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ื‘ืžื•ืคืขื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ืคืื’ืื ื™ื ื™ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืื—ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ, ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžื™ืชืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ืชืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืจ ืื—ื“
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ื, ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื•ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืชืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืœ
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ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืžื ืกื—ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืš: ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื ืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘-1982
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ืื ื ื•ื“ืข ืœืื“ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืœืคื• ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ืข, ืขืœ ืžืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจืข
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ืื ื ืชืœื›ืœื›ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื•, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื”, ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื•ื‘ืฉื ื•ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืคื, ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื—ืจ ืฉืืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
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ื‘ืื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช, ื–ื•ื’ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืชื™ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ืงื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื•ื•ื”, ื”ืื—ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”, ืืš ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืชืข ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืืžื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื”
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ืจืข 'ืžื•ืกื’ืจ', ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืจืข ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื”, ื•ืžื˜ืžื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžื˜ืžื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื•, ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื”ืจืชื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืœื ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ืืžืจื• ื‘ืžืฉื ื”: ืžืฆื•ืจืข ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฆื•ืจืข ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืจืข ืฉื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืคืกืง ืœื’ื‘ื™ื• ืฉื”ื ื’ืข ืฉืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืฆืจืขืช
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื‘ืœื™ื, ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืฉืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื›ืฉืจ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืข, ืื•ืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ื‘ื›ืš
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ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืงืกื™ืงื•ืŸ (1769) ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื•ืœื˜ืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื , ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ : ื›ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ืจ ืœื” ื‘ืจ, ื ื›ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืœื•ื˜ื ื ื˜ ื’ื ืจืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืืš ืขื ืกื—ืจื—ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืจืกืŸ, ื”ื•ืจืฉืข ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื•ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ืขื•, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ืื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื, ื”ื•ืจื•, ืœื ืจืง ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•, ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื•ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืื˜; ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ, ื•ื›ืžื” ืชื”ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ืขื• ืžืจืืฉื•
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื—ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง - ืื ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื— ื—ืจืฉ, ืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืชืง ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืง, ืคื•ืกืง ื”ืกืž ืข ืฉืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘, ืžื”ื˜ืขื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืืจื ื• ืœืขื™ืœ, ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืœื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ื–ืง ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืื•ืžื”
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ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืขื–ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื• ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืจืขืคืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ืฃ, ืื• ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืงื™ืžืจื•ื–ืื•ืจื•ืก ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื
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ื“ื™ืžื•ื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจืง ื ืžืฆื ืกืžื•ืš ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ื”ื™ืจืš ื•ืœืงื•ืคืกื™ืช ื”ืžืคืจืง, ืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืจืš ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงืช ืื• ืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคืจืง ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืง ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ื”ื’ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืฉื ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ื ื™ื™ื”
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ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืœืื›ืช ืงื•ืจืข, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืชื•ืคืจ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ (ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืขืžื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื)
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ื”ืจื™ื–ื•ื“ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืžื—ืœืงืชื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš 22 ืก ืž ืœืื•ืจืš ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืกืชื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจื›ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืก ืž ื•ื”ื ืขื–ืจื• ืœื“ื’ ืœืงืจื•ืข ื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช
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ื”ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื™ื ื ืžืื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ืœืขื•ืœื
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ื–ื•ื—ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœืงื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืฆื•ืคื™ ืืžื™ื™ืœ, ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื˜ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื, ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
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ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืช ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื ื“ืจื™ื ื ืคืกืง ื›ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืข ืฉืžืช ื‘ื ื• ื•ืงืจืข ืงืจื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืฉื•ื‘
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื ืคื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืืช ืื‘ืง ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืงื ื”, ืืช ื”ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื•ื”ืงืœื™ืข ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืงื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืื‘ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืคื”
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ืœืžื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœืกืช, ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืœืขื•ืก ืฆืžื—ื™ื
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ืœืขื–ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื’ื‘ ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืง ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ืขื‘ื”, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ืคื™ืœ, ื’ืžืœ ื•ืคืจื”, ืืช ืขื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง
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ืœืชื•ืชื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื˜ืจื”: ืงืœืขื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื–ืœ ืื• ืžืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืชืฆื• ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘, ืงืœืขื™ ืžื•ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืงืœืขื™ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ืงืœืข ืงื•ืคืกื”, ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ, ื—ื•ืœืœ ื”ืจืก ื•ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฆื™ื“
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ืžื•ืคืข ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ืื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ืžืืœืฃ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื‘, ืืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื• ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ื ืงืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื•ืจื—
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืœื”, ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื•
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ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืจ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืจ, ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืงืจืขื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื
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ืขืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ืื• ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืœื˜ืจืžืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช: ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช, ืงื•ืœ ื—ืกืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ( Tear Me Down )
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ืงื‘ื™ืจืช ืื‘ื ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื™ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ, ืงื•ืจื ื“ื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืœืกืคื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื ืจ, ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื—ื’ื•ืจ ืฉืงื™ื
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ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื ื ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืื˜ื•ืžื™ื
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ืงืจื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ืื• ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื‘ื ื, ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื• ื•ืœื•ืžืจ: ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ืงึธื“ึฐืฉึตืื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืชึดืคึฐืึทืจึฐืชึตึผื ื•ึผ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ึดืœึฐืœื•ึผืšึธ ืึฒื‘ึนืชึตื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึดืฉึฐื‚ืจึตืคึทืช ืึตืฉื ื•ึฐื›ึธืœ ืžึทื—ึฒืžึทื“ึตึผื™ื ื•ึผ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึฐื—ึธืจึฐื‘ึธึผื”
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ืชืงื™ืคื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ื• ืื• ื™ื›ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื ืกื• ืœื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชื• (ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื“ื•ื‘ ) ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉืคืชื ื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ
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ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื• ื”ืชืขืงืฉื• ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข, ื•ืืฉืชื• ืคืจื ืกืก ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืชืžื ืข ืžืžื ื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื˜ื™ื•ื˜ืช ื”ื ืื•ื ืื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš
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ืื•ืจ-ื‘ืš ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“ ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ, ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืขื•, ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื , ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืฉืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื• ื”ื ื—ืจืฆืช
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ืืœื” ื ืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืจืฉืช ืขื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื–ื™ื’-ื–ื’
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ืืœื” ื ืชืงื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืกื”, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื—ืฃ
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ืืœื™ืก ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžื’'ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื—ืจืคื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื”, ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœืขืฆืžื”
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ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืจื™ืืงืฉืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจืก ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืœื ืชื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฃ ืจืกื™ืกื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ืชืงื•ืข ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื–ืง ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืœืงืจื•ืข ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื•ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžื•ืกืžืš ืœื›ืš
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ืืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืœื•ืช ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื“ืœื™ืคืช ื ืคื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื“ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืคื ื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื›ื ื” ื›ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื“ืœื™ืคื” ื ืคื˜ ืœื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื• ืฉื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ-ื›ืคื•ืœ (mid-deck tanker), ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆืช ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ (Coulombi Egg Tanker), ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืืžื ืช MARPOL, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
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ืืจื™ื” ืฆ'ืฆ'ื™ืง ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ื›ืจ ื”ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื, ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืจื™ืฆื” ืœืคืชื— ื”ืื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื, ื•ืื– ืจืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืงืจื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืจื™ืŸ, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ืœืคืจื™ืฉืชื• ื‘-1973
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ื‘-1983 ืฉื™ื’ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆื ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื˜ื— ืžืชื›ืชื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจืชื• ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืชื™ื—ื” ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
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ื‘ื“ื—ืฃ ืžืœื ื”ื”ื“ืฃ ืžืžื ื•ืข ืกื™ืœื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื•ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืืฃ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืืกืคืœื˜ ืžื”ืงืจืงืข
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืงื•ืจื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืคื’ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืขืจ ืฉื”ืคืงื™ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืก ื™ื“ืข ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืจ
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ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืฉื ืช 1980, ื•ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืืช ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ (ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ืจืข ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ)
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ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”, ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืข 11 ืฉืจืฉืจืื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืคืฆืฆื”; ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื—ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืœืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื’ื•ืจื” โ€“ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื” ืžืกื•ืจ
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืœืชืขื•ืช (ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืงื™ืœ), ื”ืจืฉืข ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืžืชื ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ (ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืš ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ืกืจื˜ื™ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื‘ื•ื ื“ ื‘ืกืจื˜ ืžื•ื ืจื™ื™ืงืจ)
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื™ืœื” ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืงื™ืคื•ื“ื™ื ืฆ'ื›ื™ื™ื, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืชื—ืชื™ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืชื•ืช
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื“ื•ืจื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ - ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจ
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื ื‘ืœ ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืชื—ืคื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืืช ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืœืกืชื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžืชืงืคื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืกืชื•ืชื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื• ืœื‘ืฆื•ืข ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ื’'ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœื™ื ื•ืกืœื˜ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœืœืงืง ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืืžื•ืจ ืกื•ืขื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืขื“
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืขืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืงื•ื ื•ืคื™ืชื•ืœ, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื•
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ื‘ืฆืขื“ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ืืžื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืื•ื‘ืกื ื’'ื• ืžืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขืžืžื™ืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื ื™ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจื•
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื™ื• ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœ ืขืœื” ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืœืงืคืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื ืื• ืืจื™ื–ืชื
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2005 ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื’ืืจื• ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ื˜ืงืก ( ื’ืจืื ื“ ืžืจืฉืœ ) ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืžืฉื ืช 1980, ื•ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืืช ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ (ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ืจืข ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ)
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ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืคืขื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืจืงื˜ื•ื
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ื“ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ืฉืžื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืขื•ืจ ืฉืžื›ืกื” ื—ื‘ื™ืช ืื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
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ื“ืœืง ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืžืชื ืข ืขื ื ืฉื™ื›ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“
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ื”-DNA ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”-DNA ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช
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ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’ืคื™ ื”ืคื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืœื•ืขืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชืŸ
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ื”ื’ื•ืœื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ ืคื™ืชื•ืœ ื•ื˜ืœื˜ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจ ืžื”ื˜ืจืฃ
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื—ื– ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื— ืฉืฉืœื— ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืคืœื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื‘ืช ื’ื‘ื™ืขื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ื ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื” : ืžื ืฉื” ื’ืจื ืœืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื”ื - ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ื• ื™ื™ืงืจืข ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ืœืœื” ื”ืชืงื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ื—ื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื” ื•ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื›ืคืชื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ืงืฉืจ ืกื•ืคื™ืช
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื˜ืคืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืจื™ืฆื” ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื˜ืจืคื•
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืฆื ื•ืขื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื”
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขืฅ ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื–ืœื™ ื›ืฉื™ื“ื• ืžื•ื ืคืช ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืกื•ื’ ืžื›ืš ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืกื•ืจืœ ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืืช ื”ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ื
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืœื— ืืœ ืกื’ืŸ-ืืœื•ืฃ ืจื•ื– ื”ื ื‘ืกื˜, ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืคืชืง ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื”
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•, ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
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ื”ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœ-2 ืกื•ื’ื™ื: ื˜ืคื™ืœื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื ื“ืงืื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืฅ ืืช ื“ืžื•, ืœืงืจื•ืข ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื•, ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจืขื™ืœื™ื (ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื)
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ื”ื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื–ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืก ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฆื•ื“ ื’ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืื ื”ื ื ืขื• ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ืฆื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืกื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžื—ื•ืœืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืจืฅ
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื”ืจื™ื’ืช ื˜ืจืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ื ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ื‘ืœื•ืช
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ื”ื›ืจื™ืฉ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื›ืชื• ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื˜ืจืฃ, ืžื” ืฉื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืขืงื‘ ืจื™ื— ื”ื“ื ื‘ืžื™ื
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ื”ื ืืฃ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฉื›ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื’ืจืกื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก
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ื”ื ืืฃ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“, ืžืฉื›ืฉืœื• ื”ืžื’ืจืกื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืคื’ื–ื™ ืจืกืก ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ืชื™ืœ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืจื•ื‘ื• ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืขื–ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื ื’ื ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืžื ื•, ืžื” ืฉืชื ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื”
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืกืช ืžืจืžื– ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืื™ืชื ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื˜ืจืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื” ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืงืจื•ืข ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื“ ื”ืœื—ื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืžื–ื•ืŸ
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ื”ืžื•ืื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื”ืขืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื™ื›ืœื” ืื•ืชื
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ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื“ ื•ืžืื•ื ืงืœ, ื•ืžื•ืชืื ืœืงืจื•ืข ื ืชื—ื™ ื‘ืฉืจ ืคื’ืจ, ืขื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื: ืœืื•ืจื•ื‘ื• ื•ืœืงืชืจื˜ืก ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืœืง ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืข ืืฃ ืืช ืขื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื”ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืคืจื” ืื• ื˜ืคื™ืจ
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