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ืื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื•
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ืืกื•ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ื˜ ื– ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ
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ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1948 ื“ื•ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืชื™ืจื” ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ื•ื‘ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื
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ื‘ืžืœืืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ ืงื ื”-ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืจืฆื•ืคื•ืช, ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืข, ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ืจื™ืขืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืงื ื™ื
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืงืฆื™ืจืช ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื“ืฉื, ื”ื—ืจืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืงื ื™ื ืื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื’ืžืื™ื™ื (Cyperaceae), ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ืœื”ื‘ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ื ืฉืืจ ื™ืขื™ืœ
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืฆื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืชืืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื ืื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืœืฉื ื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ืจืฆื™ื” ืื• ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ืžื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ื ื”ืคื™ืœ ืื• ืœื—ืœืง ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืœืœื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ืจืงื‘
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœืื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ืฉื ืžืœื˜ื• ืขื ืคืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื• ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื’ ื/ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืชื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื™ื’ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืจื˜ื ืจ (ืจืืฉ ืื’ืฃ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ื› ืœ)
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ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ื•ืจืžื”, ื”ื•ืฆื‘ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื’ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืกืœื™ืœื” ืฉืžื•ืฆื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืœืš ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืงืฆืจื” ื•ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื”
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื™ื ื“ื™, ื˜ืืงืจ ืกื‘ืœ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื ืขืจ-ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ื (ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื)
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื‘ื•' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืฉ ื™, 26 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1949, ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืงืจื™ื™ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ืžืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ืืœ-ื—'ืืœืฆื” (ื—ืœืกื”) ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉ, ืฉืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื• ื ืžืœื˜ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื”ืจ ืœื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœื›ืคืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื™ื
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืคื•ืื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ืจื•ื-ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคื•ืื‘ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื–ื•ื ื™, ืืงื•ืžื”, ืœื’ื•ื ื”, ื”ื•ืคื™ ื•ื˜ืื•ืก, ืœืขืจื•ืš ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืœืจื’ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืœืื’ื ื”ืžืœื— ื–ื•ื ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžืœื—, ื”ืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืชื–ื•ื ื”
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ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื‘ืื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”
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ื”ืขืจืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ื– ืœ, ื•ืขืœื™ื” ื ืžืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžืคื™ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืฉืžืกืจ ืžืฉื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจ ืืœืขืื™: ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœืคื™ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืœื ืœื—ืจื•ืฉ ืœื ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื•ืœื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ
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ื”ืจืžื‘ ื ืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ: ืœืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืœืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ืคืจ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœื’ืื•ืœ ืงืจืงืขื•ืช, ืœื’ืื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืขืจื™ ื—ื•ืžื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืขื ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื”, ืœื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืœื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืกืคื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืช
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ื”ืฉื‘ืชืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื” ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื•ืœื–ืžื•ืจ, ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจ, ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื’ื“ืœ
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ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืคืกืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื—ืœืงืช ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื ื”ื’ื• ืœืกืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื” ืจืง ืื ื’'ืจื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืงืคื”
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืžืกื•ืจืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื, ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ืœืขืช ื•ื”ืชื™ืจืก ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืขืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื™ืจืก, ืคื˜ืจ ื•ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืคืขื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื ืื”
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื ื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื, ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืืฃ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืชื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœืžื” ื–ืœืžืŸ ืื•ื™ืขืจื‘ืš, ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื—ืœ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•, ืื•ืœื ืœืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงืฆื™ืจืชื ื”ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ
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ืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ (ื™โ€ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืกืŸ), ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืงืจืงืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื— ืœืงืฆื•ืจ
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ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ืžื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื™ืžืชื™ ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื™ืชืคื ื• ืœืขืกืงื™ื”ื ืื• ื™ืœืงื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื˜ืจื ื”ื‘ืฉืœืชื, ืืš ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืขืฅ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ืฉื ื ืžืื•ืช ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ื
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ืขื•ืžืจ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ืžื—ืžืฉืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื’ืŸ (ื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืฉืขื•ืจื”, ื›ื•ืกืžื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืขืœ ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืŸ) ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ (ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืžื ื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื” ืจืง ืžืฉืขื•ืจื”)
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ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืžืชื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืคืื” ืคืื” ืื• ืคืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ
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ืงืฆื™ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืจืžืฉ ื ืฉืืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื™ืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืงืฆื™ืจื” ืขื ืžืงืฆืจื” ื‘ืฆื“ ื•ืขื ืจืฉืช ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื•ืก ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืงื˜ื•ืจ) ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”
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ืงืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœืงื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืืœื ืจืง ืœืœืงื˜ ืžืขื˜ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช
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ืจื•ืคื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžึดื™ืŸ-ื“ึฐื–ื•ึผ ืฉื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ืืŸ-ื’'ื™ื ื’ ืืžืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืžืชืจื’ืœื™ ืคืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื’, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืืกื™ืจื™ ืคืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื’ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ื ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื
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ืื•ืœื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื• ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื”ื, ื ืืœืฅ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ
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ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงืฆืจืช ื“ืฉื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื
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ืื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื”, ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื” ื•ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื• ื˜ืงืกื™ื
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ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืชื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืืช ืชื‘ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช
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ืื™ืฆ'ื‘ ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืฆื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ื™ื’'ื™ื™ื–ืœ, ืกื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉื‘ืชื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื•
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ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืœื’ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ื•ื– ื ืชืคืกื• ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืœืื™ ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ
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ืืจืฆ'ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืขืฉื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืคื•ืงืคืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืืกื™ืจื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื˜ืืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžืžื ื• ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืจืืฉื™ (ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜), ื•ื’ื ื‘ืช ืกืœื™ืœ ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ืฉืืจืชื” ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืชืงื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ
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ื‘-14 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2006, ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื›ื™ ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ ืืชืจ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืกื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžื—ื ื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืœื›ืœื™ืืช ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ ืคืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ื ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื”ื , ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช ืžื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืคืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื. ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžืื™ 2006, ืคื ืชื” ื”ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื’ ืœื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงื™ืœื’ื•ืจ, ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืงื ื“ื™ ื•ืชืช ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืงื ื“ื” ื•ืœื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืžื˜ืืก, ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžื”ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืชืจื’ืœื™ ื”ืคืืœื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
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ื‘-2006 ื“ืจืฉื” ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืกื™ืŸ ืชืคืกื™ืง ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืืกื™ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกื›ืžืชื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ ื”ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืงื˜ ืฆื ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืชื™ืจืก ืฉืœื”ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืœืงื˜ื™ืฃ
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ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื™ืœื“, ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื“ื”, ื‘ืจืง ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ืจืžืฉ ืฉืœื• ืืš ืœื ื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื ื–ืง ื’ื•ืคื ื™
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 12 ืื•ื ืงื™ื•ืช (340 ื’ืจื) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ 18 ืื•ื ืงื™ื•ืช (510 ื’ืจื) ืฆืžืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืžืื ื’ื•ืจื” ืขื ืงื™ืช
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืกื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืžื”ืชื ื›ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืœื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื ืขื• ืžื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืื“ืžืชื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื—
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ื‘ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื•ื™ืœืœืืก (Vilelas) ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื“ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื•ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื, ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคืจื•ืชื™ื”ื
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ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื–ื” ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื™ ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื—ืœืงืช ื“ืฉื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
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ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ืจื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื•, ื”-Spondylus princeps, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืœืœื ื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื-ืฉืœื”ื, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1902, ื”ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื•ืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื“ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคื•ืช ืขืฉืจื” ื›ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืคืจื™ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื
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ื’ื ืื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ - ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื”
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ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืคืืช ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืžืชืจื™ ื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกืจืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืื• ื”ืžื˜ืข
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ื”ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืขืฉื‘ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืื“ืžื” ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื˜ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืœืขื•ืก ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืงืœื•ืช
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืื• ื”ื“ืฉื, ื•ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฆืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ื” - ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืฅ ืื• ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืฉื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื”ื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืœื•, ื•ื›ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ื”ึทื•ึผื•ึทืื™ื•ึผืœึดื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขืฅ ื”ื’ื•ืžื™ ื›ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฆืžื— ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื (ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืžื— ืœื ืฉื•ืจื“ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ), ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
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ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืชื‘ ืชืœื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืก ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ื™ื“ื• (ื”ื•ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™), ืฉืœืงื— ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžื›ืกืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืกื™ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืืกื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ
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ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ืขื ืฆื‘ืื• ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืคืœื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœื™ืื, ืื•ืœื ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืฆื‘ืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื™ืœื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื”ื, ืฉื—ืจืจื ื”ืจื•ืœื“, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™, ื‘-8 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ
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ื”ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™, ื”ืžืจื™ืฅ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื ืช ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ืขืœึพืžื ืช ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ืืช ืกื—ื•ืจืชืŸ
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ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืงืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืืš ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืขื•ืžืจื™ื ืงืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืฉืจ
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ื”ื ืงืกื™ื, ืžื™ื”ืจื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ืื” ื•ืœื‘ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื”ืคืš ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื—ืจื•ืฅ
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ื”ืกืจื˜ ื’ื•ืจืก ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื•ื ืขื” ืžืžื–ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
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ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ืืกืคื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžื•ื›ืŸ
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืš 45 ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื–ืจื™ืขื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื
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ื‘-1942 ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“, ืขื ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ืžืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืชื—ืŸ ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืคืจืื™ืช , ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื•ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืœื™ื™ืง; ื‘ื“ืจืžืช ื”ืืงื“ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ; ื•ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืื™ ื’'ื• ื“ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืžืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืื™ ื•ื•ื™ืง , ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื•ื™ื™ืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืคืชืข ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืืจื‘ื•ืจ
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1976 ืœ-1978 ืื™ืžืŸ ืกื ื˜ื ื” ืืช ื’ืจืžื™ื•, ื•ืฉื‘ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื• ืœื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ืจื™ื• ื’ืจืื ื“ื” ื“ื• ืกื•ืœ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืจ
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืงื™ืŸ ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื ื•ื“ (ืฉืžื” ืจื•ืžื– ืœืžื™ืœื” ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ), ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืžืœื•
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1984โ€“1985 ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืคืจืก ื’ืจืืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืช ื”ืจื•ืง, ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ Holding Out for a Hero ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืœ ืœืกืจื˜ ืคื•ื˜ืœื•ืก (Footloose)
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995 ื—ื–ืจ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื ืฅ ืœื‘ืื™ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื•ืชืืจื™ื
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ื’'ื•ื‘ืก ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื” ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ
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ื”ืื•ืคืจื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืžืฉื˜ืื“ื˜, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื‘-1880 ื‘ืžื ืฆ'ืกื˜ืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘-1889 ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื•ืจืœื™ื ืก, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคืจื™ ืขืžืœื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™, ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืกื“ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื ืคื˜ืจื”
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ื”ื™ื–ืžื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขืชื
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื•ืจื™, ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื“ืจืืคื˜
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ืžืจื“ื•ืš ืืคืœื”-ืื™ื“ื™ื ื” ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืงืจื‘, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืงืจื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื‘ื•ืกืช ื”ืืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื ื•ืกื”
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ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ืกืจืืœืœื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ ืฆื” ืœ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ 2006, ื”ืฆื™ืช ื”ืชืœืงื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืกื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื‘ืืœืœื” ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืงื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ
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ืขื“ื™, ืืฉืจ ื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉ ื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืช 17 ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกื›ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ื•
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” (On Demand Testing)
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ืคื™ืœืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ืคื™ืง (1949) ื‘ื• ื’'ืกื˜ (1939) ืคืจืฉื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ (1942) ื’ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฆื ื—ื™ื (1941) ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ืื•ืŸ (1941) ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืคืจืื™ืช (1942) ื”ืืงื“ื— ื”ื–ื” ืœื”ืฉื›ืจื” (1942) ื”ืื™ ื•ื•ื™ืง (1942) ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฅ (1942) ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืžืฆ'ื•ื ื’ืฆ'ื™ื ื’ (1943) ื‘ืช ืจื•ื•ื’ื•ื ื™ืช (1947) ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— (1949) ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžื”ืžืจืช (1949) ื˜ื•ืœืกื” (1949) ืฉื‘ืจ ืขื ืŸ (1951) ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื (1952) ื”ืื•ืคืœ ืฉื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช (1960) ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” (1962) ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ (1962) ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” (1963) ืžืื (1974) ื—ืฆื™ ืงืฉื•ื— (1977) ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื” 77 (1977) ืžื”ื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ (1981) ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืฆื— (1982) ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื” (1982) ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ (1984) ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื˜ื•ื ื™: ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘-1918 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ื‘-1987 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืื”
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ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ืก ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ืื ื™ื ื›ืขื ื•ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
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ืื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืืš ืคื™ื, ืกืงื•ื˜, ื”ื•ืค ื•ื’'ืื ื˜ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืกืจื˜ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื
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ืื– ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ, ื”ื ืื™ื—ื“ื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ื™ื‘ืจืกื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื’ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ื ืช 2000/2001
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ืืœื ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืงื˜ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
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