, CDN functionality is automatically handled for you. [Learn more](https://vercel.com/docs/edge-network/overview?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) about CDNs and their benefits. Explore these video streaming platforms for integrating video into your Next.js projects: ### [Open source `next-video` component](#open-source-next-video-component) * Provides a `<Video>` component for Next.js, compatible with various hosting services including [Vercel Blob](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-blob?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website), S3, Backblaze, and Mux. * [Detailed documentation](https://next-video.dev/docs) for using `next-video.dev` with different hosting services. ### [Cloudinary Integration](#cloudinary-integration) * Official [documentation and integration guide](https://next.cloudinary.dev/) for using Cloudinary with Next.js. * Includes a `<CldVideoPlayer>` component for [drop-in video support](https://next.cloudinary.dev/cldvideoplayer/basic-usage). * Find [examples](https://github.com/cloudinary-community/cloudinary-examples/?tab=readme-ov-file#nextjs) of integrating Cloudinary with Next.js including [Adaptive Bitrate Streaming](https://github.com/cloudinary-community/cloudinary-examples/tree/main/examples/nextjs-cldvideoplayer-abr). * Other [Cloudinary libraries](https://cloudinary.com/documentation) including a Node.js SDK are also available. ### [Mux Video API](#mux-video-api) * Mux provides a [starter template](https://github.com/muxinc/video-course-starter-kit) for creating a video course with Mux and Next.js. * Learn about Mux's recommendations for embedding [high-performance video for your Next.js application](https://www.mux.com/for/nextjs). * Explore an [example project](https://with-mux-video.vercel.app/) demonstrating Mux with Next.js. ### [Fastly](#fastly) * Learn more about integrating Fastly's solutions for [video on demand](https://www.fastly.com/products/streaming-media/video-on-demand) and streaming media into Next.js. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Example](#example) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/permanentRedirect.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)permanentRedirect permanentRedirect ================= The `permanentRedirect` function allows you to redirect the user to another URL. `permanentRedirect` can be used in Server Components, Client Components, [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers), and [Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations). When used in a streaming context, this will insert a meta tag to emit the redirect on the client side. When used in a server action, it will serve a 303 HTTP redirect response to the caller. Otherwise, it will serve a 308 (Permanent) HTTP redirect response to the caller. If a resource doesn't exist, you can use the [`notFound` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) instead. > **Good to know**: If you prefer to return a 307 (Temporary) HTTP redirect instead of 308 (Permanent), you can use the [`redirect` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) instead. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- The `permanentRedirect` function accepts two arguments: permanentRedirect(path, type) Parameter Type Description `path` `string` The URL to redirect to. Can be a relative or absolute path. `type` `'replace'` (default) or `'push'` (default in Server Actions) The type of redirect to perform. By default, `permanentRedirect` will use `push` (adding a new entry to the browser history stack) in [Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) and `replace` (replacing the current URL in the browser history stack) everywhere else. You can override this behavior by specifying the `type` parameter. The `type` parameter has no effect when used in Server Components. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `permanentRedirect` does not return any value. [Example](#example) ------------------- Invoking the `permanentRedirect()` function throws a `NEXT_REDIRECT` error and terminates rendering of the route segment in which it was thrown. app/team/\[id\]/page.js import { permanentRedirect } from 'next/navigation' async function fetchTeam(id) { const res = await fetch('https://...') if (!res.ok) return undefined return res.json() } export default async function Profile({ params }) { const team = await fetchTeam(params.id) if (!team) { permanentRedirect('/login') } // ... } > **Good to know**: `permanentRedirect` does not require you to use `return permanentRedirect()` as it uses the TypeScript [`never`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/functions.html#never) type. Next Steps ---------- [ App Router ... Functions ### redirect API Reference for the redirect function. ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) [Previous notFound ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) [Next redirect ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Props](#props) * [Required Props](#required-props) * [src](#src) * [Optional Props](#optional-props) * [strategy](#strategy) * [beforeInteractive](#beforeinteractive) * [afterInteractive](#afterinteractive) * [lazyOnload](#lazyonload) * [worker](#worker) * [onLoad](#onload) * [onReady](#onready) * [onError](#onerror) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/01-components/script.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components)<Script> <Script> ======== This API reference will help you understand how to use [props](#props) available for the Script Component. For features and usage, please see the [Optimizing Scripts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) page. app/dashboard/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function Dashboard() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" /> </> ) } [Props](#props) --------------- Here's a summary of the props available for the Script Component: Prop Example Type Required [`src`](#src) `src="http://example.com/script"` String Required unless inline script is used [`strategy`](#strategy) `strategy="lazyOnload"` String \- [`onLoad`](#onload) `onLoad={onLoadFunc}` Function \- [`onReady`](#onready) `onReady={onReadyFunc}` Function \- [`onError`](#onerror) `onError={onErrorFunc}` Function \- [Required Props](#required-props) --------------------------------- The `<Script />` component requires the following properties. ### [`src`](#src) A path string specifying the URL of an external script. This can be either an absolute external URL or an internal path. The `src` property is required unless an inline script is used. [Optional Props](#optional-props) --------------------------------- The `<Script />` component accepts a number of additional properties beyond those which are required. ### [`strategy`](#strategy) The loading strategy of the script. There are four different strategies that can be used: * `beforeInteractive`: Load before any Next.js code and before any page hydration occurs. * `afterInteractive`: (**default**) Load early but after some hydration on the page occurs. * `lazyOnload`: Load during browser idle time. * `worker`: (experimental) Load in a web worker. ### [`beforeInteractive`](#beforeinteractive) Scripts that load with the `beforeInteractive` strategy are injected into the initial HTML from the server, downloaded before any Next.js module, and executed in the order they are placed before _any_ hydration occurs on the page. Scripts denoted with this strategy are preloaded and fetched before any first-party code, but their execution does not block page hydration from occurring. `beforeInteractive` scripts must be placed inside the root layout (`app/layout.tsx`) and are designed to load scripts that are needed by the entire site (i.e. the script will load when any page in the application has been loaded server-side). **This strategy should only be used for critical scripts that need to be fetched before any part of the page becomes interactive.** app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en"> <body> {children} <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" strategy="beforeInteractive" /> </body> </html> ) } > **Good to know**: Scripts with `beforeInteractive` will always be injected inside the `head` of the HTML document regardless of where it's placed in the component. Some examples of scripts that should be loaded as soon as possible with `beforeInteractive` include: * Bot detectors * Cookie consent managers ### [`afterInteractive`](#afterinteractive) Scripts that use the `afterInteractive` strategy are injected into the HTML client-side and will load after some (or all) hydration occurs on the page. **This is the default strategy** of the Script component and should be used for any script that needs to load as soon as possible but not before any first-party Next.js code. `afterInteractive` scripts can be placed inside of any page or layout and will only load and execute when that page (or group of pages) is opened in the browser. app/page.js import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" strategy="afterInteractive" /> </> ) } Some examples of scripts that are good candidates for `afterInteractive` include: * Tag managers * Analytics ### [`lazyOnload`](#lazyonload) Scripts that use the `lazyOnload` strategy are injected into the HTML client-side during browser idle time and will load after all resources on the page have been fetched. This strategy should be used for any background or low priority scripts that do not need to load early. `lazyOnload` scripts can be placed inside of any page or layout and will only load and execute when that page (or group of pages) is opened in the browser. app/page.js import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" strategy="lazyOnload" /> </> ) } Examples of scripts that do not need to load immediately and can be fetched with `lazyOnload` include: * Chat support plugins * Social media widgets ### [`worker`](#worker) > **Warning:** The `worker` strategy is not yet stable and does not yet work with the [`app`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) directory. Use with caution. Scripts that use the `worker` strategy are off-loaded to a web worker in order to free up the main thread and ensure that only critical, first-party resources are processed on it. While this strategy can be used for any script, it is an advanced use case that is not guaranteed to support all third-party scripts. To use `worker` as a strategy, the `nextScriptWorkers` flag must be enabled in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { nextScriptWorkers: true, }, } `worker` scripts can **only currently be used in the `pages/` directory**: pages/home.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function Home() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" strategy="worker" /> </> ) } ### [`onLoad`](#onload) > **Warning:** `onLoad` does not yet work with Server Components and can only be used in Client Components. Further, `onLoad` can't be used with `beforeInteractive` – consider using `onReady` instead. Some third-party scripts require users to run JavaScript code once after the script has finished loading in order to instantiate content or call a function. If you are loading a script with either afterInteractive or lazyOnload as a loading strategy, you can execute code after it has loaded using the onLoad property. Here's an example of executing a lodash method only after the library has been loaded. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lodash.js/4.17.20/lodash.min.js" onLoad={() => { console.log(_.sample([1, 2, 3, 4])) }} /> </> ) } ### [`onReady`](#onready) > **Warning:** `onReady` does not yet work with Server Components and can only be used in Client Components. Some third-party scripts require users to run JavaScript code after the script has finished loading and every time the component is mounted (after a route navigation for example). You can execute code after the script's load event when it first loads and then after every subsequent component re-mount using the onReady property. Here's an example of how to re-instantiate a Google Maps JS embed every time the component is mounted: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useRef } from 'react' import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { const mapRef = useRef() return ( <> <div ref={mapRef}></div> <Script id="google-maps" src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js" onReady={() => { new google.maps.Map(mapRef.current, { center: { lat: -34.397, lng: 150.644 }, zoom: 8, }) }} /> </> ) } ### [`onError`](#onerror) > **Warning:** `onError` does not yet work with Server Components and can only be used in Client Components. `onError` cannot be used with the `beforeInteractive` loading strategy. Sometimes it is helpful to catch when a script fails to load. These errors can be handled with the onError property: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" onError={(e: Error) => { console.error('Script failed to load', e) }} /> </> ) } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `beforeInteractive` and `afterInteractive` is modified to support `app`. `v12.2.4` `onReady` prop added. `v12.2.2` Allow `next/script` with `beforeInteractive` to be placed in `_document`. `v11.0.0` `next/script` introduced. [Previous <Link> ](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) [Next File Conventions ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Safe colocation by default](#safe-colocation-by-default) * [Project organization features](#project-organization-features) * [Private Folders](#private-folders) * [Route Groups](#route-groups) * [src Directory](#src-directory) * [Module Path Aliases](#module-path-aliases) * [Project organization strategies](#project-organization-strategies) * [Store project files outside of app](#store-project-files-outside-of-app) * [Store project files in top-level folders inside of app](#store-project-files-in-top-level-folders-inside-of-app) * [Split project files by feature or route](#split-project-files-by-feature-or-route) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/08-colocation.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing)Project Organization Project Organization and File Colocation ======================================== Apart from [routing folder and file conventions](/docs/getting-started/project-structure#app-routing-conventions), Next.js is **unopinionated** about how you organize and colocate your project files. This page shares default behavior and features you can use to organize your project. * [Safe colocation by default](#safe-colocation-by-default) * [Project organization features](#project-organization-features) * [Project organization strategies](#project-organization-strategies) [Safe colocation by default](#safe-colocation-by-default) --------------------------------------------------------- In the `app` directory, [nested folder hierarchy](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing#route-segments) defines route structure. Each folder represents a route segment that is mapped to a corresponding segment in a URL path. However, even though route structure is defined through folders, a route is **not publicly accessible** until a `page.js` or `route.js` file is added to a route segment.  And, even when a route is made publicly accessible, only the **content returned** by `page.js` or `route.js` is sent to the client.  This means that **project files** can be **safely colocated** inside route segments in the `app` directory without accidentally being routable.  > **Good to know**: > > * This is different from the `pages` directory, where any file in `pages` is considered a route. > * While you **can** colocate your project files in `app` you don't **have** to. If you prefer, you can [keep them outside the `app` directory](#store-project-files-outside-of-app). [Project organization features](#project-organization-features) --------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js provides several features to help you organize your project. ### [Private Folders](#private-folders) Private folders can be created by prefixing a folder with an underscore: `_folderName` This indicates the folder is a private implementation detail and should not be considered by the routing system, thereby **opting the folder and all its subfolders** out of routing.  Since files in the `app` directory can be [safely colocated by default](#safe-colocation-by-default), private folders are not required for colocation. However, they can be useful for: * Separating UI logic from routing logic. * Consistently organizing internal files across a project and the Next.js ecosystem. * Sorting and grouping files in code editors. * Avoiding potential naming conflicts with future Next.js file conventions. > **Good to know** > > * While not a framework convention, you might also consider marking files outside private folders as "private" using the same underscore pattern. > * You can create URL segments that start with an underscore by prefixing the folder name with `%5F` (the URL-encoded form of an underscore): `%5FfolderName`. > * If you don't use private folders, it would be helpful to know Next.js [special file conventions](/docs/getting-started/project-structure#routing-files) to prevent unexpected naming conflicts. ### [Route Groups](#route-groups) Route groups can be created by wrapping a folder in parenthesis: `(folderName)` This indicates the folder is for organizational purposes and should **not be included** in the route's URL path.  Route groups are useful for: * [Organizing routes into groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups#organize-routes-without-affecting-the-url-path) e.g. by site section, intent, or team. * Enabling nested layouts in the same route segment level: * [Creating multiple nested layouts in the same segment, including multiple root layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups#creating-multiple-root-layouts) * [Adding a layout to a subset of routes in a common segment](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups#opting-specific-segments-into-a-layout) ### [`src` Directory](#src-directory) Next.js supports storing application code (including `app`) inside an optional [`src` directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory). This separates application code from project configuration files which mostly live in the root of a project.  ### [Module Path Aliases](#module-path-aliases) Next.js supports [Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) which make it easier to read and maintain imports across deeply nested project files. app/dashboard/settings/analytics/page.js // before import { Button } from '../../../components/button' // after import { Button } from '@/components/button' [Project organization strategies](#project-organization-strategies) ------------------------------------------------------------------- There is no "right" or "wrong" way when it comes to organizing your own files and folders in a Next.js project. The following section lists a very high-level overview of common strategies. The simplest takeaway is to choose a strategy that works for you and your team and be consistent across the project. > **Good to know**: In our examples below, we're using `components` and `lib` folders as generalized placeholders, their naming has no special framework significance and your projects might use other folders like `ui`, `utils`, `hooks`, `styles`, etc. ### [Store project files outside of `app`](#store-project-files-outside-of-app) This strategy stores all application code in shared folders in the **root of your project** and keeps the `app` directory purely for routing purposes.  ### [Store project files in top-level folders inside of `app`](#store-project-files-in-top-level-folders-inside-of-app) This strategy stores all application code in shared folders in the **root of the `app` directory**.  ### [Split project files by feature or route](#split-project-files-by-feature-or-route) This strategy stores globally shared application code in the root `app` directory and **splits** more specific application code into the route segments that use them.  Next Steps ---------- [ App Router ... Routing ### Defining Routes Learn how to create your first route in Next.js. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes)[ App Router ... Routing ### Route Groups Route Groups can be used to partition your Next.js application into different sections. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups)[ App Router ... Configuring ### src Directory Save pages under the \`src\` directory as an alternative to the root \`pages\` directory. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory)[ App Router ... Configuring ### Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases Configure module path aliases that allow you to remap certain import paths. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) [Previous Route Groups ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) [Next Dynamic Routes ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Slots](#slots) * [Active state and navigation](#active-state-and-navigation) * [default.js](#defaultjs) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment(s)](#useselectedlayoutsegments) * [Examples](#examples) * [Conditional Routes](#conditional-routes) * [Tab Groups](#tab-groups) * [Modals](#modals) * [Opening the modal](#opening-the-modal) * [Closing the modal](#closing-the-modal) * [Loading and Error UI](#loading-and-error-ui) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/10-parallel-routes.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing)Parallel Routes Parallel Routes =============== Parallel Routes allows you to simultaneously or conditionally render one or more pages within the same layout. They are useful for highly dynamic sections of an app, such as dashboards and feeds on social sites. For example, considering a dashboard, you can use parallel routes to simultaneously render the `team` and `analytics` pages:  [Slots](#slots) --------------- Parallel routes are created using named **slots**. Slots are defined with the `@folder` convention. For example, the following file structure defines two slots: `@analytics` and `@team`:  Slots are passed as props to the shared parent layout. For the example above, the component in `app/layout.js` now accepts the `@analytics` and `@team` slots props, and can render them in parallel alongside the `children` prop: app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Layout({ children, team, analytics, }: { children: React.ReactNode analytics: React.ReactNode team: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <> {children} {team} {analytics} </> ) } However, slots are **not** [route segments](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing#route-segments) and do not affect the URL structure. For example, for `/@analytics/views`, the URL will be `/views` since `@analytics` is a slot. > **Good to know**: > > * The `children` prop is an implicit slot that does not need to be mapped to a folder. This means `app/page.js` is equivalent to `app/@children/page.js`. [Active state and navigation](#active-state-and-navigation) ----------------------------------------------------------- By default, Next.js keeps track of the active _state_ (or subpage) for each slot. However, the content rendered within a slot will depend on the type of navigation: * [**Soft Navigation**](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#5-soft-navigation): During client-side navigation, Next.js will perform a [partial render](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#4-partial-rendering), changing the subpage within the slot, while maintaining the other slot's active subpages, even if they don't match the current URL. * **Hard Navigation**: After a full-page load (browser refresh), Next.js cannot determine the active state for the slots that don't match the current URL. Instead, it will render a [`default.js`](#defaultjs) file for the unmatched slots, or `404` if `default.js` doesn't exist. > **Good to know**: > > * The `404` for unmatched routes helps ensure that you don't accidentally render a parallel route on a page that it was not intended for. ### [`default.js`](#defaultjs) You can define a `default.js` file to render as a fallback for unmatched slots during the initial load or full-page reload. Consider the following folder structure. The `@team` slot has a `/settings` page, but `@analytics` does not.  When navigating to `/settings`, the `@team` slot will render the `/settings` page while maintaining the currently active page for the `@analytics` slot. On refresh, Next.js will render a `default.js` for `@analytics`. If `default.js` doesn't exist, a `404` is rendered instead. Additionally, since `children` is an implicit slot, you also need to create a `default.js` file to render a fallback for `children` when Next.js cannot recover the active state of the parent page. ### [`useSelectedLayoutSegment(s)`](#useselectedlayoutsegments) Both [`useSelectedLayoutSegment`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) and [`useSelectedLayoutSegments`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) accept a `parallelRoutesKey` parameter, which allows you to read the active route segment within a slot. app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useSelectedLayoutSegment } from 'next/navigation' export default function Layout({ auth }: { auth: React.ReactNode }) { const loginSegment = useSelectedLayoutSegment('auth') // ... } When a user navigates to `app/@auth/login` (or `/login` in the URL bar), `loginSegment` will be equal to the string `"login"`. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Conditional Routes](#conditional-routes) You can use Parallel Routes to conditionally render routes based on certain conditions, such as user role. For example, to render a different dashboard page for the `/admin` or `/user` roles:  app/dashboard/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { checkUserRole } from '@/lib/auth' export default function Layout({ user, admin, }: { user: React.ReactNode admin: React.ReactNode }) { const role = checkUserRole() return <>{role === 'admin' ? admin : user}</> } ### [Tab Groups](#tab-groups) You can add a `layout` inside a slot to allow users to navigate the slot independently. This is useful for creating tabs. For example, the `@analytics` slot has two subpages: `/page-views` and `/visitors`.  Within `@analytics`, create a [`layout`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) file to share the tabs between the two pages: app/@analytics/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <> <nav> <Link href="/page-views">Page Views</Link> <Link href="/visitors">Visitors</Link> </nav> <div>{children}</div> </> ) } ### [Modals](#modals) Parallel Routes can be used together with [Intercepting Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/intercepting-routes) to create modals. This allows you to solve common challenges when building modals, such as: * Making the modal content **shareable through a URL**. * **Preserving context** when the page is refreshed, instead of closing the modal. * **Closing the modal on backwards navigation** rather than going to the previous route. * **Reopening the modal on forwards navigation**. Consider the following UI pattern, where a user can open a login modal from a layout using client-side navigation, or access a separate `/login` page:  To implement this pattern, start by creating a `/login` route that renders your **main** login page.  app/login/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Login } from '@/app/ui/login' export default function Page() { return <Login /> } Then, inside the `@auth` slot, add [`default.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) file that returns `null`. This ensures that the modal is not rendered when it's not active. app/@auth/default.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Default() { return null } Inside your `@auth` slot, intercept the `/login` route by updating the `/(.)login` folder. Import the `<Modal>` component and its children into the `/(.)login/page.tsx` file: app/@auth/(.)login/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Modal } from '@/app/ui/modal' import { Login } from '@/app/ui/login' export default function Page() { return ( <Modal> <Login /> </Modal> ) } > **Good to know:** > > * The convention used to intercept the route, e.g. `(.)`, depends on your file-system structure. See [Intercepting Routes convention](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/intercepting-routes#convention). > * By separating the `<Modal>` functionality from the modal content (`<Login>`), you can ensure any content inside the modal, e.g. [forms](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations#forms), are Server Components. See [Interleaving Client and Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/composition-patterns#supported-pattern-passing-server-components-to-client-components-as-props) for more information. #### [Opening the modal](#opening-the-modal) Now, you can leverage the Next.js router to open and close the modal. This ensures the URL is correctly updated when the modal is open, and when navigating backwards and forwards. To open the modal, pass the `@auth` slot as a prop to the parent layout and render it alongside the `children` prop. app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Layout({ auth, children, }: { auth: React.ReactNode children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <> <nav> <Link href="/login">Open modal</Link> </nav> <div>{auth}</div> <div>{children}</div> </> ) } When the user clicks the `<Link>`, the modal will open instead of navigating to the `/login` page. However, on refresh or initial load, navigating to `/login` will take the user to the main login page. #### [Closing the modal](#closing-the-modal) You can close the modal by calling `router.back()` or by using the `Link` component. app/ui/modal.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useRouter } from 'next/navigation' export function Modal({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { const router = useRouter() return ( <> <button onClick={() => { router.back() }} > Close modal </button> <div>{children}</div> </> ) } When using the `Link` component to navigate away from a page that shouldn't render the `@auth` slot anymore, we use a catch-all route that returns `null`. app/ui/modal.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export function Modal({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <> <Link href="/">Close modal</Link> <div>{children}</div> </> ) } app/@auth/\[...catchAll\]/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function CatchAll() { return null } > **Good to know:** > > * We use a catch-all route in our `@auth` slot to close the modal because of the behavior described in [Active state and navigation](#active-state-and-navigation). Since client-side navigations to a route that no longer match the slot will remain visible, we need to match the slot to a route that returns `null` to close the modal. > * Other examples could include opening a photo modal in a gallery while also having a dedicated `/photo/[id]` page, or opening a shopping cart in a side modal. > * [View an example](https://github.com/vercel-labs/nextgram) of modals with Intercepted and Parallel Routes. ### [Loading and Error UI](#loading-and-error-ui) Parallel Routes can be streamed independently, allowing you to define independent error and loading states for each route:  See the [Loading UI](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) and [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) documentation for more information. Next Steps ---------- [ App Router ... File Conventions ### default.js API Reference for the default.js file. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) [Previous Dynamic Routes ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) [Next Intercepting Routes ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/intercepting-routes) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Convention](#convention) * [Example](#example) * [Generating Static Params](#generating-static-params) * [Catch-all Segments](#catch-all-segments) * [Optional Catch-all Segments](#optional-catch-all-segments) * [TypeScript](#typescript) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/09-dynamic-routes.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing)Dynamic Routes Dynamic Routes ============== When you don't know the exact segment names ahead of time and want to create routes from dynamic data, you can use Dynamic Segments that are filled in at request time or [prerendered](#generating-static-params) at build time. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- A Dynamic Segment can be created by wrapping a folder's name in square brackets: `[folderName]`. For example, `[id]` or `[slug]`. Dynamic Segments are passed as the `params` prop to [`layout`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout), [`page`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), [`route`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers), and [`generateMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata#generatemetadata-function) functions. [Example](#example) ------------------- For example, a blog could include the following route `app/blog/[slug]/page.js` where `[slug]` is the Dynamic Segment for blog posts. app/blog/\[slug\]/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Page({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) { return <div>My Post: {params.slug}</div> } Route Example URL `params` `app/blog/[slug]/page.js` `/blog/a` `{ slug: 'a' }` `app/blog/[slug]/page.js` `/blog/b` `{ slug: 'b' }` `app/blog/[slug]/page.js` `/blog/c` `{ slug: 'c' }` See the [generateStaticParams()](#generating-static-params) page to learn how to generate the params for the segment. > **Good to know**: Dynamic Segments are equivalent to [Dynamic Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) in the `pages` directory. [Generating Static Params](#generating-static-params) ----------------------------------------------------- The `generateStaticParams` function can be used in combination with [dynamic route segments](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) to [**statically generate**](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default) routes at build time instead of on-demand at request time. app/blog/\[slug\]/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function generateStaticParams() { const posts = await fetch('https://.../posts').then((res) => res.json()) return posts.map((post) => ({ slug: post.slug, })) } The primary benefit of the `generateStaticParams` function is its smart retrieval of data. If content is fetched within the `generateStaticParams` function using a `fetch` request, the requests are [automatically memoized](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#request-memoization). This means a `fetch` request with the same arguments across multiple `generateStaticParams`, Layouts, and Pages will only be made once, which decreases build times. Use the [migration guide](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration#dynamic-paths-getstaticpaths) if you are migrating from the `pages` directory. See [`generateStaticParams` server function documentation](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) for more information and advanced use cases. [Catch-all Segments](#catch-all-segments) ----------------------------------------- Dynamic Segments can be extended to **catch-all** subsequent segments by adding an ellipsis inside the brackets `[...folderName]`. For example, `app/shop/[...slug]/page.js` will match `/shop/clothes`, but also `/shop/clothes/tops`, `/shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts`, and so on. Route Example URL `params` `app/shop/[...slug]/page.js` `/shop/a` `{ slug: ['a'] }` `app/shop/[...slug]/page.js` `/shop/a/b` `{ slug: ['a', 'b'] }` `app/shop/[...slug]/page.js` `/shop/a/b/c` `{ slug: ['a', 'b', 'c'] }` [Optional Catch-all Segments](#optional-catch-all-segments) ----------------------------------------------------------- Catch-all Segments can be made **optional** by including the parameter in double square brackets: `[[...folderName]]`. For example, `app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.js` will **also** match `/shop`, in addition to `/shop/clothes`, `/shop/clothes/tops`, `/shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts`. The difference between **catch-all** and **optional catch-all** segments is that with optional, the route without the parameter is also matched (`/shop` in the example above). Route Example URL `params` `app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.js` `/shop` `{}` `app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.js` `/shop/a` `{ slug: ['a'] }` `app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.js` `/shop/a/b` `{ slug: ['a', 'b'] }` `app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.js` `/shop/a/b/c` `{ slug: ['a', 'b', 'c'] }` [TypeScript](#typescript) ------------------------- When using TypeScript, you can add types for `params` depending on your configured route segment. app/blog/\[slug\]/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Page({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) { return <h1>My Page</h1> } Route `params` Type Definition `app/blog/[slug]/page.js` `{ slug: string }` `app/shop/[...slug]/page.js` `{ slug: string[] }` `app/shop/[[...slug]]/page.js` `{ slug?: string[] }` `app/[categoryId]/[itemId]/page.js` `{ categoryId: string, itemId: string }` > **Good to know**: This may be done automatically by the [TypeScript plugin](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript#typescript-plugin) in the future. Next Steps ---------- For more information on what to do next, we recommend the following sections [ App Router ... Routing ### Linking and Navigating Learn how navigation works in Next.js, and how to use the Link Component and \`useRouter\` hook. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating)[ App Router ... Functions ### generateStaticParams API reference for the generateStaticParams function. ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) [Previous Project Organization ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/colocation) [Next Parallel Routes ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Parallel Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) when Next.js cannot recover a [slot's](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes#slots) active state after a full-page load. During [soft navigation](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#5-soft-navigation), Next.js keeps track of the active _state_ (subpage) for each slot. However, for hard navigations (full-page load), Next.js cannot recover the active state. In this case, a `default.js` file can be rendered for subpages that don't match the current URL. Consider the following folder structure. The `@team` slot has a `settings` page, but `@analytics` does not.  When navigating to `/settings`, the `@team` slot will render the `settings` page while maintaining the currently active page for the `@analytics` slot. On refresh, Next.js will render a `default.js` for `@analytics`. If `default.js` doesn't exist, a `404` is rendered instead. Additionally, since `children` is an implicit slot, you also need to create a `default.js` file to render a fallback for `children` when Next.js cannot recover the active state of the parent page. [Props](#props) --------------- ### [`params` (optional)](#params-optional) An object containing the [dynamic route parameters](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) from the root segment down to the slot's subpages. For example: Example URL `params` `app/@sidebar/[artist]/default.js` `/zack` `{ artist: 'zack' }` `app/@sidebar/[artist]/[album]/default.js` `/zack/next` `{ artist: 'zack', album: 'next' }` Learn more about Parallel Routes -------------------------------- [ App Router ... Routing ### Parallel Routes Simultaneously render one or more pages in the same view that can be navigated independently. A pattern for highly dynamic applications. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) [Previous File Conventions ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) [Next error.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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======================================== Examples * [Absolute Imports and Aliases](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-absolute-imports) Next.js has in-built support for the `"paths"` and `"baseUrl"` options of `tsconfig.json` and `jsconfig.json` files. These options allow you to alias project directories to absolute paths, making it easier to import modules. For example: // before import { Button } from '../../../components/button' // after import { Button } from '@/components/button' > **Good to know**: `create-next-app` will prompt to configure these options for you. [Absolute Imports](#absolute-imports) ------------------------------------- The `baseUrl` configuration option allows you to import directly from the root of the project. An example of this configuration: tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "baseUrl": "." } } components/button.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Button() { return <button>Click me</button> } app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Button from 'components/button' export default function HomePage() { return ( <> <h1>Hello World</h1> <Button /> </> ) } [Module Aliases](#module-aliases) --------------------------------- In addition to configuring the `baseUrl` path, you can use the `"paths"` option to "alias" module paths. For example, the following configuration maps `@/components/*` to `components/*`: tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "baseUrl": ".", "paths": { "@/components/*": ["components/*"] } } } components/button.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Button() { return <button>Click me</button> } app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Button from '@/components/button' export default function HomePage() { return ( <> <h1>Hello World</h1> <Button /> </> ) } Each of the `"paths"` are relative to the `baseUrl` location. For example: // tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "baseUrl": "src/", "paths": { "@/styles/*": ["styles/*"], "@/components/*": ["components/*"] } } } // pages/index.js import Button from '@/components/button' import '@/styles/styles.css' import Helper from 'utils/helper' export default function HomePage() { return ( <Helper> <h1>Hello World</h1> <Button /> </Helper> ) } [Previous Environment Variables ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) [Next MDX ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [@next/mdx](#nextmdx) * [Getting Started](#getting-started) * [Remote MDX](#remote-mdx) * [Layouts](#layouts) * [Remark and Rehype Plugins](#remark-and-rehype-plugins) * [Frontmatter](#frontmatter) * [Custom Elements](#custom-elements) * [Deep Dive: How do you transform markdown into HTML?](#deep-dive-how-do-you-transform-markdown-into-html) * [Using the Rust-based MDX compiler (Experimental)](#using-the-rust-based-mdx-compiler-experimental) * [Helpful Links](#helpful-links) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/07-configuring/05-mdx.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring)MDX Markdown and MDX ================ [Markdown](https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax) is a lightweight markup language used to format text. It allows you to write using plain text syntax and convert it to structurally valid HTML. It's commonly used for writing content on websites and blogs. You write... I **love** using [Next.js](https://nextjs.org/) Output: <p>I <strong>love</strong> using <a href="https://nextjs.org/">Next.js</a></p> [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/) is a superset of markdown that lets you write [JSX](https://react.dev/learn/writing-markup-with-jsx) directly in your markdown files. It is a powerful way to add dynamic interactivity and embed React components within your content. Next.js can support both local MDX content inside your application, as well as remote MDX files fetched dynamically on the server. The Next.js plugin handles transforming markdown and React components into HTML, including support for usage in Server Components (the default in App Router). [`@next/mdx`](#nextmdx) ----------------------- The `@next/mdx` package is used to configure Next.js so it can process markdown and MDX. **It sources data from local files**, allowing you to create pages with a `.mdx` extension, directly in your `/pages` or `/app` directory. Let's walk through how to configure and use MDX with Next.js. [Getting Started](#getting-started) ----------------------------------- Install packages needed to render MDX: Terminal npm install @next/mdx @mdx-js/loader @mdx-js/react @types/mdx Create a `mdx-components.tsx` file at the root of your application (`src/` or the parent folder of `app/`): > **Good to know**: `mdx-components.tsx` is required to use MDX with App Router and will not work without it. mdx-components.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { MDXComponents } from 'mdx/types' export function useMDXComponents(components: MDXComponents): MDXComponents { return { ...components, } } Update the `next.config.js` file at your project's root to configure it to use MDX: next.config.js const withMDX = require('@next/mdx')() /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { // Configure `pageExtensions` to include MDX files pageExtensions: ['js', 'jsx', 'mdx', 'ts', 'tsx'], // Optionally, add any other Next.js config below } module.exports = withMDX(nextConfig) Then, create a new MDX page within the `/app` directory: your-project ├── app │ └── my-mdx-page │ └── page.mdx └── package.json Now you can use markdown and import React components directly inside your MDX page: import { MyComponent } from 'my-components' # Welcome to my MDX page! This is some **bold** and _italics_ text. This is a list in markdown: - One - Two - Three Checkout my React component: <MyComponent /> Navigating to the `/my-mdx-page` route should display your rendered MDX. [Remote MDX](#remote-mdx) ------------------------- If your markdown or MDX files or content lives _somewhere else_, you can fetch it dynamically on the server. This is useful for content stored in a separate local folder, CMS, database, or anywhere else. A popular community package for this use is [`next-mdx-remote`](https://github.com/hashicorp/next-mdx-remote#react-server-components-rsc--nextjs-app-directory-support). > **Good to know**: Please proceed with caution. MDX compiles to JavaScript and is executed on the server. You should only fetch MDX content from a trusted source, otherwise this can lead to remote code execution (RCE). The following example uses `next-mdx-remote`: app/my-mdx-page-remote/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { MDXRemote } from 'next-mdx-remote/rsc' export default async function RemoteMdxPage() { // MDX text - can be from a local file, database, CMS, fetch, anywhere... const res = await fetch('https://...') const markdown = await res.text() return <MDXRemote source={markdown} /> } Navigating to the `/my-mdx-page-remote` route should display your rendered MDX. [Layouts](#layouts) ------------------- To share a layout across MDX pages, you can use the [built-in layouts support](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layouts) with the App Router. app/my-mdx-page/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function MdxLayout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { // Create any shared layout or styles here return <div style={{ color: 'blue' }}>{children}</div> } [Remark and Rehype Plugins](#remark-and-rehype-plugins) ------------------------------------------------------- You can optionally provide `remark` and `rehype` plugins to transform the MDX content. For example, you can use `remark-gfm` to support GitHub Flavored Markdown. Since the `remark` and `rehype` ecosystem is ESM only, you'll need to use `next.config.mjs` as the configuration file. next.config.mjs import remarkGfm from 'remark-gfm' import createMDX from '@next/mdx' /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { // Configure `pageExtensions`` to include MDX files pageExtensions: ['js', 'jsx', 'mdx', 'ts', 'tsx'], // Optionally, add any other Next.js config below } const withMDX = createMDX({ // Add markdown plugins here, as desired options: { remarkPlugins: [remarkGfm], rehypePlugins: [], }, }) // Wrap MDX and Next.js config with each other export default withMDX(nextConfig) [Frontmatter](#frontmatter) --------------------------- Frontmatter is a YAML like key/value pairing that can be used to store data about a page. `@next/mdx` does **not** support frontmatter by default, though there are many solutions for adding frontmatter to your MDX content, such as: * [remark-frontmatter](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark-frontmatter) * [remark-mdx-frontmatter](https://github.com/remcohaszing/remark-mdx-frontmatter) * [gray-matter](https://github.com/jonschlinkert/gray-matter). To access page metadata with `@next/mdx`, you can export a metadata object from within the `.mdx` file: export const metadata = { author: 'John Doe', } # My MDX page [Custom Elements](#custom-elements) ----------------------------------- One of the pleasant aspects of using markdown, is that it maps to native `HTML` elements, making writing fast, and intuitive: This is a list in markdown: - One - Two - Three The above generates the following `HTML`: <p>This is a list in markdown:</p> <ul> <li>One</li> <li>Two</li> <li>Three</li> </ul> When you want to style your own elements for a custom feel to your website or application, you can pass in shortcodes. These are your own custom components that map to `HTML` elements. To do this, open the `mdx-components.tsx` file at the root of your application and add custom elements: mdx-components.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { MDXComponents } from 'mdx/types' import Image, { ImageProps } from 'next/image' // This file allows you to provide custom React components // to be used in MDX files. You can import and use any // React component you want, including inline styles, // components from other libraries, and more. export function useMDXComponents(components: MDXComponents): MDXComponents { return { // Allows customizing built-in components, e.g. to add styling. h1: ({ children }) => <h1 style={{ fontSize: '100px' }}>{children}</h1>, img: (props) => ( <Image sizes="100vw" style={{ width: '100%', height: 'auto' }} {...(props as ImageProps)} /> ), ...components, } } [Deep Dive: How do you transform markdown into HTML?](#deep-dive-how-do-you-transform-markdown-into-html) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- React does not natively understand markdown. The markdown plaintext needs to first be transformed into HTML. This can be accomplished with `remark` and `rehype`. `remark` is an ecosystem of tools around markdown. `rehype` is the same, but for HTML. For example, the following code snippet transforms markdown into HTML: import { unified } from 'unified' import remarkParse from 'remark-parse' import remarkRehype from 'remark-rehype' import rehypeSanitize from 'rehype-sanitize' import rehypeStringify from 'rehype-stringify' main() async function main() { const file = await unified() .use(remarkParse) // Convert into markdown AST .use(remarkRehype) // Transform to HTML AST .use(rehypeSanitize) // Sanitize HTML input .use(rehypeStringify) // Convert AST into serialized HTML .process('Hello, Next.js!') console.log(String(file)) // <p>Hello, Next.js!</p> } The `remark` and `rehype` ecosystem contains plugins for [syntax highlighting](https://github.com/atomiks/rehype-pretty-code), [linking headings](https://github.com/rehypejs/rehype-autolink-headings), [generating a table of contents](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark-toc), and more. When using `@next/mdx` as shown above, you **do not** need to use `remark` or `rehype` directly, as it is handled for you. We're describing it here for a deeper understanding of what the `@next/mdx` package is doing underneath. [Using the Rust-based MDX compiler (Experimental)](#using-the-rust-based-mdx-compiler-experimental) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js supports a new MDX compiler written in Rust. This compiler is still experimental and is not recommended for production use. To use the new compiler, you need to configure `next.config.js` when you pass it to `withMDX`: next.config.js module.exports = withMDX({ experimental: { mdxRs: true, }, }) [Helpful Links](#helpful-links) ------------------------------- * [MDX](https://mdxjs.com) * [`@next/mdx`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/mdx) * [remark](https://github.com/remarkjs/remark) * [rehype](https://github.com/rehypejs/rehype) * [Markdoc](https://markdoc.dev/docs/nextjs) [Previous Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) [Next src Directory ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Example](#example) * [Server Component](#server-component) * [Client Component](#client-component) * [FAQ](#faq) * [Why does redirect use 307 and 308?](#why-does-redirect-use-307-and-308) * [Version History](#version-history) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/redirect.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)redirect redirect ======== The `redirect` function allows you to redirect the user to another URL. `redirect` can be used in [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components), [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers), and [Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations). When used in a [streaming context](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming#what-is-streaming), this will insert a meta tag to emit the redirect on the client side. When used in a server action, it will serve a 303 HTTP redirect response to the caller. Otherwise, it will serve a 307 HTTP redirect response to the caller. If a resource doesn't exist, you can use the [`notFound` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) instead. > **Good to know**: > > * In Server Actions and Route Handlers, `redirect` should be called after the `try/catch` block. > * If you prefer to return a 308 (Permanent) HTTP redirect instead of 307 (Temporary), you can use the [`permanentRedirect` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) instead. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- The `redirect` function accepts two arguments: redirect(path, type) Parameter Type Description `path` `string` The URL to redirect to. Can be a relative or absolute path. `type` `'replace'` (default) or `'push'` (default in Server Actions) The type of redirect to perform. By default, `redirect` will use `push` (adding a new entry to the browser history stack) in [Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) and `replace` (replacing the current URL in the browser history stack) everywhere else. You can override this behavior by specifying the `type` parameter. The `type` parameter has no effect when used in Server Components. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `redirect` does not return any value. [Example](#example) ------------------- ### [Server Component](#server-component) Invoking the `redirect()` function throws a `NEXT_REDIRECT` error and terminates rendering of the route segment in which it was thrown. app/team/\[id\]/page.js import { redirect } from 'next/navigation' async function fetchTeam(id) { const res = await fetch('https://...') if (!res.ok) return undefined return res.json() } export default async function Profile({ params }) { const team = await fetchTeam(params.id) if (!team) { redirect('/login') } // ... } > **Good to know**: `redirect` does not require you to use `return redirect()` as it uses the TypeScript [`never`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/functions.html#never) type. ### [Client Component](#client-component) `redirect` can be used in a Client Component through a Server Action. If you need to use an event handler to redirect the user, you can use the [`useRouter`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) hook. app/client-redirect.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { navigate } from './actions' export function ClientRedirect() { return ( <form action={navigate}> <input type="text" name="id" /> <button>Submit</button> </form> ) } app/actions.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use server' import { redirect } from 'next/navigation' export async function navigate(data: FormData) { redirect(`/posts/${data.get('id')}`) } [FAQ](#faq) ----------- ### [Why does `redirect` use 307 and 308?](#why-does-redirect-use-307-and-308) When using `redirect()` you may notice that the status codes used are `307` for a temporary redirect, and `308` for a permanent redirect. While traditionally a `302` was used for a temporary redirect, and a `301` for a permanent redirect, many browsers changed the request method of the redirect, from a `POST` to `GET` request when using a `302`, regardless of the origins request method. Taking the following example of a redirect from `/users` to `/people`, if you make a `POST` request to `/users` to create a new user, and are conforming to a `302` temporary redirect, the request method will be changed from a `POST` to a `GET` request. This doesn't make sense, as to create a new user, you should be making a `POST` request to `/people`, and not a `GET` request. The introduction of the `307` status code means that the request method is preserved as `POST`. * `302` - Temporary redirect, will change the request method from `POST` to `GET` * `307` - Temporary redirect, will preserve the request method as `POST` The `redirect()` method uses a `307` by default, instead of a `302` temporary redirect, meaning your requests will _always_ be preserved as `POST` requests. [Learn more](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Redirections) about HTTP Redirects. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `redirect` introduced. Next Steps ---------- [ App Router ... Functions ### permanentRedirect API Reference for the permanentRedirect function. ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) [Previous permanentRedirect ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) [Next revalidatePath ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/07-configuring/06-src-directory.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring)src Directory src Directory ============= As an alternative to having the special Next.js `app` or `pages` directories in the root of your project, Next.js also supports the common pattern of placing application code under the `src` directory. This separates application code from project configuration files which mostly live in the root of a project, which is preferred by some individuals and teams. To use the `src` directory, move the `app` Router folder or `pages` Router folder to `src/app` or `src/pages` respectively.  > **Good to know** > > * The `/public` directory should remain in the root of your project. > * Config files like `package.json`, `next.config.js` and `tsconfig.json` should remain in the root of your project. > * `.env.*` files should remain in the root of your project. > * `src/app` or `src/pages` will be ignored if `app` or `pages` are present in the root directory. > * If you're using `src`, you'll probably also move other application folders such as `/components` or `/lib`. > * If you're using Middleware, ensure it is placed inside the `src` directory. > * If you're using Tailwind CSS, you'll need to add the `/src` prefix to the `tailwind.config.js` file in the [content section](https://tailwindcss.com/docs/content-configuration). > * If you are using TypeScript paths for imports such as `@/*`, you should update the `paths` object in `tsconfig.json` to include `src/`. Next Steps ---------- [ App Router ... Routing ### Project Organization Learn how to organize your Next.js project and colocate files. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/colocation) [Previous MDX ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) [Next Draft Mode ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Static Metadata](#static-metadata) * [Dynamic Metadata](#dynamic-metadata) * [File-based metadata](#file-based-metadata) * [Behavior](#behavior) * [Default Fields](#default-fields) * [Ordering](#ordering) * [Merging](#merging) * [Overwriting fields](#overwriting-fields) * [Inheriting fields](#inheriting-fields) * [Dynamic Image Generation](#dynamic-image-generation) * [JSON-LD](#json-ld) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/04-metadata.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Metadata Metadata ======== Next.js has a Metadata API that can be used to define your application metadata (e.g. `meta` and `link` tags inside your HTML `head` element) for improved SEO and web shareability. There are two ways you can add metadata to your application: * **Config-based Metadata**: Export a [static `metadata` object](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata#metadata-object) or a dynamic [`generateMetadata` function](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata#generatemetadata-function) in a `layout.js` or `page.js` file. * **File-based Metadata**: Add static or dynamically generated special files to route segments. With both these options, Next.js will automatically generate the relevant `<head>` elements for your pages. You can also create dynamic OG images using the [`ImageResponse`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) constructor. [Static Metadata](#static-metadata) ----------------------------------- To define static metadata, export a [`Metadata` object](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata#metadata-object) from a `layout.js` or static `page.js` file. layout.tsx | page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { Metadata } from 'next' export const metadata: Metadata = { title: '...', description: '...', } export default function Page() {} For all the available options, see the [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata). [Dynamic Metadata](#dynamic-metadata) ------------------------------------- You can use `generateMetadata` function to `fetch` metadata that requires dynamic values. app/products/\[id\]/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { Metadata, ResolvingMetadata } from 'next' type Props = { params: { id: string } searchParams: { [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined } } export async function generateMetadata( { params, searchParams }: Props, parent: ResolvingMetadata ): Promise<Metadata> { // read route params const id = params.id // fetch data const product = await fetch(`https://.../${id}`).then((res) => res.json()) // optionally access and extend (rather than replace) parent metadata const previousImages = (await parent).openGraph?.images || [] return { title: product.title, openGraph: { images: ['/some-specific-page-image.jpg', ...previousImages], }, } } export default function Page({ params, searchParams }: Props) {} For all the available params, see the [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata). > **Good to know**: > > * Both static and dynamic metadata through `generateMetadata` are **only supported in Server Components**. > * `fetch` requests are automatically [memoized](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#request-memoization) for the same data across `generateMetadata`, `generateStaticParams`, Layouts, Pages, and Server Components. React [`cache` can be used](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#request-memoization) if `fetch` is unavailable. > * Next.js will wait for data fetching inside `generateMetadata` to complete before streaming UI to the client. This guarantees the first part of a [streamed response](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) includes `<head>` tags. [File-based metadata](#file-based-metadata) ------------------------------------------- These special files are available for metadata: * [favicon.ico, apple-icon.jpg, and icon.jpg](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [opengraph-image.jpg and twitter-image.jpg](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) You can use these for static metadata, or you can programmatically generate these files with code. For implementation and examples, see the [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) API Reference and [Dynamic Image Generation](#dynamic-image-generation). [Behavior](#behavior) --------------------- File-based metadata has the higher priority and will override any config-based metadata. ### [Default Fields](#default-fields) There are two default `meta` tags that are always added even if a route doesn't define metadata: * The [meta charset tag](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meta#attr-charset) sets the character encoding for the website. * The [meta viewport tag](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Viewport_meta_tag) sets the viewport width and scale for the website to adjust for different devices. <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> > **Good to know**: You can overwrite the default [`viewport`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata#viewport) meta tag. ### [Ordering](#ordering) Metadata is evaluated in order, starting from the root segment down to the segment closest to the final `page.js` segment. For example: 1. `app/layout.tsx` (Root Layout) 2. `app/blog/layout.tsx` (Nested Blog Layout) 3. `app/blog/[slug]/page.tsx` (Blog Page) ### [Merging](#merging) Following the [evaluation order](#ordering), Metadata objects exported from multiple segments in the same route are **shallowly** merged together to form the final metadata output of a route. Duplicate keys are **replaced** based on their ordering. This means metadata with nested fields such as [`openGraph`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata#opengraph) and [`robots`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata#robots) that are defined in an earlier segment are **overwritten** by the last segment to define them. #### [Overwriting fields](#overwriting-fields) app/layout.js export const metadata = { title: 'Acme', openGraph: { title: 'Acme', description: 'Acme is a...', }, } app/blog/page.js export const metadata = { title: 'Blog', openGraph: { title: 'Blog', }, } // Output: // <title>Blog</title> // <meta property="og:title" content="Blog" /> In the example above: * `title` from `app/layout.js` is **replaced** by `title` in `app/blog/page.js`. * All `openGraph` fields from `app/layout.js` are **replaced** in `app/blog/page.js` because `app/blog/page.js` sets `openGraph` metadata. Note the absence of `openGraph.description`. If you'd like to share some nested fields between segments while overwriting others, you can pull them out into a separate variable: app/shared-metadata.js export const openGraphImage = { images: ['http://...'] } app/page.js import { openGraphImage } from './shared-metadata' export const metadata = { openGraph: { ...openGraphImage, title: 'Home', }, } app/about/page.js import { openGraphImage } from '../shared-metadata' export const metadata = { openGraph: { ...openGraphImage, title: 'About', }, } In the example above, the OG image is shared between `app/layout.js` and `app/about/page.js` while the titles are different. #### [Inheriting fields](#inheriting-fields) app/layout.js export const metadata = { title: 'Acme', openGraph: { title: 'Acme', description: 'Acme is a...', }, } app/about/page.js export const metadata = { title: 'About', } // Output: // <title>About</title> // <meta property="og:title" content="Acme" /> // <meta property="og:description" content="Acme is a..." /> **Notes** * `title` from `app/layout.js` is **replaced** by `title` in `app/about/page.js`. * All `openGraph` fields from `app/layout.js` are **inherited** in `app/about/page.js` because `app/about/page.js` doesn't set `openGraph` metadata. [Dynamic Image Generation](#dynamic-image-generation) ----------------------------------------------------- The `ImageResponse` constructor allows you to generate dynamic images using JSX and CSS. This is useful for creating social media images such as Open Graph images, Twitter cards, and more. `ImageResponse` uses the [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes#edge-runtime), and Next.js automatically adds the correct headers to cached images at the edge, helping improve performance and reducing recomputation. To use it, you can import `ImageResponse` from `next/og`: app/about/route.js import { ImageResponse } from 'next/og' export const runtime = 'edge' export async function GET() { return new ImageResponse( ( <div style={{ fontSize: 128, background: 'white', width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', textAlign: 'center', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', }} > Hello world! </div> ), { width: 1200, height: 600, } ) } `ImageResponse` integrates well with other Next.js APIs, including [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) and file-based Metadata. For example, you can use `ImageResponse` in a `opengraph-image.tsx` file to generate Open Graph images at build time or dynamically at request time. `ImageResponse` supports common CSS properties including flexbox and absolute positioning, custom fonts, text wrapping, centering, and nested images. [See the full list of supported CSS properties](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response). > **Good to know**: > > * Examples are available in the [Vercel OG Playground](https://og-playground.vercel.app/). > * `ImageResponse` uses [@vercel/og](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/functions/edge-functions/og-image-generation), [Satori](https://github.com/vercel/satori), and Resvg to convert HTML and CSS into PNG. > * Only the Edge Runtime is supported. The default Node.js runtime will not work. > * Only flexbox and a subset of CSS properties are supported. Advanced layouts (e.g. `display: grid`) will not work. > * Maximum bundle size of `500KB`. The bundle size includes your JSX, CSS, fonts, images, and any other assets. If you exceed the limit, consider reducing the size of any assets or fetching at runtime. > * Only `ttf`, `otf`, and `woff` font formats are supported. To maximize the font parsing speed, `ttf` or `otf` are preferred over `woff`. [JSON-LD](#json-ld) ------------------- [JSON-LD](https://json-ld.org/) is a format for structured data that can be used by search engines to understand your content. For example, you can use it to describe a person, an event, an organization, a movie, a book, a recipe, and many other types of entities. Our current recommendation for JSON-LD is to render structured data as a `<script>` tag in your `layout.js` or `page.js` components. For example: app/products/\[id\]/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default async function Page({ params }) { const product = await getProduct(params.id) const jsonLd = { '@context': 'https://schema.org', '@type': 'Product', name: product.name, image: product.image, description: product.description, } return ( <section> {/* Add JSON-LD to your page */} <script type="application/ld+json" dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: JSON.stringify(jsonLd) }} /> {/* ... */} </section> ) } You can validate and test your structured data with the [Rich Results Test](https://search.google.com/test/rich-results) for Google or the generic [Schema Markup Validator](https://validator.schema.org/). You can type your JSON-LD with TypeScript using community packages like [`schema-dts`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/schema-dts): import { Product, WithContext } from 'schema-dts' const jsonLd: WithContext<Product> = { '@context': 'https://schema.org', '@type': 'Product', name: 'Next.js Sticker', image: 'https://nextjs.org/imgs/sticker.png', description: 'Dynamic at the speed of static.', } Next Steps ---------- View all the Metadata API options. [ App Router ... Functions ### generateMetadata Learn how to add Metadata to your Next.js application for improved search engine optimization (SEO) and web shareability. ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata)[ App Router ... File Conventions ### Metadata Files API documentation for the metadata file conventions. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata)[ App Router ... Functions ### generateViewport API Reference for the generateViewport function. ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) [Previous Fonts ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) [Next Scripts ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)error.js error.js ======== An **error** file defines an error UI boundary for a route segment. It is useful for catching **unexpected** errors that occur in Server Components and Client Components and displaying a fallback UI. app/dashboard/error.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' // Error components must be Client Components import { useEffect } from 'react' export default function Error({ error, reset, }: { error: Error & { digest?: string } reset: () => void }) { useEffect(() => { // Log the error to an error reporting service console.error(error) }, [error]) return ( <div> <h2>Something went wrong!</h2> <button onClick={ // Attempt to recover by trying to re-render the segment () => reset() } > Try again </button> </div> ) } [Props](#props) --------------- ### [`error`](#error) An instance of an [`Error`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error) object forwarded to the `error.js` Client Component. #### [`error.message`](#errormessage) The error message. * For errors forwarded from Client Components, this will be the original Error's message. * For errors forwarded from Server Components, this will be a generic error message to avoid leaking sensitive details. `errors.digest` can be used to match the corresponding error in server-side logs. #### [`error.digest`](#errordigest) An automatically generated hash of the error thrown in a Server Component. It can be used to match the corresponding error in server-side logs. ### [`reset`](#reset) A function to reset the error boundary. When executed, the function will try to re-render the Error boundary's contents. If successful, the fallback error component is replaced with the result of the re-render. Can be used to prompt the user to attempt to recover from the error. > **Good to know**: > > * `error.js` boundaries must be **[Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components)**. > * In Production builds, errors forwarded from Server Components will be stripped of specific error details to avoid leaking sensitive information. > * An `error.js` boundary will **not** handle errors thrown in a `layout.js` component in the **same** segment because the error boundary is nested **inside** that layouts component. > * To handle errors for a specific layout, place an `error.js` file in the layouts parent segment. > * To handle errors within the root layout or template, use a variation of `error.js` called `app/global-error.js`. [`global-error.js`](#global-errorjs) ------------------------------------ To specifically handle errors in root `layout.js`, use a variation of `error.js` called `app/global-error.js` located in the root `app` directory. app/global-error.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' export default function GlobalError({ error, reset, }: { error: Error & { digest?: string } reset: () => void }) { return ( <html> <body> <h2>Something went wrong!</h2> <button onClick={() => reset()}>Try again</button> </body> </html> ) } > **Good to know**: > > * `global-error.js` replaces the root `layout.js` when active and so **must** define its own `<html>` and `<body>` tags. > * While designing error UI, you may find it helpful to use the [React Developer Tools](https://react.dev/learn/react-developer-tools) to manually toggle Error boundaries. [not-found.js](#not-foundjs) ---------------------------- The [`not-found`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) file is used to render UI when the `notFound()` function is thrown within a route segment. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.1.0` `global-error` introduced. `v13.0.0` `error` introduced. Learn more about error handling ------------------------------- [ App Router ... Routing ### Error Handling Handle runtime errors by automatically wrapping route segments and their nested children in a React Error Boundary. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) [Previous default.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) [Next instrumentation.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Google Fonts](#google-fonts) * [Specifying a subset](#specifying-a-subset) * [Using Multiple Fonts](#using-multiple-fonts) * [Local Fonts](#local-fonts) * [With Tailwind CSS](#with-tailwind-css) * [Preloading](#preloading) * [Reusing fonts](#reusing-fonts) * [API Reference](#api-reference) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/03-fonts.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Fonts Font Optimization ================= [**`next/font`**](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) will automatically optimize your fonts (including custom fonts) and remove external network requests for improved privacy and performance. > **🎥 Watch:** Learn more about using `next/font` → [YouTube (6 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8_98i_bMMA). `next/font` includes **built-in automatic self-hosting** for _any_ font file. This means you can optimally load web fonts with zero layout shift, thanks to the underlying CSS `size-adjust` property used. This new font system also allows you to conveniently use all Google Fonts with performance and privacy in mind. CSS and font files are downloaded at build time and self-hosted with the rest of your static assets. **No requests are sent to Google by the browser.** [Google Fonts](#google-fonts) ----------------------------- Automatically self-host any Google Font. Fonts are included in the deployment and served from the same domain as your deployment. **No requests are sent to Google by the browser.** Get started by importing the font you would like to use from `next/font/google` as a function. We recommend using [variable fonts](https://fonts.google.com/variablefonts) for the best performance and flexibility. app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Inter } from 'next/font/google' // If loading a variable font, you don't need to specify the font weight const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en" className={inter.className}> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } If you can't use a variable font, you will **need to specify a weight**: app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Roboto } from 'next/font/google' const roboto = Roboto({ weight: '400', subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en" className={roboto.className}> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } You can specify multiple weights and/or styles by using an array: app/layout.js const roboto = Roboto({ weight: ['400', '700'], style: ['normal', 'italic'], subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) > **Good to know**: Use an underscore (\_) for font names with multiple words. E.g. `Roboto Mono` should be imported as `Roboto_Mono`. ### [Specifying a subset](#specifying-a-subset) Google Fonts are automatically [subset](https://fonts.google.com/knowledge/glossary/subsetting). This reduces the size of the font file and improves performance. You'll need to define which of these subsets you want to preload. Failing to specify any subsets while [`preload`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font#preload) is `true` will result in a warning. This can be done by adding it to the function call: app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'] }) View the [Font API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) for more information. ### [Using Multiple Fonts](#using-multiple-fonts) You can import and use multiple fonts in your application. There are two approaches you can take. The first approach is to create a utility function that exports a font, imports it, and applies its `className` where needed. This ensures the font is preloaded only when it's rendered: app/fonts.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Inter, Roboto_Mono } from 'next/font/google' export const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) export const roboto_mono = Roboto_Mono({ subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', }) app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { inter } from './fonts' export default function Layout({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en" className={inter.className}> <body> <div>{children}</div> </body> </html> ) } app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { roboto_mono } from './fonts' export default function Page() { return ( <> <h1 className={roboto_mono.className}>My page</h1> </> ) } In the example above, `Inter` will be applied globally, and `Roboto Mono` can be imported and applied as needed. Alternatively, you can create a [CSS variable](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font#variable) and use it with your preferred CSS solution: app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Inter, Roboto_Mono } from 'next/font/google' import styles from './global.css' const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], variable: '--font-inter', display: 'swap', }) const roboto_mono = Roboto_Mono({ subsets: ['latin'], variable: '--font-roboto-mono', display: 'swap', }) export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en" className={`${inter.variable} ${roboto_mono.variable}`}> <body> <h1>My App</h1> <div>{children}</div> </body> </html> ) } app/global.css html { font-family: var(--font-inter); } h1 { font-family: var(--font-roboto-mono); } In the example above, `Inter` will be applied globally, and any `<h1>` tags will be styled with `Roboto Mono`. > **Recommendation**: Use multiple fonts conservatively since each new font is an additional resource the client has to download. [Local Fonts](#local-fonts) --------------------------- Import `next/font/local` and specify the `src` of your local font file. We recommend using [variable fonts](https://fonts.google.com/variablefonts) for the best performance and flexibility. app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import localFont from 'next/font/local' // Font files can be colocated inside of `app` const myFont = localFont({ src: './my-font.woff2', display: 'swap', }) export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en" className={myFont.className}> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } If you want to use multiple files for a single font family, `src` can be an array: const roboto = localFont({ src: [ { path: './Roboto-Regular.woff2', weight: '400', style: 'normal', }, { path: './Roboto-Italic.woff2', weight: '400', style: 'italic', }, { path: './Roboto-Bold.woff2', weight: '700', style: 'normal', }, { path: './Roboto-BoldItalic.woff2', weight: '700', style: 'italic', }, ], }) View the [Font API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) for more information. [With Tailwind CSS](#with-tailwind-css) --------------------------------------- `next/font` can be used with [Tailwind CSS](https://tailwindcss.com/) through a [CSS variable](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font#css-variables). In the example below, we use the font `Inter` from `next/font/google` (you can use any font from Google or Local Fonts). Load your font with the `variable` option to define your CSS variable name and assign it to `inter`. Then, use `inter.variable` to add the CSS variable to your HTML document. app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Inter, Roboto_Mono } from 'next/font/google' const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', variable: '--font-inter', }) const roboto_mono = Roboto_Mono({ subsets: ['latin'], display: 'swap', variable: '--font-roboto-mono', }) export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en" className={`${inter.variable} ${roboto_mono.variable}`}> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } Finally, add the CSS variable to your [Tailwind CSS config](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css#configuring-tailwind): tailwind.config.js /** @type {import('tailwindcss').Config} */ module.exports = { content: [ './pages/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', './components/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', './app/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx}', ], theme: { extend: { fontFamily: { sans: ['var(--font-inter)'], mono: ['var(--font-roboto-mono)'], }, }, }, plugins: [], } You can now use the `font-sans` and `font-mono` utility classes to apply the font to your elements. [Preloading](#preloading) ------------------------- When a font function is called on a page of your site, it is not globally available and preloaded on all routes. Rather, the font is only preloaded on the related routes based on the type of file where it is used: * If it's a [unique page](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#pages), it is preloaded on the unique route for that page. * If it's a [layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layouts), it is preloaded on all the routes wrapped by the layout. * If it's the [root layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#root-layout-required), it is preloaded on all routes. [Reusing fonts](#reusing-fonts) ------------------------------- Every time you call the `localFont` or Google font function, that font is hosted as one instance in your application. Therefore, if you load the same font function in multiple files, multiple instances of the same font are hosted. In this situation, it is recommended to do the following: * Call the font loader function in one shared file * Export it as a constant * Import the constant in each file where you would like to use this font API Reference ------------- Learn more about the next/font API. [ App Router ... Components ### Font Optimizing loading web fonts with the built-in \`next/font\` loaders. ](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) [Previous Videos ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/videos) [Next Metadata ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Convention](#convention) * [Examples](#examples) * [Modals](#modals) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/11-intercepting-routes.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing)Intercepting Routes Intercepting Routes =================== Intercepting routes allows you to load a route from another part of your application within the current layout. This routing paradigm can be useful when you want to display the content of a route without the user switching to a different context. For example, when clicking on a photo in a feed, you can display the photo in a modal, overlaying the feed. In this case, Next.js intercepts the `/photo/123` route, masks the URL, and overlays it over `/feed`.  However, when navigating to the photo by clicking a shareable URL or by refreshing the page, the entire photo page should render instead of the modal. No route interception should occur.  [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- Intercepting routes can be defined with the `(..)` convention, which is similar to relative path convention `../` but for segments. You can use: * `(.)` to match segments on the **same level** * `(..)` to match segments **one level above** * `(..)(..)` to match segments **two levels above** * `(...)` to match segments from the **root** `app` directory For example, you can intercept the `photo` segment from within the `feed` segment by creating a `(..)photo` directory.  > Note that the `(..)` convention is based on _route segments_, not the file-system. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Modals](#modals) Intercepting Routes can be used together with [Parallel Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) to create modals. This allows you to solve common challenges when building modals, such as: * Making the modal content **shareable through a URL**. * **Preserving context** when the page is refreshed, instead of closing the modal. * **Closing the modal on backwards navigation** rather than going to the previous route. * **Reopening the modal on forwards navigation**. Consider the following UI pattern, where a user can open a photo modal from a gallery using client-side navigation, or navigate to the photo page directly from a shareable URL:  In the above example, the path to the `photo` segment can use the `(..)` matcher since `@modal` is a slot and **not** a segment. This means that the `photo` route is only one segment level higher, despite being two file-system levels higher. See the [Parallel Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes#modals) documentation for a step-by-step example, or see our [image gallery example](https://github.com/vercel-labs/nextgram). > **Good to know:** > > * Other examples could include opening a login modal in a top navbar while also having a dedicated `/login` page, or opening a shopping cart in a side modal. Next Steps ---------- Learn how to use modals with Intercepted and Parallel Routes. [ App Router ... Routing ### Parallel Routes Simultaneously render one or more pages in the same view that can be navigated independently. A pattern for highly dynamic applications. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) [Previous Parallel Routes ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) [Next Route Handlers ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * 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[pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Step 1: Create and access the Route Handler](#step-1-create-and-access-the-route-handler) * [Securely accessing it from your Headless CMS](#securely-accessing-it-from-your-headless-cms) * [Step 2: Update page](#step-2-update-page) * [More Details](#more-details) * [Clear the Draft Mode cookie](#clear-the-draft-mode-cookie) * [Unique per next build](#unique-per-next-build) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/07-configuring/11-draft-mode.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring)Draft Mode Draft Mode ========== Static rendering is useful when your pages fetch data from a headless CMS. However, it’s not ideal when you’re writing a draft on your headless CMS and want to view the draft immediately on your page. You’d want Next.js to render these pages at **request time** instead of build time and fetch the draft content instead of the published content. You’d want Next.js to switch to [dynamic rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering) only for this specific case. Next.js has a feature called **Draft Mode** which solves this problem. Here are instructions on how to use it. [Step 1: Create and access the Route Handler](#step-1-create-and-access-the-route-handler) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ First, create a [Route Handler](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers). It can have any name - e.g. `app/api/draft/route.ts` Then, import `draftMode` from `next/headers` and call the `enable()` method. app/api/draft/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // route handler enabling draft mode import { draftMode } from 'next/headers' export async function GET(request: Request) { draftMode().enable() return new Response('Draft mode is enabled') } This will set a **cookie** to enable draft mode. Subsequent requests containing this cookie will trigger **Draft Mode** changing the behavior for statically generated pages (more on this later). You can test this manually by visiting `/api/draft` and looking at your browser’s developer tools. Notice the `Set-Cookie` response header with a cookie named `__prerender_bypass`. ### [Securely accessing it from your Headless CMS](#securely-accessing-it-from-your-headless-cms) In practice, you’d want to call this Route Handler _securely_ from your headless CMS. The specific steps will vary depending on which headless CMS you’re using, but here are some common steps you could take. These steps assume that the headless CMS you’re using supports setting **custom draft URLs**. If it doesn’t, you can still use this method to secure your draft URLs, but you’ll need to construct and access the draft URL manually. **First**, you should create a **secret token string** using a token generator of your choice. This secret will only be known by your Next.js app and your headless CMS. This secret prevents people who don’t have access to your CMS from accessing draft URLs. **Second**, if your headless CMS supports setting custom draft URLs, specify the following as the draft URL. This assumes that your Route Handler is located at `app/api/draft/route.ts` Terminal https://<your-site>/api/draft?secret=<token>&slug=<path> * `<your-site>` should be your deployment domain. * `<token>` should be replaced with the secret token you generated. * `<path>` should be the path for the page that you want to view. If you want to view `/posts/foo`, then you should use `&slug=/posts/foo`. Your headless CMS might allow you to include a variable in the draft URL so that `<path>` can be set dynamically based on the CMS’s data like so: `&slug=/posts/{entry.fields.slug}` **Finally**, in the Route Handler: * Check that the secret matches and that the `slug` parameter exists (if not, the request should fail). * Call `draftMode.enable()` to set the cookie. * Then redirect the browser to the path specified by `slug`. app/api/draft/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // route handler with secret and slug import { draftMode } from 'next/headers' import { redirect } from 'next/navigation' export async function GET(request: Request) { // Parse query string parameters const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url) const secret = searchParams.get('secret') const slug = searchParams.get('slug') // Check the secret and next parameters // This secret should only be known to this route handler and the CMS if (secret !== 'MY_SECRET_TOKEN' || !slug) { return new Response('Invalid token', { status: 401 }) } // Fetch the headless CMS to check if the provided `slug` exists // getPostBySlug would implement the required fetching logic to the headless CMS const post = await getPostBySlug(slug) // If the slug doesn't exist prevent draft mode from being enabled if (!post) { return new Response('Invalid slug', { status: 401 }) } // Enable Draft Mode by setting the cookie draftMode().enable() // Redirect to the path from the fetched post // We don't redirect to searchParams.slug as that might lead to open redirect vulnerabilities redirect(post.slug) } If it succeeds, then the browser will be redirected to the path you want to view with the draft mode cookie. [Step 2: Update page](#step-2-update-page) ------------------------------------------ The next step is to update your page to check the value of `draftMode().isEnabled`. If you request a page which has the cookie set, then data will be fetched at **request time** (instead of at build time). Furthermore, the value of `isEnabled` will be `true`. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // page that fetches data import { draftMode } from 'next/headers' async function getData() { const { isEnabled } = draftMode() const url = isEnabled ? 'https://draft.example.com' : 'https://production.example.com' const res = await fetch(url) return res.json() } export default async function Page() { const { title, desc } = await getData() return ( <main> <h1>{title}</h1> <p>{desc}</p> </main> ) } That's it! If you access the draft Route Handler (with `secret` and `slug`) from your headless CMS or manually, you should now be able to see the draft content. And if you update your draft without publishing, you should be able to view the draft. Set this as the draft URL on your headless CMS or access manually, and you should be able to see the draft. Terminal https://<your-site>/api/draft?secret=<token>&slug=<path> [More Details](#more-details) ----------------------------- ### [Clear the Draft Mode cookie](#clear-the-draft-mode-cookie) By default, the Draft Mode session ends when the browser is closed. To clear the Draft Mode cookie manually, create a Route Handler that calls `draftMode().disable()`: app/api/disable-draft/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { draftMode } from 'next/headers' export async function GET(request: Request) { draftMode().disable() return new Response('Draft mode is disabled') } Then, send a request to `/api/disable-draft` to invoke the Route Handler. If calling this route using [`next/link`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link), you must pass `prefetch={false}` to prevent accidentally deleting the cookie on prefetch. ### [Unique per `next build`](#unique-per-next-build) A new bypass cookie value will be generated each time you run `next build`. This ensures that the bypass cookie can’t be guessed. > **Good to know**: To test Draft Mode locally over HTTP, your browser will need to allow third-party cookies and local storage access. [Previous src Directory ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) [Next Content Security Policy ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Examples](#examples) * [Server Action](#server-action) * [Route Handler](#route-handler) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/revalidateTag.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)revalidateTag revalidateTag ============= `revalidateTag` allows you to purge [cached data](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific cache tag. > **Good to know**: > > * `revalidateTag` is available in both [Node.js and Edge runtimes](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes). > * `revalidateTag` only invalidates the cache when the path is next visited. This means calling `revalidateTag` with a dynamic route segment will not immediately trigger many revalidations at once. The invalidation only happens when the path is next visited. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- revalidateTag(tag: string): void; * `tag`: A string representing the cache tag associated with the data you want to revalidate. Must be less than or equal to 256 characters. This value is case-sensitive. You can add tags to `fetch` as follows: fetch(url, { next: { tags: [...] } }); [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `revalidateTag` does not return any value. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Server Action](#server-action) app/actions.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use server' import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache' export default async function submit() { await addPost() revalidateTag('posts') } ### [Route Handler](#route-handler) app/api/revalidate/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { revalidateTag } from 'next/cache' export async function GET(request: NextRequest) { const tag = request.nextUrl.searchParams.get('tag') revalidateTag(tag) return Response.json({ revalidated: true, now: Date.now() }) } [Previous revalidatePath ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) [Next unstable\_cache ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Examples](#examples) * [Revalidating A Specific URL](#revalidating-a-specific-url) * [Revalidating A Page Path](#revalidating-a-page-path) * [Revalidating A Layout Path](#revalidating-a-layout-path) * [Revalidating All Data](#revalidating-all-data) * [Server Action](#server-action) * [Route Handler](#route-handler) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/revalidatePath.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)revalidatePath revalidatePath ============== `revalidatePath` allows you to purge [cached data](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) on-demand for a specific path. > **Good to know**: > > * `revalidatePath` is available in both [Node.js and Edge runtimes](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes). > * `revalidatePath` only invalidates the cache when the included path is next visited. This means calling `revalidatePath` with a dynamic route segment will not immediately trigger many revalidations at once. The invalidation only happens when the path is next visited. > * Currently, `revalidatePath` invalidates all the routes in the [client-side Router Cache](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#router-cache). This behavior is temporary and will be updated in the future to apply only to the specific path. > * Using `revalidatePath` invalidates **only the specific path** in the [server-side Route Cache](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#full-route-cache). [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- revalidatePath(path: string, type?: 'page' | 'layout'): void; * `path`: Either a string representing the filesystem path associated with the data you want to revalidate (for example, `/product/[slug]/page`), or the literal route segment (for example, `/product/123`). Must be less than 1024 characters. This value is case-sensitive. * `type`: (optional) `'page'` or `'layout'` string to change the type of path to revalidate. If `path` contains a dynamic segment (for example, `/product/[slug]/page`), this parameter is required. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `revalidatePath` does not return any value. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Revalidating A Specific URL](#revalidating-a-specific-url) import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache' revalidatePath('/blog/post-1') This will revalidate one specific URL on the next page visit. ### [Revalidating A Page Path](#revalidating-a-page-path) import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache' revalidatePath('/blog/[slug]', 'page') // or with route groups revalidatePath('/(main)/post/[slug]', 'page') This will revalidate any URL that matches the provided `page` file on the next page visit. This will _not_ invalidate pages beneath the specific page. For example, `/blog/[slug]` won't invalidate `/blog/[slug]/[author]`. ### [Revalidating A Layout Path](#revalidating-a-layout-path) import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache' revalidatePath('/blog/[slug]', 'layout') // or with route groups revalidatePath('/(main)/post/[slug]', 'layout') This will revalidate any URL that matches the provided `layout` file on the next page visit. This will cause pages beneath with the same layout to revalidate on the next visit. For example, in the above case, `/blog/[slug]/[another]` would also revalidate on the next visit. ### [Revalidating All Data](#revalidating-all-data) import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache' revalidatePath('/', 'layout') This will purge the Client-side Router Cache, and revalidate the Data Cache on the next page visit. ### [Server Action](#server-action) app/actions.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use server' import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache' export default async function submit() { await submitForm() revalidatePath('/') } ### [Route Handler](#route-handler) app/api/revalidate/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { revalidatePath } from 'next/cache' import { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export async function GET(request: NextRequest) { const path = request.nextUrl.searchParams.get('path') if (path) { revalidatePath(path) return Response.json({ revalidated: true, now: Date.now() }) } return Response.json({ revalidated: false, now: Date.now(), message: 'Missing path to revalidate', }) } [Previous redirect ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) [Next revalidateTag ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) Was this helpful? supported. 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[`@next/bundle-analyzer`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@next/bundle-analyzer) is a plugin for Next.js that helps you manage the size of your JavaScript modules. It generates a visual report of the size of each module and their dependencies. You can use the information to remove large dependencies, split your code, or only load some parts when needed, reducing the amount of data transferred to the client. [Installation](#installation) ----------------------------- Install the plugin by running the following command: npm i @next/bundle-analyzer # or yarn add @next/bundle-analyzer # or pnpm add @next/bundle-analyzer Then, add the bundle analyzer's settings to your `next.config.js`. next.config.js const withBundleAnalyzer = require('@next/bundle-analyzer')({ enabled: process.env.ANALYZE === 'true', }) /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = {} module.exports = withBundleAnalyzer(nextConfig) [Analyzing your bundles](#analyzing-your-bundles) ------------------------------------------------- Run the following command to analyze your bundles: ANALYZE=true npm run build # or ANALYZE=true yarn build # or ANALYZE=true pnpm build The report will open three new tabs in your browser, which you can inspect. Doing this regularly while you develop and before deploying your site can help you identify large bundles earlier, and architect your application to be more performant. Next Steps ---------- Learn more about optimizing your application for production. [ App Router ... Deploying ### Production Checklist Recommendations to ensure the best performance and user experience before taking your Next.js application to production. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) [Previous Scripts ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) [Next Lazy Loading ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Props](#props) * [children (required)](#children-required) * [params (optional)](#params-optional) * [Good to know](#good-to-know) * [Layouts do not receive searchParams](#layouts-do-not-receive-searchparams) * [Root Layouts](#root-layouts) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/layout.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)layout.js layout.js ========= A **layout** is UI that is shared between routes. app/dashboard/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function DashboardLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return <section>{children}</section> } A **root layout** is the top-most layout in the root `app` directory. It is used to define the `<html>` and `<body>` tags and other globally shared UI. app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en"> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } [Props](#props) --------------- ### [`children` (required)](#children-required) Layout components should accept and use a `children` prop. During rendering, `children` will be populated with the route segments the layout is wrapping. These will primarily be the component of a child [Layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#pages) (if it exists) or [Page](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#pages), but could also be other special files like [Loading](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) or [Error](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) when applicable. ### [`params` (optional)](#params-optional) The [dynamic route parameters](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) object from the root segment down to that layout. Example URL `params` `app/dashboard/[team]/layout.js` `/dashboard/1` `{ team: '1' }` `app/shop/[tag]/[item]/layout.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ tag: '1', item: '2' }` `app/blog/[...slug]/layout.js` `/blog/1/2` `{ slug: ['1', '2'] }` For example: app/shop/\[tag\]/\[item\]/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function ShopLayout({ children, params, }: { children: React.ReactNode params: { tag: string item: string } }) { // URL -> /shop/shoes/nike-air-max-97 // `params` -> { tag: 'shoes', item: 'nike-air-max-97' } return <section>{children}</section> } [Good to know](#good-to-know) ----------------------------- ### [Layouts do not receive `searchParams`](#layouts-do-not-receive-searchparams) Unlike [Pages](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page), Layout components **do not** receive the `searchParams` prop. This is because a shared layout is [not re-rendered during navigation](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#4-partial-rendering) which could lead to stale `searchParams` between navigations. When using client-side navigation, Next.js automatically only renders the part of the page below the common layout between two routes. For example, in the following directory structure, `dashboard/layout.tsx` is the common layout for both `/dashboard/settings` and `/dashboard/analytics`:  When navigating from `/dashboard/settings` to `/dashboard/analytics`, `page.tsx` in `/dashboard/analytics` will rerender on the server, while `dashboard/layout.tsx` will **not** rerender because it's a common UI shared between the two routes. This performance optimization allows navigation between pages that share a layout to be quicker as only the data fetching and rendering for the page has to run, instead of the entire route that could include shared layouts that fetch their own data. Because `dashboard/layout.tsx` doesn't re-render, the `searchParams` prop in the layout Server Component might become **stale** after navigation. * Instead, use the Page [`searchParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#searchparams-optional) prop or the [`useSearchParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) hook in a Client Component, which is re-rendered on the client with the latest `searchParams`. ### [Root Layouts](#root-layouts) * The `app` directory **must** include a root `app/layout.js`. * The root layout **must** define `<html>` and `<body>` tags. * You should **not** manually add `<head>` tags such as `<title>` and `<meta>` to root layouts. Instead, you should use the [Metadata API](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) which automatically handles advanced requirements such as streaming and de-duplicating `<head>` elements. * You can use [route groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) to create multiple root layouts. * Navigating **across multiple root layouts** will cause a **full page load** (as opposed to a client-side navigation). For example, navigating from `/cart` that uses `app/(shop)/layout.js` to `/blog` that uses `app/(marketing)/layout.js` will cause a full page load. This **only** applies to multiple root layouts. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `layout` introduced. [Previous instrumentation.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) [Next loading.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)instrumentation.js instrumentation.js ================== The `instrumentation.js|ts` file is used to integrate monitoring and logging tools into your application. This allows you to track the performance and behavior of your application, and to debug issues in production. To use it, place the file in the **root** of your application or inside a [`src` folder](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) if using one. [Config Option](#config-option) ------------------------------- Instrumentation is currently an experimental feature, to use the `instrumentation` file, you must explicitly opt-in by defining [`experimental.instrumentationHook = true;`](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) in your `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { instrumentationHook: true, }, } [Exports](#exports) ------------------- ### [`register` (required)](#register-required) The file exports a `register` function that is called **once** when a new Next.js server instance is initiated. `register` can be an async function. instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { registerOTel } from '@vercel/otel' export function register() { registerOTel('next-app') } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v14.0.4` Turbopack support for `instrumentation` `v13.2.0` `instrumentation` introduced as an experimental feature Learn more about Instrumentation -------------------------------- [ App Router ... Optimizing ### Instrumentation Learn how to use instrumentation to run code at server startup in your Next.js app ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) [Previous error.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) [Next layout.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [next/dynamic](#nextdynamic) * [Examples](#examples) * [Skipping SSR](#skipping-ssr) * [Importing Server Components](#importing-server-components) * [Loading External Libraries](#loading-external-libraries) * [Adding a custom loading component](#adding-a-custom-loading-component) * [Importing Named Exports](#importing-named-exports) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/07-lazy-loading.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Lazy Loading Lazy Loading ============ [Lazy loading](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Performance/Lazy_loading) in Next.js helps improve the initial loading performance of an application by decreasing the amount of JavaScript needed to render a route. It allows you to defer loading of **Client Components** and imported libraries, and only include them in the client bundle when they're needed. For example, you might want to defer loading a modal until a user clicks to open it. There are two ways you can implement lazy loading in Next.js: 1. Using [Dynamic Imports](#nextdynamic) with `next/dynamic` 2. Using [`React.lazy()`](https://react.dev/reference/react/lazy) with [Suspense](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense) By default, Server Components are automatically [code split](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Code_splitting), and you can use [streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) to progressively send pieces of UI from the server to the client. Lazy loading applies to Client Components. [`next/dynamic`](#nextdynamic) ------------------------------ `next/dynamic` is a composite of [`React.lazy()`](https://react.dev/reference/react/lazy) and [Suspense](https://react.dev/reference/react/Suspense). It behaves the same way in the `app` and `pages` directories to allow for incremental migration. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Importing Client Components](#importing-client-components) app/page.js 'use client' import { useState } from 'react' import dynamic from 'next/dynamic' // Client Components: const ComponentA = dynamic(() => import('../components/A')) const ComponentB = dynamic(() => import('../components/B')) const ComponentC = dynamic(() => import('../components/C'), { ssr: false }) export default function ClientComponentExample() { const [showMore, setShowMore] = useState(false) return ( <div> {/* Load immediately, but in a separate client bundle */} <ComponentA /> {/* Load on demand, only when/if the condition is met */} {showMore && <ComponentB />} <button onClick={() => setShowMore(!showMore)}>Toggle</button> {/* Load only on the client side */} <ComponentC /> </div> ) } ### [Skipping SSR](#skipping-ssr) When using `React.lazy()` and Suspense, Client Components will be pre-rendered (SSR) by default. If you want to disable pre-rendering for a Client Component, you can use the `ssr` option set to `false`: const ComponentC = dynamic(() => import('../components/C'), { ssr: false }) ### [Importing Server Components](#importing-server-components) If you dynamically import a Server Component, only the Client Components that are children of the Server Component will be lazy-loaded - not the Server Component itself. app/page.js import dynamic from 'next/dynamic' // Server Component: const ServerComponent = dynamic(() => import('../components/ServerComponent')) export default function ServerComponentExample() { return ( <div> <ServerComponent /> </div> ) } ### [Loading External Libraries](#loading-external-libraries) External libraries can be loaded on demand using the [`import()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import) function. This example uses the external library `fuse.js` for fuzzy search. The module is only loaded on the client after the user types in the search input. app/page.js 'use client' import { useState } from 'react' const names = ['Tim', 'Joe', 'Bel', 'Lee'] export default function Page() { const [results, setResults] = useState() return ( <div> <input type="text" placeholder="Search" onChange={async (e) => { const { value } = e.currentTarget // Dynamically load fuse.js const Fuse = (await import('fuse.js')).default const fuse = new Fuse(names) setResults(fuse.search(value)) }} /> <pre>Results: {JSON.stringify(results, null, 2)}</pre> </div> ) } ### [Adding a custom loading component](#adding-a-custom-loading-component) app/page.js import dynamic from 'next/dynamic' const WithCustomLoading = dynamic( () => import('../components/WithCustomLoading'), { loading: () => <p>Loading...</p>, } ) export default function Page() { return ( <div> {/* The loading component will be rendered while <WithCustomLoading/> is loading */} <WithCustomLoading /> </div> ) } ### [Importing Named Exports](#importing-named-exports) To dynamically import a named export, you can return it from the Promise returned by [`import()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import) function: components/hello.js 'use client' export function Hello() { return <p>Hello!</p> } app/page.js import dynamic from 'next/dynamic' const ClientComponent = dynamic(() => import('../components/hello').then((mod) => mod.Hello) ) [Previous Bundle Analyzer ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) [Next Analytics ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_cache.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)unstable\_cache unstable\_cache =============== `unstable_cache` allows you to cache the results of expensive operations, like database queries, and reuse them across multiple requests. import { getUser } from './data'; import { unstable_cache } from 'next/cache'; const getCachedUser = unstable_cache( async (id) => getUser(id), ['my-app-user'] ); export default async function Component({ userID }) { const user = await getCachedUser(userID); ... } > **Good to know**: Accessing dynamic data sources such as `headers` or `cookies` inside a cache scope is not supported. If you need this data inside a cached function use `headers` outside of the cached function and pass the required dynamic data in as an argument. > **Warning**: This API is unstable and may change in the future. We will provide migration documentation and codemods, if needed, as this API stabilizes. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- const data = unstable_cache(fetchData, keyParts, options)() * `fetchData`: This is an asynchronous function that fetches the data you want to cache. It must be a function that returns a `Promise`. * `keyParts`: This is an array that identifies the cached key. It must contain globally unique values that together identify the key of the data being cached. The cache key also includes the arguments passed to the function. * `options`: This is an object that controls how the cache behaves. It can contain the following properties: * `tags`: An array of tags that can be used to control cache invalidation. * `revalidate`: The number of seconds after which the cache should be revalidated. Omit or pass `false` to cache indefinitely or until matching `revalidateTag()` or `revalidatePath()` methods are called. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `unstable_cache` returns a function that when invoked, returns a Promise that resolves to the cached data. If the data is not in the cache, the provided function will be invoked, and its result will be cached and returned. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v14.0.0` `unstable_cache` introduced. [Previous revalidateTag ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) [Next unstable\_noStore ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Layout Scripts](#layout-scripts) * [Application Scripts](#application-scripts) * [Strategy](#strategy) * [Offloading Scripts To A Web Worker (Experimental)](#offloading-scripts-to-a-web-worker-experimental) * [Inline Scripts](#inline-scripts) * [Executing Additional Code](#executing-additional-code) * [Additional Attributes](#additional-attributes) * [API Reference](#api-reference) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/05-scripts.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Scripts Script Optimization =================== ### [Layout Scripts](#layout-scripts) To load a third-party script for multiple routes, import `next/script` and include the script directly in your layout component: app/dashboard/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function DashboardLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <> <section>{children}</section> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" /> </> ) } The third-party script is fetched when the folder route (e.g. `dashboard/page.js`) or any nested route (e.g. `dashboard/settings/page.js`) is accessed by the user. Next.js will ensure the script will **only load once**, even if a user navigates between multiple routes in the same layout. ### [Application Scripts](#application-scripts) To load a third-party script for all routes, import `next/script` and include the script directly in your root layout: app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en"> <body>{children}</body> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" /> </html> ) } This script will load and execute when _any_ route in your application is accessed. Next.js will ensure the script will **only load once**, even if a user navigates between multiple pages. > **Recommendation**: We recommend only including third-party scripts in specific pages or layouts in order to minimize any unnecessary impact to performance. ### [Strategy](#strategy) Although the default behavior of `next/script` allows you to load third-party scripts in any page or layout, you can fine-tune its loading behavior by using the `strategy` property: * `beforeInteractive`: Load the script before any Next.js code and before any page hydration occurs. * `afterInteractive`: (**default**) Load the script early but after some hydration on the page occurs. * `lazyOnload`: Load the script later during browser idle time. * `worker`: (experimental) Load the script in a web worker. Refer to the [`next/script`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script#strategy) API reference documentation to learn more about each strategy and their use cases. ### [Offloading Scripts To A Web Worker (Experimental)](#offloading-scripts-to-a-web-worker-experimental) > **Warning:** The `worker` strategy is not yet stable and does not yet work with the [`app`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) directory. Use with caution. Scripts that use the `worker` strategy are offloaded and executed in a web worker with [Partytown](https://partytown.builder.io/). This can improve the performance of your site by dedicating the main thread to the rest of your application code. This strategy is still experimental and can only be used if the `nextScriptWorkers` flag is enabled in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { nextScriptWorkers: true, }, } Then, run `next` (normally `npm run dev` or `yarn dev`) and Next.js will guide you through the installation of the required packages to finish the setup: Terminal npm run dev You'll see instructions like these: Please install Partytown by running `npm install @builder.io/partytown` Once setup is complete, defining `strategy="worker"` will automatically instantiate Partytown in your application and offload the script to a web worker. pages/home.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function Home() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" strategy="worker" /> </> ) } There are a number of trade-offs that need to be considered when loading a third-party script in a web worker. Please see Partytown's [tradeoffs](https://partytown.builder.io/trade-offs) documentation for more information. ### [Inline Scripts](#inline-scripts) Inline scripts, or scripts not loaded from an external file, are also supported by the Script component. They can be written by placing the JavaScript within curly braces: <Script id="show-banner"> {`document.getElementById('banner').classList.remove('hidden')`} </Script> Or by using the `dangerouslySetInnerHTML` property: <Script id="show-banner" dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: `document.getElementById('banner').classList.remove('hidden')`, }} /> > **Warning**: An `id` property must be assigned for inline scripts in order for Next.js to track and optimize the script. ### [Executing Additional Code](#executing-additional-code) Event handlers can be used with the Script component to execute additional code after a certain event occurs: * `onLoad`: Execute code after the script has finished loading. * `onReady`: Execute code after the script has finished loading and every time the component is mounted. * `onError`: Execute code if the script fails to load. These handlers will only work when `next/script` is imported and used inside of a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) where `"use client"` is defined as the first line of code: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" onLoad={() => { console.log('Script has loaded') }} /> </> ) } Refer to the [`next/script`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script#onload) API reference to learn more about each event handler and view examples. ### [Additional Attributes](#additional-attributes) There are many DOM attributes that can be assigned to a `<script>` element that are not used by the Script component, like [`nonce`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/nonce) or [custom data attributes](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/data-*). Including any additional attributes will automatically forward it to the final, optimized `<script>` element that is included in the HTML. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Script src="https://example.com/script.js" id="example-script" nonce="XUENAJFW" data-test="script" /> </> ) } API Reference ------------- Learn more about the next/script API. [ App Router ... Components ### <Script> Optimize third-party scripts in your Next.js application using the built-in \`next/script\` Component. ](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) [Previous Metadata ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata) [Next Bundle Analyzer ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Convention](#convention) * [Supported HTTP Methods](#supported-http-methods) * [Extended NextRequest and NextResponse APIs](#extended-nextrequest-and-nextresponse-apis) * [Behavior](#behavior) * [Caching](#caching) * [Opting out of caching](#opting-out-of-caching) * [Route Resolution](#route-resolution) * [Examples](#examples) * [Revalidating Cached Data](#revalidating-cached-data) * [Dynamic Functions](#dynamic-functions) * [Cookies](#cookies) * [Headers](#headers) * [Redirects](#redirects) * [Dynamic Route Segments](#dynamic-route-segments) * [URL Query Parameters](#url-query-parameters) * [Streaming](#streaming) * [Request Body](#request-body) * [Request Body FormData](#request-body-formdata) * [CORS](#cors) * [Webhooks](#webhooks) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](#edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Non-UI Responses](#non-ui-responses) * [Segment Config Options](#segment-config-options) * [API Reference](#api-reference) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/12-route-handlers.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing)Route Handlers Route Handlers ============== Route Handlers allow you to create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) and [Response](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response) APIs.  > **Good to know**: Route Handlers are only available inside the `app` directory. They are the equivalent of [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) inside the `pages` directory meaning you **do not** need to use API Routes and Route Handlers together. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- Route Handlers are defined in a [`route.js|ts` file](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) inside the `app` directory: app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto export async function GET(request: Request) {} Route Handlers can be nested inside the `app` directory, similar to `page.js` and `layout.js`. But there **cannot** be a `route.js` file at the same route segment level as `page.js`. ### [Supported HTTP Methods](#supported-http-methods) The following [HTTP methods](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods) are supported: `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, `DELETE`, `HEAD`, and `OPTIONS`. If an unsupported method is called, Next.js will return a `405 Method Not Allowed` response. ### [Extended `NextRequest` and `NextResponse` APIs](#extended-nextrequest-and-nextresponse-apis) In addition to supporting native [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) and [Response](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response). Next.js extends them with [`NextRequest`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) and [`NextResponse`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) to provide convenient helpers for advanced use cases. [Behavior](#behavior) --------------------- ### [Caching](#caching) Route Handlers are cached by default when using the `GET` method with the `Response` object. app/items/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET() { const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY, }, }) const data = await res.json() return Response.json({ data }) } > **TypeScript Warning:** `Response.json()` is only valid from TypeScript 5.2. If you use a lower TypeScript version, you can use [`NextResponse.json()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response#json) for typed responses instead. ### [Opting out of caching](#opting-out-of-caching) You can opt out of caching by: * Using the `Request` object with the `GET` method. * Using any of the other HTTP methods. * Using [Dynamic Functions](#dynamic-functions) like `cookies` and `headers`. * The [Segment Config Options](#segment-config-options) manually specifies dynamic mode. For example: app/products/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET(request: Request) { const { searchParams } = new URL(request.url) const id = searchParams.get('id') const res = await fetch(`https://data.mongodb-api.com/product/${id}`, { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY!, }, }) const product = await res.json() return Response.json({ product }) } Similarly, the `POST` method will cause the Route Handler to be evaluated dynamically. app/items/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function POST() { const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', { method: 'POST', headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json', 'API-Key': process.env.DATA_API_KEY!, }, body: JSON.stringify({ time: new Date().toISOString() }), }) const data = await res.json() return Response.json(data) } > **Good to know**: Like API Routes, Route Handlers can be used for cases like handling form submissions. A new abstraction for [handling forms and mutations](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) that integrates deeply with React is being worked on. ### [Route Resolution](#route-resolution) You can consider a `route` the lowest level routing primitive. * They **do not** participate in layouts or client-side navigations like `page`. * There **cannot** be a `route.js` file at the same route as `page.js`. Page Route Result `app/page.js` `app/route.js` Conflict `app/page.js` `app/api/route.js` Valid `app/[user]/page.js` `app/api/route.js` Valid Each `route.js` or `page.js` file takes over all HTTP verbs for that route. app/page.js export default function Page() { return <h1>Hello, Next.js!</h1> } // ❌ Conflict // `app/route.js` export async function POST(request) {} [Examples](#examples) --------------------- The following examples show how to combine Route Handlers with other Next.js APIs and features. ### [Revalidating Cached Data](#revalidating-cached-data) You can [revalidate cached data](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating#revalidating-data) using the [`next.revalidate`](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating#revalidating-data) option: app/items/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET() { const res = await fetch('https://data.mongodb-api.com/...', { next: { revalidate: 60 }, // Revalidate every 60 seconds }) const data = await res.json() return Response.json(data) } Alternatively, you can use the [`revalidate` segment config option](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#revalidate): export const revalidate = 60 ### [Dynamic Functions](#dynamic-functions) Route Handlers can be used with dynamic functions from Next.js, like [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) and [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers). #### [Cookies](#cookies) You can read or set cookies with [`cookies`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) from `next/headers`. This server function can be called directly in a Route Handler, or nested inside of another function. Alternatively, you can return a new `Response` using the [`Set-Cookie`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie) header. app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { cookies } from 'next/headers' export async function GET(request: Request) { const cookieStore = cookies() const token = cookieStore.get('token') return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', { status: 200, headers: { 'Set-Cookie': `token=${token.value}` }, }) } You can also use the underlying Web APIs to read cookies from the request ([`NextRequest`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request)): app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { type NextRequest } from 'next/server' export async function GET(request: NextRequest) { const token = request.cookies.get('token') } #### [Headers](#headers) You can read headers with [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) from `next/headers`. This server function can be called directly in a Route Handler, or nested inside of another function. This `headers` instance is read-only. To set headers, you need to return a new `Response` with new `headers`. app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { headers } from 'next/headers' export async function GET(request: Request) { const headersList = headers() const referer = headersList.get('referer') return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', { status: 200, headers: { referer: referer }, }) } You can also use the underlying Web APIs to read headers from the request ([`NextRequest`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request)): app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { type NextRequest } from 'next/server' export async function GET(request: NextRequest) { const requestHeaders = new Headers(request.headers) } ### [Redirects](#redirects) app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { redirect } from 'next/navigation' export async function GET(request: Request) { redirect('https://nextjs.org/') } ### [Dynamic Route Segments](#dynamic-route-segments) > We recommend reading the [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) page before continuing. Route Handlers can use [Dynamic Segments](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) to create request handlers from dynamic data. app/items/\[slug\]/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET( request: Request, { params }: { params: { slug: string } } ) { const slug = params.slug // 'a', 'b', or 'c' } Route Example URL `params` `app/items/[slug]/route.js` `/items/a` `{ slug: 'a' }` `app/items/[slug]/route.js` `/items/b` `{ slug: 'b' }` `app/items/[slug]/route.js` `/items/c` `{ slug: 'c' }` ### [URL Query Parameters](#url-query-parameters) The request object passed to the Route Handler is a `NextRequest` instance, which has [some additional convenience methods](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request#nexturl), including for more easily handling query parameters. app/api/search/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { type NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function GET(request: NextRequest) { const searchParams = request.nextUrl.searchParams const query = searchParams.get('query') // query is "hello" for /api/search?query=hello } ### [Streaming](#streaming) Streaming is commonly used in combination with Large Language Models (LLMs), such as OpenAI, for AI-generated content. Learn more about the [AI SDK](https://sdk.vercel.ai/docs). app/api/chat/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import OpenAI from 'openai' import { OpenAIStream, StreamingTextResponse } from 'ai' const openai = new OpenAI({ apiKey: process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY, }) export const runtime = 'edge' export async function POST(req: Request) { const { messages } = await req.json() const response = await openai.chat.completions.create({ model: 'gpt-3.5-turbo', stream: true, messages, }) const stream = OpenAIStream(response) return new StreamingTextResponse(stream) } These abstractions use the Web APIs to create a stream. You can also use the underlying Web APIs directly. app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream#convert_async_iterator_to_stream function iteratorToStream(iterator: any) { return new ReadableStream({ async pull(controller) { const { value, done } = await iterator.next() if (done) { controller.close() } else { controller.enqueue(value) } }, }) } function sleep(time: number) { return new Promise((resolve) => { setTimeout(resolve, time) }) } const encoder = new TextEncoder() async function* makeIterator() { yield encoder.encode('<p>One</p>') await sleep(200) yield encoder.encode('<p>Two</p>') await sleep(200) yield encoder.encode('<p>Three</p>') } export async function GET() { const iterator = makeIterator() const stream = iteratorToStream(iterator) return new Response(stream) } ### [Request Body](#request-body) You can read the `Request` body using the standard Web API methods: app/items/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function POST(request: Request) { const res = await request.json() return Response.json({ res }) } ### [Request Body FormData](#request-body-formdata) You can read the `FormData` using the `request.formData()` function: app/items/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function POST(request: Request) { const formData = await request.formData() const name = formData.get('name') const email = formData.get('email') return Response.json({ name, email }) } Since `formData` data are all strings, you may want to use [`zod-form-data`](https://www.npmjs.com/zod-form-data) to validate the request and retrieve data in the format you prefer (e.g. `number`). ### [CORS](#cors) You can set CORS headers for a specific Route Handler using the standard Web API methods: app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto export async function GET(request: Request) { return new Response('Hello, Next.js!', { status: 200, headers: { 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*', 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS', 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, Authorization', }, }) } > **Good to know**: > > * To add CORS headers to multiple Route Handlers, you can use [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware#cors) or the [`next.config.js` file](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers#cors). > * Alternatively, see our [CORS example](https://github.com/vercel/examples/blob/main/edge-functions/cors/lib/cors.ts) package. ### [Webhooks](#webhooks) You can use a Route Handler to receive webhooks from third-party services: app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function POST(request: Request) { try { const text = await request.text() // Process the webhook payload } catch (error) { return new Response(`Webhook error: ${error.message}`, { status: 400, }) } return new Response('Success!', { status: 200, }) } Notably, unlike API Routes with the Pages Router, you do not need to use `bodyParser` to use any additional configuration. ### [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](#edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) Route Handlers have an isomorphic Web API to support both Edge and Node.js runtimes seamlessly, including support for streaming. Since Route Handlers use the same [route segment configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) as Pages and Layouts, they support long-awaited features like general-purpose [statically regenerated](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating#revalidating-data) Route Handlers. You can use the `runtime` segment config option to specify the runtime: export const runtime = 'edge' // 'nodejs' is the default ### [Non-UI Responses](#non-ui-responses) You can use Route Handlers to return non-UI content. Note that [`sitemap.xml`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap#generating-a-sitemap-using-code-js-ts), [`robots.txt`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots#generate-a-robots-file), [`app icons`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons#generate-icons-using-code-js-ts-tsx), and [open graph images](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) all have built-in support. app/rss.xml/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' // defaults to auto export async function GET() { return new Response( `<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?> <rss version="2.0"> <channel> <title>Next.js Documentation</title> <link>https://nextjs.org/docs</link> <description>The React Framework for the Web</description> </channel> </rss>`, { headers: { 'Content-Type': 'text/xml', }, } ) } ### [Segment Config Options](#segment-config-options) Route Handlers use the same [route segment configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) as pages and layouts. app/items/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const dynamic = 'auto' export const dynamicParams = true export const revalidate = false export const fetchCache = 'auto' export const runtime = 'nodejs' export const preferredRegion = 'auto' See the [API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) for more details. API Reference ------------- Learn more about the route.js file. [ App Router ... File Conventions ### route.js API reference for the route.js special file. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) [Previous Intercepting Routes ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/intercepting-routes) [Next Middleware ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Build Your Own](#build-your-own) * [Web Vitals](#web-vitals) * [Sending results to external systems](#sending-results-to-external-systems) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/08-analytics.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Analytics Analytics ========= Next.js has built-in support for measuring and reporting performance metrics. You can either use the `useReportWebVitals` hook to manage reporting yourself, or alternatively, Vercel provides a [managed service](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to automatically collect and visualize metrics for you. [Build Your Own](#build-your-own) --------------------------------- app/\_components/web-vitals.js 'use client' import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals' export function WebVitals() { useReportWebVitals((metric) => { console.log(metric) }) } app/layout.js import { WebVitals } from './_components/web-vitals' export default function Layout({ children }) { return ( <html> <body> <WebVitals /> {children} </body> </html> ) } > Since the `useReportWebVitals` hook requires the `"use client"` directive, the most performant approach is to create a separate component that the root layout imports. This confines the client boundary exclusively to the `WebVitals` component. View the [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) for more information. [Web Vitals](#web-vitals) ------------------------- [Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/) are a set of useful metrics that aim to capture the user experience of a web page. The following web vitals are all included: * [Time to First Byte](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Time_to_first_byte) (TTFB) * [First Contentful Paint](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint) (FCP) * [Largest Contentful Paint](https://web.dev/lcp/) (LCP) * [First Input Delay](https://web.dev/fid/) (FID) * [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/) (CLS) * [Interaction to Next Paint](https://web.dev/inp/) (INP) You can handle all the results of these metrics using the `name` property. app/\_components/web-vitals.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals' export function WebVitals() { useReportWebVitals((metric) => { switch (metric.name) { case 'FCP': { // handle FCP results } case 'LCP': { // handle LCP results } // ... } }) } [Sending results to external systems](#sending-results-to-external-systems) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- You can send results to any endpoint to measure and track real user performance on your site. For example: useReportWebVitals((metric) => { const body = JSON.stringify(metric) const url = 'https://example.com/analytics' // Use `navigator.sendBeacon()` if available, falling back to `fetch()`. if (navigator.sendBeacon) { navigator.sendBeacon(url, body) } else { fetch(url, { body, method: 'POST', keepalive: true }) } }) > **Good to know**: If you use [Google Analytics](https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/), using the `id` value can allow you to construct metric distributions manually (to calculate percentiles, etc.) > useReportWebVitals((metric) => { > // Use `window.gtag` if you initialized Google Analytics as this example: > // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/examples/with-google-analytics/pages/_app.js > window.gtag('event', metric.name, { > value: Math.round( > metric.name === 'CLS' ? metric.value * 1000 : metric.value > ), // values must be integers > event_label: metric.id, // id unique to current page load > non_interaction: true, // avoids affecting bounce rate. > }) > }) > > Read more about [sending results to Google Analytics](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals#send-the-results-to-google-analytics). 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[eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Nonces](#nonces) * [Why use a nonce?](#why-use-a-nonce) * [Adding a nonce with Middleware](#adding-a-nonce-with-middleware) * [Reading the nonce](#reading-the-nonce) * [Without Nonces](#without-nonces) * [Version History](#version-history) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/07-configuring/15-content-security-policy.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring)Content Security Policy Content Security Policy ======================= [Content Security Policy (CSP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/CSP) is important to guard your Next.js application against various security threats such as cross-site scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and other code injection attacks. By using CSP, developers can specify which origins are permissible for content sources, scripts, stylesheets, images, fonts, objects, media (audio, video), iframes, and more. Examples * [Strict CSP](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-strict-csp) [Nonces](#nonces) ----------------- A [nonce](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/nonce) is a unique, random string of characters created for a one-time use. It is used in conjunction with CSP to selectively allow certain inline scripts or styles to execute, bypassing strict CSP directives. ### [Why use a nonce?](#why-use-a-nonce) Even though CSPs are designed to block malicious scripts, there are legitimate scenarios where inline scripts are necessary. In such cases, nonces offer a way to allow these scripts to execute if they have the correct nonce. ### [Adding a nonce with Middleware](#adding-a-nonce-with-middleware) [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) enables you to add headers and generate nonces before the page renders. Every time a page is viewed, a fresh nonce should be generated. This means that you **must use dynamic rendering to add nonces**. For example: middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const nonce = Buffer.from(crypto.randomUUID()).toString('base64') const cspHeader = ` default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'nonce-${nonce}' 'strict-dynamic'; style-src 'self' 'nonce-${nonce}'; img-src 'self' blob: data:; font-src 'self'; object-src 'none'; base-uri 'self'; form-action 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none'; upgrade-insecure-requests; ` // Replace newline characters and spaces const contentSecurityPolicyHeaderValue = cspHeader .replace(/\s{2,}/g, ' ') .trim() const requestHeaders = new Headers(request.headers) requestHeaders.set('x-nonce', nonce) requestHeaders.set( 'Content-Security-Policy', contentSecurityPolicyHeaderValue ) const response = NextResponse.next({ request: { headers: requestHeaders, }, }) response.headers.set( 'Content-Security-Policy', contentSecurityPolicyHeaderValue ) return response } By default, Middleware runs on all requests. You can filter Middleware to run on specific paths using a [`matcher`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware#matcher). We recommend ignoring matching prefetches (from `next/link`) and static assets that don't need the CSP header. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const config = { matcher: [ /* * Match all request paths except for the ones starting with: * - api (API routes) * - _next/static (static files) * - _next/image (image optimization files) * - favicon.ico (favicon file) */ { source: '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'next-router-prefetch' }, { type: 'header', key: 'purpose', value: 'prefetch' }, ], }, ], } ### [Reading the nonce](#reading-the-nonce) You can now read the nonce from a [Server Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) using [`headers`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers): app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { headers } from 'next/headers' import Script from 'next/script' export default function Page() { const nonce = headers().get('x-nonce') return ( <Script src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js" strategy="afterInteractive" nonce={nonce} /> ) } [Without Nonces](#without-nonces) --------------------------------- For applications that do not require nonces, you can set the CSP header directly in your [`next.config.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) file: next.config.js const cspHeader = ` default-src 'self'; script-src 'self' 'unsafe-eval' 'unsafe-inline'; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'; img-src 'self' blob: data:; font-src 'self'; object-src 'none'; base-uri 'self'; form-action 'self'; frame-ancestors 'none'; upgrade-insecure-requests; ` module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/(.*)', headers: [ { key: 'Content-Security-Policy', value: cspHeader.replace(/\n/g, ''), }, ], }, ] }, } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- We recommend using `v13.4.20+` of Next.js to properly handle and apply nonces. Next Steps ---------- [ App Router ... Routing ### Middleware Learn how to use Middleware to run code before a request is completed. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware)[ App Router ... Functions ### headers API reference for the headers function. ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) [Previous Draft Mode ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) [Next Testing ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Usage](#usage) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/unstable_noStore.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)unstable\_noStore unstable\_noStore ================= `unstable_noStore` can be used to declaratively opt out of static rendering and indicate a particular component should not be cached. import { unstable_noStore as noStore } from 'next/cache'; export default async function Component() { noStore(); const result = await db.query(...); ... } > **Good to know**: > > * `unstable_noStore` is equivalent to `cache: 'no-store'` on a `fetch` > * `unstable_noStore` is preferred over `export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic'` as it is more granular and can be used on a per-component basis * Using `unstable_noStore` inside [`unstable_cache`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) will not opt out of static generation. Instead, it will defer to the cache configuration to determine whether to cache the result or not. [Usage](#usage) --------------- If you prefer not to pass additional options to `fetch`, like `cache: 'no-store'` or `next: { revalidate: 0 }`, you can use `noStore()` as a replacement for all of these use cases. import { unstable_noStore as noStore } from 'next/cache'; export default async function Component() { noStore(); const result = await db.query(...); ... } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v14.0.0` `unstable_noStore` introduced. [Previous unstable\_cache ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) [Next useParams ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Exports](#exports) * [Middleware function](#middleware-function) * [Config object (optional)](#config-object-optional) * [Matcher](#matcher) * [Params](#params) * [request](#request) * [NextResponse](#nextresponse) * [Runtime](#runtime) * [Version History](#version-history) * [Learn more about Middleware](#learn-more-about-middleware) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/middleware.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)middleware.js middleware.js ============= The `middleware.js|ts` file is used to write [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) and run code on the server before a request is completed. Then, based on the incoming request, you can modify the response by rewriting, redirecting, modifying the request or response headers, or responding directly. Middleware executes before routes are rendered. It's particularly useful for implementing custom server-side logic like authentication, logging, or handling redirects. Use the file `middleware.ts` (or .js) in the root of your project to define Middleware. For example, at the same level as `app` or `pages`, or inside `src` if applicable. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse, NextRequest } from 'next/server' // This function can be marked `async` if using `await` inside export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/home', request.url)) } export const config = { matcher: '/about/:path*', } [Exports](#exports) ------------------- ### [Middleware function](#middleware-function) The file must export a single function, either as a default export or named `middleware`. Note that multiple middleware from the same file are not supported. middleware.js // Example of default export export default function middleware(request) { // Middleware logic } ### [Config object (optional)](#config-object-optional) Optionally, a config object can be exported alongside the Middleware function. This object includes the [matcher](#matcher) to specify paths where the Middleware applies. #### [Matcher](#matcher) The `matcher` option allows you to target specific paths for the Middleware to run on. You can specify these paths in several ways: * For a single path: Directly use a string to define the path, like `'/about'`. * For multiple paths: Use an array to list multiple paths, such as `matcher: ['/about', '/contact']`, which applies the Middleware to both `/about` and `/contact`. Additionally, `matcher` supports complex path specifications through regular expressions, such as `matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\.png$).*)']`, enabling precise control over which paths to include or exclude. The `matcher` option also accepts an array of objects with the following keys: * `source`: The path or pattern used to match the request paths. It can be a string for direct path matching or a pattern for more complex matching. * `regexp` (optional): A regular expression string that fine-tunes the matching based on the source. It provides additional control over which paths are included or excluded. * `locale` (optional): A boolean that, when set to `false`, ignores locale-based routing in path matching. * `has` (optional): Specifies conditions based on the presence of specific request elements such as headers, query parameters, or cookies. * `missing` (optional): Focuses on conditions where certain request elements are absent, like missing headers or cookies. middleware.js export const config = { matcher: [ { source: '/api/*', regexp: '^/api/(.*)', locale: false, has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'Authorization', value: 'Bearer Token' }, { type: 'query', key: 'userId', value: '123' }, ], missing: [{ type: 'cookie', key: 'session', value: 'active' }], }, ], } [Params](#params) ----------------- ### [`request`](#request) When defining Middleware, the default export function accepts a single parameter, `request`. This parameter is an instance of `NextRequest`, which represents the incoming HTTP request. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Middleware logic goes here } > **Good to know**: > > * `NextRequest` is a type that represents incoming HTTP requests in Next.js Middleware, whereas [`NextResponse`](#nextresponse) is a class used to manipulate and send back HTTP responses. [NextResponse](#nextresponse) ----------------------------- Middleware can use the [`NextResponse`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware#nextresponse) object which extends the [Web Response API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response). By returning a `NextResponse` object, you can directly manipulate cookies, set headers, implement redirects, and rewrite paths. > **Good to know**: For redirects, you can also use `Response.redirect` instead of `NextResponse.redirect`. [Runtime](#runtime) ------------------- Middleware only supports the [Edge runtime](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes). The Node.js runtime cannot be used. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.1.0` Advanced Middleware flags added `v13.0.0` Middleware can modify request headers, response headers, and send responses `v12.2.0` Middleware is stable, please see the [upgrade guide](/docs/messages/middleware-upgrade-guide) `v12.0.9` Enforce absolute URLs in Edge Runtime ([PR](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/pull/33410)) `v12.0.0` Middleware (Beta) added Learn more about Middleware --------------------------- [ App Router ... Routing ### Middleware Learn how to use Middleware to run code before a request is completed. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) [Previous loading.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) [Next not-found.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Types of tests](#types-of-tests) * [Async Server Components](#async-server-components) * [Guides](#guides) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/08-testing/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application)Testing Testing ======= In React and Next.js, there are a few different types of tests you can write, each with its own purpose and use cases. This page provides an overview of types and commonly used tools you can use to test your application. [Types of tests](#types-of-tests) --------------------------------- * **Unit testing** involves testing individual units (or blocks of code) in isolation. In React, a unit can be a single function, hook, or component. * **Component testing** is a more focused version of unit testing where the primary subject of the tests is React components. This may involve testing how components are rendered, their interaction with props, and their behavior in response to user events. * **Integration testing** involves testing how multiple units work together. This can be a combination of components, hooks, and functions. * **End-to-End (E2E) Testing** involves testing user flows in an environment that simulates real user scenarios, like the browser. This means testing specific tasks (e.g. signup flow) in a production-like environment. * **Snapshot testing** involves capturing the rendered output of a component and saving it to a snapshot file. When tests run, the current rendered output of the component is compared against the saved snapshot. Changes in the snapshot are used to indicate unexpected changes in behavior. [Async Server Components](#async-server-components) --------------------------------------------------- Since `async` Server Components are new to the React ecosystem, some tools do not fully support them. In the meantime, we recommend using **End-to-End Testing** over **Unit Testing** for `async` components. [Guides](#guides) ----------------- See the guides below to learn how to set up Next.js with these commonly used testing tools: [ ### Vitest Learn how to set up Vitest with Next.js for Unit Testing. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest)[ ### Jest Learn how to set up Jest with Next.js for Unit Testing and Snapshot Testing. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest)[ ### Playwright Learn how to set up Playwright with Next.js for End-to-End (E2E) testing. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright)[ ### Cypress Learn how to set up Cypress with Next.js for End-to-End (E2E) and Component Testing. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) [Previous Content Security Policy ](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) [Next Vitest ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Use Cases](#use-cases) * [Convention](#convention) * [Example](#example) * [Matching Paths](#matching-paths) * [Matcher](#matcher) * [Conditional Statements](#conditional-statements) * [NextResponse](#nextresponse) * [Using Cookies](#using-cookies) * [Setting Headers](#setting-headers) * [CORS](#cors) * [Producing a Response](#producing-a-response) * [waitUntil and NextFetchEvent](#waituntil-and-nextfetchevent) * [Advanced Middleware Flags](#advanced-middleware-flags) * [Runtime](#runtime) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/13-middleware.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing)Middleware Middleware ========== Middleware allows you to run code before a request is completed. Then, based on the incoming request, you can modify the response by rewriting, redirecting, modifying the request or response headers, or responding directly. Middleware runs before cached content and routes are matched. See [Matching Paths](#matching-paths) for more details. [Use Cases](#use-cases) ----------------------- Integrating Middleware into your application can lead to significant improvements in performance, security, and user experience. Some common scenarios where Middleware is particularly effective include: * Authentication and Authorization: Ensure user identity and check session cookies before granting access to specific pages or API routes. * Server-Side Redirects: Redirect users at the server level based on certain conditions (e.g., locale, user role). * Path Rewriting: Support A/B testing, feature rollouts, or legacy paths by dynamically rewriting paths to API routes or pages based on request properties. * Bot Detection: Protect your resources by detecting and blocking bot traffic. * Logging and Analytics: Capture and analyze request data for insights before processing by the page or API. * Feature Flagging: Enable or disable features dynamically for seamless feature rollouts or testing. Recognizing situations where middleware may not be the optimal approach is just as crucial. Here are some scenarios to be mindful of: * Complex Data Fetching and Manipulation: Middleware is not designed for direct data fetching or manipulation, this should be done within Route Handlers or server-side utilities instead. * Heavy Computational Tasks: Middleware should be lightweight and respond quickly or it can cause delays in page load. Heavy computational tasks or long-running processes should be done within dedicated Route Handlers. * Extensive Session Management: While Middleware can manage basic session tasks, extensive session management should be managed by dedicated authentication services or within Route Handlers. * Direct Database Operations: Performing direct database operations within Middleware is not recommended. Database interactions should done within Route Handlers or server-side utilities. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- Use the file `middleware.ts` (or `.js`) in the root of your project to define Middleware. For example, at the same level as `pages` or `app`, or inside `src` if applicable. > **Note**: While only one `middleware.ts` file is supported per project, you can still organize your middleware logic modularly. Break out middleware functionalities into separate `.ts` or `.js` files and import them into your main `middleware.ts` file. This allows for cleaner management of route-specific middleware, aggregated in the `middleware.ts` for centralized control. By enforcing a single middleware file, it simplifies configuration, prevents potential conflicts, and optimizes performance by avoiding multiple middleware layers. [Example](#example) ------------------- middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' // This function can be marked `async` if using `await` inside export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/home', request.url)) } // See "Matching Paths" below to learn more export const config = { matcher: '/about/:path*', } [Matching Paths](#matching-paths) --------------------------------- Middleware will be invoked for **every route in your project**. Given this, it's crucial to use matchers to precisely target or exclude specific routes. The following is the execution order: 1. `headers` from `next.config.js` 2. `redirects` from `next.config.js` 3. Middleware (`rewrites`, `redirects`, etc.) 4. `beforeFiles` (`rewrites`) from `next.config.js` 5. Filesystem routes (`public/`, `_next/static/`, `pages/`, `app/`, etc.) 6. `afterFiles` (`rewrites`) from `next.config.js` 7. Dynamic Routes (`/blog/[slug]`) 8. `fallback` (`rewrites`) from `next.config.js` There are two ways to define which paths Middleware will run on: 1. [Custom matcher config](#matcher) 2. [Conditional statements](#conditional-statements) ### [Matcher](#matcher) `matcher` allows you to filter Middleware to run on specific paths. middleware.js export const config = { matcher: '/about/:path*', } You can match a single path or multiple paths with an array syntax: middleware.js export const config = { matcher: ['/about/:path*', '/dashboard/:path*'], } The `matcher` config allows full regex so matching like negative lookaheads or character matching is supported. An example of a negative lookahead to match all except specific paths can be seen here: middleware.js export const config = { matcher: [ /* * Match all request paths except for the ones starting with: * - api (API routes) * - _next/static (static files) * - _next/image (image optimization files) * - favicon.ico (favicon file) */ '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', ], } You can also bypass Middleware for certain requests by using the `missing` or `has` arrays, or a combination of both: middleware.js export const config = { matcher: [ /* * Match all request paths except for the ones starting with: * - api (API routes) * - _next/static (static files) * - _next/image (image optimization files) * - favicon.ico (favicon file) */ { source: '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'next-router-prefetch' }, { type: 'header', key: 'purpose', value: 'prefetch' }, ], }, { source: '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'next-router-prefetch' }, { type: 'header', key: 'purpose', value: 'prefetch' }, ], }, { source: '/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*)', has: [{ type: 'header', key: 'x-present' }], missing: [{ type: 'header', key: 'x-missing', value: 'prefetch' }], }, ], } > **Good to know**: The `matcher` values need to be constants so they can be statically analyzed at build-time. Dynamic values such as variables will be ignored. Configured matchers: 1. MUST start with `/` 2. Can include named parameters: `/about/:path` matches `/about/a` and `/about/b` but not `/about/a/c` 3. Can have modifiers on named parameters (starting with `:`): `/about/:path*` matches `/about/a/b/c` because `*` is _zero or more_. `?` is _zero or one_ and `+` _one or more_ 4. Can use regular expression enclosed in parenthesis: `/about/(.*)` is the same as `/about/:path*` Read more details on [path-to-regexp](https://github.com/pillarjs/path-to-regexp#path-to-regexp-1) documentation. > **Good to know**: For backward compatibility, Next.js always considers `/public` as `/public/index`. Therefore, a matcher of `/public/:path` will match. ### [Conditional Statements](#conditional-statements) middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { if (request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/about')) { return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/about-2', request.url)) } if (request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) { return NextResponse.rewrite(new URL('/dashboard/user', request.url)) } } [NextResponse](#nextresponse) ----------------------------- The `NextResponse` API allows you to: * `redirect` the incoming request to a different URL * `rewrite` the response by displaying a given URL * Set request headers for API Routes, `getServerSideProps`, and `rewrite` destinations * Set response cookies * Set response headers To produce a response from Middleware, you can: 1. `rewrite` to a route ([Page](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) or [Route Handler](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers)) that produces a response 2. return a `NextResponse` directly. See [Producing a Response](#producing-a-response) [Using Cookies](#using-cookies) ------------------------------- Cookies are regular headers. On a `Request`, they are stored in the `Cookie` header. On a `Response` they are in the `Set-Cookie` header. Next.js provides a convenient way to access and manipulate these cookies through the `cookies` extension on `NextRequest` and `NextResponse`. 1. For incoming requests, `cookies` comes with the following methods: `get`, `getAll`, `set`, and `delete` cookies. You can check for the existence of a cookie with `has` or remove all cookies with `clear`. 2. For outgoing responses, `cookies` have the following methods `get`, `getAll`, `set`, and `delete`. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Assume a "Cookie:nextjs=fast" header to be present on the incoming request // Getting cookies from the request using the `RequestCookies` API let cookie = request.cookies.get('nextjs') console.log(cookie) // => { name: 'nextjs', value: 'fast', Path: '/' } const allCookies = request.cookies.getAll() console.log(allCookies) // => [{ name: 'nextjs', value: 'fast' }] request.cookies.has('nextjs') // => true request.cookies.delete('nextjs') request.cookies.has('nextjs') // => false // Setting cookies on the response using the `ResponseCookies` API const response = NextResponse.next() response.cookies.set('vercel', 'fast') response.cookies.set({ name: 'vercel', value: 'fast', path: '/', }) cookie = response.cookies.get('vercel') console.log(cookie) // => { name: 'vercel', value: 'fast', Path: '/' } // The outgoing response will have a `Set-Cookie:vercel=fast;path=/` header. return response } [Setting Headers](#setting-headers) ----------------------------------- You can set request and response headers using the `NextResponse` API (setting _request_ headers is available since Next.js v13.0.0). middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Clone the request headers and set a new header `x-hello-from-middleware1` const requestHeaders = new Headers(request.headers) requestHeaders.set('x-hello-from-middleware1', 'hello') // You can also set request headers in NextResponse.rewrite const response = NextResponse.next({ request: { // New request headers headers: requestHeaders, }, }) // Set a new response header `x-hello-from-middleware2` response.headers.set('x-hello-from-middleware2', 'hello') return response } > **Good to know**: Avoid setting large headers as it might cause [431 Request Header Fields Too Large](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Status/431) error depending on your backend web server configuration. ### [CORS](#cors) You can set CORS headers in Middleware to allow cross-origin requests, including [simple](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS#simple_requests) and [preflighted](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS#preflighted_requests) requests. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from 'next/server' const allowedOrigins = ['https://acme.com', 'https://my-app.org'] const corsOptions = { 'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS', 'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': 'Content-Type, Authorization', } export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Check the origin from the request const origin = request.headers.get('origin') ?? '' const isAllowedOrigin = allowedOrigins.includes(origin) // Handle preflighted requests const isPreflight = request.method === 'OPTIONS' if (isPreflight) { const preflightHeaders = { ...(isAllowedOrigin && { 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': origin }), ...corsOptions, } return NextResponse.json({}, { headers: preflightHeaders }) } // Handle simple requests const response = NextResponse.next() if (isAllowedOrigin) { response.headers.set('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', origin) } Object.entries(corsOptions).forEach(([key, value]) => { response.headers.set(key, value) }) return response } export const config = { matcher: '/api/:path*', } > **Good to know:** You can configure CORS headers for individual routes in [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers#cors). [Producing a Response](#producing-a-response) --------------------------------------------- You can respond from Middleware directly by returning a `Response` or `NextResponse` instance. (This is available since [Next.js v13.1.0](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-13-1#nextjs-advanced-middleware)) middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { isAuthenticated } from '@lib/auth' // Limit the middleware to paths starting with `/api/` export const config = { matcher: '/api/:function*', } export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Call our authentication function to check the request if (!isAuthenticated(request)) { // Respond with JSON indicating an error message return Response.json( { success: false, message: 'authentication failed' }, { status: 401 } ) } } ### [`waitUntil` and `NextFetchEvent`](#waituntil-and-nextfetchevent) The `NextFetchEvent` object extends the native [`FetchEvent`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/FetchEvent) object, and includes the [`waitUntil()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/ExtendableEvent/waitUntil) method. The `waitUntil()` method takes a promise as an argument, and extends the lifetime of the Middleware until the promise settles. This is useful for performing work in the background. middleware.ts import { NextResponse } from 'next/server' import type { NextFetchEvent, NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(req: NextRequest, event: NextFetchEvent) { event.waitUntil( fetch('https://my-analytics-platform.com', { method: 'POST', body: JSON.stringify({ pathname: req.nextUrl.pathname }), }) ) return NextResponse.next() } [Advanced Middleware Flags](#advanced-middleware-flags) ------------------------------------------------------- In `v13.1` of Next.js two additional flags were introduced for middleware, `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` and `skipTrailingSlashRedirect` to handle advanced use cases. `skipTrailingSlashRedirect` disables Next.js redirects for adding or removing trailing slashes. This allows custom handling inside middleware to maintain the trailing slash for some paths but not others, which can make incremental migrations easier. next.config.js module.exports = { skipTrailingSlashRedirect: true, } middleware.js const legacyPrefixes = ['/docs', '/blog'] export default async function middleware(req) { const { pathname } = req.nextUrl if (legacyPrefixes.some((prefix) => pathname.startsWith(prefix))) { return NextResponse.next() } // apply trailing slash handling if ( !pathname.endsWith('/') && !pathname.match(/((?!\.well-known(?:\/.*)?)(?:[^/]+\/)*[^/]+\.\w+)/) ) { req.nextUrl.pathname += '/' return NextResponse.redirect(req.nextUrl) } } `skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize` allows for disabling the URL normalization in Next.js to make handling direct visits and client-transitions the same. In some advanced cases, this option provides full control by using the original URL. next.config.js module.exports = { skipMiddlewareUrlNormalize: true, } middleware.js export default async function middleware(req) { const { pathname } = req.nextUrl // GET /_next/data/build-id/hello.json console.log(pathname) // with the flag this now /_next/data/build-id/hello.json // without the flag this would be normalized to /hello } [Runtime](#runtime) ------------------- Middleware currently only supports the [Edge runtime](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes). The Node.js runtime can not be used. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.1.0` Advanced Middleware flags added `v13.0.0` Middleware can modify request headers, response headers, and send responses `v12.2.0` Middleware is stable, please see the [upgrade guide](/docs/messages/middleware-upgrade-guide) `v12.0.9` Enforce absolute URLs in Edge Runtime ([PR](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/pull/33410)) `v12.0.0` Middleware (Beta) added [Previous Route Handlers ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) [Next Internationalization ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Quickstart](#quickstart) * [Manual Setup](#manual-setup) * [Creating your first Vitest Unit Test](#creating-your-first-vitest-unit-test) * [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) * [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/08-testing/01-vitest.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing)Vitest Setting up Vitest with Next.js ============================== Vite and React Testing Library are frequently used together for **Unit Testing**. This guide will show you how to setup Vitest with Next.js and write your first tests. > **Good to know:** Since `async` Server Components are new to the React ecosystem, Vitest currently does not support them. While you can still run **unit tests** for synchronous Server and Client Components, we recommend using an **E2E tests** for `async` components. [Quickstart](#quickstart) ------------------------- You can use `create-next-app` with the Next.js [with-vitest](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-vitest) example to quickly get started: Terminal npx create-next-app@latest --example with-vitest with-vitest-app [Manual Setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- To manually set up Vitest, install `vitest` and the following packages as dev dependencies: Terminal npm install -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react # or yarn add -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react # or pnpm install -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react # or bun add -D vitest @vitejs/plugin-react jsdom @testing-library/react Create a `vitest.config.ts|js` file in the root of your project, and add the following options: vitest.config.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config' import react from '@vitejs/plugin-react' export default defineConfig({ plugins: [react()], test: { environment: 'jsdom', }, }) For more information on configuring Vitest, please refer to the [Vitest Configuration](https://vitest.dev/config/#configuration) docs. Then, add a `test` script to your `package.json`: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "test": "vitest" } } When you run `npm run test`, Vitest will **watch** for changes in your project by default. [Creating your first Vitest Unit Test](#creating-your-first-vitest-unit-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Check that everything is working by creating a test to check if the `<Page />` component successfully renders a heading: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <div> <h1>Home</h1> <Link href="/about">About</Link> </div> ) } \_\_tests\_\_/page.test.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { expect, test } from 'vitest' import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react' import Page from '../app/page' test('Page', () => { render(<Page />) expect(screen.getByRole('heading', { level: 1, name: 'Home' })).toBeDefined() }) > **Good to know**: The example above uses the common `__tests__` convention, but test files can also be colocated inside the `app` router. [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) ----------------------------------------- Then, run the following command to run your tests: Terminal npm run test # or yarn test # or pnpm test # or bun test [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) --------------------------------------------- You may find these resources helpful: * [Next.js with Vitest example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-vitest) * [Vitest Docs](https://vitest.dev/guide/) * [React Testing Library Docs](https://testing-library.com/docs/react-testing-library/intro/) [Previous Testing ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) [Next Jest ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * 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[eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * 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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Terminology](#terminology) * [Routing Overview](#routing-overview) * [Localization](#localization) * [Static Generation](#static-generation) * [Resources](#resources) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/01-routing/14-internationalization.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing)Internationalization Internationalization ==================== Next.js enables you to configure the routing and rendering of content to support multiple languages. Making your site adaptive to different locales includes translated content (localization) and internationalized routes. [Terminology](#terminology) --------------------------- * **Locale:** An identifier for a set of language and formatting preferences. This usually includes the preferred language of the user and possibly their geographic region. * `en-US`: English as spoken in the United States * `nl-NL`: Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands * `nl`: Dutch, no specific region [Routing Overview](#routing-overview) ------------------------------------- It’s recommended to use the user’s language preferences in the browser to select which locale to use. Changing your preferred language will modify the incoming `Accept-Language` header to your application. For example, using the following libraries, you can look at an incoming `Request` to determine which locale to select, based on the `Headers`, locales you plan to support, and the default locale. middleware.js import { match } from '@formatjs/intl-localematcher' import Negotiator from 'negotiator' let headers = { 'accept-language': 'en-US,en;q=0.5' } let languages = new Negotiator({ headers }).languages() let locales = ['en-US', 'nl-NL', 'nl'] let defaultLocale = 'en-US' match(languages, locales, defaultLocale) // -> 'en-US' Routing can be internationalized by either the sub-path (`/fr/products`) or domain (`my-site.fr/products`). With this information, you can now redirect the user based on the locale inside [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware). middleware.js import { NextResponse } from "next/server"; let locales = ['en-US', 'nl-NL', 'nl'] // Get the preferred locale, similar to the above or using a library function getLocale(request) { ... } export function middleware(request) { // Check if there is any supported locale in the pathname const { pathname } = request.nextUrl const pathnameHasLocale = locales.some( (locale) => pathname.startsWith(`/${locale}/`) || pathname === `/${locale}` ) if (pathnameHasLocale) return // Redirect if there is no locale const locale = getLocale(request) request.nextUrl.pathname = `/${locale}${pathname}` // e.g. incoming request is /products // The new URL is now /en-US/products return NextResponse.redirect(request.nextUrl) } export const config = { matcher: [ // Skip all internal paths (_next) '/((?!_next).*)', // Optional: only run on root (/) URL // '/' ], } Finally, ensure all special files inside `app/` are nested under `app/[lang]`. This enables the Next.js router to dynamically handle different locales in the route, and forward the `lang` parameter to every layout and page. For example: app/\[lang\]/page.js // You now have access to the current locale // e.g. /en-US/products -> `lang` is "en-US" export default async function Page({ params: { lang } }) { return ... } The root layout can also be nested in the new folder (e.g. `app/[lang]/layout.js`). [Localization](#localization) ----------------------------- Changing displayed content based on the user’s preferred locale, or localization, is not something specific to Next.js. The patterns described below would work the same with any web application. Let’s assume we want to support both English and Dutch content inside our application. We might maintain two different “dictionaries”, which are objects that give us a mapping from some key to a localized string. For example: dictionaries/en.json { "products": { "cart": "Add to Cart" } } dictionaries/nl.json { "products": { "cart": "Toevoegen aan Winkelwagen" } } We can then create a `getDictionary` function to load the translations for the requested locale: app/\[lang\]/dictionaries.js import 'server-only' const dictionaries = { en: () => import('./dictionaries/en.json').then((module) => module.default), nl: () => import('./dictionaries/nl.json').then((module) => module.default), } export const getDictionary = async (locale) => dictionaries[locale]() Given the currently selected language, we can fetch the dictionary inside of a layout or page. app/\[lang\]/page.js import { getDictionary } from './dictionaries' export default async function Page({ params: { lang } }) { const dict = await getDictionary(lang) // en return <button>{dict.products.cart}</button> // Add to Cart } Because all layouts and pages in the `app/` directory default to [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components), we do not need to worry about the size of the translation files affecting our client-side JavaScript bundle size. This code will **only run on the server**, and only the resulting HTML will be sent to the browser. [Static Generation](#static-generation) --------------------------------------- To generate static routes for a given set of locales, we can use `generateStaticParams` with any page or layout. This can be global, for example, in the root layout: app/\[lang\]/layout.js export async function generateStaticParams() { return [{ lang: 'en-US' }, { lang: 'de' }] } export default function Root({ children, params }) { return ( <html lang={params.lang}> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } [Resources](#resources) ----------------------- * [Minimal i18n routing and translations](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/app-dir-i18n-routing) * [`next-intl`](https://next-intl-docs.vercel.app/docs/next-13) * [`next-international`](https://github.com/QuiiBz/next-international) * [`next-i18n-router`](https://github.com/i18nexus/next-i18n-router) [Previous Middleware ](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) [Next Data Fetching ](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Convention](#convention) * [Examples](#examples) * [Importing files with side effects](#importing-files-with-side-effects) * [Importing runtime-specific code](#importing-runtime-specific-code) * [Learn more about Instrumentation](#learn-more-about-instrumentation) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/09-instrumentation.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)Instrumentation Instrumentation =============== Instrumentation is the process of using code to integrate monitoring and logging tools into your application. This allows you to track the performance and behavior of your application, and to debug issues in production. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- To set up instrumentation, create `instrumentation.ts|js` file in the **root directory** of your project (or inside the [`src`](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) folder if using one). Then, export a `register` function in the file. This function will be called **once** when a new Next.js server instance is initiated. For example, to use Next.js with [OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io/) and [@vercel/otel](https://vercel.com/docs/observability/otel-overview): instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { registerOTel } from '@vercel/otel' export function register() { registerOTel('next-app') } See the [Next.js with OpenTelemetry example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-opentelemetry) for a complete implementation. > **Good to know** > > * This feature is **experimental**. To use it, you must explicitly opt in by defining [`experimental.instrumentationHook = true;`](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) in your `next.config.js`. > * The `instrumentation` file should be in the root of your project and not inside the `app` or `pages` directory. If you're using the `src` folder, then place the file inside `src` alongside `pages` and `app`. > * If you use the [`pageExtensions` config option](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) to add a suffix, you will also need to update the `instrumentation` filename to match. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Importing files with side effects](#importing-files-with-side-effects) Sometimes, it may be useful to import a file in your code because of the side effects it will cause. For example, you might import a file that defines a set of global variables, but never explicitly use the imported file in your code. You would still have access to the global variables the package has declared. We recommend importing files using JavaScript `import` syntax within your `register` function. The following example demonstrates a basic usage of `import` in a `register` function: instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function register() { await import('package-with-side-effect') } > **Good to know:** > > We recommend importing the file from within the `register` function, rather than at the top of the file. By doing this, you can colocate all of your side effects in one place in your code, and avoid any unintended consequences from importing globally at the top of the file. ### [Importing runtime-specific code](#importing-runtime-specific-code) Next.js calls `register` in all environments, so it's important to conditionally import any code that doesn't support specific runtimes (e.g. [Edge](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes#edge-runtime) or [Node.js](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes#nodejs-runtime)). You can use the `NEXT_RUNTIME` environment variable to get the current environment: instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function register() { if (process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'nodejs') { await import('./instrumentation-node') } if (process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'edge') { await import('./instrumentation-edge') } } Learn more about Instrumentation -------------------------------- [ App Router ... File Conventions ### instrumentation.js API reference for the instrumentation.js file. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation)[ App Router ... next.config.js Options ### instrumentationHook Use the instrumentationHook option to set up instrumentation in your Next.js App. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) [Previous Analytics ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) [Next OpenTelemetry ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/use-params.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)useParams useParams ========= `useParams` is a **Client Component** hook that lets you read a route's [dynamic params](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) filled in by the current URL. app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useParams } from 'next/navigation' export default function ExampleClientComponent() { const params = useParams<{ tag: string; item: string }>() // Route -> /shop/[tag]/[item] // URL -> /shop/shoes/nike-air-max-97 // `params` -> { tag: 'shoes', item: 'nike-air-max-97' } console.log(params) return <></> } [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- const params = useParams() `useParams` does not take any parameters. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `useParams` returns an object containing the current route's filled in [dynamic parameters](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). * Each property in the object is an active dynamic segment. * The properties name is the segment's name, and the properties value is what the segment is filled in with. * The properties value will either be a `string` or array of `string`'s depending on the [type of dynamic segment](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). * If the route contains no dynamic parameters, `useParams` returns an empty object. * If used in Pages Router, `useParams` will return `null` on the initial render and updates with properties following the rules above once the router is ready. For example: Route URL `useParams()` `app/shop/page.js` `/shop` `{}` `app/shop/[slug]/page.js` `/shop/1` `{ slug: '1' }` `app/shop/[tag]/[item]/page.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ tag: '1', item: '2' }` `app/shop/[...slug]/page.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ slug: ['1', '2'] }` [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `useParams` introduced. [Previous unstable\_noStore ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) [Next usePathname ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[`notFound`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) function is thrown within a route segment. Along with serving a custom UI, Next.js will return a `200` HTTP status code for streamed responses, and `404` for non-streamed responses. app/not-found.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function NotFound() { return ( <div> <h2>Not Found</h2> <p>Could not find requested resource</p> <Link href="/">Return Home</Link> </div> ) } > **Good to know**: In addition to catching expected `notFound()` errors, the root `app/not-found.js` file also handles any unmatched URLs for your whole application. This means users that visit a URL that is not handled by your app will be shown the UI exported by the `app/not-found.js` file. [Props](#props) --------------- `not-found.js` components do not accept any props. [Data Fetching](#data-fetching) ------------------------------- By default, `not-found` is a Server Component. You can mark it as `async` to fetch and display data: app/not-found.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' import { headers } from 'next/headers' export default async function NotFound() { const headersList = headers() const domain = headersList.get('host') const data = await getSiteData(domain) return ( <div> <h2>Not Found: {data.name}</h2> <p>Could not find requested resource</p> <p> View <Link href="/blog">all posts</Link> </p> </div> ) } If you need to use Client Component hooks like `usePathname` to display content based on the path, you must fetch data on the client-side instead. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` Root `app/not-found` handles global unmatched URLs. `v13.0.0` `not-found` introduced. [Previous middleware.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) [Next page.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Examples](#examples) * [Do something in response to a route change](#do-something-in-response-to-a-route-change) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/use-pathname.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)usePathname usePathname =========== `usePathname` is a **Client Component** hook that lets you read the current URL's **pathname**. app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { usePathname } from 'next/navigation' export default function ExampleClientComponent() { const pathname = usePathname() return <p>Current pathname: {pathname}</p> } `usePathname` intentionally requires using a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components). It's important to note Client Components are not a de-optimization. They are an integral part of the [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) architecture. For example, a Client Component with `usePathname` will be rendered into HTML on the initial page load. When navigating to a new route, this component does not need to be re-fetched. Instead, the component is downloaded once (in the client JavaScript bundle), and re-renders based on the current state. > **Good to know**: > > * Reading the current URL from a [Server Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) is not supported. This design is intentional to support layout state being preserved across page navigations. > * Compatibility mode: > * `usePathname` can return `null` when a [fallback route](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths#fallback-true) is being rendered or when a `pages` directory page has been [automatically statically optimized](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) by Next.js and the router is not ready. > * Next.js will automatically update your types if it detects both an `app` and `pages` directory in your project. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- const pathname = usePathname() `usePathname` does not take any parameters. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `usePathname` returns a string of the current URL's pathname. For example: URL Returned value `/` `'/'` `/dashboard` `'/dashboard'` `/dashboard?v=2` `'/dashboard'` `/blog/hello-world` `'/blog/hello-world'` [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Do something in response to a route change](#do-something-in-response-to-a-route-change) app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { usePathname, useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation' function ExampleClientComponent() { const pathname = usePathname() const searchParams = useSearchParams() useEffect(() => { // Do something here... }, [pathname, searchParams]) } Version Changes `v13.0.0` `usePathname` introduced. [Previous useParams ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) [Next useReportWebVitals ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Getting Started](#getting-started) * [Using @vercel/otel](#using-vercelotel) * [Manual OpenTelemetry configuration](#manual-opentelemetry-configuration) * [Testing your instrumentation](#testing-your-instrumentation) * [Deployment](#deployment) * [Using OpenTelemetry Collector](#using-opentelemetry-collector) * [Deploying on Vercel](#deploying-on-vercel) * [Self-hosting](#self-hosting) * [Custom Exporters](#custom-exporters) * [Custom Spans](#custom-spans) * [Default Spans in Next.js](#default-spans-in-nextjs) * [\[http.method\] \[next.route\]](#httpmethod-nextroute) * [render route (app) \[next.route\]](#render-route-app-nextroute) * [fetch \[http.method\] \[http.url\]](#fetch-httpmethod-httpurl) * [executing api route (app) \[next.route\]](#executing-api-route-app-nextroute) * [getServerSideProps \[next.route\]](#getserversideprops-nextroute) * [getStaticProps \[next.route\]](#getstaticprops-nextroute) * [render route (pages) \[next.route\]](#render-route-pages-nextroute) * [generateMetadata \[next.page\]](#generatemetadata-nextpage) * [resolve page components](#resolve-page-components) * [resolve segment modules](#resolve-segment-modules) * [start response](#start-response) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/06-optimizing/10-open-telemetry.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing)OpenTelemetry OpenTelemetry ============= > **Good to know**: This feature is **experimental**, you need to explicitly opt-in by providing `experimental.instrumentationHook = true;` in your `next.config.js`. Observability is crucial for understanding and optimizing the behavior and performance of your Next.js app. As applications become more complex, it becomes increasingly difficult to identify and diagnose issues that may arise. By leveraging observability tools, such as logging and metrics, developers can gain insights into their application's behavior and identify areas for optimization. With observability, developers can proactively address issues before they become major problems and provide a better user experience. Therefore, it is highly recommended to use observability in your Next.js applications to improve performance, optimize resources, and enhance user experience. We recommend using OpenTelemetry for instrumenting your apps. It's a platform-agnostic way to instrument apps that allows you to change your observability provider without changing your code. Read [Official OpenTelemetry docs](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/) for more information about OpenTelemetry and how it works. This documentation uses terms like _Span_, _Trace_ or _Exporter_ throughout this doc, all of which can be found in [the OpenTelemetry Observability Primer](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/concepts/observability-primer/). Next.js supports OpenTelemetry instrumentation out of the box, which means that we already instrumented Next.js itself. When you enable OpenTelemetry we will automatically wrap all your code like `getStaticProps` in _spans_ with helpful attributes. [Getting Started](#getting-started) ----------------------------------- OpenTelemetry is extensible but setting it up properly can be quite verbose. That's why we prepared a package `@vercel/otel` that helps you get started quickly. ### [Using `@vercel/otel`](#using-vercelotel) To get started, you must install `@vercel/otel`: Terminal npm install @vercel/otel Next, create a custom [`instrumentation.ts`](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) (or `.js`) file in the **root directory** of the project (or inside `src` folder if using one): your-project/instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { registerOTel } from '@vercel/otel' export function register() { registerOTel({ serviceName: 'next-app' }) } See the [`@vercel/otel` documentation](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@vercel/otel) for additional configuration options. > **Good to know** > > * The `instrumentation` file should be in the root of your project and not inside the `app` or `pages` directory. If you're using the `src` folder, then place the file inside `src` alongside `pages` and `app`. > * If you use the [`pageExtensions` config option](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) to add a suffix, you will also need to update the `instrumentation` filename to match. > * We have created a basic [with-opentelemetry](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-opentelemetry) example that you can use. ### [Manual OpenTelemetry configuration](#manual-opentelemetry-configuration) The `@vercel/otel` package provides many configuration options and should serve most of common use cases. But if it doesn't suit your needs, you can configure OpenTelemetry manually. Firstly you need to install OpenTelemetry packages: Terminal npm install @opentelemetry/sdk-node @opentelemetry/resources @opentelemetry/semantic-conventions @opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node @opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http Now you can initialize `NodeSDK` in your `instrumentation.ts`. Unlike `@vercel/otel`, `NodeSDK` is not compatible with edge runtime, so you need to make sure that you are importing them only when `process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'nodejs'`. We recommend creating a new file `instrumentation.node.ts` which you conditionally import only when using node: instrumentation.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function register() { if (process.env.NEXT_RUNTIME === 'nodejs') { await import('./instrumentation.node.ts') } } instrumentation.node.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NodeSDK } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-node' import { OTLPTraceExporter } from '@opentelemetry/exporter-trace-otlp-http' import { Resource } from '@opentelemetry/resources' import { SEMRESATTRS_SERVICE_NAME } from '@opentelemetry/semantic-conventions' import { SimpleSpanProcessor } from '@opentelemetry/sdk-trace-node' const sdk = new NodeSDK({ resource: new Resource({ [SEMRESATTRS_SERVICE_NAME]: 'next-app', }), spanProcessor: new SimpleSpanProcessor(new OTLPTraceExporter()), }) sdk.start() Doing this is equivalent to using `@vercel/otel`, but it's possible to modify and extend some features that are not exposed by the `@vercel/otel`. If edge runtime support is necessary, you will have to use `@vercel/otel`. [Testing your instrumentation](#testing-your-instrumentation) ------------------------------------------------------------- You need an OpenTelemetry collector with a compatible backend to test OpenTelemetry traces locally. We recommend using our [OpenTelemetry dev environment](https://github.com/vercel/opentelemetry-collector-dev-setup). If everything works well you should be able to see the root server span labeled as `GET /requested/pathname`. All other spans from that particular trace will be nested under it. Next.js traces more spans than are emitted by default. To see more spans, you must set `NEXT_OTEL_VERBOSE=1`. [Deployment](#deployment) ------------------------- ### [Using OpenTelemetry Collector](#using-opentelemetry-collector) When you are deploying with OpenTelemetry Collector, you can use `@vercel/otel`. It will work both on Vercel and when self-hosted. #### [Deploying on Vercel](#deploying-on-vercel) We made sure that OpenTelemetry works out of the box on Vercel. Follow [Vercel documentation](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/observability/otel-overview/quickstart) to connect your project to an observability provider. #### [Self-hosting](#self-hosting) Deploying to other platforms is also straightforward. You will need to spin up your own OpenTelemetry Collector to receive and process the telemetry data from your Next.js app. To do this, follow the [OpenTelemetry Collector Getting Started guide](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/collector/getting-started/), which will walk you through setting up the collector and configuring it to receive data from your Next.js app. Once you have your collector up and running, you can deploy your Next.js app to your chosen platform following their respective deployment guides. ### [Custom Exporters](#custom-exporters) OpenTelemetry Collector is not necessary. You can use a custom OpenTelemetry exporter with [`@vercel/otel`](#using-vercelotel) or [manual OpenTelemetry configuration](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry#manual-opentelemetry-configuration). [Custom Spans](#custom-spans) ----------------------------- You can add a custom span with [OpenTelemetry APIs](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/instrumentation/js/instrumentation). Terminal npm install @opentelemetry/api The following example demonstrates a function that fetches GitHub stars and adds a custom `fetchGithubStars` span to track the fetch request's result: import { trace } from '@opentelemetry/api' export async function fetchGithubStars() { return await trace .getTracer('nextjs-example') .startActiveSpan('fetchGithubStars', async (span) => { try { return await getValue() } finally { span.end() } }) } The `register` function will execute before your code runs in a new environment. You can start creating new spans, and they should be correctly added to the exported trace. [Default Spans in Next.js](#default-spans-in-nextjs) ---------------------------------------------------- Next.js automatically instruments several spans for you to provide useful insights into your application's performance. Attributes on spans follow [OpenTelemetry semantic conventions](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/). We also add some custom attributes under the `next` namespace: * `next.span_name` - duplicates span name * `next.span_type` - each span type has a unique identifier * `next.route` - The route pattern of the request (e.g., `/[param]/user`). * `next.rsc` (true/false) - Whether the request is an RSC request, such as prefetch. * `next.page` * This is an internal value used by an app router. * You can think about it as a route to a special file (like `page.ts`, `layout.ts`, `loading.ts` and others) * It can be used as a unique identifier only when paired with `next.route` because `/layout` can be used to identify both `/(groupA)/layout.ts` and `/(groupB)/layout.ts` ### [`[http.method] [next.route]`](#httpmethod-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `BaseServer.handleRequest` This span represents the root span for each incoming request to your Next.js application. It tracks the HTTP method, route, target, and status code of the request. Attributes: * [Common HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#common-attributes) * `http.method` * `http.status_code` * [Server HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#http-server-semantic-conventions) * `http.route` * `http.target` * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`render route (app) [next.route]`](#render-route-app-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `AppRender.getBodyResult`. This span represents the process of rendering a route in the app router. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`fetch [http.method] [http.url]`](#fetch-httpmethod-httpurl) * `next.span_type`: `AppRender.fetch` This span represents the fetch request executed in your code. Attributes: * [Common HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#common-attributes) * `http.method` * [Client HTTP attributes](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/reference/specification/trace/semantic_conventions/http/#http-client) * `http.url` * `net.peer.name` * `net.peer.port` (only if specified) * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` This span can be turned off by setting `NEXT_OTEL_FETCH_DISABLED=1` in your environment. This is useful when you want to use a custom fetch instrumentation library. ### [`executing api route (app) [next.route]`](#executing-api-route-app-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `AppRouteRouteHandlers.runHandler`. This span represents the execution of an API route handler in the app router. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`getServerSideProps [next.route]`](#getserversideprops-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `Render.getServerSideProps`. This span represents the execution of `getServerSideProps` for a specific route. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`getStaticProps [next.route]`](#getstaticprops-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `Render.getStaticProps`. This span represents the execution of `getStaticProps` for a specific route. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`render route (pages) [next.route]`](#render-route-pages-nextroute) * `next.span_type`: `Render.renderDocument`. This span represents the process of rendering the document for a specific route. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`generateMetadata [next.page]`](#generatemetadata-nextpage) * `next.span_type`: `ResolveMetadata.generateMetadata`. This span represents the process of generating metadata for a specific page (a single route can have multiple of these spans). Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.page` ### [`resolve page components`](#resolve-page-components) * `next.span_type`: `NextNodeServer.findPageComponents`. This span represents the process of resolving page components for a specific page. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.route` ### [`resolve segment modules`](#resolve-segment-modules) * `next.span_type`: `NextNodeServer.getLayoutOrPageModule`. This span represents loading of code modules for a layout or a page. Attributes: * `next.span_name` * `next.span_type` * `next.segment` ### [`start response`](#start-response) * `next.span_type`: `NextNodeServer.startResponse`. This zero-length span represents the time when the first byte has been sent in the response. [Previous Instrumentation ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) [Next Static Assets ](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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* [Dynamic Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Parallel Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes) * [Intercepting Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/intercepting-routes) * [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) * [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Internationalization](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Data Fetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [Fetching, Caching, and Revalidating](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating) * [Server Actions and Mutations](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) * [Data Fetching Patterns and Best Practices](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/patterns) * [Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server 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[ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * 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apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * 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* [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * 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================== The `useReportWebVitals` hook allows you to report [Core Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/), and can be used in combination with your analytics service. app/\_components/web-vitals.js 'use client' import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals' export function WebVitals() { useReportWebVitals((metric) => { console.log(metric) }) } app/layout.js import { WebVitals } from './_components/web-vitals' export default function Layout({ children }) { return ( <html> <body> <WebVitals /> {children} </body> </html> ) } > Since the `useReportWebVitals` hook requires the `"use client"` directive, the most performant approach is to create a separate component that the root layout imports. This confines the client boundary exclusively to the `WebVitals` component. [useReportWebVitals](#usereportwebvitals) ----------------------------------------- The `metric` object passed as the hook's argument consists of a number of properties: * `id`: Unique identifier for the metric in the context of the current page load * `name`: The name of the performance metric. Possible values include names of [Web Vitals](#web-vitals) metrics (TTFB, FCP, LCP, FID, CLS) specific to a web application. * `delta`: The difference between the current value and the previous value of the metric. The value is typically in milliseconds and represents the change in the metric's value over time. * `entries`: An array of [Performance Entries](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/PerformanceEntry) associated with the metric. These entries provide detailed information about the performance events related to the metric. * `navigationType`: Indicates the [type of navigation](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/PerformanceNavigationTiming/type) that triggered the metric collection. Possible values include `"navigate"`, `"reload"`, `"back_forward"`, and `"prerender"`. * `rating`: A qualitative rating of the metric value, providing an assessment of the performance. Possible values are `"good"`, `"needs-improvement"`, and `"poor"`. The rating is typically determined by comparing the metric value against predefined thresholds that indicate acceptable or suboptimal performance. * `value`: The actual value or duration of the performance entry, typically in milliseconds. The value provides a quantitative measure of the performance aspect being tracked by the metric. The source of the value depends on the specific metric being measured and can come from various [Performance API](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Performance_API)s. [Web Vitals](#web-vitals) ------------------------- [Web Vitals](https://web.dev/vitals/) are a set of useful metrics that aim to capture the user experience of a web page. The following web vitals are all included: * [Time to First Byte](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/Time_to_first_byte) (TTFB) * [First Contentful Paint](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/First_contentful_paint) (FCP) * [Largest Contentful Paint](https://web.dev/lcp/) (LCP) * [First Input Delay](https://web.dev/fid/) (FID) * [Cumulative Layout Shift](https://web.dev/cls/) (CLS) * [Interaction to Next Paint](https://web.dev/inp/) (INP) You can handle all the results of these metrics using the `name` property. app/components/web-vitals.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useReportWebVitals } from 'next/web-vitals' export function WebVitals() { useReportWebVitals((metric) => { switch (metric.name) { case 'FCP': { // handle FCP results } case 'LCP': { // handle LCP results } // ... } }) } [Usage on Vercel](#usage-on-vercel) ----------------------------------- [Vercel Speed Insights](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/speed-insights) are automatically configured on Vercel deployments, and don't require the use of `useReportWebVitals`. This hook is useful in local development, or if you're using a different analytics service. [Sending results to external systems](#sending-results-to-external-systems) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- You can send results to any endpoint to measure and track real user performance on your site. For example: useReportWebVitals((metric) => { const body = JSON.stringify(metric) const url = 'https://example.com/analytics' // Use `navigator.sendBeacon()` if available, falling back to `fetch()`. if (navigator.sendBeacon) { navigator.sendBeacon(url, body) } else { fetch(url, { body, method: 'POST', keepalive: true }) } }) > **Good to know**: If you use [Google Analytics](https://analytics.google.com/analytics/web/), using the `id` value can allow you to construct metric distributions manually (to calculate percentiles, etc.) > useReportWebVitals(metric => { > // Use `window.gtag` if you initialized Google Analytics as this example: > // https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/examples/with-google-analytics/pages/_app.js > window.gtag('event', metric.name, { > value: Math.round(metric.name === 'CLS' ? metric.value * 1000 : metric.value), // values must be integers > event_label: metric.id, // id unique to current page load > non_interaction: true, // avoids affecting bounce rate. > }); > } > > Read more about [sending results to Google Analytics](https://github.com/GoogleChrome/web-vitals#send-the-results-to-google-analytics). 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [HTTP Methods](#http-methods) * [Parameters](#parameters) * [request (optional)](#request-optional) * [context (optional)](#context-optional) * [NextResponse](#nextresponse) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/route.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)route.js route.js ======== Route Handlers allow you to create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) and [Response](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response) APIs. [HTTP Methods](#http-methods) ----------------------------- A **route** file allows you to create custom request handlers for a given route. The following [HTTP methods](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Methods) are supported: `GET`, `POST`, `PUT`, `PATCH`, `DELETE`, `HEAD`, and `OPTIONS`. route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET(request: Request) {} export async function HEAD(request: Request) {} export async function POST(request: Request) {} export async function PUT(request: Request) {} export async function DELETE(request: Request) {} export async function PATCH(request: Request) {} // If `OPTIONS` is not defined, Next.js will automatically implement `OPTIONS` and set the appropriate Response `Allow` header depending on the other methods defined in the route handler. export async function OPTIONS(request: Request) {} > **Good to know**: Route Handlers are only available inside the `app` directory. You **do not** need to use API Routes (`pages`) and Route Handlers (`app`) together, as Route Handlers should be able to handle all use cases. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- ### [`request` (optional)](#request-optional) The `request` object is a [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) object, which is an extension of the Web [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) API. `NextRequest` gives you further control over the incoming request, including easily accessing `cookies` and an extended, parsed, URL object `nextUrl`. ### [`context` (optional)](#context-optional) app/dashboard/\[team\]/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript type Params = { team: string } export async function GET(request: Request, context: { params: Params }) { const team = context.params.team // '1' } // Define params type according to your route parameters (see table below) Currently, the only value of `context` is `params`, which is an object containing the [dynamic route parameters](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) for the current route. Example URL `params` `app/dashboard/[team]/route.js` `/dashboard/1` `{ team: '1' }` `app/shop/[tag]/[item]/route.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ tag: '1', item: '2' }` `app/blog/[...slug]/route.js` `/blog/1/2` `{ slug: ['1', '2'] }` [NextResponse](#nextresponse) ----------------------------- Route Handlers can extend the Web Response API by returning a `NextResponse` object. This allows you to easily set cookies, headers, redirect, and rewrite. [View the API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response). [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.2.0` Route handlers are introduced. [Previous page.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) [Next Route Segment Config ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing)Playwright Setting up Playwright with Next.js ================================== Playwright is a testing framework that lets you automate Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit with a single API. You can use it to write **End-to-End (E2E)** testing. This guide will show you how to set up Playwright with Next.js and write your first tests. [Quickstart](#quickstart) ------------------------- The fastest way to get started is to use `create-next-app` with the [with-playwright example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-playwright). This will create a Next.js project complete with Playwright configured. Terminal npx create-next-app@latest --example with-playwright with-playwright-app [Manual setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- To install Playwright, run the following command: Terminal npm init playwright # or yarn create playwright # or pnpm create playwright This will take you through a series of prompts to setup and configure Playwright for your project, including adding a `playwright.config.ts` file. Please refer to the [Playwright installation guide](https://playwright.dev/docs/intro#installation) for the step-by-step guide. [Creating your first Playwright E2E test](#creating-your-first-playwright-e2e-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Create two new Next.js pages: app/page.tsx import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <div> <h1>Home</h1> <Link href="/about">About</Link> </div> ) } app/about/page.tsx import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <div> <h1>About</h1> <Link href="/">Home</Link> </div> ) } Then, add a test to verify that your navigation is working correctly: tests/example.spec.ts import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test' test('should navigate to the about page', async ({ page }) => { // Start from the index page (the baseURL is set via the webServer in the playwright.config.ts) await page.goto('http://localhost:3000/') // Find an element with the text 'About' and click on it await page.click('text=About') // The new URL should be "/about" (baseURL is used there) await expect(page).toHaveURL('http://localhost:3000/about') // The new page should contain an h1 with "About" await expect(page.locator('h1')).toContainText('About') }) > **Good to know**: > > You can use `page.goto("/")` instead of `page.goto("http://localhost:3000/")`, if you add [`"baseURL": "http://localhost:3000"`](https://playwright.dev/docs/api/class-testoptions#test-options-base-url) to the `playwright.config.ts` [configuration file](https://playwright.dev/docs/test-configuration). ### [Running your Playwright tests](#running-your-playwright-tests) Playwright will simulate a user navigating your application using three browsers: Chromium, Firefox and Webkit, this requires your Next.js server to be running. We recommend running your tests against your production code to more closely resemble how your application will behave. Run `npm run build` and `npm run start`, then run `npx playwright test` in another terminal window to run the Playwright tests. > **Good to know**: Alternatively, you can use the [`webServer`](https://playwright.dev/docs/test-webserver/) feature to let Playwright start the development server and wait until it's fully available. ### [Running Playwright on Continuous Integration (CI)](#running-playwright-on-continuous-integration-ci) Playwright will by default run your tests in the [headless mode](https://playwright.dev/docs/ci#running-headed). To install all the Playwright dependencies, run `npx playwright install-deps`. You can learn more about Playwright and Continuous Integration from these resources: * [Next.js with Playwright example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-playwright) * [Playwright on your CI provider](https://playwright.dev/docs/ci) * [Playwright Discord](https://discord.com/invite/playwright-807756831384403968) [Previous Jest ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) [Next Cypress ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Props](#props) * [params (optional)](#params-optional) * [searchParams (optional)](#searchparams-optional) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/page.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)page.js page.js ======= A **page** is UI that is unique to a route. app/blog/\[slug\]/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Page({ params, searchParams, }: { params: { slug: string } searchParams: { [key: string]: string | string[] | undefined } }) { return <h1>My Page</h1> } [Props](#props) --------------- ### [`params` (optional)](#params-optional) An object containing the [dynamic route parameters](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) from the root segment down to that page. For example: Example URL `params` `app/shop/[slug]/page.js` `/shop/1` `{ slug: '1' }` `app/shop/[category]/[item]/page.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ category: '1', item: '2' }` `app/shop/[...slug]/page.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ slug: ['1', '2'] }` ### [`searchParams` (optional)](#searchparams-optional) An object containing the [search parameters](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Learn/Common_questions/What_is_a_URL#parameters) of the current URL. For example: URL `searchParams` `/shop?a=1` `{ a: '1' }` `/shop?a=1&b=2` `{ a: '1', b: '2' }` `/shop?a=1&a=2` `{ a: ['1', '2'] }` > **Good to know**: > > * `searchParams` is a **[Dynamic API](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#server-rendering-strategies#dynamic-functions)** whose values cannot be known ahead of time. Using it will opt the page into **[dynamic rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering)** at request time. > * `searchParams` returns a plain JavaScript object and not a `URLSearchParams` instance. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `page` introduced. [Previous not-found.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) [Next route.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Quickstart](#quickstart) * [Manual setup](#manual-setup) * [Creating your first Cypress E2E test](#creating-your-first-cypress-e2e-test) * [Running E2E Tests](#running-e2e-tests) * [Creating your first Cypress component test](#creating-your-first-cypress-component-test) * [Running Component Tests](#running-component-tests) * [Continuous Integration (CI)](#continuous-integration-ci) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/08-testing/04-cypress.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing)Cypress Setting up Cypress with Next.js =============================== [Cypress](https://www.cypress.io/) is a test runner used for **End-to-End (E2E)** and **Component Testing**. This page will show you how to set up Cypress with Next.js and write your first tests. > **Warning:** > > * For **component testing**, Cypress currently does not support [Next.js version 14](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/issues/28185) and `async` Server Components. These issues are being tracked. For now, component testing works with Next.js version 13, and we recommend E2E testing for `async` Server Components. > * Cypress currently does not support [TypeScript version 5](https://github.com/cypress-io/cypress/issues/27731) with `moduleResolution:"bundler"`. This issue is being tracked. [Quickstart](#quickstart) ------------------------- You can use `create-next-app` with the [with-cypress example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-cypress) to quickly get started. Terminal npx create-next-app@latest --example with-cypress with-cypress-app [Manual setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- To manually set up Cypress, install `cypress` as a dev dependency: Terminal npm install -D cypress # or yarn add -D cypress # or pnpm install -D cypress Add the Cypress `open` command to the `package.json` scripts field: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "lint": "next lint", "cypress:open": "cypress open" } } Run Cypress for the first time to open the Cypress testing suite: Terminal npm run cypress:open You can choose to configure **E2E Testing** and/or **Component Testing**. Selecting any of these options will automatically create a `cypress.config.js` file and a `cypress` folder in your project. [Creating your first Cypress E2E test](#creating-your-first-cypress-e2e-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ensure your `cypress.config.js` file has the following configuration: cypress.config.ts import { defineConfig } from 'cypress' export default defineConfig({ e2e: { setupNodeEvents(on, config) {}, }, }) cypress.config.js const { defineConfig } = require('cypress') module.exports = defineConfig({ e2e: { setupNodeEvents(on, config) {}, }, }) Then, create two new Next.js files: app/page.js import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <div> <h1>Home</h1> <Link href="/about">About</Link> </div> ) } app/about/page.js import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <div> <h1>About</h1> <Link href="/">Home</Link> </div> ) } Add a test to check your navigation is working correctly: cypress/e2e/app.cy.js describe('Navigation', () => { it('should navigate to the about page', () => { // Start from the index page cy.visit('http://localhost:3000/') // Find a link with an href attribute containing "about" and click it cy.get('a[href*="about"]').click() // The new url should include "/about" cy.url().should('include', '/about') // The new page should contain an h1 with "About" cy.get('h1').contains('About') }) }) ### [Running E2E Tests](#running-e2e-tests) Cypress will simulate a user navigating your application, this requires your Next.js server to be running. We recommend running your tests against your production code to more closely resemble how your application will behave. Run `npm run build && npm run start` to build your Next.js application, then run `npm run cypress:open` in another terminal window to start Cypress and run your E2E testing suite. > **Good to know:** > > * You can use `cy.visit("/")` instead of `cy.visit("http://localhost:3000/")` by adding `baseUrl: 'http://localhost:3000'` to the `cypress.config.js` configuration file. > * Alternatively, you can install the `start-server-and-test` package to run the Next.js production server in conjunction with Cypress. After installation, add `"test": "start-server-and-test start http://localhost:3000 cypress"` to your `package.json` scripts field. Remember to rebuild your application after new changes. [Creating your first Cypress component test](#creating-your-first-cypress-component-test) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Component tests build and mount a specific component without having to bundle your whole application or start a server. Select **Component Testing** in the Cypress app, then select **Next.js** as your front-end framework. A `cypress/component` folder will be created in your project, and a `cypress.config.js` file will be updated to enable component testing. Ensure your `cypress.config.js` file has the following configuration: cypress.config.ts import { defineConfig } from 'cypress' export default defineConfig({ component: { devServer: { framework: 'next', bundler: 'webpack', }, }, }) cypress.config.js const { defineConfig } = require('cypress') module.exports = defineConfig({ component: { devServer: { framework: 'next', bundler: 'webpack', }, }, }) Assuming the same components from the previous section, add a test to validate a component is rendering the expected output: cypress/component/about.cy.tsx import Page from '../../app/page' describe('<Page />', () => { it('should render and display expected content', () => { // Mount the React component for the Home page cy.mount(<Page />) // The new page should contain an h1 with "Home" cy.get('h1').contains('Home') // Validate that a link with the expected URL is present // Following the link is better suited to an E2E test cy.get('a[href="/about"]').should('be.visible') }) }) > **Good to know**: > > * Cypress currently doesn't support component testing for `async` Server Components. We recommend using E2E testing. > * Since component tests do not require a Next.js server, features like `<Image />` that rely on a server being available may not function out-of-the-box. ### [Running Component Tests](#running-component-tests) Run `npm run cypress:open` in your terminal to start Cypress and run your component testing suite. [Continuous Integration (CI)](#continuous-integration-ci) --------------------------------------------------------- In addition to interactive testing, you can also run Cypress headlessly using the `cypress run` command, which is better suited for CI environments: package.json { "scripts": { //... "e2e": "start-server-and-test dev http://localhost:3000 \"cypress open --e2e\"", "e2e:headless": "start-server-and-test dev http://localhost:3000 \"cypress run --e2e\"", "component": "cypress open --component", "component:headless": "cypress run --component" } } You can learn more about Cypress and Continuous Integration from these resources: * [Next.js with Cypress example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-cypress) * [Cypress Continuous Integration Docs](https://docs.cypress.io/guides/continuous-integration/introduction) * [Cypress GitHub Actions Guide](https://on.cypress.io/github-actions) * [Official Cypress GitHub Action](https://github.com/cypress-io/github-action) * [Cypress Discord](https://discord.com/invite/cypress) [Previous Playwright ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) [Next Authentication ](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Menu Using App Router Features available in /app * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project Organization](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/colocation) 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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[generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Authentication](#authentication) * [Authentication Strategies](#authentication-strategies) * [Implementing Authentication](#implementing-authentication) * [Authorization](#authorization) * [Protecting Routes with Middleware](#protecting-routes-with-middleware) * [Setting Up Middleware:](#setting-up-middleware) * [Defining Protected Routes:](#defining-protected-routes) * [Middleware Logic:](#middleware-logic) * [Handling Unauthorized Access:](#handling-unauthorized-access) * [Protecting Server Actions](#protecting-server-actions) * [Protecting Route Handlers](#protecting-route-handlers) * [Authorization Using Server Components](#authorization-using-server-components) * [Best Practices](#best-practices) * [Session Management](#session-management) * [Cookie-Based Sessions](#cookie-based-sessions) * [Database Sessions](#database-sessions) * [Selecting Session Management in Next.js](#selecting-session-management-in-nextjs) * [Examples](#examples) * [Further Reading](#further-reading) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/09-authentication/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application)Authentication Authentication ============== To implement authentication in Next.js, familiarize yourself with three foundational concepts: * **[Authentication](#authentication)** verifies if the user is who they say they are. It requires the user to prove their identity with something they have, such as a username and password. * **[Session Management](#session-management)** tracks the user's state (e.g. logged in) across multiple requests. * **[Authorization](#authorization)** decides what parts of the application the user is allowed to access. This page demonstrates how to use Next.js features to implement common authentication, authorization, and session management patterns so you can choose the best solutions based on your application's needs. [Authentication](#authentication) --------------------------------- Authentication verifies a user's identity. This happens when a user logs in, either with a username and password or through a service like Google. It's all about confirming that users are really who they claim to be, protecting both the user's data and the application from unauthorized access or fraudulent activities. ### [Authentication Strategies](#authentication-strategies) Modern web applications commonly use several authentication strategies: 1. **OAuth/OpenID Connect (OIDC)**: Enable third-party access without sharing user credentials. Ideal for social media logins and Single Sign-On (SSO) solutions. They add an identity layer with OpenID Connect. 2. **Credentials-based login (Email + Password)**: A standard choice for web applications, where users log in with an email and password. Familiar and easy to implement, it requires robust security measures against threats like phishing. 3. **Passwordless/Token-based authentication**: Use email magic links or SMS one-time codes for secure, password-free access. Popular for its convenience and enhanced security, this method helps reduce password fatigue. Its limitation is the dependency on the user's email or phone availability. 4. **Passkeys/WebAuthn**: Use cryptographic credentials unique to each site, offering high security against phishing. Secure but new, this strategy can be difficult to implement. Selecting an authentication strategy should align with your application's specific requirements, user interface considerations, and security objectives. ### [Implementing Authentication](#implementing-authentication) In this section, we'll explore the process of adding basic email-password authentication to a web application. While this method provides a fundamental level of security, it's worth considering more advanced options like OAuth or passwordless logins for enhanced protection against common security threats. The authentication flow we'll discuss is as follows: 1. The user submits their credentials through a login form. 2. The form calls a Server Action. 3. Upon successful verification, the process is completed, indicating the user's successful authentication. 4. If verification is unsuccessful, an error message is shown. Consider a login form where users can input their credentials: app/login/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { authenticate } from '@/app/lib/actions' export default function Page() { return ( <form action={authenticate}> <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email" required /> <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password" required /> <button type="submit">Login</button> </form> ) } The form above has two input fields for capturing the user's email and password. On submission, it calls the `authenticate` Server Action. You can then call your Authentication Provider's API in the Server Action to handle authentication: app/lib/actions.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use server' import { signIn } from '@/auth' export async function authenticate(_currentState: unknown, formData: FormData) { try { await signIn('credentials', formData) } catch (error) { if (error) { switch (error.type) { case 'CredentialsSignin': return 'Invalid credentials.' default: return 'Something went wrong.' } } throw error } } In this code, the `signIn` method checks the credentials against stored user data. After the authentication provider processes the credentials, there are two possible outcomes: * **Successful Authentication**: This outcome implies that the login was successful. Further actions, such as accessing protected routes and fetching user information, can then be initiated. * **Failed Authentication**: In cases where the credentials are incorrect or an error is encountered, the function returns a corresponding error message to indicate the authentication failure. Finally, in your `login-form.tsx` component, you can use React's `useFormState` to call the Server Action and handle form errors, and use `useFormStatus` to handle the pending state of the form: app/login/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { authenticate } from '@/app/lib/actions' import { useFormState, useFormStatus } from 'react-dom' export default function Page() { const [errorMessage, dispatch] = useFormState(authenticate, undefined) return ( <form action={dispatch}> <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Email" required /> <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password" required /> <div>{errorMessage && <p>{errorMessage}</p>}</div> <LoginButton /> </form> ) } function LoginButton() { const { pending } = useFormStatus() const handleClick = (event) => { if (pending) { event.preventDefault() } } return ( <button aria-disabled={pending} type="submit" onClick={handleClick}> Login </button> ) } For a more streamlined authentication setup in Next.js projects, especially when offering multiple login methods, consider using a comprehensive [authentication solution](#examples). [Authorization](#authorization) ------------------------------- Once a user is authenticated, you'll need to ensure the user is allowed to visit certain routes, and perform operations such as mutating data with Server Actions and calling Route Handlers. ### [Protecting Routes with Middleware](#protecting-routes-with-middleware) [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) in Next.js helps you control who can access different parts of your website. This is important for keeping areas like the user dashboard protected while having other pages like marketing pages be public. It's recommended to apply Middleware across all routes and specify exclusions for public access. Here's how to implement Middleware for authentication in Next.js: #### [Setting Up Middleware:](#setting-up-middleware) * Create a `middleware.ts` or `.js` file in your project's root directory. * Include logic to authorize user access, such as checking for authentication tokens. #### [Defining Protected Routes:](#defining-protected-routes) * Not all routes require authorization. Use the `matcher` option in your Middleware to specify any routes that do not require authorization checks. #### [Middleware Logic:](#middleware-logic) * Write logic to verify if a user is authenticated. Check user roles or permissions for route authorization. #### [Handling Unauthorized Access:](#handling-unauthorized-access) * Redirect unauthorized users to a login or error page as appropriate. Example Middleware file: middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { NextRequest } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const currentUser = request.cookies.get('currentUser')?.value if (currentUser && !request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/dashboard')) { return Response.redirect(new URL('/dashboard', request.url)) } if (!currentUser && !request.nextUrl.pathname.startsWith('/login')) { return Response.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url)) } } export const config = { matcher: ['/((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|.*\\.png$).*)'], } This example uses [`Response.redirect`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/redirect_static) for handling redirects early in the request pipeline, making it efficient and centralizing access control. For specific redirection needs, the `redirect` function can be used in Server Components, Route Handlers, and Server Actions to provide more control. This is useful for role-based navigation or context-sensitive scenarios. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { redirect } from 'next/navigation' export default function Page() { // Logic to determine if a redirect is needed const accessDenied = true if (accessDenied) { redirect('/login') } // Define other routes and logic } After successful authentication, it's important to manage user navigation based on their roles. For example, an admin user might be redirected to an admin dashboard, while a regular user is sent to a different page. This is important for role-specific experiences and conditional navigation, such as prompting users to complete their profile if needed. When setting up authorization, it's important to ensure that the main security checks happen where your app accesses or changes data. While Middleware can be useful for initial validation, it should not be the sole line of defense in protecting your data. The bulk of security checks should be performed in the Data Access Layer (DAL). This approach, highlighted in [this security blog](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions), advocates for consolidating all data access within a dedicated DAL. This strategy ensures consistent data access, minimizes authorization bugs, and simplifies maintenance. To ensure comprehensive security, consider the following key areas: * Server Actions: Implement security checks in server-side processes, especially for sensitive operations. * Route Handlers: Manage incoming requests with security measures to ensure access is limited to authorized users. * Data Access Layer (DAL): Directly interacts with the database and is crucial for validating and authorizing data transactions. It's vital to perform critical checks within the DAL to secure data at its most crucial interaction point—access or modification. For a detailed guide on securing the DAL, including example code snippets and advanced security practices, refer to our [Data Access Layer section](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions#data-access-layer) of the security guide. ### [Protecting Server Actions](#protecting-server-actions) It is important to treat [Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations) with the same security considerations as public-facing API endpoints. Verifying user authorization for each action is crucial. Implement checks within Server Actions to determine user permissions, such as restricting certain actions to admin users. In the example below, we check the user's role before allowing the action to proceed: app/lib/actions.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use server' // ... export async function serverAction() { const session = await getSession() const userRole = session?.user?.role // Check if user is authorized to perform the action if (userRole !== 'admin') { throw new Error('Unauthorized access: User does not have admin privileges.') } // Proceed with the action for authorized users // ... implementation of the action } ### [Protecting Route Handlers](#protecting-route-handlers) Route Handlers in Next.js play a vital role in managing incoming requests. Just like Server Actions, they should be secured to ensure that only authorized users can access certain functionalities. This often involves verifying the user's authentication status and their permissions. Here's an example of securing a Route Handler: app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET() { // User authentication and role verification const session = await getSession() // Check if the user is authenticated if (!session) { return new Response(null, { status: 401 }) // User is not authenticated } // Check if the user has the 'admin' role if (session.user.role !== 'admin') { return new Response(null, { status: 403 }) // User is authenticated but does not have the right permissions } // Data fetching for authorized users } This example demonstrates a Route Handler with a two-tier security check for authentication and authorization. It first checks for an active session, and then verifies if the logged-in user is an 'admin'. This approach ensures secure access, limited to authenticated and authorized users, maintaining robust security for request processing. ### [Authorization Using Server Components](#authorization-using-server-components) [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) in Next.js are designed for server-side execution and offer a secure environment for integrating complex logic like authorization. They enable direct access to back-end resources, optimizing performance for data-heavy tasks and enhancing security for sensitive operations. In Server Components, a common practice is to conditionally render UI elements based on the user's role. This approach enhances user experience and security by ensuring users only access content they are authorized to view. **Example:** app/dashboard/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default async function Dashboard() { const session = await getSession() const userRole = session?.user?.role // Assuming 'role' is part of the session object if (userRole === 'admin') { return <AdminDashboard /> // Component for admin users } else if (userRole === 'user') { return <UserDashboard /> // Component for regular users } else { return <AccessDenied /> // Component shown for unauthorized access } } In this example, the Dashboard component renders different UIs for 'admin', 'user', and unauthorized roles. This pattern ensures that each user interacts only with components appropriate to their role, enhancing both security and user experience. ### [Best Practices](#best-practices) * **Secure Session Management**: Prioritize the security of session data to prevent unauthorized access and data breaches. Use encryption and secure storage practices. * **Dynamic Role Management**: Use a flexible system for user roles to easily adjust to changes in permissions and roles, avoiding hardcoded roles. * **Security-First Approach**: In all aspects of authorization logic, prioritize security to safeguard user data and maintain the integrity of your application. This includes thorough testing and considering potential security vulnerabilities. [Session Management](#session-management) ----------------------------------------- Session management involves tracking and managing a user's interaction with the application over time, ensuring that their authenticated state is preserved across different parts of the application. This prevents the need for repeated logins, enhancing both security and user convenience. There are two primary methods used for session management: cookie-based and database sessions. ### [Cookie-Based Sessions](#cookie-based-sessions) > **🎥 Watch:** Learn more about cookie-based sessions and authentication with Next.js → [YouTube (11 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJvM2lSPn6w). Cookie-based sessions manage user data by storing encrypted session information directly in browser cookies. Upon user login, this encrypted data is stored in the cookie. Each subsequent server request includes this cookie, minimizing the need for repeated server queries and enhancing client-side efficiency. However, this method requires careful encryption to protect sensitive data, as cookies are susceptible to client-side security risks. Encrypting session data in cookies is key to safeguarding user information from unauthorized access. It ensures that even if a cookie is stolen, the data inside remains unreadable. Additionally, while individual cookies are limited in size (typically around 4KB), techniques like cookie-chunking can overcome this limitation by dividing large session data into multiple cookies. Setting a cookie in a Next.js project might look something like this: **Setting a cookie on the server:** app/actions.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use server' import { cookies } from 'next/headers' export async function handleLogin(sessionData) { const encryptedSessionData = encrypt(sessionData) // Encrypt your session data cookies().set('session', encryptedSessionData, { httpOnly: true, secure: process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production', maxAge: 60 * 60 * 24 * 7, // One week path: '/', }) // Redirect or handle the response after setting the cookie } **Accessing the session data stored in the cookie in a server component:** app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { cookies } from 'next/headers' export async function getSessionData(req) { const encryptedSessionData = cookies().get('session')?.value return encryptedSessionData ? JSON.parse(decrypt(encryptedSessionData)) : null } ### [Database Sessions](#database-sessions) Database session management involves storing session data on the server, with the user's browser only receiving a session ID. This ID references the session data stored server-side, without containing the data itself. This method enhances security, as it keeps sensitive session data away from the client-side environment, reducing the risk of exposure to client-side attacks. Database sessions are also more scalable, accommodating larger data storage needs. However, this approach has its tradeoffs. It can increase performance overhead due to the need for database lookups at each user interaction. Strategies like session data caching can help mitigate this. Additionally, reliance on the database means that session management is as reliable as the database's performance and availability. Here's a simplified example of implementing database sessions in a Next.js application: **Creating a Session on the Server**: import db from './lib/db' export async function createSession(user) { const sessionId = generateSessionId() // Generate a unique session ID await db.insertSession({ sessionId, userId: user.id, createdAt: new Date() }) return sessionId } **Retrieving a Session in Middleware or Server-Side Logic**: import { cookies } from 'next/headers' import db from './lib/db' export async function getSession() { const sessionId = cookies().get('sessionId')?.value return sessionId ? await db.findSession(sessionId) : null } ### [Selecting Session Management in Next.js](#selecting-session-management-in-nextjs) Deciding between cookie-based and database sessions in Next.js depends on your application's needs. Cookie-based sessions are simpler and suit smaller applications with lower server load but may offer less security. Database sessions, while more complex, provide better security and scalability, ideal for larger, data-sensitive applications. With [authentication solutions](#examples) such as [NextAuth.js](https://authjs.dev/guides/upgrade-to-v5), session management becomes more efficient, using either cookies or database storage. This automation simplifies the development process, but it's important to understand the session management method used by your chosen solution. Ensure it aligns with your application's security and performance requirements. Regardless of your choice, prioritize security in your session management strategy. For cookie-based sessions, using secure and HTTP-only cookies is crucial to protect session data. For database sessions, regular backups and secure handling of session data are essential. Implementing session expiry and cleanup mechanisms is vital in both approaches to prevent unauthorized access and maintain application performance and reliability. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- Here are authentication solutions compatible with Next.js, please refer to the quickstart guides below to learn how to configure them in your Next.js application: * [Auth0](https://auth0.com/docs/quickstart/webapp/nextjs/01-login) * [Clerk](https://clerk.com/docs/quickstarts/nextjs) * [Kinde](https://kinde.com/docs/developer-tools/nextjs-sdk) * [Lucia](https://lucia-auth.com/getting-started/nextjs-app) * [NextAuth.js](https://authjs.dev/guides/upgrade-to-v5) * [Supabase](https://supabase.com/docs/guides/getting-started/quickstarts/nextjs) * [Stytch](https://stytch.com/docs/guides/quickstarts/nextjs) * [Iron Session](https://github.com/vvo/iron-session) [Further Reading](#further-reading) ----------------------------------- To continue learning about authentication and security, check out the following resources: * [Understanding XSS Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-xss-attacks) * [Understanding CSRF Attacks](https://vercel.com/guides/understanding-csrf-attacks) [Previous Cypress ](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) [Next Deploying ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Quickstart](#quickstart) * [Manual setup](#manual-setup) * [Optional: Handling Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](#optional-handling-absolute-imports-and-module-path-aliases) * [Optional: Extend Jest with custom matchers](#optional-extend-jest-with-custom-matchers) * [Add a test script to package.json:](#add-a-test-script-to-packagejson) * [Creating your first test:](#creating-your-first-test) * [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) * [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/08-testing/02-jest.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing)Jest Setting up Jest with Next.js ============================ Jest and React Testing Library are frequently used together for **Unit Testing** and **Snapshot Testing**. This guide will show you how to set up Jest with Next.js and write your first tests. > **Good to know:** Since `async` Server Components are new to the React ecosystem, Jest currently does not support them. While you can still run **unit tests** for synchronous Server and Client Components, we recommend using an **E2E tests** for `async` components. [Quickstart](#quickstart) ------------------------- You can use `create-next-app` with the Next.js [with-jest](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-jest) example to quickly get started: Terminal npx create-next-app@latest --example with-jest with-jest-app [Manual setup](#manual-setup) ----------------------------- Since the release of [Next.js 12](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-12), Next.js now has built-in configuration for Jest. To set up Jest, install `jest` and the following packages as dev dependencies: Terminal npm install -D jest jest-environment-jsdom @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom # or yarn add -D jest jest-environment-jsdom @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom # or pnpm install -D jest jest-environment-jsdom @testing-library/react @testing-library/jest-dom Generate a basic Jest configuration file by running the following command: Terminal npm init jest@latest # or yarn create jest@latest # or pnpm create jest@latest This will take you through a series of prompts to setup Jest for your project, including automatically creating a `jest.config.ts|js` file. Update your config file to use `next/jest`. This transformer has all the necessary configuration options for Jest to work with Next.js: jest.config.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { Config } from 'jest' import nextJest from 'next/jest.js' const createJestConfig = nextJest({ // Provide the path to your Next.js app to load next.config.js and .env files in your test environment dir: './', }) // Add any custom config to be passed to Jest const config: Config = { coverageProvider: 'v8', testEnvironment: 'jsdom', // Add more setup options before each test is run // setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/jest.setup.ts'], } // createJestConfig is exported this way to ensure that next/jest can load the Next.js config which is async export default createJestConfig(config) Under the hood, `next/jest` is automatically configuring Jest for you, including: * Setting up `transform` using the [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * Auto mocking stylesheets (`.css`, `.module.css`, and their scss variants), image imports and [`next/font`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * Loading `.env` (and all variants) into `process.env` * Ignoring `node_modules` from test resolving and transforms * Ignoring `.next` from test resolving * Loading `next.config.js` for flags that enable SWC transforms > **Good to know**: To test environment variables directly, load them manually in a separate setup script or in your `jest.config.ts` file. For more information, please see [Test Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables#test-environment-variables). [Optional: Handling Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](#optional-handling-absolute-imports-and-module-path-aliases) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- If your project is using [Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases), you will need to configure Jest to resolve the imports by matching the paths option in the `jsconfig.json` file with the `moduleNameMapper` option in the `jest.config.js` file. For example: tsconfig.json or jsconfig.json { "compilerOptions": { "module": "esnext", "moduleResolution": "bundler", "baseUrl": "./", "paths": { "@/components/*": ["components/*"] } } } jest.config.js moduleNameMapper: { // ... '^@/components/(.*)$': '<rootDir>/components/$1', } [Optional: Extend Jest with custom matchers](#optional-extend-jest-with-custom-matchers) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- `@testing-library/jest-dom` includes a set of convenient [custom matchers](https://github.com/testing-library/jest-dom#custom-matchers) such as `.toBeInTheDocument()` making it easier to write tests. You can import the custom matchers for every test by adding the following option to the Jest configuration file: jest.config.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/jest.setup.ts'] Then, inside `jest.setup.ts`, add the following import: jest.setup.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import '@testing-library/jest-dom' > **Good to know:**[`extend-expect` was removed in `v6.0`](https://github.com/testing-library/jest-dom/releases/tag/v6.0.0), so if you are using `@testing-library/jest-dom` before version 6, you will need to import `@testing-library/jest-dom/extend-expect` instead. If you need to add more setup options before each test, you can add them to the `jest.setup.js` file above. [Add a test script to `package.json`:](#add-a-test-script-to-packagejson) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Finally, add a Jest `test` script to your `package.json` file: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start", "test": "jest", "test:watch": "jest --watch" } } `jest --watch` will re-run tests when a file is changed. For more Jest CLI options, please refer to the [Jest Docs](https://jestjs.io/docs/cli#reference). ### [Creating your first test:](#creating-your-first-test) Your project is now ready to run tests. Create a folder called `__tests__` in your project's root directory. For example, we can add a test to check if the `<Page />` component successfully renders a heading: import Link from 'next/link' export default function Home() { return ( <div> <h1>Home</h1> <Link href="/about">About</Link> </div> ) } \_\_tests\_\_/page.test.jsx import '@testing-library/jest-dom' import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react' import Page from '../app/page' describe('Page', () => { it('renders a heading', () => { render(<Page />) const heading = screen.getByRole('heading', { level: 1 }) expect(heading).toBeInTheDocument() }) }) Optionally, add a [snapshot test](https://jestjs.io/docs/snapshot-testing) to keep track of any unexpected changes in your component: \_\_tests\_\_/snapshot.js import { render } from '@testing-library/react' import Page from '../app/page' it('renders homepage unchanged', () => { const { container } = render(<Page />) expect(container).toMatchSnapshot() }) [Running your tests](#running-your-tests) ----------------------------------------- Then, run the following command to run your tests: Terminal npm run test # or yarn test # or pnpm test [Additional Resources](#additional-resources) --------------------------------------------- For further reading, you may find these resources helpful: * [Next.js with Jest example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-jest) * [Jest Docs](https://jestjs.io/docs/getting-started) * [React Testing Library Docs](https://testing-library.com/docs/react-testing-library/intro/) * [Testing Playground](https://testing-playground.com/) - use good testing practices to match elements. 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[Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [useRouter()](#userouter) * [Migrating from next/router](#migrating-from-nextrouter) * [Examples](#examples) * [Router events](#router-events) * [Disabling scroll restoration](#disabling-scroll-restoration) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/use-router.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)useRouter useRouter ========= The `useRouter` hook allows you to programmatically change routes inside [Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components). > **Recommendation:** Use the [`<Link>` component](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#link-component) for navigation unless you have a specific requirement for using `useRouter`. app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useRouter } from 'next/navigation' export default function Page() { const router = useRouter() return ( <button type="button" onClick={() => router.push('/dashboard')}> Dashboard </button> ) } [`useRouter()`](#userouter) --------------------------- * `router.push(href: string, { scroll: boolean })`: Perform a client-side navigation to the provided route. Adds a new entry into the [browser’s history](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/History_API) stack. * `router.replace(href: string, { scroll: boolean })`: Perform a client-side navigation to the provided route without adding a new entry into the [browser’s history stack](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/History_API). * `router.refresh()`: Refresh the current route. Making a new request to the server, re-fetching data requests, and re-rendering Server Components. The client will merge the updated React Server Component payload without losing unaffected client-side React (e.g. `useState`) or browser state (e.g. scroll position). * `router.prefetch(href: string)`: [Prefetch](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#2-prefetching) the provided route for faster client-side transitions. * `router.back()`: Navigate back to the previous route in the browser’s history stack. * `router.forward()`: Navigate forwards to the next page in the browser’s history stack. > **Good to know**: > > * The `<Link>` component automatically prefetch routes as they become visible in the viewport. > * `refresh()` could re-produce the same result if fetch requests are cached. Other dynamic functions like `cookies` and `headers` could also change the response. ### [Migrating from `next/router`](#migrating-from-nextrouter) * The `useRouter` hook should be imported from `next/navigation` and not `next/router` when using the App Router * The `pathname` string has been removed and is replaced by [`usePathname()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * The `query` object has been removed and is replaced by [`useSearchParams()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * `router.events` has been replaced. [See below.](#router-events) [View the full migration guide](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration). [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Router events](#router-events) You can listen for page changes by composing other Client Component hooks like `usePathname` and `useSearchParams`. app/components/navigation-events.js 'use client' import { useEffect } from 'react' import { usePathname, useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation' export function NavigationEvents() { const pathname = usePathname() const searchParams = useSearchParams() useEffect(() => { const url = `${pathname}?${searchParams}` console.log(url) // You can now use the current URL // ... }, [pathname, searchParams]) return null } Which can be imported into a layout. app/layout.js import { Suspense } from 'react' import { NavigationEvents } from './components/navigation-events' export default function Layout({ children }) { return ( <html lang="en"> <body> {children} <Suspense fallback={null}> <NavigationEvents /> </Suspense> </body> </html> ) } > **Good to know**: `<NavigationEvents>` is wrapped in a [`Suspense` boundary](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming#example) because[`useSearchParams()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) causes client-side rendering up to the closest `Suspense` boundary during [static rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default). [Learn more](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params#behavior). ### [Disabling scroll restoration](#disabling-scroll-restoration) By default, Next.js will scroll to the top of the page when navigating to a new route. You can disable this behavior by passing `scroll: false` to `router.push()` or `router.replace()`. app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useRouter } from 'next/navigation' export default function Page() { const router = useRouter() return ( <button type="button" onClick={() => router.push('/dashboard', { scroll: false })} > Dashboard </button> ) } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `useRouter` from `next/navigation` introduced. [Previous useReportWebVitals ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) [Next useSearchParams ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Props](#props) * [children (required)](#children-required) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/template.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)template.js template.js =========== A **template** file is similar to a [layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layouts) in that it wraps each child layout or page. Unlike layouts that persist across routes and maintain state, templates create a new instance for each of their children on navigation. app/template.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Template({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return <div>{children}</div> }  While less common, you might choose a template over a layout if you want: * Features that rely on `useEffect` (e.g logging page views) and `useState` (e.g a per-page feedback form). * To change the default framework behavior. For example, Suspense Boundaries inside layouts only show the fallback the first time the Layout is loaded and not when switching pages. For templates, the fallback is shown on each navigation. [Props](#props) --------------- ### [`children` (required)](#children-required) Template components should accept and use a `children` prop. `template` is rendered between a [layout](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) and its children. For example: Output <Layout> {/* Note that the template is given a unique key. */} <Template key={routeParam}>{children}</Template> </Layout> > **Good to know**: > > * By default, `template` is a [Server Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components), but can also be used as a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) through the `"use client"` directive. > * When a user navigates between routes that share a `template`, a new instance of the component is mounted, DOM elements are recreated, state is **not** preserved, and effects are re-synchronized. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `template` introduced. [Previous Route Segment Config ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) [Next Metadata Files ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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File-based metadata can be defined by adding special metadata files to route segments. Each file convention can be defined using a static file (e.g. `opengraph-image.jpg`), or a dynamic variant that uses code to generate the file (e.g. `opengraph-image.js`). Once a file is defined, Next.js will automatically serve the file (with hashes in production for caching) and update the relevant head elements with the correct metadata, such as the asset's URL, file type, and image size. [ ### favicon, icon, and apple-icon API Reference for the Favicon, Icon and Apple Icon file conventions. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons)[ ### manifest.json API Reference for manifest.json file. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest)[ ### opengraph-image and twitter-image API Reference for the Open Graph Image and Twitter Image file conventions. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image)[ ### robots.txt API Reference for robots.txt file. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots)[ ### sitemap.xml API Reference for the sitemap.xml file. ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) [Previous template.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) [Next favicon, icon, and apple-icon ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Options](#options) * [dynamic](#dynamic) * [dynamicParams](#dynamicparams) * [revalidate](#revalidate) * [Revalidation Frequency](#revalidation-frequency) * [fetchCache](#fetchcache) * [Cross-route segment behavior](#cross-route-segment-behavior) * [runtime](#runtime) * [preferredRegion](#preferredregion) * [maxDuration](#maxduration) * [generateStaticParams](#generatestaticparams) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/route-segment-config.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)Route Segment Config Route Segment Config ==================== The Route Segment options allows you to configure the behavior of a [Page](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts), [Layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts), or [Route Handler](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) by directly exporting the following variables: Option Type Default [`dynamic`](#dynamic) `'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static'` `'auto'` [`dynamicParams`](#dynamicparams) `boolean` `true` [`revalidate`](#revalidate) `false | 0 | number` `false` [`fetchCache`](#fetchcache) `'auto' | 'default-cache' | 'only-cache' | 'force-cache' | 'force-no-store' | 'default-no-store' | 'only-no-store'` `'auto'` [`runtime`](#runtime) `'nodejs' | 'edge'` `'nodejs'` [`preferredRegion`](#preferredregion) `'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | string | string[]` `'auto'` [`maxDuration`](#maxduration) `number` Set by deployment platform layout.tsx | page.tsx | route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const dynamic = 'auto' export const dynamicParams = true export const revalidate = false export const fetchCache = 'auto' export const runtime = 'nodejs' export const preferredRegion = 'auto' export const maxDuration = 5 export default function MyComponent() {} > **Good to know**: > > * The values of the config options currently need be statically analyzable. For example `revalidate = 600` is valid, but `revalidate = 60 * 10` is not. [Options](#options) ------------------- ### [`dynamic`](#dynamic) Change the dynamic behavior of a layout or page to fully static or fully dynamic. layout.tsx | page.tsx | route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const dynamic = 'auto' // 'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static' > **Good to know**: The new model in the `app` directory favors granular caching control at the `fetch` request level over the binary all-or-nothing model of `getServerSideProps` and `getStaticProps` at the page-level in the `pages` directory. The `dynamic` option is a way to opt back in to the previous model as a convenience and provides a simpler migration path. * **`'auto'`** (default): The default option to cache as much as possible without preventing any components from opting into dynamic behavior. * **`'force-dynamic'`**: Force [dynamic rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering), which will result in routes being rendered for each user at request time. This option is equivalent to `getServerSideProps()` in the `pages` directory. * **`'error'`**: Force static rendering and cache the data of a layout or page by causing an error if any components use [dynamic functions](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-functions) or uncached data. This option is equivalent to: * `getStaticProps()` in the `pages` directory. * Setting the option of every `fetch()` request in a layout or page to `{ cache: 'force-cache' }`. * Setting the segment config to `fetchCache = 'only-cache', dynamicParams = false`. * `dynamic = 'error'` changes the default of `dynamicParams` from `true` to `false`. You can opt back into dynamically rendering pages for dynamic params not generated by `generateStaticParams` by manually setting `dynamicParams = true`. * **`'force-static'`**: Force static rendering and cache the data of a layout or page by forcing [`cookies()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies), [`headers()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) and [`useSearchParams()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) to return empty values. > **Good to know**: > > * Instructions on [how to migrate](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration#step-6-migrating-data-fetching-methods) from `getServerSideProps` and `getStaticProps` to `dynamic: 'force-dynamic'` and `dynamic: 'error'` can be found in the [upgrade guide](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration#step-6-migrating-data-fetching-methods). ### [`dynamicParams`](#dynamicparams) Control what happens when a dynamic segment is visited that was not generated with [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params). layout.tsx | page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const dynamicParams = true // true | false, * **`true`** (default): Dynamic segments not included in `generateStaticParams` are generated on demand. * **`false`**: Dynamic segments not included in `generateStaticParams` will return a 404. > **Good to know**: > > * This option replaces the `fallback: true | false | blocking` option of `getStaticPaths` in the `pages` directory. > * When `dynamicParams = true`, the segment uses [Streaming Server Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming#streaming-with-suspense). > * If the `dynamic = 'error'` and `dynamic = 'force-static'` are used, it'll change the default of `dynamicParams` to `false`. ### [`revalidate`](#revalidate) Set the default revalidation time for a layout or page. This option does not override the `revalidate` value set by individual `fetch` requests. layout.tsx | page.tsx | route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const revalidate = false // false | 0 | number * **`false`** (default): The default heuristic to cache any `fetch` requests that set their `cache` option to `'force-cache'` or are discovered before a [dynamic function](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#server-rendering-strategies#dynamic-functions) is used. Semantically equivalent to `revalidate: Infinity` which effectively means the resource should be cached indefinitely. It is still possible for individual `fetch` requests to use `cache: 'no-store'` or `revalidate: 0` to avoid being cached and make the route dynamically rendered. Or set `revalidate` to a positive number lower than the route default to increase the revalidation frequency of a route. * **`0`**: Ensure a layout or page is always [dynamically rendered](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering) even if no dynamic functions or uncached data fetches are discovered. This option changes the default of `fetch` requests that do not set a `cache` option to `'no-store'` but leaves `fetch` requests that opt into `'force-cache'` or use a positive `revalidate` as is. * **`number`**: (in seconds) Set the default revalidation frequency of a layout or page to `n` seconds. > **Good to know**: The `revalidate` option is only available when using the [Node.js Runtime](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes#nodejs-runtime). This means using the `revalidate` option with `runtime = 'edge'` will not work. #### [Revalidation Frequency](#revalidation-frequency) * The lowest `revalidate` across each layout and page of a single route will determine the revalidation frequency of the _entire_ route. This ensures that child pages are revalidated as frequently as their parent layouts. * Individual `fetch` requests can set a lower `revalidate` than the route's default `revalidate` to increase the revalidation frequency of the entire route. This allows you to dynamically opt-in to more frequent revalidation for certain routes based on some criteria. ### [`fetchCache`](#fetchcache) This is an advanced option that should only be used if you specifically need to override the default behavior. By default, Next.js **will cache** any `fetch()` requests that are reachable **before** any [dynamic functions](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#server-rendering-strategies#dynamic-functions) are used and **will not cache** `fetch` requests that are discovered **after** dynamic functions are used. `fetchCache` allows you to override the default `cache` option of all `fetch` requests in a layout or page. layout.tsx | page.tsx | route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const fetchCache = 'auto' // 'auto' | 'default-cache' | 'only-cache' // 'force-cache' | 'force-no-store' | 'default-no-store' | 'only-no-store' * **`'auto'`** (default): The default option to cache `fetch` requests before dynamic functions with the `cache` option they provide and not cache `fetch` requests after dynamic functions. * **`'default-cache'`**: Allow any `cache` option to be passed to `fetch` but if no option is provided then set the `cache` option to `'force-cache'`. This means that even `fetch` requests after dynamic functions are considered static. * **`'only-cache'`**: Ensure all `fetch` requests opt into caching by changing the default to `cache: 'force-cache'` if no option is provided and causing an error if any `fetch` requests use `cache: 'no-store'`. * **`'force-cache'`**: Ensure all `fetch` requests opt into caching by setting the `cache` option of all `fetch` requests to `'force-cache'`. * **`'default-no-store'`**: Allow any `cache` option to be passed to `fetch` but if no option is provided then set the `cache` option to `'no-store'`. This means that even `fetch` requests before dynamic functions are considered dynamic. * **`'only-no-store'`**: Ensure all `fetch` requests opt out of caching by changing the default to `cache: 'no-store'` if no option is provided and causing an error if any `fetch` requests use `cache: 'force-cache'` * **`'force-no-store'`**: Ensure all `fetch` requests opt out of caching by setting the `cache` option of all `fetch` requests to `'no-store'`. This forces all `fetch` requests to be re-fetched every request even if they provide a `'force-cache'` option. #### [Cross-route segment behavior](#cross-route-segment-behavior) * Any options set across each layout and page of a single route need to be compatible with each other. * If both the `'only-cache'` and `'force-cache'` are provided, then `'force-cache'` wins. If both `'only-no-store'` and `'force-no-store'` are provided, then `'force-no-store'` wins. The force option changes the behavior across the route so a single segment with `'force-*'` would prevent any errors caused by `'only-*'`. * The intention of the `'only-*'` and `force-*'` options is to guarantee the whole route is either fully static or fully dynamic. This means: * A combination of `'only-cache'` and `'only-no-store'` in a single route is not allowed. * A combination of `'force-cache'` and `'force-no-store'` in a single route is not allowed. * A parent cannot provide `'default-no-store'` if a child provides `'auto'` or `'*-cache'` since that could make the same fetch have different behavior. * It is generally recommended to leave shared parent layouts as `'auto'` and customize the options where child segments diverge. ### [`runtime`](#runtime) layout.tsx | page.tsx | route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const runtime = 'nodejs' // 'nodejs' | 'edge' * **`'nodejs'`** (default) * **`'edge'`** Learn more about the [Edge and Node.js runtimes](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes). ### [`preferredRegion`](#preferredregion) layout.tsx | page.tsx | route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const preferredRegion = 'auto' // 'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | ['iad1', 'sfo1'] Support for `preferredRegion`, and regions supported, is dependent on your deployment platform. > **Good to know**: > > * If a `preferredRegion` is not specified, it will inherit the option of the nearest parent layout. > * The root layout defaults to `all` regions. ### [`maxDuration`](#maxduration) By default, Next.js does not limit the execution of server-side logic (rendering a page or handling an API). Deployment platforms can use `maxDuration` from the Next.js build output to add specific execution limits. For example, on [Vercel](https://vercel.com/docs/functions/serverless-functions/runtimes#max-duration). **Note**: This settings requires Next.js `13.4.10` or higher. layout.tsx | page.tsx | route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const maxDuration = 5 > **Good to know**: > > * If using [Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations), set the `maxDuration` at the page level to change the default timeout of all Server Actions used on the page. ### [`generateStaticParams`](#generatestaticparams) The `generateStaticParams` function can be used in combination with [dynamic route segments](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) to define the list of route segment parameters that will be statically generated at build time instead of on-demand at request time. See the [API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) for more details. [Previous route.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) [Next template.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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generate a `manifest.(json|webmanifest)` file that matches the [Web Manifest Specification](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Manifest) in the **root** of `app` directory to provide information about your web application for the browser. [Static Manifest file](#static-manifest-file) --------------------------------------------- app/manifest.json | app/manifest.webmanifest { "name": "My Next.js Application", "short_name": "Next.js App", "description": "An application built with Next.js", "start_url": "/" // ... } [Generate a Manifest file](#generate-a-manifest-file) ----------------------------------------------------- Add a `manifest.js` or `manifest.ts` file that returns a [`Manifest` object](#manifest-object). app/manifest.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { MetadataRoute } from 'next' export default function manifest(): MetadataRoute.Manifest { return { name: 'Next.js App', short_name: 'Next.js App', description: 'Next.js App', start_url: '/', display: 'standalone', background_color: '#fff', theme_color: '#fff', icons: [ { src: '/favicon.ico', sizes: 'any', type: 'image/x-icon', }, ], } } ### [Manifest Object](#manifest-object) The manifest object contains an extensive list of options that may be updated due to new web standards. For information on all the current options, refer to the `MetadataRoute.Manifest` type in your code editor if using [TypeScript](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript#typescript-plugin) or see the [MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/Manifest) docs. [Previous favicon, icon, and apple-icon ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) [Next opengraph-image and twitter-image ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) * [ Production Checklist](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [App Router Migration](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Version 14](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) * [<Image>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) * [<Link>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) * [File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) * [default.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) * [error.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) * [instrumentation.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) * [layout.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) * [loading.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) * [middleware.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) * [not-found.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) * [page.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) * [route.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) * [Route Segment Config](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) * [template.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) * [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) * [favicon, icon, and apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * [generateViewport](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) * [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) * [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [notFound](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) * [permanentRedirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) * [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) * [revalidatePath](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) * [revalidateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) * [unstable\_cache](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) * [unstable\_noStore](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) * [useParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) * [usePathname](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Automatic optimizations](#automatic-optimizations) * [During development](#during-development) * [Routing and rendering](#routing-and-rendering) * [Data fetching and caching](#data-fetching-and-caching) * [UI and accessibility](#ui-and-accessibility) * [Security](#security) * [Metadata and SEO](#metadata-and-seo) * [Type safety](#type-safety) * [Before going to production](#before-going-to-production) * [Core Web Vitals](#core-web-vitals) * [Analyzing bundles](#analyzing-bundles) * [After deployment](#after-deployment) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/10-deploying/01-production-checklist.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying)Production Checklist Production Checklist ==================== Before taking your Next.js application to production, there are some optimizations and patterns you should consider implementing for the best user experience, performance, and security. This page provides best practices that you can use as a reference when [building your application](#during-development), [before going to production](#before-going-to-production), and [after deployment](#after-deployment) - as well as the [automatic Next.js optimizations](#automatic-optimizations) you should be aware of. [Automatic optimizations](#automatic-optimizations) --------------------------------------------------- These Next.js optimizations are enabled by default and require no configuration: * **[Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components):** Next.js uses Server Components by default. Server Components run on the server, and don't require JavaScript to render on the client. As such, they have no impact on the size of your client-side JavaScript bundles. You can then use [Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) as needed for interactivity. * **[Code-splitting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#how-routing-and-navigation-works):** Server Components enable automatic code-splitting by route segments. You may also consider [lazy loading](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) Client Components and third-party libraries, where appropriate. * **[Prefetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#2-prefetching):** When a link to a new route enters the user's viewport, Next.js prefetches the route in background. This makes navigation to new routes almost instant. You can opt out of prefetching, where appropriate. * **[Static Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default):** Next.js statically renders Server and Client Components on the server at build time and caches the rendered result to improve your application's performance. You can opt into [Dynamic Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering) for specific routes, where appropriate. * **[Caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching):** Next.js caches data requests, the rendered result of Server and Client Components, static assets, and more, to reduce the number of network requests to your server, database, and backend services. You may opt out of caching, where appropriate. These defaults aim to improve your application's performance, and reduce the cost and amount of data transferred on each network request. [During development](#during-development) ----------------------------------------- While building your application, we recommend using the following features to ensure the best performance and user experience: ### [Routing and rendering](#routing-and-rendering) * **[Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layouts):** Use layouts to share UI across pages and enable [partial rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#4-partial-rendering) on navigation. * **[`<Link>` component](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#link-component):** Use the `<Link>` component for [client-side navigation and prefetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#how-routing-and-navigation-works). * **[Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling):** Gracefully handle [catch-all errors](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) and [404 errors](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) in production by creating custom error pages. * **[Composition Patterns](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/composition-patterns):** Follow the recommended composition patterns for Server and Client Components, and check the placement of your [`"use client"` boundaries](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/composition-patterns#moving-client-components-down-the-tree) to avoid unnecessarily increasing your client-side JavaScript bundle. * **[Dynamic Functions](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-functions):** Be aware that dynamic functions like [`cookies()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) and the [`searchParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#searchparams-optional) prop will opt the entire route into [Dynamic Rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering) (or your whole application if used in the [Root Layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#root-layout-required)). Ensure dynamic function usage is intentional and wrap them in `<Suspense>` boundaries where appropriate. > **Good to know**: [Partial Prerendering (Experimental)](/blog/next-14#partial-prerendering-preview) will allow parts of a route to be dynamic without opting the whole route into dynamic rendering. ### [Data fetching and caching](#data-fetching-and-caching) * **[Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/patterns#fetching-data-on-the-server):** Leverage the benefits of fetching data on the server using Server Components. * **[Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers):** Use Route Handlers to access your backend resources from Client Components. But do not call Route Handlers from Server Components to avoid an additional server request. * **[Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming):** Use Loading UI and React Suspense to progressively send UI from the server to the client, and prevent the whole route from blocking while data is being fetched. * **[Parallel Data Fetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/patterns#parallel-and-sequential-data-fetching):** Reduce network waterfalls by fetching data in parallel, where appropriate. Also, consider [preloading data](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/patterns#preloading-data) where appropriate. * **[Data Caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching#data-cache):** Verify whether your data requests are being cached or not, and opt into caching, where appropriate. Ensure requests that don't use `fetch` are [cached](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache). * **[Static Images](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets):** Use the `public` directory to automatically cache your application's static assets, e.g. images. ### [UI and accessibility](#ui-and-accessibility) * **[Forms and Validation](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations#forms):** Use Server Actions to handle form submissions, server-side validation, and handle errors. * **[Font Module](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts):** Optimize fonts by using the Font Module, which automatically hosts your font files with other static assets, removes external network requests, and reduces [layout shift](https://web.dev/articles/cls). * **[`<Image>` Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images):** Optimize images by using the Image Component, which automatically optimizes images, prevents layout shift, and serves them in modern formats like WebP or AVIF. * **[`<Script>` Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts):** Optimize third-party scripts by using the Script Component, which automatically defers scripts and prevents them from blocking the main thread. * **[ESLint](/docs/architecture/accessibility#linting):** Use the built-in `eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y` plugin to catch accessibility issues early. ### [Security](#security) * **[Tainting](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/patterns#preventing-sensitive-data-from-being-exposed-to-the-client):** Prevent sensitive data from being exposed to the client by tainting data objects and/or specific values. * **[Server Actions](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/server-actions-and-mutations#authentication-and-authorization):** Ensure users are authorized to call Server Actions. Review the the recommended [security practices](/blog/security-nextjs-server-components-actions). * **[Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables):** Ensure your `.env.*` files are added to `.gitignore` and only public variables are prefixed with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. * **[Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy):** Consider adding a Content Security Policy to protect your application against various security threats such as cross-site scripting, clickjacking, and other code injection attacks. ### [Metadata and SEO](#metadata-and-seo) * **[Metadata API](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata):** Use the Metadata API to improve your application's Search Engine Optimization (SEO) by adding page titles, descriptions, and more. * **[Open Graph (OG) images](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image):** Create OG images to prepare your application for social sharing. * **[Sitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) and [Robots](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots):** Help Search Engines crawl and index your pages by generating sitemaps and robots files. ### [Type safety](#type-safety) * **TypeScript and [TS Plugin](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript):** Use TypeScript and the TypeScript plugin for better type-safety, and to help you catch errors early. [Before going to production](#before-going-to-production) --------------------------------------------------------- Before going to production, you can run `next build` to build your application locally and catch any build errors, then run `next start` to measure the performance of your application in a production-like environment. ### [Core Web Vitals](#core-web-vitals) * **[Lighthouse](https://developers.google.com/web/tools/lighthouse):** Run lighthouse in incognito to gain a better understanding of how your users will experience your site, and to identify areas for improvement. This is a simulated test and should be paired with looking at field data (such as Core Web Vitals). * **[`useReportWebVitals` hook](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals):** Use this hook to send [Core Web Vitals](https://web.dev/articles/vitals) data to analytics tools. ### [Analyzing bundles](#analyzing-bundles) Use the [`@next/bundle-analyzer` plugin](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) to analyze the size of your JavaScript bundles and identify large modules and dependencies that might be impacting your application's performance. Additionally, the following tools can you understand the impact of adding new dependencies to your application: * [Import Cost](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=wix.vscode-import-cost) * [Package Phobia](https://packagephobia.com/) * [Bundle Phobia](https://bundlephobia.com/) * [bundlejs](https://bundlejs.com/) [After deployment](#after-deployment) ------------------------------------- Depending on where you deploy your application, you might have access to additional tools and integrations to help you monitor and improve your application's performance. For Vercel deployments, we recommend the following: * **[Analytics](https://vercel.com/analytics?utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=nextjs-docs&utm_medium=docs):** A built-in analytics dashboard to help you understand your application's traffic, including the number of unique visitors, page views, and more. * **[Speed Insights](https://vercel.com/docs/speed-insights?utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=nextjs-docs&utm_medium=docs):** Real-world performance insights based on visitor data, offering a practical view of how your website is performing in the field. * **[Logging](https://vercel.com/docs/observability/runtime-logs?utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=nextjs-docs&utm_medium=docs):** Runtime and Activity logs to help you debug issues and monitor your application in production. Alternatively, see the [integrations page](https://vercel.com/integrations?utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=nextjs-docs&utm_medium=docs) for a list of third-party tools and services. > **Good to know:** > > To get a comprehensive understanding of the best practices for production deployments on Vercel, including detailed strategies for improving website performance, refer to the [Vercel Production Checklist](https://vercel.com/docs/production-checklist?utm_source=next-site&utm_campaign=nextjs-docs&utm_medium=docs). Following these recommendations will help you build a faster, more reliable, and secure application for your users. [Previous Deploying ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) [Next Static Exports ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying

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apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * 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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Production Builds](#production-builds) * [Managed Next.js with Vercel](#managed-nextjs-with-vercel) * [Self-Hosting](#self-hosting) * [Node.js Server](#nodejs-server) * [Docker Image](#docker-image) * [Static HTML Export](#static-html-export) * [Features](#features) * [Image Optimization](#image-optimization) * [Middleware](#middleware) * [Environment Variables](#environment-variables) * [Caching and ISR](#caching-and-isr) * [Automatic Caching](#automatic-caching) * [Static Assets](#static-assets) * [Configuring Caching](#configuring-caching) * [Build Cache](#build-cache) * [Version Skew](#version-skew) * [Streaming and Suspense](#streaming-and-suspense) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/10-deploying/index.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application)Deploying Deploying ========= Congratulations, it's time to ship to production. You can deploy [managed Next.js with Vercel](#managed-nextjs-with-vercel), or self-host on a Node.js server, Docker image, or even static HTML files. When deploying using `next start`, all Next.js features are supported. [Production Builds](#production-builds) --------------------------------------- Running `next build` generates an optimized version of your application for production. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript files are created based on your pages. JavaScript is **compiled** and browser bundles are **minified** using the [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) to help achieve the best performance and support [all modern browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers). Next.js produces a standard deployment output used by managed and self-hosted Next.js. This ensures all features are supported across both methods of deployment. In the next major version, we will be transforming this output into our [Build Output API specification](https://vercel.com/docs/build-output-api/v3?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website). [Managed Next.js with Vercel](#managed-nextjs-with-vercel) ---------------------------------------------------------- [Vercel](https://vercel.com/docs/frameworks/nextjs?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website), the creators and maintainers of Next.js, provide managed infrastructure and a developer experience platform for your Next.js applications. Deploying to Vercel is zero-configuration and provides additional enhancements for scalability, availability, and performance globally. However, all Next.js features are still supported when self-hosted. Learn more about [Next.js on Vercel](https://vercel.com/docs/frameworks/nextjs?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) or [deploy a template for free](https://vercel.com/templates/next.js?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) to try it out. [Self-Hosting](#self-hosting) ----------------------------- You can self-host Next.js in three different ways: * [A Node.js server](#nodejs-server) * [A Docker container](#docker-image) * [A static export](#static-html-export) ### [Node.js Server](#nodejs-server) Next.js can be deployed to any hosting provider that supports Node.js. Ensure your `package.json` has the `"build"` and `"start"` scripts: package.json { "scripts": { "dev": "next dev", "build": "next build", "start": "next start" } } Then, run `npm run build` to build your application. Finally, run `npm run start` to start the Node.js server. This server supports all Next.js features. ### [Docker Image](#docker-image) Next.js can be deployed to any hosting provider that supports [Docker](https://www.docker.com/) containers. You can use this approach when deploying to container orchestrators such as [Kubernetes](https://kubernetes.io/) or when running inside a container in any cloud provider. 1. [Install Docker](https://docs.docker.com/get-docker/) on your machine 2. [Clone our example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-docker) (or the [multi-environment example](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-docker-multi-env)) 3. Build your container: `docker build -t nextjs-docker .` 4. Run your container: `docker run -p 3000:3000 nextjs-docker` Next.js through Docker supports all Next.js features. ### [Static HTML Export](#static-html-export) Next.js enables starting as a static site or Single-Page Application (SPA), then later optionally upgrading to use features that require a server. Since Next.js supports this [static export](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports), it can be deployed and hosted on any web server that can serve HTML/CSS/JS static assets. This includes tools like AWS S3, Nginx, or Apache. Running as a [static export](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) does not support Next.js features that require a server. [Learn more](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports#unsupported-features). > **Good to know:** > > * [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) are supported with static exports. [Features](#features) --------------------- ### [Image Optimization](#image-optimization) [Image Optimization](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) through `next/image` works self-hosted with zero configuration when deploying using `next start`. If you would prefer to have a separate service to optimize images, you can [configure an image loader](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images#loaders). Image Optimization can be used with a [static export](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports#image-optimization) by defining a custom image loader in `next.config.js`. Note that images are optimized at runtime, not during the build. > **Good to know:** > > * When self-hosting, consider installing `sharp` for more performant [Image Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) in your production environment by running `npm install sharp` in your project directory. On Linux platforms, `sharp` may require [additional configuration](https://sharp.pixelplumbing.com/install#linux-memory-allocator) to prevent excessive memory usage. > * Learn more about the [caching behavior of optimized images](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#caching-behavior) and how to configure the TTL. > * You can also [disable Image Optimization](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#unoptimized) and still retain other benefits of using `next/image` if you prefer. For example, if you are optimizing images yourself separately. ### [Middleware](#middleware) [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) works self-hosted with zero configuration when deploying using `next start`. Since it requires access to the incoming request, it is not supported when using a [static export](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports). Middleware uses a [runtime](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) that is a subset of all available Node.js APIs to help ensure low latency, since it may run in front of every route or asset in your application. This runtime does not require running “at the edge” and works in a single-region server. Additional configuration and infrastructure are required to run Middleware in multiple regions. If you are looking to add logic (or use an external package) that requires all Node.js APIs, you might be able to move this logic to a [layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layouts) as a [Server Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components). For example, checking [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) and [redirecting](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect). You can also use headers, cookies, or query parameters to [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects#header-cookie-and-query-matching) or [rewrite](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites#header-cookie-and-query-matching) through `next.config.js`. If that does not work, you can also use a [custom server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server). ### [Environment Variables](#environment-variables) Next.js can support both build time and runtime environment variables. **By default, environment variables are only available on the server**. To expose an environment variable to the browser, it must be prefixed with `NEXT_PUBLIC_`. However, these public environment variables will be inlined into the JavaScript bundle during `next build`. To read runtime environment variables, we recommend using `getServerSideProps` or [incrementally adopting the App Router](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration). With the App Router, we can safely read environment variables on the server during dynamic rendering. This allows you to use a singular Docker image that can be promoted through multiple environments with different values. import { unstable_noStore as noStore } from 'next/cache'; export default function Component() { noStore(); // cookies(), headers(), and other dynamic functions // will also opt into dynamic rendering, making // this env variable is evaluated at runtime const value = process.env.MY_VALUE ... } > **Good to know:** > > * You can run code on server startup using the [`register` function](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation). > * We do not recommend using the [runtimeConfig](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) option, as this does not work with the standalone output mode. Instead, we recommend [incrementally adopting](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) the App Router. ### [Caching and ISR](#caching-and-isr) Next.js can cache responses, generated static pages, build outputs, and other static assets like images, fonts, and scripts. Caching and revalidating pages (using Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) or newer functions in the App Router) use the **same shared cache**. By default, this cache is stored to the filesystem (on disk) on your Next.js server. **This works automatically when self-hosting** using both the Pages and App Router. You can configure the Next.js cache location if you want to persist cached pages and data to durable storage, or share the cache across multiple containers or instances of your Next.js application. #### [Automatic Caching](#automatic-caching) * Next.js sets the `Cache-Control` header of `public, max-age=31536000, immutable` to truly immutable assets. It cannot be overridden. These immutable files contain a SHA-hash in the file name, so they can be safely cached indefinitely. For example, [Static Image Imports](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images#local-images). You can [configure the TTL](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image#caching-behavior) for images. * Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR) sets the `Cache-Control` header of `s-maxage: <revalidate in getStaticProps>, stale-while-revalidate`. This revalidation time is defined in your [`getStaticProps` function](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) in seconds. If you set `revalidate: false`, it will default to a one-year cache duration. * Dynamically rendered pages set a `Cache-Control` header of `private, no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate` to prevent user-specific data from being cached. This applies to both the App Router and Pages Router. This also includes [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode). #### [Static Assets](#static-assets) If you want to host static assets on a different domain or CDN, you can use the `assetPrefix` [configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) in `next.config.js`. Next.js will use this asset prefix when retrieving JavaScript or CSS files. Separating your assets to a different domain does come with the downside of extra time spent on DNS and TLS resolution. [Learn more about `assetPrefix`](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix). #### [Configuring Caching](#configuring-caching) By default, generated cache assets will be stored in memory (defaults to 50mb) and on disk. If you are hosting Next.js using a container orchestration platform like Kubernetes, each pod will have a copy of the cache. To prevent stale data from being shown since the cache is not shared between pods by default, you can configure the Next.js cache to provide a cache handler and disable in-memory caching. To configure the ISR/Data Cache location when self-hosting, you can configure a custom handler in your `next.config.js` file: next.config.js module.exports = { cacheHandler: require.resolve('./cache-handler.js'), cacheMaxMemorySize: 0, // disable default in-memory caching } Then, create `cache-handler.js` in the root of your project, for example: cache-handler.js const cache = new Map() module.exports = class CacheHandler { constructor(options) { this.options = options } async get(key) { // This could be stored anywhere, like durable storage return cache.get(key) } async set(key, data, ctx) { // This could be stored anywhere, like durable storage cache.set(key, { value: data, lastModified: Date.now(), tags: ctx.tags, }) } async revalidateTag(tag) { // Iterate over all entries in the cache for (let [key, value] of cache) { // If the value's tags include the specified tag, delete this entry if (value.tags.includes(tag)) { cache.delete(key) } } } } Using a custom cache handler will allow you to ensure consistency across all pods hosting your Next.js application. For instance, you can save the cached values anywhere, like [Redis](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/cache-handler-redis) or AWS S3. > **Good to know:** > > * `revalidatePath` is a convenience layer on top of cache tags. Calling `revalidatePath` will call the `revalidateTag` function with a special default tag for the provided page. ### [Build Cache](#build-cache) Next.js generates an ID during `next build` to identify which version of your application is being served. The same build should be used and boot up multiple containers. If you are rebuilding for each stage of your environment, you will need to generate a consistent build ID to use between containers. Use the `generateBuildId` command in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { generateBuildId: async () => { // This could be anything, using the latest git hash return process.env.GIT_HASH }, } ### [Version Skew](#version-skew) Next.js will automatically mitigate most instances of [version skew](https://www.industrialempathy.com/posts/version-skew/) and automatically reload the application to retrieve new assets when detected. For example, if there is a mismatch in the `deploymentId`, transitions between pages will perform a hard navigation versus using a prefetched value. When the application is reloaded, there may be a loss of application state if it's not designed to persist between page navigations. For example, using URL state or local storage would persist state after a page refresh. However, component state like `useState` would be lost in such navigations. Vercel provides additional [skew protection](https://vercel.com/docs/deployments/skew-protection?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) for Next.js applications to ensure assets and functions from the previous version are still available to older clients, even after the new version is deployed. You can manually configure the `deploymentId` property in your `next.config.js` file to ensure each request uses either `?dpl` query string or `x-deployment-id` header. ### [Streaming and Suspense](#streaming-and-suspense) The Next.js App Router supports [streaming responses](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) when self-hosting. If you are using Nginx or a similar proxy, you will need to configure it to disable buffering to enable streaming. For example, you can disable buffering in Nginx by setting `X-Accel-Buffering` to `no`: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/:path*{/}?', headers: [ { key: 'X-Accel-Buffering', value: 'no', }, ], }, ] }, } [ ### Production Checklist Recommendations to ensure the best performance and user experience before taking your Next.js application to production. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist)[ ### Static Exports Next.js enables starting as a static site or Single-Page Application (SPA), then later optionally upgrading to use features that require a server. ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) [Previous Authentication ](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) [Next Production Checklist ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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Menu Using App Router Features available in /app * [Getting Started](/docs/getting-started) * [Installation](/docs/getting-started/installation) * [Project Structure](/docs/getting-started/project-structure) * [Building Your Application](/docs/app/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) * [Defining Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Loading UI and Streaming](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming) * [Error Handling](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling) * [Redirecting](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups) * [Project Organization](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/colocation) 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Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) * [Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) * [Composition Patterns](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/composition-patterns) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) * [Styling](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Videos](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/videos) * 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[Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering 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[generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Image files (.ico, .jpg, .png)](#image-files-ico-jpg-png) * [favicon](#favicon) * [icon](#icon) * [apple-icon](#apple-icon) * [Generate icons using code (.js, .ts, .tsx)](#generate-icons-using-code-js-ts-tsx) * [Props](#props) * [params (optional)](#params-optional) * [Returns](#returns) * [Config exports](#config-exports) * [size](#size) * [contentType](#contenttype) * [Route Segment Config](#route-segment-config) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/01-metadata/app-icons.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)[Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata)favicon, icon, and apple-icon favicon, icon, and apple-icon ============================= The `favicon`, `icon`, or `apple-icon` file conventions allow you to set icons for your application. They are useful for adding app icons that appear in places like web browser tabs, phone home screens, and search engine results. There are two ways to set app icons: * [Using image files (.ico, .jpg, .png)](#image-files-ico-jpg-png) * [Using code to generate an icon (.js, .ts, .tsx)](#generate-icons-using-code-js-ts-tsx) [Image files (.ico, .jpg, .png)](#image-files-ico-jpg-png) ---------------------------------------------------------- Use an image file to set an app icon by placing a `favicon`, `icon`, or `apple-icon` image file within your `/app` directory. The `favicon` image can only be located in the top level of `app/`. Next.js will evaluate the file and automatically add the appropriate tags to your app's `<head>` element. File convention Supported file types Valid locations [`favicon`](#favicon) `.ico` `app/` [`icon`](#icon) `.ico`, `.jpg`, `.jpeg`, `.png`, `.svg` `app/**/*` [`apple-icon`](#apple-icon) `.jpg`, `.jpeg`, `.png` `app/**/*` ### [`favicon`](#favicon) Add a `favicon.ico` image file to the root `/app` route segment. <head> output <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" sizes="any" /> ### [`icon`](#icon) Add an `icon.(ico|jpg|jpeg|png|svg)` image file. <head> output <link rel="icon" href="/icon?<generated>" type="image/<generated>" sizes="<generated>" /> ### [`apple-icon`](#apple-icon) Add an `apple-icon.(jpg|jpeg|png)` image file. <head> output <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-icon?<generated>" type="image/<generated>" sizes="<generated>" /> > **Good to know** > > * You can set multiple icons by adding a number suffix to the file name. For example, `icon1.png`, `icon2.png`, etc. Numbered files will sort lexically. > * Favicons can only be set in the root `/app` segment. If you need more granularity, you can use [`icon`](#icon). > * The appropriate `<link>` tags and attributes such as `rel`, `href`, `type`, and `sizes` are determined by the icon type and metadata of the evaluated file. > * For example, a 32 by 32px `.png` file will have `type="image/png"` and `sizes="32x32"` attributes. > * `sizes="any"` is added to `favicon.ico` output to [avoid a browser bug](https://evilmartians.com/chronicles/how-to-favicon-in-2021-six-files-that-fit-most-needs) where an `.ico` icon is favored over `.svg`. [Generate icons using code (.js, .ts, .tsx)](#generate-icons-using-code-js-ts-tsx) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In addition to using [literal image files](#image-files-ico-jpg-png), you can programmatically **generate** icons using code. Generate an app icon by creating an `icon` or `apple-icon` route that default exports a function. File convention Supported file types `icon` `.js`, `.ts`, `.tsx` `apple-icon` `.js`, `.ts`, `.tsx` The easiest way to generate an icon is to use the [`ImageResponse`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) API from `next/og`. app/icon.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { ImageResponse } from 'next/og' // Route segment config export const runtime = 'edge' // Image metadata export const size = { width: 32, height: 32, } export const contentType = 'image/png' // Image generation export default function Icon() { return new ImageResponse( ( // ImageResponse JSX element <div style={{ fontSize: 24, background: 'black', width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', color: 'white', }} > A </div> ), // ImageResponse options { // For convenience, we can re-use the exported icons size metadata // config to also set the ImageResponse's width and height. ...size, } ) } <head> output <link rel="icon" href="/icon?<generated>" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" /> > **Good to know** > > * By default, generated icons are [**statically optimized**](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default) (generated at build time and cached) unless they use [dynamic functions](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#server-rendering-strategies#dynamic-functions) or uncached data. > * You can generate multiple icons in the same file using [`generateImageMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata). > * You cannot generate a `favicon` icon. Use [`icon`](#icon) or a [favicon.ico](#favicon) file instead. ### [Props](#props) The default export function receives the following props: #### [`params` (optional)](#params-optional) An object containing the [dynamic route parameters](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) object from the root segment down to the segment `icon` or `apple-icon` is colocated in. app/shop/\[slug\]/icon.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Icon({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) { // ... } Route URL `params` `app/shop/icon.js` `/shop` `undefined` `app/shop/[slug]/icon.js` `/shop/1` `{ slug: '1' }` `app/shop/[tag]/[item]/icon.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ tag: '1', item: '2' }` `app/shop/[...slug]/icon.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ slug: ['1', '2'] }` ### [Returns](#returns) The default export function should return a `Blob` | `ArrayBuffer` | `TypedArray` | `DataView` | `ReadableStream` | `Response`. > **Good to know**: `ImageResponse` satisfies this return type. ### [Config exports](#config-exports) You can optionally configure the icon's metadata by exporting `size` and `contentType` variables from the `icon` or `apple-icon` route. Option Type [`size`](#size) `{ width: number; height: number }` [`contentType`](#contenttype) `string` - [image MIME type](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/MIME_types#image_types) #### [`size`](#size) icon.tsx | apple-icon.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const size = { width: 32, height: 32 } export default function Icon() {} <head> output <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" /> #### [`contentType`](#contenttype) icon.tsx | apple-icon.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const contentType = 'image/png' export default function Icon() {} <head> output <link rel="icon" type="image/png" /> #### [Route Segment Config](#route-segment-config) `icon` and `apple-icon` are specialized [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) that can use the same [route segment configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) options as Pages and Layouts. Option Type Default [`dynamic`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#dynamic) `'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static'` `'auto'` [`revalidate`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#revalidate) `false | 'force-cache' | 0 | number` `false` [`runtime`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#runtime) `'nodejs' | 'edge'` `'nodejs'` [`preferredRegion`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#preferredregion) `'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | string | string[]` `'auto'` app/icon.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const runtime = 'edge' export default function Icon() {} [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `favicon` `icon` and `apple-icon` introduced [Previous Metadata Files ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) [Next manifest.json ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Configuration](#configuration) * [Supported Features](#supported-features) * [Server Components](#server-components) * [Client Components](#client-components) * [Image Optimization](#image-optimization) * [Route Handlers](#route-handlers) * [Browser APIs](#browser-apis) * [Unsupported Features](#unsupported-features) * [Deploying](#deploying) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/10-deploying/02-static-exports.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying)Static Exports Static Exports ============== Next.js enables starting as a static site or Single-Page Application (SPA), then later optionally upgrading to use features that require a server. When running `next build`, Next.js generates an HTML file per route. By breaking a strict SPA into individual HTML files, Next.js can avoid loading unnecessary JavaScript code on the client-side, reducing the bundle size and enabling faster page loads. Since Next.js supports this static export, it can be deployed and hosted on any web server that can serve HTML/CSS/JS static assets. [Configuration](#configuration) ------------------------------- To enable a static export, change the output mode inside `next.config.js`: next.config.js /** * @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { output: 'export', // Optional: Change links `/me` -> `/me/` and emit `/me.html` -> `/me/index.html` // trailingSlash: true, // Optional: Prevent automatic `/me` -> `/me/`, instead preserve `href` // skipTrailingSlashRedirect: true, // Optional: Change the output directory `out` -> `dist` // distDir: 'dist', } module.exports = nextConfig After running `next build`, Next.js will produce an `out` folder which contains the HTML/CSS/JS assets for your application. [Supported Features](#supported-features) ----------------------------------------- The core of Next.js has been designed to support static exports. ### [Server Components](#server-components) When you run `next build` to generate a static export, Server Components consumed inside the `app` directory will run during the build, similar to traditional static-site generation. The resulting component will be rendered into static HTML for the initial page load and a static payload for client navigation between routes. No changes are required for your Server Components when using the static export, unless they consume [dynamic server functions](#unsupported-features). app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default async function Page() { // This fetch will run on the server during `next build` const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/...') const data = await res.json() return <main>...</main> } ### [Client Components](#client-components) If you want to perform data fetching on the client, you can use a Client Component with [SWR](https://github.com/vercel/swr) to memoize requests. app/other/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import useSWR from 'swr' const fetcher = (url: string) => fetch(url).then((r) => r.json()) export default function Page() { const { data, error } = useSWR( `https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1`, fetcher ) if (error) return 'Failed to load' if (!data) return 'Loading...' return data.title } Since route transitions happen client-side, this behaves like a traditional SPA. For example, the following index route allows you to navigate to different posts on the client: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Link from 'next/link' export default function Page() { return ( <> <h1>Index Page</h1> <hr /> <ul> <li> <Link href="/post/1">Post 1</Link> </li> <li> <Link href="/post/2">Post 2</Link> </li> </ul> </> ) } ### [Image Optimization](#image-optimization) [Image Optimization](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) through `next/image` can be used with a static export by defining a custom image loader in `next.config.js`. For example, you can optimize images with a service like Cloudinary: next.config.js /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { output: 'export', images: { loader: 'custom', loaderFile: './my-loader.ts', }, } module.exports = nextConfig This custom loader will define how to fetch images from a remote source. For example, the following loader will construct the URL for Cloudinary: my-loader.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function cloudinaryLoader({ src, width, quality, }: { src: string width: number quality?: number }) { const params = ['f_auto', 'c_limit', `w_${width}`, `q_${quality || 'auto'}`] return `https://res.cloudinary.com/demo/image/upload/${params.join( ',' )}${src}` } You can then use `next/image` in your application, defining relative paths to the image in Cloudinary: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Image from 'next/image' export default function Page() { return <Image alt="turtles" src="/turtles.jpg" width={300} height={300} /> } ### [Route Handlers](#route-handlers) Route Handlers will render a static response when running `next build`. Only the `GET` HTTP verb is supported. This can be used to generate static HTML, JSON, TXT, or other files from cached or uncached data. For example: app/data.json/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET() { return Response.json({ name: 'Lee' }) } The above file `app/data.json/route.ts` will render to a static file during `next build`, producing `data.json` containing `{ name: 'Lee' }`. If you need to read dynamic values from the incoming request, you cannot use a static export. ### [Browser APIs](#browser-apis) Client Components are pre-rendered to HTML during `next build`. Because [Web APIs](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API) like `window`, `localStorage`, and `navigator` are not available on the server, you need to safely access these APIs only when running in the browser. For example: 'use client'; import { useEffect } from 'react'; export default function ClientComponent() { useEffect(() => { // You now have access to `window` console.log(window.innerHeight); }, []) return ...; } [Unsupported Features](#unsupported-features) --------------------------------------------- Features that require a Node.js server, or dynamic logic that cannot be computed during the build process, are **not** supported: * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) with `dynamicParams: true` * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) without `generateStaticParams()` * [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) that rely on Request * [Cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [Rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [Headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Incremental Static Regeneration](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating) * [Image Optimization](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) with the default `loader` * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) Attempting to use any of these features with `next dev` will result in an error, similar to setting the [`dynamic`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#dynamic) option to `error` in the root layout. export const dynamic = 'error' [Deploying](#deploying) ----------------------- With a static export, Next.js can be deployed and hosted on any web server that can serve HTML/CSS/JS static assets. When running `next build`, Next.js generates the static export into the `out` folder. For example, let's say you have the following routes: * `/` * `/blog/[id]` After running `next build`, Next.js will generate the following files: * `/out/index.html` * `/out/404.html` * `/out/blog/post-1.html` * `/out/blog/post-2.html` If you are using a static host like Nginx, you can configure rewrites from incoming requests to the correct files: nginx.conf server { listen 80; server_name acme.com; root /var/www/out; location / { try_files $uri $uri.html $uri/ =404; } # This is necessary when `trailingSlash: false`. # You can omit this when `trailingSlash: true`. location /blog/ { rewrite ^/blog/(.*)$ /blog/$1.html break; } error_page 404 /404.html; location = /404.html { internal; } } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v14.0.0` `next export` has been removed in favor of `"output": "export"` `v13.4.0` App Router (Stable) adds enhanced static export support, including using React Server Components and Route Handlers. `v13.3.0` `next export` is deprecated and replaced with `"output": "export"` [Previous Production Checklist ](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) [Next Upgrading ](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Image files (.jpg, .png, .gif)](#image-files-jpg-png-gif) * [opengraph-image](#opengraph-image) * [twitter-image](#twitter-image) * [opengraph-image.alt.txt](#opengraph-imagealttxt) * [twitter-image.alt.txt](#twitter-imagealttxt) * [Generate images using code (.js, .ts, .tsx)](#generate-images-using-code-js-ts-tsx) * [Props](#props) * [params (optional)](#params-optional) * [Returns](#returns) * [Config exports](#config-exports) * [alt](#alt) * [size](#size) * [contentType](#contenttype) * [Route Segment Config](#route-segment-config) * [Examples](#examples) * [Using external data](#using-external-data) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/01-metadata/opengraph-image.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)[Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata)opengraph-image and twitter-image opengraph-image and twitter-image ================================= The `opengraph-image` and `twitter-image` file conventions allow you to set Open Graph and Twitter images for a route segment. They are useful for setting the images that appear on social networks and messaging apps when a user shares a link to your site. There are two ways to set Open Graph and Twitter images: * [Using image files (.jpg, .png, .gif)](#image-files-jpg-png-gif) * [Using code to generate images (.js, .ts, .tsx)](#generate-images-using-code-js-ts-tsx) [Image files (.jpg, .png, .gif)](#image-files-jpg-png-gif) ---------------------------------------------------------- Use an image file to set a route segment's shared image by placing an `opengraph-image` or `twitter-image` image file in the segment. Next.js will evaluate the file and automatically add the appropriate tags to your app's `<head>` element. File convention Supported file types [`opengraph-image`](#opengraph-image) `.jpg`, `.jpeg`, `.png`, `.gif` [`twitter-image`](#twitter-image) `.jpg`, `.jpeg`, `.png`, `.gif` [`opengraph-image.alt`](#opengraph-imagealttxt) `.txt` [`twitter-image.alt`](#twitter-imagealttxt) `.txt` ### [`opengraph-image`](#opengraph-image) Add an `opengraph-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)` image file to any route segment. <head> output <meta property="og:image" content="<generated>" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="<generated>" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="<generated>" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="<generated>" /> ### [`twitter-image`](#twitter-image) Add a `twitter-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)` image file to any route segment. <head> output <meta name="twitter:image" content="<generated>" /> <meta name="twitter:image:type" content="<generated>" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="<generated>" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="<generated>" /> ### [`opengraph-image.alt.txt`](#opengraph-imagealttxt) Add an accompanying `opengraph-image.alt.txt` file in the same route segment as the `opengraph-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)` image it's alt text. opengraph-image.alt.txt About Acme <head> output <meta property="og:image:alt" content="About Acme" /> ### [`twitter-image.alt.txt`](#twitter-imagealttxt) Add an accompanying `twitter-image.alt.txt` file in the same route segment as the `twitter-image.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)` image it's alt text. twitter-image.alt.txt About Acme <head> output <meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="About Acme" /> [Generate images using code (.js, .ts, .tsx)](#generate-images-using-code-js-ts-tsx) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ In addition to using [literal image files](#image-files-jpg-png-gif), you can programmatically **generate** images using code. Generate a route segment's shared image by creating an `opengraph-image` or `twitter-image` route that default exports a function. File convention Supported file types `opengraph-image` `.js`, `.ts`, `.tsx` `twitter-image` `.js`, `.ts`, `.tsx` > **Good to know** > > * By default, generated images are [**statically optimized**](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default) (generated at build time and cached) unless they use [dynamic functions](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#server-rendering-strategies#dynamic-functions) or uncached data. > * You can generate multiple Images in the same file using [`generateImageMetadata`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata). The easiest way to generate an image is to use the [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) API from `next/og`. app/about/opengraph-image.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { ImageResponse } from 'next/og' // Route segment config export const runtime = 'edge' // Image metadata export const alt = 'About Acme' export const size = { width: 1200, height: 630, } export const contentType = 'image/png' // Image generation export default async function Image() { // Font const interSemiBold = fetch( new URL('./Inter-SemiBold.ttf', import.meta.url) ).then((res) => res.arrayBuffer()) return new ImageResponse( ( // ImageResponse JSX element <div style={{ fontSize: 128, background: 'white', width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', }} > About Acme </div> ), // ImageResponse options { // For convenience, we can re-use the exported opengraph-image // size config to also set the ImageResponse's width and height. ...size, fonts: [ { name: 'Inter', data: await interSemiBold, style: 'normal', weight: 400, }, ], } ) } <head> output <meta property="og:image" content="<generated>" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="About Acme" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> ### [Props](#props) The default export function receives the following props: #### [`params` (optional)](#params-optional) An object containing the [dynamic route parameters](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) object from the root segment down to the segment `opengraph-image` or `twitter-image` is colocated in. app/shop/\[slug\]/opengraph-image.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function Image({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) { // ... } Route URL `params` `app/shop/opengraph-image.js` `/shop` `undefined` `app/shop/[slug]/opengraph-image.js` `/shop/1` `{ slug: '1' }` `app/shop/[tag]/[item]/opengraph-image.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ tag: '1', item: '2' }` `app/shop/[...slug]/opengraph-image.js` `/shop/1/2` `{ slug: ['1', '2'] }` ### [Returns](#returns) The default export function should return a `Blob` | `ArrayBuffer` | `TypedArray` | `DataView` | `ReadableStream` | `Response`. > **Good to know**: `ImageResponse` satisfies this return type. ### [Config exports](#config-exports) You can optionally configure the image's metadata by exporting `alt`, `size`, and `contentType` variables from `opengraph-image` or `twitter-image` route. Option Type [`alt`](#alt) `string` [`size`](#size) `{ width: number; height: number }` [`contentType`](#contenttype) `string` - [image MIME type](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/MIME_types#image_types) #### [`alt`](#alt) opengraph-image.tsx | twitter-image.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const alt = 'My images alt text' export default function Image() {} <head> output <meta property="og:image:alt" content="My images alt text" /> #### [`size`](#size) opengraph-image.tsx | twitter-image.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const size = { width: 1200, height: 630 } export default function Image() {} <head> output <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> #### [`contentType`](#contenttype) opengraph-image.tsx | twitter-image.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const contentType = 'image/png' export default function Image() {} <head> output <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> #### [Route Segment Config](#route-segment-config) `opengraph-image` and `twitter-image` are specialized [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) that can use the same [route segment configuration](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) options as Pages and Layouts. Option Type Default [`dynamic`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#dynamic) `'auto' | 'force-dynamic' | 'error' | 'force-static'` `'auto'` [`revalidate`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#revalidate) `false | 'force-cache' | 0 | number` `false` [`runtime`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#runtime) `'nodejs' | 'edge'` `'nodejs'` [`preferredRegion`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#preferredregion) `'auto' | 'global' | 'home' | string | string[]` `'auto'` app/opengraph-image.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export const runtime = 'edge' export default function Image() {} ### [Examples](#examples) #### [Using external data](#using-external-data) This example uses the `params` object and external data to generate the image. > **Good to know**: By default, this generated image will be [statically optimized](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default). You can configure the individual `fetch` [`options`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) or route segments [options](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#revalidate) to change this behavior. app/posts/\[slug\]/opengraph-image.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { ImageResponse } from 'next/og' export const runtime = 'edge' export const alt = 'About Acme' export const size = { width: 1200, height: 630, } export const contentType = 'image/png' export default async function Image({ params }: { params: { slug: string } }) { const post = await fetch(`https://.../posts/${params.slug}`).then((res) => res.json() ) return new ImageResponse( ( <div style={{ fontSize: 48, background: 'white', width: '100%', height: '100%', display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', justifyContent: 'center', }} > {post.title} </div> ), { ...size, } ) } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `opengraph-image` and `twitter-image` introduced. [Previous manifest.json ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) [Next robots.txt ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Fonts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Metadata](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata) * [Scripts](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Analytics](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Instrumentation](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Static Assets](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Memory Usage](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/memory-usage) * [Configuring](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [MDX](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [src Directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [Draft Mode](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/app/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/app/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) * [ Codemods](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [App Router Migration](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Version 14](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [API Reference](/docs/app/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/app/api-reference/components/font) * [<Image>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) * [<Link>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) * [File Conventions](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions) * [default.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/default) * [error.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/error) * [instrumentation.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/instrumentation) * [layout.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) * [loading.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/loading) * [middleware.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/middleware) * [not-found.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) * [page.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) * [route.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) * [Route Segment Config](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config) * [template.js](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/template) * [Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata) * [favicon, icon, and apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * [generateViewport](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-viewport) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers) * [ImageResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/image-response) * [NextRequest](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [notFound](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/not-found) * [permanentRedirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/permanentRedirect) * [redirect](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/redirect) * [revalidatePath](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidatePath) * [revalidateTag](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/revalidateTag) * [unstable\_cache](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_cache) * [unstable\_noStore](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/unstable_noStore) * [useParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-params) * [usePathname](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [useSearchParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) * [useSelectedLayoutSegment](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) * [useSelectedLayoutSegments](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) * [userAgent](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) * [appDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) * [assetPrefix](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Usage](#usage) * [Next.js Codemods](#nextjs-codemods) * [14.0](#140) * [Migrate ImageResponse imports](#migrate-imageresponse-imports) * [next-og-import](#next-og-import) * [Use viewport export](#use-viewport-export) * [metadata-to-viewport-export](#metadata-to-viewport-export) * [13.2](#132) * [Use Built-in Font](#use-built-in-font) * [built-in-next-font](#built-in-next-font) * [13.0](#130) * [Rename Next Image Imports](#rename-next-image-imports) * [next-image-to-legacy-image](#next-image-to-legacy-image) * [Migrate to the New Image Component](#migrate-to-the-new-image-component) * [next-image-experimental](#next-image-experimental) * [Remove <a> Tags From Link Components](#remove-a-tags-from-link-components) * [new-link](#new-link) * [11](#11) * [Migrate from CRA](#migrate-from-cra) * [cra-to-next](#cra-to-next) * [10](#10) * [Add React imports](#add-react-imports) * [add-missing-react-import](#add-missing-react-import) * [9](#9) * [Transform Anonymous Components into Named Components](#transform-anonymous-components-into-named-components) * [name-default-component](#name-default-component) * [8](#8) * [Transform AMP HOC into page config](#transform-amp-hoc-into-page-config) * [withamp-to-config](#withamp-to-config) * [6](#6) * [Use withRouter](#use-withrouter) * [url-to-withrouter](#url-to-withrouter) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/11-upgrading/01-codemods.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading)Codemods Codemods ======== Codemods are transformations that run on your codebase programmatically. This allows a large number of changes to be programmatically applied without having to manually go through every file. Next.js provides Codemod transformations to help upgrade your Next.js codebase when an API is updated or deprecated. [Usage](#usage) --------------- In your terminal, navigate (`cd`) into your project's folder, then run: Terminal npx @next/codemod <transform> <path> Replacing `<transform>` and `<path>` with appropriate values. * `transform` - name of transform * `path` - files or directory to transform * `--dry` Do a dry-run, no code will be edited * `--print` Prints the changed output for comparison [Next.js Codemods](#nextjs-codemods) ------------------------------------ ### [14.0](#140) #### [Migrate `ImageResponse` imports](#migrate-imageresponse-imports) ##### [`next-og-import`](#next-og-import) Terminal npx @next/codemod@latest next-og-import . This codemod moves transforms imports from `next/server` to `next/og` for usage of [Dynamic OG Image Generation](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata#dynamic-image-generation). For example: import { ImageResponse } from 'next/server' Transforms into: import { ImageResponse } from 'next/og' #### [Use `viewport` export](#use-viewport-export) ##### [`metadata-to-viewport-export`](#metadata-to-viewport-export) Terminal npx @next/codemod@latest metadata-to-viewport-export . This codemod migrates certain viewport metadata to `viewport` export. For example: export const metadata = { title: 'My App', themeColor: 'dark', viewport: { width: 1, }, } Transforms into: export const metadata = { title: 'My App', } export const viewport = { width: 1, themeColor: 'dark', } ### [13.2](#132) #### [Use Built-in Font](#use-built-in-font) ##### [`built-in-next-font`](#built-in-next-font) Terminal npx @next/codemod@latest built-in-next-font . This codemod uninstalls the `@next/font` package and transforms `@next/font` imports into the built-in `next/font`. For example: import { Inter } from '@next/font/google' Transforms into: import { Inter } from 'next/font/google' ### [13.0](#130) #### [Rename Next Image Imports](#rename-next-image-imports) ##### [`next-image-to-legacy-image`](#next-image-to-legacy-image) Terminal npx @next/codemod@latest next-image-to-legacy-image . Safely renames `next/image` imports in existing Next.js 10, 11, or 12 applications to `next/legacy/image` in Next.js 13. Also renames `next/future/image` to `next/image`. For example: pages/index.js import Image1 from 'next/image' import Image2 from 'next/future/image' export default function Home() { return ( <div> <Image1 src="/test.jpg" width="200" height="300" /> <Image2 src="/test.png" width="500" height="400" /> </div> ) } Transforms into: pages/index.js // 'next/image' becomes 'next/legacy/image' import Image1 from 'next/legacy/image' // 'next/future/image' becomes 'next/image' import Image2 from 'next/image' export default function Home() { return ( <div> <Image1 src="/test.jpg" width="200" height="300" /> <Image2 src="/test.png" width="500" height="400" /> </div> ) } #### [Migrate to the New Image Component](#migrate-to-the-new-image-component) ##### [`next-image-experimental`](#next-image-experimental) Terminal npx @next/codemod@latest next-image-experimental . Dangerously migrates from `next/legacy/image` to the new `next/image` by adding inline styles and removing unused props. * Removes `layout` prop and adds `style`. * Removes `objectFit` prop and adds `style`. * Removes `objectPosition` prop and adds `style`. * Removes `lazyBoundary` prop. * Removes `lazyRoot` prop. #### [Remove `<a>` Tags From Link Components](#remove-a-tags-from-link-components) ##### [`new-link`](#new-link) Terminal npx @next/codemod@latest new-link . Remove `<a>` tags inside [Link Components](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link), or add a `legacyBehavior` prop to Links that cannot be auto-fixed. For example: <Link href="/about"> <a>About</a> </Link> // transforms into <Link href="/about"> About </Link> <Link href="/about"> <a onClick={() => console.log('clicked')}>About</a> </Link> // transforms into <Link href="/about" onClick={() => console.log('clicked')}> About </Link> In cases where auto-fixing can't be applied, the `legacyBehavior` prop is added. This allows your app to keep functioning using the old behavior for that particular link. const Component = () => <a>About</a> <Link href="/about"> <Component /> </Link> // becomes <Link href="/about" legacyBehavior> <Component /> </Link> ### [11](#11) #### [Migrate from CRA](#migrate-from-cra) ##### [`cra-to-next`](#cra-to-next) Terminal npx @next/codemod cra-to-next Migrates a Create React App project to Next.js; creating a Pages Router and necessary config to match behavior. Client-side only rendering is leveraged initially to prevent breaking compatibility due to `window` usage during SSR and can be enabled seamlessly to allow the gradual adoption of Next.js specific features. Please share any feedback related to this transform [in this discussion](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/discussions/25858). ### [10](#10) #### [Add React imports](#add-react-imports) ##### [`add-missing-react-import`](#add-missing-react-import) Terminal npx @next/codemod add-missing-react-import Transforms files that do not import `React` to include the import in order for the new [React JSX transform](https://reactjs.org/blog/2020/09/22/introducing-the-new-jsx-transform.html) to work. For example: my-component.js export default class Home extends React.Component { render() { return <div>Hello World</div> } } Transforms into: my-component.js import React from 'react' export default class Home extends React.Component { render() { return <div>Hello World</div> } } ### [9](#9) #### [Transform Anonymous Components into Named Components](#transform-anonymous-components-into-named-components) ##### [`name-default-component`](#name-default-component) Terminal npx @next/codemod name-default-component **Versions 9 and above.** Transforms anonymous components into named components to make sure they work with [Fast Refresh](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-9-4#fast-refresh). For example: my-component.js export default function () { return <div>Hello World</div> } Transforms into: my-component.js export default function MyComponent() { return <div>Hello World</div> } The component will have a camel-cased name based on the name of the file, and it also works with arrow functions. ### [8](#8) #### [Transform AMP HOC into page config](#transform-amp-hoc-into-page-config) ##### [`withamp-to-config`](#withamp-to-config) Terminal npx @next/codemod withamp-to-config Transforms the `withAmp` HOC into Next.js 9 page configuration. For example: // Before import { withAmp } from 'next/amp' function Home() { return <h1>My AMP Page</h1> } export default withAmp(Home) // After export default function Home() { return <h1>My AMP Page</h1> } export const config = { amp: true, } ### [6](#6) #### [Use `withRouter`](#use-withrouter) ##### [`url-to-withrouter`](#url-to-withrouter) Terminal npx @next/codemod url-to-withrouter Transforms the deprecated automatically injected `url` property on top level pages to using `withRouter` and the `router` property it injects. Read more here: [https://nextjs.org/docs/messages/url-deprecated](/docs/messages/url-deprecated) For example: From import React from 'react' export default class extends React.Component { render() { const { pathname } = this.props.url return <div>Current pathname: {pathname}</div> } } To import React from 'react' import { withRouter } from 'next/router' export default withRouter( class extends React.Component { render() { const { pathname } = this.props.router return <div>Current pathname: {pathname}</div> } } ) This is one case. All the cases that are transformed (and tested) can be found in the [`__testfixtures__` directory](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/packages/next-codemod/transforms/__testfixtures__/url-to-withrouter). [Previous Upgrading ](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading) [Next App Router Migration ](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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additional properties and methods to interact with the user agent object from the request. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextRequest, NextResponse, userAgent } from 'next/server' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const url = request.nextUrl const { device } = userAgent(request) const viewport = device.type === 'mobile' ? 'mobile' : 'desktop' url.searchParams.set('viewport', viewport) return NextResponse.rewrite(url) } [`isBot`](#isbot) ----------------- A boolean indicating whether the request comes from a known bot. [`browser`](#browser) --------------------- An object containing information about the browser used in the request. * `name`: A string representing the browser's name, or `undefined` if not identifiable. * `version`: A string representing the browser's version, or `undefined`. [`device`](#device) ------------------- An object containing information about the device used in the request. * `model`: A string representing the model of the device, or `undefined`. * `type`: A string representing the type of the device, such as `console`, `mobile`, `tablet`, `smarttv`, `wearable`, `embedded`, or `undefined`. * `vendor`: A string representing the vendor of the device, or `undefined`. [`engine`](#engine) ------------------- An object containing information about the browser's engine. * `name`: A string representing the engine's name. Possible values include: `Amaya`, `Blink`, `EdgeHTML`, `Flow`, `Gecko`, `Goanna`, `iCab`, `KHTML`, `Links`, `Lynx`, `NetFront`, `NetSurf`, `Presto`, `Tasman`, `Trident`, `w3m`, `WebKit` or `undefined`. * `version`: A string representing the engine's version, or `undefined`. [`os`](#os) ----------- An object containing information about the operating system. * `name`: A string representing the name of the OS, or `undefined`. * `version`: A string representing the version of the OS, or `undefined`. [`cpu`](#cpu) ------------- An object containing information about the CPU architecture. * `architecture`: A string representing the architecture of the CPU. Possible values include: `68k`, `amd64`, `arm`, `arm64`, `armhf`, `avr`, `ia32`, `ia64`, `irix`, `irix64`, `mips`, `mips64`, `pa-risc`, `ppc`, `sparc`, `sparc64` or `undefined` [Previous useSelectedLayoutSegments ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) [Next next.config.js Options ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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--------------------------------------------------- To update to Next.js version 14, run the following command using your preferred package manager: Terminal npm i next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest eslint-config-next@latest Terminal yarn add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest eslint-config-next@latest Terminal pnpm up next react react-dom eslint-config-next --latest Terminal bun add next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest eslint-config-next@latest > **Good to know:** If you are using TypeScript, ensure you also upgrade `@types/react` and `@types/react-dom` to their latest versions. ### [v14 Summary](#v14-summary) * The minimum Node.js version has been bumped from 16.14 to 18.17, since 16.x has reached end-of-life. * The `next export` command has been removed in favor of `output: 'export'` config. Please see the [docs](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) for more information. * The `next/server` import for `ImageResponse` was renamed to `next/og`. A [codemod is available](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods#next-og-import) to safely and automatically rename your imports. * The `@next/font` package has been fully removed in favor of the built-in `next/font`. A [codemod is available](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods#built-in-next-font) to safely and automatically rename your imports. * The WASM target for `next-swc` has been removed. [Previous App Router Migration ](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) [Next Migrating from Vite ](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Static Rendering](#static-rendering) * [Behavior](#behavior) * [Dynamic Rendering](#dynamic-rendering) * [Server Components](#server-components) * [Pages](#pages) * [Layouts](#layouts) * [Examples](#examples) * [Updating searchParams](#updating-searchparams) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/use-search-params.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)useSearchParams useSearchParams =============== `useSearchParams` is a **Client Component** hook that lets you read the current URL's **query string**. `useSearchParams` returns a **read-only** version of the [`URLSearchParams`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams) interface. app/dashboard/search-bar.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation' export default function SearchBar() { const searchParams = useSearchParams() const search = searchParams.get('search') // URL -> `/dashboard?search=my-project` // `search` -> 'my-project' return <>Search: {search}</> } [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- const searchParams = useSearchParams() `useSearchParams` does not take any parameters. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `useSearchParams` returns a **read-only** version of the [`URLSearchParams`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams) interface, which includes utility methods for reading the URL's query string: * [`URLSearchParams.get()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/get): Returns the first value associated with the search parameter. For example: URL `searchParams.get("a")` `/dashboard?a=1` `'1'` `/dashboard?a=` `''` `/dashboard?b=3` `null` `/dashboard?a=1&a=2` `'1'` _\- use [`getAll()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/getAll) to get all values_ * [`URLSearchParams.has()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/has): Returns a boolean value indicating if the given parameter exists. For example: URL `searchParams.has("a")` `/dashboard?a=1` `true` `/dashboard?b=3` `false` * Learn more about other **read-only** methods of [`URLSearchParams`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams), including the [`getAll()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/getAll), [`keys()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/keys), [`values()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/values), [`entries()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/entries), [`forEach()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/forEach), and [`toString()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/URLSearchParams/toString). > **Good to know**: > > * `useSearchParams` is a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) hook and is **not supported** in [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) to prevent stale values during [partial rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#4-partial-rendering). > * If an application includes the `/pages` directory, `useSearchParams` will return `ReadonlyURLSearchParams | null`. The `null` value is for compatibility during migration since search params cannot be known during pre-rendering of a page that doesn't use `getServerSideProps` ### [Static Rendering](#static-rendering) If a route is [statically rendered](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default), calling `useSearchParams` will cause the Client Component tree up to the closest [`Suspense` boundary](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/loading-ui-and-streaming#example) to be client-side rendered. This allows a part of the route to be statically rendered while the dynamic part that uses `useSearchParams` is client-side rendered. We recommend wrapping the Client Component that uses `useSearchParams` in a `<Suspense/>` boundary. This will allow any Client Components above it to be statically rendered and sent as part of initial HTML. [Example](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params#static-rendering). For example: app/dashboard/search-bar.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation' export default function SearchBar() { const searchParams = useSearchParams() const search = searchParams.get('search') // This will not be logged on the server when using static rendering console.log(search) return <>Search: {search}</> } app/dashboard/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Suspense } from 'react' import SearchBar from './search-bar' // This component passed as a fallback to the Suspense boundary // will be rendered in place of the search bar in the initial HTML. // When the value is available during React hydration the fallback // will be replaced with the `<SearchBar>` component. function SearchBarFallback() { return <>placeholder</> } export default function Page() { return ( <> <nav> <Suspense fallback={<SearchBarFallback />}> <SearchBar /> </Suspense> </nav> <h1>Dashboard</h1> </> ) } [Behavior](#behavior) --------------------- ### [Dynamic Rendering](#dynamic-rendering) If a route is [dynamically rendered](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#dynamic-rendering), `useSearchParams` will be available on the server during the initial server render of the Client Component. For example: app/dashboard/search-bar.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation' export default function SearchBar() { const searchParams = useSearchParams() const search = searchParams.get('search') // This will be logged on the server during the initial render // and on the client on subsequent navigations. console.log(search) return <>Search: {search}</> } app/dashboard/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import SearchBar from './search-bar' export const dynamic = 'force-dynamic' export default function Page() { return ( <> <nav> <SearchBar /> </nav> <h1>Dashboard</h1> </> ) } > **Good to know**: Setting the [`dynamic` route segment config option](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#dynamic) to `force-dynamic` can be used to force dynamic rendering. ### [Server Components](#server-components) #### [Pages](#pages) To access search params in [Pages](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) (Server Components), use the [`searchParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#searchparams-optional) prop. #### [Layouts](#layouts) Unlike Pages, [Layouts](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout) (Server Components) **do not** receive the `searchParams` prop. This is because a shared layout is [not re-rendered during navigation](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#4-partial-rendering) which could lead to stale `searchParams` between navigations. View [detailed explanation](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/layout#layouts-do-not-receive-searchparams). Instead, use the Page [`searchParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) prop or the [`useSearchParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) hook in a Client Component, which is re-rendered on the client with the latest `searchParams`. [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Updating `searchParams`](#updating-searchparams) You can use [`useRouter`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) or [`Link`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) to set new `searchParams`. After a navigation is performed, the current [`page.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page) will receive an updated [`searchParams` prop](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/page#searchparams-optional). app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function ExampleClientComponent() { const router = useRouter() const pathname = usePathname() const searchParams = useSearchParams() // Get a new searchParams string by merging the current // searchParams with a provided key/value pair const createQueryString = useCallback( (name: string, value: string) => { const params = new URLSearchParams(searchParams.toString()) params.set(name, value) return params.toString() }, [searchParams] ) return ( <> <p>Sort By</p> {/* using useRouter */} <button onClick={() => { // <pathname>?sort=asc router.push(pathname + '?' + createQueryString('sort', 'asc')) }} > ASC </button> {/* using <Link> */} <Link href={ // <pathname>?sort=desc pathname + '?' + createQueryString('sort', 'desc') } > DESC </Link> </> ) } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `useSearchParams` introduced. [Previous useRouter ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router) [Next useSelectedLayoutSegment ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Examples](#examples) * [Creating an active link component](#creating-an-active-link-component) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/use-selected-layout-segment.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)useSelectedLayoutSegment useSelectedLayoutSegment ======================== `useSelectedLayoutSegment` is a **Client Component** hook that lets you read the active route segment **one level below** the Layout it is called from. It is useful for navigation UI, such as tabs inside a parent layout that change style depending on the active child segment. app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useSelectedLayoutSegment } from 'next/navigation' export default function ExampleClientComponent() { const segment = useSelectedLayoutSegment() return <p>Active segment: {segment}</p> } > **Good to know**: > > * Since `useSelectedLayoutSegment` is a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) hook, and Layouts are [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) by default, `useSelectedLayoutSegment` is usually called via a Client Component that is imported into a Layout. > * `useSelectedLayoutSegment` only returns the segment one level down. To return all active segments, see [`useSelectedLayoutSegments`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- const segment = useSelectedLayoutSegment(parallelRoutesKey?: string) `useSelectedLayoutSegment` _optionally_ accepts a [`parallelRoutesKey`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes#useselectedlayoutsegments), which allows you to read the active route segment within that slot. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `useSelectedLayoutSegment` returns a string of the active segment or `null` if one doesn't exist. For example, given the Layouts and URLs below, the returned segment would be: Layout Visited URL Returned Segment `app/layout.js` `/` `null` `app/layout.js` `/dashboard` `'dashboard'` `app/dashboard/layout.js` `/dashboard` `null` `app/dashboard/layout.js` `/dashboard/settings` `'settings'` `app/dashboard/layout.js` `/dashboard/analytics` `'analytics'` `app/dashboard/layout.js` `/dashboard/analytics/monthly` `'analytics'` [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Creating an active link component](#creating-an-active-link-component) You can use `useSelectedLayoutSegment` to create an active link component that changes style depending on the active segment. For example, a featured posts list in the sidebar of a blog: app/blog/blog-nav-link.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import Link from 'next/link' import { useSelectedLayoutSegment } from 'next/navigation' // This *client* component will be imported into a blog layout export default function BlogNavLink({ slug, children, }: { slug: string children: React.ReactNode }) { // Navigating to `/blog/hello-world` will return 'hello-world' // for the selected layout segment const segment = useSelectedLayoutSegment() const isActive = slug === segment return ( <Link href={`/blog/${slug}`} // Change style depending on whether the link is active style={{ fontWeight: isActive ? 'bold' : 'normal' }} > {children} </Link> ) } app/blog/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // Import the Client Component into a parent Layout (Server Component) import { BlogNavLink } from './blog-nav-link' import getFeaturedPosts from './get-featured-posts' export default async function Layout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { const featuredPosts = await getFeaturedPosts() return ( <div> {featuredPosts.map((post) => ( <div key={post.id}> <BlogNavLink slug={post.slug}>{post.title}</BlogNavLink> </div> ))} <div>{children}</div> </div> ) } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `useSelectedLayoutSegment` introduced. [Previous useSearchParams ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) [Next useSelectedLayoutSegments ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segments) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * 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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Upgrading](#upgrading) * [Node.js Version](#nodejs-version) * [Next.js Version](#nextjs-version) * [ESLint Version](#eslint-version) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) * [Upgrading New Features](#upgrading-new-features) * [<Image/> Component](#image-component) * [<Link> Component](#link-component) * [<Script> Component](#script-component) * [Font Optimization](#font-optimization) * [Migrating from pages to app](#migrating-from-pages-to-app) * [Step 1: Creating the app directory](#step-1-creating-the-app-directory) * [Step 2: Creating a Root Layout](#step-2-creating-a-root-layout) * [Migrating \_document.js and \_app.js](#migrating-_documentjs-and-_appjs) * [Migrating the getLayout() pattern to Layouts (Optional)](#migrating-the-getlayout-pattern-to-layouts-optional) * [Step 3: Migrating next/head](#step-3-migrating-nexthead) * [Step 4: Migrating Pages](#step-4-migrating-pages) * [Step 5: Migrating Routing Hooks](#step-5-migrating-routing-hooks) * [Step 6: Migrating Data Fetching Methods](#step-6-migrating-data-fetching-methods) * [Server-side Rendering (getServerSideProps)](#server-side-rendering-getserversideprops) * [Accessing Request Object](#accessing-request-object) * [Static Site Generation (getStaticProps)](#static-site-generation-getstaticprops) * [Dynamic paths (getStaticPaths)](#dynamic-paths-getstaticpaths) * [Replacing fallback](#replacing-fallback) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (getStaticProps with revalidate)](#incremental-static-regeneration-getstaticprops-with-revalidate) * [API Routes](#api-routes) * [Step 7: Styling](#step-7-styling) * [Tailwind CSS](#tailwind-css) * [Codemods](#codemods) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/01-building-your-application/11-upgrading/02-app-router-migration.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/building-your-application)[Upgrading](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading)App Router Migration App Router Incremental Adoption Guide ===================================== This guide will help you: * [Update your Next.js application from version 12 to version 13](#nextjs-version) * [Upgrade features that work in both the `pages` and the `app` directories](#upgrading-new-features) * [Incrementally migrate your existing application from `pages` to `app`](#migrating-from-pages-to-app) [Upgrading](#upgrading) ----------------------- ### [Node.js Version](#nodejs-version) The minimum Node.js version is now **v18.17**. See the [Node.js documentation](https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v18.x/api/) for more information. ### [Next.js Version](#nextjs-version) To update to Next.js version 13, run the following command using your preferred package manager: Terminal npm install next@latest react@latest react-dom@latest ### [ESLint Version](#eslint-version) If you're using ESLint, you need to upgrade your ESLint version: Terminal npm install -D eslint-config-next@latest > **Good to know**: You may need to restart the ESLint server in VS Code for the ESLint changes to take effect. Open the Command Palette (`cmd+shift+p` on Mac; `ctrl+shift+p` on Windows) and search for `ESLint: Restart ESLint Server`. [Next Steps](#next-steps) ------------------------- After you've updated, see the following sections for next steps: * [Upgrade new features](#upgrading-new-features): A guide to help you upgrade to new features such as the improved Image and Link Components. * [Migrate from the `pages` to `app` directory](#migrating-from-pages-to-app): A step-by-step guide to help you incrementally migrate from the `pages` to the `app` directory. [Upgrading New Features](#upgrading-new-features) ------------------------------------------------- Next.js 13 introduced the new [App Router](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) with new features and conventions. The new Router is available in the `app` directory and co-exists with the `pages` directory. Upgrading to Next.js 13 does **not** require using the new [App Router](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing#the-app-router). You can continue using `pages` with new features that work in both directories, such as the updated [Image component](#image-component), [Link component](#link-component), [Script component](#script-component), and [Font optimization](#font-optimization). ### [`<Image/>` Component](#image-component) Next.js 12 introduced new improvements to the Image Component with a temporary import: `next/future/image`. These improvements included less client-side JavaScript, easier ways to extend and style images, better accessibility, and native browser lazy loading. In version 13, this new behavior is now the default for `next/image`. There are two codemods to help you migrate to the new Image Component: * [**`next-image-to-legacy-image` codemod**](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods#next-image-to-legacy-image): Safely and automatically renames `next/image` imports to `next/legacy/image`. Existing components will maintain the same behavior. * [**`next-image-experimental` codemod**](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods#next-image-experimental): Dangerously adds inline styles and removes unused props. This will change the behavior of existing components to match the new defaults. To use this codemod, you need to run the `next-image-to-legacy-image` codemod first. ### [`<Link>` Component](#link-component) The [`<Link>` Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating#link-component) no longer requires manually adding an `<a>` tag as a child. This behavior was added as an experimental option in [version 12.2](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-12-2) and is now the default. In Next.js 13, `<Link>` always renders `<a>` and allows you to forward props to the underlying tag. For example: import Link from 'next/link' // Next.js 12: `<a>` has to be nested otherwise it's excluded <Link href="/about"> <a>About</a> </Link> // Next.js 13: `<Link>` always renders `<a>` under the hood <Link href="/about"> About </Link> To upgrade your links to Next.js 13, you can use the [`new-link` codemod](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods#new-link). ### [`<Script>` Component](#script-component) The behavior of [`next/script`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/script) has been updated to support both `pages` and `app`, but some changes need to be made to ensure a smooth migration: * Move any `beforeInteractive` scripts you previously included in `_document.js` to the root layout file (`app/layout.tsx`). * The experimental `worker` strategy does not yet work in `app` and scripts denoted with this strategy will either have to be removed or modified to use a different strategy (e.g. `lazyOnload`). * `onLoad`, `onReady`, and `onError` handlers will not work in Server Components so make sure to move them to a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) or remove them altogether. ### [Font Optimization](#font-optimization) Previously, Next.js helped you optimize fonts by [inlining font CSS](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts). Version 13 introduces the new [`next/font`](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) module which gives you the ability to customize your font loading experience while still ensuring great performance and privacy. `next/font` is supported in both the `pages` and `app` directories. While [inlining CSS](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) still works in `pages`, it does not work in `app`. You should use [`next/font`](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) instead. See the [Font Optimization](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) page to learn how to use `next/font`. [Migrating from `pages` to `app`](#migrating-from-pages-to-app) --------------------------------------------------------------- > **🎥 Watch:** Learn how to incrementally adopt the App Router → [YouTube (16 minutes)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YQMSietiFm0). Moving to the App Router may be the first time using React features that Next.js builds on top of such as Server Components, Suspense, and more. When combined with new Next.js features such as [special files](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing#file-conventions) and [layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layouts), migration means new concepts, mental models, and behavioral changes to learn. We recommend reducing the combined complexity of these updates by breaking down your migration into smaller steps. The `app` directory is intentionally designed to work simultaneously with the `pages` directory to allow for incremental page-by-page migration. * The `app` directory supports nested routes _and_ layouts. [Learn more](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing). * Use nested folders to [define routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) and a special `page.js` file to make a route segment publicly accessible. [Learn more](#step-4-migrating-pages). * [Special file conventions](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing#file-conventions) are used to create UI for each route segment. The most common special files are `page.js` and `layout.js`. * Use `page.js` to define UI unique to a route. * Use `layout.js` to define UI that is shared across multiple routes. * `.js`, `.jsx`, or `.tsx` file extensions can be used for special files. * You can colocate other files inside the `app` directory such as components, styles, tests, and more. [Learn more](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing). * Data fetching functions like `getServerSideProps` and `getStaticProps` have been replaced with [a new API](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching) inside `app`. `getStaticPaths` has been replaced with [`generateStaticParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params). * `pages/_app.js` and `pages/_document.js` have been replaced with a single `app/layout.js` root layout. [Learn more](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#root-layout-required). * `pages/_error.js` has been replaced with more granular `error.js` special files. [Learn more](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/error-handling). * `pages/404.js` has been replaced with the [`not-found.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/not-found) file. * `pages/api/*` API Routes have been replaced with the [`route.js`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route) (Route Handler) special file. ### [Step 1: Creating the `app` directory](#step-1-creating-the-app-directory) Update to the latest Next.js version (requires 13.4 or greater): npm install next@latest Then, create a new `app` directory at the root of your project (or `src/` directory). ### [Step 2: Creating a Root Layout](#step-2-creating-a-root-layout) Create a new `app/layout.tsx` file inside the `app` directory. This is a [root layout](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#root-layout-required) that will apply to all routes inside `app`. app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default function RootLayout({ // Layouts must accept a children prop. // This will be populated with nested layouts or pages children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en"> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } * The `app` directory **must** include a root layout. * The root layout must define `<html>`, and `<body>` tags since Next.js does not automatically create them * The root layout replaces the `pages/_app.tsx` and `pages/_document.tsx` files. * `.js`, `.jsx`, or `.tsx` extensions can be used for layout files. To manage `<head>` HTML elements, you can use the [built-in SEO support](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata): app/layout.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Metadata } from 'next' export const metadata: Metadata = { title: 'Home', description: 'Welcome to Next.js', } #### [Migrating `_document.js` and `_app.js`](#migrating-_documentjs-and-_appjs) If you have an existing `_app` or `_document` file, you can copy the contents (e.g. global styles) to the root layout (`app/layout.tsx`). Styles in `app/layout.tsx` will _not_ apply to `pages/*`. You should keep `_app`/`_document` while migrating to prevent your `pages/*` routes from breaking. Once fully migrated, you can then safely delete them. If you are using any React Context providers, they will need to be moved to a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components). #### [Migrating the `getLayout()` pattern to Layouts (Optional)](#migrating-the-getlayout-pattern-to-layouts-optional) Next.js recommended adding a [property to Page components](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layout-pattern#per-page-layouts) to achieve per-page layouts in the `pages` directory. This pattern can be replaced with native support for [nested layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts#layouts) in the `app` directory. See before and after example **Before** components/DashboardLayout.js export default function DashboardLayout({ children }) { return ( <div> <h2>My Dashboard</h2> {children} </div> ) } pages/dashboard/index.js import DashboardLayout from '../components/DashboardLayout' export default function Page() { return <p>My Page</p> } Page.getLayout = function getLayout(page) { return <DashboardLayout>{page}</DashboardLayout> } **After** * Remove the `Page.getLayout` property from `pages/dashboard/index.js` and follow the [steps for migrating pages](#step-4-migrating-pages) to the `app` directory. app/dashboard/page.js export default function Page() { return <p>My Page</p> } * Move the contents of `DashboardLayout` into a new [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) to retain `pages` directory behavior. app/dashboard/DashboardLayout.js 'use client' // this directive should be at top of the file, before any imports. // This is a Client Component export default function DashboardLayout({ children }) { return ( <div> <h2>My Dashboard</h2> {children} </div> ) } * Import the `DashboardLayout` into a new `layout.js` file inside the `app` directory. app/dashboard/layout.js import DashboardLayout from './DashboardLayout' // This is a Server Component export default function Layout({ children }) { return <DashboardLayout>{children}</DashboardLayout> } * You can incrementally move non-interactive parts of `DashboardLayout.js` (Client Component) into `layout.js` (Server Component) to reduce the amount of component JavaScript you send to the client. ### [Step 3: Migrating `next/head`](#step-3-migrating-nexthead) In the `pages` directory, the `next/head` React component is used to manage `<head>` HTML elements such as `title` and `meta` . In the `app` directory, `next/head` is replaced with the new [built-in SEO support](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/metadata). **Before:** pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import Head from 'next/head' export default function Page() { return ( <> <Head> <title>My page title</title> </Head> </> ) } **After:** app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { Metadata } from 'next' export const metadata: Metadata = { title: 'My Page Title', } export default function Page() { return '...' } [See all metadata options](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata). ### [Step 4: Migrating Pages](#step-4-migrating-pages) * Pages in the [`app` directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing) are [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) by default. This is different from the `pages` directory where pages are [Client Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components). * [Data fetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching) has changed in `app`. `getServerSideProps`, `getStaticProps` and `getInitialProps` have been replaced with a simpler API. * The `app` directory uses nested folders to [define routes](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/defining-routes) and a special `page.js` file to make a route segment publicly accessible. * `pages` Directory `app` Directory Route `index.js` `page.js` `/` `about.js` `about/page.js` `/about` `blog/[slug].js` `blog/[slug]/page.js` `/blog/post-1` We recommend breaking down the migration of a page into two main steps: * Step 1: Move the default exported Page Component into a new Client Component. * Step 2: Import the new Client Component into a new `page.js` file inside the `app` directory. > **Good to know**: This is the easiest migration path because it has the most comparable behavior to the `pages` directory. **Step 1: Create a new Client Component** * Create a new separate file inside the `app` directory (i.e. `app/home-page.tsx` or similar) that exports a Client Component. To define Client Components, add the `'use client'` directive to the top of the file (before any imports). * Similar to the Pages Router, there is an [optimization step](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components#full-page-load) to prerender Client Components to static HTML on the initial page load. * Move the default exported page component from `pages/index.js` to `app/home-page.tsx`. app/home-page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' // This is a Client Component (same as components in the `pages` directory) // It receives data as props, has access to state and effects, and is // prerendered on the server during the initial page load. export default function HomePage({ recentPosts }) { return ( <div> {recentPosts.map((post) => ( <div key={post.id}>{post.title}</div> ))} </div> ) } **Step 2: Create a new page** * Create a new `app/page.tsx` file inside the `app` directory. This is a Server Component by default. * Import the `home-page.tsx` Client Component into the page. * If you were fetching data in `pages/index.js`, move the data fetching logic directly into the Server Component using the new [data fetching APIs](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating). See the [data fetching upgrade guide](#step-6-migrating-data-fetching-methods) for more details. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // Import your Client Component import HomePage from './home-page' async function getPosts() { const res = await fetch('https://...') const posts = await res.json() return posts } export default async function Page() { // Fetch data directly in a Server Component const recentPosts = await getPosts() // Forward fetched data to your Client Component return <HomePage recentPosts={recentPosts} /> } * If your previous page used `useRouter`, you'll need to update to the new routing hooks. [Learn more](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router). * Start your development server and visit [`http://localhost:3000`](http://localhost:3000). You should see your existing index route, now served through the app directory. ### [Step 5: Migrating Routing Hooks](#step-5-migrating-routing-hooks) A new router has been added to support the new behavior in the `app` directory. In `app`, you should use the three new hooks imported from `next/navigation`: [`useRouter()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router), [`usePathname()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-pathname), and [`useSearchParams()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params). * The new `useRouter` hook is imported from `next/navigation` and has different behavior to the `useRouter` hook in `pages` which is imported from `next/router`. * The [`useRouter` hook imported from `next/router`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) is not supported in the `app` directory but can continue to be used in the `pages` directory. * The new `useRouter` does not return the `pathname` string. Use the separate `usePathname` hook instead. * The new `useRouter` does not return the `query` object. Use the separate `useSearchParams` hook instead. * You can use `useSearchParams` and `usePathname` together to listen to page changes. See the [Router Events](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-events) section for more details. * These new hooks are only supported in Client Components. They cannot be used in Server Components. app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useRouter, usePathname, useSearchParams } from 'next/navigation' export default function ExampleClientComponent() { const router = useRouter() const pathname = usePathname() const searchParams = useSearchParams() // ... } In addition, the new `useRouter` hook has the following changes: * `isFallback` has been removed because `fallback` has [been replaced](#replacing-fallback). * The `locale`, `locales`, `defaultLocales`, `domainLocales` values have been removed because built-in i18n Next.js features are no longer necessary in the `app` directory. [Learn more about i18n](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization). * `basePath` has been removed. The alternative will not be part of `useRouter`. It has not yet been implemented. * `asPath` has been removed because the concept of `as` has been removed from the new router. * `isReady` has been removed because it is no longer necessary. During [static rendering](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components#static-rendering-default), any component that uses the [`useSearchParams()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-search-params) hook will skip the prerendering step and instead be rendered on the client at runtime. [View the `useRouter()` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-router). ### [Step 6: Migrating Data Fetching Methods](#step-6-migrating-data-fetching-methods) The `pages` directory uses `getServerSideProps` and `getStaticProps` to fetch data for pages. Inside the `app` directory, these previous data fetching functions are replaced with a [simpler API](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching) built on top of `fetch()` and `async` React Server Components. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export default async function Page() { // This request should be cached until manually invalidated. // Similar to `getStaticProps`. // `force-cache` is the default and can be omitted. const staticData = await fetch(`https://...`, { cache: 'force-cache' }) // This request should be refetched on every request. // Similar to `getServerSideProps`. const dynamicData = await fetch(`https://...`, { cache: 'no-store' }) // This request should be cached with a lifetime of 10 seconds. // Similar to `getStaticProps` with the `revalidate` option. const revalidatedData = await fetch(`https://...`, { next: { revalidate: 10 }, }) return <div>...</div> } #### [Server-side Rendering (`getServerSideProps`)](#server-side-rendering-getserversideprops) In the `pages` directory, `getServerSideProps` is used to fetch data on the server and forward props to the default exported React component in the file. The initial HTML for the page is prerendered from the server, followed by "hydrating" the page in the browser (making it interactive). pages/dashboard.js // `pages` directory export async function getServerSideProps() { const res = await fetch(`https://...`) const projects = await res.json() return { props: { projects } } } export default function Dashboard({ projects }) { return ( <ul> {projects.map((project) => ( <li key={project.id}>{project.name}</li> ))} </ul> ) } In the `app` directory, we can colocate our data fetching inside our React components using [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components). This allows us to send less JavaScript to the client, while maintaining the rendered HTML from the server. By setting the `cache` option to `no-store`, we can indicate that the fetched data should [never be cached](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating). This is similar to `getServerSideProps` in the `pages` directory. app/dashboard/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // `app` directory // This function can be named anything async function getProjects() { const res = await fetch(`https://...`, { cache: 'no-store' }) const projects = await res.json() return projects } export default async function Dashboard() { const projects = await getProjects() return ( <ul> {projects.map((project) => ( <li key={project.id}>{project.name}</li> ))} </ul> ) } #### [Accessing Request Object](#accessing-request-object) In the `pages` directory, you can retrieve request-based data based on the Node.js HTTP API. For example, you can retrieve the `req` object from `getServerSideProps` and use it to retrieve the request's cookies and headers. pages/index.js // `pages` directory export async function getServerSideProps({ req, query }) { const authHeader = req.getHeaders()['authorization']; const theme = req.cookies['theme']; return { props: { ... }} } export default function Page(props) { return ... } The `app` directory exposes new read-only functions to retrieve request data: * [`headers()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/headers): Based on the Web Headers API, and can be used inside [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) to retrieve request headers. * [`cookies()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies): Based on the Web Cookies API, and can be used inside [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) to retrieve cookies. app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript // `app` directory import { cookies, headers } from 'next/headers' async function getData() { const authHeader = headers().get('authorization') return '...' } export default async function Page() { // You can use `cookies()` or `headers()` inside Server Components // directly or in your data fetching function const theme = cookies().get('theme') const data = await getData() return '...' } #### [Static Site Generation (`getStaticProps`)](#static-site-generation-getstaticprops) In the `pages` directory, the `getStaticProps` function is used to pre-render a page at build time. This function can be used to fetch data from an external API or directly from a database, and pass this data down to the entire page as it's being generated during the build. pages/index.js // `pages` directory export async function getStaticProps() { const res = await fetch(`https://...`) const projects = await res.json() return { props: { projects } } } export default function Index({ projects }) { return projects.map((project) => <div>{project.name}</div>) } In the `app` directory, data fetching with [`fetch()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) will default to `cache: 'force-cache'`, which will cache the request data until manually invalidated. This is similar to `getStaticProps` in the `pages` directory. app/page.js // `app` directory // This function can be named anything async function getProjects() { const res = await fetch(`https://...`) const projects = await res.json() return projects } export default async function Index() { const projects = await getProjects() return projects.map((project) => <div>{project.name}</div>) } #### [Dynamic paths (`getStaticPaths`)](#dynamic-paths-getstaticpaths) In the `pages` directory, the `getStaticPaths` function is used to define the dynamic paths that should be pre-rendered at build time. pages/posts/\[id\].js // `pages` directory import PostLayout from '@/components/post-layout' export async function getStaticPaths() { return { paths: [{ params: { id: '1' } }, { params: { id: '2' } }], } } export async function getStaticProps({ params }) { const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts/${params.id}`) const post = await res.json() return { props: { post } } } export default function Post({ post }) { return <PostLayout post={post} /> } In the `app` directory, `getStaticPaths` is replaced with [`generateStaticParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params). [`generateStaticParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) behaves similarly to `getStaticPaths`, but has a simplified API for returning route parameters and can be used inside [layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts). The return shape of `generateStaticParams` is an array of segments instead of an array of nested `param` objects or a string of resolved paths. app/posts/\[id\]/page.js // `app` directory import PostLayout from '@/components/post-layout' export async function generateStaticParams() { return [{ id: '1' }, { id: '2' }] } async function getPost(params) { const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts/${params.id}`) const post = await res.json() return post } export default async function Post({ params }) { const post = await getPost(params) return <PostLayout post={post} /> } Using the name `generateStaticParams` is more appropriate than `getStaticPaths` for the new model in the `app` directory. The `get` prefix is replaced with a more descriptive `generate`, which sits better alone now that `getStaticProps` and `getServerSideProps` are no longer necessary. The `Paths` suffix is replaced by `Params`, which is more appropriate for nested routing with multiple dynamic segments. * * * #### [Replacing `fallback`](#replacing-fallback) In the `pages` directory, the `fallback` property returned from `getStaticPaths` is used to define the behavior of a page that isn't pre-rendered at build time. This property can be set to `true` to show a fallback page while the page is being generated, `false` to show a 404 page, or `blocking` to generate the page at request time. pages/posts/\[id\].js // `pages` directory export async function getStaticPaths() { return { paths: [], fallback: 'blocking' }; } export async function getStaticProps({ params }) { ... } export default function Post({ post }) { return ... } In the `app` directory the [`config.dynamicParams` property](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#dynamicparams) controls how params outside of [`generateStaticParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) are handled: * **`true`**: (default) Dynamic segments not included in `generateStaticParams` are generated on demand. * **`false`**: Dynamic segments not included in `generateStaticParams` will return a 404. This replaces the `fallback: true | false | 'blocking'` option of `getStaticPaths` in the `pages` directory. The `fallback: 'blocking'` option is not included in `dynamicParams` because the difference between `'blocking'` and `true` is negligible with streaming. app/posts/\[id\]/page.js // `app` directory export const dynamicParams = true; export async function generateStaticParams() { return [...] } async function getPost(params) { ... } export default async function Post({ params }) { const post = await getPost(params); return ... } With [`dynamicParams`](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/route-segment-config#dynamicparams) set to `true` (the default), when a route segment is requested that hasn't been generated, it will be server-rendered and cached. #### [Incremental Static Regeneration (`getStaticProps` with `revalidate`)](#incremental-static-regeneration-getstaticprops-with-revalidate) In the `pages` directory, the `getStaticProps` function allows you to add a `revalidate` field to automatically regenerate a page after a certain amount of time. pages/index.js // `pages` directory export async function getStaticProps() { const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts`) const posts = await res.json() return { props: { posts }, revalidate: 60, } } export default function Index({ posts }) { return ( <Layout> <PostList posts={posts} /> </Layout> ) } In the `app` directory, data fetching with [`fetch()`](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) can use `revalidate`, which will cache the request for the specified amount of seconds. app/page.js // `app` directory async function getPosts() { const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts`, { next: { revalidate: 60 } }) const data = await res.json() return data.posts } export default async function PostList() { const posts = await getPosts() return posts.map((post) => <div>{post.name}</div>) } #### [API Routes](#api-routes) API Routes continue to work in the `pages/api` directory without any changes. However, they have been replaced by [Route Handlers](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers) in the `app` directory. Route Handlers allow you to create custom request handlers for a given route using the Web [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Request) and [Response](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/API/Response) APIs. app/api/route.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript export async function GET(request: Request) {} > **Good to know**: If you previously used API routes to call an external API from the client, you can now use [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) instead to securely fetch data. Learn more about [data fetching](/docs/app/building-your-application/data-fetching/fetching-caching-and-revalidating). ### [Step 7: Styling](#step-7-styling) In the `pages` directory, global stylesheets are restricted to only `pages/_app.js`. With the `app` directory, this restriction has been lifted. Global styles can be added to any layout, page, or component. * [CSS Modules](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [Global Styles](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules#global-styles) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [External Stylesheets](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/css-modules#external-stylesheets) * [Sass](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/sass) #### [Tailwind CSS](#tailwind-css) If you're using Tailwind CSS, you'll need to add the `app` directory to your `tailwind.config.js` file: tailwind.config.js module.exports = { content: [ './app/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', // <-- Add this line './pages/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', './components/**/*.{js,ts,jsx,tsx,mdx}', ], } You'll also need to import your global styles in your `app/layout.js` file: app/layout.js import '../styles/globals.css' export default function RootLayout({ children }) { return ( <html lang="en"> <body>{children}</body> </html> ) } Learn more about [styling with Tailwind CSS](/docs/app/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) [Codemods](#codemods) --------------------- Next.js provides Codemod transformations to help upgrade your codebase when a feature is deprecated. See [Codemods](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) for more information. [Previous Codemods ](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) [Next Version 14 ](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Static robots.txt](#static-robotstxt) * [Generate a Robots file](#generate-a-robots-file) * [Customizing specific user agents](#customizing-specific-user-agents) * [Robots object](#robots-object) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/02-file-conventions/01-metadata/robots.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions)[Metadata Files](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata)robots.txt robots.txt ========== Add or generate a `robots.txt` file that matches the [Robots Exclusion Standard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots.txt#Standard) in the **root** of `app` directory to tell search engine crawlers which URLs they can access on your site. [Static `robots.txt`](#static-robotstxt) ---------------------------------------- app/robots.txt User-Agent: * Allow: / Disallow: /private/ Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml [Generate a Robots file](#generate-a-robots-file) ------------------------------------------------- Add a `robots.js` or `robots.ts` file that returns a [`Robots` object](#robots-object). app/robots.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { MetadataRoute } from 'next' export default function robots(): MetadataRoute.Robots { return { rules: { userAgent: '*', allow: '/', disallow: '/private/', }, sitemap: 'https://acme.com/sitemap.xml', } } Output: User-Agent: * Allow: / Disallow: /private/ Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml ### [Customizing specific user agents](#customizing-specific-user-agents) You can customise how individual search engine bots crawl your site by passing an array of user agents to the `rules` property. For example: app/robots.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { MetadataRoute } from 'next' export default function robots(): MetadataRoute.Robots { return { rules: [ { userAgent: 'Googlebot', allow: ['/'], disallow: '/private/', }, { userAgent: ['Applebot', 'Bingbot'], disallow: ['/'], }, ], sitemap: 'https://acme.com/sitemap.xml', } } Output: User-Agent: Googlebot Allow: / Disallow: /private/ User-Agent: Applebot Disallow: / User-Agent: Bingbot Disallow: / Sitemap: https://acme.com/sitemap.xml ### [Robots object](#robots-object) type Robots = { rules: | { userAgent?: string | string[] allow?: string | string[] disallow?: string | string[] crawlDelay?: number } | Array<{ userAgent: string | string[] allow?: string | string[] disallow?: string | string[] crawlDelay?: number }> sitemap?: string | string[] host?: string } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `robots` introduced. [Previous opengraph-image and twitter-image ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) [Next sitemap.xml ](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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nextConfig = { /* config options here */ } module.exports = nextConfig `next.config.js` is a regular Node.js module, not a JSON file. It gets used by the Next.js server and build phases, and it's not included in the browser build. If you need [ECMAScript modules](https://nodejs.org/api/esm.html), you can use `next.config.mjs`: next.config.mjs // @ts-check /** * @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { /* config options here */ } export default nextConfig You can also use a function: next.config.mjs // @ts-check export default (phase, { defaultConfig }) => { /** * @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { /* config options here */ } return nextConfig } Since Next.js 12.1.0, you can use an async function: next.config.js // @ts-check module.exports = async (phase, { defaultConfig }) => { /** * @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const nextConfig = { /* config options here */ } return nextConfig } `phase` is the current context in which the configuration is loaded. You can see the [available phases](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/5e6b008b561caf2710ab7be63320a3d549474a5b/packages/next/shared/lib/constants.ts#L19-L23). Phases can be imported from `next/constants`: // @ts-check const { PHASE_DEVELOPMENT_SERVER } = require('next/constants') module.exports = (phase, { defaultConfig }) => { if (phase === PHASE_DEVELOPMENT_SERVER) { return { /* development only config options here */ } } return { /* config options for all phases except development here */ } } The commented lines are the place where you can put the configs allowed by `next.config.js`, which are [defined in this file](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/blob/canary/packages/next/src/server/config-shared.ts). However, none of the configs are required, and it's not necessary to understand what each config does. Instead, search for the features you need to enable or modify in this section and they will show you what to do. > Avoid using new JavaScript features not available in your target Node.js version. `next.config.js` will not be parsed by Webpack, Babel or TypeScript. This page documents all the available configuration options: [ ### appDir Enable the App Router to use layouts, streaming, and more. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir)[ ### assetPrefix Learn how to use the assetPrefix config option to configure your CDN. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix)[ ### basePath Use \`basePath\` to deploy a Next.js application under a sub-path of a domain. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath)[ ### compress Next.js provides gzip compression to compress rendered content and static files, it only works with the server target. Learn more about it here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress)[ ### crossOrigin Use the \`crossOrigin\` option to add a crossOrigin tag on the \`script\` tags generated by \`next/script\`. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin)[ ### devIndicators Optimized pages include an indicator to let you know if it's being statically optimized. You can opt-out of it here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators)[ ### distDir Set a custom build directory to use instead of the default .next directory. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir)[ ### env Learn to add and access environment variables in your Next.js application at build time. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/env)[ ### eslint Next.js reports ESLint errors and warnings during builds by default. Learn how to opt-out of this behavior here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint)[ ### exportPathMap Customize the pages that will be exported as HTML files when using \`next export\`. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap)[ ### generateBuildId Configure the build id, which is used to identify the current build in which your application is being served. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId)[ ### generateEtags Next.js will generate etags for every page by default. Learn more about how to disable etag generation here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags)[ ### headers Add custom HTTP headers to your Next.js app. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers)[ ### httpAgentOptions Next.js will automatically use HTTP Keep-Alive by default. Learn more about how to disable HTTP Keep-Alive here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions)[ ### images Custom configuration for the next/image loader ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images)[ ### cacheHandler Configure the Next.js cache used for storing and revalidating data to use any external service like Redis, Memcached, or others. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath)[ ### instrumentationHook Use the instrumentationHook option to set up instrumentation in your Next.js App. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook)[ ### logging Configure how data fetches are logged to the console when running Next.js in development mode. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging)[ ### mdxRs Use the new Rust compiler to compile MDX files in the App Router. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs)[ ### onDemandEntries Configure how Next.js will dispose and keep in memory pages created in development. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries)[ ### optimizePackageImports API Reference for optmizedPackageImports Next.js Config Option ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports)[ ### output Next.js automatically traces which files are needed by each page to allow for easy deployment of your application. Learn how it works here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output)[ ### pageExtensions Extend the default page extensions used by Next.js when resolving pages in the Pages Router. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions)[ ### Partial Prerendering (experimental) Learn how to enable Partial Prerendering (experimental) in Next.js 14. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering)[ ### poweredByHeader Next.js will add the \`x-powered-by\` header by default. Learn to opt-out of it here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader)[ ### productionBrowserSourceMaps Enables browser source map generation during the production build. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps)[ ### reactStrictMode The complete Next.js runtime is now Strict Mode-compliant, learn how to opt-in ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode)[ ### redirects Add redirects to your Next.js app. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects)[ ### rewrites Add rewrites to your Next.js app. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites)[ ### serverActions Configure Server Actions behavior in your Next.js application. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions)[ ### serverComponentsExternalPackages Opt-out specific dependencies from the Server Components bundling and use native Node.js \`require\`. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages)[ ### StaleTimes (experimental) Learn how to override the invalidation time of the Client Router Cache. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes)[ ### trailingSlash Configure Next.js pages to resolve with or without a trailing slash. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash)[ ### transpilePackages Automatically transpile and bundle dependencies from local packages (like monorepos) or from external dependencies (\`node\_modules\`). ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages)[ ### turbo Configure Next.js with Turbopack-specific options ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo)[ ### typedRoutes Enable experimental support for statically typed links. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes)[ ### typescript Next.js reports TypeScript errors by default. Learn to opt-out of this behavior here. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript)[ ### urlImports Configure Next.js to allow importing modules from external URLs (experimental). ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports)[ ### webpack Learn how to customize the webpack config used by Next.js ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack)[ ### webVitalsAttribution Learn how to use the webVitalsAttribution option to pinpoint the source of Web Vitals issues. ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) [Previous userAgent ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) [Next appDir ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Parameters](#parameters) * [Returns](#returns) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/04-functions/use-selected-layout-segments.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions)useSelectedLayoutSegments useSelectedLayoutSegments ========================= `useSelectedLayoutSegments` is a **Client Component** hook that lets you read the active route segments **below** the Layout it is called from. It is useful for creating UI in parent Layouts that need knowledge of active child segments such as breadcrumbs. app/example-client-component.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript 'use client' import { useSelectedLayoutSegments } from 'next/navigation' export default function ExampleClientComponent() { const segments = useSelectedLayoutSegments() return ( <ul> {segments.map((segment, index) => ( <li key={index}>{segment}</li> ))} </ul> ) } > **Good to know**: > > * Since `useSelectedLayoutSegments` is a [Client Component](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/client-components) hook, and Layouts are [Server Components](/docs/app/building-your-application/rendering/server-components) by default, `useSelectedLayoutSegments` is usually called via a Client Component that is imported into a Layout. > * The returned segments include [Route Groups](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-groups), which you might not want to be included in your UI. You can use the `filter()` array method to remove items that start with a bracket. [Parameters](#parameters) ------------------------- const segments = useSelectedLayoutSegments(parallelRoutesKey?: string) `useSelectedLayoutSegments` _optionally_ accepts a [`parallelRoutesKey`](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/parallel-routes#useselectedlayoutsegments), which allows you to read the active route segment within that slot. [Returns](#returns) ------------------- `useSelectedLayoutSegments` returns an array of strings containing the active segments one level down from the layout the hook was called from. Or an empty array if none exist. For example, given the Layouts and URLs below, the returned segments would be: Layout Visited URL Returned Segments `app/layout.js` `/` `[]` `app/layout.js` `/dashboard` `['dashboard']` `app/layout.js` `/dashboard/settings` `['dashboard', 'settings']` `app/dashboard/layout.js` `/dashboard` `[]` `app/dashboard/layout.js` `/dashboard/settings` `['settings']` [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.0.0` `useSelectedLayoutSegments` introduced. [Previous useSelectedLayoutSegment ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/use-selected-layout-segment) [Next userAgent ](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/userAgent) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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You do not need to manually setup an Asset Prefix. > **Good to know**: Next.js 9.5+ added support for a customizable [Base Path](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath), which is better suited for hosting your application on a sub-path like `/docs`. We do not suggest you use a custom Asset Prefix for this use case. To set up a [CDN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), you can set up an asset prefix and configure your CDN's origin to resolve to the domain that Next.js is hosted on. Open `next.config.js` and add the `assetPrefix` config: next.config.js const isProd = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production' module.exports = { // Use the CDN in production and localhost for development. assetPrefix: isProd ? 'https://cdn.mydomain.com' : undefined, } Next.js will automatically use your asset prefix for the JavaScript and CSS files it loads from the `/_next/` path (`.next/static/` folder). For example, with the above configuration, the following request for a JS chunk: /_next/static/chunks/4b9b41aaa062cbbfeff4add70f256968c51ece5d.4d708494b3aed70c04f0.js Would instead become: https://cdn.mydomain.com/_next/static/chunks/4b9b41aaa062cbbfeff4add70f256968c51ece5d.4d708494b3aed70c04f0.js The exact configuration for uploading your files to a given CDN will depend on your CDN of choice. The only folder you need to host on your CDN is the contents of `.next/static/`, which should be uploaded as `_next/static/` as the above URL request indicates. **Do not upload the rest of your `.next/` folder**, as you should not expose your server code and other configuration to the public. While `assetPrefix` covers requests to `_next/static`, it does not influence the following paths: * Files in the [public](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) folder; if you want to serve those assets over a CDN, you'll have to introduce the prefix yourself [Previous appDir ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/appDir) [Next basePath ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Disabling compression](#disabling-compression) * [Changing the compression algorithm](#changing-the-compression-algorithm) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/compress.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)compress compress ======== By default, Next.js uses `gzip` to compress rendered content and static files when using `next start` or a custom server. This is an optimization for applications that do not have compression configured. If compression is _already_ configured in your application via a custom server, Next.js will not add compression. > **Good to know:** > > * When hosting your application on [Vercel](https://vercel.com/docs/edge-network/compression), compression uses `brotli` first, then `gzip`. > * You can check if compression is enabled and which algorithm is used by looking at the [`Accept-Encoding`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Encoding) (browser accepted options) and [`Content-Encoding`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Encoding) (currently used) headers in the response. [Disabling compression](#disabling-compression) ----------------------------------------------- To disable **compression**, set the `compress` config option to `false`: next.config.js module.exports = { compress: false, } We do not recommend disabling compression unless you have compression configured on your server, as compression reduces bandwidth usage and improves the performance of your application. [Changing the compression algorithm](#changing-the-compression-algorithm) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- To change your compression algorithm, you will need to configure your custom server and set the `compress` option to `false` in your `next.config.js` file. For example, you're using [nginx](https://www.nginx.com/) and want to switch to `brotli`, set the `compress` option to `false` to allow nginx to handle compression. > **Good to know:** > > * For Next.js applications on Vercel, compression is handled by the Vercel's Edge Network and not Next.js. See the [Vercel documentation](https://vercel.com/docs/edge-network/compression) for more information. [Previous basePath ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) [Next crossOrigin ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Links](#links) * [Images](#images) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/basePath.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)basePath basePath ======== To deploy a Next.js application under a sub-path of a domain you can use the `basePath` config option. `basePath` allows you to set a path prefix for the application. For example, to use `/docs` instead of `''` (an empty string, the default), open `next.config.js` and add the `basePath` config: next.config.js module.exports = { basePath: '/docs', } > **Good to know**: This value must be set at build time and cannot be changed without re-building as the value is inlined in the client-side bundles. ### [Links](#links) When linking to other pages using `next/link` and `next/router` the `basePath` will be automatically applied. For example, using `/about` will automatically become `/docs/about` when `basePath` is set to `/docs`. export default function HomePage() { return ( <> <Link href="/about">About Page</Link> </> ) } Output html: <a href="/docs/about">About Page</a> This makes sure that you don't have to change all links in your application when changing the `basePath` value. ### [Images](#images) When using the [`next/image`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/image) component, you will need to add the `basePath` in front of `src`. For example, using `/docs/me.png` will properly serve your image when `basePath` is set to `/docs`. import Image from 'next/image' function Home() { return ( <> <h1>My Homepage</h1> <Image src="/docs/me.png" alt="Picture of the author" width={500} height={500} /> <p>Welcome to my homepage!</p> </> ) } export default Home [Previous assetPrefix ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) [Next compress ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 10](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-10) * [Version 9](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-9) * [API Reference](/docs/pages/api-reference) * [Components](/docs/pages/api-reference/components) * [Font](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/font) * [<Head>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/head) * [<Image>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image) * [<Image> (Legacy)](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/image-legacy) * [<Link>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) * [<Script>](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/script) * [Functions](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions) * [getInitialProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-server-side-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-props) * [NextRequest](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-request) * [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/devIndicators.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)devIndicators devIndicators ============= When you edit your code, and Next.js is compiling the application, a compilation indicator appears in the bottom right corner of the page. > **Good to know**: This indicator is only present in development mode and will not appear when building and running the app in production mode. In some cases this indicator can be misplaced on your page, for example, when conflicting with a chat launcher. To change its position, open `next.config.js` and set the `buildActivityPosition` in the `devIndicators` object to `bottom-right` (default), `bottom-left`, `top-right` or `top-left`: next.config.js module.exports = { devIndicators: { buildActivityPosition: 'bottom-right', }, } In some cases this indicator might not be useful for you. To remove it, open `next.config.js` and disable the `buildActivity` config in `devIndicators` object: next.config.js module.exports = { devIndicators: { buildActivity: false, }, } [Previous crossOrigin ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) [Next distDir ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/env.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)env env === > Since the release of [Next.js 9.4](https://nextjs.org/blog/next-9-4) we now have a more intuitive and ergonomic experience for [adding environment variables](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables). Give it a try! > **Good to know**: environment variables specified in this way will **always** be included in the JavaScript bundle, prefixing the environment variable name with `NEXT_PUBLIC_` only has an effect when specifying them [through the environment or .env files](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables). To add environment variables to the JavaScript bundle, open `next.config.js` and add the `env` config: next.config.js module.exports = { env: { customKey: 'my-value', }, } Now you can access `process.env.customKey` in your code. For example: function Page() { return <h1>The value of customKey is: {process.env.customKey}</h1> } export default Page Next.js will replace `process.env.customKey` with `'my-value'` at build time. Trying to destructure `process.env` variables won't work due to the nature of webpack [DefinePlugin](https://webpack.js.org/plugins/define-plugin/). 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will automatically trace each page and its dependencies to determine all of the files that are needed for deploying a production version of your application. This feature helps reduce the size of deployments drastically. Previously, when deploying with Docker you would need to have all files from your package's `dependencies` installed to run `next start`. Starting with Next.js 12, you can leverage Output File Tracing in the `.next/` directory to only include the necessary files. Furthermore, this removes the need for the deprecated `serverless` target which can cause various issues and also creates unnecessary duplication. [How it Works](#how-it-works) ----------------------------- During `next build`, Next.js will use [`@vercel/nft`](https://github.com/vercel/nft) to statically analyze `import`, `require`, and `fs` usage to determine all files that a page might load. Next.js' production server is also traced for its needed files and output at `.next/next-server.js.nft.json` which can be leveraged in production. To leverage the `.nft.json` files emitted to the `.next` output directory, you can read the list of files in each trace that are relative to the `.nft.json` file and then copy them to your deployment location. [Automatically Copying Traced Files](#automatically-copying-traced-files) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Next.js can automatically create a `standalone` folder that copies only the necessary files for a production deployment including select files in `node_modules`. To leverage this automatic copying you can enable it in your `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { output: 'standalone', } This will create a folder at `.next/standalone` which can then be deployed on its own without installing `node_modules`. Additionally, a minimal `server.js` file is also output which can be used instead of `next start`. This minimal server does not copy the `public` or `.next/static` folders by default as these should ideally be handled by a CDN instead, although these folders can be copied to the `standalone/public` and `standalone/.next/static` folders manually, after which `server.js` file will serve these automatically. > **Good to know**: > > * If your project needs to listen to a specific port or hostname, you can define `PORT` or `HOSTNAME` environment variables before running `server.js`. For example, run `PORT=8080 HOSTNAME=0.0.0.0 node server.js` to start the server on `http://0.0.0.0:8080`. > * If your project uses [Image Optimization](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/images) with the default `loader`, you must install `sharp` as a dependency: Terminal npm i sharp Terminal yarn add sharp Terminal pnpm add sharp Terminal bun add sharp [Caveats](#caveats) ------------------- * While tracing in monorepo setups, the project directory is used for tracing by default. For `next build packages/web-app`, `packages/web-app` would be the tracing root and any files outside of that folder will not be included. To include files outside of this folder you can set `experimental.outputFileTracingRoot` in your `next.config.js`. packages/web-app/next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { // this includes files from the monorepo base two directories up outputFileTracingRoot: path.join(__dirname, '../../'), }, } * There are some cases in which Next.js might fail to include required files, or might incorrectly include unused files. In those cases, you can leverage `experimental.outputFileTracingExcludes` and `experimental.outputFileTracingIncludes` respectively in `next.config.js`. Each config accepts an object with [minimatch globs](https://www.npmjs.com/package/minimatch) for the key to match specific pages and a value of an array with globs relative to the project's root to either include or exclude in the trace. next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { outputFileTracingExcludes: { '/api/hello': ['./un-necessary-folder/**/*'], }, outputFileTracingIncludes: { '/api/another': ['./necessary-folder/**/*'], }, }, } * Currently, Next.js does not do anything with the emitted `.nft.json` files. The files must be read by your deployment platform, for example [Vercel](https://vercel.com), to create a minimal deployment. In a future release, a new command is planned to utilize these `.nft.json` files. [Experimental `turbotrace`](#experimental-turbotrace) ----------------------------------------------------- Tracing dependencies can be slow because it requires very complex computations and analysis. We created `turbotrace` in Rust as a faster and smarter alternative to the JavaScript implementation. To enable it, you can add the following configuration to your `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { experimental: { turbotrace: { // control the log level of the turbotrace, default is `error` logLevel?: | 'bug' | 'fatal' | 'error' | 'warning' | 'hint' | 'note' | 'suggestions' | 'info', // control if the log of turbotrace should contain the details of the analysis, default is `false` logDetail?: boolean // show all log messages without limit // turbotrace only show 1 log message for each categories by default logAll?: boolean // control the context directory of the turbotrace // files outside of the context directory will not be traced // set the `experimental.outputFileTracingRoot` has the same effect // if the `experimental.outputFileTracingRoot` and this option are both set, the `experimental.turbotrace.contextDirectory` will be used contextDirectory?: string // if there is `process.cwd()` expression in your code, you can set this option to tell `turbotrace` the value of `process.cwd()` while tracing. // for example the require(process.cwd() + '/package.json') will be traced as require('/path/to/cwd/package.json') processCwd?: string // control the maximum memory usage of the `turbotrace`, in `MB`, default is `6000`. memoryLimit?: number }, }, } [Previous optimizePackageImports ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) [Next pageExtensions ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) Was this helpful? supported. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Adding a trailing slash](#adding-a-trailing-slash) * [Customizing the output directory](#customizing-the-output-directory) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/exportPathMap.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)exportPathMap exportPathMap (Deprecated) ========================== > This feature is exclusive to `next export` and currently **deprecated** in favor of `getStaticPaths` with `pages` or `generateStaticParams` with `app`. Examples * [Static Export](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-static-export) `exportPathMap` allows you to specify a mapping of request paths to page destinations, to be used during export. Paths defined in `exportPathMap` will also be available when using [`next dev`](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli#development). Let's start with an example, to create a custom `exportPathMap` for an app with the following pages: * `pages/index.js` * `pages/about.js` * `pages/post.js` Open `next.config.js` and add the following `exportPathMap` config: next.config.js module.exports = { exportPathMap: async function ( defaultPathMap, { dev, dir, outDir, distDir, buildId } ) { return { '/': { page: '/' }, '/about': { page: '/about' }, '/p/hello-nextjs': { page: '/post', query: { title: 'hello-nextjs' } }, '/p/learn-nextjs': { page: '/post', query: { title: 'learn-nextjs' } }, '/p/deploy-nextjs': { page: '/post', query: { title: 'deploy-nextjs' } }, } }, } > **Good to know**: the `query` field in `exportPathMap` cannot be used with [automatically statically optimized pages](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) or [`getStaticProps` pages](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) as they are rendered to HTML files at build-time and additional query information cannot be provided during `next export`. The pages will then be exported as HTML files, for example, `/about` will become `/about.html`. `exportPathMap` is an `async` function that receives 2 arguments: the first one is `defaultPathMap`, which is the default map used by Next.js. The second argument is an object with: * `dev` - `true` when `exportPathMap` is being called in development. `false` when running `next export`. In development `exportPathMap` is used to define routes. * `dir` - Absolute path to the project directory * `outDir` - Absolute path to the `out/` directory ([configurable with `-o`](#customizing-the-output-directory)). When `dev` is `true` the value of `outDir` will be `null`. * `distDir` - Absolute path to the `.next/` directory (configurable with the [`distDir`](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) config) * `buildId` - The generated build id The returned object is a map of pages where the `key` is the `pathname` and the `value` is an object that accepts the following fields: * `page`: `String` - the page inside the `pages` directory to render * `query`: `Object` - the `query` object passed to `getInitialProps` when prerendering. Defaults to `{}` > The exported `pathname` can also be a filename (for example, `/readme.md`), but you may need to set the `Content-Type` header to `text/html` when serving its content if it is different than `.html`. [Adding a trailing slash](#adding-a-trailing-slash) --------------------------------------------------- It is possible to configure Next.js to export pages as `index.html` files and require trailing slashes, `/about` becomes `/about/index.html` and is routable via `/about/`. This was the default behavior prior to Next.js 9. To switch back and add a trailing slash, open `next.config.js` and enable the `trailingSlash` config: next.config.js module.exports = { trailingSlash: true, } [Customizing the output directory](#customizing-the-output-directory) --------------------------------------------------------------------- [`next export`](/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) will use `out` as the default output directory, you can customize this using the `-o` argument, like so: Terminal next export -o outdir > **Warning**: Using `exportPathMap` is deprecated and is overridden by `getStaticPaths` inside `pages`. We don't recommend using them together. 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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Index routes](#index-routes) * [Nested routes](#nested-routes) * [Pages with Dynamic Routes](#pages-with-dynamic-routes) * [Layout Pattern](#layout-pattern) * [Examples](#examples) * [Single Shared Layout with Custom App](#single-shared-layout-with-custom-app) * [Per-Page Layouts](#per-page-layouts) * [With TypeScript](#with-typescript) * [Data Fetching](#data-fetching) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/01-pages-and-layouts.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Pages and Layouts Pages and Layouts ================= The Pages Router has a file-system based router built on the concept of pages. When a file is added to the `pages` directory, it's automatically available as a route. In Next.js, a **page** is a [React Component](https://react.dev/learn/your-first-component) exported from a `.js`, `.jsx`, `.ts`, or `.tsx` file in the `pages` directory. Each page is associated with a route based on its file name. **Example**: If you create `pages/about.js` that exports a React component like below, it will be accessible at `/about`. export default function About() { return <div>About</div> } [Index routes](#index-routes) ----------------------------- The router will automatically route files named `index` to the root of the directory. * `pages/index.js` → `/` * `pages/blog/index.js` → `/blog` [Nested routes](#nested-routes) ------------------------------- The router supports nested files. If you create a nested folder structure, files will automatically be routed in the same way still. * `pages/blog/first-post.js` → `/blog/first-post` * `pages/dashboard/settings/username.js` → `/dashboard/settings/username` [Pages with Dynamic Routes](#pages-with-dynamic-routes) ------------------------------------------------------- Next.js supports pages with dynamic routes. For example, if you create a file called `pages/posts/[id].js`, then it will be accessible at `posts/1`, `posts/2`, etc. > To learn more about dynamic routing, check the [Dynamic Routing documentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). [Layout Pattern](#layout-pattern) --------------------------------- The React model allows us to deconstruct a [page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) into a series of components. Many of these components are often reused between pages. For example, you might have the same navigation bar and footer on every page. components/layout.js import Navbar from './navbar' import Footer from './footer' export default function Layout({ children }) { return ( <> <Navbar /> <main>{children}</main> <Footer /> </> ) } [Examples](#examples) --------------------- ### [Single Shared Layout with Custom App](#single-shared-layout-with-custom-app) If you only have one layout for your entire application, you can create a [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) and wrap your application with the layout. Since the `<Layout />` component is re-used when changing pages, its component state will be preserved (e.g. input values). pages/\_app.js import Layout from '../components/layout' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { return ( <Layout> <Component {...pageProps} /> </Layout> ) } ### [Per-Page Layouts](#per-page-layouts) If you need multiple layouts, you can add a property `getLayout` to your page, allowing you to return a React component for the layout. This allows you to define the layout on a _per-page basis_. Since we're returning a function, we can have complex nested layouts if desired. pages/index.js import Layout from '../components/layout' import NestedLayout from '../components/nested-layout' export default function Page() { return ( /** Your content */ ) } Page.getLayout = function getLayout(page) { return ( <Layout> <NestedLayout>{page}</NestedLayout> </Layout> ) } pages/\_app.js export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) { // Use the layout defined at the page level, if available const getLayout = Component.getLayout ?? ((page) => page) return getLayout(<Component {...pageProps} />) } When navigating between pages, we want to _persist_ page state (input values, scroll position, etc.) for a Single-Page Application (SPA) experience. This layout pattern enables state persistence because the React component tree is maintained between page transitions. With the component tree, React can understand which elements have changed to preserve state. > **Good to know**: This process is called [reconciliation](https://react.dev/learn/preserving-and-resetting-state), which is how React understands which elements have changed. ### [With TypeScript](#with-typescript) When using TypeScript, you must first create a new type for your pages which includes a `getLayout` function. Then, you must create a new type for your `AppProps` which overrides the `Component` property to use the previously created type. pages/index.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { ReactElement } from 'react' import Layout from '../components/layout' import NestedLayout from '../components/nested-layout' import type { NextPageWithLayout } from './_app' const Page: NextPageWithLayout = () => { return <p>hello world</p> } Page.getLayout = function getLayout(page: ReactElement) { return ( <Layout> <NestedLayout>{page}</NestedLayout> </Layout> ) } export default Page pages/\_app.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { ReactElement, ReactNode } from 'react' import type { NextPage } from 'next' import type { AppProps } from 'next/app' export type NextPageWithLayout<P = {}, IP = P> = NextPage<P, IP> & { getLayout?: (page: ReactElement) => ReactNode } type AppPropsWithLayout = AppProps & { Component: NextPageWithLayout } export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }: AppPropsWithLayout) { // Use the layout defined at the page level, if available const getLayout = Component.getLayout ?? ((page) => page) return getLayout(<Component {...pageProps} />) } ### [Data Fetching](#data-fetching) Inside your layout, you can fetch data on the client-side using `useEffect` or a library like [SWR](https://swr.vercel.app/). Because this file is not a [Page](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts), you cannot use `getStaticProps` or `getServerSideProps` currently. components/layout.js import useSWR from 'swr' import Navbar from './navbar' import Footer from './footer' export default function Layout({ children }) { const { data, error } = useSWR('/api/navigation', fetcher) if (error) return <div>Failed to load</div> if (!data) return <div>Loading...</div> return ( <> <Navbar links={data.links} /> <main>{children}</main> <Footer /> </> ) } [Previous Routing ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) [Next Dynamic Routes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [useRouter() hook](#userouter-hook) * [redirects in next.config.js](#redirects-in-nextconfigjs) * [NextResponse.redirect in Middleware](#nextresponseredirect-in-middleware) * [Managing redirects at scale (advanced)](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced) * [1\. Creating and storing a redirect map](#1-creating-and-storing-a-redirect-map) * [2\. Optimizing data lookup performance](#2-optimizing-data-lookup-performance) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/04-redirecting.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Redirecting Redirecting =========== There are a few ways you can handle redirects in Next.js. This page will go through each available option, use cases, and how to manage large numbers of redirects. API Purpose Where Status Code [`useRouter`](#userouter-hook) Perform a client-side navigation Components N/A [`redirects` in `next.config.js`](#redirects-in-nextconfigjs) Redirect an incoming request based on a path `next.config.js` file 307 (Temporary) or 308 (Permanent) [`NextResponse.redirect`](#nextresponseredirect-in-middleware) Redirect an incoming request based on a condition Middleware Any [`useRouter()` hook](#userouter-hook) ------------------------------------- If you need to redirect inside a component, you can use the `push` method from the `useRouter` hook. For example: app/page.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function Page() { const router = useRouter() return ( <button type="button" onClick={() => router.push('/dashboard')}> Dashboard </button> ) } > **Good to know**: > > * If you don't need to programmatically navigate a user, you should use a [`<Link>`](/docs/app/api-reference/components/link) component. See the [`useRouter` API reference](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) for more information. [`redirects` in `next.config.js`](#redirects-in-nextconfigjs) ------------------------------------------------------------- The `redirects` option in the `next.config.js` file allows you to redirect an incoming request path to a different destination path. This is useful when you change the URL structure of pages or have a list of redirects that are known ahead of time. `redirects` supports [path](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects#path-matching), [header, cookie, and query matching](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects#header-cookie-and-query-matching), giving you the flexibility to redirect users based on an incoming request. To use `redirects`, add the option to your `next.config.js` file: next.config.js module.exports = { async redirects() { return [ // Basic redirect { source: '/about', destination: '/', permanent: true, }, // Wildcard path matching { source: '/blog/:slug', destination: '/news/:slug', permanent: true, }, ] }, } See the [`redirects` API reference](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) for more information. > **Good to know**: > > * `redirects` can return a 307 (Temporary Redirect) or 308 (Permanent Redirect) status code with the `permanent` option. > * `redirects` may have a limit on platforms. For example, on Vercel, there's a limit of 1,024 redirects. To manage a large number of redirects (1000+), consider creating a custom solution using [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware). See [managing redirects at scale](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced) for more. > * `redirects` runs **before** Middleware. [`NextResponse.redirect` in Middleware](#nextresponseredirect-in-middleware) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Middleware allows you to run code before a request is completed. Then, based on the incoming request, redirect to a different URL using `NextResponse.redirect`. This is useful if you want to redirect users based on a condition (e.g. authentication, session management, etc) or have [a large number of redirects](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced). For example, to redirect the user to a `/login` page if they are not authenticated: middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse, NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { authenticate } from 'auth-provider' export function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const isAuthenticated = authenticate(request) // If the user is authenticated, continue as normal if (isAuthenticated) { return NextResponse.next() } // Redirect to login page if not authenticated return NextResponse.redirect(new URL('/login', request.url)) } export const config = { matcher: '/dashboard/:path*', } > **Good to know**: > > * Middleware runs **after** `redirects` in `next.config.js` and **before** rendering. See the [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware) documentation for more information. [Managing redirects at scale (advanced)](#managing-redirects-at-scale-advanced) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- To manage a large number of redirects (1000+), you may consider creating a custom solution using Middleware. This allows you to handle redirects programmatically without having to redeploy your application. To do this, you'll need to consider: 1. Creating and storing a redirect map. 2. Optimizing data lookup performance. > **Next.js Example**: See our [Middleware with Bloom filter](https://redirects-bloom-filter.vercel.app/) example for an implementation of the recommendations below. ### [1\. Creating and storing a redirect map](#1-creating-and-storing-a-redirect-map) A redirect map is a list of redirects that you can store in a database (usually a key-value store) or JSON file. Consider the following data structure: { "/old": { "destination": "/new", "permanent": true }, "/blog/post-old": { "destination": "/blog/post-new", "permanent": true } } In [Middleware](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/middleware), you can read from a database such as Vercel's [Edge Config](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/edge-config/get-started?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) or [Redis](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-kv?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website), and redirect the user based on the incoming request: middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse, NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { get } from '@vercel/edge-config' type RedirectEntry = { destination: string permanent: boolean } export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) { const pathname = request.nextUrl.pathname const redirectData = await get(pathname) if (redirectData && typeof redirectData === 'string') { const redirectEntry: RedirectEntry = JSON.parse(redirectData) const statusCode = redirectEntry.permanent ? 308 : 307 return NextResponse.redirect(redirectEntry.destination, statusCode) } // No redirect found, continue without redirecting return NextResponse.next() } ### [2\. Optimizing data lookup performance](#2-optimizing-data-lookup-performance) Reading a large dataset for every incoming request can be slow and expensive. There are two ways you can optimize data lookup performance: * Use a database that is optimized for fast reads, such as [Vercel Edge Config](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/edge-config/get-started?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website) or [Redis](https://vercel.com/docs/storage/vercel-kv?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website). * Use a data lookup strategy such as a [Bloom filter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloom_filter) to efficiently check if a redirect exists **before** reading the larger redirects file or database. Considering the previous example, you can import a generated bloom filter file into Middleware, then, check if the incoming request pathname exists in the bloom filter. If it does, forward the request to a [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) which will check the actual file and redirect the user to the appropriate URL. This avoids importing a large redirects file into Middleware, which can slow down every incoming request. middleware.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextResponse, NextRequest } from 'next/server' import { ScalableBloomFilter } from 'bloom-filters' import GeneratedBloomFilter from './redirects/bloom-filter.json' type RedirectEntry = { destination: string permanent: boolean } // Initialize bloom filter from a generated JSON file const bloomFilter = ScalableBloomFilter.fromJSON(GeneratedBloomFilter as any) export async function middleware(request: NextRequest) { // Get the path for the incoming request const pathname = request.nextUrl.pathname // Check if the path is in the bloom filter if (bloomFilter.has(pathname)) { // Forward the pathname to the Route Handler const api = new URL( `/api/redirects?pathname=${encodeURIComponent(request.nextUrl.pathname)}`, request.nextUrl.origin ) try { // Fetch redirect data from the Route Handler const redirectData = await fetch(api) if (redirectData.ok) { const redirectEntry: RedirectEntry | undefined = await redirectData.json() if (redirectEntry) { // Determine the status code const statusCode = redirectEntry.permanent ? 308 : 307 // Redirect to the destination return NextResponse.redirect(redirectEntry.destination, statusCode) } } } catch (error) { console.error(error) } } // No redirect found, continue the request without redirecting return NextResponse.next() } Then, in the API Route: pages/api/redirects.ts TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next' import redirects from '@/app/redirects/redirects.json' type RedirectEntry = { destination: string permanent: boolean } export default function handler(req: NextApiRequest, res: NextApiResponse) { const pathname = req.query.pathname if (!pathname) { return res.status(400).json({ message: 'Bad Request' }) } // Get the redirect entry from the redirects.json file const redirect = (redirects as Record<string, RedirectEntry>)[pathname] // Account for bloom filter false positives if (!redirect) { return res.status(400).json({ message: 'No redirect' }) } // Return the redirect entry return res.json(redirect) } > **Good to know:** > > * To generate a bloom filter, you can use a library like [`bloom-filters`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/bloom-filters). > * You should validate requests made to your Route Handler to prevent malicious requests. [Previous Linking and Navigating ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) [Next Custom App ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) Was this helpful? supported. Send

https://nextjs.org/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Convention](#convention) * [Example](#example) * [Catch-all Segments](#catch-all-segments) * [Optional Catch-all Segments](#optional-catch-all-segments) * [Next Steps](#next-steps) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/02-dynamic-routes.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Dynamic Routes Dynamic Routes ============== When you don't know the exact segment names ahead of time and want to create routes from dynamic data, you can use Dynamic Segments that are filled in at request time or [prerendered](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) at build time. [Convention](#convention) ------------------------- A Dynamic Segment can be created by wrapping a file or folder name in square brackets: `[segmentName]`. For example, `[id]` or `[slug]`. Dynamic Segments can be accessed from [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router). [Example](#example) ------------------- For example, a blog could include the following route `pages/blog/[slug].js` where `[slug]` is the Dynamic Segment for blog posts. import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function Page() { const router = useRouter() return <p>Post: {router.query.slug}</p> } Route Example URL `params` `pages/blog/[slug].js` `/blog/a` `{ slug: 'a' }` `pages/blog/[slug].js` `/blog/b` `{ slug: 'b' }` `pages/blog/[slug].js` `/blog/c` `{ slug: 'c' }` [Catch-all Segments](#catch-all-segments) ----------------------------------------- Dynamic Segments can be extended to **catch-all** subsequent segments by adding an ellipsis inside the brackets `[...segmentName]`. For example, `pages/shop/[...slug].js` will match `/shop/clothes`, but also `/shop/clothes/tops`, `/shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts`, and so on. Route Example URL `params` `pages/shop/[...slug].js` `/shop/a` `{ slug: ['a'] }` `pages/shop/[...slug].js` `/shop/a/b` `{ slug: ['a', 'b'] }` `pages/shop/[...slug].js` `/shop/a/b/c` `{ slug: ['a', 'b', 'c'] }` [Optional Catch-all Segments](#optional-catch-all-segments) ----------------------------------------------------------- Catch-all Segments can be made **optional** by including the parameter in double square brackets: `[[...segmentName]]`. For example, `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` will **also** match `/shop`, in addition to `/shop/clothes`, `/shop/clothes/tops`, `/shop/clothes/tops/t-shirts`. The difference between **catch-all** and **optional catch-all** segments is that with optional, the route without the parameter is also matched (`/shop` in the example above). Route Example URL `params` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop` `{ slug: [] }` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop/a` `{ slug: ['a'] }` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop/a/b` `{ slug: ['a', 'b'] }` `pages/shop/[[...slug]].js` `/shop/a/b/c` `{ slug: ['a', 'b', 'c'] }` Next Steps ---------- For more information on what to do next, we recommend the following sections [ Pages Router ... Routing ### Linking and Navigating Learn how navigation works in Next.js, and how to use the Link Component and \`useRouter\` hook. ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating)[ Pages Router ... Functions ### useRouter Learn more about the API of the Next.js Router, and access the router instance in your page with the useRouter hook. ](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) [Previous Pages and Layouts ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) [Next Linking and Navigating ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Linking to dynamic paths](#linking-to-dynamic-paths) * [Injecting the router](#injecting-the-router) * [Imperative Routing](#imperative-routing) * [Shallow Routing](#shallow-routing) * [Caveats](#caveats) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/03-linking-and-navigating.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Linking and Navigating Linking and Navigating ====================== The Next.js router allows you to do client-side route transitions between pages, similar to a single-page application. A React component called `Link` is provided to do this client-side route transition. import Link from 'next/link' function Home() { return ( <ul> <li> <Link href="/">Home</Link> </li> <li> <Link href="/about">About Us</Link> </li> <li> <Link href="/blog/hello-world">Blog Post</Link> </li> </ul> ) } export default Home The example above uses multiple links. Each one maps a path (`href`) to a known page: * `/` → `pages/index.js` * `/about` → `pages/about.js` * `/blog/hello-world` → `pages/blog/[slug].js` Any `<Link />` in the viewport (initially or through scroll) will be prefetched by default (including the corresponding data) for pages using [Static Generation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props). The corresponding data for [server-rendered](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) routes is fetched _only when_ the `<Link />` is clicked. [Linking to dynamic paths](#linking-to-dynamic-paths) ----------------------------------------------------- You can also use interpolation to create the path, which comes in handy for [dynamic route segments](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes). For example, to show a list of posts which have been passed to the component as a prop: import Link from 'next/link' function Posts({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}> <Link href={`/blog/${encodeURIComponent(post.slug)}`}> {post.title} </Link> </li> ))} </ul> ) } export default Posts > [`encodeURIComponent`](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/encodeURIComponent) is used in the example to keep the path utf-8 compatible. Alternatively, using a URL Object: import Link from 'next/link' function Posts({ posts }) { return ( <ul> {posts.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}> <Link href={{ pathname: '/blog/[slug]', query: { slug: post.slug }, }} > {post.title} </Link> </li> ))} </ul> ) } export default Posts Now, instead of using interpolation to create the path, we use a URL object in `href` where: * `pathname` is the name of the page in the `pages` directory. `/blog/[slug]` in this case. * `query` is an object with the dynamic segment. `slug` in this case. [Injecting the router](#injecting-the-router) --------------------------------------------- Examples * [Dynamic Routing](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/dynamic-routing) To access the [`router` object](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-object) in a React component you can use [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) or [`withRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#withrouter). In general we recommend using [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router). [Imperative Routing](#imperative-routing) ----------------------------------------- [`next/link`](/docs/pages/api-reference/components/link) should be able to cover most of your routing needs, but you can also do client-side navigations without it, take a look at the [documentation for `next/router`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router). The following example shows how to do basic page navigations with [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router): import { useRouter } from 'next/router' export default function ReadMore() { const router = useRouter() return ( <button onClick={() => router.push('/about')}> Click here to read more </button> ) } [Shallow Routing](#shallow-routing) ----------------------------------- Examples * [Shallow Routing](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-shallow-routing) Shallow routing allows you to change the URL without running data fetching methods again, that includes [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props), [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props), and [`getInitialProps`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props). You'll receive the updated `pathname` and the `query` via the [`router` object](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#router-object) (added by [`useRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) or [`withRouter`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router#withrouter)), without losing state. To enable shallow routing, set the `shallow` option to `true`. Consider the following example: import { useEffect } from 'react' import { useRouter } from 'next/router' // Current URL is '/' function Page() { const router = useRouter() useEffect(() => { // Always do navigations after the first render router.push('/?counter=10', undefined, { shallow: true }) }, []) useEffect(() => { // The counter changed! }, [router.query.counter]) } export default Page The URL will get updated to `/?counter=10` and the page won't get replaced, only the state of the route is changed. You can also watch for URL changes via [`componentDidUpdate`](https://react.dev/reference/react/Component#componentdidupdate) as shown below: componentDidUpdate(prevProps) { const { pathname, query } = this.props.router // verify props have changed to avoid an infinite loop if (query.counter !== prevProps.router.query.counter) { // fetch data based on the new query } } ### [Caveats](#caveats) Shallow routing **only** works for URL changes in the current page. For example, let's assume we have another page called `pages/about.js`, and you run this: router.push('/?counter=10', '/about?counter=10', { shallow: true }) Since that's a new page, it'll unload the current page, load the new one and wait for data fetching even though we asked to do shallow routing. When shallow routing is used with middleware it will not ensure the new page matches the current page like previously done without middleware. This is due to middleware being able to rewrite dynamically and can't be verified client-side without a data fetch which is skipped with shallow, so a shallow route change must always be treated as shallow. [Previous Dynamic Routes ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) [Next Redirecting ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Usage](#usage) * [getInitialProps with App](#getinitialprops-with-app) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/03-pages/01-building-your-application/01-routing/05-custom-app.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [Pages Router](/docs/pages)[...](/docs/pages/building-your-application)[Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing)Custom App Custom App ========== Next.js uses the `App` component to initialize pages. You can override it and control the page initialization and: * Create a shared layout between page changes * Inject additional data into pages * [Add global CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) [Usage](#usage) --------------- To override the default `App`, create the file `pages/_app` as shown below: pages/\_app.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import type { AppProps } from 'next/app' export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }: AppProps) { return <Component {...pageProps} /> } The `Component` prop is the active `page`, so whenever you navigate between routes, `Component` will change to the new `page`. Therefore, any props you send to `Component` will be received by the `page`. `pageProps` is an object with the initial props that were preloaded for your page by one of our [data fetching methods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching), otherwise it's an empty object. > **Good to know** > > * If your app is running and you added a custom `App`, you'll need to restart the development server. Only required if `pages/_app.js` didn't exist before. > * `App` does not support Next.js [Data Fetching methods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) like [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) or [`getServerSideProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props). [`getInitialProps` with `App`](#getinitialprops-with-app) --------------------------------------------------------- Using [`getInitialProps`](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-initial-props) in `App` will disable [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) for pages without [`getStaticProps`](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props). **We do not recommend using this pattern.** Instead, consider [incrementally adopting](/docs/app/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) the App Router, which allows you to more easily fetch data for [pages and layouts](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts). pages/\_app.tsx TypeScript JavaScriptTypeScript import App, { AppContext, AppInitialProps, AppProps } from 'next/app' type AppOwnProps = { example: string } export default function MyApp({ Component, pageProps, example, }: AppProps & AppOwnProps) { return ( <> <p>Data: {example}</p> <Component {...pageProps} /> </> ) } MyApp.getInitialProps = async ( context: AppContext ): Promise<AppOwnProps & AppInitialProps> => { const ctx = await App.getInitialProps(context) return { ...ctx, example: 'data' } } [Previous Redirecting ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) [Next Custom Document ](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) Was this helpful? supported. 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apple-icon](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/app-icons) * [manifest.json](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/manifest) * [opengraph-image and twitter-image](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/opengraph-image) * [robots.txt](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/robots) * [sitemap.xml](/docs/app/api-reference/file-conventions/metadata/sitemap) * [Functions](/docs/app/api-reference/functions) * [cookies](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/cookies) * [draftMode](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/draft-mode) * [fetch](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/fetch) * [generateImageMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-image-metadata) * [generateMetadata](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-metadata) * [generateSitemaps](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-sitemaps) * [generateStaticParams](/docs/app/api-reference/functions/generate-static-params) * 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[eslint](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [ headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [cacheHandler](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/incrementalCacheHandlerPath) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [logging](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/logging) * [mdxRs](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/mdxRs) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [Partial Prerendering (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/partial-prerendering) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [serverActions](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) * [serverComponentsExternalPackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) * [StaleTimes (experimental)](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/staleTimes) * [trailingSlash](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typedRoutes](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typedRoutes) * [typescript](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/app/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/app/api-reference/edge) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/app/api-reference/next-cli) * [Building Your Application](/docs/pages/building-your-application) * [Routing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing) * [Pages and Layouts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/pages-and-layouts) * [Dynamic Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/dynamic-routes) * [Linking and Navigating](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/linking-and-navigating) * [Redirecting](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/redirecting) * [Custom App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-app) * [Custom Document](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-document) * [API Routes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/api-routes) * [Custom Errors](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/custom-error) * [Internationalization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) * [Middleware](/docs/pages/building-your-application/routing/middleware) * [Rendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering) * [Server-side Rendering (SSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/server-side-rendering) * [Static Site Generation (SSG)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/static-site-generation) * [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) * [Client-side Rendering (CSR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/client-side-rendering) * [Edge and Node.js Runtimes](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/edge-and-nodejs-runtimes) * [Data Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching) * [getStaticProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) * [getStaticPaths](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-paths) * [Forms and Mutations](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/forms-and-mutations) * [getServerSideProps](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-server-side-props) * [Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR)](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/incremental-static-regeneration) * [Client-side Fetching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/client-side) * [Styling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling) * [CSS Modules](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-modules) * [Tailwind CSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/tailwind-css) * [CSS-in-JS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/css-in-js) * [Sass](/docs/pages/building-your-application/styling/sass) * [Optimizing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing) * [Images](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/images) * [Fonts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) * [Scripts](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/scripts) * [Static Assets](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets) * [Bundle Analyzer](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/bundle-analyzer) * [Analytics](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/analytics) * [Lazy Loading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/lazy-loading) * [Instrumentation](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/instrumentation) * [OpenTelemetry](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/open-telemetry) * [Third Party Libraries](/docs/pages/building-your-application/optimizing/third-party-libraries) * [Configuring](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring) * [TypeScript](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/typescript) * [ESLint](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/eslint) * [Environment Variables](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/environment-variables) * [Absolute Imports and Module Path Aliases](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/absolute-imports-and-module-aliases) * [src Directory](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/src-directory) * [MDX](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/mdx) * [AMP](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/amp) * [Babel](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/babel) * [PostCSS](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/post-css) * [Custom Server](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/custom-server) * [Draft Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/draft-mode) * [Error Handling](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/error-handling) * [Debugging](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/debugging) * [Preview Mode](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/preview-mode) * [Content Security Policy](/docs/pages/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) * [Testing](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing) * [Vitest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/vitest) * [Jest](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/jest) * [Playwright](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/playwright) * [Cypress](/docs/pages/building-your-application/testing/cypress) * [Authentication](/docs/pages/building-your-application/authentication) * [Deploying](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying) * [Production Checklist](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/production-checklist) * [Static Exports](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/static-exports) * [Multi Zones](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/multi-zones) * [Continuous Integration (CI) Build Caching](/docs/pages/building-your-application/deploying/ci-build-caching) * [Upgrading](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading) * [Codemods](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/codemods) * [From Pages to App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/app-router-migration) * [Migrating from Vite](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-vite) * [Migrating from Create React App](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/from-create-react-app) * [Version 14](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-14) * [Version 13](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-13) * [Version 12](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-12) * [Version 11](/docs/pages/building-your-application/upgrading/version-11) * [Version 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* [NextResponse](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/next-response) * [useAmp](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-amp) * [useReportWebVitals](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-report-web-vitals) * [useRouter](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/use-router) * [userAgent](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/userAgent) * [next.config.js Options](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js) * [assetPrefix](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/assetPrefix) * [basePath](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) * [compress](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/compress) * [crossOrigin](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/crossOrigin) * [devIndicators](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/devIndicators) * [distDir](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/distDir) * [env](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/env) * [eslint](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/eslint) * [exportPathMap](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/exportPathMap) * [generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Header Overriding Behavior](#header-overriding-behavior) * [Path Matching](#path-matching) * [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) * [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) * [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) * [Headers with basePath support](#headers-with-basepath-support) * [Headers with i18n support](#headers-with-i18n-support) * [Cache-Control](#cache-control) * [Options](#options) * [CORS](#cors) * [X-DNS-Prefetch-Control](#x-dns-prefetch-control) * [Strict-Transport-Security](#strict-transport-security) * [X-Frame-Options](#x-frame-options) * [Permissions-Policy](#permissions-policy) * [X-Content-Type-Options](#x-content-type-options) * [Referrer-Policy](#referrer-policy) * [Content-Security-Policy](#content-security-policy) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/headers.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)headers headers ======= Headers allow you to set custom HTTP headers on the response to an incoming request on a given path. To set custom HTTP headers you can use the `headers` key in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/about', headers: [ { key: 'x-custom-header', value: 'my custom header value', }, { key: 'x-another-custom-header', value: 'my other custom header value', }, ], }, ] }, } `headers` is an async function that expects an array to be returned holding objects with `source` and `headers` properties: * `source` is the incoming request path pattern. * `headers` is an array of response header objects, with `key` and `value` properties. * `basePath`: `false` or `undefined` - if false the basePath won't be included when matching, can be used for external rewrites only. * `locale`: `false` or `undefined` - whether the locale should not be included when matching. * `has` is an array of [has objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. * `missing` is an array of [missing objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. Headers are checked before the filesystem which includes pages and `/public` files. [Header Overriding Behavior](#header-overriding-behavior) --------------------------------------------------------- If two headers match the same path and set the same header key, the last header key will override the first. Using the below headers, the path `/hello` will result in the header `x-hello` being `world` due to the last header value set being `world`. next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/:path*', headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'there', }, ], }, { source: '/hello', headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, ] }, } [Path Matching](#path-matching) ------------------------------- Path matches are allowed, for example `/blog/:slug` will match `/blog/hello-world` (no nested paths): next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug', headers: [ { key: 'x-slug', value: ':slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the value }, { key: 'x-slug-:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the key value: 'my other custom header value', }, ], }, ] }, } ### [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) To match a wildcard path you can use `*` after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug*` will match `/blog/a/b/c/d/hello-world`: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug*', headers: [ { key: 'x-slug', value: ':slug*', // Matched parameters can be used in the value }, { key: 'x-slug-:slug*', // Matched parameters can be used in the key value: 'my other custom header value', }, ], }, ] }, } ### [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) To match a regex path you can wrap the regex in parenthesis after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug(\\d{1,})` will match `/blog/123` but not `/blog/abc`: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { source: '/blog/:post(\\d{1,})', headers: [ { key: 'x-post', value: ':post', }, ], }, ] }, } The following characters `(`, `)`, `{`, `}`, `:`, `*`, `+`, `?` are used for regex path matching, so when used in the `source` as non-special values they must be escaped by adding `\\` before them: next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ { // this will match `/english(default)/something` being requested source: '/english\\(default\\)/:slug', headers: [ { key: 'x-header', value: 'value', }, ], }, ] }, } [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To only apply a header when header, cookie, or query values also match the `has` field or don't match the `missing` field can be used. Both the `source` and all `has` items must match and all `missing` items must not match for the header to be applied. `has` and `missing` items can have the following fields: * `type`: `String` - must be either `header`, `cookie`, `host`, or `query`. * `key`: `String` - the key from the selected type to match against. * `value`: `String` or `undefined` - the value to check for, if undefined any value will match. A regex like string can be used to capture a specific part of the value, e.g. if the value `first-(?<paramName>.*)` is used for `first-second` then `second` will be usable in the destination with `:paramName`. next.config.js module.exports = { async headers() { return [ // if the header `x-add-header` is present, // the `x-another-header` header will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-add-header', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: 'hello', }, ], }, // if the header `x-no-header` is not present, // the `x-another-header` header will be applied { source: '/:path*', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-no-header', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: 'hello', }, ], }, // if the source, query, and cookie are matched, // the `x-authorized` header will be applied { source: '/specific/:path*', has: [ { type: 'query', key: 'page', // the page value will not be available in the // header key/values since value is provided and // doesn't use a named capture group e.g. (?<page>home) value: 'home', }, { type: 'cookie', key: 'authorized', value: 'true', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-authorized', value: ':authorized', }, ], }, // if the header `x-authorized` is present and // contains a matching value, the `x-another-header` will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-authorized', value: '(?<authorized>yes|true)', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: ':authorized', }, ], }, // if the host is `example.com`, // this header will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'host', value: 'example.com', }, ], headers: [ { key: 'x-another-header', value: ':authorized', }, ], }, ] }, } [Headers with basePath support](#headers-with-basepath-support) --------------------------------------------------------------- When leveraging [`basePath` support](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) with headers each `source` is automatically prefixed with the `basePath` unless you add `basePath: false` to the header: next.config.js module.exports = { basePath: '/docs', async headers() { return [ { source: '/with-basePath', // becomes /docs/with-basePath headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { source: '/without-basePath', // is not modified since basePath: false is set headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], basePath: false, }, ] }, } [Headers with i18n support](#headers-with-i18n-support) ------------------------------------------------------- When leveraging [`i18n` support](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) with headers each `source` is automatically prefixed to handle the configured `locales` unless you add `locale: false` to the header. If `locale: false` is used you must prefix the `source` with a locale for it to be matched correctly. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['en', 'fr', 'de'], defaultLocale: 'en', }, async headers() { return [ { source: '/with-locale', // automatically handles all locales headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { // does not handle locales automatically since locale: false is set source: '/nl/with-locale-manual', locale: false, headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { // this matches '/' since `en` is the defaultLocale source: '/en', locale: false, headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, { // this gets converted to /(en|fr|de)/(.*) so will not match the top-level // `/` or `/fr` routes like /:path* would source: '/(.*)', headers: [ { key: 'x-hello', value: 'world', }, ], }, ] }, } [Cache-Control](#cache-control) ------------------------------- You cannot set `Cache-Control` headers in `next.config.js` for pages or assets, as these headers will be overwritten in production to ensure that responses and static assets are cached effectively. Learn more about [caching](/docs/app/building-your-application/caching) with the App Router. [Options](#options) ------------------- ### [CORS](#cors) [Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS) is a security feature that allows you to control which sites can access your resources. You can set the `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` header to allow a specific origin to access your Route Handlers. async headers() { return [ { source: "/api/:path*", headers: [ { key: "Access-Control-Allow-Origin", value: "*", // Set your origin }, { key: "Access-Control-Allow-Methods", value: "GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, OPTIONS", }, { key: "Access-Control-Allow-Headers", value: "Content-Type, Authorization", }, ], }, ]; }, ### [X-DNS-Prefetch-Control](#x-dns-prefetch-control) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-DNS-Prefetch-Control) controls DNS prefetching, allowing browsers to proactively perform domain name resolution on external links, images, CSS, JavaScript, and more. This prefetching is performed in the background, so the [DNS](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Glossary/DNS) is more likely to be resolved by the time the referenced items are needed. This reduces latency when the user clicks a link. { key: 'X-DNS-Prefetch-Control', value: 'on' } ### [Strict-Transport-Security](#strict-transport-security) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Strict-Transport-Security) informs browsers it should only be accessed using HTTPS, instead of using HTTP. Using the configuration below, all present and future subdomains will use HTTPS for a `max-age` of 2 years. This blocks access to pages or subdomains that can only be served over HTTP. If you're deploying to [Vercel](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/edge-network/headers#strict-transport-security?utm_source=next-site&utm_medium=docs&utm_campaign=next-website), this header is not necessary as it's automatically added to all deployments unless you declare `headers` in your `next.config.js`. { key: 'Strict-Transport-Security', value: 'max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload' } ### [X-Frame-Options](#x-frame-options) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Frame-Options) indicates whether the site should be allowed to be displayed within an `iframe`. This can prevent against clickjacking attacks. **This header has been superseded by CSP's `frame-ancestors` option**, which has better support in modern browsers (see [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) for configuration details). { key: 'X-Frame-Options', value: 'SAMEORIGIN' } ### [Permissions-Policy](#permissions-policy) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Permissions-Policy) allows you to control which features and APIs can be used in the browser. It was previously named `Feature-Policy`. { key: 'Permissions-Policy', value: 'camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=(), browsing-topics=()' } ### [X-Content-Type-Options](#x-content-type-options) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/X-Content-Type-Options) prevents the browser from attempting to guess the type of content if the `Content-Type` header is not explicitly set. This can prevent XSS exploits for websites that allow users to upload and share files. For example, a user trying to download an image, but having it treated as a different `Content-Type` like an executable, which could be malicious. This header also applies to downloading browser extensions. The only valid value for this header is `nosniff`. { key: 'X-Content-Type-Options', value: 'nosniff' } ### [Referrer-Policy](#referrer-policy) [This header](https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Referrer-Policy) controls how much information the browser includes when navigating from the current website (origin) to another. { key: 'Referrer-Policy', value: 'origin-when-cross-origin' } ### [Content-Security-Policy](#content-security-policy) Learn more about adding a [Content Security Policy](/docs/app/building-your-application/configuring/content-security-policy) to your application. [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `missing` added. `v10.2.0` `has` added. `v9.5.0` Headers added. [Previous generateEtags ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) [Next httpAgentOptions ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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It can take the number of bytes or any string format supported by bytes, for example `1000`, `'500kb'` or `'3mb'`. next.config.js /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ module.exports = { experimental: { serverActions: { bodySizeLimit: '2mb', }, }, } [Enabling Server Actions (v13)](#enabling-server-actions-v13) ------------------------------------------------------------- Server Actions became a stable feature in Next.js 14, and are enabled by default. However, if you are using an earlier version of Next.js, you can enable them by setting `experimental.serverActions` to `true`. next.config.js /** @type {import('next').NextConfig} */ const config = { experimental: { serverActions: true, }, } module.exports = config [Previous rewrites ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) [Next serverComponentsExternalPackages ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverComponentsExternalPackages) Was this helpful? supported. Send

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[generateBuildId](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateBuildId) * [generateEtags](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/generateEtags) * [headers](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) * [httpAgentOptions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/httpAgentOptions) * [images](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/images) * [instrumentationHook](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/instrumentationHook) * [onDemandEntries](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/onDemandEntries) * [optimizePackageImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/optimizePackageImports) * [output](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/output) * [pageExtensions](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/pageExtensions) * [poweredByHeader](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/poweredByHeader) * [productionBrowserSourceMaps](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/productionBrowserSourceMaps) * [reactStrictMode](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/reactStrictMode) * [redirects](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) * [rewrites](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/rewrites) * [Runtime Config](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/runtime-configuration) * [trailingSlash](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/trailingSlash) * [transpilePackages](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/transpilePackages) * [turbo](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/turbo) * [typescript](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/typescript) * [urlImports](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/urlImports) * [webpack](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webpack) * [webVitalsAttribution](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-config-js/webVitalsAttribution) * [create-next-app](/docs/pages/api-reference/create-next-app) * [Next.js CLI](/docs/pages/api-reference/next-cli) * [Edge Runtime](/docs/pages/api-reference/edge) * [Architecture](/docs/architecture) * [Accessibility](/docs/architecture/accessibility) * [Fast Refresh](/docs/architecture/fast-refresh) * [Next.js Compiler](/docs/architecture/nextjs-compiler) * [Supported Browsers](/docs/architecture/supported-browsers) * [Turbopack](/docs/architecture/turbopack) * [Community](/docs/community) * [Contribution Guide](/docs/community/contribution-guide) On this page * [Rewrite parameters](#rewrite-parameters) * [Path Matching](#path-matching) * [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) * [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) * [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) * [Rewriting to an external URL](#rewriting-to-an-external-url) * [Incremental adoption of Next.js](#incremental-adoption-of-nextjs) * [Rewrites with basePath support](#rewrites-with-basepath-support) * [Rewrites with i18n support](#rewrites-with-i18n-support) * [Version History](#version-history) [Edit this page on GitHub](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/edit/canary/docs/02-app/02-api-reference/05-next-config-js/rewrites.mdx) [Managed Next.js (Vercel)](https://vercel.com/solutions/nextjs?utm_source=next_site&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=managed_nextjs_solutions_page) Scroll to top [App Router](/docs/app)[...](/docs/app/api-reference)[next.config.js Options](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js)rewrites rewrites ======== Rewrites allow you to map an incoming request path to a different destination path. Rewrites act as a URL proxy and mask the destination path, making it appear the user hasn't changed their location on the site. In contrast, [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) will reroute to a new page and show the URL changes. To use rewrites you can use the `rewrites` key in `next.config.js`: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/about', destination: '/', }, ] }, } Rewrites are applied to client-side routing, a `<Link href="/about">` will have the rewrite applied in the above example. `rewrites` is an async function that expects to return either an array or an object of arrays (see below) holding objects with `source` and `destination` properties: * `source`: `String` - is the incoming request path pattern. * `destination`: `String` is the path you want to route to. * `basePath`: `false` or `undefined` - if false the basePath won't be included when matching, can be used for external rewrites only. * `locale`: `false` or `undefined` - whether the locale should not be included when matching. * `has` is an array of [has objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. * `missing` is an array of [missing objects](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) with the `type`, `key` and `value` properties. When the `rewrites` function returns an array, rewrites are applied after checking the filesystem (pages and `/public` files) and before dynamic routes. When the `rewrites` function returns an object of arrays with a specific shape, this behavior can be changed and more finely controlled, as of `v10.1` of Next.js: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return { beforeFiles: [ // These rewrites are checked after headers/redirects // and before all files including _next/public files which // allows overriding page files { source: '/some-page', destination: '/somewhere-else', has: [{ type: 'query', key: 'overrideMe' }], }, ], afterFiles: [ // These rewrites are checked after pages/public files // are checked but before dynamic routes { source: '/non-existent', destination: '/somewhere-else', }, ], fallback: [ // These rewrites are checked after both pages/public files // and dynamic routes are checked { source: '/:path*', destination: `https://my-old-site.com/:path*`, }, ], } }, } > **Good to know**: rewrites in `beforeFiles` do not check the filesystem/dynamic routes immediately after matching a source, they continue until all `beforeFiles` have been checked. The order Next.js routes are checked is: 1. [headers](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/headers) are checked/applied 2. [redirects](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) are checked/applied 3. `beforeFiles` rewrites are checked/applied 4. static files from the [public directory](/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/static-assets), `_next/static` files, and non-dynamic pages are checked/served 5. `afterFiles` rewrites are checked/applied, if one of these rewrites is matched we check dynamic routes/static files after each match 6. `fallback` rewrites are checked/applied, these are applied before rendering the 404 page and after dynamic routes/all static assets have been checked. If you use [fallback: true/'blocking'](/docs/pages/api-reference/functions/get-static-paths#fallback-true) in `getStaticPaths`, the fallback `rewrites` defined in your `next.config.js` will _not_ be run. [Rewrite parameters](#rewrite-parameters) ----------------------------------------- When using parameters in a rewrite the parameters will be passed in the query by default when none of the parameters are used in the `destination`. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/old-about/:path*', destination: '/about', // The :path parameter isn't used here so will be automatically passed in the query }, ] }, } If a parameter is used in the destination none of the parameters will be automatically passed in the query. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/docs/:path*', destination: '/:path*', // The :path parameter is used here so will not be automatically passed in the query }, ] }, } You can still pass the parameters manually in the query if one is already used in the destination by specifying the query in the `destination`. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/:first/:second', destination: '/:first?second=:second', // Since the :first parameter is used in the destination the :second parameter // will not automatically be added in the query although we can manually add it // as shown above }, ] }, } > **Good to know**: Static pages from [Automatic Static Optimization](/docs/pages/building-your-application/rendering/automatic-static-optimization) or [prerendering](/docs/pages/building-your-application/data-fetching/get-static-props) params from rewrites will be parsed on the client after hydration and provided in the query. [Path Matching](#path-matching) ------------------------------- Path matches are allowed, for example `/blog/:slug` will match `/blog/hello-world` (no nested paths): next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug', destination: '/news/:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } ### [Wildcard Path Matching](#wildcard-path-matching) To match a wildcard path you can use `*` after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug*` will match `/blog/a/b/c/d/hello-world`: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog/:slug*', destination: '/news/:slug*', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } ### [Regex Path Matching](#regex-path-matching) To match a regex path you can wrap the regex in parenthesis after a parameter, for example `/blog/:slug(\\d{1,})` will match `/blog/123` but not `/blog/abc`: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/old-blog/:post(\\d{1,})', destination: '/blog/:post', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } The following characters `(`, `)`, `{`, `}`, `[`, `]`, `|`, `\`, `^`, `.`, `:`, `*`, `+`, `-`, `?`, `$` are used for regex path matching, so when used in the `source` as non-special values they must be escaped by adding `\\` before them: next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { // this will match `/english(default)/something` being requested source: '/english\\(default\\)/:slug', destination: '/en-us/:slug', }, ] }, } [Header, Cookie, and Query Matching](#header-cookie-and-query-matching) ----------------------------------------------------------------------- To only match a rewrite when header, cookie, or query values also match the `has` field or don't match the `missing` field can be used. Both the `source` and all `has` items must match and all `missing` items must not match for the rewrite to be applied. `has` and `missing` items can have the following fields: * `type`: `String` - must be either `header`, `cookie`, `host`, or `query`. * `key`: `String` - the key from the selected type to match against. * `value`: `String` or `undefined` - the value to check for, if undefined any value will match. A regex like string can be used to capture a specific part of the value, e.g. if the value `first-(?<paramName>.*)` is used for `first-second` then `second` will be usable in the destination with `:paramName`. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ // if the header `x-rewrite-me` is present, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-rewrite-me', }, ], destination: '/another-page', }, // if the header `x-rewrite-me` is not present, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', missing: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-rewrite-me', }, ], destination: '/another-page', }, // if the source, query, and cookie are matched, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/specific/:path*', has: [ { type: 'query', key: 'page', // the page value will not be available in the // destination since value is provided and doesn't // use a named capture group e.g. (?<page>home) value: 'home', }, { type: 'cookie', key: 'authorized', value: 'true', }, ], destination: '/:path*/home', }, // if the header `x-authorized` is present and // contains a matching value, this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'header', key: 'x-authorized', value: '(?<authorized>yes|true)', }, ], destination: '/home?authorized=:authorized', }, // if the host is `example.com`, // this rewrite will be applied { source: '/:path*', has: [ { type: 'host', value: 'example.com', }, ], destination: '/another-page', }, ] }, } [Rewriting to an external URL](#rewriting-to-an-external-url) ------------------------------------------------------------- Examples * [Incremental adoption of Next.js](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/custom-routes-proxying) * [Using Multiple Zones](https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/with-zones) Rewrites allow you to rewrite to an external url. This is especially useful for incrementally adopting Next.js. The following is an example rewrite for redirecting the `/blog` route of your main app to an external site. next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog', destination: 'https://example.com/blog', }, { source: '/blog/:slug', destination: 'https://example.com/blog/:slug', // Matched parameters can be used in the destination }, ] }, } If you're using `trailingSlash: true`, you also need to insert a trailing slash in the `source` parameter. If the destination server is also expecting a trailing slash it should be included in the `destination` parameter as well. next.config.js module.exports = { trailingSlash: true, async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/blog/', destination: 'https://example.com/blog/', }, { source: '/blog/:path*/', destination: 'https://example.com/blog/:path*/', }, ] }, } ### [Incremental adoption of Next.js](#incremental-adoption-of-nextjs) You can also have Next.js fall back to proxying to an existing website after checking all Next.js routes. This way you don't have to change the rewrites configuration when migrating more pages to Next.js next.config.js module.exports = { async rewrites() { return { fallback: [ { source: '/:path*', destination: `https://custom-routes-proxying-endpoint.vercel.app/:path*`, }, ], } }, } ### [Rewrites with basePath support](#rewrites-with-basepath-support) When leveraging [`basePath` support](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/basePath) with rewrites each `source` and `destination` is automatically prefixed with the `basePath` unless you add `basePath: false` to the rewrite: next.config.js module.exports = { basePath: '/docs', async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/with-basePath', // automatically becomes /docs/with-basePath destination: '/another', // automatically becomes /docs/another }, { // does not add /docs to /without-basePath since basePath: false is set // Note: this can not be used for internal rewrites e.g. `destination: '/another'` source: '/without-basePath', destination: 'https://example.com', basePath: false, }, ] }, } ### [Rewrites with i18n support](#rewrites-with-i18n-support) When leveraging [`i18n` support](/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/internationalization) with rewrites each `source` and `destination` is automatically prefixed to handle the configured `locales` unless you add `locale: false` to the rewrite. If `locale: false` is used you must prefix the `source` and `destination` with a locale for it to be matched correctly. next.config.js module.exports = { i18n: { locales: ['en', 'fr', 'de'], defaultLocale: 'en', }, async rewrites() { return [ { source: '/with-locale', // automatically handles all locales destination: '/another', // automatically passes the locale on }, { // does not handle locales automatically since locale: false is set source: '/nl/with-locale-manual', destination: '/nl/another', locale: false, }, { // this matches '/' since `en` is the defaultLocale source: '/en', destination: '/en/another', locale: false, }, { // it's possible to match all locales even when locale: false is set source: '/:locale/api-alias/:path*', destination: '/api/:path*', locale: false, }, { // this gets converted to /(en|fr|de)/(.*) so will not match the top-level // `/` or `/fr` routes like /:path* would source: '/(.*)', destination: '/another', }, ] }, } [Version History](#version-history) ----------------------------------- Version Changes `v13.3.0` `missing` added. `v10.2.0` `has` added. `v9.5.0` Headers added. [Previous redirects ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/redirects) [Next serverActions ](/docs/app/api-reference/next-config-js/serverActions) Was this helpful? supported. Send