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[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon monoxide:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon monoxide", "evidence": "It is now the most commonly used tracer of molecular gas in general in the interstellar medium of galaxies, as molecular hydrogen can only be detected using ultraviolet light, which requires space telescopes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "They are trace gases that account for almost one tenth of 1% of Earth's atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "The coal industry damages the environment, including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 14 Gt in 2016, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nature:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nature", "evidence": "Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:302", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Tipping points are \"perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes\", leading to irreversible impacts on society.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:231", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:371", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:307", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:194", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:9", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid \"dangerous\" levels, by 2036.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Svante Arrhenius:82", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Svante Arrhenius", "evidence": "On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon capture and storage:445", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon capture and storage", "evidence": "If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:223", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Radiocarbon dating:102", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Radiocarbon dating", "evidence": "At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scuba diving:225", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scuba diving", "evidence": "This would be followed by a buildup in carbon dioxide, causing an urgent feeling of a need to breathe, and if this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning are likely to follow.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:103", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:125", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:423", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "\"Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainable development:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainable development", "evidence": "Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:6", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:130", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:126", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:221", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2631", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate, a significant precipitation change happened here.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:396", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Temperature:286", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature", "evidence": "In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature:597", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature", "evidence": "A temperature of 450 ±80 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperatures Rising:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperatures Rising", "evidence": "September 16, 1972.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperatures Rising:196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperatures Rising", "evidence": "June 23, 2011.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperatures Rising:232", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperatures Rising", "evidence": "September 14, 1972.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "20th century:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are \"extremely likely\" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:507", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Colonization of the Moon:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Colonization of the Moon", "evidence": "It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mars:132", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mars", "evidence": "The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km (220 mi) and a thickness of 3 km (1.9 mi).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Martian polar ice caps:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Martian polar ice caps", "evidence": "This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Pole:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Pole", "evidence": "The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:28", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:206", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "At the last glacial maximum, some 20,000 years ago, the sea level was 120 metres (390 ft) below its present-day level.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that \"globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean\" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have \"increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius).\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea surface temperature:78", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea surface temperature", "evidence": "This value is well above 16.1 °C (60.9 °F), the long term global average surface temperature of the oceans.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Pacific Ocean:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pacific Ocean", "evidence": "Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Pacific convergence zone:41", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Pacific convergence zone", "evidence": "At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Pacific convergence zone:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Pacific convergence zone", "evidence": "Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "Water temperatures must be extremely high (near or above 30 °C, 86 °F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1046", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic\".", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:249", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Polar Discovery \"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea ice:120", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea ice", "evidence": "Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Avoided Deforestation Partners:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Avoided Deforestation Partners", "evidence": "Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:468", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "In 2008, climate scientist Kevin Anderson raised concern about the growing effect of rapidly increasing global air transport on the climate in a paper, and a presentation, suggesting that reversing this trend is necessary to reduce emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation and climate change:86", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation and climate change", "evidence": "One attempt towards fighting climate change globally is the Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) efforts, and a few countries are already starting to implement and analyse ways to protect standing trees.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation in Indonesia:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation in Indonesia", "evidence": "The general term for these sorts of programs is Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:35", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:441", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mangrove restoration:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mangrove restoration", "evidence": "The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reforestation:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Reforestation", "evidence": "Japan needs to reduce 26% of green house gas emission from 2013 by 2030 to accomplish Paris Agreement and is trying to reduce 2% of them by forestry.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainable Development Goals:196", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sustainable Development Goals", "evidence": "The report mentioned that this would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching \"net zero\" around 2050, through “rapid and far-reaching” transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Emissions trading:921", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Emissions trading", "evidence": "\"How will the changes impact on forestry?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:133", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "Information on the environmental impacts of alternative models of treatment and service provision Some of the suggested changes needed are: Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices (e.g., in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Low-carbon economy:17", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Low-carbon economy", "evidence": "Low emission development strategies for the land use sector can prioritize the protection of carbon-rich ecosystems to not only reduce emissions, but also to protect biodiversity and safeguard local livelihoods to reduce rural poverty - all of which can lead to more climate resilient systems, according to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon sink:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon sink", "evidence": "Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon sink:81", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon sink", "evidence": "Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:33", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Forest:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Forest", "evidence": "acting as a carbon sink.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation:418", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation", "evidence": "A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, \"The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and ecosystems:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and ecosystems", "evidence": "Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "\"Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Habitat destruction:106", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Habitat destruction", "evidence": "A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:521", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "\"World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C:292", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C", "evidence": "\"Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C:85", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C", "evidence": "Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "evidence": "In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a view of lowering the target to 1.5 °C.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:183", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:198", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:832", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Paleotempestology:101", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleotempestology", "evidence": "In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleotempestology:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleotempestology", "evidence": "In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleotempestology:109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleotempestology", "evidence": "The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleotempestology:899", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleotempestology", "evidence": "\"700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleotempestology:953", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleotempestology", "evidence": "\"Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air National Guard:538", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Air National Guard", "evidence": "The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Palm Beach County, Florida:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Palm Beach County, Florida", "evidence": "Early on September 17, 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane made landfall near West Palm Beach as a category-4 storm and crossed Lake Okeechobee shortly thereafter.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Palm Beach County, Florida:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Palm Beach County, Florida", "evidence": "August 28, 1949, a category-4 hurricane struck West Palm Beach with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), causing considerable damage.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Palm Beach County, Florida:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Palm Beach County, Florida", "evidence": "Jeanne struck near the same location as a category-3 hurricane on September 26, 2004.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Palm Beach County, Florida:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Palm Beach County, Florida", "evidence": "On October 24, 2005, Hurricane Wilma struck Collier County as a category-3 hurricane.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "1938 New England hurricane:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "1938 New England hurricane", "evidence": "The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "1938 New England hurricane:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "1938 New England hurricane", "evidence": "It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "1993 Storm of the Century:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "1993 Storm of the Century", "evidence": "Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82 inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35 inHg) were observed in New England.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter storm naming in the United States:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter storm naming in the United States", "evidence": "Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed \"The Great Snow of 1717\" hit the colonies of New England in 1717.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter storm:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter storm", "evidence": "Notable ice storms include an El Niño-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of Florida:70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of Florida", "evidence": "A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:233", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted \"the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing.\"", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Floyd:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Floyd", "evidence": "Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural disaster:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural disaster", "evidence": "Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:50", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Andrew:8", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hurricane Andrew", "evidence": "After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:33", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Hurricane Irma", "evidence": "The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Irma:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Irma", "evidence": "On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Economics of global warming:185", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Economics of global warming", "evidence": "Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Economics of global warming:247", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Economics of global warming", "evidence": "(2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879).", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Neoliberalism:154", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Neoliberalism", "evidence": "Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Neoliberalism:176", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Neoliberalism", "evidence": "Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "United States:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "United States", "evidence": "Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Precipitation:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Precipitation", "evidence": "Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Santa Ana winds:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Santa Ana winds", "evidence": "During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Santa Ana winds:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Santa Ana winds", "evidence": "Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "West Coast of the United States:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "West Coast of the United States", "evidence": "The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the inland areas during summer.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2013–14 North American winter:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2013–14 North American winter", "evidence": "On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Early 2014 North American cold wave:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Early 2014 North American cold wave", "evidence": "The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar vortex:100", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar vortex", "evidence": "The general assumption is that reduced snow cover and sea ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in turn alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing it to weaken or collapse.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stratosphere:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stratosphere", "evidence": "This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Winter 1985 cold wave:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Winter 1985 cold wave", "evidence": "The winter 1985 cold wave was a meteorological event, the result of the shifting of the polar vortex farther south than is normally seen.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:191", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:197", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2007) allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimated the effect of solar forcing.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:555", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate model:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate model", "evidence": "This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:115", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coriolis force:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coriolis force", "evidence": "In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Future of Earth:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Future of Earth", "evidence": "Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:249", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:254", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:182", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Holocene:279", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene", "evidence": "\"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:118", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:163", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:185", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:203", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:211", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary boundaries:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Planetary boundaries", "evidence": "About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marine life:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Marine life", "evidence": "Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8 mi).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tsunami:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tsunami", "evidence": "Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:67", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "Following the Cambrian explosion, 535 Mya, there have been five mass extinctions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Evolution:347", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Evolution", "evidence": "The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Future of Earth:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Future of Earth", "evidence": "This has resulted in a widespread, ongoing mass extinction of other species during the present geological epoch, now known as the Holocene extinction.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nature:51", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Nature", "evidence": "The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Adelaide:426", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Adelaide", "evidence": "[citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Adelaide:982", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Adelaide", "evidence": "\"FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "South Australia has the lead over other Australian states for its commercialisation and commitment to renewable energy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "It is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "South Australia:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "South Australia", "evidence": "Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Energy policy of India:150", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Energy policy of India", "evidence": "The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Energy policy of India:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Energy policy of India", "evidence": "The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kilowatt hour:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kilowatt hour", "evidence": "The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "National Electricity Market:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "National Electricity Market", "evidence": "The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar power:11", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar power", "evidence": "As of 2018, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility scale solar power is around $43/MWh.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon footprint:73", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon footprint", "evidence": "Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to: Waste heat recovery systems Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coal:223", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coal", "evidence": "The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Engine:110", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Engine", "evidence": "Also, resulting greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide, from the widespread use of engines in the modern industrialized world is contributing to the global greenhouse effect – a primary concern regarding global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel power station:86", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fossil fuel power station", "evidence": "Electricity generation using carbon-based fuels is responsible for a large fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide and for 34% of U.S. man-made carbon dioxide emissions in 2010.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference):28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change (2005 conference)", "evidence": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:126", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:529", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "Climate Action Tracker \"Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Runaway greenhouse effect:284", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Runaway greenhouse effect", "evidence": "\"Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tipping points in the climate system:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tipping points in the climate system", "evidence": "Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:88", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "Farquharson and her team guess that about 231,000 square miles (600,000 square kilometers) of permafrost, or about 5.5% of the zone that is permafrost year-round, is vulnerable to rapid surface thawing.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "According to a study published in 2016, about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "\"1.5C rise in temperature enough to start permafrost melt, scientists warn\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permafrost:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permafrost", "evidence": "A global temperature rise of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above current levels would be enough to start the thawing of permafrost in Siberia, according to one group of scientists.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:126", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:127", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "A 2018 study tried to identify such a planetary threshold for self-reinforcing feedbacks and found that even a 2 °C (3.6 °F) increase in temperature over pre-industrial levels may be enough to trigger such a hothouse Earth scenario.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary boundaries:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Planetary boundaries", "evidence": "The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the \"threshold\" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Planetary boundaries:19", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Planetary boundaries", "evidence": "Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, \"We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 °C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:113", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves:139", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves", "evidence": "A heat wave started in Moscow on the 27 June, as temperatures reached 33.1 °C (91.6 °F), and stayed around 30 °C (90 °F) for the rest of the week.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "2018 British Isles heat wave:95", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2018 British Isles heat wave", "evidence": "2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:151", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cyclone:113", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cyclone", "evidence": "A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cyclone:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cyclone", "evidence": "A polar low is a small-scale, short-lived atmospheric low-pressure system (depression) that is found over the ocean areas poleward of the main polar front in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extratropical cyclone:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Extratropical cyclone", "evidence": "Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extratropical cyclone:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Extratropical cyclone", "evidence": "These types of cyclones are defined as large scale (synoptic) low pressure weather systems that occur in the middle latitudes of the Earth.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:69", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cloud:341", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cloud", "evidence": "As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Harvey:296", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Harvey", "evidence": "The relationship between climate change and the frequency of hurricanes (or tropical cyclones) is still unclear, and is the subject of continuing research.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:315", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:78", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:166", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "One of the study researchers noted, \"The expectation is that with further sea ice decline, temperatures in the Arctic will continue to rise, and so will methane emissions from northern wetlands.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:158", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Jet stream:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Jet stream", "evidence": "Trends such as Arctic sea ice decline, reduced snow cover, evapotranspiration patterns, and other weather anomalies have caused the Arctic to heat up faster than other parts of the globe (polar amplification).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Alpine climate:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Alpine climate", "evidence": "Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Köppen climate classification:117", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Köppen climate classification", "evidence": "These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oceanic climate:78", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oceanic climate", "evidence": "With the air coming from the ocean predominates the cloudy weather with constant precipitation even in the colder months and the temperature is strongly enlivened.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Weather:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Weather", "evidence": "Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of India:260", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate of India", "evidence": "Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rain:1068", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Rain", "evidence": "\"Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Supercell:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Supercell", "evidence": "This is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Uruguay:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Uruguay", "evidence": "The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Brown bear:215", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Brown bear", "evidence": "They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Brown bear:219", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Brown bear", "evidence": "Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Brown bear:228", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Brown bear", "evidence": "In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Grizzly bear:111", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Grizzly bear", "evidence": "Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kodiak bear:88", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Kodiak bear", "evidence": "As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate of Chicago:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate of Chicago", "evidence": "At O'Hare, temperatures as low as 7 °F (−14 °C) and 31 °F (−1 °C) have been recorded as late as April 7 and May 21, respectively.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Florida:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Florida", "evidence": "With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Montclair, New Jersey:30", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Montclair, New Jersey", "evidence": "From April to June and from September to early November, Montclair experiences temperatures from the lower 60s to the lower 70s.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "New Jersey:158", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "New Jersey", "evidence": "Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pago Pago:240", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pago Pago", "evidence": "A temperature range of about three degrees Fahrenheit separates the average monthly temperatures of the coolest and hottest months.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals", "evidence": "The American coyote is an example of a generalist.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Invasive species:20", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Invasive species", "evidence": "Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Invasive species:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Invasive species", "evidence": "Intraspecific phenotypic plasticity, pre-adaptation and post-introduction evolution are all major factors in adaptive evolution.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Species:133", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Species", "evidence": "phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vine:42", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Vine", "evidence": "Vines are unique in that they have multiple evolutionary origins and a wide range of phenotypic plasticity.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Biodiversity:309", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Biodiversity", "evidence": "Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:501", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "\"Dominance hierarchies, diversity and species richness of vascular plants in an alpine meadow: contrasting short and medium term responses to simulated global change\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation and climate change:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation and climate change", "evidence": "As development of the country's caused a decline in forest cover, a reduction in biodiversity was seen in those areas.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity:70", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity", "evidence": "Increased temperatures may allow herbivores to expand further into alpine regions, significant impacting the composition of alpine herbfields.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:677", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The statement goes on to assert that \"evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1783", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:128", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:10", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:564", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Long-term persistence enhances uncertainty about anthropogenic warming of Antarctica\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:18", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:262", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Parties associated with the Accord aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below 2 °C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:263", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "A 2018 published study points at a threshold at which temperatures could rise to 4 or 5 degrees compared to the pre-industrial levels, through self-reinforcing feedbacks in the climate system, suggesting this threshold is below the 2-degree temperature target, agreed upon by the Paris climate deal.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Big data:287", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Big data", "evidence": "Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:231", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global catastrophic risk:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global catastrophic risk", "evidence": "Historically, the ability of experts to predict the future over these timescales has proved very limited.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physics:132", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physics", "evidence": "For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific method:119", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific method", "evidence": "Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:225", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:131", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:555", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Regime shift:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Regime shift", "evidence": "Bush encroachment refers to small changes in herbivory rates that can shift drylands from grassy dominated regimes towards woody dominated savannas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Regime shift:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Regime shift", "evidence": "Dryland degradation occurs when the loss of vegetation transforms an ecosystem from being vegetated to being dominated by bare soils.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Regime shift:93", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Regime shift", "evidence": "Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:423", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:424", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "If all the ice on the polar ice caps were to melt away, the oceans of the world would rise an estimated 70 m (230 ft).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:21", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming conspiracy theory:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming conspiracy theory", "evidence": "The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged at the end of the investigations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Shutdown of thermohaline circulation", "evidence": "In response Quirin Schiermeier concluded that natural variation was the culprit for the observations but highlighted possible implications.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "London:218", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "London", "evidence": "Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oxford:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Oxford", "evidence": "The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 37.2 °C (99 °F) in July 2019 during the 2019 European heat wave.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sweden:263", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sweden", "evidence": "That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Oxford:496", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Oxford", "evidence": "H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe, iii, 55–60.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "University of Oxford:664", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "University of Oxford", "evidence": "Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that \"female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure\" \"Archived copy\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "The World Meteorological Organization, defines a heat wave as 5 or more consecutive days of prolonged heat in which the daily maximum temperature is higher than the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) or more.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:144", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:160", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "\"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "'s Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:231", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:190", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Years of Living Dangerously:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Years of Living Dangerously", "evidence": "He learns that \"Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases\", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:122", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "Summer 2013–14 was warmer than average for the entirety of Australia.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Perth:82", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Perth", "evidence": "Summers are generally hot and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sydney:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sydney", "evidence": "Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sydney:176", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sydney", "evidence": "The summer of 2007–08, however, proved to be the coolest since 1996–97 and is the only summer this century to be at or below average in temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:127", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atlantic Ocean:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic Ocean", "evidence": "The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gulf Stream", "evidence": "Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:53", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gulf Stream", "evidence": "East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Norway:322", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Norway", "evidence": "The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world, with the Gulf Stream passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast, continuously warming the region in the winter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Bahrain:195", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bahrain", "evidence": "Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C (122 °F) under the right conditions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gulf Stream", "evidence": "The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gulf Stream", "evidence": "By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:42", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Gulf Stream", "evidence": "As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gulf Stream:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gulf Stream", "evidence": "These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Mercury (planet):106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mercury (planet)", "evidence": "The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places: 0°N, 0°W, or 180°W.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mercury (planet):109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mercury (planet)", "evidence": "On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mercury (planet):14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mercury (planet)", "evidence": "Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mercury (planet):15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mercury (planet)", "evidence": "The polar regions are constantly below 180 K (−93 °C; −136 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:21", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), \"there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:27", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:72", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:74", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:75", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:995", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis 2050 (AMMA-2050) aim to address the challenges of understanding how the monsoon will change in future decades, to 2050, and how this information can be most effectively used to support climate-compatible development in the region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:231", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding \"projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:241", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:65", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I (October 2017) provided the following summary: This assessment concludes, based on extensive evidence, that it is extremely likely that human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases, are the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Bachelor's degree:406", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Bachelor's degree", "evidence": "Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry):28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)", "evidence": "a diatomic molecule) in a 3-D space with constant distance between them (let's say d) we can show (below) its degrees of freedom to be 5.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Equator:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Equator", "evidence": "The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Master's degree:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Master's degree", "evidence": "Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Six degrees of separation:129", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Six degrees of separation", "evidence": "The average separation for all users of the application is 5.73 degrees, whereas the maximum degree of separation is 12.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:234", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the \"surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:241", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:113", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:1026", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "\"Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice sheet:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice sheet", "evidence": "The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:351", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:352", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Post-glacial rebound:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Post-glacial rebound", "evidence": "During deglaciation, the melted ice water returns to the oceans, thus sea level in the ocean increases again.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:196", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "With the loss of mass, the gravitational pull becomes less and local water levels might drop.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Köppen climate classification:113", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Köppen climate classification", "evidence": "s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Köppen climate classification:143", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Köppen climate classification", "evidence": "Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Rio Grande:68", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Rio Grande", "evidence": "Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged \"The Forgotten River\" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperate climate:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperate climate", "evidence": "In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperate climate:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperate climate", "evidence": "Mediterranean Climates, opposite to the humid subtropical and monsoonal climates, have a dry summer, with rainfall in the winter and cooler months.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:101", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:70", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:83", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cryosphere:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cryosphere", "evidence": "Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lake Tahoe:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lake Tahoe", "evidence": "There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Season creep:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Season creep", "evidence": "Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5 °C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snow:219", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snow", "evidence": "Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth, both directly and via runoff through streams and rivers, which supply irrigation canals.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Colorado River:409", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Colorado River", "evidence": "In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glen Canyon Dam:268", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Glen Canyon Dam", "evidence": "Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glen Canyon Dam:270", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glen Canyon Dam", "evidence": "At the end of water year 2017 (September 30), the lake level was 3,628 feet (1,106 m), and at 60 percent of capacity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glen Canyon Dam:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glen Canyon Dam", "evidence": "With the Glen Canyon site out of the question, the initial need for a reservoir was realized in 1936 with the completion of Hoover Dam in Black Canyon, storing 32 million acre feet (39 km3) in the mammoth reservoir of Lake Mead.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Glen Canyon Dam:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glen Canyon Dam", "evidence": "Without storage reservoirs of their own, the Upper Basin states risked a \"call\" on the Colorado River during drought years: they would be forced to use less water in order to keep the river flowing to Lake Mead and California, the state with the most senior water rights.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:198", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:237", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5 °F (2.8 °C) (with a range of 2-9 °F) in winter and summer and 4 °F (2.2 °C) (with a range of 2-7 °F) in spring and fall.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:285", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "\"A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:286", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Permian:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Permian", "evidence": "Based on the amount of lava estimated to have been produced during this period, the worst-case scenario is the release of enough carbon dioxide from the eruptions to raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Warmer air holds more water vapor.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:29", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Precipitation:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Precipitation", "evidence": "Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snow:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snow", "evidence": "Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier, warmer air on the descending, leeward side.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thunderstorm:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thunderstorm", "evidence": "As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:201", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:329", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:41", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC):1175", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)", "evidence": "As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Season creep:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Season creep", "evidence": "While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:358", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Scientists discover evidence for past high-level sea rise\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:405", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:415", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Seamount:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Seamount", "evidence": "They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Walter Munk:148", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Walter Munk", "evidence": "This work described what came to be known as \"Munk's enigma\", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:50", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:87", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:381", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "\"One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Earlier satellite measurements were previously slightly at odds with tide gauge measurements.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:44", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:50", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Geology of Scotland:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Geology of Scotland", "evidence": "Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Karoo Supergroup:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Karoo Supergroup", "evidence": "As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Overdeepening:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Overdeepening", "evidence": "Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Overdeepening:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Overdeepening", "evidence": "As the water passes through the bottom, it continues to drop in temperature; since it is highly pressurized at this point, the melting temperature is suppressed and the water becomes supercooled as it melts surrounding ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Plate tectonics:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Plate tectonics", "evidence": "The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab, causing it to melt.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Flood:52", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Flood", "evidence": "Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or frozen ground.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:59", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:60", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snow:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Snow", "evidence": "It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water:97", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water", "evidence": "precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum:98", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum", "evidence": "This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level", "evidence": "Atmospheric pressure, ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral:186", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral", "evidence": "By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:142", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Salt Lake:88", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Salt Lake", "evidence": "Water levels have been recorded since 1875, averaging about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) above sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Mediterranean Sea:274", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Mediterranean Sea", "evidence": "[citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mediterranean Sea:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mediterranean Sea", "evidence": "A 30 cm (12 in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of the Nile Delta, displacing over 500,000 Egyptians.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mediterranean Sea:281", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mediterranean Sea", "evidence": "Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30 cm (12 in) and 100 cm (39 in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05–0.1 °C in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mediterranean Sea:672", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Mediterranean Sea", "evidence": "\"Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea:227", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea", "evidence": "The pH is expected to reach 7.7 (representing a 3-fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration) by the year 2100, which is a significant change in a century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:74", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "The Great Global Warming Swindle:275", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "The Great Global Warming Swindle", "evidence": "Patrick Michaels – Research Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia Patrick Moore – Early member of Greenpeace and former president, Greenpeace Canada Paul Reiter – Professor, Department of Medical Entomology, Pasteur Institute, Paris Nir Shaviv – Professor, Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem James Shikwati – Economist, Author, and CEO of The African Executive Frederick Singer – Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Misidentified in the film as Former Director, U.S. National Weather Service.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:7", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:547", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear holocaust:4", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Nuclear holocaust", "evidence": "In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:24", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral bleaching:679", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral bleaching", "evidence": "\"Diversity of Corals, Algae in Warm Indian Ocean Suggests Resilience to Future Global Warming\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Coral reef:367", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Coral reef", "evidence": "Similar rapid adaption may protect coral reefs from global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Barrier Reef:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Barrier Reef", "evidence": "The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Nitrogen fixation:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nitrogen fixation", "evidence": "Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nitrogen:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nitrogen", "evidence": "It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nitrogen:198", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nitrogen", "evidence": "Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nitrogen:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nitrogen", "evidence": "The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nitrogen:258", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nitrogen", "evidence": "It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and was first discovered by the alchemists in the 13th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:91", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that \"CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peak oil:360", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Peak oil", "evidence": "A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carnivorous plant:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carnivorous plant", "evidence": "The net uptake of carbon dioxide, and therefore, the plant's potential for growth, must be positive for the plant to survive.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:298", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such as zinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change and agriculture:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change and agriculture", "evidence": "However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Miscanthus giganteus:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Miscanthus giganteus", "evidence": "dead leaves), direct humus accumulation, the well-developed and deep-reaching root system, the low decomposition rates of plant residues due to a high C : N ratio (carbon to nitrogen ratio), and the absence of tillage and subsequently less soil aeration are the reasons for the high carbon sequestration rates.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Miscanthus giganteus:242", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Miscanthus giganteus", "evidence": "The authors note that due to the high carbon to nitrogen ratio it is in the field's margins and interspersed woodlands that the majority of the food resources are to be found.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle", "evidence": "Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683 the castle was searched by royal officials looking for stocks of weapons that might be used in a possible revolt.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle:154", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Farleigh Hungerford Castle", "evidence": "Kightly suggests that the castle was sold to the Houlton family in 1705, rather than 1730; Jackson disagrees.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Marcus Davis:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Marcus Davis", "evidence": "Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thirty Years' War:484", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thirty Years' War", "evidence": "The Last Valley (1959), by John Pick, is about two men fleeing the Thirty Years' War.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Thirty Years' War:497", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Thirty Years' War", "evidence": "The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic Ocean:174", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic Ocean", "evidence": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic methane emissions:79", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic methane emissions", "evidence": "Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:95", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:96", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "Warming is also the triggering variable for the release of carbon (potentially as methane) in the arctic.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:357", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:374", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Between 1987 and 2004, the Western Hudson Bay population declined by 22%, although the population was listed as \"stable\" as of 2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:377", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "The proportion of maternity dens on sea ice has changed from 62% between the years 1985 through 1994, to 37% over the years 1998 through 2004.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:397", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:404", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]