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Who played the title role in the film version of Jesus Christ Superstar?

Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Film version of the musical stage play, presenting the last few weeks of Christ's life, told in an anachronistic manner. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 36 titles created 31 Oct 2011 a list of 34 titles created 22 Aug 2012 a list of 41 titles created 26 Oct 2012 a list of 30 titles created 14 Oct 2015 a list of 24 titles created 8 months ago Title: Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) 7.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards  » Photos Celebrating 40 years since it first opened in London's West End, Andrew Lloyd Webber's new production of Jesus Christ Superstar. Director: Laurence Connor Claude leaves the family ranch in Oklahoma for New York where he is rapidly indoctrinated into the youth subculture and subsequently drafted. Director: Milos Forman An adaption of the musical, in a modern-day song-and-dance recreation of the Gospel of St. Matthew. Director: David Greene Edit Storyline Based on a concept album project written by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice, and the subsequent long-running Broadway performance, this film tells the story of the final 6 days in the life of Jesus Christ through the troubled eyes of Judas Iscariot. Too often mis-labeled a musical, this film is a "rock opera." There are no spoken lines, everything is sung. Written by Ralf Southard <rps8@psu.edu> and now the film... See more  » Genres: 15 August 1973 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: 108 min Sound Mix: 70 mm 6-Track (Westrex Recording System) (70 mm prints)| Mono (35 mm optical prints)| 4-Track Stereo (35 mm magnetic prints) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Ted Neeley almost missed out on being cast in Jesus Christ Superstar (1973). After inviting director Norman Jewison to see him in a matinee performance of The Who's Tommy (1975), he was injured during a show just prior to the one Jewison had bought a ticket to see. He recovered in time for the next show. Immediately following this, he drove from Los Angeles to Jewison's hotel in Palm Springs and dressed up as Jesus Christ. (Norman was leaving for Israel soon thereafter, to shoot the movie.) Not only did Jewison accept his explanation and apology, but he also gave him the title role in the film. See more » Goofs At the end of "King Herod's Song", the camera shakes when Herod throws a bagel at Jesus. See more » Quotes Pontius Pilate : [to Jesus after the 39 lashes] You're a fool, Jesus Christ! How can I help you? (Orlando) – See all my reviews I've heard much criticism of this film over many years, and the most annoying criticism is that it didn't have the vitality of the stage productions back "in the day". There isn't much many of us can do about that, though I did see a road production of it about 7 or 8 years ago. The most interesting thing about this film is that it was set in "modern" times, rather than in biblical times. Roman soldiers wearing shiny helmets, and carrying machine guns is a real attention grabber. The ruins used in the film added another fascinating aspect to the production. In short, the anachronistic approach in the visuals, the lyrics, and the music itself make this a genuinely unique, and clever film. I thought all the acting, singing, and dancing was great, and still appears to be rather fresh and modern. The lyrics were the most memorable of any movie I've ever seen. There were many of us that could quickly memorize the entire opera from listening to the soundtrack (no videos back then), and have much fun "play acting" ourselves. The use of Judas as a primary character was probably the single most important aspect of the film. One has to wonder how Judas became one of the inner circle of disciples i

What was the name of the sax player in New York New York who fell for Francine?

Audience Reviews for New York, New York ½ Did you know that the song "New York, New York," which Frank Sinatra made so famous, was originally written for the 1977 Martin Scorsese film of the same name and first performed in that film? I can't believe it, but I didn't know that. I thought it was a song from the 1940s originally recorded by Sinatra. The song was written by the legendary Broadway team of John Kander and Fred Ebb specifically for Scorsese's film and first sung by Liza Minnelli, who starred in the film opposite Robert de Niro. It's good to get that history finally straight. Now for the movie. It's known as Scorsese's only bomb, with the famous theme song its only redeeming quality. I wouldn't go quite that far. There are things about the film that I find wonderful. But overall, it is a failure. I love what Scorsese tried to do. Fresh from his triumph with "Taxi Driver" (1975), Scorsese could easily have gone on auto-pilot, churning out another gritty, masculine, urban neo-noir. Instead he did the complete opposite. He follows "Taxi Driver" up with a musical! My God, that is gutsy. I admire the cojones but not the final product. Scorsese stumbled awkwardly through the whole film; almost every scene has a false tone. The editing is atrocious, with every scene twice as long as it should be. The sets are so cheap and fake that at one point Minnelli virtually rips a railing apart with her bare hands. And they didn't cut out that scene! Scorsese surely chose the cheesy sets intentionally. I think he was trying to pay homage to the movies of the 1940s, particularly the female-driven melodramas (so-called "women's pictures"), which were always filmed on cheap Hollywood backlots. I absolutely love this idea. But it just does not come off well. The only way this could have worked is if the melodrama had been so captivating that it transported you back to the first time you saw "Mildred Pierce." (I can still remember seeing it for the first time on television as a teenager. Unforgettable.) But Scorsese really fell down on the job when it comes to story development -- always a disaster when you're trying to do melodrama. I really never cared about either of the two main characters. So rather than getting swept up by emotion, I found myself limply watching actors pretend to have feelings. It's actually hard to get through this movie. Its running time is also particularly long. It was a courageously un-hip and un-masculine tribute to old movies, but it just doesn't come together. Save for the title song, which is an old-fashioned masterpiece, "New York, New York" is a misfire. William Dunmyer Super Reviewer This is a Scorsese film that typically gets overlooked, and, while I can see why (to a degree), I think it's actually pretty good, and probably one of his most underrated- and that last little bit is something that needs to change. The film was a departure and an experiment for Marty. It was his follow-up to Taxi Driver, and needless to say, this didn't make the impression left by that one. For this, Scorsese decided to abandon the gritty realism of his previous works and craft a loveletter to his city, big band (and some jazz) music, and the lavishly produced movie musicals of Old Hollywood. It was a noble effort, and no one can deny the fact that this is made with tons of love, care, and respect. The film follows a go-getter sax player named Jimmy Doyle who's got talent, but can also be overwhelmingly obnoxious, stubborn, and hard to deal with. He meets a low level club singer with big hopes and the two form a perfonal and professional relationship with one another. Over time though, the pressure of show biz see the fall of their love as their careers rise. In order to bring his vision to life, Scorsese and his director of photography Laszlo Kovacs and production designer Boris Levin used intentionally artificial looking sets and specific lighting to recall the old days of studio musicals, with a touch of film noirish qualities thrown in for good measure. The result is gorgeous and one of the best made h

Who was the leader of the band that appeared in The Brady Bunch Movie?

The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Brady Bunch Movie ( 1995 ) PG-13 | The original '70s T.V. family is now placed in the 1990s, where they're even more square and out of place than ever. Director: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. User Lists Related lists from IMDb users a list of 43 titles created 01 Apr 2012 a list of 34 titles created 24 Feb 2013 a list of 21 titles created 09 May 2015 a list of 47 titles created 9 months ago a list of 33 titles created 7 months ago Title: The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) 5.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Edit Storyline Mike Brady and his wife Carol Brady have just only one week to come up with $20,000 in back taxes or their house is sold and they'll have no choice but to move. And it's up to the Brady kids to secretly raise money and save the homestead before they lose their house to their scheming neighbor Mr. Larry Dittmeyer. Written by Anthony Pereyra <hypersonic91@yahoo.com> They're back to save America from the '90s Genres: Rated PG-13 for racy innuendos | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 17 February 1995 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: A Brady család See more  » Filming Locations: £904,340 (UK) (16 June 1995) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The judges at the "Search for the Stars" are Davy Jones , Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork - three of the original The Monkees (1966). Michael Nesmith is the only one missing. See more » Goofs When Cindy Brady delivers the Dittmeyer's mail, Larry Dittmeyer is running on his treadmill. The Bloody Mary, in the drink holder, has no celery stick in the glass but, in a following close-up, a celery stick appears in the drink from nowhere. See more » Quotes [Mrs. Dittmeyer tucks mail into Greg's pants] Mrs. Dena Dittmeyer : My, you've gotten so big. You're almost as big as your daddy. See more » Crazy Credits During the closing credits, which mimic the television series, Florence Henderson (playing the Grandmother) is seen with a bottle of Wesson Cooking Oil. In the 1980s, Henderson did commercials for Wesson. See more » Connections See more » Frequently Asked Questions Extremely funny, very clever too 11 September 2000 | by Boyo-2 – See all my reviews Out of all the movies that have been made from old TV shows, this is perhaps the best. The plot is as thin as one you see on the show and. The dialogue is killer - when Marcia is insecure about her injured nose on a date, the guy reassures her, "its not your nose I'm after". Quite alot of the jokes are of the double-meaning style and most of them are very funny. Gary Cole takes the acting honors, as he is just as sincere are Robert Reed was. I was never the biggest fan of the show, but this movie made me wish I were. Also it was great seeing Davey Jones of the Monkees! 19 of 23 people found this review helpful.  Was this review helpful to you? Yes

"In which film was chorus girl Peggy Sawyer told to ""come back a star?"""

42nd Street (film) - Wikiquote 42nd Street (film) Jump to: navigation , search 42nd Street is a 1933 musical film about a producer who puts on what may be his last Broadway show, and at the last moment must replace the star with a chorus girl. Directed by Lloyd Bacon . Written by Rian James and James Seymour , based on the novel by Bradford Ropes . Contents Julian Marsh[ edit ] [to his financiers] You'll get your Pretty Lady. You haven't got anything to worry about. I'm not gonna let you down because I can't afford to. I've given everything I've had to that gulch down there and it's taken all I had to offer. Oh, it paid me, sure, in money I couldn't hang on to - fair-weather friends, women, headlines! Hah! Why even the cops and the newsboys recognize me on sight. 'Marsh, the Magnificent.' 'Marsh the Slave-Driver!' Actors tell ya how Marsh drove 'em and bullied 'em and even tore it out of 'em! And maybe there's a few that'll tell ya how Marsh really made 'em. And they've all got somethin' to show for it - except Marsh. Well, this is my last shot! I'll make a few more actors. But this time, I'm gonna sock my money away so hard that they'll have to blast to find enough to buy a newspaper. That's why I'm goin' ahead with Pretty Lady. And Pretty Lady's got to be a hit. It's my last show and it's got to be my best. You're counting on me. Well, I'm counting on Pretty Lady, because it's got to support me for a long time to come. All right, now, everybody. Quiet, and listen to me. Tomorrow morning, we're gonna start a show. We're gonna rehearse for five weeks and we're gonna open on scheduled time. [He brandishes his cigarette] - And I mean scheduled time. You're gonna work and sweat and work some more. You're gonna work days and you're gonna work nights. And you're gonna work between time when I think you need it. You're gonna dance until your feet fall off and you're not able to stand up any longer. BUT five weeks from now, we're going to have a show! Now, some of you people have been with me before. You know it's gonna be a tough grind. It's gonna be the toughest five weeks that you ever lived through. Do you all get that? Now anybody who doesn't think he's gonna like it had better quit right now. What do I hear? Nobody? Good. Then that's settled. We start tomorrow morning. Sawyer, you listen to me, and you listen hard. Two hundred people, two hundred jobs, two hundred thousand dollars, five weeks of grind and blood and sweat depend upon you. It's the lives of all these people who've worked with you. You've got to go on, and you've got to give and give and give. They've got to like you. Got to. Do you understand? You can't fall down. You can't because your future's in it, my future and everything all of us have is staked on you. All right, now I'm through, but you keep your feet on the ground and your head on those shoulders of yours and go out, and Sawyer, you're going out a youngster but you've got to come back a star!

What are the last lines of My Fair Lady?

Professor Henry Higgins (Character) - Quotes Professor Henry Higgins (Character) My Fair Lady (1964) Professor Henry Higgins : She's so deliciously low. So horribly dirty. Professor Henry Higgins : Eliza, you are to stay here for the next six months learning to speak beautifully, like a lady in a florist's shop. If you work hard and do as you're told, you shall sleep in a proper bedroom, have lots to eat, and money to buy chocolates and go for rides in taxis. But if you are naughty and idle, you shall sleep in the back kitchen amongst the black beetles, and be wolloped by Mrs. Pearce with a broomstick. At the end of six months you will be taken to Buckingham Palace, in a carriage, beautifully dressed. If the king finds out you are not a lady, you will be taken to the Tower of London, where your head will be cut off as a warning to other presumptuous flower girls! But if you are not found out, you shall have a present... of, ah... seven and six to start life with as a lady in a shop. If you refuse this offer, you will be the most ungrateful, wicked girl, and the angels will weep for you. Professor Henry Higgins : Damn, damn, damn, DAMN! [astonished] Professor Henry Higgins : I've grown accustomed to her face! She almost makes the day begin! I've grown accustomed to the tune that she whistles night and noon. Her smiles, her frowns, her ups, her downs, are second nature to me now, like breathing out and breathing in... I was serenely independent and content before we met! Surely I could always be that way again... And yet... I've grown accustomed to her looks, accustomed to her voice, accustomed... to her... face. Professor Henry Higgins : Marry Freddy! What an infantile idea, what a heartless, wicked, brainless thing to do. She'll regret it. She'll regret it! It's doomed before they even take the vow. [sings] Professor Henry Higgins : I can see her now, "Mrs. Freddy Einsford-Hill," in a wretched little flat above a store. I can see her now! Not a penny in the till, and a bill-collector beating at the door! She'll try to teach the things *I* taught her... and end up selling flowers instead! Begging for her bread and water! While her husband has his breakfast in bed! In a year or so, when she's prematurely gray, and the blossom in her cheek has turned to chalk, she'll come home, and lo! He'll have upped and run away with a social climbing heiress from New York! Poor Eliza! How simply frightful! How humiliating! How *delightful*! Professor Henry Higgins : How poignant it will be on that inevitable night, when she shows up on my door in tears and rags! Miserable and lonely, repentant and contrite! Shall I take her in, or hurl her to the wolves? Give her kindness, or the treatment she deserves? Will I take her back, or THROW THE BAGGAGE OUT? Well, I'm a most forgiving man. The sort who never could, ever would, take a position and staunchly never budge. A *most* forgiving man... But, I shall NEVER take her back! If she were crawling on her KNEES! Let her promise to atone, let her shiver, let her moan, I'll slam the door and let the hellcat FREEZE! Marry Freddy! HA! [turns to unlock the door, but stops in despair] Professor Henry Higgins : But I'm so used to hear her say, "Good morning" every day... Her joys, her woes, her highs, her lows, are second nature to me now, like breathing out and breathing in... I'm very grateful she's a woman, and so easy to forget! Rather like a habit one can always break... And yet... I've grown accustomed to the trace... of something in the air... Accustomed... to her... face. Professor Henry Higgins : Why can't a woman be more like a man? Professor Henry Higgins : She's an owl, sickened by a few days of *my* sunshine. Professor Henry Higgins : [quietly, bewildered] She's gone. Mrs. Higgins : Well, of course, dear, what did you expect? Mrs. Higgins : Do without, I suppose. [pause] Professor Henry Higgins : And so I shall! If the Higgins oxygen burns up her little lungs, let her seek some stuffiness that suits her. She's an owl sickened by a few days of my sunshine. Very

In The Muppet Movie what was the name of the restaurant Doc Hopper wanted to open?

The Muppet Movie | Muppet Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Rated G The Muppet Movie is the first of a series of live-action musical feature films starring the Muppets . The film is a movie-in-a-movie, as we see Kermit the Frog and the rest of the Muppets gathering for the first screening of "The Muppet Movie." Kermit notes to his nephew Robin as the lights dim that the movie is a somewhat fictionalized account of the true story of how the Muppets first got together. The movie was a critical and commercial success. In 2009, the film was selected by the U.S. National Film Preservation Board for preservation in the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress. [1] Contents [ show ] Synopsis As the story opens, Kermit is enjoying a relaxing afternoon in the swamp, singing a tune and strumming his banjo, when he is approached by an agent who recognizes his talents and encourages Kermit to pursue a career in Hollywood. Inspired by the idea of making millions of people happy, Kermit sets off on his trusty bicycle . Almost immediately, he is pursued by the conniving Doc Hopper ( Charles Durning ), owner of a struggling french-fried frog legs restaurant franchise who has set his sights on Kermit as a potential new mascot. Kermit stops at the El Sleezo Cafe , where he meets Fozzie Bear working the place as a stand-up comedian. Kermit invites Fozzie to join him on his quest for stardom, and together they continue on their journey. They make several new friends along the way, including Dr. Teeth and the Electric Mayhem rock band (whom they bring up to speed on current events by giving them a copy of the movie script); Gonzo the traveling plumber and Camilla , his chicken girlfriend; and the inimitable Miss Piggy , who leaps at the chance to accompany the group to Hollywood. After Kermit manages to evade Doc Hopper's persuasive tactics a number of times, Doc Hopper responds by capturing Miss Piggy in order to lure Kermit into his clutches. Kermit is very nearly lobotomized by a mad scientist's electronic cerebrectomy device, intended to brainwash him into performing in Doc Hopper's TV commercials, until Miss Piggy, after being insulted by said mad scientist, manages a last-minute rescue with some black belt karate maneuvers. Refusing to run from a bully for the rest of his life, Kermit resolves to face Doc Hopper in a showdown. He gives an impassioned plea to allow him and his friends to continue on their way and make their dreams come true. Although the speech falls on deaf ears, Kermit and friends are saved at the last moment by Animal , who has gotten into Dr. Bunsen Honeydew 's growth pills and successfully scares away Hopper and his henchmen. Behind the Scenes with the Fan Club Big Bird's credit. A 1979 Muppet Show Fan Club newsletter (vol. 2, no. 1) featured an article with behind the scenes information about the movie: "The Muppet Movie comes to your neighborhood theaters this summer. If you think it's a film version of The Muppet Show, you're in for a surprise. For one thing, it doesn't take place in the theater. The Muppet Movie is set in the real world -- it's like waiting in line at a gas station and looking up to find Fozzie and Kermit driving the next car over. After you've seen the movie, you'll ask, 'How did they do it?' -- Well, here is some inside information so that you can whisper to the person sitting next to you in the movie theater, 'I know how they did that.' "How does Kermit sit on a log in the middle of a swamp? Simple. Jim Henson squeezed into a specially designed metal container complete with an air hose (to breathe), a rubber sleeve which came out of the top (to work Kermit) and a monitor (to see what Kermit was doing), and positioned himself under the water, under the log, under the Frog. Jim spent about five days in this bathysphere. (It's not easy...) "How does Fozzie drive a car? He doesn't -- a midget drives the car by remote control from the trunk, using a television monitor to guide his steering. The puppeteers were lying on the seat or were scrunched on the floor and couldn't see a thing. The fi

Who directed The Cable Guy?

The Cable Guy (1996) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A lonely and disturbed cable guy raised on television just wants a new friend, but his target, a designer, rejects him, with bad consequences. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON TV a list of 41 titles created 18 Jun 2011 a list of 22 titles created 06 Nov 2011 a list of 24 images created 02 Mar 2013 a list of 35 titles created 07 Dec 2013 a list of 24 titles created 04 Feb 2015 Title: The Cable Guy (1996) 6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 3 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards  » Videos A nice-guy cop with dissociative identity disorder must protect a woman on the run from a corrupt ex-boyfriend and his associates. Directors: Bobby Farrelly, Peter Farrelly Stars: Jim Carrey, Renée Zellweger, Anthony Anderson A fast-track lawyer can't lie for 24 hours due to his son's birthday wish after he turns his son down for the last time. Director: Tom Shadyac Ace Ventura, Pet Detective, returns from a spiritual quest to investigate the disappearance of a rare white bat, the sacred animal of a tribe in Africa. Director: Steve Oedekerk A goofy detective specializing in animals goes in search of a missing dolphin mascot of a football team. Director: Tom Shadyac When an affluent couple lose all their money following a series of blunders, they turn to a life of crime to make ends meet. Director: Dean Parisot Bank clerk Stanley Ipkiss is transformed into a manic superhero when he wears a mysterious mask. Director: Chuck Russell The cross-country adventures of two good-hearted but incredibly stupid friends. Directors: Peter Farrelly, Bobby Farrelly Stars: Jim Carrey, Jeff Daniels, Lauren Holly A guy who complains about God too often is given almighty powers to teach him how difficult it is to run the world. Director: Tom Shadyac A guy challenges himself to say "yes" to everything for an entire year. Director: Peyton Reed Male nurse Greg Focker meets his girlfriend's parents before proposing, but her suspicious father is every date's worst nightmare. Director: Jay Roach All hell breaks loose when the Byrnes family meets the Focker family for the first time. Director: Jay Roach The life and career of a legendary comedian, Andy Kaufman . Director: Milos Forman Edit Storyline Steven Kovak has been kicked out of his apartment by his girlfriend. Steven has a new apartment, and decides to slip the cable guy (Chip) $50 for free cable. Steven then fakes an interest in Chip's line of work. However Chip takes this to heart trying to become Steven's best bud. When Steven no longer wants to be Chips friend the man who can do it all goes on an all out assault to ruin Steven's life. In the backdrop is the delicate sub-plot of the trial of a former kid star for murdering his brother. Written by Wayne Jamieson <jamtin@OntheNet.com.au> There's No Such Thing as Free Cable See more  » Genres: Rated PG-13 for dark thematic elements and crude humor | See all certifications  » Parents Guide: 14 June 1996 (USA) See more  » Also Known As: $19,806,226 (USA) (14 June 1996) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Chris Farley was originally up for the part of Chip Doulas. Farley had a two picture deal with Paramount. After Tommy Boy (1995), he was obligated to make another movie and was offered this role for $3 million which was a huge amount for him. He also had the chance to make another movie with David Spade , for nowhere near the amount he was going to get for this film. They both decided they may have a chance to make another Tommy Boy (1995). Chris turned down the film and Jim Carrey got it for $20 million. See more » Goofs At the karaoke party, Chip sings "Somebody to Love" by Jefferson Airplane , which he says was featured in Gimme Shelter , the documentary about The Rolling Stones concert at A

What type of drug is Sherman Klump trying to perfect in The Nutty Professor?

Klump Family Dinner - The Nutty Professor (3/12) Movie CLIP (1996) HD - YouTube Klump Family Dinner - The Nutty Professor (3/12) Movie CLIP (1996) HD Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on May 30, 2011 The Nutty Professor movie clips: http://j.mp/1CM1rDK BUY THE MOVIE: http://amzn.to/vFPomT Don't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6pr CLIP DESCRIPTION: The Klump family eats a hearty dinner as they discuss weight and formerly overweight black celebrities. FILM DESCRIPTION: Eddie Murphy gives one of Jerry Lewis' best-remembered vehicles a 1990s overhaul in this hit comedy. Sherman Klump (Murphy) is a college professor and respected biochemistry researcher who is kind, considerate, and a genuinely nice guy. Sherman is also appallingly overweight; coupled with the fact that he's painfully shy and a bit clumsy, his romantic prospects are rather bleak. When Sherman finds himself working with a pretty graduate student, Carla Purty (Jada Pinkett), he falls in love and is eager to impress her, but at an upscale nightclub, his weight attracts the attention of an insult comic (Dave Chappelle) and his bumbling spoils the evening. Sherman's latest project is a genetic weight loss formula, and despondent over his failure to win Carla's heart, he subjects himself to a massive dose. Suddenly, Sherman is transformed into the slim, trim, and handsome Buddy Love; however, the drug also boosts his testosterone level, turning the likable Sherman into the arrogant, skirt-chasing Buddy. In addition to playing Sherman and Buddy, Eddie Murphy also plays four other members of the porcine Klump family, as well as eccentric exercise guru Lance Perkins. CREDITS:

Which First Lady had to give evidence over the Whitewater scandal?

Washingtonpost.com: Hillary Clinton and the Whitewater Controversy: A Close-Up Hillary Clinton and the Whitewater Controversy: A Close-Up By David Maraniss and Susan Schmidt Washington Post Staff Writers Sunday, June 2, 1996; Page A01 The First Lady and Whitewater: Who's Who JAMES B. McDOUGAL Friend of Bill Clinton and gubernatorial aide during Clinton's first term, he was a partner with the Clintons in the Whitewater real estate venture and owned the failed Madison Guaranty Savings & Loan. He was convicted last week on federal fraud and conspiracy charges. SUSAN McDOUGAL James McDougal's former wife and partner in the Whitewater real estate venture. She was also convicted last week in the Whitewater-related fraud trial. RICHARD MASSEY Young associate at the Rose Law Firm when Madison Guaranty became a client in 1985. Hillary Rodham Clinton has said Massey played a key role in bringing in Madison as a Rose client, but he does not remember the events in the same way. RONALD CLARK Current managing partner of the Rose Law Firm. While Hillary Clinton has said Massey asked for her help in getting McDougal to pay his outstanding legal bills in April 1985, Clark maintains that they were already paid by November 1984. GARY BUNCH Onetime president of Madison Bank & Trust, another McDougal-owned financial entity that owed money to the Rose Law Firm. BEVERLY BASSETT SCHAFFER A Gov. Bill Clinton appointee to the Arkansas Securities Commission, she took a telephone call from Hillary Clinton in April 1985, six days after McDougal put Rose Law Firm on retainer. SETH WARD Arkansas businessman hired by McDougal to assist in land acquisition for the Castle Grande project, and Webster Hubbell's father-in-law. Hillary Clinton worked with Ward on certain legal details of the project she knew as IDC. WEBSTER L. HUBBELL President Clinton's appointee as associate U.S. attorney general and former partner in the Rose firm, he pleaded guilty to defrauding the firm and its clients through false billings. JIM GUY TUCKER Arkansas governor convicted last week on mail fraud and conspiracy charges linked to the Castle Grande deal. He announced his intention to resign this summer. DAVID HALE Former Arkansas municipal judge and owner of a small business investment company, he pleaded guilty to defrauding the federal Small Business Administration and was the chief government witness in the trial of the McDougals and Gov. Tucker. SAM BRATTON An aide to Gov. Clinton who oversaw regulatory issues, he was alerted by Arkansas Securities Commissioner Schaffer that McDougal's S&L was in trouble with federal authorities. VINCENT FOSTER Former Rose Law Firm partner who went to the Clinton White House as deputy counsel. At Rose, Foster had been billing partner in work the firm did for Madison Bank & Trust. CAROLYN HUBER Former Rose Law Firm office manager who worked in the White House residence handling the Clintons' personal correspondence. She packed away Hillary Clinton's law firm records in a box of "knickknacks" and said she was unaware they were the long-sought Rose billing records. DAVID R. GERGEN As counselor to the president, Gergen advised the Clintons to share all Whitewater-related documents with The Washington Post in December 1993. In an interview in January, Hillary Clinton suggested that she and the president had done just that with the New York Times during the 1992 campaign, but five days later the White House issued a clarification saying she was mistaken. ALSTON JENNINGS Prominent Little Rock lawyer who represented businessman Seth Ward. He visited the White House residence and talked with Hillary Clinton and her lawyer David Kendall around the time the first lady's law firm billing records appeared on a table in the third-floor book room of the White House residence. DAVID KENDALL The first lady's personal lawyer on Whitewater issues announced discovery of the billing records and turned them over to the independent counsel. Kendall called the billing records episode "another of the meaningless mysteries of Whitewater." In the four years that Hil

"About which British politician did Francois Mitterrand say, ""She has the mouth of Marilyn Monroe and the eyes of Caligula?"""

In quotes: Margaret Thatcher - BBC News BBC News Close share panel Media captionMargaret Thatcher in her own words Baroness Thatcher was seldom one to hold back her views. Here are some of the things she said - and which were said about her. CONVICTION POLITICIAN "I love argument. I love debate. I don't expect anyone just to sit there and agree with me - that's not their job." 1980 "I am not a consensus politician. I'm a conviction politician." 1979 "I don't mind how much my ministers talk, as long as they do what I say." 1980 "Where there is discord, may we bring harmony. Where there is error, may we bring truth. Where there is doubt, may we bring faith. Where there is despair, may we bring hope." Quoting St Francis of Assisi, on her 1979 election victory. "To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catchphrase, the U-turn, I have only one thing to say. You turn if you want to. The lady's not for turning." 10 October 1980, Conservative party conference SPEAKING HER MIND "Nobody would remember the Good Samaritan if he had only good intentions. He had money as well." 1980 "We had to fight the enemy without in the Falklands. We always have to be aware of the enemy within, which is much more difficult to fight and more dangerous to liberty." On the 1984-85 miners' strike "There is no such thing as society. There are individual men and women and there are families." 1987 WOMAN IN A MAN'S WORLD "No woman in my time will be prime minister or foreign secretary - not the top jobs. Anyway, I wouldn't want to be prime minister. You have to give yourself 100% to the job." 1969, in opposition as Conservative MP for Finchley "Any woman who understands the problems of running a home will be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country." 1979, the year she became prime minister "We have become a grandmother." On the birth of her first grandchild, 1989 ON EUROPE "We are not asking for a penny piece of Community money for Britain. What we are asking is for a very large amount of our own money back." At the European Union summit in Dublin, 1979 "We have not successfully rolled back the frontiers of the state in Britain only to see them re-imposed at a European level, with a European superstate exercising a new dominance from Brussels." 1988 "No! No! No!" House of Commons 20 October 1990, the climax of an anti-European outburst that moved Geoffrey Howe to quit as deputy prime minister and deliver the resignation speech calling for her to be challenged for her job THE END OF THE AFFAIR "I fight on, I fight to win." 21 November 1990, after failing to win enough votes to avoid a second round in the Tory leadership contest. She resigned the next day "It's a funny old world." 27 November 1990, at her last cabinet meeting "It was treachery with a smile on its face. Perhaps that was the worst thing of all." 1993, on the cabinet colleagues who had advised her to stand down. LIFE AFTER OFFICE "Home is where you come to when you've got nothing better to do." May 1991, six months after leaving Number 10 ...AND WHAT THEY SAID ABOUT HER "She has the eyes of Caligula but the mouth of Marilyn Monroe." French President Francois Mitterrand "She was always an attractive woman. She had not merely a film star's attractiveness; she could also behave like a film star when she chose to do so." Sir Bernard Ingham, her Downing Street press secretary "This woman is headstrong, obstinate and dangerously self-opinionated." ICI personnel department assessment, rejecting job application from the then Margaret Roberts in 1948

Nigel Short was the youngest champion in which game in 1984?

The chess games of Nigel Short IM (1979); GM (1984); British Champion (1984, 1987, 1998); English Champion (1991); European Union Champion (2001); Commonwealth Champion (2006 & 2008); Candidate (1985, 1988, 1991, 1994 (PCA)); World Championship Challenger (PCA) (1993). Background Nigel David Short was born in Leigh in Lancashire, the second son of Jean and David Short. A bona fide chess prodigy, Short defeated Viktor Korchnoi in a simul at the age of 10 and was the youngest ever qualifier for the British Championships at the age of 11. When he earned his International Master title at the age of 14, he was at that time the youngest ever to earn that title. When he won the Grandmaster title at the age of 19, he was the youngest GM in the world at the time. He subsequently rose to dominate English chess in the 80s and 90s following in the wake of Anthony Miles , culminating in a challenge for the World Championship in 1993. Championships <Youth> Short was =1st in the World U16 Youth Championship held in Belfort in 1979. <Junior> He participated in four World Junior Championships from 1980 to 1983. He achieved his best result during his first attempt in which he placed second to Garry Kasparov in 1980 at Dortmund. <National> In 1977 he became the youngest ever participant in the British Chess Championship by qualifying three days before his twelfth birthday. When Nigel was 14, he tied for 1st place in the British Championship of 1979 with John Nunn and Robert Bellin , earning his first IM norm. Short won the British Chess Championship in 1984, 1987, and 1998, and the English Championship in 1991. He came =1st in the British Championships (2011) at the age of 46, but lost the tie breaker to Michael Adams . <Commonwealth and Continental> He won the Commonwealth Championships in 2004 (7.5/9) and 2006 (9/10), the Commonwealth Championship (2008) (9.5/11) and came =1st in the Commonwealth and South African Open (2011) (7.5/9). He scored 7.5/13 in the 2nd European Individual Championship held in Ohrid in the FYROM in 2001, won the European Union Individual Championships (2006) held in Liverpool with 7.5/10, and took a share of second place in the European Individual Championship (2008) . <World> Short qualified to play in the Biel Interzonal when he placed =1st alongside Jonathan Speelman in European Zonal 1A held in Brighton in December 1984. Subsequently, in July 1985, he placed =4th at the Biel Interzonal with 10.5/18 (+6 =9 -2), holding off John van der Wiel and Eugenio Torre in a play off for the fourth qualifying position to the Montpellier Candidates, thereby becoming Britain's first-ever candidate. Short did not win through to the semi-final Candidate Matches from the preliminary Candidates Tournament, scoring 7/15 to finish in equal tenth place, and exited the World Championship challenge at this stage. However, his participation in the Montpellier Candidates Tournament qualified Short to compete in the 1987 Subotica Interzonal in which he scored 10.5/16 to place equal first with Speelman and Gyula Sax . In the preliminary match held in Saint John in Canada in 1988, Short defeated Sax (+2=3), but then lost by 3.5-1.5 (−2=3) to Speelman in London later that year. This cycle was the last full undisputed FIDE controlled World Championship cycle until the Kramnik - Topalov World Championship Match (2006) Unification Match. During the next World Championship cycle, a last round victory over Mikhail Gurevich enabled Short to finish equal third with Viswanathan Anand , behind Vassily Ivanchuk and Boris Gelfand at the Manila Interzonal in July 1990, thereby qualifying as a Candidate for the third successive time. In London in February 1991, he bested Speelman in the tiebreaker by 1.5-0.5 after drawing the preliminary best-of-8 match 4-4 (+2 =4 -2). He then proceeded to defeat Gelfand (+4=2�2) in the best-of-8 quarter final match played in Brussels in August 1991, and then overcame the former World Champion Anatoly Karpov by 6-4 (+4=4�2) in the best-of-10 semi-final match played in Linares in April 1992. In the best-of-14 mat

What did Woody Allen call his son as a tribute to Louis 'Satchmo' Armstrong?

Wynton Marsallis Salutes Louis Armstrong – Full Concert – Newport Casino – The Happy Video Network Jack Teagarden Louis Armstrong (August 4, 1901 – July 6, 1971), [1] nicknamed Satchmo [2] or Pops, was an American trumpeter, composer, singer and occasional actor who was one of the most influential figures in jazz . His career spanned five decades, from the 1920s to the 1960s, and different eras in jazz. [3] Coming to prominence in the 1920s as an “inventive” trumpet and cornet player, Armstrong was a foundational influence in jazz, shifting the focus of the music from collective improvisation to solo performance. [4] With his instantly recognizable gravelly voice, Armstrong was also an influential singer, demonstrating great dexterity as an improviser, bending the lyrics and melody of a song for expressive purposes. He was also skilled at scat singing . Renowned for his charismatic stage presence and voice almost as much as for his trumpet-playing, Armstrong’s influence extends well beyond jazz music, and by the end of his career in the 1960s, he was widely regarded as a profound influence on popular music in general. Armstrong was one of the first truly popular African-American entertainers to “cross over”, whose skin color was secondary to his music in an America that was extremely racially divided. He rarely publicly politicized his race, often to the dismay of fellow African-Americans, but took a well-publicized stand for desegregation in the Little Rock Crisis . His artistry and personality allowed him socially acceptable access to the upper echelons of American society which were highly restricted for black men of his era. Contents Handcolored etching Louis Armstrong (2002) by Adi Holzer Armstrong often stated that he was born on July 4, 1900, [5] [6] a date that has been noted in many biographies. Although he died in 1971, it was not until the mid-1980s that his true birth date of August 4, 1901 was discovered by researcher Tad Jones through the examination of baptismal records . [7] Armstrong was born into a poor family in New Orleans, Louisiana , and was the grandson of slaves. He spent his youth in poverty, in a rough neighborhood known as “the Battlefield”, which was part of the Storyville legal prostitution district. His father, William Armstrong (1881–1922), abandoned the family when Louis was an infant and took up with another woman. His mother, Mary “Mayann” Albert (1886–1927), then left Louis and his younger sister, Beatrice Armstrong Collins (1903–1987), in the care of his grandmother, Josephine Armstrong, and at times, his Uncle Isaac. At five, he moved back to live with his mother and her relatives, and only saw his father in parades. He attended the Fisk School for Boys, where he most likely had early exposure to music. He brought in some money as a paperboy and also by finding discarded food and selling it to restaurants, but it was not enough to keep his mother from prostitution. He hung out in dance halls close to home, where he observed everything from licentious dancing to the quadrille . For extra money he also hauled coal to Storyville, and listened to the bands playing in the brothels and dance halls, especially Pete Lala’s, where Joe “King” Oliver performed as well as other famous musicians who would drop in to jam . After dropping out of the Fisk School at age eleven, Armstrong joined a quartet of boys who sang in the streets for money. He also started to get into trouble. Cornet player Bunk Johnson said he taught Armstrong (then 11) to play by ear at Dago Tony’s Tonk in New Orleans, [8] although in his later years Armstrong gave the credit to Oliver. Armstrong hardly looked back at his youth as the worst of times but drew inspiration from it instead: “Every time I close my eyes blowing that trumpet of mine—I look right in the heart of good old New Orleans… It has given me something to live for.” [9] He also worked for a Lithuanian-Jewish immigrant family, the Karnofskys, who had a junk hauling business and gave him odd jobs. They took him in and treated him like family; knowing he lived wit

Which princess took out an injunction against a photographer after he tried to take photographs of her?

Will and Kate Take Legal Action Over Topless Photos – ModernMom by ModernMom Staff Leave a Comment Britain’s beloved royal couple is taking legal action against a magazine that published photos of Catherine, the Duchess of Cambridge. Attorneys for Prince William and Kate filed a criminal complaint on Monday against the photographer who took the shots, according to the UK Independent . They will also be seeking an injunction against Closer magazine using more pictures  and to prevent further publication of the photographs in France. “We can confirm that a criminal complaint has been made to the French Prosecution Department today,” said a spokesperson for Clarence House. The photos in question show Kate sunbathing in private during a vacation at a private chateau belonging to William’s uncle in Provence, in southern France. Some have questioned all the uproar over the images, as topless sunbathing is a commonly accepted practice in many parts of Europe. But royal biographer Christopher Andersen told CNN the issue is less about nudity and more about privacy. According to Andersen, William and his brother Prince Harry still blame the media for the 1997 death of their mother, Princess Diana, in a traffic accident as her driver fled paparazzi. As a result, the royal family is concerned about similar invasions, particularly if William and Catherine have a child “This is a deterrent. They’re drawing a line in the sand,” he said. Will and Kate have remained cool and collected throughout the storm of publicity surrounding the photos. The couple is currently on a goodwill tour of Asia related to the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee.

In which decade did Berry Gordy set up Tamla Motown?

Motown: The Groups | uDiscover Motown: The Groups Browse albums now Berry Gordy Jr. launched his record company in January 1959 with two solo singers, Marv Johnson and Eddie Holland, as well as with the experience gained from the success of another vocalist, Barrett Strong, signed to his sister’s label. (Read more about the solo singers of Motown in our  Motown: The Great Voices feature). Yet it is the groups of Motown who have largely defined the sound and soul sent around the world from “Hitsville U.S.A.” at 2648 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit:  The Miracles ,  The Marvelettes ,  Martha & The Vandellas ,  The Supremes ,  Jr. Walker & The All Stars ,  The Isley Brothers ,  The Temptations , and the Four Tops. And later, based in California, the likes of the Jackson 5 and the Commodores. The Miracles  have pride of place, of course. On their initial success, Gordy built his business. The son of a plasterer, he did that in America's heartland, away from the traditional music capitals. And the iconic map of Detroit printed in the centre of so many Motown singles and albums became more than a lesson in geography. Calling out around the world, the music and artists associated with the company empowered a generation, and influenced the sound of popular music ever since. The foundations were evident in winter '59, when Gordy proudly collected boxes of his company's first 45 from a snowbound pressing plant in Owosso, Michigan. He was accompanied by the leader of his most precious asset, The Miracles.  Smokey Robinson  had urged Berry to set up on his own, rather than licensing recordings to other labels: "Why work for the Man? You be the Man." A few years earlier, as the operator of an eclectic record store, Gordy learned the hard way that jazz might nourish the soul, but didn't pay the bills. Then, as a budding songwriter, he placed hits into the hands of a mass-appeal Motor City son, Jackie Wilson, who had gone solo from Billy Ward's Dominoes. This earned Berry the respect of his family, and an $800 loan which led him to open the doors of a former funeral parlour as Hitsville U.S.A. When aspiring youngsters approached the fledgling record company, "they were not writers, they were not producers, they were not anything," Gordy once explained to a British journalist, "they were just smart kids off the street, and they could be channelled and directed." They were just like him, he added. "All they needed was a chance to express their ideas." Now those ideas are the DNA of popular music.  Diana Ross ' eternal ache in 'Where Did Our Love Go,' the honey-and-sandpaper of  The Temptations ' 'My Girl,' and the sanctified call-and-response of the  Four Tops ' 'I Can't Help Myself' are subliminally programmed into half the hit records you've ever heard, or seen on The X Factor or American Idol. Just as - from the basement recording studio at Hitsville - the lockstep drums of Benny Benjamin and the heartbeat bass of James Jamerson are the unerring metronomes of, well, most of the other half. Can there anywhere be a jukebox, digital or physical, that does not offer 'Dancing In The Street,' 'Reach Out I'll Be There,' or 'The Tracks Of My Tears'? Can there be DJs anywhere who haven't shouted out with 'Dancing In The Street,' 'Get Ready' or 'You Can't Hurry Love?' History has registered the tale of how Gordy and his extended family machine-tooled a litany of record labels (Tamla, Motown, Gordy, Soul and more) into the most awesome hit factory of his age. How he disciplined and then magnified the raw musical talent of Detroit. And found ways to shape so many young people into global stars. If in doubt, go visit Broadway, where "Motown: The Musical" now tells the story and plays the songs. Or Las Vegas, where Human Nature, a quartet of clean-cut white boys from Australia - yes, that's Australia - draws the crowds with their act built around the Motown songbook. Or Germany, where a jazz/pop choir called the Young Voices of Brandenburg harmonise on 'Reach Out I'll Be There,' 'I Heard It Through The Grapevine' and more. Even Gordy's backroom boys,

In 1984 how was the baby who received the heart of a baboon known?

Infant receives baboon heart - Oct 26, 1984 - HISTORY.com Infant receives baboon heart Publisher A+E Networks At Loma Linda University Medical Center in Loma Linda, California, Dr. Leonard L. Bailey performs the first baboon-to-human heart transplant, replacing a 14-day-old infant girl’s defective heart with the healthy, walnut-sized heart of a young baboon. The infant, known as “Baby Fae,” was born with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, a deformity that is almost fatal and is found in newborns in which parts or all of the left side of the heart is missing. A few days after Baby Fae’s birth, Loma Linda heart surgeon Dr. Bailey convinced Baby Fae’s mother to allow him to try the experimental baboon-heart transplant. Three other humans had received animal-heart transplants, the last in 1977, but none survived longer than 3 1/2 days. Bailey argued that an infant with an underdeveloped immune system would be less likely to reject alien tissue than an adult. Baby Fae survived the operation, and her subsequent struggle for life received international attention. After living longer than any other human recipient of an animal heart, Baby Fae’s body made a concerted effort to reject the alien transplant. Doctors were forced to increase dosages of an immuno-suppressive drug, leading to kidney failure. Ultimately, doctors were defeated by the swift onset of heart failure, and on November 15 Baby Fae died after holding on for 20 days. Related Videos

What was the name of NATO spokesman in the 1999 Kosovo crisis?

Civilian Deaths in the NATO Air Campaign - The Crisis in Kosovo   THE CRISIS IN KOSOVO Operation Allied Force began on March 24, 1999 after more than a year of effort by the international community led by NATO to find a negotiated solution in Kosovo. In June 1998, NATO Defense Ministers decided to charge NATO planners with the responsibility to produce a range of options, both ground and air, for military action should the diplomatic process fail to yield the desired results. By the fall, an estimated 250,000 Kosovo Albanians had been driven from their homes and some 50,000 were threatened by approaching winter weather. 2 The United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 1199 (UNSCR 1199) on September 23, highlighting the impending human catastrophe and demanding a cease-fire and the start of real political dialogue. A Contact Group meeting in London on October 8 gave U.S. envoy Richard Holbrooke a mandate to secure agreement to the requirements of UNSCR 1199 in a mission to Belgrade. Activation orders for air strikes were agreed on October 13; that same day Holbrooke reported to NATO that Slobodan Milosevic, the president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), had agreed to the deployment of an unarmed Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) verification mission to Kosovo and to the establishment of a NATO aerial verification mission. Yugoslavia also agreed to reduce the numbers of security forces personnel in Kosovo to pre-crisis levels. Despite initial stabilization, violence continued. Following a massacre in the village of Racak on January 15, 1999, NATO increased its state of readiness, issuing a "solemn warning" to Milosevic and the Kosovo Albanian leadership on January 28. 3 This was followed by a second statement on January 30 that reaffirmed NATO's original demands, and delegated to Secretary General Javier Solana authority to commence air strikes against targets on FRY territory. Parties to talks at Rambouillet in France, in February 1999, attempted to build agreement to protect the rights of all sides. After the first round of talks was suspended on February 23, a second round was convened on March 15. This second round was suspended on March 19 in the light of what NATO intelligence and OSCE observers saw as intensifying violence on the ground instigated by FRY security forces, and a build-up of FRY/Serbian forces in and around Kosovo. OSCE verifiers were withdrawn during the night of March 19-20, and Holbrooke flew to Belgrade on March 22 in a last-ditch effort to persuade Milosevic to back down and avoid a military confrontation. On March 23, following final consultations with allies, Javier Solana directed NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), Gen. Wesley Clark, to initiate a "phased" air operation. 4 Operation Allied Force Attacks Operation Allied Force was initiated at 7 p.m. GMT (8 p.m. local time in Yugoslavia). Of thirteen (out of nineteen) NATO nations that made aircraft available for the operation (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States), eight put their planes in action on the first night. Aircraft from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and Spain conducted bombing, carrying out a succession of attack waves with almost exclusively precision-guided munitions (PGMs) against fixed and pre-selected targets. Long-range cruise missiles were fired by the United States and Britain. Though targets were hit throughout Yugoslavia across a mix of target types (for example, airfields, command and control sites, barracks, andheadquarters, particularly of the special police), the initial focus was almost exclusively an effort to neutralize the Yugoslav air defense system. In the first day, NATO hit fifty-three targets, largely air defenses and radar sites. 5 The mission of Operation Allied Force, in General Clark's words, "was to halt or disrupt a systematic campaign of ethnic cleansing." 6 Attacks would be along two lines, a "strategic

Which daughter of the last Tsar of Russia was said to have escaped to America?

Mystery of murdered Russian Tsar's missing children solved by DNA study - Telegraph Russia Mystery of murdered Russian Tsar's missing children solved by DNA study All five children of Russia's last Tsar were murdered by the Bolsheviks, according to a new DNA analysis that ends decades of conspiracy theories about family members who had escaped abroad. Russia's last tsar Nicholas II (L) and his wife Tsarina Alexander Fyodorovna (2ndR) and children Prince Alexei and Princesses Olga, Tatyana, Maria and Anastasia Photo: EPA By Alastair Jamieson 8:13AM GMT 11 Mar 2009 A study based on detailed evidence from the exhumed remains of the Romanovs concludes the whole family was slaughtered in 1918 in the wake of the Russian revolution. The results show none of the children of Tsar Nicholas II or his wife Tsarina Alexandra survived the execution, ending speculation that surviving members of the dynasty had fled the country to start a new life elsewhere. The gunshot-and-bayonet murders took place in July 1918 in a cellar in the city of Ekaterinburg, central Russia. Since then, about 200 people have claimed to descend from one or other of the Romanovs who had somehow survived the slaughter in the basement of Ipatiev House. The claims were bolstered by the fact that the grave in which the Romanovs were buried was found to contain the bodies of only three of the children when it was finally examined following the collapse of Soviet Union in 1991. Related Articles

Which soul singer is Whitney Houston's god mother?

Whitney Houston funeral: Singer's godmother Aretha Franklin cancels appearance | Daily Mail Online comments Aretha Franklin has cancelled her appearance at Whitney Houston's funeral today. The 69-year-old soul singer had been due to perform at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey, but is suffered from 'leg spasms and locked leg' syndrome into the early hours of this morning and is therefore unfit to attend, according to her statement. She was scheduled to sing The Greatest Love of All, but will now grieve for her goddaughter privately at home. Pulling out: Aretha Franklin performing at Radio City Music Hall last night has cancelled her appearance at Whitney Houston's funeral today Passing of an icon: Whitney, picture two days before her death She said via her spokesperson: 'Regretfully, I am so sorry that I was unable to be with you at Whitney's service today. 'I had every intention of being there. 'But unfortunately I had terrible leg spasms and locked leg muscles until 4:00AM this morning following my concert last night, which I've been having for the last few days. 'I feel it necessary and very important to stay off my leg today as much as possible until concert time this evening. 'My heart goes out to my dear friend Cissy, Dionne, Bobbi Kristina and the rest of the family. May God keep them all. Last night Franklin performed a New York City concert at Radio City Music Hall - and was reported to be exhausted and overwhelmed afterwards. She will rest for the day before performing again tonight. A representative for Franklin told Forbes: 'She would have had to be back in New York by three o’clock at the latest. She feels terrible about it. But she’s got to rest.' R.E.S.P.C.T singer Aretha paid tribute to Houston during her gig last night, calling her 'one of the greatest singers that ever stood behind a microphone'. 'She's moved on up just a little bit higher now,' she added. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Today's service will feature musical tributes from Stevie Wonder, R. Kelly, Alicia Keys and gospel greats Kim Burrell and BeBe Winans. The New Hope Baptist Church Mass Choir and the New Jersey Mass Choir will open the service. Pastor Marvin Winans will deliver the eulogy while Houston's Bodyguard co-star Kevin Costner and music mentor Clive Davis will speak. Close: Whitney and Aretha pictured together back in 1997 with singer-producer Babyface. A spokesman for the soul singer says she will grieve privately for Houston today Send off: The New Hope Baptist Church Mass Choir and the New Jersey Mass Choir pictured warming up before the funeral. They will open the ceremony

Which Russian-born American wrote I, Robot?

Isaac Asimov (Author of Foundation) edit data Isaac Asimov was a Russian-born, American author, a professor of biochemistry, and a highly successful writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Professor Asimov is generally considered the most prolific writer of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. He has works published in nine of the ten major categories of the Dewey Decimal System (lacking only an entry in the 100s category of Philosophy). Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the "Big Three" science-fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimov's most famous work is the Found Isaac Asimov was a Russian-born, American author, a professor of biochemistry, and a highly successful writer, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Professor Asimov is generally considered the most prolific writer of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 90,000 letters and postcards. He has works published in nine of the ten major categories of the Dewey Decimal System (lacking only an entry in the 100s category of Philosophy). Asimov is widely considered a master of the science-fiction genre and, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke, was considered one of the "Big Three" science-fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimov's most famous work is the Foundation Series; his other major series are the Galactic Empire series and the Robot series, both of which he later tied into the same fictional universe as the Foundation Series to create a unified "future history" for his stories much like those pioneered by Robert A. Heinlein and previously produced by Cordwainer Smith and Poul Anderson. He penned numerous short stories, among them "Nightfall", which in 1964 was voted by the Science Fiction Writers of America the best short science fiction story of all time, a title many still honor. He also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as a great amount of nonfiction. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French. Most of Asimov's popularized science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way, going as far back as possible to a time when the science in question was at its simplest stage. He often provides nationalities, birth dates, and death dates for the scientists he mentions, as well as etymologies and pronunciation guides for technical terms. Examples include his Guide to Science, the three volume set Understanding Physics, and Asimov's Chronology of Science and Discovery. Asimov was a long-time member and Vice President of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly; he described some members of that organization as "brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs" He took more joy in being president of the American Humanist Association. The asteroid 5020 Asimov, the magazine Asimov's Science Fiction, a Brooklyn, NY elementary school, and two different Isaac Asimov Awards are named in his honor. ---------------------------------------- Isaac Asimov. (2007, November 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21:50, November 29, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_As... ...more

In which state were Bonnie & Clyde killed?

Police kill famous outlaws Bonnie and Clyde - May 23, 1934 - HISTORY.com This Day in History: 05/23/1934 - Police Kill Bonnie and Clyde In this This Day in History video, take a look at May 23, the day in 1934 when police finally caught up to Bonnie and Clyde and killed them. In 1701, Captain William Kidd was hanged in London for piracy and murder. Lead Story Police kill famous outlaws Bonnie and Clyde Share this: Police kill famous outlaws Bonnie and Clyde Author Police kill famous outlaws Bonnie and Clyde URL Publisher A+E Networks On this day in 1934, notorious criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow are shot to death by Texas and Louisiana state police while driving a stolen car near Sailes, Louisiana. Bonnie Parker met the charismatic Clyde Barrow in Texas when she was 19 years old and her husband (she married when she was 16) was serving time in jail for murder. Shortly after they met, Barrow was imprisoned for robbery. Parker visited him every day, and smuggled a gun into prison to help him escape, but he was soon caught in Ohio and sent back to jail. When Barrow was paroled in 1932, he immediately hooked up with Parker, and the couple began a life of crime together. After they stole a car and committed several robberies, Parker was caught by police and sent to jail for two months. Released in mid-1932, she rejoined Barrow. Over the next two years, the couple teamed with various accomplices to rob a string of banks and stores across five states–Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, New Mexico and Louisiana. To law enforcement agents, the Barrow Gang–including Barrow’s childhood friend, Raymond Hamilton, W.D. Jones, Henry Methvin, Barrow’s brother Buck and his wife Blanche, among others–were cold-blooded criminals who didn’t hesitate to kill anyone who got in their way, especially police or sheriff’s deputies. Among the public, however, Parker and Barrow’s reputation as dangerous outlaws was mixed with a romantic view of the couple as “Robin Hood”-like folk heroes. Their fame was increased by the fact that Bonnie was a woman–an unlikely criminal–and by the fact that the couple posed for playful photographs together, which were later found by police and released to the media. Police almost captured the famous duo twice in the spring of 1933, with surprise raids on their hideouts in Joplin and Platte City, Missouri. Buck Barrow was killed in the second raid, and Blanche was arrested, but Bonnie and Clyde escaped once again. In January 1934, they attacked the Eastham Prison Farm in Texas to help Hamilton break out of jail, shooting several guards with machine guns and killing one. Texan prison officials hired a retired Texas police officer, Captain Frank Hamer, as a special investigator to track down Parker and Barrow. After a three-month search, Hamer traced the couple to Louisiana, where Henry Methvin’s family lived. Before dawn on May 23, Hamer and a group of Louisiana and Texas lawmen hid in the bushes along a country road outside Sailes. When Parker and Barrow appeared, the officers opened fire, killing the couple instantly in a hail of bullets. All told, the Barrow Gang was believed responsible for the deaths of 13 people, including nine police officers. Parker and Barrow are still seen by many as romantic figures, however, especially after the success of the 1967 film Bonnie and Clyde, starring Faye Dunaway and Warren Beatty. __________________________________________________________________

Which Biblical name does Boris Becker's older son have?

BORIS BECKER AND HIS WIMBLEDON FAMILY – BCK Online Legendary Tennis player Boris Becker was joined by his family as they hosted a party celebrating the 25th Anniversary of his first win at Wimbledon. Pictured are (LtoR) Noah, 16, wife Sharley Lily Kerssenberg, 10-year-old Elias and Boris. Boris and Lilly welcomed their first child together four months ago.

President Kennedy was shot on 22nd November; what day was Lee Harvey Oswald shot?

Lee Harvey Oswald shot - Videos - CBS News Lee Harvey Oswald shot Lee Harvey Oswald shot November 19, 2013, 8:06 AM | Nov. 24, 1963: As Dallas police prepared to transfer Lee Harvey Oswald to the Dallas County courthouse, he was shot in the stomach by man later identified as Jack Ruby. Oswald had been arrested in the shooting President Kennedy two days earlier.

Who founded General Motors in 1908?

Billy Durant and the Founding of General Motors [Mackinac Center] By Dr. Burton W. Folsom , published on Sept. 8, 1998 On September 16, 1908, one of America’s best known companies was born. That was the day that Billy Durant founded General Motors. When the local gossips heard what he had done, some were shocked because Durant actually made his first fortune betting against cars: he was the largest maker of carriages in the U. S. The recent UAW strike against GM has been hard on all parties, but both labor and management have good reason to come together and celebrate the man who started it all, ninety years ago this month. Most carriage makers avoided the auto, but not Billy Durant. He was one of the most remarkable entrepreneurs Michigan has ever produced. Friends said Durant could sell sand to the Arabs and then sell them sieves to sift it. Walter Chrysler once said of Durant, "He could coax a bird right down out of a tree." After a successful stint as a cigar salesman in Flint, Durant moved to carriages. In 1886, he started the Flint Road Cart Company and, after fifteen years traveling the country hawking a variety of carriages in all sizes and colors, he had transformed $2,000 in start-up capital into a $2 million business with sales around the world. By 1900, several mechanics had been tinkering with gas-powered horseless carriages, but costs were high and quality was low. Durant thought cars were smelly, noisy, and dangerous. He had even refused to let his daughter ride in one. But instead of calling for government safety regulations, he thought about improving the Buick, a local car with few sales and large debts. In 1904, after test-driving a Buick over the potholes in Flint and the mud of the countryside, he took the challenge of building the car industry almost from scratch. Durant the salesman sprang into action. He entered the Buick in a New York auto show—and came home with orders for 1,108 cars: not bad considering that only 37 Buicks had ever been made. In 1908, after just four years making cars, he had the best-selling car in the business. The carriage king had become the auto genius. Durant and his main rival, Henry Ford, both envisioned mass appeal for the car. Ford, however, thought his company should be built around one standard car, his low-priced, no frills Model T. Durant, from his years in the carriage business, knew that if he were to prevail as the auto leader he needed many different types of vehicles to cater to different incomes and tastes. He scoured the country with the idea of having Buick merge with other companies that could carve out a niche in the auto market. He bought Cadillac for its luxury cars. He formed General Motors in 1908 by consolidating thirteen car companies and ten parts-and-accessories manufacturers. By 1911, however, General Motors was losing money and Ford was selling more cars, prompting a group of Boston stockholders to oust Durant from leadership at General Motors. Thinking that the losses were due to Durant’s risk-taking brashness, they tried to run the company more cautiously. Durant was resilient, however. With capital and expertise he mustered from friends, he started making the Chevrolet, a new economy car that quickly captured a large share of the market. Durant then cleverly traded much of his Chevrolet stock for GM stock, and soon held a controlling interest in both companies. In 1916, he triumphantly returned to GM for a final four-year term in the driver’s seat. During his second presidency, Durant bought Fisher Body and Frigidaire to add to his Chevrolet, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Buick. Joining the GM team were Charles Kettering, who invented the self-starter, and Alfred Sloan, a brilliant organizer who wanted annual model changes. The problem was that GM began to receive less and less of Durant’s time while the stock market on Wall Street captured more and more. The gambling bug bit him hard and he lost touch with the company. In 1920, Pierre du Pont, chairman of the board, helped oust Durant again and worked out an arrangement to buy his GM stock. Whe

Nicoletta Mantovani hit the headlines through her relationship with which big figure in the entertainment world?

Nicoletta Mantovani, Pavarotti's second wife, reveals the truth about their marriage | Daily Mail Online comments Nicoletta Mantovani was studying natural sciences at university in her home city of Bologna when she first met operatic titan Luciano Pavarotti. She was 23. He was 58. To earn some money in the holidays, she’d applied for a job at an international equestrian competition. A keen horseman, Pavarotti happened to be in the offices that day in 1993 and fell into conversation with Nicoletta. Over the ensuing weeks, he’d turn up on numerous occasions. ‘And I didn’t understand why at the time,’ she says now. When he finally asked her to accompany him on tour around the world, she declined. He was more than twice her age and besotted with her. But by the time he died it was said he hated her. Now Nicoletta Mantovani, Pavarotti's second wife, reveals the truth... ‘Then he asked if I’d at least come to the airport to wave him off. When I got there, I somehow couldn’t resist going with him. I said it could only be for two or three weeks. But I never came back because, of course, we’d fallen in love by then.’ So what made him special? ‘His charm, his voice, his charisma but, most of all, his gift for happiness. Everyone remembers his smile. He was such a positive man, so full of joy, so happy to be in this world. And it was contagious.’ The fact that he was well over twice Nicoletta’s age was of no concern, she says. ‘The soul has no age. Anyway, Luciano always said he was much younger than me. And he was right. You cannot be a great artist unless you’re a child inside.’ RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share There was, however, the small matter of Pavarotti already having a wife, Adua, and three daughters, Lorenza, Cristina and Giuliana, all of them older than Nicoletta. She smiles. ‘He had not lived as a family man for some time,’ she says. ‘You can’t fall in love if you’re already in love, can you?’ Six months after they met, Nicoletta was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. For weeks at a time, she would lose the vision in her right eye or have little or no feeling below her waist. ‘I was 24 and it felt like the end of the world. I told Luciano I would have to leave him.’ He wouldn’t hear of it. ‘He said, “Up until this point, I loved you. Now I adore you.” This sickness, he said, wasn’t bad luck; it was a great thing for me. It would help me to sort out what really mattered in life. I could properly appreciate the sunset now and so on.’ A keen horseman, Pavarotti happened to be in the offices that day in 1993 and fell into conversation with Nicoletta. Over the ensuing weeks, he'D turn up on numerous occasions Then in 2003, Nicoletta gave birth at 31 weeks to twins. Daughter Alice struggled to survive but is now ten and the apple of her mother’s eye, as she was of her father’s. Sadly, her brother Riccardo died in infancy as a result of the complications of his premature birth. ‘Such a mix of emotions,’ she says now. ‘Both a miracle and a tragedy. But it forged an even stronger bond between me and Luciano.’ The couple married in December 2003, but in September 2007 Pavarotti succumbed to pancreatic cancer. He was 71. Just days later, a highly coloured interview appeared in the Italian newspaper La Stampa. Written by its respected opera critic Alberto Mattioli, it quoted conductor Leone Magiera and his wife, Lidia, who claimed that Nicoletta had made her husband’s life a misery, that Pavarotti had wanted the world to know this after his death and that, if he survived his illness, he was purported to have said, ‘I will shoot myself or we will separate.’ Nicoletta, now 43, turns not one hair when reminded of this. ‘There are always wild stories,’ she says, ‘when a man like that dies. And they said these things when he was no longer alive and couldn’t reply for himself. He didn’t deserve that. But I know the truth. And certainly, I have a good relationship with Luciano’s elder daughters. We’re a united family.’ Yet there was the thorny question of dividing up Pavarotti’s fortune on his death. Valued at £250 million, it i

What was Clive Sinclair's personal transport vehicle called?

January 10, 1985: The C5, Clive Sinclair's battery-powered tricycle, hits the road - BT   January 10, 1985: The C5, Clive Sinclair's battery-powered tricycle, hits the road The Sinclair C5 was hailed by its creator as the future of personal transport but at £399, the lightweight trike didn't have many takers. Share this Print this story The Sinclair C5, a battery-operated electric tricycle invented by computing tycoon Sir Clive Sinclair, was launched on this day in 1985. Advertised as “a new power in personal transport”, the C5 was expected to revolutionise the electric vehicle market by the man who had created the ZX Spectrum, the best-selling British computer of all time. It was driven in the sitting position, with legs outstretched, and controlled by a handlebar located between the knees. Designed for short journeys around town, its electric motor could manage a top speed of 15mph. Sinclair had envisaged the C5, which retailed at £399, as appealing to both drivers and cyclists, but it soon became apparent that its shortcomings pleased neither group. Standing only 2ft 6ins high, the vehicles suffered from poor visibility on the road, and their 12-volt battery offered a range of just 20 miles. Drivers were also uncovered and open to the elements. It also raised a number of safety concerns: the body was lightweight and offered little protection in a crash, and drivers were not required to have a licence or even wear a helmet. The British Safety Council issued a highly critical report on the vehicle. Sinclair’s expectations were soon shown to be wildly over-optimistic. By the end of July, only 5,000 had been sold. Production was halted the following month, with most of the other 7,000 of the tricycles built remaining unsold. Did you ever own or drive a Sinclair C5? Could you see yourself using one today? Let us know in the Comments section below. The Sinclair C5 – Did you know? Sir Clive Sinclair was a well-established and highly-successful inventor and businessman, having created and sold the world’s first pocket calculator as well as the hugely successful ZX range of home computers. He first made enquiries about the possibility of electronic personal vehicles while still at school and working in a holiday job at an electronics company. He started his first company, Sinclair Radionics, in 1961, five days before his twenty-first birthday, Sinclair launched his first kit computer, the ZX80, in February 1980, and the ZX Spectrum was introduced the following April.  Sinclair was knighted in 1983, and sold the computer arm of his business to Amstrad for £5 million in 1985. Final design modifications on the C5 were carried out by 23-year-old Gus Desbarats, who had won a Sinclair-sponsored electric vehicle design competition at the Royal College of Art.  One of his modifications was to add a small luggage compartment. The contract to assemble the C5 was given to the Hoover Company, who carried out manufacture at their washing machine factory in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales – leading to the spurious rumour that the vehicle was powered by a washing machine motor. Despite safety concerns and questions over its usefulness, the C5 was actually praised for its handling and control, being called "stable, comfortable and easy to handle" and “very easy to master” in the British press. The company created by Sinclair to manufacture and sell the C5 was placed in receivership in October 1985 and liquidated the following month. Share this

"Who designed Posh ""Spice Victoria Adam's wedding dress?"

Victoria (Posh Spice) and David Beckham Wedding   Victoria and David Beckham (pictured) were guest presenters at the 2003 MTV Movie Awards. PICTURE CREDIT ©JON FURNISS; photo courtesy papicselect.com Who: Singer Victoria Adams (Posh Spice) and footballer David Beckham When: July 4, 1999 Where: Luttrellstown Castle, near Dublin, Ireland The Dress: The former Spice Girl wore a champagne colored satin dress designed by Vera Wang. The Ceremony: Although the reception was enjoyed by hundreds, the wedding ceremony itself was held in a small, private room of the castle and witnessed only by family and closest friends. The Reception: Wedding guests drank rose champagne by Laurent Perrier and enjoyed an elaborate spread of food, a reception that required over 400 attendants. One of the top dishes was sticky toffee pudding, Beckham's favorite. Special Moments: The guests at the wedding were asked to dress in either black or white, lending an elegant air to a very elegant ceremony. To celebrate the wedding, the couple released doves and later lit the skies with a fireworks show. The Honeymoon: According to New Zealand's Sunday Times, the couple took a short honeymoon in a villa in the south of France, just the two of them and their infant son, Brooklyn. Add some starlit touches of your own... If you liked Victoria and David Beckham's nuptials, consider how you can add some stellar touches to your own ceremony. For example: • consider a color scheme for your guests. It doesn't cost a cent and not only does it make for great wedding photos of the whole group but it also serves as a conversation starter for all the guests. • surprise your new husband with his favorite dish at the reception   Read about other celebrity weddings; search by the celebrity's last name:

Who is Julian Lennon's step-mother?

Julian Lennon - Biography - IMDb Julian Lennon Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Trivia  (30) | Personal Quotes  (31) Overview (4) 5' 8" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) Julian Lennon was born on April 8, 1963 in Liverpool, England as John Charles Julian Lennon. Trivia (30) Half-brother of Sean Lennon and step brother of Kyoko Ono Cox . Father John Lennon 's song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" was inspired by a drawing Julian had made at school. Was the inspiration for Paul McCartney 's song "Hey Jude", and was mentioned in father John Lennon 's song "Mother.". Was engaged to Lucy Bayliss; however, the relationship ended in early 2007. Has admitted he actually prefers Paul McCartney 's work in The Beatles to his father John Lennon 's, while he especially admires John's "Isolation", among his solo material. When 11-year-old Julian visited John Lennon in the recording studio during the "Walls and Bridges" sessions, the two played an impromptu version of "Ya Ya", with John on piano and Julian on drums. John surprised Julian afterwards by revealing there'd been tape rolling--and their performance was going on the album. It turned out to be their only collaboration. Julian's inheritance from father John Lennon 's estate was a small one--a $250,000 trust fund set up when he was a toddler, which he refused to touch when he received it at age 25. Was given several large cash gifts from Yoko Ono years later; nonetheless, he has said he'd rather have had some of John Lennon 's song copyrights and other possessions of his to share with his Lennon relatives in England. Claimed early in his career to be looking for a mystical sign John Lennon had promised to send him if he died; a white feather floating evenly across the room. His song "Well I Don't Know" mentions his "feeling the presence of the dead", a reference to sensing John's presence in a house (which he later learned John had visited in life), when he was writing material for his first album. Years later in Australia, an Aboriginal native presented Julian with a white feather, causing him to re-examine his feelings toward his father, and toward promoting peace. After the relative failure of "Help Yourself", he took a five-year break from recording, to do some soul-searching and especially to come to terms with being John Lennon 's son; he realized he'd been very angry with John, who had publicly preached about peace and love while privately being rather harsh and neglectful toward his own family. His comeback album "Photograph Smile" was dedicated to his stepfather Roberto Bassanini, who'd "really raised me.". Had a rough time growing up, with schoolmates who automatically assumed that being the son of a pop star meant he was rich and snobbish; in fact, he and his mother lived in a modest house on a small income, and he had a hard time persuading father John Lennon to buy him things, or send him money - even when he related tales of what he was expected to live up to. Fought a long battle in the late 1990s, to acquire the Internet domain name "johnlennon.com" from its registered owner. Has also spent the last several years (and thousands of dollars) collecting items that once belonged to his father. When Julian decided to pursue a music career, he submitted demo tapes to record companies without his name on them, wanting to be signed on the strength of his own talents, rather than the Lennon name. Charisma Records in the UK offered his band a recording contract, not knowing until the signing who the lead singer was. Had a "bad boy" period in his teen years, forming and dissolving bands overnight with names like "The Lennon Drops" and "The Lennon Kittens", and letting himself be photographed washing dishes in a hotel, much the same as his grandfather "Freddy" Lennon had in the Sixties. Mother Cynthia Lennon finally made him move out of her house, tired of his bringing would-be collaborators home at all hours, while stepmother Yoko Ono gave him a $100 a week allowance to stop him working menial jobs. Along with receiving a birthday card every year from Paul McCartney , Julian als

Which American contralto was the first black singe to appear at the Metropolitan Opera?

1000+ images about Marion Anderson - Contralto Opera Singer on Pinterest | Carnegie hall, Philadelphia and Blackest person Forward Marian Anderson - Brief Summary - An African American operatic and concert singer that was renowned thoughtout the world for her extraordinary contralto voice. The first African American to sing at the Metropolitan Opera. The following web resource has related information: Marian Anderson - A Voice of Hope See More

Which American was the first ever person to retain an Olympic springboard diving title?

USAdiver.com - The Best Site for Springboard Divers and Coaches On to the Games (A good USD Article) Twenty years ago, the results of the U.S. Olympic diving trials would have all but foretold the results of the Olympics. .... "It used to be that sports added something to the rest of your life," O'Brien said. "Now they're what you do instead of the rest of your life." more Controversy at diving trials ...U.S. diving's glory days are graying alongside four-time gold medalist Greg Louganis, who worked the trials crowd one day last week with a signing pen and a handshake...That reality has U.S. diving officials trying to maximize the U.S. team's medal potential, even at the cost of some trials controversy. HIS Olympic dream will have to wait Thomas Finchum ended up making American diving history after all...Except it wasn't history with a storybook ending....For the first time, someone finished second at the Olympic Trials and did not qualify for the Olympics. That someone was Finchum, 14, of Indianapolis, who has become big in the sport despite his 5-3, 92-pound dimensions. Garcia nearly perfect in surreal men’s 10m platform trial Fearful Ruiz abruptly pulls out; Soldati onto 1st Games with win in women’s springboard Mark Ruiz climbed to the next-to-last ledge of the 33-foot-high tower — and couldn’t go any farther. It was still bright red as he prepared to compete in the evening. He broke down in tears during in the introductions, unsure if he even wanted to compete. more

Which university did Tony Blair and Bill Clinton both attend in their younger days?

Bill Clinton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!     Bill Clinton Baptist Signature William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III on August 19 , 1946 ) was the 42nd President of the United States , serving from 1993 to 2001. Before his election as President, Clinton served nearly 12 years as the 50th and 52nd Governor of Arkansas . His wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton , is the junior United States Senator from New York , where they both reside. Clinton founded and heads the William J. Clinton Foundation . Contents 14 Related miscellanea Early life William Jefferson Blythe III was born in Hope , Arkansas, and raised in Hot Springs , Arkansas. He was named after his father, William Jefferson Blythe, Jr. , a traveling salesman who died in a car accident three months before he was born. [1] His mother, born Virginia Dell Cassidy (1923–1994), remarried in 1950 to Roger Clinton . Roger Clinton owned an automobile dealership business with his brother, Raymond. The young Billy, as he was called, was raised by his mother and stepfather, assuming his last name "Clinton" throughout elementary school but not formally changing it until he was 14. Clinton grew up in a traditional, albeit blended, family; however, according to Clinton, his stepfather was a gambler and an alcoholic who regularly abused Clinton's mother and sometimes Clinton's half-brother Roger, Jr. Bill Clinton as a child went to St. John's Catholic School and Ramble Elementary School. While at Hot Springs High School , Clinton was an excellent student and a talented saxophonist . He considered dedicating his life to music, but a visit to the White House to meet then-President John F. Kennedy following his election as a Boys Nation Senator led him to pursue a career in politics. Clinton was a member of Youth Order of DeMolay but never actually became a Freemason . [1] Clinton received a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service (B.S.F.S.) degree from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University in Washington D.C. , where he became a brother of Alpha Phi Omega , worked for Senator J. William Fulbright , was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and won a Rhodes Scholarship to University College, Oxford . While at Oxford, he played rugby union as a lock , and later in life he played for the Little Rock Rugby club in Arkansas. There he also participated in the Vietnam War protest movement . After Oxford, Clinton obtained a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree from Yale Law School in 1973. While at Yale, he began dating classmate Hillary Rodham . They married in 1975 and their only child, Chelsea , was born in 1980. Clinton is a member of Kappa Kappa Psi National Honorary Band Fraternity, Inc. Arkansas political career Politician In 1974, his first year as a University of Arkansas law professor, Clinton ran for the House of Representatives . The incumbent, John Paul Hammerschmidt , defeated Clinton with 52% of the vote. In 1976, Clinton was elected Attorney General of Arkansas without opposition in the general election. In 1978, Bill Clinton was first elected Governor of Arkansas , the youngest to be elected governor since 1938. His first term was fraught with difficulties, including an unpopular motor vehicle tax and popular anger over the escape of Cuban prisoners (from the Mariel boatlift ) detained in Fort Chaffee in 1980. In the 1980 election, Clinton was defeated in his bid for a second term by Republican challenger Frank D. White . As he once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history. But in 1982, Clinton won his old job back, and over the next decade he helped Arkansas transform its economy. He became a leading figure among the New Democrats, a branch of the Democratic Party that called for welfare reform and smaller government, a policy supported by both Democrats and Republicans alike. Clinton's approach mollified conservative criticism during his terms as governor. However, personal and business transactions made by the Clintons during this period became the basis of the Whit

What is the name of Paul and Linda McCartney's only son?

Paul McCartney's son speaks of drugs, family rifts and his 'new mother' - Telegraph Celebrity news Paul McCartney's son speaks of drugs, family rifts and his 'new mother' Paul McCartney’s son James has spoken for the first time about the pair’s former rift, his past drug habit and how he “didn’t like” stepmother Heather Mills. Paul McCartney's son James McCartney at the New York City Ballet gala Photo: Photo by Gary Gershoff/WireImage By Hannah Furness 12:53PM BST 16 Jun 2013 James McCartney, a 35-year-old musician, has disclosed how he had slept in a bed with his father Paul, to cope with the grief of losing his mother Linda. He said he now considers Paul’s third wife Nancy Shevall as his “new mother”, admitting he “didn’t like” his second, Heather Mills. In an interview with the Daily Mail newspaper, he added he has now “re-bonded” with Paul after years of drug-taking, as he admits it was a “little bit hard” to watch the success of his fashion designer sister, Stella It is an unusually candid disclosure for McCartney, who is currently touring America as a musician and claims he has always been “naturally guarded” as a result of his upbringing. Saying he is now ready for people to know the real him, he has now confessed: “It’s hard to live up to The Beatles. Even Dad found it hard living up to The Beatles.” Related Articles Stars turn out for McCartney reception 10 Oct 2011 James McCartney, brother to Stella and Mary, a photographer, said he has spent years developing his music and “serving his time” before embarking on a career to “earn his own living”. His mother Linda McCartney died after a three-year battle with breast cancer in 1998, when he was 20 years old. Speaking of rumours he had slept in a bed with his father for “month” after her death, he told the newspaper: “We were both grieving together. “That first night, in Arizona, when she’d just died I thought it would be too sad for Dad to sleep on his own so I kept him company." He added he then went into a “rough” period where he “got more and more into drugs”. He is now “several months sober” and has “re-bonded” with his family after drifting apart. Speaking of his family life, with the new addition of stepmother Nancy Shevall, he said: “Nancy’s my new mother. I feel that. Definitely. She’s very genuine. She makes Dad very, very happy. We all adore her.” His opinion is in stark contrast to his thoughts on his father’s former wife Heather Mills, who had a daughter Beatrice in 2003. “My relationship with Heather was not very good,” said McCartney. “I didn’t like her. “But I wouldn’t want to say anything negative about her because she’s a good mother to Beatrice and that’s the most important thing.” McCartney has a new album, entitled Me, and is currently touring the US. He has previously disclosed he would consider forming a “next generation” Beatles with the offspring of other band members, saying: “"I'd be up for it. Sean [Lennon]seemed to be into it, Dhani [Harrison]seemed to be into it. I'd be happy to do it."

Who won the first men's US Tennis Open, in 1968?

U.S. Open - Tennis Topics - ESPN Past Winners The U.S. Open is the final Grand Slam tournament of each season, held in late August and early September at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, N.Y. Having originated in 1881 as the United States National Championship -- a men's-only event -- the tournament now consists of championships in men's and women's singles, as well as men's, women's and mixed doubles. It also hosts junior, senior and wheelchair divisions. Currently held on hard courts, the U.S. Open had been played on grass and clay surfaces prior to the event's move to the USTA National Tennis Center (in 1978). In men's and women's singles at the U.S. Open, the final set is determined by a tiebreaker if it reaches six games all. That differs from the other three Grand Slam events in which the deciding set continues on indefinitely until a two-game lead is reached. The inaugural U. S. Open was held in 1881 in Newport, R.I. That year, only men's singles was featured, with Richard Sears capturing the championship after a 6-0, 6-3, 6-2 victory over William Glyn in the finals. Sears went on to win the singles championship in each of the first seven years the tournament was held. By the time of his last title, women had begun contesting a singles championship at the U. S. Women's National Singles Championship. (Various divisions were held separately as national championship events, before all five major divisions -- men's and women's singles and doubles, plus the mixed doubles -- were consolidated into one tournament in 1968.) Throughout its early years, the U. S. Open men's championship was dominated by several players. Oliver Campbell won three straight competitions from 1890 to 1892. Malcolm Whitman won it from 1898 to 1900. William Larned won five titles in a row from 1907 to 1911, while "Big Bill" Tilden -- one of the first American superstars in the sport -- won six straight from 1920 to 1925. Molla Bjurstedt of Norway captured four straight women's championships from 1915 to 1918. Helen Wills won six times in a seven-year span from 1923 to 1929, and Helen Jacobs claimed four straight during the 1930s. The 1930s also saw Fred Perry and Don Budge emerge as international stars, and the two combined to win five of six U.S. men's singles titles between 1933 and 1938. The two met in the 1936 final, an epic match won by Perry after a 10-8 fifth set. That year marked the last time a British man has won the U.S. Open. American players proved dominant in the following decade, with Frank Parker, Jack Kramer and Pancho Gonzalez each winning two men's titles during the 1940s. U.S. women won each year between 1938 and 1958, with Pauline Betz winning four times in that period and Margaret Osbourne-Dupont and Maureen Connolly taking three titles each. Australians came into prominence in the sport and at the U.S. open during the 1960s. Neale Fraser, Roy Emerson and Rod Laver won multiple men's titles in that decade, while Margaret Smith Court claimed four women's trophies. The start of the Open era of tennis in 1968 provided a couple of major surprises at the U.S. Open that year, when all championship divisions were played together at Forest Hills in New York. Arthur Ashe won the men's singles crown -- the first time it was officially termed the "U.S. Open" -- defeating Tom Okker of the Netherlands in the final, 14-12, 5-7, 6-3, 3-6, 6-3. Because of his amateur status, the 25-year-old Ashe, a lieutenant in the U.S. Army, was ineligible to receive the $14,000 first prize in the $100,000 event. (At the time, the Open was the richest tournament in tennis history.) Instead, Ashe received his $20 per diem. Ashe was the first American to win the U.S. men's singles title since 1955 and the first-ever African-American to win a men's singles title at a Grand Slam Championship. The women's tournament in 1968 also saw a shocker as Britain's Virginia Wade won the title, upsetting top-seed and heavy favorite Billie Jean King. King would rebound by winning three of four U.S. Open crowns between 1971 and 1974. Ch

Timothy McVeigh was convicted for which bombing?

McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing - Jun 02, 1997 - HISTORY.com McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing Share this: McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing Author McVeigh convicted for Oklahoma City bombing URL Publisher A+E Networks Timothy McVeigh, a former U.S. Army soldier, is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 terrorist bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. On April 19, 1995, just after 9 a.m., a massive truck bomb exploded outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. The blast collapsed the north face of the nine-story building, instantly killing more than 100 people and trapping dozens more in the rubble. Emergency crews raced to Oklahoma City from across the country, and when the rescue effort finally ended two weeks later, the death toll stood at 168 people, including 19 young children who were in the building’s day-care center at the time of the blast. On April 21, the massive manhunt for suspects in the worst terrorist attack ever committed on U.S. soil resulted in the capture of Timothy McVeigh, a 27-year-old former U.S. Army soldier who matched an eyewitness description of a man seen at the scene of the crime. On the same day, Terry Nichols, an associate of McVeigh’s, surrendered at Herington, Kansas, after learning that the police were looking for him. Both men were found to be members of a radical right-wing survivalist group based in Michigan, and on August 8, John Fortier, who knew of McVeigh’s plan to bomb the federal building, agreed to testify against McVeigh and Nichols in exchange for a reduced sentence. Two days later, a grand jury indicted McVeigh and Nichols on murder and conspiracy charges. While still in his teens, Timothy McVeigh acquired a penchant for guns and began honing survivalist skills he believed would be necessary in the event of a Cold War showdown with the Soviet Union. Lacking direction after high school, he enlisted in the U.S. Army and proved a disciplined and meticulous soldier. It was during this time that he befriended Terry Nichols, a fellow soldier who, though 13 years his senior, shared his survivalist interests. In early 1991, McVeigh served in the Persian Gulf War and was decorated with several medals for a brief combat mission. Despite these honors, he was discharged from the army at the end of the year, one of many casualties of the U.S. military downsizing that came after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Perhaps also because of the end of the Cold War, McVeigh shifted his ideology from a hatred of foreign communist governments to a suspicion of the U.S. federal government, especially as its new elected leader, Democrat Bill Clinton, had successfully campaigned for the presidency on a platform of gun control. The August 1992 shoot-out between federal agents and survivalist Randy Weaver at his cabin in Idaho, in which Weaver’s wife and son were killed, followed by the April 19, 1993, inferno near Waco, Texas, which killed some 80 Branch Davidians, deeply radicalized McVeigh, Nichols, and their associates. In early 1995, Nichols and McVeigh planned an attack on the federal building in Oklahoma City, which housed, among other federal agencies, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF)–the agency that had launched the initial raid on the Branch Davidian compound in 1993. On April 19, 1995, the two-year anniversary of the disastrous end to the Waco standoff, McVeigh parked a Ryder rental truck loaded with a diesel-fuel-fertilizer bomb outside the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and fled. Minutes later, the massive bomb exploded, killing 168 people. On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy, and on August 14, under the unanimous recommendation of the jury, he was sentenced to die by lethal injection. In December 2000, McVeigh asked a federal judge to stop all appeals of his convictions and to set a date for his execution by lethal injection at the U.S. Penitentiary at Terre Haute, Indiana. McVeigh’s execution, in June 2001, was

Who was Oliver North's secretary during the Irangate scandal?

The Iran-Contra Affair The Iran-Contra Affair Nicaraguan "Contra" rebels on Patrol, 1987 The foreign-policy scandal known as the Iran-contra affair came to light in November 1986 when President Ronald Reagan confirmed reports that the United States had secretly sold arms to Iran. He stated that the goal was to improve relations with Iran, not to obtain release of U.S. hostages held in the Middle East by terrorists (although he later acknowledged that the arrangement had in fact turned into an arms-for-hostages swap). Outcry against dealings with a hostile Iran was widespread. Later in November, Attorney General. Edwin Meese discovered that some of the arms profits had been diverted to aid the Nicaraguan "contra" rebels at a time when Congress had prohibited such aid. An independent special prosecutor, former federal judge Lawrence E. Walsh, was appointed to probe the activities of persons involved in the arms sale or contra aid or both. Reagan appointed a review board headed by former Republican senator John Tower. The Tower Commission's report in February 1987 criticized the president's passive management style. In a nationally televised address on March 4, Reagan accepted that judgment without serious disagreement. Reagan said: A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not. Fawn Hall testifying, 6/9/87 Congressional Hearings: May-August 1987 Select Congressional committees conducted joint televised hearings from May to August. They heard evidence that a few members of the NSC staff set Iran and Nicaragua policies and carried them out with secret private operatives, that the few officials who knew about these policies lied to congress and others, and that the contras received only a small part of the diverted money. Former national security advisor John Poindexter stated that he personally authorized the diversion of money and withheld that information from the president. William J. Casey, former director of the Central Intelligence Agency, who died in May 1987, was implicated in some testimony, but the extent of his involvement remained unclear. Most interesting to American viewers of the televised congressional hearings was the testimony of National Security Council staffer Marine Lieutenant Cololonel Oliver North, and his secretary Fawn Hall. Hall testified on June 8 and 9, 1987, and North testified from July 7 to July 14. Both became nationally known. So many viewers considered North's demeanor to be so professional and patriotic that he became somewhat of a national hero. Not all the popular culture about Oliver North, however, is supportive. Whenever President Reagan shows up in the Iran-Contra pop culture, it is always in the context of questioning the credibility of his stated knowledge of actions of his subordinates.   Walsh Findings and Penalties Following the hearings, Special Prosecutor Walsh continued his investigation. On March 11, 1988, Poindexter's predecessor as national security advisor, Robert McFarlane, pleaded guilty to criminal charges of withholding information from Congress on secret aid to the

Which singer married director Blake Edwards?

Blake Edwards - Biography - IMDb Blake Edwards Biography Showing all 41 items Jump to: Overview  (4) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (2) | Trade Mark  (2) | Trivia  (28) | Personal Quotes  (3) | Salary  (1) Overview (4) Blackie Mini Bio (1) Blake Edwards' stepfather's father J. Gordon Edwards was a silent screen director, and his stepfather Jack McEdward was a stage director and movie production manager. Blake acted in a number films, beginning with Ten Gentlemen from West Point (1942) and wrote a number of others, beginning with Panhandle (1948) and including six for director Richard Quine . He created the popular TV series Peter Gunn (1958), Mr. Lucky (1959) and Dante (1960). He directed a diverse body of films, from comedies to dramas to war films to westerns, including such pictures as Operation Petticoat (1959), Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), Experiment in Terror (1962), Days of Wine and Roses (1962), The Pink Panther (1963) and A Shot in the Dark (1964). After The Great Race (1965) he began fighting with studios. In England he surfaced again with The Return of the Pink Panther (1975), then went back to Hollywood and a real hit, 10 (1979). Victor Victoria (1982) won him French and Italian awards for Best Foreign Film. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Ed Stephan <stephan@cc.wwu.edu> Spouse (2) Grandson of silent screen director J. Gordon Edwards . Was the original writer and director on City Heat (1984). He stepped aside as director after creative differences with star Clint Eastwood . When asked, "If you could work with one actor for the rest of your career, who would it be?" he answered, in a heartbeat, " Jack Lemmon .". Met actor David Niven , when Edwards was writing and directing films for Four Star Television, a production company partly owned by Niven. The Honorary Oscar Award that he received in 2004 was presented to him by personal fan Jim Carrey . Met wife-to-be Julie Andrews after she'd heard that he once described her as being, "...so sweet she probably has violets between her legs." Andrews was so entertained by the remark she sent Edwards a bunch of violets accompanied by a note. They began dating and later married. As of 2007, he is one of six directors who has directed his wife to a Best Actress Oscar nomination ( Julie Andrews in Victor Victoria (1982)). The other five are Joel Coen directing Frances McDormand in Fargo (1996), John Cassavetes directing Gena Rowlands in A Woman Under the Influence (1974) & Gloria (1980), Richard Brooks directing Jean Simmons in The Happy Ending (1969), Paul Czinner directing Elisabeth Bergner in Escape Me Never (1935) and Paul Newman directing Joanne Woodward in Rachel, Rachel (1968). Jules Dassin also directed his future wife Melina Mercouri in an Oscar-nominated performance ( Never on Sunday (1960)), but they weren't married yet at the time of the nomination. He has two great-grandchildren, Shaely and Kaden, from granddaughter Kayti. Daughter, Amy Edwards , married rock musician Lauren Scheff on October 24, 2004. They are now divorced. His grandchildren are: Kayti and Hannah Schneider, from daughter Jennifer Edwards ; Isabelle and Hank, from son Geoffrey Edwards ; Max Scheff, from daughter Amy Edwards ; and Sam and Hope, from stepdaughter Emma Walton . His son, Geoffrey Edwards , was once married to Denise Crosby , Bing Crosby 's granddaughter. Was one of the first directors to employ video playback of shot film footage on set. He did this with The Party (1968). Stepfather-in-law of Steve Hamilton . Named the inaugural distinguished fellow in film writing directing and producing at Arizona State University's film school, August, 2005. [August 2005] Still an active writer and producer with several projects in various stages of development for film, stage, and television. [May 2007] Personal Quotes (3) Make 'em redecorate your office. That's primary, to let them know where you stand. Then, when you're shooting interior sequences, use your own interior decorator and set dresser. That way everything on the set will fit your house when you're finished. Peter Sellers became a monster.

"What relation was ""Waldorf Astor, who became a British member of Parliament, to US millionaire John Jacob Astor?"

John Jacob Astor and Waldorf Astor MP Passengers on the Titanic and Olympic | Encyclopedia Titanica Message Board Encyclopedia Titanica Message Board This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Learn More. John Jacob Astor and Waldorf Astor MP Passengers on the Titanic and Olympic Stuart Kelly Member Hi there, I saw from the Times of 21 September 1911 that one of the Olympic's passengers at the time of the collision with HMS Hawke in the Solent was a Mr Waldorf Astor, then a Conservative member of the House of Commons. I wonder if he is any relation to John Jacob Astor who, as we all know, went down with the Olympic's sister ship? With a name like Waldorf, I recokon it cannot be mere co-incidence. The Times report also, prophetically, says that the Olympic is insured for a million pounds and that her watertight compartments don't make her immune from loss. It remarks that the effect of the sinking of the Republic in 1909 to London's insurance markets would be: "a fleabite as compared with what would have happened had the Olympic seriously come to grief in the Atlantic" One wonders if someone somewhere had a crystal ball? Stuart Eliza 1801-1838), and an unnamed son (1802, died). Fourth child and second son William Backhouse Astor was the grandfather of John Jacob Astor IV, who died on the Titanic, and William Waldorf Astor, who founded the British line of Astors and was the father of the the member of Parliament Waldolf Astor. Here are the 7 children of William Backhouse Astor (1792-1875) and his wife Margaret Rebecca Armstrong: Emily (1819-1841), John Jacob Astor III (1822-1890), Laura (1824-1902), who married Franklin H. Delano, and became the aunt of Sarah Delano, the mother of FDR, Mary Alida (1826-1881), William Backhouse Astor, Jr (1830-1892), Henry Astor (1830-1918), and Sarah (1832, died). Their oldest son John Jacob Astor III married Charlotte Augusta Gibbes and they had one son, William Waldorf Astor (First Viscount). JJA III's brother William Backhouse Astor, Jr. married Caroline Webster Schermerhorn and they had five children: Emily (1854-1881), Caroline Schermerhorn (1861-1948), and John Jacob Astor IV (1864-1912) who died on Titanic. William Waldorf Astor (First Viscount), cousin of JJA IV, married Mary Dahlgreen Paul and they had five children: Waldorf Astor (Second Viscount) (1879-1952), Pauline (1880-1972), John Rudolph Astor (1881, died), John Jacob Astor V (Baron Astor of Hever) (1886-1971), and Gwendolyn Enid (1889-1902). It was William Waldorf Astor who established the English line of Astors. After a bitter argument with his cousin Caroline (JJA IV's older sister), William moved his family to England in 1891. He became an English citizen in 1899. Son Waldorf Astor (Second Viscount), the nephew of JJA IV, was Oxford educated. He married the beautiful Nancy Langhorne in 1906. He became a member of the House of Commons from Plymouth in 1910 and in 1916 he was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Prime Minister Lloyd George. His political career soon stalled, however. In 1919 his wife Nancy ran for the Parliamnent from Plymouth and became the first woman in the House of Commons. The Astor line is often confusing. Note that JJA II had no children, while his brother William Backhouse Astor was the father of JJA III. JJA III's son was William Waldorf Astor, while his brother William Backhouse Astor Jr's son was JJA IV. William Waldorf Astor had a son JJA V (younger brother of Waldorf), while the son born posthumously to JJA IV was named JJA VI. Later, Waldorf Astor (Second Viscount) would have a son named JJA VII, but none of his younger brother JJA VI's three sons would carry the JJA name. Instead, the grandson of JJA V would become JJA VIII.

For which movie did Meryl Streep win her first Oscar?

How Meryl Streep Battled Dustin Hoffman, Retooled Her Role, and Won He | Vanity Fair Meryl Streep, photographed by Brigitte Lacombe in 1988. Photograph by Brigitte Lacombe. On March 12, 1978, the man Meryl Streep had been dating for nearly two years died as she sat at his hospital bed. She had met John Cazale, the crane-like character actor best known for playing Fredo Corleone in the Godfather films, when they starred together in a Shakespeare in the Park production of Measure for Measure in the summer of 1976. From the beginning, they were an unusual pair: a pellucid 27-year-old beauty just a year out of the Yale School of Drama and a 41-year-old oddball with a forehead as high as a boulder and a penchant for Cuban cigars. But the romance was tragically short-lived. Only months after she moved into his Tribeca loft, Cazale was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer. When he was cast in the Vietnam epic The Deer Hunter, Meryl joined the film, in part, just to be with him. Cazale didn’t live to see the completed work. A few weeks after he died, Meryl’s brother helped her pack up her belongings. He brought along a friend she had met once or twice—a sculptor named Don Gummer, who lived a few blocks away, in SoHo. Only weeks after losing the love of her life, she had found the second love of her life, the man who would become her husband. It was this Meryl Streep—simultaneously grieving and infatuated, a theater actress new to movies—who got word from her agent, Sam Cohn, about a possible role in Kramer vs. Kramer, based on a novel by Avery Corman. Corman wanted to counteract the “toxic rhetoric” he had been hearing from feminists, who he felt lumped all men together as “a whole bunch of bad guys,” he says now. His protagonist was Ted Kramer, a thirtysomething workaholic New Yorker who sells ad space for men’s magazines. He has a wife, Joanna, and a little boy named Billy. In the early chapters, their marriage is portrayed as superficially content, with wells of ennui underneath. The problem is Joanna Kramer, who finds motherhood, by and large, “boring.” She starts taking tennis lessons. Sex with Ted is mechanical. About 50 pages in, Joanna informs Ted that she’s “suffocating.” She’s leaving him, and she’s leaving Billy. (“Feminists will applaud me,” she says.) Ted overcomes his shock and gets back into the swing of single life. More important, he learns how to be a good father. It is then that Joanna does the unthinkable: she returns from California and tells Ted she wants Billy back. The ensuing custody battle, which gives the novel its title, lays bare the ugliness of divorce proceedings and the wounds they allow people to inflict on each other. Before Kramer vs. Kramer even hit the bookstores, the manuscript fell into the hands of Richard Fischoff, a young film executive who had just accepted a job with the producer Stanley Jaffe. Ted and Joanna Kramer, Fischoff thought, were like Benjamin and Elaine in The Graduate 10 years later, after their impulsive union has collapsed from the inside. The movie would be a kind of generational marker, tracking the baby-boomers from the heedlessness of young adulthood to the angst of middle adulthood. No one was yet calling people like the Kramers “yuppies,” but their defining neuroses were already in place. Jaffe took the novel to the director Robert Benton, best known for co-writing Bonnie and Clyde. Everyone liked the idea of a spiritual sequel to The Graduate, which meant that the one and only choice for Ted Kramer was Dustin Hoffman. Midnight Cowboy and All the President’s Men had made the 40-year-old actor the era’s antsy Everyman, but he was now at one of the lowest points of his life. Amid contentious experiences filming Straight Time and Agatha, he was mired in lawsuits and countersuits, and was in the middle of an emotional separation from his first wife, Anne Byrne. Streep in New York City, 1979. Photo: By Theo Westenberger/Theo Westenberger Archives, 1974-2008, Autry Museum, Los Angeles. Previous Next The filmmakers offered the part of Joanna to Kate Jackson, of Charlie’s An

In the 1990s Babrak Karmal and Sultan Ali Keshtmond have been Prime Minister in which country?

Babrak Karmal - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Babrak Karmal   Wikis       Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Babrak Karmal 27 December 1979 – 24 November 1986 Prime Minister 3rd Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Afghanistan In office 27 December 1979 – 11 June 1981 Preceded by Afghanistan Portal  v • d •  e  Babrak Karmal (6 January 1929 – 1 or 3 December 1996) was the third President of Afghanistan (1979 - 1986) during the period of the communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan . He is the best known of the Marxist leadership. Having been restored to power with Soviet support, he was unable to consolidate his power and, in 1986, he was replaced by Dr. Mohammad Najibullah . He left Afghanistan for Moscow , where he died in 1996. Contents 7 External links Early years The son of a well-connected army general, although born into a wealthy family in the village of Kamari (east of Kabul ), Babrak Karmal lived in hardship following the death of his mother. He was an indifferent student in high school and in the law school of Kabul University , quickly gained a reputation as an orator and activist in the university’s student union in 1951. He became involved in Marxist political activities while a student at Kabul University , and was imprisoned for five years as a result. In prison, Karmal was befriended by a fellow inmate, Mir Akbar Khyber . A third inmate, Mier Mohammad Siddiq Farhang, initiated both to pro-Moscow leftist views. After graduation he entered the Ministry of Planning, keeping in close touch with those who had special knowledge on communism, among them Mier Mohammad Siddiq Farhang and Ali Mohammad Zahma, a professor at Kabul University. Political career On 1 January 1965 the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) was founded in Kabul, with Karmal serving as one of its twenty-eight founding members in its founding congress. Karmal was appointed its Secretary. As a result, he was elected and served in the quasi-democratic National Assembly of Afghanistan from 1965 until 1973 during the constitutional monarchy of King Zahir Shah . Karmal is known for his revolutionary and open speeches in the parliament against the ruling classes. In most of his parliamentary speeches, Karmal urged the people of Afghanistan to unite and stand up against the ruling classes and fight the status quo. Karmal and a few of his other comrades in the National Assembly, represented the only leftist group at the time. In 1967, when the party split into the Khalq and the Parcham factions, Karmal became the leader of the more moderate Parcham faction. When Mohammed Daoud Khan overthrew the monarchy and instituted the Republic, Karmal was asked by President Daoud to share power with him. Karmal replied that he needed to consult his with comrades on this issue and inform Daoud later. However, he never returned and did not serve in Daoud's government, though some of the people who did serve eventually assumed important positions in Karmal's government. The factions reunited in 1977, and in April 1978 seized control of Afghanistan through a military coup. Karmal was initially Deputy Prime Minister but, following the rise of the rival Khalq faction, he and other important members of the Parcham faction such as Dr. Najibullah, Noor Ahmad Noor, Anaita Ratebzad, and Mahmood Baryalai, were essentially exiled by being appointed ambassadors to other countries, while others, such as Sultan Ali Keshtmand , were put in jail. Note may be taken of the fact that Karmal and his Parcham faction, arguing that the country was not yet ready for the socialist transformation of society, opposed any move that would result in the seizure of state power by the PDPA and did not support the military coup that resulted in the overthrow of Daoud's government. Keshtmand, one of the founding members of PDPA, emphasized this in

Which 60s pop band made an unsuccessful movie called Head?

Best Bands of the 60s - Top Ten List - TheTopTens® Best Bands of the 60s rock2metal The Top Ten 1 The Beatles The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The members consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They were soon known as the foremost and most influential act of rock era. Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented ... read more . This guys totally deserve it. And yes they are what we call THE LEGENDS even till now in the 21st century. Their music is apart of my life. They're new awesome bands out there that is really good, but nothing can beat The Beatles. My dad always plays While my guitar gently weeps and hey jude on the radio in the car and it has been apart of my life ever since I was a little girl. All I want to say is this are real musician and that is it. Thanks guys The Beatles are the best! I love everything from Please Please Me to Rubber Soul to Sgt. Pepper to Abbey Road. John Paul George Ringo were the best thing ever! They are the only band from the 60s that continues to sell and inspire people. You can't say that about too many bands these days. Yay Beatles is number one This band totally deserves the top spot. They completely rule the sixties! I wanna see this band stay up here Only one word can describe them is: Amazing! V 68 Comments 2 The Rolling Stones The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The first settled line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Ian Stewart (piano), Mick Jagger (lead vocals, harmonica), Keith Richards (guitar), Bill Wyman (bass) and Charlie Watts (drums). ... read more . The Rolling Stones are my favorite band of the British Invasion and probably of all time. All the music now is nothing compared to bands like the Stones. I like their early music better than their older music though. My favorite songs that the stones released are satisfaction, wild horses, sympathy for the devil, paint it black, and especially gimme shelter. The Rolling Stones made a lot of good songs with other music artists and singers like Merry Clayton. The Rolling Stones will always be my favorites even though the Beatles are probably the greatest. How can the stones be behind Led Zeppelin here? Granted Led Zeppelin are amazing but they only really started at the end of the 60's where as the Stones were well established. The Stones should be second here with great albums such as beggars banquet and let it bleed and especially their legendary tours of 1969! To me the Rolling Stones represented the "bad guys" verse the Beatles being the "groomed and prepped good guys". I have always considered myself a rebel and that's why the Stones will always be the greatest band to me. Although the Beatles were a much broader and innovative band, the Stones still have the beat. You can always tell their music when you hear the riff from good ole Keith. I like them better than the beatles because they play hard rock while most beatles songs are soft and old timey. The stones are just a better band with better songs. V 17 Comments 3 The Doors The Doors were an American rock band formed in 1965 in Los Angeles, with vocalist Jim Morrison, keyboardist Ray Manzarek, guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore. Dark beautiful melodies, and a soft brooding voice unlike any other. The Doors music and Morrison's voice --- some of us are so grateful for having found this treasure. An unworldly trip. The doors are the most unique band and no one an ever be like them I was a child of the sixties and the DOORS were not that popular until Jim Morrison and Jimi Hendrix started their on stage bull antics. Those antics got the attention of the media and that is what made them popular. look them up on YouTube. both were lost souls that have become legends I say this not to down play them but to let you know that they were just kids that never had the chance to have a full life Influenced the current and generations to come all in four short years. No one can capture the transcendent feel like

Who was Anne Sullivan's most famous pupil?

Anne Sullivan - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays Famous Birthdays Teacher who famously broke through to Helen Keller and taught her how to read and write. BEFORE FAME She studied at the Perkins School for the Blind. TRIVIA She lost most of her eyesight at age twenty, which made it easy for her to relate to her famous pupil, Helen Keller . FAMILY LIFE She married Harvard instructor John Albert Macy in May of 1905; the couple separated in 1914. ASSOCIATED WITH

Which actress was voted Miss Burbank 1948?

Debbie Reynolds - Biography - IMDb Debbie Reynolds Biography Showing all 64 items Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (3) | Trade Mark  (3) | Trivia  (41) | Personal Quotes  (10) | Salary  (1) Overview (5) 5' 2" (1.57 m) Mini Bio (1) Debbie Reynolds was born Mary Frances Reynolds in El Paso, Texas, the second child of Maxine N. (Harmon) and Raymond Francis Reynolds, a carpenter for the Southern Pacific Railroad. Her film career began at MGM after she won a beauty contest at age 16 impersonating Betty Hutton . Reynolds wasn't a dancer until she was selected to be Gene Kelly 's partner in Singin' in the Rain (1952). Not yet twenty, she was a quick study. Twelve years later, it seemed like she had been around forever. Most of her early film work was in MGM musicals, as perky, wholesome young women. She continues to use her dancing skills with stage work. She was 31 when she gave an Academy Award-nominated performance in The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964). She survived losing first husband Eddie Fisher to Elizabeth Taylor following the tragic death of Michael Todd . Her second husband, shoe magnate Harry Karl , gambled away his fortune as well as hers. With her children as well as Karl's, she had to keep working and turned to the stage. She had her own casino in Las Vegas with a home for her collection of Hollywood memorabilia until its closure in 1997. She took the time to personally write a long letter that is on display in the Judy Garland museum in Grand Rapids, Minnesota and to provide that museum with replicas of Garland's costumes. The originals are in her newly-opened museum in Hollywood. Nearly all the money she makes is spent toward her goal of creating a Hollywood museum. Her collection numbers more than 3000 costumes and 46,000 square-feet worth of props and equipment. With musician/actor Eddie Fisher , she was the mother of filmmaker Todd Fisher and actress Carrie Fisher . Debbie died of a stroke on December 28, 2016, one day after the death of her daughter Carrie. She was survived by her son and granddaughter, up-and-coming actress Billie Lourd . Mother of Carrie Fisher and Todd Fisher . She appeared as Dan's mother, fresh out of the mental ward, during an episode of the sitcom Roseanne (1988). When she later appeared on Roseanne Barr 's talk show, she revealed that during the filming of that episode, while she and Roseanne were wrestling in the back yard, Roseanne, quite unknowingly, accidentally broke one of her ribs. In 1984, with friends like Shelley Winters and Terry Moore , she made a rather restrained exercise video for "women of a certain age". Won the 1948 Miss Burbank contest and was offered a screen test by Warner Bros. the day after her win. She initially entered the contest because everyone who entered received a silk scarf, blouse and free lunch. Ex-mother-in-law of Paul Simon . She made her first appearance at the Hollywood Collectors & Celebrities Show on April 6th and 7th, 2002, at Beverly Garland 's Holiday Inn in North Hollywood, California. In 1975 she sold the Beverly Hills mansion she had lived in with Harry Karl . The house was reputed to be worth over $1,000,000. The buyer was Jim Randall , an industrialist who made aircraft rivets. When he married Marisa Berenson , the wedding was held in the redecorated home and his best man was his friend George Hamilton . Considers herself a "movie-oholic" and has an extensive collection of memorabilia, with over 4,000 costumes from the silent screen period to the 1970s. She has been known to gather posters from her collection of 3,000 and drive to homes of actor pals for autographs. In the 1990s she turned her collection into a Las Vegas movie museum, but had to shut it down in 1997 because of financial problems. Recently she has looked into the possibility of opening up a hall of fame museum in Hollywood near Grauman's Chinese Theatre. At one particularly low point in her career, she confessed to literally living in her car, a Cadillac. Opened the Hollywood Motion Picture Collection near the Kodak Theatre. The collection, which was coll

Which state did Amelia Earhart land in on her first solo Pacific flight?

Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator Studio headshot portrait of American aviator Amelia Earhart, the first woman to complete a solo transatlantic flight, wearing a leather jacket. (circa 1932).  (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) By Dani Alexis Ryskamp, Contributing Writer Updated November 02, 2015. Who Was Amelia Earhart? As a pilot, Amelia Earhart set many world flying records. She became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean and the first person to make a solo flight across both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Earhart also set several height and speed records in an airplane. Despite all these records, Amelia Earhart is perhaps best remembered for her mysterious disappearance, which has become one of the enduring mysteries of the 20th century. While attempting to become the first woman to fly around the world, she disappeared on July 2, 1937 while heading toward Howland's Island. Dates: July 24, 1897 -- July 2, 1937(?) Also Known As: Amelia Mary Earhart, Lady Lindy Amelia Earhart’s Childhood Amelia Mary Earhart was born in her maternal grandparents’ home in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897 to Amy and Edwin Earhart. Although Edwin was a lawyer, he never earned the approval of Amy’s parents, Judge Alfred Otis and his wife, Amelia. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World In 1899, two-and-a-half years after Amelia’s birth, Edwin and Amy welcomed another daughter, Grace Muriel, into the world. Amelia Earhart spent much of her early childhood living with her Otis grandparents in Atchison during the school months and then spending her summers with her parents. Earhart’s early life was filled with outdoor adventures combined with the etiquette lessons expected of upper-middle-class girls of her day. Amelia (known as “Millie” in her youth) and her sister Grace Muriel (known as “Pidge”) loved to play together, especially outdoors. After visiting the World’s Fair in St. Louis in 1904 , Amelia decided she wanted to build her own mini roller coaster in her backyard. Enlisting Pidge to help, the two built a homemade roller coaster on the roof of the tool shed, using planks, a wooden box, and lard for grease. Amelia took the first ride, which ended with a crash and some bruises – but she loved it. By 1908, Edwin Earhart had closed his private law firm and was working as a lawyer for a railroad in Des Moines, Iowa; thus, it was time for Amelia to move back in with her parents. That same year, her parents took her to the Iowa State Fair where 10-year-old Amelia saw an airplane for the very first time. Surprisingly, the airplane didn’t interest her. Problems at Home At first, life in Des Moines seemed to be going well for the Earhart family; however, it soon became obvious that Edwin had started to heavily drink alcohol. When his alcoholism got worse, Edwin eventually lost his job in Iowa and had trouble finding another. In 1915, with the promise of a job with the Great Northern Railway in St. Paul, Minnesota, the Earhart family packed up their belongings and moved. However, the job fell through once they got there. Tired of her husband’s alcoholism and the family’s increasing money troubles, Amy Earhart moved herself and her daughters to Chicago, leaving their father behind in Minnesota. Edwin and Amy eventually divorced in 1924. Due to her family’s frequent moves, Amelia Earhart switched high schools six times, making it hard for her to make or keep friends during her teen years. She did well in her classes, but preferred sports. She graduated from Chicago’s Hyde Park High School in 1916 and is listed in the school’s yearbook as “the girl in brown who walks alone.” Later in life, however, she was known for her friendly and outgoing nature. After high school, Earhart went to the Ogontz School in Philadelphia, but she soon dropped out to become a nurse for returning World War I soldiers and for victims of the influenza epidemic of 1918 . First Flights It wasn’t until 1920, when Earhart was 23 years old, that she developed an interest in airplanes. Whil

What is Billy Ocean's real name?

Billy Ocean - Biography - IMDb Billy Ocean Jump to: Overview  (2) | Mini Bio  (1) | Spouse  (1) Overview (2) Leslie Sebastian Charles Mini Bio (1) Billy Ocean was born on January 21, 1950 in Trinidad, British West Indies as Leslie Sebastian Charles. He has been married to Judy Bayne since October 1982. They have three children. Spouse (1)

How was writer William Sydney Porter better known?

O. Henry Short Story Writer born on September 11, 1862 – Discover Texas History RSS O. Henry Short Story Writer born on September 11, 1862 September 11, 1862 – Birthday of Austin resident and short story writer, William Sydney Porter better known as O. Henry. Porter was born North Carolina and moved to Austin, Texas in 1884. In Austin Porter worked as a draftsman for the general land office and later as a teller for the First National Bank. Porter left the bank a few years later and founded the Rolling Stone, a weekly humor newspaper. The newspaper was not successful and he became a columnist for the Houston Daily Post. In 1898 Porter was found guilty of embezzlement during his employment at the First National Bank in Austin and sentenced to five years in prison. While in prison Porter wrote dozens of short stories. On or about 1901, Porter was released from prison and changed his name to O. Henry to hide his true identity. Porter moved to New York City where he published over 300 short stories and was fondly thought to be America’s favorite short story writer. Porter was an alcoholic and penniless when he died on June 5, 1910 at the age of forty-seven.

What was The Zaire River called before 27th October 1971.

A brief history of the Congo later to be known as Zaire 1600's to 1700's The British, Dutch, Portuguese and French merchants exploited the slave trade. 1870s The Belgian King Leopold II set up a private venture to colonise the Congo.   1874-77 The British explorer Henry Stanley navigated the Congo river to the Atlantic Ocean. 1879-87 King Leopold II commissioned Henry Stanley to establish the King's authority in the Congo basin. 1884-85  European countries at a Conference in Berlin recognised King Leopold's claim to the Congo basin.   1885 King Leopold II announced the establishment of the ‘Congo Free State’, to be headed by himself. 1891-92 Belgian troops conquered the state of Katanga.   1892-94 The Eastern Congo is taken from the control of East African Arabs and Swahili-speaking traders.   1908  The Belgian state annexed the Congo amid protests over killings and atrocities carried out on a mass scale by Leopold's agents. Millions of Congolese were said to have been killed or worked to death during Leopold's control of the territory.   1955 Belgian Professor Antoin van Bilsen published a "30-Year Plan" for granting the Congo increased self-government.   1959 Belgium begins to lose control over events in the Congo following serious nationalist riots in Leopoldville by now renamed  Kinshasa. 15th March 1960 Martial Law is proclaimed. 30th June 1960 The Republic of Congo gained its independence from Belgium. Patrice Lumumba became the countries first prime minister while Joseph Kasavubu was made  president. 11th July 1960 The copper rich state of Katanga secedes from the rest of the country. 15th July1960 The Congolese army mutinies and Moise Tshombe declared Katanga to be independent. Belgian troops were sent in to protect Belgian citizens and mining interests. The United Nations Security Council voted to send troops to help establish law and order in the country, however the troops were not allowed to intervene in internal affairs (they left in 1964).   14th September 1960 Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu, the army's 29-year-old chief of staff, lead a coup to break up a power struggle between President Joseph Kasavubu and Premier Patrice Lumumba, and arrested Lumumba after President Kasavubu had dismissed him as prime minister. November 1960 Congolese and United Nations troops clashed.   January 1961 Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu returned power of the country to Joseph Kasavubu. 17th January 1961 Patrice Lumumba was handed over to the Katanga rebels and murdered. Fierce fighting broke out between the United Nations troops and pro Lumumba supporters. Evidence later emerged connecting Colonel Joseph Desire Mobutu  and the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to Lumumba's murder. However, Belgium also played a part in Lumumba’s death. 22nd January 1961 Belgian paratroops flew into Stanleyville to rescue European settlers. February 1961 A federation was formed of all the sovereign states, replacing the existing republic. August 1961 Cyrille Adoula was appointed prime minister of the country. August 1961 United Nation troops began disarming Katangese soldiers. September 1961 United Nations troops for the second time tried to crush the Katangan rebels. 18th September 1961 Dag Hammarskjold Secretary General of the United Nations, died in an air crash as he flew out of the country. 31st October 1961 A third attempt was mounted by United Nation troops to once again try and crush the Katangan rebels. 29th December 1962 United Nation troops occupied the Katangan capital city Elizabethville. 1st January 1963 President Tshombe appealed to the United Nations to declare a cease fire. 8th January 1963 President Tshombe was placed under house arrest by the United Nations. 15th January1963 Moise Tshombe bowed to United Nations pressure and agreed to end Katanga's secession. 1964  President Joseph Kasavubu appointed Moise Tshombe as prime minister. Early 1964 A minor Communist inspired revolt took place in the Kwilu Provence. Within five months this minor revolt would become a major uprising that would involve

What was the profession of Thomas Eakins?

Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins Biography Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins Biography Youth Self portrait Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins was born and lived most of his life in Philadelphia. He was the first child of Caroline Cowperthwait Eakins, a woman of English and Dutch descent, and Benjamin Eakins, a writing master and calligraphy teacher of Scots-Irish ancestry. Benjamin Eakins grew up on a farm in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, the son of a weaver. He was successful in his chosen profession, and moved to Philadelphia in the early 1840s to raise his family. Thomas Eakins observed his father at work and by twelve demonstrated skill in precise line drawing, perspective, and the use of a grid to lay out a careful design, skills he later applied to his art. He was an athletic child who enjoyed rowing, ice skating, swimming, wrestling, sailing, and gymnastics-activities he later painted and encouraged in his students. Eakins attended Central High School, the premier public school for applied science and arts in the city, where he excelled in mechanical drawing. He studied drawing and anatomy at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts beginning in 1861, and attended courses in anatomy and dissection at Jefferson Medical College from 1864-65. For a while, he followed his father's profession and was listed in city directories as a "writing teacher". His scientific interest in the human body led him to consider becoming a surgeon. Eakins then studied art in Europe from 1866 to 1870, notably in Paris with Jean-Leon Gerome, being only the second American pupil of the French realist painter famous as a master of Orientalism. He also attended the atelier of Leon Bonnat, a realist painter who emphasized anatomical preciseness, a method adapted by Eakins. While studying at L'Ecole des Beaux-Arts, he seems to have taken scant interest in the new Impressionist movement, nor was he impressed by what he perceived as the classical pretensions of the French Academy. A letter home to his father in 1868 made his aesthetic clear: "She [the female nude] is the most beautiful thing there is in the world except a naked man, but I never yet saw a study of one exhibited ... It would be a godsend to see a fine man model painted in the studio with the bare walls, alongside of the smiling smirking goddesses of waxy complexion amidst the delicious arsenic green trees and gentle wax flowers & purling streams running melodious up & down the hills especially up. I hate affectation." Already at age 24, "Nudity and verity were linked with an unusual closeness in his mind." Yet his desire for truthfulness was more expansive, and the letters home to Philadelphia reveal a passion for realism that included, but was not limited to, the study of the figure. A trip to Spain for six months confirmed his admiration for the realism of artists such as Diego Velazquez and Jusepe de Ribera. In Seville in 1870 he painted Carmelita Requena, a portrait of a seven year old gypsy dancer more freely and colorfully painted than his Paris studies. That same year he attempted his first large oil painting, A Street Scene in Seville, wherein he first dealt with the complications of a scene observed outside the studio. Although he failed to matriculate and showed no works in the salons, Eakins succeeded in absorbing the techniques and methods of French and Spanish masters, and he began to formulate his artistic vision which he demonstrated in his first major painting upon his return to America. "I shall seek to achieve my broad effect from the very beginning," he declared. Early career Elizabeth at the Piano 1875 Eakins's first works upon his return from Europe included a large group of rowing scenes, eleven oils and watercolors in all, of which the first and most famous is The Champion Single Sculling, known also as Max Schmitt in a Single Scull (1871). Both his subject and his technique drew attention. His selection of a contemporary sport was "a shock to the artistic conventionalities of the city". Eakins placed himself in the painting, in a scull behind Schmitt, his name inscribed on the

Who is credited with the discovery of galaxies outside of our own?

Top 10 Most Important Astronomers - Listverse Top 10 Most Important Astronomers Eduardo Jaramillo September 8, 2011 Since the very dawn of humankind, our species has looked out upon the cosmos in awe of the glory of the heavens above. While the spectacular views offered by our night sky haven’t changed a great deal over the eons, our understanding of them has. Knowledge of our universe has gradually expanded over the last few thousand years thanks to the efforts of astronomers through the ages. We know what we do about the universe today thanks to the discoveries of all of these astronomers, the ten most important of whom are listed here. 10 Charles Messier Charles Messier was a French astronomer who was obsessed with discovering and studying comets and their orbits. However, his search for the elusive comets ended up leading him to create one of the most famous catalogues of deep sky objects. He realized these deep sky objects could distract other comet-chasers, and so he decided to distinguish them as immobile objects in the night sky. The resulting catalogue, published in 1774 when the astronomer was 44 years old, contains over one hundred deep sky objects, including nebulae and galaxies. Being among the most beautiful objects in the night sky, you most likely have seen images of many of them taken by high aperture telescopes, such as the Hubble Space Telescope. Along with being among the first to catalogue these wonderful objects, Messier was also successful in discovering thirteen comets. 9 Ptolemy Ptolemy was an Egyptian astronomer, geographer and mathematician of Greek ancestry. He lived from 90 to 168 AD, and was the last great astronomer before the known world’s descent into the Dark Ages. He is important for preserving the Greek astronomer Hipparchus’ star catalogue, which he included in his astronomical magnum opus, Amalgest. The Amalgest was the most important astronomical text in existence for close to fifteen hundred years after the death of Ptolemy, and because of this, its author gained a near legendary status. He also included in his work a set of tables (known almost comically as the Handy Tables), which made it much easier to calculate the positions of the planets, the sun and the moon, the rising and setting of the stars, and the dates of lunar and solar eclipses. Without Ptolemy’s preservation of Hipparchus’ work, and his own advances in the field of astronomy, much of the astronomical work done during the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution may not have been possible. 8 Tycho Brahe Tycho Brahe, whose defining physical characteristic was no doubt his metallic nose (he lost his real one in a duel), was a famed Danish astronomer. Up until his observations, which occurred largely in the late 1500s, no other astronomer had tallied as many, or as accurate of observations as Brahe. He catalogued hundreds of objects, and aspired to a level of accuracy such that each star was catalogued within one arc-minute of its real celestial location. To put that into perspective, hold your little finger at arms length – it is 1 degree in width. Now divide it into 60 parts; take one of those parts, and you have an arc-minute. While he didn’t always achieve this level of accuracy, the fact that he set the standard so high with the technology available at that point in history is commendable. Brahe is probably best known for his work with new stars, or novae, which in his day was cutting-edge astronomy. In 1572, he observed a bright star that appeared to be a newcomer onto the celestial scene. While some argued that this was an atmospheric phenomenon, Brahe showed through use of parallax that the object was much too far away to be inside the Earth’s atmosphere. Although other supernova events had been observed in the past, Brahe was the first to scientifically observe and acknowledge one. This was a strong argument against the, then, predominant belief that the heavens were fixed on colossal dome-like structures, the idea of which Brahe openly contradicted. 7 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson These two astronomers come

Who was the defending champion when Andre Agassi first won Wimbledon singles?

Ranking the 10 Most Unlikely Wimbledon Winners in History | Bleacher Report Ranking the 10 Most Unlikely Wimbledon Winners in History By Jake Curtis , Featured Columnist Jul 6, 2013 Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow Dennis Grombkowski/Getty Images Sabine Lisicki (left) and Marion Bartoli 10.7K 16 Comments Marion Bartoli's victory in the women's singles final at the All England Club raises an obvious question: Was she the most unlikely Wimbledon winner in history? Before the tournament began, few would have picked the 15th-seeded Bartoli, who, at 28, had never won a Grand Slam singles event and seemed to be past her prime. However, a number of other men and women have defied expectations, logic or past performances to win singles titles at Wimbledon. Sometimes, upsets produced unanticipated winners. Other times, circumstances yielded unlikely champions. After taking a look at the paths taken by all the champions, we composed a countdown of the 10 most unlikely Wimbledon winners in history.  10. Bob Falkenburg, 1948 Wimbledon.com Bob Falkenburg's 1948 Wimbledon triumph barely edged out Michael Stich's 1991 title and Petra Kvitova's 2011 championship for the final spot on our list. Falkenburg advanced past the quarterfinals at Wimbledon only once, and that was the year he won it. His Wimbledon victory as a No. 7 seed in 1948 was the only time he got past the semifinals of any Grand Slam event. However, it was the way Falkenburg won the final against John Bromwich that earned him a place among the most unlikely champions. Bromwich, the 1946 Australian Open champion and the No. 2 seed at Wimbledon in 1948, had three match points against Falkenburg at 5-3 in the fifth set, according to a The New York Times obituary on Bromwich. But Falkenburg fought off all three match points, won four straight games and beat Bromwich 7-5, 0-6, 6-2, 3-6, 7-5. Falkenburg's career took another unlikely turn when he passed on a $100,000-a-year professional tennis contract so he could introduce soft ice cream and American fast food in Brazil, according to the Wimbledon website , it became a highly successful business. 9. Arthur Ashe, 1975 Getty Images/Getty Images The fact that Arthur Ashe got to the 1975 Wimbledon final was a mild surprise. That he then beat Jimmy Connors 6-1, 6-1, 5-7, 6-4 in the final was a shocker. Connors was an overwhelming 3-to-20 betting favorite against Ashe, according to an ESPN.com  article. In fact, he was a 9-to-10 favorite to win in straight sets.   Ashe, then 31, was in the Wimbledon final for the first time, making it as the No. 6 seed following a five-set victory over Tony Roche in the semifinals. The 22-year-old, top-seeded Connors had not lost a set en route to the final and had lost only six games while beating Ken Rosewall in the 1974 Wimbledon final. But against Connors, Ashe took the pace off his shots, relying on angles and finesse to frustrate Connors' powerful groundstrokes. Ashe's insightful strategy made it a memorable match and resulted in one of the biggest upsets in a Wimbledon final. A 2011 The New York Times article  extolled the brilliance of Ashe's strategy, while questioning whether such an approach would work today. 8. Andre Agassi, 1992 Bob Martin/Getty Images Andre Agassi would win eight Grand Slam titles, but when he began the 1992 Wimbledon tournament, he had not won any. With a No. 14 ranking at the time and the knowledge that grass was Agassi's worst surface, few figured the 1992 event at the All England club would produce his first major title. In his two previous Wimbledons, Agassi had lost in the first round in 1990 and in the quarterfinals (against David Wheaton) in 1991. Agassi's 1992 season before Wimbledon had been mediocre. He had lost four matches to players ranked outside the Top 50, and his only good results had come at Atlanta and the French Open on clay, Agassi's best surface. He did not play a grass-court warmup event before Wimbledon, where he was seeded 12th. Agassi pulled off a shocker in the quarterfinals when he knocked off No. 4-seeded Boris Becker, a

Boukhalef International airport is in which country?

Location Map of Boukhalef Airport, Morocco Boukhalef Airport's Address:

What was the 70s No 1 hit for Hamilton, Joe Frank, & Reynolds?

Greatest Hits - Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds google+ AllMusic Review by Stewart Mason It's tempting to say that "Greatest Hit" would be a more appropriate title for this quickie budget collection, but even that would be a misnomer; bizarrely, Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds ' biggest hit, 1975's number-one smash ""Fallin' in Love (Again),"" isn't included. (Yes, 1971's ""Don't Pull Your Love (Out)"" is present and accounted for. None of the other songs have unnecessary parentheses in them.) The other nine tracks are failed singles and album tracks, including unimpressive versions of ""Ain't No Woman (Like the One I've Got)"" and the Grass Roots ' ""Annabella,"" and a tiresome medley of ""Bridge Over Troubled Water"" and ""You've Got a Friend."" ""Don't Pull Your Love (Out)"" and ""Fallin' in Love (Again)"" are both available on volumes of Rhino's superlative Super Hits of the 70s: Have a Nice Day series. Buy those, skip this. Track Listing

In what year was the Kellogg Company set up to manufacture cornflakes?

Our History | Kellogg's Our History Environmental Initiatives Our Best Days Are Yours From one great day over 100 years ago all the way to today, Kellogg's has continued to fuel better days for American families. From going to the moon to feeding the U.S. Army to making your days great, some of our best days have been in your home country, the United States. Discover our best days in the U.S. 1898 — In a fortunately failed attempt at making granola, our company’s founder, W.K. Kellogg, and his brother, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, changed breakfast forever when they accidentally flaked wheat berry. W.K. kept experimenting until he flaked corn, and created the delicious recipe for Kellogg’s Corn Flakes. 1906 — W.K. Kellogg opened the “Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company” and carefully hired his first 44 employees. Together they created the initial batch of Kellogg’s® Corn Flakes® and brought to life W.K.’s vision for great-tasting, better-for-you breakfast foods. 1914 — Kellogg’s® Corn Flakes® was introduced to a new country: Canada. (Later the Kellogg Company will spread the goodness of grain around the world by opening factories in Australia, England, Mexico, Japan, India and more. Today Kellogg brightens breakfast in over 180 countries around the world). 1915 — Kellogg introduced Bran Flakes, the first high-fiber cereal, promptly followed by the introduction of Kellogg’s® All-Bran™ one year later. 1923 — The Kellogg Company made another bold move and become the first in the food industry to hire a dietitian. Mary Barber started the Kellogg’s Home Economics Department and began defining the roles different foods played in proper diets. 1930 — As the United States sunk into the Depression, W.K. Kellogg declared, “I’ll invest in people.” He split shifts and hired new employees to work them. He also founded the W.K. Kellogg Foundation , whose mission — to help children realize their potential — complements that of the Kellogg Company to this day. To further our commitment to people, Kellogg became one of the first companies to proudly display our cereals’ recipes and nutritional info on our boxes — so our consumers knew exactly what they were eating. 1942-1945 — Kellogg’s employees proudly produced K-rations for the U.S. armed forces overseas during World War II, and our engineering teams helped manufacture supplies in Kellogg machine shops. We continued to help America get nutrition by bringing new, whole-grain cereal to life when we introduced Kellogg’s® Raisin Bran® . 1969 — The Kellogg Company was honored to provide breakfast for the legendary Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins during their groundbreaking Apollo 11 trip to the moon. 1997 — We opened the W.K. Kellogg Institute for Food and Nutrition Research — where food scientists, nutritionists and engineers transform wholesome grains and other ingredients into great-tasting and good-for-your-family foods. 2006 — The Kellogg Company celebrated our 100-year commitment to nutrition, health and quality. We also celebrated our future — by creating new Kellogg’s® Special K® Bars and other innovative ways of giving your family the delicious nutrition you need to make the most of every day. 2009-2010 — After discovering that many people in the U.S. don’t get enough fiber, Kellogg increased the fiber in many of our most popular cereals — including Kellogg’s® Froot Loops®. Now, in the U.S., Kellogg Company offers more ready-to-eat cereals that provide at least one good source of fiber (3 grams) and one-half serving of whole grains (8 grams) than any other U.S. food company. Today — We’re proudly upholding the values W.K. Kellogg instilled more than 100 years ago — but now we’re doing it in 180 countries across the world. We still provide you and your family with better breakfasts that lead to better days, and we flake corn the same way W.K. Kellogg did back in 1898. It just tastes better that way.

Which wartime classic was the title of a 1980 film with Hanna Schygulla & Mel Ferrer?

Rainer Werner Fassbinder | German Director | Rainer Werner Fassbinder Biography | Filmmaker | New German Cinema | Douglas Sirk | Melodramas | Race and Sexual Prejudice Rainer Werner Fassbinder Rainer Werner Fassbinder Rainer Werner Fassbinder was one of the most important representatives of the New German Movement as he was known to film at a frenetic pace. In a professional career that lasted less than fifteen years, Fassbinder completed 40 feature-length films, three short films, two television film series, four video productions, twenty-four stage plays, four radio plays and 36 acting roles in his own and others’ films. He also worked as an author, cameraman, composer, designer, editor, producer and theater manager. Fassbinder’s phenomenal creative energy, when working, coexisted with a wild, self-destructive libertinism that earned him a reputation as the ‘enfant terrible’ of the New German Cinema, as well as being its central figure. He had tortured personal relationships with various actors and technicians around him who formed a surrogate family. However, his films demonstrate his deep sensitivity to social outsiders and his hatred of institutionalized violence. He ruthlessly attacked both German bourgeoisie society and the larger limitations of humanity. Fassbinder probably felt he was an outsider to society, being open with his homosexuality at a time when that was not considered acceptable. After starting out in theatre and eventually moving into films many critics originally thought his stories were exploitative on a persons sexuality. But over time Fassbinder’s work is now looked at as some of the most important and poetic films of the early 70’s to the late 80’s. There are three distinct phases to Fassbinder’s film career. His first ten movies, most famously Beware of a Holy Whore (1971) and A Merchant of Four Seasons (1971) were an extension of his work in the theater, shot usually with a static camera and with deliberately unnaturalistic dialogue. He was strongly influenced by Brecht’s ‘alienation effect’ and the French New Wave cinema, particularly the works of Godard. The second phase brought him international attention, with films modeled, to ironic effect, on the melodramas Douglas Sirk made in Hollywood in the 1950s. In films such as The Bitter Tears of Petra von Kant (1972) and Ali: Fear Eats the Soul (1974) Fassbinder explored how deep-rooted prejudices about race, sex, sexual orientation, politics and class are inherent in society, while also tackling his trademark subject of the everyday fascism of family life and friendship. The final films, from around 1977 until his death became increasingly more idiosyncratic in terms of plot, form and subject matter in movies. He also articulated his themes in the bourgeois milieu with his BRD trilogy about women in post-fascist Germany: The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979), Lola (1981), and Veronica Voss (1982). By the time he made his last film, Querelle (1982), Fassbinder was consuming heavy doses of drugs and alcohol to sustain his unrelenting work schedule. Tragically he died on June 10, 1982 at the young age of 37 from heart failure resulting from a lethal interaction between sleeping pills and cocaine. Rainer Werner Fassbinder « Previous1 2 3 4 5 ... 8 9 Next » Products previously bought from this site: querelle dvd out of print rare rainer werner fassbinder dvd oop, querelle rainer werner fassbinder brad davis franco nero movie poster, in a year with 13 moons 1978 dvd new rainer werner fassbinder, despair region a bluray disc rainer werner fassbinder dirk bogarde, rainer werner fassbinder 7382 new pal 8dvd set, irm hermann signed autograph in person 8x10 20x25 cm rainer werner fassbinder, 2 films rainer werner fassbinder beware of a holy whore and gods of the plague, hanna schygulla signed autograph in person 8x10 rainer werner fassbinder, margit carstensen signed autograph in person 8x10 rainer werner fassbinder, despair new classic bluray disc rainer werner fassbinder dirk bogarde germany, world on a wire bluray disc the criterion collection rainer we

Who was the voice of Matt Dillon for 11 years on radio's Gunsmoke?

Gunsmoke: Radio's Last Great Dramatic Series Radio's Last Great Dramatic Series (1952-1961) Gunsmoke's four continuing characters on both radio and television were Matt Dillon, United States Marshall, Chester Wesley Proudfoot, his middle aged "helper," Charles "Doc" Adams, the town physician, and Kitty Russell, a "saloon girl" at the Texas Trails. Front Street, Dodge City, KS 1876 Gunsmoke was set in Dodge City, Kansas between 1872, when the Santa Fe Railroad reached town, and 1885, when local farmers forced the end of the Texas cattle drives along the Western Trail. Dodge City, known as the "Queen of the Cow Towns," the "Wicked Little City," the "Gomorrah of the Plains," had a reputation as a hostile, lawless town where the "fastest gun" ruled. As the opening of the show proclaimed: "Around Dodge City and in the territory on west, there's just one way to handle the killers and the spoilers and that's with a U.S. Marshal and the smell of gunsmoke." That marshall, Matt Dillon, was modeled after the real lawmen who "tamed" (or at least kept a lid on) Dodge City: US Deputy Marshall Wyatt Earp (1848-1929), Sheriff Bat Masterson (1856-1921), Sheriff Bill Tilghman (1854-1924), and Sheriff Charlie Bassett (c.1847-1869). After Gunsmoke... During Gunsmoke's nine years on the radio, CBS presented 480 performances of 413 scripts. Many of these radio plays were adapted to television. One, The Ride Back by Anthony Ellis, became a full length movie starring William Conrad and Anthony Quinn. When the series went off the air in 1961, the four actors who played the continuing characters moved on to other things. William Conrad on the cover of TVGuide (1976) William Conrad as Frank Cannon Cannon William Conrad as J. L. McCabe Jake and the Fatman William Conrad (1920-1994), who was the original Marshall Dillon and one of radio's most prolific actors (he claimed he performed in 7500 radio programs) became a television producer and director. According to a "TV Episode List" published on Gunsmoke: The Great American Western, he directed two television episodes of Gunsmoke: "Panacea Sikes" (April 13, 1963) and "Captain Sligo" (January 4, 1971) , and narrated a third-- "Women for Sale" (September 10 & 17, 1973). Between 1963 and the series finale in 1967 his deep, resonant voice was heard under the opening credits of The Fugative. He was also the voice of the unseen narrator on The Bullwinkle Show (1961-1962), The Wild, Wild World of Animals (1973-1978), Tales of the Unexpected (1977) and How the West Was One (1978-1979). His first major on camera, television role was Frank Cannon in Cannon (1971-1976). This was followed by Nero Wolf (1981) and J.L. McCabe, the Fatman, in Jake and the Fatman (1987-1992). In addition to radio and television, Conrad appeared in at least 25 films between 1946 and 1960. His first on screen appearance was as Max, one of the killers in The Killers (1946). In most of these films he was cast as the villain or heavy. In his last movie Hudson Hawk (1991) he was once again the narrator. Between 1957 and 1968 he directed four and produced ten feature length films. The first film he produced was The Ride Back (1957) (also known as "The Way Back"), a western based on a 1952 Gunsmoke radio script. According to Leonard Maltin's Movie and Video Guide it is a "Well-handled account of a sheriff (William Conrad) and prisoner (Anthony Quinn) who find they need each other's help to survive the elements and Indian attacks." He died of cardiac arrest in February 1994 and was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 1997. Howard McNear Howard McNear (1905-1969), Gunsmoke's Doc Adams, was in 19 films. His first was Drums Across the River (1954); his last was The Fortune Cookie (1966). On television he made a number of guest appearances on Gunsmoke, but he is probably best remembered as Floyd Lawson , the barber of Mayberry USA, on The Andy Griffith Show (1960-1968). He died in January 1969. Howard McNear cutting Andy Griffith's hair The Andy Griffith Show Parley Baer as Miles Dugan, The Young & the Restless P

Where was the UN Atomic Energy Agency based when it was set up in 1957?

United Nations News Centre - Interview with Yukiya Amano, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) United Nations News Centre Interview with Yukiya Amano, Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Yukiya Amano , Director-General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). UN Photo/Mark Garten 1 May 2015 – Yukiya Amano , a former Japanese diplomat, has served as Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) since 2009. The Vienna-based UN body was set up in 1957 as the world’s centre for cooperation in the nuclear field. It works with its member States and multiple partners worldwide to promote the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear technologies, as well as to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Mr. Amano served as Japan’s representative at the IAEA for several years before his appointment as Director General and gained a great deal of experience in disarmament and non-proliferation diplomacy, as well as nuclear energy issues. While in New York this week for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( NPT ), the head of the UN nuclear watchdog spoke to the UN News Centre about the Conference and the work of the IAEA to strengthen the Treaty’s three pillars – disarmament, non-proliferation, and the peaceful uses of nuclear technology.When I became the Director General, I said that as I come from a country with the experience of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, I will stay firm against the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The interview has been edited for content and clarity. News Centre: As the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) review conference gets underway, what is the IAEA’s main message at the forum? Yukiya Amano: The NPT treaty has three pillars and I think it is very important for the NPT that progress would be made in all of the three pillars. News Centre: Could you tell me a little bit more about those three pillars? Yukiya Amano: One is nuclear disarmament; another is non-proliferation; and the other is the peaceful use of nuclear technology. These are said to be the three pillars of the NPT. Excerpts from interview with IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano. Credit: United Nations News Centre: What do you see as the major concerns today in the area of proliferation? Yukiya Amano: In the area of proliferation, one of the important areas of concern is the Iranian nuclear issue. The IAEA is implementing safeguards in Iran and we can say that nuclear materials and facilities under safeguards are for peaceful purposes. But we cannot say that all the nuclear materials and facilities are for peaceful purpose. There have been very good developments since autumn 2013. The IAEA and Iran agreed on a so-called Framework for Cooperation to resolve issues through cooperation. The six Powers – six countries – and Iran agreed on another agreement for interim purposes and now the six countries and Iran are negotiating to reach agreement on the comprehensive agreement. The IAEA will play an essential role in the implementation of the agreement once agreement is reached. The IAEA mission team studies a water purification system that removes radioactive elements from water during a February 2015 visit to the Fukushima power plant in Japan that was damaged in the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami. Photo: Susanna Loof/IAEA News Centre: What do you hope is going to be the outcome of this NPT conference? Yukiya Amano: It is for the Member States of the NPT to decide but I hope a good agreement will be reached to promote progress on all three pillars of the NPT. News Centre: Can you give me some examples of how the Agency is assisting countries with the peaceful uses of nuclear technology to promote development? Yukiya Amano: The IAEA is very active in transferring technology – nuclear technology – for peaceful applications. Nuclear technology is very effective in promoting causes like the protection of health and the environment, controlling water, figh

Oran international airport is in which country?

Oran Es Senia Airport, Oran, Algeria Tourist Information Locals and travelers to connect with About Oran, Algeria 35.6969-0.6331 Oran Es Senia Airport is an international airport serving Oran City near Es Senia in the North African nation of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Algeria . Oran is the second largest major city in the country spread along the north-western Mediterranean coast of Algeria. Located at a distance of 8.7 kilometers to the south of the city centre, this public airport was first used by the French Air Force as a military airfield in the 1940s during World War II. Situated at an elevation of 295 feet above mean sea level, the Oran Es Senia Airport is owned and operated by EGSA Alger, which is an airport management services establishment of the government of Algeria operating a total number of 18 airports within this country. There are a couple of concrete surfaced runways at this airport measuring 10,039 feet and 9,843 feet catering to all types of flight movements including many charter services. Apart from a separate cargo terminal, there is a well equipped single passenger terminal serving all domestic as well as international flights to/from the Oran Es Senia Airport. Moreover, there is a brand new terminal building under construction which along with modernization of the existing facilities is expected to raise the standards and quality of services of this airport to international levels. This project will be able to re-dimension and gradually refurbish the facilities at this airport in order to significantly accommodate traffic increases over the next 15 years. Private taxis and car rental services are also available at this airport along with most other passenger convenience facilities. Moreover, many hotels are offering complementary hotel shuttle services to/from the Oran Es Senia Airport for guests seeking comfortable hotel-stays around Oran. Map

Where did Johnny Ace die in 1954?

The night Johnny Ace died in the City Auditorium - Bayou City History Bayou City History The night Johnny Ace died in the City Auditorium By J.R. Gonzales on December 25, 2013 at 12:05 AM Old City Auditorium, site of Jones Hall today. Dry your eyes, no tears, no sorrow. Cling to me with all your might, And never let me go. — “Never Let Me Go” by Johnny Ace More than 2,000 people had gathered at the old City Auditorium on Dec. 25, 1954, for the dance. It being Christmas night and all, it was probably a pretty festive occasion. On the bill that evening was one John Marshall Alexander Jr., better known as R&B crooner Johnny Ace. The Memphis-based pianist cut his teeth in a band with B.B. King in the early days. As King’s star rose and provided new opportunities, Johnny took over the band and soon amassed a string of R&B hits in the early 1950s. Johnny was a familiar sight in Houston’s R&B scene back then. In 1952, Don Robey, founder of Houston-based Peacock Records, acquired Memphis’ Duke Records, which had signed Johnny. In Down in Houston: Bayou City Blues,   Roger Wood noted: “The synthesis achieved via this commercially triggered dialectic of performers from the Delta and the Lone Star state resulted in some of the most potent blues, and especially rhythm and blues, of the fifties and sixties — including the first major R&B ‘crossover’ star, Johnny Ace.” According to the Houston Post, Johnny had finished his set with Yes, Baby and retired to the City Auditorium dressing room. Some drinking ensued and, according to newspaper accounts, Johnny started playing a game of Russian roulette with a .22 caliber revolver. (Some say Johnny used a different caliber weapon that night.) Willie Mae “Big Mama” Thornton wasn’t having any of it, the Houston Chronicle reported. She took the gun and removed the bullet. Johnny demanded she put the bullet back in the gun and give it back. Thornton relented but told him to put the gun away. Nothing will happen, Johnny said. To prove it, he cocked the gun, put it to the temple of 22-year-old Olivia Gibbs, and pulled the trigger, the Chronicle reported. Click. He spun the cylinder again, put it to his temple and pulled the trigger. The ensuing blast instantly killed the 25-year-old. Even though the local papers blamed his death on a game of Russian roulette, other accounts — on Wikipedia for example — say Johnny believed the weapon wasn’t loaded. Nonetheless, though his life was cut short that night, Johnny’s music legacy continued through posthumous releases. That music would inspire a class of musicians who would shape rock ‘n’ roll in the 1960s and 1970s. One was Paul Simon, who referenced Johnny’s story in the 1983 recording, The Late Great Johnny Ace. More recently, Dave Alvin kept the story alive in 2011’s Johnny Ace is Dead. If you’re having trouble placing any of his music, one posthumous hit, Pledging My Love, can be heard in the film Christine. You can hear it in this playlist here . The incident garnered a brief mention on the front page of the next day’s Houston Post. The Chronicle had a longer story inside its editions. Both accounts can be found via this link . The Houston Press didn’t appear to mention it in its final editions in the days after the shooting. J.R. Gonzales

Who was the first chemist to be Britain's Prime Minister?

Margaret Thatcher Publicity photo for the 1951 election campaign. Margaret Thatcher died today at 87. She'll be remembered as the first (and only) woman to be prime minister of Britain, but what's often missed or only glanced over in her biographies, and now her obituaries, is her career as a chemist. Thatcher graduated from Oxford in 1947 with an undergraduate degree in chemistry. Her fourth-year dissertation was on X-ray crystallography of the antibiotic cocktail gramicidin, and her supervisor, Dorothy Hodgkin, was working at the time on the structure of penicillin. In the years after, Thatcher worked as an industrial chemist at British Xylonite Plastics and at Lyons, with a probably apocryphal story circulating that she helped produce a form of soft-scoop ice cream . It's seldom discussed how much her degree might've affected her politics. A paper by science and technology professor Jon Agar , written for Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London and published in 2010, took a look at that connection, first by examining her as a student: All of her biographers agree that the future Mrs Thatcher devoted her free time to politics rather than science, and even regretted her choice of undergraduate study. One repeated anecdote has her walking with a friend at graduation in 1947 saying, 'You know, I oughtn't to have read chemistry. I should have read law. That's what I need for politics. I shall have to go and read law now.' Another repeatedly recalled incident, at an unspecified date, but presumably during her undergraduate years, was a conversation between the young scientist and Norman Winning, the Recorder, or municipal clerk, of her hometown, who had a Cambridge natural sciences degree. Winning advised her to continue with chemistry as a means to getting into law as a patent lawyer. All these anecdotes serve to prepare the narrative for the next stage in Thatcher's career, her training and employment as a lawyer in the later 1950s. But instead Thatcher took a position at British Xylonite (BX) Plastics in 1947, Agar writes. It's not clear exactly what her work entailed, but she, perhaps unexpectedly, joined a union there. In 1949, after gaining an opportunity as a parliamentary candidate, Thatcher became a food research chemist at "the cakes and teashop business J. Lyons & Co." She likely researched the chemical process saponification , but not much else can be confirmed about her work there. By 1951, Thactcher resigned from Lyons and switched career paths, studying tax law and passing the Bar in 1953. In 1959, she won a seat in Parliament. The popular theory, then, is that Thatcher studying chemistry was "incidental," Agar writes. It kept the lights on while she pursued politics. He quotes journalist Hugo Young's summary: These two jobs, lasting barely three years in all, constitute the totality of Margaret Thatcher's first-hand contact with the world of commerce and industry. . . . In any case, prime minister Thatcher never tried to make political capital out of these fugitive involvements. They were incidental to her political ambition and she has never pretended otherwise. They made her a living, while she devoted most of her psychic energy to the greater and more glamorous task. But that doesn't mean her career as a chemist and politician never intertwined, Agar argues. In 1971, Lord Victor Rothschild proposed laws to make government funding of science closer to a business proposition: policy would be shaped by market forces. "Basic" research science (or just "cheap" science) wouldn't be affected, but other research would. Thatcher, then Education Secretary, strangely seemed to shift positions in a decisive meeting on the subject, ultimately agreeing that the market should play a role in government funding of science. It was a controversial decision--121 scientists and doctors signed letters of protest to _The Times_--but Agar marks this as a defining moment, when Thatcher's hard-line conservative policies first took shape. It wasn't a coincidence that the battle was fought over science, either, Agar writes:

In which Olympics was taekwondo a demonstration sport?

Taekwondo - Summer Olympic Sport Taekwondo Taekwondo is a traditional Korean martial art practised in 206 countries. What is Taekwondo? Taekwondo is a traditional Korean martial art, which means "the way of kicking and punching". In taekwondo, hands and feet can be used to overcome an opponent, but the trademark of the sport is its combination of kick movements. A Long History The origin of taekwondo dates back to Korea's Three-Kingdom era (c.50 BC) when Silla Dynasty warriors, the Hwarang, began to develop a martial art - Taekkyon ("foot-hand"). Go Global During the early 20th century, taekwondo became the dominant form of martial arts practised in Korea. Subsequently taekwondo was designated as the Korean national martial art to be promoted internationally. In 1973, the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) was founded as the worldwide legitimate governing body of the sport, and the first World Championships were held in Seoul, Korea that year. Recent Olympic history Taekwondo is one of the two Asian martial arts included on the Olympic programme. Taekwondo made its debut as a demonstration Olympic sport at the 1988 Seoul Games, and became an official medal sport at the 2000 Sydney Games.

What was Jimi Hendrix's middle name?

Jimi Hendrix - Biography - IMDb Jimi Hendrix Jump to: Overview  (5) | Mini Bio  (1) | Trade Mark  (7) | Trivia  (51) | Personal Quotes  (5) Overview (5) 5' 11" (1.8 m) Mini Bio (1) Jimi Hendrix was born on November 27, 1942 in Seattle, Washington, to African-American parents Lucille (Jeter) and James Allen Hendrix. His mother named him John Allen Hendrix and raised him alone while his father, Al Hendrix, was off fighting in World War II. When his mother became sick from alcoholism, Hendrix was sent to live with relatives in Berkeley, California. When his father returned from Europe in 1945 he took back Hendrix, divorced his wife, and renamed him James Marshall Hendrix. When Jimi was 13 his father taught him to play an acoustic guitar. In 1959 Jimi dropped out of high school and enlisted in the U.S. Army, but soon became disenchanted with military service. After he broke his ankle during a training parachute jump, he was honorably discharged. He then went to work as a sideman on the rhythm-and-blues circuit, honing his craft but making little or no money. Jimi got restless being a sideman and moved to New York City hoping to get a break in the music business. Through his friend Curtis Knight, Jimi discovered the music scene in Greenwich Village, which left indelible impressions on him. It was here that he began taking drugs, among them marijuana, pep pills and cocaine. In 1966, while Jimi was performing with his own band called James & the Blue Flames at Cafe Wha?, John Hammond Jr. approached Jimi about the Flames playing backup for him at Cafe Au Go Go. Jimi agreed and during the show's finale, Hammond let Jimi cut loose on Bo Diddley 's "I'm the Man." Linda Keith, girlfriend of The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards , was one of Jimi's biggest fans and it was she who told friend Chas Chandler , a band manager, about Jimi. When Chandler heard Jimi play, he asked him to come to London to form his own band, and while there Chandler made the simple change in Jimi's name by formally dropping James and replacing it with Jimi. Having settled in England with a new band called the Jimi Hendrix Experience, which consisted of Jimi as guitarist and lead singer, bass player Noel Redding and drummer Mitch Mitchell , Jimi took the country by storm with the release of his first single "Hey, Joe." In the summer of 1967 Jimi performed back in the USA at the Monterey Pop Festival, a mix-up backstage forced Jimi to follow The Who onstage, where after a superb performance Jimi tore up the house by trashing his guitar in a wild frenzy. Afterwards, Jimi's career skyrocketed with the release of the Experience's first two albums, "Are You Experienced?" and "Axis: Bold as Love," which catapulted him to the top of the charts. However, tensions, possibly connected with Jimi's drug use and the constant presence of hangers-on in the studio and elsewhere, began to fracture some of his relationships, including Chas Chandler, who quit as manager in February 1968. In September 1968 the Experience released their most successful album, "Electric Ladyland." However, in early 1969 bassist Redding left the Experience and was replaced by Billy Cox , an old army buddy who Jimi had jammed with. Jimi began experimenting with different musicians. For the Woodstock music festival Jimi put together an outfit called the Gypsies, Sun and Rainbows, with Mitchell and Cox as well as a second guitarist and two percussionists. Their one and only performance in August 1969 at Woodstock took place near Bethel, New York, where Hendrix and his band were to be the closing headline act. Because of the delay getting there and the logistical problems, Jimi performed on the morning of the fourth and final day. Only 25,000 people of the original 400,000 stayed to watch Jimi and his band as the closing music number, where Jimi's searing rendering of "The Star-Spangled Banner" became the anthem for counterculture. After Woodstock, Jimi formed a new band with Cox on bass and Buddy Miles on drums with the May 1970 release of the album "The Band of Gypsys." Jimi's last album, "Cry

Who was buried in Milan under the name of Maria Maggi to discourage grave robbers?

Digging Up the Dead: History’s Most Famous Exhumations - History in the Headlines Digging Up the Dead: History’s Most Famous Exhumations November 14, 2013 By Christopher Klein Lee Harvey Oswald arrives at the Dallas police department after his arrest on November 22, 1963. (Credit: Archive Photos/Getty Images) Share this: Digging Up the Dead: History’s Most Famous Exhumations Author Digging Up the Dead: History’s Most Famous Exhumations URL Google Authorities yesterday exhumed the remains of former Brazilian president Joao Goulart, deposed in a 1964 coup, to investigate claims that Uruguayan agents acting at the behest of Brazil’s military government poisoned the exiled leader in 1976. As toxicology tests on Goulart’s body begin, explore 10 of history’s most famous exhumations. 1. Jesse James The infamous Wild West outlaw may have died in 1882, but his legend lived on—as did persistent rumors that James faked his own death. Although it was widely accepted that fellow gang member Bob Ford shot and killed James to collect the bounty on his head, some speculated that Ford had actually murdered another man to assist James in his ruse, a claim boosted when a 100-year-old man named J. Frank Dalton came forward in 1948 saying he was the real Jesse James. In 1995, the James family requested the exhumation of their ancestor’s corpse from a Kearney, Missouri, cemetery, and DNA tests confirmed the remains were indeed those of the outlaw. 2. Eva Peron After the death of Argentina’s beloved first lady in 1952, Peron’s embalmed body was put on display inside a Buenos Aires trade union headquarters until an enormous mausoleum could be constructed. The Argentine military leaders who seized power from Juan Peron in 1955 feared the symbolic power of his wife’s corpse, so they hid it in locations around the city that included a movie theater and water works. In 1957, Peron was secretly buried in Milan, Italy under the assumed name “Maria Maggi.” Fourteen years later, Evita’s body was exhumed and moved to Madrid, where her husband lived in exile. Finally in 1974, her remains were returned to Buenos Aires and buried in a fortified crypt in La Recoleta Cemetery. 3. Abraham Lincoln In 1876 a gang of Chicago counterfeiters hatched a scheme to snatch the slain president’s body from his tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, and hold the corpse for a ransom of $200,000 and the release of their best engraver from prison. After law enforcement officials thwarted the grave robbers in the middle of the crime, Lincoln’s body was quickly moved to various unmarked graves until it was eventually encased in a steel cage and entombed under 10 feet of concrete in the same Springfield cemetery in 1901. 4. John Wilkes Booth The man who murdered Lincoln also had his final resting place disturbed. After the Union Army killed Booth during the manhunt for the presidential assassin, his body was buried inside the Washington Arsenal in the national capital. In 1869, the Booth family disinterred the assassin and buried him in a family plot in Baltimore’s Green Mount Cemetery. (To answer persistent rumors that Booth actually escaped the manhunt, family members are split on whether to exhume the body of his brother Edwin to obtain DNA samples to compare with vertebrae purported to be the assassin’s stored at the National Museum of Health and Medicine.) 5. Zachary Taylor While America was engaged in a fierce debate about extending slavery to Western territories, the robust twelfth president died suddenly on July 9, 1850. His passing was attributed to natural causes such as cholera or even a fatal case of gastroenteritis brought on by overindulging in cherries and milk. Some historians, however, believed the true cause to be arsenic poisoning perpetrated by his political enemies. In 1991, Taylor became the first president to have his remains exhumed, and tests conclusively showed that he was not assassinated by poison. 6. Christopher Columbus Death did little to slow the explorer’s global travels. Following his passing in 1506, Columbus was buried in Vallad

In which month of the year did Bing Crosby record White Christmas?

White Christmas by Bing Crosby Songfacts White Christmas by Bing Crosby Songfacts Songfacts This 8-line song that paints a picture of holiday nostalgia was written by Irving Berlin for the 1942 movie Holiday Inn, where Bing Crosby sings it from the perspective of a New Yorker stranded in sunny California during Christmas. In the film, the song begins with this verse: The sun is shining, the grass is green The orange and palm trees sway There's never been such a day In Beverly Hills, LA But it's December the 24th And I'm longing to be up north Crosby recorded a version of the song for release as a single with the Kim Darby Singers and the John Scott Trotter Orchestra on May 29, 1942 - a few months before the movie hit theaters. At the advice of Bing's record producer Jack Kapp, this original first verse was excised as it made no sense outside of the context of the film. Now starting with the familiar, "I'm dreaming of a white Christmas," the song became a huge hit, going to #1 on the Billboard chart (measuring sales) in October, and staying in the top spot for 11 weeks, taking it through the first two weeks of 1943. Irving Berlin wrote another holiday song that Crosby also sang in the film: "Let's Start the New Year Right." This was released as the B-side of the "White Christmas" single. The song enjoyed a sales resurgence every Christmas after it was first released in 1942. It went to #1 that year in America, and again reached the top spot in 1945 and 1947. The song appeared on various Billboard charts every year until 1963 when it finally dropped off the Hot 100. A perennial seller for an entire generation, the song is by far the biggest-selling Christmas song of all time. It was the biggest-selling song of all time, going back and forth with Bill Haley's " Rock Around The Clock ," until Elton John released his tribute to Princess Diana - " Candle In The Wind ." Bing re-recorded the song on March 19, 1947, again with the John Scott Trotter Orchestra because the original masters had been worn out from all the pressings. It is this version that is most often heard today. The original Drifters with Clyde McPhatter as their lead vocalist recorded their Doo-Wop version in November 1953. It hit #2 on the R&B charts in 1954, and made the Pop charts in 1955. The deep bass-tenor voice you hear on this version was Bill Pinkney, who was an early member of the group. The Drifters version made the Hot 100 (the chart was introduced in 1958) twice alongside Crosby's version: in 1960 (Bing #26, Drifters #96) and in 1962 (Bing #38, Drifters, #88). >> Suggestion credit: Jeff - Boston, MA By 1954, this song was a holiday favorite, and that year Paramount Pictures released a movie called White Christmas to tie in with it. Crosby starred in the film along with Danny Kaye, and of course performed his famous song. This won the Academy Award for Best Song of 1942. Elvis Presley recorded this song in 1957 along with other holiday standards for his Elvis' Christmas Album. Most songwriters dream of having Elvis record their songs, but Irving Berlin spoke out against the King's cover, calling it a "profane parody of his cherished yuletide standard" and claiming that his staff was ordered to call radio stations and ask them not to play it. There's a chance that Berlin was simply drumming up publicity for his song, as there was nothing all that offensive about the Elvis version, and The Drifters had already done an R&B version. Elvis doing Christmas songs did rub some people the wrong way, but much of the controversy was manufactured, helping Elvis' Christmas Album stay at #1 for an amazing five weeks in late 1957 and early 1958. The best publicity stunt may have been the one pulled off by the Portland, Oregon radio station KEX, which refused to play the song and sparked a debate among listeners as to the merits of Presley's Christmas output. Their disc jockey Al Priddy played the song on a Sunday, and was "fired" the next day, making national news - Priddy even played the phone call of his firing on the air before he left. The station continued to

What was the last name of Judy in radio's A Date With Judy series?

A Date with Judy Reviews & Ratings - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 8:34 AM, PST NEWS 27 out of 35 people found the following review useful: Classic Teenie-Bopper of it's time. from New York City, NY 30 May 2004 1948 produced some of MGM's top teenagers to movie audiences. Put them in a gorgeous technicolor musical comedy, add some veteran adults and you have one of the best of it's time. Jane Powell, lovely voice and all, plays Judy. Her best friend is the now-sophisticated Elizabeth Taylor, all of 15 years old, looking absolutely lovely that you know she's headed for glamorous grownup roles down the road. The camera loved her. Then there's Scotty Beckett, having started his career at the age of four, now in the awkward teens, doing one of his best performances as Judy's date. Sad he died such a tragic death at an early age. Scatter many film veterans to the likes of Wallace Berry and Selena Royale as Judy's parents, Robert Stack, young and handsome as Elizabeth's love interest, Leon Ames as Elizabeth and Scotty's dad, Clinton Sundberg as the butler to Ames, Xavier Cugat and his band with Carmen Miranda his star attraction, and one of her last films, and George Cleveland as Judy's Grandpa. A trivia note: watch the scene with Judy waiting to be picked up for the prom. Early in the picture. Grandpa enters and actually kicks the dog to make his entrance. I had to rewind to believe what I saw. The dog also yelped when he did. And this is the guy who later played all those "Lassie" TV programs. Shame on you George! All in all a charming and lighthearted film with the beauty of Taylor, the voice of Powell and the comedy of Beckett. Jane sings "A Most Unusual Day" and "Love Is Where You Find It". Was the above review useful to you? 23 out of 28 people found the following review useful: The exhilarating Carmen Miranda almost stole the show... 5 June 2005 *** This review may contain spoilers *** In "A Date with Judy," Liz is fully the poor little rich girl, snobbish and out for trouble because her father's real attention is elsewhere, on making money… Unhappy at home, she stirs up trouble abroad, giving naive Jane Powell bad advice on how to handle boys, and stealing one of Jane's boyfriends right out from under her twitching nose… Very pre-Lolita, a Forties style teenaged sex kitten, this is the first version of the Taylor minx and she seems highly sophisticated for a small-town high school girl, even if she is rich... "A Date with Judy" is a pleasant musical, antiseptic and cheery, suggesting Hollywood's conception of high school Life in the Forties… Like "Cynthia," the film is very class conscious, contrasting Taylor's cold, upper class household with Jane Powell's comfortable middle-class home… Typically, Liz is rich, spoiled, and reserved, but typically, too, when all is said and done, she's not bad-mannered or troublesome one; she's a good kid who just needs a little love and attention… Taylor's character finally allowed her to use the sexiness that everyone had sensed since she rode that horse in "National Velvet." Was the above review useful to you? 30 out of 42 people found the following review useful: Scotty Beckett's best from LOS ANGELES 20 August 2000 This film is a real riot of charm, song, wit and dazzling color. This kind of movie-making has been dead for a very long time, to my everlasting regret. Scotty Beckett and Jane Powell stand out. Unfortunately, Carmen Miranda is made to sing Hollywood's version of Brazilian songs, rather than the authentic stuff. It is disappointing that foreigners should so often be the object of amusement in American films. They are not allowed any dignity. However, Miranda makes the best of what she is given, and shines like a star. The fun is wholesome, but not too wholesome. The plot involves suspected adultery by a venerable father!!! Plots and subplots are gloriously interwoven. Every time I see this film I am reassured that there IS such a thing as perfection. Was the above review useful to you? 17 out of 20 people found the following review useful: A charmer from 1948!!! from Carme

In the 1940s, the University of North Carolina was founded at Charlotte and where else?

About the University - University of North Carolina at Charlotte - Acalog ACMS™ University of North Carolina at Charlotte     Undergraduate Catalog | 2015-2016 [ARCHIVED CATALOG] About the University The University of North Carolina History In North Carolina, all the public educational institutions that grant baccalaureate degrees are part of the University of North Carolina . The multi-campus state university encompasses 16 such institutions, as well as the NC School of Science and Mathematics, the nation's first public residential high school for gifted students. Chartered by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1789, the University of North Carolina was the first public university in the United States to open its doors and the only one to graduate students in the eighteenth century. The first class was admitted in Chapel Hill in 1795. For the next 136 years, the only campus of the University of North Carolina was at Chapel Hill. Additional institutions of higher education, diverse in origin and purpose, began to win sponsorship from the General Assembly beginning as early as 1877. Five were historically black institutions, and another was founded to educate American Indians. Some began as high schools. Several were created to prepare teachers for the public schools. Others had a technological emphasis. One is a training school for performing artists. The 1931 session of the General Assembly redefined the University of North Carolina to include three state-supported institutions: the campus at Chapel Hill (now the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), North Carolina State College (now North Carolina State University at Raleigh), and Woman's College (now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro). The new multi-campus University operated with one board of trustees and one president. By 1969, three additional campuses had joined the University through legislative action: the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington. In 1971, legislation was passed bringing into the University of North Carolina the state's ten remaining public senior institutions, each of which had until then been legally separate: Appalachian State University, East Carolina University, Elizabeth City State University, Fayetteville State University, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Central University, the North Carolina School of the Arts (now the University of North Carolina School of the Arts), Pembroke State University (now the University of North Carolina at Pembroke), Western Carolina University, and Winston-Salem State University. In 1985, the NC School of Science and Mathematics was declared an affiliated school of the University; in July 2007, NCSSM by legislative action became a constituent institution of the University of North Carolina. All the schools and universities welcome students of both sexes and all races. Board of Governors The UNC Board of Governors is the policy-making body legally charged with "the general determination, control, supervision, management, and governance of all affairs of the constituent institutions." The 32 voting members of the Board of Governors are elected by the General Assembly for four-year terms. Former board chairmen and board members who are former governors of North Carolina may continue to serve for limited periods as non-voting members emeriti. The president of the UNC Association of Student Governments or that student's designee is also a nonvoting member. President & General Administration The chief executive officer of the University is the president. The president is elected by and reports to the Board of Governors. The President's office is the operations level between the constituent institutions and the Board of Governors. The President has complete authority to manage the affairs and execute the policies of the University of North Carolina and its constituent institutions, subject to the direction and control of the Board of Governors. Chance

Which country was the first to make catalytic converters compulsory?

Catalytic Converters | Tenneco Inc. Tenneco Automotive Inc. (ticker: TEN, exchange: New York Stock Exchange) News Release September 1, 2000 CATALYTIC CONVERTERS Walker - a pioneer of catalytic converters Walker, founded in 1888 in Racine, WI., USA, began making exhausts in the early 1930s. It soon established a reputation for innovation, patenting the first louvered tube silencer. In 1963 Walker continued breaking new technological ground, working on the development of a device to convert the harmful gases produced by a vehicle's engine into less harmful emissions - a catalytic converter Although catalytic converters soon began to be introduced in American cars, it took almost 15 years before 'cats' were generally regarded as an acceptable emission treatment, and concerns about safety, capability and costs had to be overcome. Cars in Germany, Sweden and Switzerland were first fitted with catalytic converters in 1985, the year in which Walker became one of the very first companies selling catalytic converters in Europe Today, Walker makes 220 catalytic converters for some 1300 applications, and this number is growing all the time Vehicle Pollution Catalytic converters were developed in response to growing concern about environmental pollution. As early as 1947, vehicle pollution was deemed to be a serious health hazard in California, USA, where smog had increased dramatically as the population and number of cars on that state's roads rose Vehicle pollution is primarily caused by the dangerous by-products produced as petrol or diesel is burnt in an engine to provide the energy necessary to power the car. Among the main culprits are hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous oxides (NOx) Concentrations of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides react with oxygen in the presence of sunlight to form smog, which causes irritation of the mucous membranes, difficulties in breathing, and can aggravate such conditions as bronchitis and asthma. Smog also interferes with plant growth and can damage buildings. Carbon monoxide is highly toxic, and 90% of it comes from road vehicles. It affects the central nervous system, impairs vision, slows reflexes and causes headaches. It is also a factor in global warming. Nitrous oxides are a component of low-level ozone, another respiratory irritant, and are also a major contributor to acid rain Since the widespread introduction almost a decade ago of catalytic converters, which reduce harmful emissions from petrol cars by an average of 75%, vehicle pollution has decreased dramatically. The effectiveness of 'cats', combined with vast improvements in the quality of fuels, means that today it would take up to 100 new cars to produce the same emissions as just one made 20 years ago However, the number of vehicles on our roads continues to grow, and 70% of Europeans now cite air pollution as their main environmental concern (source: the European Commission Eurobarometer). The automotive industry is investing heavily in response. A large part of the estimated £2 billion the industry spends on research and development across Europe every year is committed to researching technology to further reduce vehicle emissions In heavy traffic, the air quality inside a car can be three times as polluted as the air outside (source: Environmental Transport Association) Legislation In 1968 the USA introduced the first restriction on vehicle emissions, followed, in 1971, by emission limits in Europe. Legislation has continued to be passed by governments around the world, setting stricter and stricter limits In 1992 catalytic converters became compulsory on all new cars sold in Europe. The impact has been dramatic - in the UK alone, harmful road transport emissions have fallen by 45%. This figure is set to fall yet further as older cars are gradually replaced with newer ones which meet the higher EU emissions standards 1992 also saw the formation of the Auto Oil Programme, a cooperative project of the European Commission and the oil and auto industries. This led to the most stringent emissions laws to date in Europ

Christa McAuliffe died in an accident in what type of vehicle in 1986?

Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA Challenger: Shuttle Disaster That Changed NASA By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor | October 16, 2012 01:21pm ET MORE The space shuttle Challenger was one of NASA's greatest triumphs. It was the second shuttle to reach space, in April 1983. It successfully completed nine milestone missions. But Challenger was also NASA's darkest tragedy. On its 10th launch, on Jan. 28, 1986, the shuttle exploded 73 seconds after liftoff, killing the seven crewmembers. The accident changed the space program forever. This full view of Challenger in space was taken by a satellite. A heavily cloud-covered portion of the Earth forms the backdrop for this scene of Challenger in orbit. This image was taken during Challenger's STS-7 mission, which launched on June 18, 1983. Credit: NASA From test vehicle to space vehicle NASA originally intended Challenger to be a test vehicle. Rockwell began building the shuttle in November 1975 and then sent it to Lockheed for structural testing starting on April 2, 1978. According to NASA, computer models at the time were not sophisticated enough to calculate the stresses on the shuttle during different phases of flight. The shuttle, then known as STA-099, went through 11 months of vibration testing in a specially formulated rig. This custom-designed machine could bring the shuttle through a simulation of all phases of flight, from liftoff to landing. Three hydraulic cylinders, each with one million pounds of force, were used as substitute space shuttle main engines. In 1979, NASA awarded Rockwell a supplemental contract to convert the test vehicle to a spacecraft. This would expand the shuttle fleet to two spacecraft, the first one being Columbia . It took two more years for Rockwell to perform the conversion. Among other things, workers had to strengthen the wings, put in a real crew cabin instead of a simulated one, and install heads-up displays for the astronauts working inside. Work completed on Oct. 23, 1981. Delays for the first flight Challenger was expected to go into space on Jan. 20, 1983, to release the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite , which later became part of a series of satellites that astronauts used to stay in touch with controllers back home. Several technical malfunctions pushed the launch back, though. First, NASA discovered a hydrogen leak in the No. 1 main engine aft compartment during a flight readiness test in December. In a second test on Jan. 25, 1983, NASA discovered cracks in the engine that were causing the leak. The agency then took several months to remove the engines and test them. While engines two and three were deemed healthy, NASA replaced Engine No. 1. A view of the shuttle Challenger's maiden STS-6 launch on April 4, 1983. In this view, Challenger is just clearing the launch pad in a cloud of smoke. Credit: NASA After another delay due to a problem with TDRS, Challenger launched successfully on April 4, 1983, on mission STS-6. Crew members set the satellite free; astronauts Story Musgrave and Donald Peterson also did the first spacewalk of the shuttle program. Cultural and technical firsts Besides the milestones in space technology, Challenger also was the vehicle by which several cultural firsts happened in the space shuttle program. The first American female astronaut, Sally Ride , rode up on Challenger on STS-7 in June 1983.  The first African-American , Guion Bluford, reached space on STS-8. On STS-41G in 1984, two women — Ride and Kathryn Sullivan — flew on one mission for the first time – as well as the first Canadian, Marc Garneau. Other milestones Challenger marked included the first night launch and landing (STS-8) and the first operational Spacelab flight (STS-51B). Spacelab was a European space laboratory that fit into a shuttle's cargo bay and included several experiments designed for tests in microgravity. It flew on Columbia on STS-9 for the first time, but Challenger's mission is considered the first working one. The flying repairman Some of Challenger's most memorable moments took place in Apr

Who was Benazir Bhutto's Father who was executed in 1988?

Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan - Nov 16, 1988 - HISTORY.com Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan Share this: Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan Author Benazir Bhutto elected leader of Pakistan URL Publisher A+E Networks In Pakistan, citizens vote in their first open election in more than a decade, choosing as prime minister the populist candidate Benazir Bhutto, daughter of former Pakistani leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She was the first woman leader of a Muslim country in modern history. After General Mohammed Zia-ul-Haq seized power in Pakistan in a military coup in 1977, Zulfikar Bhutto was tried and executed on the charge of having ordered an assassination in 1974. Benazir Bhutto endured frequent house arrests during the next seven years. In 1984, she fled to England, where she became head of her father’s former party, the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP). In 1988, President Zia died along with the American ambassador to Pakistan in a mysterious plane crash, leaving a power vacuum. Bhutto returned to Pakistan and launched a nationwide campaign for open elections. In elections on November 16, Bhutto’s PPP won a majority in the National Assembly, and on December 1 Bhutto took office as prime minister of Pakistan. Her government fell in 1990, but from 1993 to 1996 she again served as Pakistani leader. More on This Topic

Which form of death penalty was abolished by Francois Mitterrand?

Abolition: One Man's Battle Against the Death Penalty, featuring Robert Badinter in conversation with Neal Katyal | The New York Public Library The New York Public Library Embed Copy the embed code below to add this video to your site, blog, or profile. <embed src='http://www.nypl.org/sites/all/themes/nypl_new/jwplayer/player-licensed.swf' width='320' height='286' bgcolor='000000' allowscriptaccess='always' allowfullscreen='true' play='true' wmode='opaque' flashvars='image=https%3A%2F%2Fd140u095r09w96.cloudfront.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2Fav%2Flive_2008_09_19_death_penalty.jpeg&file=live_2008_09_19_death_penalty.mp4&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fflash01.nypl.org%2Fvod%2Flive_2008_09_19_death_penalty&skin=%2Fsites%2Fall%2Fthemes%2Fnypl_new%2Fjwplayer%2Fskins%2Fstormtrooper.zip&plugins=gapro-1,adtvideo%2Cviral-2&adtvideo.config=/xml/ad_config/seed&gapro.accountid=UA-1420324-3&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.idstring=||streamer||&viral.onpause=false&viral.oncomplete=true&viral.allowmenu=false&viral.functions=embed'></embed> Stream: Video (216.2MB MP4, 1 hr 53 min) Audio (104MB MP3, 2 hr 4 min) Also available on: iTunes (Audio) Robert Badinter, the French Minister of Justice between 1981 and 1986, led the battle to abolish the death penalty in France. He became a militant abolitionist after watching one of his clients unjustly guillotined in 1972. Over the next decade, he fought the death penalty in the courts and saved six men from the guillotine. After the election of François Mitterrand in 1981, Badinter was named Minister of Justice and pushed through the legislation that abolished the death penalty. Badinter's book, Abolition: One Man's Battle Against the Death Penalty, serves as a guidebook on the various legal and political strategies that can be used in the quest for abolition. With U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, Badinter recently co-authored a book on the role of judges. In a discussion about the death penalty, Badinter will be joined by Neal Katyal who recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court and who in July of this year agreed to serve as lead counsel for the State of Louisiana in asking the United States Supreme Court to reconsider its June decision abolishing the use of the death penalty for child rapists. Kenneth Roth, executive director of Human Rights Watch, will introduce the evening. He has written the forward for Badinter's book, Abolition. About Robert Badinter Robert Badinter is the author of over a dozen books including work on Oscar Wilde and Condorcet. He also co-authored a recent book on the role of judges with U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer. Badinter is married to the prominent feminist Elisabeth Badinter. Together, they form one of France?s most influential couples. He is currently a member of the French Senate and celebrated his 80th birthday in March 2008.     About Neal Katyal Georgetown University Law Professor, Neal Katyal, named one of the leading "40 lawyers under 40" by the National Law Journal, recently won Hamdan v. Rumsfeld in the United States Supreme Court, a case that challenged the policy of military trials at Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, Cuba. Katyal served as co-counsel for Vice President Al Gore in the U.S. Supreme Court election case Bush v. Palm Beach Canvassing Board, which challenged the Florida voting system. He has clerked for Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer as well as Judge Guido Calabresi of the U.S. Court of Appeals. Katyal has appeared on every major American nightly news program including the Colbert Report. Chat with a librarian now

Which capital city was the scene of a major summit between Reagan and Gorbachev in 1986?

Reykjavik Summit, Perestroika, and Glasnost Homework - Reykjavik Summit, Reykjavik Summit, Perestroika, and Glasnost Homework Reykjavik Summit, Perestroika, and Glasnost Homework -... SCHOOL View Full Document Reykjavik Summit, Perestroika, and Glasnost Homework Reykjavik Summit The Reykjavík Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev, held in Reykjavík, the capital city of Iceland, on October 11–12, 1986. The talks collapsed at the last minute, but the progress that had been achieved eventually resulted in the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union. At Reykjavík, Reagan sought to include discussion of human rights, emigration of Soviet Jews and dissidents, and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, Gorbachev sought to limit the talks solely to arms control. The Soviets also proposed to eliminate 50% of all strategic arms, including ICBMs, and agreed not to include British or French weapons in the count. All this was proposed in exchange for an American pledge not to implement strategic defenses for the next ten years, in accordance with SALT I. The Americans countered with a proposal to eliminate all ballistic missiles within ten years, but required the right to deploy strategic defenses against remaining threats afterwards. This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version. This is the end of the preview. Sign up to access the rest of the document. TERM Joseph Stalin Notes The Czar is toppled by the Bolsheviks Lenin didnt really know who Stalin Notes

Which drink did the Coca Cola Company launch in 1982?

The Extraordinary Story of How Diet Coke Came to Be: The Coca-Cola Company Until that point, extending the Coca-Cola Trademark to another brand had been a no-no. But times had changed. Soft drink consumers were gravitating to low- or no-calorie brands, and the company’s business in the U.S. was struggling following years of inflation and rising costs, resulting in inefficiencies. Members of the Diet Coke team beneath the Radio City Music Hall marquee before the filming of the brand’s debut TV commercial. “We needed a big idea to come out of one of the toughest decades we’d ever seen,” Carew explains. Diet Coke was pegged a top priority. The project was strictly top secret; only a handful of senior executives knew about it, and team members had to agree to the assignment before getting the details. “It was an entrepreneurial, cloak-and-dagger operation in the purest sense,” said Jerry Bell, who worked with Carew in the Planning Department. “I remember getting this weird phone call from Jack... and I couldn’t say no.” Within a few weeks, they presented a draft study to Coca-Cola USA President Brian Dyson, followed by Roberto Goizueta, who had been elected Chairman and CEO just months earlier, President Don Keough and Chief Marketing Officer Ike Herbert. No Risk, No Reward Goizueta green-lighted the Diet Coke project, which shifted quickly from planning to implementation. “This was a difficult decision because there were two big risks,” Carew said. “TaB was the moneymaker at the time, so if Diet Coke turned out to be a disappointment, the company would seriously complicate its future. Second, if senior leadership said no to Diet Coke, then we likely would have lost cola position.” Despite concern that Diet Coke would cannibalize TaB – which was the No. 1 diet soft drink brand in the U.S. at the time – and erode the long-term health of the Coca-Cola Trademark, the team’s research concluded just the opposite. Colas accounted for 60 percent of all soft drink sales in the U.S. back then, but diets were growing three times faster than the rest of the category. Diet Coke was seen as the right product for the right time. “We said Diet Coke would be more accretive to Coca-Cola brand value, because we would source volume from the competition versus the Coke franchise,” said Pat Garner, who joined the Diet Coke team with 10 years of bottler and field marketing experience. “And we were right.” What’s in a Name? The team debated over whether to adopt the “diet” prefix – the label Nielsen had given to the relatively new category because the term was used in the names of two of its top three brands. “Sugar Free” was one alternative, but many saw it as a slur on Coca-Cola ’s main ingredient. And “Light” was already taken by a competitor brand. Diet Coke was the most straightforward articulation of the promise of the brand. “It just seemed like the logical answer,” said John Farrell, who joined the team from Corporate Finance. “The equity of the Coca-Cola name promised the delivery of taste, and ‘diet’ told you it didn’t have sugar or calories.” For many years, the brand name was written and marketed as diet Coke – with a lowercase “d” – to reinforce the positioning of the product. Coke’s trademark lawyers wouldn’t allow the uppercase “D.” Their reasoning: Diet with an uppercase “D” was a noun, and the use of a noun changed the name of the trademark. Use of the lowercase “d” was an adjective and, therefore, did not alter the legal basis of the trademark. A Plan that Pays As the positioning began to come together, Farrell built a financial model to demonstrate the link between the brand’s marketing activities and bottler revenue. The plan motivated the system and turned bottlers into full-fledged Diet Coke enthusiasts. “John’s model made us highly credible,” Carew said. “We’d present our marketing plan to a bottler, and then he’d explain how it would pay out.” As Farrell explains it, “The economics of Diet Coke were so unbelievably simple because it didn’t have any sugar. When you remove the second-highest cost item after aluminum cans, you

Which telescope was launched into space on board a space shuttle in 1990?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 24 | 1990: Hubble telescope takes off for space About This Site | Text Only 1990: Hubble telescope takes off for space The American space agency Nasa has successfully launched the space shuttle Discovery from Cape Canaveral in Florida on its historic mission to carry the Hubble space telescope into orbit 380 miles (611.5 km) above the Earth. The telescope will operate from high above the atmosphere, thus avoiding the interference which limits ground-based telescopes. It will be able to see up to the edge of the known universe, taking images of objects and events which happened up to 14 billion years ago. The telescope, the size of a railway carriage, has taken 20 years to build, at a cost of $1.55 billion. It has been dogged by technical hitches, huge budget over-runs and other delays. Seven years late Its launch is seven years overdue, held up by problems in the space shuttle program, including the explosion of the Challenger shuttle in 1986. The problems continued even once it was safely in space, as the British-made solar panel arrays which provide power for the six separate instruments on board malfunctioned. However, scientists said they were expecting it to be difficult. "Deploying the solar panels is technically more challenging than the launch of a shuttle one more time," said Nasa scientist Stephen Maran. The fault was resolved, and now the telescope faces six months of testing before becoming fully operational. Test image Nasa hopes to release the first test image - of an open star cluster known as NGC 3532 - in about a week. Hubble's main instrument is a finely-polished mirror 94 inches (240 cm) across. There are also two cameras - one which can achieve image resolutions 10 times greater than that of even the largest Earth-based telescope, and a second which can detect an object 50 times fainter than anything visible from Earth. "We are going to have the ability to observe the most distant objects, among the earliest in the universe, and thus probe the secrets of creation," said Nasa's chief scientist, Leonard Fisk. The telescope will be controlled by the specially-created Space Telescope Science Institute at Baltimore. It's thought Hubble's images will provoke a drastic revision of the shapes, sizes and content of galaxies already identified by ground-based telescopes. It is also likely to find new stars and phenomena, and astronomers suggest the telescope provides the best chance yet of working out the true age of the universe.

Jonas Salk developed the Salk vaccine against which disease?

Jonas Salk, M.D. - Academy of Achievement Jonas Salk, M.D. Listen to this achiever on What It Takes What It Takes is an audio podcast on iTunes produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate, revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor: music, science and exploration, sports, film, technology, literature, the military and social justice. Risks, I like to say, always pay off. You learn what to do or what not to do. Congressional Gold Medal Date of Death June 23, 1995 In America in the 1950s, summertime was a time of fear and anxiety for many parents; this was the season when children by the thousands became infected with the crippling disease poliomyelitis, or polio. This burden of fear was lifted forever when it was announced that Dr. Jonas Salk had developed a vaccine against the disease. Salk became world-famous overnight, but his discovery was the result of many years of painstaking research. Jonas Salk was born in New York City. His parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants who, although they themselves lacked formal education, were determined to see their children succeed, and encouraged them to study hard. Jonas Salk was the first member of his family to go to college. He entered the City College of New York intending to study law, but soon became intrigued by medical science. Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995), developer of the polio vaccine, holding a bottle in the laboratory, mid-20th century. While attending medical school at New York University, Salk was invited to spend a year researching influenza. The virus that causes flu had only recently been discovered, and the young Salk was eager to learn if the virus could be deprived of its ability to infect, while still giving immunity to the illness. Salk succeeded in this attempt, which became the basis of his later work on polio. After completing medical school and his internship, Salk returned to the study of influenza, the flu virus. World War II had begun, and public health experts feared a replay of the flu epidemic that had killed millions in the wake of the First World War. The development of vaccines controlled the spread of flu after the war, and the epidemic of 1919 did not recur. In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University of Pittsburgh Medical School. While working there, with the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, Salk saw an opportunity to develop a vaccine against polio, and devoted himself to this work for the next eight years. April 23, 1955: Dr. Jonas Salk, who developed the vaccine that is believed to have struck the death knell of polio, as he received a special citation from President Dwight David Eisenhower in the White House Rose Garden. The President praised the young doctor as a “benefactor of mankind” and said that his work was in the “highest tradition of selfless and dedicated research.” At right is Mrs. Oveta Culp Hobby, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Meanwhile, government officials and medical representatives were conferring on distributing the vaccine. In 1955, Salk’s years of research paid off. Human trials of the polio vaccine effectively protected the subject from the polio virus. When news of the discovery was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a miracle worker. He further endeared himself to the public by refusing to patent the vaccine. He had no desire to profit personally from the discovery, but merely wished to see the vaccine disseminated as widely as possible. 1973: Jonas Salk, and his wife, French painter Françoise Gilot. “In 1969, during an exhibition in Los Angeles, Françoise traveled to La Jolla and was introduced to Dr. Jonas Salk. Their mutual admiration of architecture prompted Dr. Salk to offer Françoise a tour of The Salk Institute.” They married in 1970 in Paris and were together for twenty-five years until Salk’s death in 1995. (Photo Credit: Albane Navizet/Kipa/Sygma viaGetty Images) Salk’s vaccine was composed of “killed” polio virus, which retained the ability to immunize without running the risk of infecting th

Which of London's four airports is the only one to be connected to the city Underground system?

1906 - Elephant & Castle station opens 1915 - The line is extended from Baker Street to Queen's Park 1939 - The Bakerloo line takes over the Stanmore branch of the Metropolitan line 1979 - The Jubilee line opens and, after 40 years, the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line closes 1982 - The four peak period trains between Queen's Park and Watford Junction are withdrawn 1989 - Services between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone restart Central Line The Central Line, originally called the Central London Railway, opened on 30 July 1900 as a cross-London route from Bank to Shepherd's Bush. Popular from the start, part of its success stemmed from the cost: a flat fare of two old pence to travel. This inspired the press to call it the 'Tuppenny Tube.' In 1908, London hosted the Franco-British exhibition, the largest fair of its kind, which attracted 8 million visitors. At the time, the exhibition site was little more than a cluster of white buildings with no official name but when the Central line extended to the site, it officially became known as White City. In the 1990s, the Central line was upgraded to automatic operation, making it the second Underground line, after the Victoria line in the 1960s, to use this technology. Key Central line dates 1900 - Central London Railway opens 1908 - The line extends west to Wood Lane to support the White City Exhibition 1912 - The line extends east from Bank to Liverpool Street 1920 - The line extends west to Ealing Broadway 1945 - After the war, new tracks next to to the main line railway start to be used. They run from North Acton to West Ruislip and include new tunnels from Liverpool Street to Leyton 1994 - The Epping to Ongar shuttle service closes, due to low passenger numbers Circle line Although the first circular service started in 1884, the Circle line as we know it didn't really begin until the 1930s. The 'Circle line' name first appeared on a poster in 1936 but took another 13 years for it to get its own, separate line on the Tube map. The tracks used by the Circle line were run by the Metropolitan Railway and District Railway, two companies who couldn't agree on how to run the line. Their differences initially meant that District Railway ran the clockwise trains and Metropolitan Railway, the anti-clockwise trains. In December 2009, the Circle line was broken and replaced by an end-to-end service between Hammersmith and Edgware Road, via Aldgate. Key Circle line dates 1884 - The first circular service begins 1868 - The Paddington to Farringdon (Metropolitan Railway) line extends to South Kensington. The District Railway opens its new line from South Kensington to Westminster at the same time 1884 - The District Railway line finally extends to Mark Lane (now Tower Hill). It meets the Metropolitan Railway line to create a full circle 1905 - The line is electrified 1933 - Metropolitan Railway and District Railway become part of the London Passenger Transport Board 1936 - The 'Circle line' name appears on a poster for the first time 1949 - The Circle line gets its own line on the Tube map 2009 - The Circle line is broken and replaced by and end-to-end service District line The District line first opened on Christmas Eve 1868, between South Kensington and Westminster. In the years following, it extended both east and west, even going as far as Windsor. In 1883, the line was extended from Ealing Broadway to Windsor and has run services as far as Southend, during its time. Uxbridge and Hounslow were part of the District line until they were transferred to the Piccadilly line in 1933 and 1964. Key District line dates 1868 - The first section of what is now the District line begins. It runs between South Kensington and Westminster 1869 - New tracks open between Gloucester Road and West Brompton 1874 - The line extends to Hammersmith, Richmond in 1877 and Ealing Broadway in 1879 1885 - The two-year old Ealing to Windsor service ends 1884 - The line extends to Mark Lane (now Tower Hill) 1910 - The line extends to Uxbridge, following an earlier extension to Hounslow (in 1884) Hammersm

Who constructed the world's first laser?

The first laser The first laser from A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries that Changed Science and the World Laura Garwin and Tim Lincoln, editors When the first working laser was reported in 1960, it was described as "a solution looking for a problem." But before long the laser's distinctive qualities—its ability to generate an intense, very narrow beam of light of a single wavelength—were being harnessed for science, technology and medicine. Today, lasers are everywhere: from research laboratories at the cutting edge of quantum physics to medical clinics, supermarket checkouts and the telephone network. Theodore Maiman made the first laser operate on 16 May 1960 at the Hughes Research Laboratory in California, by shining a high-power flash lamp on a ruby rod with silver-coated surfaces. He promptly submitted a short report of the work to the journal Physical Review Letters, but the editors turned it down. Some have thought this was because the Physical Review had announced that it was receiving too many papers on masers—the longer-wavelength predecessors of the laser—and had announced that any further papers would be turned down. But Simon Pasternack, who was an editor of Physical Review Letters at the time, has said that he turned down this historic paper because Maiman had just published, in June 1960, an article on the excitation of ruby with light, with an examination of the relaxation times between quantum states, and that the new work seemed to be simply more of the same. Pasternack's reaction perhaps reflects the limited understanding at the time of the nature of lasers and their significance. Eager to get his work quickly into publication, Maiman then turned to Nature, usually even more selective than Physical Review Letters, where the paper was better received and published on 6 August. With official publication of Maiman's first laser under way, the Hughes Research Laboratory made the first public announcement to the news media on 7 July 1960. This created quite a stir, with front-page newspaper discussions of possible death rays, but also some skepticism among scientists, who were not yet able to see the careful and logically complete Nature paper. Another source of doubt came from the fact that Maiman did not report having seen a bright beam of light, which was the expected characteristic of a laser. I myself asked several of the Hughes group whether they had seen a bright beam, which surprisingly they had not. Maiman's experiment was not set up to allow a simple beam to come out of it, but he analyzed the spectrum of light emitted and found a marked narrowing of the range of frequencies that it contained. This was just what had been predicted by the theoretical paper on optical masers (or lasers) by Art Schawlow and myself, and had been seen in the masers that produced the longer-wavelength microwave radiation. This evidence, presented in figure 2 of Maiman's Nature paper, was definite proof of laser action. Shortly afterward, both in Maiman's laboratory at Hughes and in Schawlow's at Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, bright red spots from ruby laser beams hitting the laboratory wall were seen and admired. Maiman's laser had several aspects not considered in our theoretical paper, nor discussed by others before the ruby demonstration. First, Maiman used a pulsed light source, lasting only a few milliseconds, to excite (or "pump") the ruby. The laser thus produced only a short flash of light rather than a continuous wave, but because substantial energy was released during a short time, it provided much more power than had been envisaged in most of the earlier discussions. Before long, a technique known as "Q switching" was introduced at the Hughes Laboratory, shortening the pulse of laser light still further and increasing the instantaneous power to millions of watts and beyond. Lasers now have powers as high as a million billion (10 15 ) watts! The high intensity of pulsed laser light allowed a wide range of new types of experiment, and launched the now-burgeoning field of nonlinear optics. Nonlinear

Which Wisconsin salesman developed a safety razor in 1901?

Gaston County Museum Gaston County Museum   Object of the Week On December 3rd 1901 the Safety Blade was first patented.  The first safety razor was actually designed towards the end of the 1700’s by Jean-Jacques Perret, a Frenchman. Throughout the 1800’s razors were continually being developed, particularly in England and Germany. However, in 1901, King Camp Gillette, a salesman from Wisconsin, patented the first razor with disposable blades. Before this, men had to shave with a straight edge razor, which was kept sharp by using a leather strap. Nicks to the skin were a lot more common! This innovation came at a great time, as by the turn of the century the clean- shaven look was coming back into fashion, particularly for the younger generations. The new razors had a guard that prevented the blade from cutting the skin and could be disposed of afterwards. During the First World War, Gillette provided safety razors to every man who had enlisted, as part of their standard- issue belongings. So by 1918 3.5 million razors were being used by the military. This particular razor in our collection is from the early 1900’s. There is the reusable razor handle and the packet of disposable blades.

In which country were Daewoo cars originally produced?

GM Daewoo GM Daewoo Headquarters and R&D center: Bupyung Main plants: Bupyung (Gentra, Tosca, Windstorm), Gunsan (Lacetti), Changwon (Matiz). Sales figures 2010: 1,842,374 units* (domestic sale: 125,730 units) 2007: 1,886,632 units* 2004: 900,000 units 2003: 580,000 units * A large number of cars produced were badged as Chevrolet, Pontiac, Holden and Buick for export. Introduction GM Daewoo is increasingly important to the fortune of GM. Previously it was seen as a cheap source of small cars feeding North America and Europe. Now with increased investment upping its R&D and design capability, Korea has become the leading engineering center for developing its global small car platform, Delta. GM Korea's designs are extensively used in overseas market - as Chevrolet in America, as Chevrolet / Opel / Vauxhall in Europe, as Holden in Australia and Chevrolet / Buick in China. Previously, Suzuki also sold rebadged Leganza in the US market in order to fill its vacancy in mid-size cars. As a result, it acquired minority stakes in GM Daewoo. Note: since Jan 2011, GM Daewoo becomes GM Korea and the Daewoo brand gives way to Chevrolet. Following its full integration into GM, it would be meaningless to continue updating this page. From now on related information will be reported on the GM page instead. Brief History The story of Daewoo began with General Motors. In order to enter the Korea market, GM established GM Korea in 1972 as a joint-venture with Shinjin (a small Korean car maker previously partnered with Toyota). 6 years later, majority stakes were sold to local industrial giant Daewoo group, thus the company was rename to Daewoo. However, GM still controlled the development of its cars. Daewoo did not really involve much its new car development because GM could always find some outdated designs from its backyard - for example, Opel Kadett became Daewoo Le Mans / Racer. This car was also rebadged as Pontiac for sale in North America as GM wanted to make use of its cost advantage to fight against Japanese cars. The project gave Daewoo the first taste of large volume export as well as a modern assembly plant with annual capacity of 170,000 units. GM quit in 1992 as it sold the remaining stakes to Daewoo group. As the US influence withdrew, Daewoo started developing its own cars. That called for hunting ex-Porsche engineer Ulrich Bez to head its engineering operation, setting up R&D centers in Europe and subcontracting development jobs to overseas consultants. Besides, Italian design houses were employed to style its new cars. The result was a trio of new models, Lanos, Nubira and Leganza, all launched in 1997. Next year arrived its smallest car, Matiz, designed by Giugiaro based on a proposal abandoned by FIAT Punto. Daewoo also established a  joint-venture in Poland with FSO to produce Matiz for European market.   Matiz (1998) The Asian financial crisis in 1997/98 hit South Korea hard. Many companies went burst because of their high debt level resulted from over-expansion in the last few years. Daewoo received the SUV maker Ssangyong in 1998, but this ownership lasted for less than two years, because Daewoo itself also went into bankruptcy in 2000. It wasn't too bad indeed. Operated under creditor banks, Daewoo kept production as usual and even introduced some decent new models - Kalos, new generation Lanos, Nubira and Lacetti. In 2002, GM came back and bought the majority assets of Daewoo. The company was renamed to GM Daewoo. GM also invested to upgrade its R&D and quality control, improving its product lineup. As Daewoo had poor quality image overseas, its cars were rebadged as Chevrolet for the American and European market and sold as Holden in Australia. In the latter half of 2000s, GM built its Korean subsidiary into a leading development center for its global small car platform (Delta), not merely a production base. The first fruit was the 2008 Lacetti, which was derived into Chevrolet Cruze. In early 2011, the name Daewoo finally came to the end. GM Daewoo was renamed to GM Korea, while its domestic cars were rebranded

Which toy company did Ruth and Elliot Handler found?

Elliot Handler Remembered Elliot Handler (April 1916 — July 2011) Elliot Handler, founder of Mattel, Inc., the world's largest toy company and well-known as the creator of the Hot Wheels® mega-brand, died at the age of 95. With his wife Ruth Handler, Elliot transformed what began as a home-based business into the largest global toy company, with a rich portfolio of popular brands beloved by generations of children around the world, including Hot Wheels®, Barbie®, Fisher-Price®, and American Girl®. The Handlers started Mattel Creations in 1945 with Harold "Matt" Matson, whose name was fused with Elliot's to form "Mattel." Originally a small business enterprise headquartered in the Handlers' garage in suburban Los Angeles, Calif., the company launched with three pieces of shop equipment purchased on installment from Sears. The first Mattel products produced from that location were picture frames, and Elliot soon developed a side business in dollhouse furniture made from picture frame scraps. Elliot's product development talents were complemented by Ruth's marketing savvy, and the company turned a profit in its very first year. The Uke-A-Doodle®, a child-size ukelele, was the first in a line of musical toys that gave Mattel its first 'staple' business. After the Uke-A-Doodle introduction in 1947, Matson sold his share of the business. Encouraged by their success, the Handlers soon shifted the company's emphasis to toys. A popular jack-in-the-box followed the Uke-A-Doodle, and by 1955, the company was valued at $500,000 and well on its way to becoming the world's number-one selling toy brand. In 1955, a new television series produced by The Walt Disney Company called the "Mickey Mouse Club" was set to debut, and Disney and ABC Television asked if Mattel would consider sponsoring a 15-minute segment of the show. The drawback was that Mattel would be obligated to sponsor the program for one entire 52-week season, which would cost Mattel $500,000 - nearly its entire net worth. The campaign was an unabashed success, and Mattel instantly revolutionized the toy industry by turning a 'mom-and-pop' business with a seasonal focus on Christmas into a large-scale business enterprise that garnered impressive sales year-round. In fact, annual sales grew from $5 million to $14 million in just three years. Advertising on television was one of two key decisions that the Handlers made during the 1950s, which transformed Mattel from a profitable business into an industry leader. The other key turning point was the invention and marketing of a three-dimensional doll through which little girls could act out their dreams of growing up. An instant sensation upon its introduction in 1959, Barbie® has since grown into a multi-billion dollar brand. In the late 1960s, Mattel eagerly was in search of a toy hit that would capture boys’ imaginations the way that Barbie® did for girls. Elliot had an idea for miniature die-cast vehicles that would incorporate speed, power and performance, as well as cool car designs. Introduced in 1968, Hot Wheels® were distinguished with customized designs and outrageous paint jobs, and also became a number-one selling toy brand. Known as the "whiz kids of the toy industry," the Handlers were renowned for inventing some of the world’s best-known toy brands. In 1973, Elliot was named Mattel’s Chairman of the Board, a position he would share with Ruth until 1975 when, after having helped nurture Mattel from a dollhouse furniture shop into a leading manufacturer, the Handlers left the company after more than 30 years. Elliot and Ruth became the first living inductees to the Toy Industry Hall of Fame in 1989. Employees also held the Handlers in high esteem, due to their thoughtfulness and ability to make every employee feel that his or her contribution to the organization was valuable. In fact, the Handlers insisted that all of their employees call them by their first names at a time when such informality was unprecedented. Elliot, the second of four brothers, grew up in Denver, Colorado and met Ruth Mosko at a ch

Which country was the first in the world to introduce a driving test?

History of Driving and the introduction of the UK driving licence. A Potted History of Driving, and the UK Driving Licence. The History of Driving and the UK Driving Licence. We've started with the invention of motorised road vehicles. At that time there was no such thing as a driving licence. The development of the motor car, and the rapid increase over the years in the volume of vehicles on Britain's roads, resulted in the necessity for some means by which the government could ensure that safety prevailed. This 'History of Driving' starts before the driving licence was devised and follows the development of roads, cars and licences over the last 120 years or so. Read on to get an idea of how it all happened. A History of Driving: 1860 - 1900 The invention of the motor car really began in the mid-late 18th century with the invention of small, passenger-carrying steam-powered road vehicles. Due to the size and power of these vehicles a 'Red Flag Act' was introduced in 1865, whereby it was compulsory for two people to operate and power the vehicle, while a third walked in front waving a red flag to warn other road users of its presence. Germany's Karl Benz has, for the most part, been credited as the inventor of the first real, 'proper', motor car that was specifically designed to be operated by a sole driver on public highways. His car, invented in 1885-86, was a three-wheeled vehicle, with no windows, that ran on petrol. The mid-1880's to the mid-1890's witnessed the development of numerous four-wheeled, petrol-powered road cars, and in 1896 'The Red Flag Act' was abolished and 'The Light Locomotives on the Highways Act' (The Emancipation Act) was introduced, stipulating an upper speed limit of 12mph for motorised road vehicles. Cars were on Britain's roads! The first motor car race took place in 1895. Front wheel drive appeared in 1897, the honeycombed radiator in 1898, and front suspension in 1899. A History of Driving: 1901 - 1920 The Grand Prix was established in 1901 and was held in France, (although the first actual built-for-purpose race track was located at Brooklands in Surrey, built in 1907). In 1903 the 'Motor Car Act' was introduced in the UK. The Act required all motor car owners to register their vehicles with their local county borough council and to display their registration at all times. It also made the driving licence compulsory. The licence was fabric-bound and similar in style to today's passports. It could be bought at local council office for 5 shillings; no test of driving competency was required. However, the 1903 Motor Act also introduced a penalty for reckless driving. The car continued to develop rapidly over the next ten years and began to look more like the modern car, with headlights, windscreens, rubber tyres with pressure gauges, number plates and coil ignition, all by about 1908. Henry Ford's 'Model T' was developed in America in 1909, and by 1913 he was manufacturing factory produced cars. Between 1909 and 1913 four-wheel brakes, the electric starter and four-wheel steering for off-road vehicles had been introduced, with mechanical wipers being developed in 1916. A History of Driving: 1921 - 1940 Hydraulic wheel brakes appeared in 1921 and by 1922 Henry Ford had built one million cars. General Motors came to Britain in 1925. The first British Grand Prix was held at Brooklands in 1926 and the first Monaco Grand Prix was raced in the street in 1929. Between 1922 and 1929 world land speed records increased from 133mph to 231mph. It is estimated that, by the mid-1890's, there were approximately 15 motor cars on the Britain's roads. By 1900 there were about 800 cars. By 1930, this had dramatically increased to approximately one million cars on the roads of Britain, and by 1934 there were 1.5 million. In 1930 age restrictions were applied to driving, and a driving test for disabled drivers was introduced. Compulsory motor vehicle insurance was also introduced. In 1931 the first edition of 'The Highway Code' was introduced, and the Morris Minor retailed at £100 (equivalent to £3,34

Who launched the short-lived Skytrain air service?

Sir Freddie Laker - Telegraph Sir Freddie Laker 12:05AM GMT 11 Feb 2006 Sir Freddie Laker, who died on Thursday aged 83, pioneered the idea of cheap air travel with his Skytrain to America in 1977; his entrepreneurial spirit brought him immense public affection and the wrath of rivals who conspired successfully to break his business. Before Skytrain, international flights were largely the preserve of the rich. After the Second World War it was thought that competition between airlines might prejudice passenger safety, and hence the market was strictly regulated by the International Air Transport Association. IATA allowed state airlines to maintain an inefficient monopoly offering identical services at high prices. By 1971 the only exception was charter airlines catering for the growing package holiday trade. Under a bizarre IATA rule intended to preserve the monopoly, charter passengers needed six months' membership of an "affinity group" whose main purpose was not travel, groups such as the Dahlia Society or the Left Hand Club. Backdated membership soon became openly obtainable at airports. Laker, whose airline was being regularly fined for carrying large numbers of bogus Rose Growers to America, proposed an easier system. Passengers who wanted a cheap flight could queue for a ticket at the airport, just as they would at a railway station before taking a train. It took six years of strenuous argument to persuade the British and American governments to see the idea's merits. The first Skytrain took off for New York in September 1977. Although Laker offered no frills (such as meals), at £59 it cost a third of any other ticket. He made £1 million profit in the first year, and by 1980 was carrying one in seven transatlantic passengers. Laker took a boyish delight in his success; he was memorably photographed zooming around the Gatwick runway pretending to be a Spitfire. Yet his concern for the consumer's interest endeared him to the public. He was voted "Man of the Year" and in 1978 knighted by the Callaghan government. Then, in February 1982, Laker Airways abruptly went into receivership with debts of £264 million. The collapse was so sudden that its flights were turned round in mid-air. At first it appeared that Laker had overreached himself, borrowing heavily to finance 15 new planes just as the pound plunged against the dollar. The major airlines had also taken concerted action, offering cheap fares for the first time; and when Pan Am cut the price of its regular service by two-thirds in October 1981, Laker's passengers deserted him. In 1983 the liquidators Touche Ross began an anti-trust action in America, claiming a billion dollars from 10 major airlines. The allegations went beyond predatory pricing; British Airways, Pan Am, TWA and Lufthansa were said to have met to plot Laker's downfall. In particular, several airlines had threatened the manufacturer McDonnell Douglas that they would buy elsewhere if it rescheduled Laker's debt. The Justice Department found the evidence in a school project by the daughter of a McDonnell Douglas director. The action threatened BA's privatisation, and in 1985 the defendants settled out of court the £35 million owed to Laker's creditors, staff and passengers. Laker himself reluctantly accepted £6 million in compensation and retreated to the Bahamas. The lessons have since been absorbed by Sir Richard Branson. Frederick Alfred Laker was born at Canterbury on August 6 1922. His father, a merchant seaman, deserted the family when Freddie was five, and his mother then worked as a cleaner. At the local Simon Langton School Freddie did not shine academically, amusing friends by saying he was going to be a millionaire. His first job was delivering coal for an uncle. At 16 he joined the flying-boat builders Short Brothers of Rochester as a teaboy and apprentice engineer, and studied maths and economics at night school. In the Second World War he worked for the Air Transport Auxiliary where he excelled at improvising repairs. He became flight engineer to Jim Mollison, Amy Johnson's husband, be

What did Guinness adopt as its trademark in the 60s?

The 60s and 70s Beer Guide 60s and 70s Beer Guide Changing fashions ruled beer drinking in the 50s, 60s and 70s. First bottled pale ale challenged draught mild as the Nation's favourite drink. Then a few years later, everyone was drinking draught keg bitter, with Watneys Red Barrel the best known brand. Lager was the drink of the 70s. The hot summer of 1976 provided a reason to try the beverage, but tastes were changing. In 1971 there was a backlash against the relentless spread of keg bitter and lager when CAMRA, the Campaign for Real Ale, formed. In the latter part of the seventies there was a resurgence of some traditional brews; real ale, though, still remained a minority taste. From mild to bitter Mild was the working man's drink for the first half of the twentieth century. The only choice was between mild and stout; bitter was a luxury. In 1900 best bitter was almost unknown and in 1929 it was still only a tiny fraction total beer sales. At the start of the sixties, mild was the dominant beer. Around 40% of the output of Bass Charrington, Britain's largest brewer, was mild. By 1967 this had fallen to 30%. Mild was losing favour, though it was the cheapest beer. It did have strongholds in the Midlands (notably M & B Mild), but the majority chose best bitter. Best bitter on draught and its bottled equivalent, best pale ale, were the favourite beers of the 60s. Pale ale was sold as a premium beer; it was a popular luxury. From cask to keg Keg bitter is pasteurised to stop any fermentation. Carbon dioxide is added to give the beer sparkle. The pressure of carbon dioxide is used to draw the beer up from the cellar. So keg beer does not need a traditional long handled beer pump. The first keg beer was Watneys Red Barrel , developed in the 30s. The big brewers though, did not heavily promote keg bitter until the late 50s. The first brewer to use the term keg and to promote sales of keg beer was Flowers (later taken over by Whitbread). Many of the others followed suit and each launched their own brand of keg bitter: Worthington 'E', Whitbread Tankard, Ind Coope Double Diamond, Youngers Tartan and Courage Tavern. Sales of keg beer increased steadily throughout the sixties. In 1960 it was 1% of the total beer market, by 1965 7% and by 1971 18%. Keg beer was most popular with the young. It was the natural choice for the new themed pubs and disco pubs of the 60s. Keg bitter was more expensive than traditional cask conditioned ales and was marketed as a premium brand. There was a tendency for brewers to reduce the strength and original gravity (a measure of the proportion of ingredients, hops, barley etc to water) of cask beers. The keg beers were the best the brewery had to offer so there was no need to spend as much on the cask conditioned beers. Throughout the sixties people suspected that that beer was getting weaker; they were right. By the latter part of the sixties, carbon dioxide was often added to cask beers as well; they were drawn up from the cellar under pressure in much the same way as keg beer. For the drinker at the bar, there was little to choose between them. The more discerning opted for keg. Bottled and canned beer The rise of keg bitter in the sixties stopped a trend that had begun after the War of increasing sales of bottled beer. It even appeared that sales of bottled beer might overtake draught beer. Reasons for choosing it over traditional ales were consistency, brightness, a clean palette and sparkle. Keg bitter provided all these qualities at a cheaper price. Canned beer was in its infancy in the late 50s. Ind Coopes Long Life was one of the first. The brewer picked up on concerns about the quality of cask ales and claimed Long Life was brewed for the can and never varied. Canned beer sales increased throughout the sixties, but did not become important until the seventies. Watneys Party Seven was a new take on canned beer. National brands Before the 60s, the supply of beer had been regional. There were a few exceptions with bottled Guinness, Bass and Worthing

Which city was the HQ of the European Space program?

Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions By SPACE.com Staff | March 14, 2013 06:00pm ET MORE Artist's concept of the ExoMars 2016 spacecraft, which consists of the Trace Gas Orbiter and the Entry, descent and landing Demonstrator Module (EDM). Credit: ESA-AOES Medialab Russia and the European Space Agency have officially teamed up to send a series of spacecraft to search for signs of life on Mars. European space officials and Russia's Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) signed a deal Thursday (March 14) to launch a Mars orbiter mission in 2016 and a rover in 2018 as part of what is now a joint ExoMars program. The Mars exploration agreement outlines the two agencies' responsibilities for the upcoming unmanned missions. In 2016, ESA will provide the Trace Gas Orbiter to study the atmosphere of Mars to measure its chemical composition, as well as an  entry, descent and landing demonstrator module. For the 2018 mission, ESA will provide the carrier and the ExoMars rover , which will search for signs that life on Mars existed in the past or present, collecting samples from as deep as 6.5 feet (2 meters) beneath the surface of the Red Planet. "It will be the first Mars rover able to drill to depths of 2 m, collecting samples that have been shielded from the harsh conditions of the surface, where radiation and oxidants can destroy organic materials," ESA officials said in a statement. ExoMars rover Credit: ESA Roscosmos, meanwhile, will supply the rockets to launch both Mars missions, as well as the 2018 descent module and surface platform. Both space agencies will provide scientific instruments and will work together on the scientific goals of the missions, according to ESA officials. ESA director-general Jean-Jacques Dordain called Thursday's agreement a "momentous occasion" for the ExoMars program after meeting with the head of Roscosmos, Vladimir Popovkin, at the ESA headquarters in Paris. Dordain said in a statement that the agreement "will demonstrate the competitiveness of European industry, be important for preparing a solid participation of ESA in future international exploration missions and address the key question of whether life ever arose on Mars." NASA pulled out of the ExoMars program last year due to budget cuts in its planetary science program, but ESA officials said the U.S. space agency will still contribute some communications and engineering support for the new Mars missions. Follow SPACE.com on Twitter  @Spacedotcom . We're also on  Facebook  and  Google+ . Original story on  SPACE.com . No planet is more steeped in myth and misconception than Mars. This quiz will reveal how much you really know about some of the goofiest claims about the red planet.

Which Andre built the first factory to mass-produce rubber tires?

John Dunlop, Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires John Dunlop, Charles Goodyear and the History of Tires John Boyd Dunlop with the first bicycle to have pneumatic tires.  Hulton Archive/Getty Images By Mary Bellis Updated August 10, 2016. The rubber pneumatic tires seen on millions of cars across the world are the result of multiple inventors working across several decades. And those inventors have names that should be recognizable to anyone who's ever bought tires for their car: Michelin, Goodyear, Dunlop. Of these, none had so great an impact on the invention of the tire than John Dunlop and Charles Goodyear.  Charles Goodyear and the Invention of Vulcanized Rubber None of it would have been possible without Charles Goodyear , who in 1844 -- more than 50 years before the first rubber tires would appear on cars -- patented a process known as vulcanization. This process involved heating and removing the sulphur from rubber, thus making the rubber water-proof and winter-proof and allowing it to retain its elasticity. While Goodyear's claim to have invented vulcanization was challenged, he prevailed in court and is today remembered as the sole inventor of vulcanized rubber. And that became hugely important once people realized it would be perfect for making tires. continue reading below our video How to Negotiate Your Bills Lower John Dunlop and the Pneumatic Tire Robert William Thomson (1822 - 1873) invented the actual first vulcanized rubber pneumatic tire. Thomson patented his pneumatic tire in 1845, and his invention worked well, but it was too costly to catch on. That changed with John Boyd Dunlop (1840-1921), a Scottish veterinarian and the recognized inventor of the first practical pneumatic (inflatable) tire. His patent, granted in 1888, wasn't for automobile tires, however: it was intended for use on bicycles (see picture). Later Developments In 1895, André Michelin and his brother Edouard, who had previously patented a removable bike tire, were the first to use pneumatic tires on an automobile . In 1911, Philip Strauss invented the first successful tire, which was a combination tire and air filled inner tube. Strauss' company the Hardman Tire & Rubber Company marketed the tires.  In 1903, P.W. Litchfield of the Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however, it was never commercially exploited until the 1954 Packard.  In 1904, mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats. In 1908, Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction.  In 1910, B.F. Goodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon to the rubber.  Goodrich also invented the first synthetic rubber tires in 1937 made of a patented substance called Chemigum.

Which film actor became mayor of Carmel, California in 1986?

15 Famous Actors Turned Politicians | Backstage 15 Famous Actors Turned Politicians By KC Wright | Posted Sept. 22, 2015, 1 p.m. Share: Shirley Temple Photo Source: Olga Zelenkova/Shutterstock.com The U.S. political climate is heating up as we draw closer to the 2016 elections, and it’s time to honor some fellow actors who made a name for themselves in Hollywood and in Washington. Is a career in politics in your future? Draw inspiration from these 15 performers who served our country in various political seats. Ronald Reagan Certainly the most famous performer-turned-politician in history, actor Reagan became the POTUS in 1981 after serving as the governor of California. Prior to his political career, Reagan had a seven-year contract with Warner Brothers Studios where he worked on numerous films; he also served in the U.S. Army Air Force’s Motion Picture Unit, and was president of the Screen Actors Guild for seven terms between 1947 and 1960!      John Davis Lodge A star of stage and screen from the 1930s to the 1940s (“Little Women,” “The Scarlet Empress”), Lodge made a new name for himself when he was elected into the U.S. House of Representatives in 1947. He later became the Governor of Connecticut from 1951 to 1955, and was a U.S. Ambassador to Spain, Argentina, and Switzerland throughout the next three decades. George Murphy Predating Reagan and Lodge was Murphy, a star of numerous musical movies during the earliest days of talking pictures. Murphy was awarded an honorary Oscar in 1950 for “services in interpreting the film industry to the country at large,” and was SAG President from 1944 to 1946. Murphy became a Republican senator from California in 1964, and is the only senator to date with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Helen Gahagan Douglas This 1920s Broadway actor (and star of the 1935 film “She”) made history as the first Democratic woman to be elected to Congress from the state of California. She served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1945 to 1951, and worked to support women’s and civil rights. She ran for U.S. Senate in 1950 and lost the election to Richard Nixon, but not before gifting him with the enduring nickname “Tricky Dick.” Fred Grandy A popular sitcom actor throughout the 1970s and ’80s—he recurred on “Maude” and played Gopher on “The Love Boat”— Grandy was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986, where he remained for four terms. He ran for Governor of Iowa in 1994, but lost the election by a small margin. As an actor, Grandy was recently seen on Season 3 of “The Mindy Project.” Ben Jones Once known as Cooter on long running tv show “The Dukes of Hazzard,” Jones had a second career as a Democrat representing Georgia in the U.S. House of Representatives. Jones served from 1989 to 1993, and returned to acting, writing, and other pursuits after losing his seat in 1994. Shirley Temple Black No one could have guessed that this iconic child actor would one day have a reach far beyond her dozens of family films. The great ringlet and tap-shoe-donning star of 1930s and ’40s took a step back from show business around 1950, and began a career in foreign service with the UN General Assembly in 1969. She became a U.S. Ambassador to Ghana in 1974, and was later named the 18th Chief of Protocol of the United States and the U.S. Ambassador to Czechoslovakia. Clint Eastwood A screen legend for decades, this four-time Oscar winner (two for directing) is also a respected politician. Eastwood became mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1986, and was appointed to the California State Park and Recreation Commission in 2001 and the California Film Commission in 2004. Fred Thompson A long-time politician and actor, Thompson’s dual careers worked in tandem in 2002 when he played District Attorney Arthur Branch on “Law & Order” while still serving as a U.S. Senator from Tennessee. He took a break from show business in 2007 to try for the Republican nomination for president, but left the race the following year. He was Chairman of the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs in 2001, and Senator f

Which pop artist died in New York in1987?

The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 - NY Daily News The day Andy Warhol, pop art icon, died at 58 of a heart attack in 1987 The day artist Andy Warhol died at 58 in 1987 NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Pop artist Andy Warhol is shown in this 1987 photo. (AP) NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Monday, February 22, 2016, 10:58 AM (Originally published by the Daily News on Feb. 23, 1987. This story was written by Don Gentile and Mike Santangelo.) Andy Warhol, 58, the pop culture prince who turned images of Campbell’s soup cans and Brillo pads into art, died yesterday of a heart attack at New York Hospital. Warhol was pronounced dead at 6:31 a.m. after a team of doctors tried in vain for an hour to revive him. The death came a day after the artist underwent gallbladder surgery. “We don’t know if the heart attack was related to the operation,” said Diana Goldin, a hospital spokeswoman. “He came through the operation (on Saturday) fine and was in stable condition.” A private nurse was with Warhol in his hospital room when the heart attack occurred about 5:30 a.m. as he slept. She quickly summoned a cardiac-arrest team but its efforts failed. Goldin said an autopsy would be done to determine the exact cause of death. Glitterati shocked Warhol’s death shocked the art community, his friends and the glitterati who surrounded the slender, pallid and soft-spoken celebrity, alway recognizable in his blond wig. “He was a man of genius,” said Mayor Koch. “Any time a man of greatness leaves this world leaving a positive impression, it is something to mourn.” Long-time friend, dance company duenna Martha Graham, 93, was especially saddened. Today, at an 8 p.m. auction in Christie’s art gallery, three recently completed Warhol paintings of Graham as a young dancer will be auctioned off to benefit the Martha Graham Dance Company. Upon hearing of the death, Graham tried to stop the auction but could not. “When Andy first saw me dance, he said it touched him deeply,” said Graham in a statement. “He touched me deeply as well. He was a gifted, strange maverick. It is difficult for me to realize he is gone.” Richard Oldenburg, director of the Museum of Modern Art, said Warhol “was one of the first people to really become a star as an artist.” Born Andrew Warhola, one of three sons of Czech immigrants, Warhol grew up in the industrial city of McKeesport, Pa., near Pittsburgh. A delicate youth, he suffered three nervous breakdowns as a child. His father died when he was 14, but he pulled together the money to attend the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, graduating in 1949 with a bachelor’s degree in pictorial design. He moved to New York City, cut the final vowel from his name and quickly found success as a commercial artist. Filmmaker Andy Warhol checks lighting for picture featuring underground movie star Edie Sedgwick. (John Peodincuk) But Warhol grew restless in the constraints of the work. He began showing drawings in 1956, and began to paint in earnest four years later. Success came quickly to the man who once said, “In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes.” In 1961, a Manhattan department store placed his giant likeness of Dick Tracy in its front window. The next year came “Campbell Soup Cans,” the work that placed him at the head of the Pop movement, and sold for $60,000. At first dismissed by some as a fraud, Warhol attracted fans through representation of commercial items, celebrities and common circumstance as art. Artist Andy Warhol and underground star Ultra Violet. His early subjects - Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, car wrecks, criminals, Brillo boxes - extended society’s view of what it would accept as art. In 1969, he founded Interview magazine, a compendium of jet-set gossip. In the 1970s, he produced images of the famous that filled the fourth floor of the Whitney Museum of American Art in a 1979 show. He also produced films such as “Andy Warhol’s Frankenstein” and spiced them up with scenes of incest and necrophilia. By the 1980s, Warhol moved in new attempts to startle viewers. In one, he produced his “Oxidation” se

How did James F Fixx, promoter of jogging for good health, die in 1984?

People who suffered inappropriate deaths [Archive] - CPFC BBS Gaudi was hit by a tram and died. mik59 04-09-2006, 09:54 PM Originally posted by 917L Wwere you born an arsehole? or do you practice ?:veryangry Why you say that? MD was pointing out that the surname was got wrong, therefore - fickle posterity because less than 24 hours after his death, this happens! Mong! 04-09-2006, 09:56 PM Originally posted by Oddjob The bloke who played Donald 'Flathead' Fisher in Home And Away was run over by a remote control ice cream van in Brisbane last year Jesus, now he's a blast from the past of my youth! m355y 04-09-2006, 10:12 PM Richard Burns - brain tumour. for someone who drove 300bhp cars at 150mph for a living, to have to quit doing what he loved and essentially waste away while the sport went on without him I thought was really sad. He died on the same day as George Best and I was talking to a guy the other day who was totally shocked to hear he'd died - he had no idea. It was really sad. One moment he was challenging for the World Rally Championship (the last English World Champion in any major sport, I believe), the next he was never going to compete again and very likely to die. And aside from the motor racing press nobody really paid much attention. Had he crashed into a tree in the middle of a rally it would have been talked up as a major shock. In the end it was probably better for him in his last months but for such a high profile sportsman it was sad his passing got so little attention. mik59 04-09-2006, 10:21 PM Good call m355y Not famous but a Russian who believed he was immortal after surviving a 10,000-volt electric shock in 1992 died after drinking anti-freeze. Dmitry Butakov, 42, invited journalists to Lipetsk to watch him survive the feat, but after his second half litre he collapsed into a coma and later died. HolmesdaleNomad Nobody heard it. I'm going to stay awake from giggling now, you bugger! m355y 04-09-2006, 10:33 PM Originally posted by Oddjob The bloke who played Donald 'Flathead' Fisher in Home And Away was run over by a remote control ice cream van in Brisbane last year had to check imdb, he's still alive according to that and Wikipedia. Phew. That guy's a crap Oz soap legend! Had me worried. daz_eagle surely everyone's death is 'inappropriate'??? (unless they're a ����)... Midfieldgeneral Quote 'What the f**k was that! (Mayor of Hiroshima 1945). adrenalin john had to check imdb, he's still alive according to that and Wikipedia. Phew. That guy's a crap Oz soap legend! Had me worried. Wasn't just me then:o hughff 05-09-2006, 01:23 AM George Bernard Shaw died from complications after he fell out of a tree he had climbed so he could trim the branches. He was about 96. hughff 05-09-2006, 01:26 AM The guy who attached weather balloons to his deck chair and floated over the approach corridor to LAX at several thousand feet (he was rescued by being towed to gorund by a helicopter) shot himself. sydney eagle 05-09-2006, 01:47 AM Payne Stewert the golfer and all the crew on his jet were knocked unconcious when the cabin lost pressure and they flew on autopilot for hundreds of miles before running out of fuel and crashing mik59 05-09-2006, 06:51 AM We should really throw Rod Hull into the mix. Down on his luck and living in a borrowed shack he was on the roof fiddling with the TV arial to fix the reception, when he fell. His son was in the house but Rod had insisted he could do it. Ben H 05-09-2006, 06:57 AM Originally posted by DAWSYEAGLE Following the death of Steve Irvine by stingray what other figures in history have suffered death in a manner which you wouldnt expect? I'll start Elvis died on the toilet, straining to hard, didn't he? Psychokiller Originally posted by philsick rod hull nosedived off his roof pissed,adjusting the tv aireal. Let's face it, taking the emu up on the roof with him wasn't the most sensible thing he ever did. Paul the eagle 05-09-2006, 07:08 AM Possibly a bit premature but, Ian Huntley by his own hand instead of being buggered to death by his cell mate. cdm61 05-09-

How was Jean Claude Duvalier known before he ws exiled in 1986?

Jean-Claude Duvalier - The New York Times The New York Times Supported by Jean-Claude Duvalier News about Jean-Claude Duvalier, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times. More Jean-Claude Duvalier, known as Baby Doc, is a former dictator of Haiti . Mr. Duvalier ruled with brutality and corruption for nearly 15 years before being overthrown in 1986. He is the son of François Duvalier , known as Papa Doc, a much feared dictator of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. The younger Mr. Duvalier took power, when he was just 19, following the death of his father. In all, the Duvalier dynasty lasted about three decades and was marked by the family’s harsh repression of its opponents, with the help of a special police unit called the Tontons Macoute . Mr. Duvalier went into exile in France in 1986. In the wake of his ouster, the country turned on his security forces, slaughtering them by the dozens and even desecrating François Duvalier’s mausoleum. His departure ushered in a period of halting democracy that has continued with tumultuous elections. Mr. Duvalier long flirted with returning, telling reporters over the years that he would like to go home. In 2007,  René Préval , the former president of Haiti, said Mr. Duvalier could return but would face justice for the money the government said he had looted from the treasury, as well as for the deaths and torture of political opponents at the hands of the secret police.  In January 2011, Mr. Duvalier returned to Haiti, saying he had come only to help his country, not to get involved in politics. Angry reactions poured in from around the world, with human rights groups demanding that the Haitian government charge Mr. Duvalier with crimes against humanity — including the kidnapping, torture and murder of thousands of his opponents — and with stealing hundreds of millions of dollars from the nation, the poorest in the hemisphere. On the streets, there were signs that Mr. Duvalier’s arrival had started a new cycle of polarization that has crippled the country for decades. Some decried Mr. Duvalier as a vestige of one of the darkest chapters in the country’s history, while others waxed nostalgic about him as the only hope for change in Haiti. On Jan. 18, Haitian prosecutors charged Mr. Duvalier with corruption and embezzlement , and he was taken into police custody. He was released hours later, but was ordered to remain in Haiti while a judge considered whether there was sufficient evidence to send Mr. Duvalier to trial. He has faced threats of prosecution in the past for the many human rights abuses committed during his rule , and for the hundreds of millions of dollars government officials have said he looted from the country . Financial Motive? Mr. Duvalier’s risky return home from France may have been driven by another motivation: money . Though Mr. Duvalier has long been accused of looting $300 million before fleeing, his lawyers and friends have said that much of his money was squandered on a lavish lifestyle of jewelry, chateaus, fancy cars and a very expensive divorce from his ex-wife. But about $4 million still sits frozen in an account in Switzerland, and Mr. Duvalier has publicly vowed to make every effort to get it. Haitian officials, human rights advocates and political analysts believe that Mr. Duvalier came back to the country for the sole purpose of making an end run around a new law that will make it harder for him to do that.

Where did teenager Matthias Rust land his plane in 1987 much to the surprise of the country's authorities?

28 May History: This Date REGIONAL SUMMARIES: Africa — Americas — Asia and the Pacific — Europe and Central Asia — Middle East and North Africa . 2002 NATO and Russia sign a cooperation agreement, in a military base near Rome. Then US president Bush (Jr.), who, like Russian president Putin and other leaders was in attendance, visits the Pope. — MORE 2001 In an interview with ABC's correspondent John Miller, Osama Bin Laden makes the following comment on the fatwa which he issued calling Muslims to kill Americans regardless of whether they are civilians or military: "Allah ordered us in this religion to purify Muslim land of all non-believers� After World War II, the Americans became more aggressive and oppressive, especially in the Muslim world. American history does not distinguish between civilians and military, and not even women and children. They are the ones who used the bombs against Nagasaki. Can these bombs distinguish between infants and military? America does not have a religion that will prevent it from destroying all people." (The interview would be broadcast on 10 June 2001). 2000 President Alberto Fujimori "wins" overwhelmingly an election in Peru which is considered invalid by international observers and by his challenger Alejandro Toledo who boycotted the election. Fujimori does not know it yet, but this is the beginning of his downfall. 1998 Two bank mergers       Merger mania sweeps through the financial services industry. The wheeling and dealing kicks off just minutes after noon, as Republic Security Financial Corp. signs an agreement to acquire First Palm Beach Bancorp Inc. The merger, which was consummated with a $279.3 million stock swap, positioned the West Palm Beach-based Republic Corp. as the prime independent banking player in Florida.       Things quieted down for a few hours after the Republic-First Palm deal, but, later in the afternoon, the action picked up again, as another pair of banks signed off on an even more lucrative merger. First Hawaiian Inc. and BancWest Corp. joined forces to create a $14 billion banking behemoth based in the western United States. The merger, which cost around $1 billion, gave First Hawaiian's stockholders a small majority stake in the new institution. 1996 US President Clinton's former business partners in the Whitewater land deal, James and Susan McDougal, and Arkansas Gov. Jim Guy Tucker, were convicted of fraud. 1993 Claudio Rodríguez, Premio Pr�ncipe de Asturias de las Letras. ^ 1991 Addis Ababa falls to rebels       Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, falls to forces of the Ethiopian People�s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), ending seventeen years of Marxist rule,. a week after the country's longtime Marxist ruler, Mengistu Haile Mariam [1937–], resigned his post and fled.       On 12 September 1974, Haile Selassie [23 Jul 1892 – 26 Aug 1975], the emperor of Ethiopia since 01 April 1930, was deposed in a military coup. Ethiopia�s new rulers set up a Marxist regime, executed thousands of their political opponents, and aligned themselves with the Soviet Union. War with Somalia and severe droughts during the 1980s brought famine to the Ethiopian people, leading to considerable internal strife and independence movements in the regions of Eritrea and Tigre.       In early 1991, the EPRDF, a Tigrean-led coalition of rebel organizations under the leadership of Meles Zenawi, began to achieve real successes and defeated the Ethiopian army, forcing military dictator Haile Mariam Mengistu to flee the country.       On 28 May 1991, in the midst of cease-fire talks, EPRDF tanks enter

Great Briton fought which country over the Falkland Islands?

The Problem with Alliances: Britain and the Falklands | Cato Institute The Problem with Alliances: Britain and the Falklands By Doug Bandow This article appeared in the Daily Caller on April 2, 2010. Washington collects alliances like people collect Facebook “friends.” As the Falklands Islands dispute heats up again, the U.S. finds itself being pressed to take sides. It turns out that collecting allies can be expensive. Nearly 30 years ago Argentina and Great Britain fought an improbable war over the lightly populated British colonial outpost (called the Malvinas by Buenos Aires). The islands likely had been visited by Patagonian Indians but were uninhabited when first discovered by Europeans, probably either the Portuguese or Spanish. France established the first known settlement, followed by Great Britain. The Spanish took over the French claim and demolished the British community. The two countries settled their dispute in 1771 and Britain eventually withdrew. Revolution caused Argentina to supplant Spain. The former established a settlement in 1828, which was attacked by U.S. warships after a seal-hunting dispute. The British returned in 1833 in force and re-established control. So who “owns” the island? The proper answer is: who cares? Alas, fishing rights and possible oil deposits are involved, as well as national pride. Buenos Aires began pressing its claim in 1945 when it signed the United Nations Charter. The two countries negotiated in the 1960s, but no settlement emerged since the Falklands residents wanted to remain British. In 1982 the Argentine military junta invaded the islands, apparently hoping that London would accept the loss. Instead, Britain responded with force, winning a short but sharp war. The junta was swept from power; Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher won a landslide re-election. The two nations renewed diplomatic ties in 1992 but the issue languished, until a British oil company recently began exploratory drilling in island waters. Argentine President Christina Kirchner accused London of violating her nation’s sovereignty. In early February her government blocked departure of a ship with supplies for the drilling operation. Argentina’s foreign minister recently met with United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, who offered to mediate. Moreover, 32 Latin American governments expressed their support for “the legitimate rights of the republic of Argentina in the sovereignty dispute with Great Britain.” The appropriate question for Washington is: what does this have to do with the U.S.? Alas, both Argentina and Britain want America’s support. And out of London has come the plaintive plea: aren’t we allies? The U.S. has no discernible interest in the controversy. England controls the islands, but that doesn’t mean its control is legitimate: Washington’s position has been to support British administration, not sovereignty. Obviously, the dispute should be handled peacefully. But President Barack Obama, whose Kenyan grandfather apparently was tortured by British colonial overlords during the 1950’s “Mau Mau” revolt, has no reason to defend this vestige of Britain’s colonial past. On her recent visit to Buenos Aires Secretary of State Hillary Clinton suggested that the dispute be handled by the UN. Of course, no Western industrialized nation should want its affairs decided by the denizens of Turtle Bay. The secretary was on firmer ground in offering Washington’s “help in facilitating” negotiations. Alas, in London anything other than full-throated support is being treated as disloyalty of the most monstrous character. Officially, the British government expressed its thanks to Secretary Clinton but denied any need for mediation. The private reaction was less restrained. Con Coughlin of the Daily Telegraph wrote that “British officials are angry at what they regard as a cavalier disregard for Britain’s interests at a time when Britain is the only major European power committed significant numbers of combat troops to fight in Afghanistan.” British analyst Nile Gardiner, of the Washington-based Herita

Which oil tanker disastrously ran aground off 'Brittany in 1987?

The Undercurrents Of A Tanker Disaster - tribunedigital-chicagotribune The Undercurrents Of A Tanker Disaster August 10, 1987|By Reviewed by Michael Arndt, A Tribune financial reporter. Superwreck By Rudolph Chelminski William Morrow & Co., 242 pages, $17.95 On March 16, 1978, the Amoco Cadiz, a supertanker weighted with 58 million gallons of crude oil, encountered a late winter gale off the rocky coast of Brittany. Lesser ships weather heavier seas, but the Cadiz was fatally injured. At 9:45 a.m., the ship`s steering mechanism broke. By the end of the day, the foundering ship had run aground and was splitting apart. Oil gushing from its holds coated about 250 miles of coast rich with shellfish and caused an ecological disaster that the French say cost them as much as $1.2 billion--a sum they are still trying to collect in court from Amoco Corp., the ship`s owner. It was history`s worst oil tanker spill. Author Rudolph Chelminski concludes that events needn`t have turned out this way. Despite his book`s subtitle, ``Amoco Cadiz: The Shipwreck That Had to Happen,`` Chelminski makes a case that the spill could have been prevented had Amoco not been so greedy. Amoco executives, Chelminski writes, knew the Cadiz had problems with hydraulic cylinders that controlled its rudder even before it set sail in 1974. Yet repairs were postponed to keep the ship at sea. The reason: The Cadiz earned $28,000 in rental fees every day it ferried oil between the Persian Gulf and Europe. Once the ship lost its rudder, Chelminski argues, more could have been done to avert the grounding. The Cadiz`s captain, Pasquale Bardari, apparently fearful of what bosses in Chicago would say, did not summon help for 1 1/2 hours after losing control of the ship. After a tugboat arrived, he haggled for hours over terms of the tow to save money. Bardari radioed Chicago several times to speak with Amoco superiors but never issued an SOS call until the ship was speared by coastal rocks, the author says. The French were not entirely innocent bystanders, either. Chelminski points out that several French maritime offices carefully monitored the Cadiz as it loomed toward shore but did nothing. Chelminski, a European correspondent for Reader`s Digest, has documented his arguments from court proceedings in Chicago and London, press accounts and his own notes from his coverage of the spill. Descriptions of the tanker, which he compares to a ``bloated and underpowered oilpot,`` and of life in its comfortable cabin, are vivid. At times his writing is grandiloquent, however. Chelminski writes that of the six engineering officers, ``no fewer than four held chief engineer`s licenses.`` Better to say simply that four had engineer`s licenses, if that indeed was the number. There are also a few errors. The initial French claim for damages was 1.9 billion francs, not $1.9 billion, and the pollution headed east along Brittany, not west, which would have been to the open sea. But on the whole, ``Superwreck`` is a solid, in-depth look into the miserable life and infamous death of the Amoco Cadiz. MORE:

Where did the US side of the Band Aid concert take place?

BBC ON THIS DAY | 13 | 1985: Live Aid makes millions for Africa 1985: Live Aid makes millions for Africa The Live Aid concert for the starving in Africa has raised triple the �10m expected. And as the London event draws to a close at Wembley Stadium, Britain had contributed �1,100,000 to the global total of �30m. Described as the Woodstock of the eighties, the world's biggest rock festival was organised by Boomtown Rats singer Bob Geldof to raise money for famine relief in Africa. Wembley was packed with a crowd of 72,000, andTV pictures, co-ordinated at BBC Television Centre, have been beamed to over 1.5 bn people in 160 countries in the biggest broadcast ever known. The transatlantic concert began in London's midday sunshine with a fanfare for Prince Charles and Princess Diana and Status Quo performing Rocking All over the World. Stars were flown in by helicopter into the arena in a line-up that included David Bowie, Wham and royal favourites Dire Straits. Don't go to the pub tonight - please stay in and give us your money Bob Geldof Frequent appeals by Bob Geldof reminded viewers of the motive for the occasion: "Don't go to the pub tonight. Please stay in and give us your money. There are people dying now." He himself took the call from the ruling family in Dubai who made the biggest single donation of �1m. Across the UK eight appeal centres were set up with 200 phone lines to handle - mainly credit card - donations of up to �2,000. In the US 22,000 pledges were received within five minutes of the Beach Boys taking to the stage in the simultaneous concert at JFK Stadium, Philadelphia. The 16-hour music marathon is being completed there tonight with acts including Bob Dylan, Duran Duran and Paul Simon. Nine months after the droughts, disease and famine in north eastern Africa were brought to the media's attention the UN has warned that 160m people are still affected. Governments have begun a global relief operation but there are still problems of distribution in the worst hit areas - mainly Sudan and Ethiopia.

Natan Sharansky was released from prison in the USSR to begin a new life where?

Natan Sharansky - YouTube Natan Sharansky Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Apr 30, 2013 Natan Sharansky A little background: Sharansky was a Soviet refusenik. He became an advocate for human rights in the Soviet Union in the 1970s after he was refused a visa to travel to Israel. He endured 13 years of hard labor and solitary confinement before becoming the first political prisoner released by Gorbachev. He says he kept his sanity in prison by playing blind chess by himself. Sharansky also defeated World Chess champion, Garry Kasparov, in a game during a simultaneous chess exhibition event. Category

Which country celebrated its bicentenary in 1988?

1988: The Bicentenary – Australia Day 2016 Australia Day Message On Australia Day 1988 Sydney Harbour, that 'chief amphitheatre of Australian life', was again the centre of attention. This time the extraordinary spectacle attracting some two million people to its shores was the arrival of Tall Ships from around the world and the First Fleet re-enactment. By contrast, the tent city of the Bicentennial Exhibition travelled the country visiting thirty-four cities and towns to involve Australians in the celebration. That year's journey and the Exhibition's scope showed how far planners of the 1988 event had come from those organising the March to Nationhood pageant in Sydney in 1938 and the three months' celebrations there. The federal government, by taking responsibility for the Bicentenary with the setting up of the Australian Bicentennial Authority (ABA) in 1980, signalled a different approach to the NSW government's two-year preparations for the Sesquicentenary. Even before this event, the federal government had become involved in promoting Australia Day, by taking up the mantle worn by the ANA since the 1880s, especially in Victoria. In 1946 the ANA in Melbourne had begun the transition by prompting the formation of an Australia Day Committee (later known as Australia Day Council), drawn from representatives of many community organisations. Its purpose was to educate the public about the significance of Australia Day. In 1960 it introduced the Australian of the Year award. Similar groups formed in the other states took turns with the Victorian group in acting as the Federal Australia Day Council (FADC). In 1980 the federal government's newly-created National Australia Day Committee, based in the national capital, Canberra, took over that role with the FADC's agreement. The new Committee, set up to help interested groups make future celebrations 'truly national and Australia-wide', adopted a fresh approach to Australia Day. Its forum for state representatives in 1980 agreed that 26 January 1788 'should be seen as a day of contact, not of conquest…the day which began the fusion of Australians'. The theme, 'ONE LAND, ONE PEOPLE', would best reflect 'the spirit of Australia Day'. The Committee and the federal government were struggling with what respected Committee member, Sir Asher Joel, termed 'the crisis of identity…of establishing an Australian identity which will unite each and every one of us, surmounting all the borders, imaginary or real, of race, creed or class status'. Another member, Graham Allan, chairman of the National Youth Advisory Group, argued that the challenge was convincing the young that Australia Day had meaning, especially when 'we are not precisely sure, ourselves what meaning ought to be attributed to it'.  FIGURE 18: View of the crowd at new Parliament House, Canberra for the Canberra leg of the Caltex Bicentennial Bike Ride, ca 1988 — a contrast to the Australian Natives' Association's wheel race in 1897. Source: nla.pic-an24526897, National Library of Australia At the 1981 forum with the theme, 'ONE NATION — ONE FUTURE', speakers looked for ways Australians could find unity in diversity. The composition of Australia's population had changed dramatically since the end of World War II with fewer British people wanting to migrate and increasing numbers of immigrants coming from Europe and later other parts of the world. For a country which had taken pride in being British and white, the change was remarkable. Between 1970 and 1990 the percentage of immigrants in Australia born in the British Isles dropped from 47.3 to 19.4. At the same time Aborigines were pressing ahead in their campaign for citizens' rights, encouraged by the passing of the referendum in 1967 which gave the federal government power to legislate on Aboriginal matters. Radical Aborigines, angered by the federal government's rejection of their land rights, set up a tent embassy in front of Parliament House on the evening of Australia Day 1972 to protest against being treated as outcasts in their own country. The Aboriginal flag desi

The mother of which Monkee invented typewriter correction fluid?

Bette Nesmith Graham Invented Liquid Paper Share By Mary Bellis It was originally called "mistake out", the invention of Bette Nesmith Graham, a Dallas secretary and a single mother raising a son* on her own. Graham used her own kitchen blender to mix up her first batch of liquid paper or white out, a substance used to cover up mistakes made on paper. Background - Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham never intended to be an inventor; she wanted to be an artist. However, shortly after World War II ended, she found herself divorced with a small child to support. She learned shorthand and typing and found employment as an executive secretary. An efficient employee who took pride in her work, Graham sought a better way to correct typing errors. She remembered that artists painted over their mistakes on canvas, so why couldn’t typists paint over their mistakes? Invention of Liquid Paper Bette Nesmith Graham put some tempera waterbased paint, colored to match the stationery she used, in a bottle and took her watercolor brush to the office. continue reading below our video Should I Roll Over my 401K to an IRA? She used this to correct her typing mistakes… her boss never noticed. Soon another secretary saw the new invention and asked for some of the correcting fluid. Graham found a green bottle at home, wrote "Mistake Out" on a label, and gave it to her friend. Soon all the secretaries in the building were asking for some, too. Bette Nesmith Graham - The Mistake Out Company In 1956, Bette Nesmith Graham started the Mistake Out Company (later renamed Liquid Paper) from her North Dallas home. She turned her kitchen into a laboratory, mixing up an improved product with her electric mixer. Graham’s son, Michael Nesmith (later of The Monkees fame), and his friends filled bottles for her customers. Nevertheless, she made little money despite working nights and weekends to fill orders. One day an opportunity came in disguise. Graham made a mistake at work that she couldn’t correct, and her boss fired her. She now had time to devote to selling Liquid Paper, and business boomed. Bette Nesmith Graham and Liquid Paper's Success By 1967, it had grown into a million dollar business. In 1968, she moved into her own plant and corporate headquarters, automated operations, and had 19 employees. That year Bette Nesmith Graham sold one million bottles. In 1975, Liquid Paper moved into a 35,000-sq. ft., international headquarters building in Dallas. The plant had equipment that could produce 500 bottles a minute. In 1976, the Liquid Paper Corporation turned out 25 million bottles. Its net earnings were $1.5 million. The company spent $1 million a year on advertising, alone. Bette Nesmith Graham believed money to be a tool, not a solution to a problem. She set up two foundations to help women find new ways to earn a living. Graham died in 1980, six months after selling her corporation for $47.5 million.

What type of aircraft is the Hawker Siddley Harrier?

Hawker Siddeley Harrier | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia British Aerospace Harrier II The Hawker Siddeley Harrier, known colloquially as the "Harrier Jump Jet", was developed in the 1960s and formed the first generation of the Harrier series of aircraft . It was the first operational close-support and reconnaissance fighter aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities and the only truly successful V/STOL design of the many that arose in that era. The Harrier was produced directly from the Hawker Siddeley Kestrel prototypes following the cancellation of a more advanced supersonic aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley P.1154 . The British Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered the Harrier GR.1 and GR.3 variants in the late 1960s. It was exported to the United States as the AV-8A, for use by the US Marine Corps (USMC), in the 1970s. The RAF positioned the bulk of their Harriers in West Germany to defend against a potential invasion of Western Europe by the Soviet Union ; the unique abilities of the Harrier allowed the RAF to disperse their forces away from vulnerable airbases. The USMC used their Harriers primarily for close air support , operating from amphibious assault ships , and, if needed, forward operating bases . Harrier squadrons saw several deployments overseas. The Harrier's ability to operate with minimal ground facilities and very short runways allowed it to be used at locations unavailable to other fixed-wing aircraft. The Harrier received criticism for having a high accident rate and for a time-consuming maintenance process. In the 1970s the British Aerospace Sea Harrier was developed from the Harrier for use by the Royal Navy (RN) on Invincible-class aircraft carriers . The Sea Harrier and the Harrier fought in the 1982 Falklands War , in which the aircraft proved to be crucial and versatile. The RN Sea Harriers provided fixed-wing air defence while the RAF Harriers focused on ground-attack missions in support of the advancing British land force. The Harrier was also extensively redesigned as the AV-8B Harrier II and British Aerospace Harrier II by the team of McDonnell Douglas and British Aerospace. The innovative Harrier family and its Rolls-Royce Pegasus engines with thrust vectoring nozzles have generated long-term interest in V/STOL aircraft. Similar V/STOL operational aircraft include the contemporary Soviet Yakovlev Yak-38 . A V/STOL variant of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is currently under development. Contents Main article: Hawker Siddeley P.1127 The Harrier's design was derived from the Hawker P.1127 . Prior to developing the P.1127 Hawker Aircraft had been working on a replacement for the Hawker Hunter , the Hawker P.1121 . [2] The P.1121 was cancelled after the release of the British Government's 1957 Defence White Paper , which advocated a policy shift away from manned aircraft and towards missiles. This policy resulted in the termination of the majority of aircraft development projects then underway for the British military. [3] Hawker sought to quickly move on to a new project and became interested in Vertical Take Off/Landing (VTOL) aircraft, which did not need runways. [N 1] According to Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine this interest may have been stimulated by the presence of Air Staff Requirement 345, which sought a V/STOL ground attack fighter for the Royal Air Force. [5] Design work on the P.1127 was formally started in 1957 by Sir Sydney Camm , Ralph Hooper of Hawker Aircraft and Stanley Hooker (later Sir Stanley Hooker) of the Bristol Engine Company . [6] The close cooperation between Hawker, the airframe company, and Bristol, the engine company, was viewed by project engineer Gordon Lewis as one of the key factors that allowed the development of the Harrier to continue in spite of technical obstacles and political setbacks. [7] Rather than using rotors or a direct jet thrust, the P.1127 had an innovative vectored thrust turbofan engine , the Pegasus . The Pegasus I was rated at 9,000 pounds ([ convert: unit mismatch ]) of thrust and first ran in September

What does the Transalaska Pipeline System transport?

13 billionth barrel reaches VMT   The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was designed and constructed to move oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the northern most ice- free port- Valdez, Alaska. Length: 800 miles. Crosses three mountain ranges and over 800 rivers and streams. Cost to build: $8 billion in 1977, largest privately funded construction project at that time. Construction began on March 27, 1975 and was completed on May 31, 1977. First oil moved through the pipeline on June 20, 1977. Over 14 billion barrels have moved through the Trans Alaska Pipeline System. First tanker to carry crude oil from Valdez: ARCO Juneau, August 1, 1977. Tankers loaded at Valdez: 16,781 through March 2001. Storage tanks in Valdez- 18 with total storage capacity of  9.1 million barrels total. Gulkana River tiered-arch bridge The consortium of companies that own TAPS today includes:  BP Pipelines (Alaska) Inc. 46.93% ConocoPhillips Transportation Alaska, Inc. 28.29% ExxonMobil Pipeline Company, 20.34% Koch Alaska Pipeline Company, L.L.C., 3.08% Pipeline Operations Operators at the Valdez Operations Control Center monitor the performance of pipeline operations Maximum daily throughput — 2.136 million bbl., avg. (With 11 pump stations operating). Rates exceeding 1,440,000 bbl./day assume drag reduction agent (DRA) injection. Maximum daily throughput — 2000 (with 7 pump stations operating) — .99 million bbl., avg. Rates exceeding 1,000,000 bbl./day assume DRA injection Fuel required for all operations (fuel oil equivalent) — 210,000 gal/day (also see fuel requirements under Pump Stations, and Marine Terminal). Pressure — Operating, maximum — 1,180 psi Pump Station facilities in original design — 12 pump stations with 4 pumps each. Pump Stations operating, Nov. 1, 1998 — 7: PS 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12. PS 5 is a relief station only.  PS 11 is a security site.  PS 8 placed in standby June 30, 1996.  PS 10 placed in standby July 1, 1996.  PS 2 placed in standby July 1, 1997.  PS 6 placed in standby August 8, 1997.   Pipeline Engineering Cost Approximately $8 billion for construction of entire system, including Terminal and pump stations, at conclusion of initial construction period in 1977. Does not include interest on capital investment, or capital construction after 1977. Concrete weights Pipe coating, river crossings — 75,000 lbs. per 40-ft. section Saddles, flood plains — 18,500 lbs. each Mainline crossings Road crossings, refrigerated — Glenn Highway at Glennallen Design modes Selection — Soil sampling and other means were used to determine soil types along the route. Where thaw-stable soils were found, the pipeline was buried in the conventional manner. In areas of thaw-unstable soils, and where heat from the oil in the pipeline might cause thawing and consequent loss of soil foundation stability, the pipeline was insulated and elevated above ground by means of a unique support system. Basic types and miles of each — Above-ground — 420 mi. Refrigerated below-ground — 4 mi. Description — Above-ground — Specially designed vertical supports were placed in drilled holes or driven into the ground. In warm permafrost and other areas where heat might cause undesirable thawing, the supports contain two each, 2-inch pipes called "heat pipes," containing anhydrous ammonia, which vaporizes below ground, rises and condenses above-ground, removing ground heat whenever the ground temperature exceeds the temperature of the air. Heat is transferred through the walls of the heat pipes to aluminum radiators atop the pipes. Conventional below-ground — The pipe is underlain with a layer of fine bedding material and covered with prepared gravel padding and soil fill material, in a ditch from 8 ft. to 16 ft. deep in most locations, but up to 49 ft. deep at one location. Zinc ribbons, which serve as sacrificial anodes to inhibit corrosion of the pipe, are buried alongside the pipeline. The Atigun pipe replacement section, 8.5 miles in length

What was the name of the world's first nuclear-powered submarine?

History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) History of USS NAUTILUS (SSN 571) Current OIC Biography Construction of NAUTILUS was made possible by the successful development of a nuclear propulsion plant by a group of scientists and engineers at the Naval Reactors Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission, under the leadership of Captain Hyman G. Rickover, USN. In July of 1951, Congress authorized construction of the world's first nuclear powered submarine. On December 12th of that year, the Navy Department announced that she would be the sixth ship of the fleet to bear the name NAUTILUS. Her keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman at the Electric Boat Shipyard in Groton, Connecticut on June 14, 1952. After nearly 18 months of construction, NAUTILUS was launched on January 21, 1954 with First Lady Mamie Eisenhower breaking the traditional bottle of champagne across NAUTILUS' bow as she slid down the ways into the Thames River. Eight months later, on September 30, 1954, NAUTILUS became the first commissioned nuclear powered ship in the United States Navy. On the morning of January 17, 1955, at 11 am EST, NAUTILUS' first Commanding Officer, Commander Eugene P. Wilkinson, ordered all lines cast off and signaled the memorable and historic message, "Underway On Nuclear Power." Over the next several years, NAUTILUS shattered all submerged speed and distance records. On July 23, 1958, NAUTILUS departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii under top secret orders to conduct "Operation Sunshine", the first crossing of the North Pole by a ship. At 11:15 pm on August 3, 1958, NAUTILUS' second Commanding Officer, Commander William R. Anderson, announced to his crew, "For the world, our country, and the Navy - the North Pole." With 116 men aboard, NAUTILUS had accomplished the "impossible", reaching the geographic North Pole - 90 degrees North. In May 1959, NAUTILUS entered Portsmouth Naval Shipyard, Kittery, Maine for her first complete overhaul - the first of any nuclear powered ship - and the replacement of her second fuel core. Upon completion of her overhaul in August 1960, NAUTILUS departed for a period of refresher training, then deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to become the first nuclear powered submarine assigned to the U.S. Sixth Fleet. Over the next six years, NAUTILUS participated in several fleet exercises while steaming over 200,000 miles. In the spring of 1966, she again entered the record books when she logged her 300,000th mile underway. During the following 12 years, NAUTILUS was involved in a variety of developmental testing programs while continuing to serve alongside many of the more modern nuclear powered submarines she had preceded. In the spring of 1979, NAUTILUS set out from Groton, Connecticut on her final voyage. She reached Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California on May 26, 1979 - her last day underway. She was decommissioned on March 3, 1980 after a career spanning 25 years and over half a million miles steamed. In recognition of her pioneering role in the practical use of nuclear power, NAUTILUS was designated a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior on May 20, 1982. Following an extensive historic ship conversion at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, NAUTILUS was towed to Groton, Connecticut arriving on July 6, 1985. On April 11, 1986, eighty-six years to the day after the birth of the Submarine Force, Historic Ship NAUTILUS, joined by the Submarine Force Museum, opened to the public as the first and finest exhibit of its kind in the world, providing an exciting, visible link between yesterday's Submarine Force and the Submarine Force of tomorrow.

Which American company pioneered electric ignition in motor cars?

Automobile Ignition System History Automobile History IGNITION SYSTEM Early one September morning in 1908, Ernest Sweet, chief engineer for the Cadillac Motor Car Co., stepped off a train in Dayton, Ohio. He was met by an engineer who worked for National Cash Register. In the five years he had spent at NCR, the younger man -- he was 32 -- had invented an electrically operated cash register that did away with hand cranking. He had also developed OK Charge Phone, the nation's first "automated" credit checking system. This magnetic device, placed in a cash register, allowed a sales person to press register keys and transmit information about a charge customer's purchase to a central office. Approval or disapproval was then telephoned back to the counter. The young man's contemporaries thought him a genius. However, Sweet was not in Dayton to discuss cash registers. At the urging of his boss, Henry M. Leland, he was there to test-drive a Cadillac Roadster owned by the NCR engineer. Leland had received a letter from the Dayton resident describing a "flawless" battery ignition system for motor vehicles. Magneto ignition was the standard in those days because battery ignition just did not work. Sparkplugs fouled, vibrators failed, and batteries often gave out after 500 miles. Brief encounters with battery ignition by other carmakers -- Duryea in 1893, for example -- caused them to return to the reliable magneto. For the next eight hours, Sweet drove the Cadillac over the hills surrounding Dayton, putting the Roadster through every rigorous test he knew. As the young engineer had promised, the ignition system performed flawlessly. As a result of this test, Leland met the NCR engineer several weeks later at Cadillac headquarters in Detroit to personally hand him a contract calling for 8,000 of his battery ignition units -- enough for every Cadillac that would be produced in 1910. The young engineer was Charles Franklin Kettering. In the years ahead, his influence on General Motors would rival even that of Leland. What had Kettering done that allowed a battery ignition to perform reliably? To start with, he combined the standard four induction coils (one for each sparkplug) into one by placing them in a heat-resistant, solidly anchored, armored-steel box and connecting them in series. This did away with the nagging problem of rapid coil failure caused by vibration and heat, and also allowed conservation of power. Battery life was therefore extended. Kettering also eliminated the individual vibrators (also called "tremblers") - - one for each coil -- that made and broke the circuit. He replaced them with a single master set of contact points connected to a condenser. The condenser drew excess current away from the points, contributing to their longevity. Tremblers (steel springs) were susceptible to loosening by vibration. This required motorists to make frequent adjustments. The devices also quickly burned themselves to death as a result of electrical arcing. Kettering's ignition produced a much hotter spark than ever before, using less battery current, which extended component life. The contract Leland handed Kettering enabled him to quit NCR and begin his own business, which he called Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co. -- Delco for short. More important, the contract put Kettering's mind solely on perfecting what was to be the standard auto ignition system -- one that's still with us today -- and on development of the self-starter. Yet, when the 1910 Cadillac Model 30 hit the showrooms , customers found that it possessed two independent ignition systems -- the much-heralded Delco and the standard magneto, installed just in case. Although it was only another two years before dry cells were replaced by storage batteries, it was quite a while longer before storage batteries attained any degree of reliability. As late as 1935, some manufacturers were still placing magnetos into cars. But, for all intents and purposes, the end of the magneto came with the end of the Model T Ford in 1927. Ford refused to trust battery ignition for th

Who invented the world's first photocopier?

History of the Photocopier Machine Articles Photocopier guides History of the Photocopier Machine History of the Photocopier Machine Posted on November 22nd, 2012 · Posted in Photocopier guides In October 1937 Chester Carlson, a patent attorney in New York, invented a process called electro photography. In 1938, this was renamed Xerography and the first known photocopy was the "10-22-38 Astoria". The Xerography copying process went on to become one of the most well known inventions of the 20th century. Carlson received world acclaim and became extremely wealthy as his invention created a billion-dollar industry. It is estimated that Carlson gave away almost $100 million to charity and foundations before his death in 1968. Development of Xerography But Xerography was not, at least at first, a popular invention. In fact, it was ten years before Carlson found a company to develop Xerography. A New York-based photo-paper manufacturer called The Haloid Company took up the challenge. The Haloid Company later went on to become Xerox Corporation. The First Office Copier In 1955, Haloid - by then Haloid Xerox - produced Copyflo, the first automated xerographic machine. However, it wasn't until 22 years after electro photography had first been conceived that the first true  office copier  was produced. 1958 saw the introduction of the first-ever commercial push button photocopier machine the 914. Good Times For Xerox The 914 was a phenomenal success. In just three years, Haloid Xerox's income went from $2 million in 1960 - when the first 914 was sold - to over $22 million by 1963.In 1961, Haloid Xerox shortened its name to Xerox and its stock was listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Their phenomenal success continued as Xerox introduced 24 new products over the next 20 years. Changing Market But Xerox domination was about to change. New manufacturers were appearing on the sidelines, gearing up to challenge Xerox and re-brand what the world knew as a Xerox machine to a  photocopy machine  or photocopier. One of the greatest marketing battles of the 20th century was about to begin. Xerox vs the Copier Ricoh was emerging as a potential competitor to Xerox as early as 1955 when they developed the RiCopy 101 Diazo copier. By 1975 they had developed the prize-winning RiCopy DT 1200 and were starting to challenge Xerox's hold over the market. The next decade would see a surprising change as companies traditionally known for photography began to break into the office equipment market. Brands such as Minolta, Panasonic, Toshiba, Sharp, Konica and Canon started to produce small office copiers that were to challenge Xerox's domination of the business copier market. Meanwhile, even Xerox's domination of the high-volume photocopier market was coming under threat from Kodak and Oce. New Brands Not Trusted Manufacturers quickly found that Xerox held enormous customer loyalty. To break this down, copier dealerships were founded. In each country, small local dealerships emerged that offered a "local service", sold by local people. This classic guerrilla marketing move attacked Xerox in a way they hadn't anticipated. Since Xerox was a global corporation, the one thing they couldn't offer was the intimacy of a small, local business. Canon was probably the most successful copier company to employ this tactic. By 1985, they had become the world's leading  photocopier company . Canon invested heavily in development and went on to produce the first colour copier. Re-branding the Xerox Machine as the Photocopier The Xerox rivals encouraged their dealers to correct customers whenever they referred to their brand of photocopier as a "Xerox machine". Terms such as "Xeroxing" were corrected to "copying" and the "Xerox Machine" became the "photocopier machine". All of this worked at dissolving the impact and hold of the Xerox brand. Copiers Today Today, Xerox continues to be one of the world leaders and a hugely influential and trusted brand name. Despite this, they are no longer the copier market leaders. Whilst the main battle in the photocopier market wa

Where were the 2002 Winter Olympic Games held?

2002 Winter Olympics | Utah.com   2002 Winter Olympics The 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City were an astounding success. Now, Utah residents and visitors alike can enjoy Olympic legacy facilities — Utah Olympic Park, Soldier Hollow and Utah Olympic Oval — which offer an array of activities for people of all ages, abilities and aspirations. Whether you are a recreational enthusiast, developing athlete, spectator or tourist, we encourage you to "Get Up & Go!" for a unique Olympic experience. Read more... Discover Snowbasin Additional Information Each venue has been transformed into a community facility, open year-round to the public for post-Games usage. There are introductory Olympic winter sports programs, public skating on "The Fastest Ice On Earth," tours of the Olympic facilities, tubing, cross-country skiing, public bobsled rides, ski jumping and freestyle aerial shows, 2002 Games exhibit and the Joe Quinney Winter Sports Center/Alf Engen Ski Museum. Get Up & Go! Games Overview The XIX Olympic Games took place February 8th through February 24, 2002; afterwards, the VIII Paralympics Winter Games began March 7th, and concluded on March 16, 2002. Salt Lake Olympic Committee's volunteer program had three phases with approximately 8,000 volunteers for pre-Game activities, 18,000 core volunteers for the Olympic Winter Games, and 6,000 volunteers for the Paralympic Winter Games. SLOC accredited approximately 70,000 individuals for the Salt Lake Games. An estimated 2,345 athletes and 1,200 officials came from 80 National Olympic Committees (NOC's). More than 1,100 athletes and officials from 40 regions competed in the Paralympic Olympic Games. Share

"Who wrote the line, ""Do not go gentle into that good night?"

Do not go gentle into that good night - Poems | Academy of American Poets Academy of American Poets The Academy of American Poets is the largest membership-based nonprofit organization fostering an appreciation for contemporary poetry and supporting American poets. For over three generations, the Academy has connected millions of people to great poetry through programs such as National Poetry Month, the largest literary celebration in the world; Poets.org, the Academy’s popular website; American Poets, a biannual literary journal; and an annual series of poetry readings and special events. Since its founding, the Academy has awarded more money to poets than any other organization. browse poems & poets sign up to receive a new poem-a-day in your inbox sign up His Morning Meditations by Jay Parini poetic forms read this poet's poems Dylan Marlais Thomas was born on October 27, 1914, in Swansea, South Wales. His father was an English Literature professor at the local grammar school and would often recite Shakespeare to Thomas before he could read. He loved the sounds of nursery rhymes, foreshadowing his love for the rhythmic ballads of Gerard Manley Hopkins , W. B.  Yeats , and Edgar Allan  Poe . Although both of his parents spoke fluent Welsh, Thomas and his older sister never learned the language, and Thomas wrote exclusively in English. Thomas was a neurotic, sickly child who shied away from school and preferred reading on his own. He read all of D. H. Lawrence 's poetry, impressed by vivid descriptions of the natural world. Fascinated by language, he excelled in English and reading but neglected other subjects. He dropped out of school at sixteen to become a junior reporter for the South Wales Daily Post. By December of 1932, he left his job at the Post and decided to concentrate on his poetry full-time. It was during this time, in his late teens, that Thomas wrote more than half of his collected poems. In 1934, when Thomas was twenty, he moved to London, won the Poet's Corner book prize, and published his first book, 18 Poems (The Fortune press), to great acclaim. The book drew from a collection of poetry notebooks that Thomas had written years earlier, as would many of his most popular books. During this period of success, Thomas also began a habit of alcohol abuse. Unlike his contemporaries, T. S. Eliot and W. H. Auden , Thomas was not concerned with exhibiting themes of social and intellectual issues, and his writing, with its intense lyricism and highly charged emotion, has more in common with the Romantic tradition. Thomas describes his technique in a letter: "I make one image—though 'make' is not the right word; I let, perhaps, an image be 'made' emotionally in me and then apply to it what intellectual & critical forces I possess—let it breed another, let that image contradict the first, make, of the third image bred out of the other two together, a fourth contradictory image, and let them all, within my imposed formal limits, conflict." Two years after the publication of 18 Poems, Thomas met the dancer Caitlin Macnamara at a pub in London. At the time, she was the mistress of painter Augustus John. Macnamara and Thomas engaged in an affair and married in 1937. Despite the passionate love letters Thomas would write to her, the marriage was turbulent, with rumors of both having multiple affairs. About Thomas's work, Michael Schmidt writes: "There is a kind of authority to the word magic of the early poems; in the famous and popular later poems, the magic is all show. If they have a secret it is the one we all share, partly erotic, partly elegiac. The later poems arise out of personality." In 1940, Thomas and his wife moved to London. He had served as an anti-aircraft gunner but was rejected for more active combat due to illness. To avoid the air raids, the couple left London in 1944. They eventually settled at Laugharne, in the Boat House where Thomas would write many of his later poems. Thomas recorded radio shows and worked as a scriptwriter for the BBC. Between 1945 and 1949, he wrote, narrated, or assisted wit

What is Jennifer Jason Leigh's real name?

Jennifer Jason Leigh files for divorce just seven months after giving birth | Daily Mail Online comments It has been just seven months since she gave birth to her son, but Single White Female actress Jennifer Jason Leigh has filed for divorce. She was married to director Noah Baumbach for five years and it is not yet clear why the couple split. Jennifer, whose real name is Jennifer Morrow, produced her only child, Rohmer, late in life at the age of 48. Happier times: Jennifer and her husband Noah Baumbach pictured holding hands in 2007 New mother: The actress, pictured here in 2007, gave birth to a son seven months ago She's seeking alimony and primary custody of their son with visitation rights for Noah. The couple first met in 2001, while working on a production of the Broadway play Proof. Noah certainly seemed to think the marriage was forever. Soon after their wedding, he told People magazine: 'I expect to be with [Leigh] for the rest of my life'. Most recently, the pair co-wrote the Ben Stiller film Greenburg and Jennifer had a supporting role in the film. While Noah is best-known for writing and directing the films Margot at the Wedding and The Squid and the Whale. Jennifer has had her share of tragedy. In 1982, Jennifer's father was accidentally killed during a helicopter stunt on the set of Twilight Zone: The Movie. Following a lawsuit for wrongful death against Warner Brothers and Steven Spielberg, they settled out of court for an undisclosed sum. Named as one of 'America's 10 Most Beautiful Women' by Harper's Bazaar Magazine in 1989, she once dated Eric Stoltz and was romantically linked to Robert Downey Jr. Jennifer became a household name following her role in the 1992 thriller Single White Female. She played the terrifying part of Hedy, a woman who creepily modelled herself on her room mate, Bridget Fonda's dynamic character Allie. The term 'single white female'  became synonymous with the act of copying and emulating a female friend as a result of the film. Jennifer's most recent role was a guest spot on US hit TV show Weeds, starring opposite Mary Louise Parker. Jennifer Jason Leigh in Single White Female