Datasets:

tomekkorbak

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detoxify-pile-chunk3-600000-650000

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[ "After three years in Berlin, he returned to Poland in 1840 to marry Aleksandra Müller. ", "He got a job as an organist in Vilnius and also worked as a private piano tutor.[4] The Moniuszkos had ten children.", "\n\nAround 1840, he began to compose strongly, writing his first operas and several other stage works, as well as sacred music and secular cantatas.[6]\n\nDuring his lifetime Moniuszko traveled many times to St. Petersburg where his concerts were very well received.[2] He was the mentor of César Cui.", "\n\nIn 1848 in Vilnius, he staged and conducted the first performance of his opera Halka. ", "After the triumph of his new four-act version of Halka at Warsaw on 1 January 1858, he toured France. ", "It was soon later staged in Prague, Moscow and St. Petersburg,[3] where it met with great success.[7]\n\nOn 1 August 1858 he was made conductor of the Polish Opera in the Grand Theatre in Warsaw. ", "In 1864, Moniuszko started lecturing at the Music Institute in Warsaw, where he also directed a choir. ", "His disciples included, among others, Zygmunt Noskowski and Henryk Jarecki.[4]" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I create perfect \"radio waves\" (concentric arcs of a circle)?", "\n\nI suck at illustrator, so this is a huge leap in my ability. ", "I'm trying to draw a radio tower, but I want everything in the vector to be as perfect as possible. ", "I want some waves to come off of the radio tower. ", "I'm trying to use the pen tool and then fix it up with the direct selection tool, but I just can't get it to match up. ", "How should I go about creating these \"perfect waves\" and make sure they are perfectly centered.", "\n\nAs you can see, the bottom of the shape is touching the circle. ", "Ideas?", "\nUPDATE #1\nI'm able to create perfect circle around it now. ", "How or \"what\" is the best way to go about \"cutting\" them to replicate this:\n\nThis is what I have so far:\n\nI don't want the rounded edges edges the waves have from the example. ", "I'm still fine creating a \"noodle\" type shape with straight edges.", "\nLast Update\nSo I decided that I will use the pathfinder tool to help me with this last step. ", "I want to place a rectangle perfectly in the center of the circle (on the guide line shown) but it won't place the center point on the middle of the line. ", "Ideas?", "\n\nA:\n\nNot much different from KMSTR's answer, but I'll say it anyways.", "\n\nSelect the same original circle.", "\nThen from the top menu: Object > Path > Offset path. ( ", "In this case you only need to worry about the \"offset\" box, and you might want to enable preview as well. ) ", "\nSelect the offset path and swap the fill color with the outline color.", "\n\nIf you want to make multiple waves, just select the prior wave and repeat steps 1-2.", "\n\nEdited: forgot that you had 3 waves. ", "So changed step 7 and 8.", "\nEdited2: Realized that my prior edit was kind of useless.. Was looking at the example image thinking that you had 3 waves...\n\nAs far as the trimming of the circles goes, you could do something like this.", "\nNot the fastest way, but should go through quite a few essential tools for illustrator.", "\n\nOn windows, just 'translate' every cmd into ctrl\n\n1.", "\nFrom the top menu: Window > Align. ", "Align everything to the center according to the artboard. ", "You most likely will want to group ( Cmd + G ) some objects before aligning them.", "\n\n2.", "\nThen take Ellipse tool and select the outer most circle by clicking it while pressing cmd so that you can see the points. ", "Then while pressing alt draw ellipse by using one of the side points as the center for the circle. ( ", "Did it this way so I don't have to center the ellipse vertically according to the circles. )", "\n\n3.", "\nAfter that take Selection tool and while pressing alt and shift move the ellipse to the other side. ( ", "alt makes a copy. ", "shift keeps it in the same level. )", "\n\n4.", "\nSelect both ellipses and group them ( Cmd+G ) and then use the align panel to center them to the art-board just like shown at the first step.", "\n\n5.", "\nTake the Direct selection tool and remove the outer points from the sides of the ellipses. ", "Just select a circle and backspace ( delete ).", "\n\n6.", "\nStill with Direct selection tool, join the two curves from the top and bottom. ", "Select 2 points at a time and then right click inside the document and select Join. ( ", "You can first select one point and then with shift select another. )", "\n\n7.", "\nSelect all of the outlined circles + the 'ellipse curves'. ", "From the top menu: Window > Pathfinder and then use Exclude overlapping and Expand.", "\n\n8.", "\nThen with Direct selection tool, select all of the extra lines and delete them.", "\n\n9.", "\nAnd then to achieve the rounded tips. ", "From the top menu: Window > Stroke. ", "Select the arcs and click the Round cap. ", "\n\nAlso, you should always do this after you've finished making a logo.", "\nTop menu:\n\nSelect all Cmd+A ( assuming that the logo is only thing in your document. )", "\nType > Create outlines - Changes text into paths.", "\nObject > Path > Outline stroke - Changes strokes into paths.", "\n\nThe order matters by the way.", "\n\nA:\n\nI would duplicate the original circle and then resize it and change it to stroke instead of fill. ", "This way you get it perfectly aligned circle \"waves\". ", "As for the distances of the radio waves, I would go with the size adjustment. ", "E.g. the first circle is 64x64, make the next one 72, then 80, 88 and so on.", "\nThen you can crop the top and bottom off in the end to get the quater circles.", "\n\nA:\n\nFor concentric circles, the basic idea is that they each have the same center point. ", " So when you want to create the \"waves\", you need to create larger circles which have the same center point, or - probably easier, duplicate the original circle and resize the duplicates, keeping the center point.", "\nTo resize and keep the center point of a circle, you need to hold the Alt key. ", " This is in addition to holding shift (to restrict it to scaling the height and width equally).", "\nYou turn the circles into arcs after this point.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Cranbury is one of the oldest towns in New Jersey, and the preservation of Cranbury’s historic character can be attributed to the concerns and efforts of its residents, past and present. ", "Use these links to learn more about the history of Cranbury and to see the beautiful sights it has to offer.", "\n\nDepartments\n\nCranbury Township encourages residents and visitors to actively participate in and support what's happening in our community. ", "We encourage you to browse our website for further information on how to support Cranbury." ]

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[ "Deleted\n\nI was a little frightened when I opened the main box and saw this as the label. ", "I mean sure my matched sounded nice when they sent me a message, but it is the Internet." ]

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[ "Media Contacts\n\nMedia Policy and Contacts\n\nArgopoint has subject matter experts who are highly knowledgeable about the corporate legal function and outside counsel that provide services to them. ", "We are generally happy to share insights with members of the press and established new media properties. ", "In the past we provided comments to the media on the following topics:\n\nLegal department management and leadership\n\nLegal department career path and promotions (e.g., new GC, etc.)", "\n\nLegal department best practices\n\nLegal department transformation\n\nLegal department benchmarking\n\nOutside counsel selection and management\n\nOutside counsel RFPs\n\nIn-house counsel transitions and career path\n\nLegal services marketplace and trends\n\nLegal services innovation\n\nAnd other topics\n\nPlease note, our clients data will be kept confidential. ", "Argopoint does not talk publicly about specific client assignments without the client’s permission. ", "We are most willing to share the expertise of our professionals, our intellectual capital, and insights about the market and trends" ]

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[ "i tried updating my science and engineer with another bo and it failed. ", "it told me it updtated it but the new skill never appeared anywhere and took place of current skill. ", "so all in all id have to say its not working right atm.", "\n\nYou get random BOs who request to transfer to your crew. ", "If one has a skill you want for your BO, you can have him train that BO in that skill. ", "Note that it will erase the previous skill.", "\n\nThere is also a power trainer in SOL station that will train your BOs.", "\n\nExample; I have a 2 eng. ", "BOs with 'power to shields'. ", "Rather then get rid of one, I'll just have him trained in a different skill, like 'power to engines' whenever I get back to SOL. ", "I just won't put any points in the skill I don't want. ", "This way, if I like his ground skill I can level that up.", "\n\ni tried updating my science and engineer with another bo and it failed. ", "it told me it updtated it but the new skill never appeared anywhere and took place of current skill. ", "so all in all id have to say its not working right atm.", "\n\nHang on, are you saying the new skill replaced an existing skill?", "\n\nThat's exactly how it's supposed to work. ", "Bridge Officers can have a max of four space skills and ground skills. ", "If you train 'em in new skills, they override the existing ones. ", "They shouldn't just add on.", "\n\nBut if you're saying that you didn't get ANYTHING from training, then it's entirely possible that you've been hit by some sort of bug or horrible server lag problem. ", "If it's not working for you, bug it.", "\n\nBut also keep in mind, that even though skills can be replaced through training, Traits (which can complement skills with additional bonuses) never transfer... You may be faced with choice having a 'rare' BO with great traits, (which can't be replaced), but with begining skills, (which can always be trained up) You have to decide drives your decision, the needs of the short term vs. the needs of the long term...." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDisposable Camera Charging Circuit - Will it transfer a maximum amount of energy?", "\n\nThis may sound naive but I would like to build a toy coil gun. ", "I have seen designs where a charging circuit from a disposable camera is used to charge a capacitor. ", "What if I wanted to use more battery power to charge up a bigger capacitor? ", "Would I encounter problems? ", "Would larger components ruin that type of cheaply priced circuit board? ", "\n\nA:\n\nYup. ", "Most likely. -- ", "Note: it won't likely ruin the actual \"circuit board\", just some of the other components on it. ", "\nYou should try it though. ", "Could be a fun experiment. ", "\nJust make sure that you follow good electrical safety precautions. ", "Depending on the circuit, the voltages can get quite high.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Education in Quality Improvement for Pediatric Practice: an online program to teach clinicians QI.", "\nEducation in Quality Improvement for Pediatric Practice (EQIPP) is an online program designed to improve evidence-based care delivery by teaching front-line clinicians quality improvement (QI) skills. ", "Our objective was to evaluate EQIPP data to characterize 1) participant enrollment, use patterns, and demographics; 2) changes in performance in clinical QI measures from baseline to follow-up measurement; and 3) participant experience. ", "We conducted an observational study of EQIPP participants utilizing 1 of 3 modules (asthma, immunizations, gastroesophageal reflux disease) from 2009 to 2013. ", "Enrollment and use, demographic, and quality measure data were extracted directly from the EQIPP system; participant experience was assessed via an optional online survey. ", "Study participants (n = 3501) were diverse in their gender, age, and race; most were board certified. ", "Significant quality gaps were observed across many of the quality measures at baseline; sizable improvements were observed across most quality measures at follow-up. ", "Participants were generally satisfied with their experience. ", "The most influential module elements were collecting and analyzing data, creating and implementing aim statements and improvement plans, and completing \"QI Basics.\" ", "Online educational programs, such as EQIPP, hold promise for front-line clinicians to learn QI. ", "The sustainability of the observed improvements in care processes and their linkage to improvements in health outcomes are unknown and are an essential topic for future study." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nQuestions about computing matrix rigidity\n\nMatrix rigidity was introduced by Valiant in 1977:\n\nThe rigidity $Rig_M(r)$ of boolean matrix $M$ over GF(2) is the\nsmallest number of entries of $M$ that must be changed in order to\nreduce its rank over GF(2) down to $r$.\n\n$Rig_M(r)$ has a deep connection to boolean function complexity & circuit lower bounds by a result of Razborov 1989 see eg [1]. ", "It also has a connection to finding locally correctable codes eg see [2]\nIt appears to me there is little to no published empirical analysis of $Rig_M(r)$ & that it could give some useful insight into its properties (thinking for example of the transition point research with SAT).", "\nAs a start I was interested in analyzing $Rig_M(r)$ using a simple greedy algorithm. ", "The idea is as follows.", "\n\ngenerate random matrixes $M$.\n\nCompute Delta_row(i,j) where i,j are row (vectors) of $M$ and Delta_row(i,j) is the Hamming distance between the two rows\n\nlikewise calculate the Delta_col(i,j) where i,j are column vectors of $M$ (equivalent to calculating Delta_row(i,j) of the transpose of M).", "\n\nnext sort Delta_row(i,j) and Delta_col(i,j) and remove the column or row from $M$ with the \"lowest value\". (", "the lowest value is associated with a row or column pair, remove either row or column of the pair).", "\n\nThis greedy algorithm can be used to estimate $Rig_M(r)$ by giving a (fairly tight?) ", "upper bound. ", "One repeatedly reapplies the greedy algorithm until the matrix $M$ has been reduced to size $r$ and counts the sum of the Delta_row/col values of removed rows. ", "and note that upon removing rows or columns, the new Delta_row and Delta_col arrays can be computed efficiently without recalculating the whole arrays.", "\n\nhow far off can the greedy algorithm be from the optimal value $Rig_M(r)$?", "\n\nwhat kind of matrices maximize the difference between the greedy algorithm and the optimal rigidity measure?", "\n\ncan a modified local greedy algorithm find the optimal value $Rig_M(r)$\n\n[1] Boolean Function Complexity by Stasys Jukna, 2011, sec 12.8 \"rigid matrices require large circuits\"\n[2] On matrix rigidity and locally self-correctable codes by Zeev Dvir\n[3] ECCC reports tagged matrix rigidity\n[4] Matrix rigidity talk/overview by Mahdi Cheraghchi\n[5] The geometry of matrix rigidity by Landsberg et al\n[6] Blog note on Midrijanis paper on Matrix rigidity by Lance Fortnow\n[7] Empirical results in CS papers\n\nA:\n\nThe following additional references on Matrix Rigidity may be helpful:\n\nComplexity Lower Bounds using Linear Algebra, S. V. Lokam,\nin Foundations and Trends in Theoretical Computer Science, Volume 4, 1-2, 2009.", "\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0400000011 \nUsing Elimination Theory to construct Rigid Matrices, A. Kumar, S.V. Lokam,. ", "V. Patankar, J. Sarma, \nECCC TR09-106, http://eccc.hpi-web.de/report/2009/106/\n\n" ]

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[ "1) Try reloading the page in your browser\n2) Clear your browser cache (to see how, click here)\n3) Upgrade your browser to the latest version\n4) Ensure you have a good internet connection and that houseandhome.com is not being hindered by firewalls or ad blocking software, etc.", "\n5) Test using another browser. ", "For example if you are using Internet Explorer, try Chrome or Safari" ]

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[ "/**\n * Copyright 2010-2018 the original author or authors.", "\n *\n * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.", "\n */\npackage ch.ralscha.extdirectspring.view;\n\npublic abstract class Views {\n\n\tpublic static class Summary {\n\t\t/* noting_here */\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static class Detail extends Summary {\n\t\t/* noting_here */\n\t}\n\n\tpublic static class Secret extends Detail {\n\t\t/* noting_here */\n\t}\n}\n" ]

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[ "Nicholas Wilkinson\n\nNicholas Wilkinson (born 15 March 1988) is a Norwegian politician. ", "\nHe was elected representative to the Storting for the period 2017–2021 for the Socialist Left Party.", "\n\nWilkinson settled in Oppegård. ", "He also holds a British passport. ", "He is openly gay.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1988 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Oppegård\nCategory:Norwegian people of English descent\nCategory:Socialist Left Party (Norway) politicians\nCategory:Members of the Storting\nCategory:Akershus politicians\nCategory:LGBT politicians from Norway" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "American news organizations had the late night host holding his head in his hands over their coverage of the protests in Kiev. ", "Stewart replayed a clip of Fox News' Dana Perino saying, \"I wonder how... this will play out in 2014 or even in 2016.\"", "\n\n\"Yes!\" ", "Stewart exclaimed. \"", "The crucial question is, Ukrainians bravely take to the streets — as usual, what does it mean for our mid-terms? ", "Or perhaps our presidential election. ", "After all, Ukraine does rank as an issue voters care about just under equal rights for ghosts and 'Should evolution be taught in pools?'\"" ]

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[ "Bitcoin has remained above five figures for another day, but only just. ", "As the red seeps in to crypto markets, analysts are leaning bearish with further losses predicted before any meaningful upsides.", "\n\nBitcoin Slides Towards Four Figures\n\nFollowing a couple of visits to $10,400 yesterday and a generally positive start to the week, Bitcoin is on the back foot again. ", "A couple of recent candles during the Asian trading session have dropped prices back to $10,100 as another dip back into four figures is looming.", "\n\nZooming out reveals that the market chop has simply continued and more consolidation is likely. ", "Some analysts are eyeing short term losses before long term gains. ", "Trader and analyst ‘CryptoFibonacci’ has identified a large bullish pennant forming on the day chart which may run for another two months.", "\n\n“A very nice Bullish pennant. ", "Do I buy in here? ", "Depending on your timeframe, you sure can. ", "Unless you have over $20,000, is it gonna make your day or make you a millionaire? ", "No, it won’t. ", "So, just get that thought out of your mind. ", "It is my view that until this closes below 9,000 that we go higher.”", "\n\nOk, so I see a lot of \"Noise\" on Twitter and everybody wanting to make their \"calls\". ", "Well, here is mine.$BTC Daily \"Line\" Chart. ", "A very nice Bullish pennant. ", "Do I buy in here? ", "Depending on your timeframe, you sure can. ", "Unless you have over $20,000, is it gonna make your — CryptoFibonacci (@CryptoFib) August 27, 2019\n\nOther traders such as ‘WelsonTrader’ have reveled in the recent chop and swing action on markets. ", "Another shorter time frame pennant has been identified here and this trader is bullish on it. ", "A close above $10,500 would be bullish while below $10k would be a bearish breakout.", "\n\n“A lot of traders are scared of #Bitcoin’s recent price action, although I think this last few months have been some of the easiest times to trade! ", "This is the second wedge we’ve formed, and they provide almost guaranteed profits!”", "\n\nhttps://twitter.com/WelsonTrader/status/1166227519785377793\n\nOthers such as ‘dave the wave’ remain bearish stating that the MACD cross is starting to tell the story in the short term. ", "He added though that this would be good for more consolidation and accumulation opportunities.", "\n\nElsewhere on Crypto Markets\n\nSince this time yesterday crypto market capitalization has shrunk by $5 billion as BTC runs out of steam above $10k and the altcoins dump again.", "\n\nEthereum has dumped over 2 percent as it falls back to the $185 level and support. ", "XRP is also in decline below $0.27 and Bitcoin Cash is looking bearish as it approaches $300.", "\n\nBinance Coin has dumped 5 percent as it slides back to the $25 level while Bitcoin SV has begun its inevitable decline following a court ruling in favour of the plaintiff who was rewarded half of Craig Wright’s Bitcoin stash valued at an estimated $5 billion at today’s prices.", "\n\nImage from Shutterstock" ]

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[ "Responses to Club Meeting\n\nUnder the “Members Area” click on “Files and Documents”\nUnder “Download a File” area you will see a Dropbox window with folders and files. ", "Scroll down until you see the Roster Folder. ", "Click that. ", "then the latest file is in there.", "\n\nIf you are still having problems let me know and i will send you the roster via email.", "\n\nI know there was considerable interest in Scott’s Black Widow 3 band vertical antenna by WA3WSJ at the June meeting demo by Scott which I missed. ", "The original article can be Googled using this title.", "\n\nA current crappie pole source was an unknown at that point so I Googled quite a bit and found it at Amazon.com. ", "They also had what appeared to be a decent holder whereas Scott had had to repurpose his support from another item.", "\n\nScott said “ I posted the original article and a picture of my “simplified version”of the feedpoint coil on the SMRA Yahoogroups site at Files, Technical\nPresentations 2014.” ", "Scott then added:\n\nScott continued “ The basic differences between Ed’s original design and my simplified\nversion are that I use alligator clips to attach the ground wires by\nclipping them to the flange of the BNC connector, and I use an\nalligator clip on the end of the radiator wire and connect it to one\nof three tap points on the coil windings by clipping it on, instead of\nusing those automotive plugs that Ed originally specified. ", "I used\ncomputer ribbon cable for the radials, and use two alligator clips,\nwith three radials on each one. ", "I glued the BNC to the pipe using\nepoxy and find that it is sturdy enough that way, nothing more is\nneeded. ", "See the photograph.”", "\n\nI , W3HMS, showed the pole at the Tuesday SMRA meeting and received the steel support on Wed. I tested the pole and support in the backyard on Wednesday and they fit together quite well. ", "I am now getting the good Teflon wire and then will make the coils.", "\n\nThe Amazon info is:\n\nSouth Bend 20 ft extendo pole ….$14.99\n\nInstant Yard Ground pole Holder 7.5 mm steel rod….. etc,etc….…", ".$6.97\n\nShipping and taxes are a few $$$ more.", "\n\nI hope to show my version of this antenna capable of working on 40 through 10 meters at the 9 August breakfast and QRP outing." ]

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[ "by Colin Fox, SSP co-spokesperson The sense of relief felt by the British ruling class after the referendum No vote was palpable and stands in stark contrast to the resolve of 1.6milion Yes voters that independence has simply been deferred rather than defeated. ", "Yes activists initially deflated by the result now recognise that winning 45 per cent of the vote was an astonishing and unprecedented achievement.", "\n\nSupport for independence has never been this high before. ", "And when you consider what lengths the UK establishment went to and what they threw at us with their unrelenting negativity, their manipulation of everything from the international money markets to the output of the British Broadcasting Corporation it is remarkable that so many voters refused to wilt.", "\n\nAnalysis of the referendum result shows that it was the elderly and the ‘well to do’ that were the mainstay of the No vote. ", "Edinburgh’s conservative financial services sector, Aberdeen’s oil industry, the professional classes and rural Scotland all rejected self-determination.", "\n\nOn the other hand, the poorest urban Scots living in some of the country’s most deprived conditions and those with young families showed the greatest defiance of what the UK state threw at them.", "\n\nNotwithstanding the No vote, Scotland is changed forever by this result. ", "The Westminster parties must deliver extra powers for Holyrood or face an independence vote landslide next time and they know it.", "\n\nAnd the extraordinary success of the biggest grassroots political campaign in Scottish history has led more than 50,000 people to join the three independence parties. ", "In five days following the referendum, 2,500 people applied to join the Scottish Socialist Party. ", "So much for political parties being dead! ", "That claim is exposed today as starkly as the one that earlier claimed ‘public meetings are dead’, as thousands of people packed into village halls and community centres the length and breadth of Scotland, night after night.", "\n\nThe Scottish Socialist Party has never seen such a level of interest before. ", "No socialist party in these isles ever has. ", "We spent £1,900 on postage alone sending out 2,500 membership packs. (", "Financial donations to help offset our costs are of course always welcome.) ", "And we are proud to have responded to each application within 48 hours.", "\n\nSSP members in Edinburgh, already exhausted by their efforts to get out the Yes vote and up all night at the Ingliston count, responded wonderfully to the call for volunteers to help with ‘Operation Welcome’. ", "Our local branches are now following up each new member with an invitation to get involved in SSP activities.", "\n\nThe new political situation poses many new challenges for the independence movement. ", "How do we keep the issue uppermost in the public mind? ", "Some people have called for the broad independence movement to all vote for the SNP in next years Westminster elections for example.", "\n\nThe SSP will not do so. ", "Our central objective remains the building of a mass socialist party in Scotland capable of leading the working class to an independent socialist Scotland – a modern democratic republic. ", "On the other hand, there has been talk on social media about standing ‘Independence Alliance’ candidates in all Scottish seats at that election.", "\n\nThe SSP will of course explore all such suggestions as may emerge in the weeks to come and continue to work alongside all others in a genuine broad, multi-party ‘alliance’. ", "But we will not abandon our central mission of building that mass socialist party.", "\n\nThe SSP is also surprised to hear of socialists joining the SNP. ", "Our advice to socialists in this country today is, as it always has been, ‘If you are a socialist you should join a socialist party, not develop illusions that non-socialist/capitalist parties will advance our cause.’", "\n\nThe SNP is not a socialist party and, to be fair, has never claimed to be. ", "This week, another one of its MSPs John Wilson from Central Scotland left the party over its pro-NATO stance. ", "So we re-iterate the only socialist party in Scotland with the experience and the capacity to attract mass support happens to be its most successful one, the Scottish Socialist Party. ", "That is clearly the conclusion another 2,500 people reached last week.", "\n\nThis time next year we may find none of the extra powers promised by Gordon Brown in the last ten days of the referendum have materialised.", "\n\nThe Tories may be back in power and conducting an ‘In/Out’ referendum on Europe. ", "In such circumstances Jim Sillars has suggested making the 2016 Holyrood elections the ‘independence elections’.", "\n\nHis plan sees the SSP, Greens and SNP making it clear that if these three parties emerge with an overall majority we will immediately begin negotiating the terms of Scotland’s independence.", "\n\nThe 2015 Westminster elections and the Holyrood elections of the following year therefore offer the independence movement in Scotland the chance to raise the issue afresh, in new political circumstances, and show that the important matter of self-determination has indeed been deferred and not defeated." ]

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[ "Wallabies coach calls furious fan after Scotland defeat Published duration 20 June 2017\n\nimage copyright Getty Images image caption Wallabies coach Michael Cheika had a frustrating weekend in Sydney\n\nWallabies coach Michael Cheika has spoken to the rugby fan whose social media critique of the Australian side made international headlines.", "\n\nHe said the players lacked passion and offered to give the team a pep talk.", "\n\nCheika said the appraisal was \"pretty confronting\" for players but revealed he shared some of the same emotions.", "\n\n'You don't care'\n\nQuigley, an amateur rugby player and coach, took to social media after drowning his sorrows for several hours after the game on Saturday.", "\n\n\"I'm a pleb. ", "I'm a nobody,\" he wrote. \"", "My opinion on rugby counts for the square root of f-all in the grand scheme of things.", "\n\n\"But I've got one thing. ", "Passion. ", "Passion for the game of rugby. ", "And for the Wallabies. ", "And you can't deny me that. ", "Despite your best efforts.", "\n\nimage copyright Getty Images image caption Cheika blamed Australia's defeat on a \"lack of belief\"\n\n\"When I was a kid - hell, even now, I would've given my left nut just to pull on a Wallabies jumper, but when I see you guys run out, I feel like you don't care.", "\n\n\"I'm willing to drive to Brisbane this week and address the squad. ", "For 15 minutes. ", "That's all I'll need. ", "Then I'll turn around and drive home again. ", "Because I feel like you've lost touch with the common man.\"", "\n\n'We're not perfect'\n\nThe Wallabies coach had a long conversation with Quigley on Monday and urged him to keep the faith.", "\n\nHe disagreed that players lacked passion and with criticism of Bernard Foley's goal kicking but conceded that the post had resonated with supporters.", "\n\n\"I think that's important, that you talk to the fans,\" Cheika said.", "\n\n\"When we come out to [news conferences] and say we want to make the fans proud, it's not lip service. ", "We do. ", "We're not perfect at it sometimes.\"", "\n\nHe has put Quigley's post in the team room ahead of Australia's test against Italy in Brisbane on Saturday." ]

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[ "Q:\n\ngrep -1 freezes, but it should report the invalid flag\n\ngrep -1 gives an error, as it should. ", "But\n$ touch foo\n$ grep -1 foo\n\nfreezes. ", "It doesn't report the invalid flag. ", "Why is this happening? ", "Is it a bug?", "\nI've tested it on Mac (El Capitan) and Ubuntu (14.04).", "\n\nA:\n\nFor modern GNU and MacOS BSD implementations, grep -1 foo is reading from stdin, filtering files for lines containing foo -- which was interpreted as a pattern, not a filename. ", "This differs from grep foo by having the amount of context to print surrounding each match set to a single line, thus being equivalent to grep -C1 foo.", "\n\nReading the source to GNU grep, it explicitly allows numbers as short options:\nstatic char const short_options[] =\n\"0123456789A:B:C:D:EFGHIPTUVX:abcd:e:f:hiLlm:noqRrsuvwxyZz\";\n\nThese are stored in DEFAULT_CONTEXT, determining how many lines of context to print surrounding each match, unless overridden with the more explicit -A or -B (indicating how many lines to print after of before a match). ", "This is the same value set with -C.\nThus, in the GNU implementation and in BSD implementations extended to behave similarly to it,\ngrep -C3 foo\n\n...and...\ngrep -3 foo\n\n...behave identically, printing three lines of context surrounding each match.", "\n\nTo demonstrate this behavior:\n$ printf '%s\\n' 3 2 1 foo 1 2 3 | grep -0 foo\nfoo\n\n$ printf '%s\\n' 3 2 1 foo 1 2 3 | grep -1 foo\n1\nfoo\n1\n\n$ printf '%s\\n' 3 2 1 foo 1 2 3 | grep -2 foo\n2\n1\nfoo\n2\n1\n\n" ]

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[ "Computer Vision & Machine Learning engineer\n\nI have always been an admirer of automation and intelligent systems. ", "The need for these systems has increased primarily because we humans have found solace and peace in our own comfort zones. ", "This att...\n\nComputer Vision & Machine Learning Engineer\n\nI am passionate about combining Artificial Intelligence and Machine Vision. ", "I have worked for building novel systems to detect; classify glioma cancer and a real-time stat generation camera solution ...\n\nData Scientist\n\nAt Tessellate Imaging, Vishnu enjoy's working with and helping businesses understand the problem at hand and fully utilize the potential of their data. ", "He mainly focus on analyzing data, automating pr..." ]

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[ "Jenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park\n\nJenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park is the site of the American Civil War battle of Jenkins' Ferry, also known as the Engagement at Jenkins' Ferry, fought on Saturday, April 30, 1864, in present-day Grant County, Arkansas. ", "The park was listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on January 21, 1970, and, with seven other sites, is part of the Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark, designated a National Historic Landmark District on April 19, 1994.", "\n\nDescription and administrative history \nJenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park, operated by the Division of State Parks, Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism, includes historic markers that describe the Civil War battle, as well as recreational opportunities on the Saline River, including swimming and boating. ", "A pavilion and several picnic sites are also located in the state park, which is southwest of Sheridan, and northeast of Leola in Grant County on the west side of Arkansas Highway 46.", "\n\nAct 10 of 1961 (by the 63rd Arkansas General Assembly) established Jenkins’ Ferry Battleground State Park. ", "One of three parks that commemorate the Camden Expedition, the site is also a Red River Campaign National Historic Landmark. ", "The state park is set in a bend of the Saline River, which generally flows northwest to southeast, meandering southwest at this point. ", "It has picnic tables and fire pits, and a basic comfort station, as well as interpretive signs explaining the region's historical significance. ", "The park includes a portion of the original road between Little Rock and Camden, as well as the eastern end of the Jenkins' Ferry crossing.", "\n\nSee also \nList of Arkansas state parks\nList of National Historic Landmarks in Arkansas\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, Arkansas\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Government\n \n General information\n Friends of Jenkins' Ferry Battlefield\n Jenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park at American Battlefield Protection Program\n Jenkins' Ferry Battleground State Park at American Battlefield Trust\n\n \nCategory:1961 establishments in Arkansas\nCategory:Arkansas Heritage Trails System\nCategory:Battlefields of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War\nCategory:Camden Expedition Sites National Historic Landmark\nCategory:Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Arkansas\nCategory:Parks in Grant County, Arkansas\nCategory:Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas\nCategory:Protected areas established in 1961\nCategory:State parks of Arkansas" ]

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[ "Indonesia’s Semen Gresik may cut cement exports\n\n05 January 2005\n\nIndonesia’s largest cement maker PT Semen Gresik may have to ask its units PT Semen Padang and PT Semen Tonasa to cut exports to anticipate increasing demand from the tsunami-hit Aceh province, a company official said. ", "Semen Gresik’s Corporate Secretary Subagio told XFN-Asia that expectations of an increase in demand, especially from other cement makers outside Aceh, have been partly triggered by damage suffered by Aceh-based cement maker PT Semen Andalas, which has a cement manufacturing plant in Lhonga, some 25km from Banda Aceh. ", "Subagio said, to meet growing demand from Aceh, Semen Gresik unit PT Semen Padang, which is located in West Sumatra, could redirect its sales to Aceh and also cut exports. ’", "We could also ask Semen Tonasa to cut exports, if Padang is unable to meet demand,’ he said, adding that Semen Padang could face capacity constraint to meet the demand.", "\n\nExpectations that Semen Gresik will benefit from the reconstruction of Aceh have resulted in its share price gaining 21 pct since the tsunami struck. ", "Semen Gresik cement sales during the first eleven months to November rose to 14.25Mt from 12.84Mt a year ago, with exports rising to 2.05Mt against 1.93Mt. ", "Semen Padang’s exports accounted for 55 per cent of the group’s total export sales." ]

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[ "Halloween evening, caught in traffic for a while, so no trick or deal with chose to have meal with my boys. ", "All of us agreed on Thai and wow did we make a terrific preference. ", "No fanfare, no gimmicks, just plain previous customer support. ", "We ended up greeted by 3 younger women who were being very nice. ", "They gave us time for you to seem in excess of the menu and answered our issues easily.", "\n\nWith Unique premiums and complimentary breakfasts for two - from healthful to decadent - our Bed & Breakfast packages are the right way that you should relax and recharge.", "Mattress & Breakfast\n\nThe company is usually greatest at evening meal time even so the lunch specials are the most beneficial offers. ", "Also, they don't shut in the course of the day, so when you need foodstuff between two-5, you may depend on them.", "\n\nI may be a minimal biased, as this was perhaps the primary Thai cafe I tried due to the fact transferring to Oahu. ", "Familiarity and mouth watering meals generally provides me back.", "\n\nThe cafe was pretty vacant, no menu seen from outside. ", "Just a Specials board. ", "Greeted quickly and very pleasant. ", "try these out Three waiters on for lunch. ", "Awesome casual seating. ", "Menu was comprehensive, unfortunately it was a little bit darkish while in the restaurant so I could see post not get an image of it.", "\n\nI regard that. ", "Thai Meals is like jazz. ", "Folks cook all around a topic but All people does it their very own way, Most likely you prefer Davis better than Coltraine. ", "Good. ", "I can dig it.", "\n\nFor those who want to start out or finish their Thai holiday break in type, the Sheraton Grande Laguna is a good choice. ", "The selection of place types, foodstuff and beverage shops and amenities is as huge as is usually to be anticipated from the member from the Sheraton team of hotels and, while the resort lacks the greater rarified and refined splendour of your close by Banyan Tree Resort, the Sheraton is tastefully if somewhat innocuously decorated and furnished, equally inside and out of doors the rooms.", "\n\nThe value was very fair and they are really generous with their parts! ", "Ambiance is informal, also very clean up! ", "Parking is a website link little tough for Mccully. ", "Go through extra Rooster curry - medium spicy\n\nIf you like carpets, This really is a sensible choice. ", "Many people don’t, because they don’t definitely fit the tropics.", "\n\none) As being the hotel is designed together the hill, insects are inevitable. ", "Rooms had been good without the insects, however the breakfast look at this web-site location was non air conditioned, flies may possibly fly across the foods and likewise, you would possibly really feel very hot when consuming 2) I took taxi or tuk tuk 2 times into the hotel, More Help the motorists did not know the best way as it's very remote." ]

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[ "Image copyright Luke Fontana\n\nIn Britain, Dustin Lance Black is known as the man who two years ago married Olympic diver Tom Daley. ", "But Black was already an Oscar-winning screenwriter.", "\n\nBefore that he survived a difficult upbringing, growing up gay and Mormon in Texas in a military family.", "\n\nNow he's recounted the early years in his memoirs, Mama's Boy, which reveal a lot about his personal life. ", "But Black insists he's only a supporting player alongside his mother Anne.", "\n\n\"Mom came from what has been called the poorest place in America - Lake Providence, Louisiana. ", "She was born on the south side of the Mississippi which was mainly African American and even poorer than the rest.", "\n\n\"Then at two years old she got polio. ", "Mom was paralysed from the chest down and that sent her into children's hospitals.\"", "\n\nImage copyright Getty Images Image caption Tom Daley and Dustin Lance Black married in 2017\n\nBlack's pride in his mother's ability to beat the odds is obvious.", "\n\nAfter a successful career in army medicine she lived long enough to see the beginnings of his love for Daley, although in his 20s Black had feared her reaction if she ever discovered he was gay. ", "He's now 44.", "\n\nWhat helped Anne escape hospital and find a career was joining the Mormon church.", "\n\n\"When Mom was a teen these very cute young men came through in their pressed white shirts and their little badges.", "\n\n\"They were Mormons and they promised an eternal family for her and a healthy body. ", "Mom had always been told she wouldn't work, couldn't marry or have kids. ", "She converted at 19 or 20.", "\n\n\"And Mom married her first husband who was of course a Mormon and that's why her three sons were raised Mormon.\"", "\n\nPoverty and Anne's violent second husband (from whom Black gets his surname) feature large in Mama's Boy. ", "There's romance too but from the age of six Black knew he was gay.", "\n\nImage copyright Dustin Lance Black Image caption Black and his mother Anne: \"I was raising her as much as she was raising me\"\n\n\"I had all the information to know how much trouble I was in. ", "I was a Mormon and we were a military family in Texas. ", "I had heard the word homosexual inside the Mormon church and the Prophet (church leader) at that time was saying it was a sin akin to murder.", "\n\n\"So I had heard lots of colourful words, almost all pejorative, about these feelings that I had for this kid down the block.", "\n\n\"Whatever little butterflies I had in my stomach turned to terror within seconds. ", "I was going to hell and I would bring shame to my family.\"", "\n\n'Truly terrible'\n\nThe result was that he more or less stopped talking. \"", "Probably I believed that when I was silent I was invisible and I'd be safe.\"", "\n\nIt's not the only point in our conversation where Black cries. ", "But a happier thought emerges. \"", "It's like when now Tom and I play peekaboo with our son Robbie: when he's silent I'm sure he thinks we don't see him.\"", "\n\nIt would be easy for Black to condemn Mormon culture entirely but he never does.", "\n\n\"When I was a child I was devout: that has long gone but I felt it honoured Mom that I try in the book to find something good in the church. ", "Although for me there were truly terrible things in it.", "\n\nImage copyright Dustin Lance Black Image caption Black, pictured in 1987, was a keen footballer\n\n\"Outside the home I didn't want to exist: I wanted to disappear. ", "But I loved my Mom so much and even at six years old I knew I was raising her as much as she was raising me - we didn't have a father at that time.", "\n\n\"So I couldn't do what so many do and take their lives. ", "But certainly I didn't think I could ever excel or achieve anything.\"", "\n\nThe Dustin Lance Black the world knows now is likeable, successful and hyper-smart.", "\n\nHe's adept at playing a good-natured support role in Daley's social media. ", "But when he talks about the past you sense remembered emotion coursing through him. ", "He didn't tell anyone he was gay until he was about 20.", "\n\nAs his book recalls, the years before were filled with fear, anger, pretence and sadness.", "\n\nBuilding bridges\n\nBlack says there was no specific coming out with his mother. \"", "By now we had moved to Salinas, California and the summer before I came out my best friend came out to me. ", "So we used to visit West Hollywood and suddenly I was meeting gay people.", "\n\n\"I was leading this strange new life where for the first time I wasn't telling Mom about everything I was doing. ", "When I left home for college I'd been calling Mom three times a day and that had just stopped.", "\n\n\"Mom got very heated about the new government policy of Don't Ask, Don't Tell. ", "In her view it was going to allow closeted gay people into her military and she was really against it... she just assumed I agreed with her opinions.", "\n\n\"I started to pray that I wouldn't cry. ", "Because I didn't want to lose Mom: she was my best friend. ", "But my prayer wasn't answered and my Mom saw my tears and she knew. ", "So I never had to say the words.", "\n\nImage copyright Empics Image caption Black won an Oscar for Milk, which starred Sean Penn\n\n\"I could see how horrible she thought it was and how scared she was for me. ", "She asked me why I'd chosen this life. ", "And I did something I only ever did twice in my life: her crutches were next to her and I said Mom why did you choose those?", "\n\n\"Eventually my courageous Mom did something we do all too rarely. ", "She got on a plane and she came to see me in LA - this place where we'd always been told sinners lived.", "\n\n\"She came to see my gay friends. ", "And it was that visit which started to build bridges.\"", "\n\nIn 2008 he won an Oscar for his screenplay for Milk about the politician and gay rights campaigner Harvey Milk.", "\n\nThen he wrote for the TV series Big Love, which focused on Mormon characters, and the screenplay for J Edgar, starring Leonardo DiCaprio.", "\n\nMore recently he created the mini-series When We Rise, about the fight for gay rights in America.", "\n\nBut for several years Black concentrated more on campaigning. ", "He became involved in the fight against Proposition 8, a ballot initiative in California which took away the existing right to same-sex marriage.", "\n\n\"Writing about Harvey Milk I realised his success came from coalition-building: I could see what stories we would need to tell and who we needed to talk to.\" ", "The measure was later thrown out by a court in California.", "\n\n'Doing what we love'\n\nBlack worries that a mood of conservatism in America threatens to reverse some advances in civil rights.", "\n\nHe says any civil right is always under threat. \"", "But it's work that feeds the soul. ", "The prize is to lock arms and fight back together.\"", "\n\nHome now is London with Daley and their son Robbie, who will turn one in June.", "\n\nSo how does it feel being half of the best-known gay married couple in Britain?", "\n\nBlack frowns. \"", "Well don't tell Elton John that. ", "Tom and I have never claimed to be perfect, whatever that means in a relationship.", "\n\n\"We're not trying to be anyone's example. ", "We're living our lives and building our family and doing what we love.", "\n\n\"We also made a decision to be open about ourselves and who we are and that opens you up to scrutiny.", "\n\n\"But it felt important particularly for our son - we never wanted him to feel we were hiding anything out of shame.\"", "\n\nSometimes Black features in Daley's very active social media presence. ", "So does he go along willingly with this supporting role?", "\n\n\"I always know what Tom's YouTube videos are going to be about and I could just say, 'no I'm not playing'. ", "But they're good fun.", "\n\n\"Though there was one where he had me try to dive off a 10-metre platform and two-and-a-half million people have seen me chicken out.\"", "\n\nFor now Black and Daley are concentrating on parenting skills.", "\n\n\"I helped raise my younger brother so I knew the basics. ", "But even so I'm still thinking when I do something that this could be formative for him - I'd better get it right and not screw up. ", "He's our son, he's our child.\"", "\n\nMama's Boy is published by John Murray.", "\n\nFollow us on Facebook, on Twitter @BBCNewsEnts, or on Instagram at bbcnewsents. ", "If you have a story suggestion email entertainment.news@bbc.co.uk." ]

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[ "Sardar Khan Niazi\n\nSardar Khan Niazi is the Chief Editor and Publisher of Daily Pakistan, Daily The Patriot, Daily Pak Watan, Daily Action, Daily Nawa-e-Nawabshah, Monthly Naya Rukh, and also Chairman of Pakistan Group of Publications. ", "Sardar Khan Niazi has received many awards for writing columns on issues concerning national interest. ", "Niazi also acts as the CEO of Roze TV channel, and CEO of SK Group (registered and established by his father late Ghulam Hassan Khan, which according to Gallup 2008–09 Survey enjoys 23rd ranking among the biggest Business Groups of Pakistan). ", "Niazi is the chairman of the Supportive Kin of Nation Trust (SKN Trust). ", "The Trust's services range from establishing first ever Dialysis Center in Pakistan, to extending financial help to victims of Ojari camp earthquake of 2005, and recent flooding victims in Pakistan. ", "The SKN Trust set up camps for IDP’s of Swat on all Stations. ", "Niazi personally visited all the camps to supervise provision of food and medicines.", "\nSardar Khan Niazi received the Tamgh-i-Imtiaz on behalf of his services in Journalism. ", "Dr. Qadeer Khan acknowledged Niazi's services related to the nuclear program and awarded a gold medal. ", "In recognition of his services for raising voice against corruption National Accountability Bureau (NAB) awarded him a special plaque.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n pakobserver.net\n Today's News – President confers 189 civil awards\n Civil awards conferred on 47\n dailypakistan.pk\n www.dailythepatriot.com\n www.rafaymall.com\n rozetv.com\n\nCategory:Pakistani editors\nCategory:Pakistani publishers (people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Tag Archives: How To’s of Daily Gratitude\n\nThe Part 3 of “The How To’s of Daily Gratitude” clarifies another common Gratitude misconception.", "\n\nMisconception 5. ", "With Gratitude, I will never feel negative, anxious, sad etc and have no wants.", "\n\nActual: We all are human, not machines. ", "Having deep Gratitude means a substantial reduction in negativity, fear, anxiety, sadness etc and fewer unreasonable wants (excluding physiological change). ", "The negative emotions may be still present, albeit in smaller and manageable amounts.", "\n\nThe Effect of Focus. ", "The reason for reduced negativity is when we focus our attention on things we are grateful for, we focus less on negative emotions Focusing on amplifies feelings, focusing away reduces feelings.", "\n\nGirl Taking Vaccination Jabs at Age Three!", "\n\nThe Benefits of Good Experiences. ", "Just like when we take a measles etc jab when we were kids, the medical staff will get us to focus away momentarily to allay our fears, preventing us from jerking away and causing more (real) pain etc. ", "Some of us did not even know that the immunization was done, due to the focus away. ", "With that (good) experience, the next time we go for a jab, we tend to have much less fear, hence can manage better.", "\n\nReaonable Emotional Experiences in Adverse Situations. ", "Similarly, if a kid had a bad emotional experience with a immunization procedure, he or she will probably be more hysterical over the prospect of a tooth extraction! ", "Reaonable emotional experiences in adverse situations build emotional balance and strength. ", "Excessive emotions do not.", "\n\nSame Girl at Age Five: Been there, Done that! (", "Just a Little Pain)\n\nThe Authentic Choice Few Choose! ", "Feeling less excessive emotionsdue to reduced focus alsodoes not negate our authenticity, nor mean the emotion is not there. ", "It is just the wisdom and strength to focus on the important and good, to keep our negative emotions managed at a level that reduces paralysis, un-informed reaction, self or mutual self destruction.", "\n\nLike the illustrated situations, managing our excessive emotions gives a more meaningfully positive outcome, and give us emotional balance and perspective the next time we face difficulties.", "\n\nNegative Focus.", "Focusing on the excessive negative emotions is similar to focusing on the Irrelevant in Misconception 2. ", "Feeling excessive emotions does not mean that Gratitude and Positivity is not present at all times. ", "Rather, Gratitude may be either present in weak form, temporarily disabled etc, frequently due to focus but occasionally due to physiology. ", "Due to focus mostly, the Negative overwhelms the Positive, even when the actual situation frequently requires little to no negativity.", "\n\nGentle Awareness. ", "With focus on the Relevant/Important Good, Gratitude and reasonable Positivity, the role negative feelings and wants mostly serve will be more as gentle awareness and empathy (for many, steady and alert backseat passengers/traffic lights), rather than the emotional and distracted driver/panic button. ", "Reasonable positivity will be in the driving seat, and negative feelings or excessive wants will be less able to cause any unnecessary disaster.", "\n\nContentment, Purpose and Reasonable Wants. ", "Similarly, grateful people will have reasonable, achievable, low cost wants, but not excessive ones, hence a lower resource drain (less taxing and more surplus), fewer wild-goose chases and a better chance of maintaining happiness. ", "Grateful people achieve/have a very achievable baseline contentment, with easy long term surplus/buffer. ", "The journey and/or achievement of purposeful and reasonable goals etc are bonus.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nWith true Gratitude and the free choice to focus on blessings, there are emotions and wants, but the excessive are reduced. (", "We exclude the discussion of physiological changes for now)\n\nNegative emotions now play the role of empathy and extra awareness, and have lesser chance of wrecking havoc.", "\n\nLike this:\n\nMany appreciate only after loss. ", "But it is more striking that we frequently lose, that which we did not appreciate.", "\n\nThe Part 2 of “The How To’s of Daily Gratitude” clarifies another common Gratitude misconception.", "\n\nMisconception 4. ", "Gratitude and contentment means we do not work for improvements, and are deaf to problems.", "\n\nActual: The inverse is more the norm.", "\n\nLearning about Our Blessings\n\nInterest.", "True Gratitude means appreciation and interest for how things work. ", "Deeply grateful people are frequently more aware and alert to issues, simply because they do not take daily blessings for granted. ", "They know that hard work, sacrifice and even “chance” was required for the daily.", "\n\nDeep gratitude knows how precious the beautiful are, asks who or what made it happen, how did it happen, how can giving back be done, and if sharing and longevity can be encouraged?", "\n\nNurturing and Protecting Green Shoots\n\nNurture and Protect. ", "Where possible, deeply grateful people take reasonable (not excessive) steps to nurture and protect blessings. ", "They leave less to chance, but do not overdo in detriment of other loves. ", "Deeply grateful people do not “enjoy and forget”, nor squander love, friendships, wealth or resources. ", "They appreciate and know they should use their gifts well ,and look for the best outcome possible.", "\n\nHence, other conditions equal, deep gratitude makes people more alert to real issues, more nurturing and active in solution than others .", "\n\nShoots Growing into Trees Through Nurture and Time\n\nUse it or lose it.", "On the point of working for improvements, the Grateful similarly do not squander ability and opportunity. ", "Gratitude for our abilities and opportunities spurs us to work towards our potential, and to give back to our loved ones and others while doing so. ", "Hence, a truly grateful person is more likely to work for reasonable improvements than a less attuned person. ", "Furthermore, the bonus joy of working on our purpose in view of our abilities and resources, is no less than that of working for any want.", "\n\nConclusion\n\nWe should strive to be deeply grateful. ", "Daily Gratitude, understanding, nurturing, protecting, improving. ", "To nurture our blessings, to improve and to work for the best outcome.", "\n\nIn summary, True Gratitude is a virtuous cycle of “Appreciation and Nurture, Nurture and Appreciation”!", "\n\nLike this:\n\nPeople who achieve true Gratitude reap benefits. ", "Satisfied that they are blessed with more than they need, grateful people are more consistently happy, and generally require less resource and effort to maintain happiness.", "\n\nNot Everyone is alike to a pea though. ", "Beyond a certain level required to manage interdependence, in Reality, practicing Gratitude still remains a personal choice.", "\n\nThe How-To’s of Gratitude (through Clarifications of Common Misconceptions )\n\nA list of common Misconceptions and relevant clarifications is compiled below; an understanding of which should make our Gratitude journey smoother.", "\n\nMisconception 1: I have No reason to be Grateful\n\nActual: There are many things we take for granted: many already won the lottery! ", "Food, water, shelter etc and the chance to grow. ", "We can be mostly happy if we count our blessings. ", "Surplus, improving and giving back is a bonus!", "\n\nOther reasons for Gratitude are practical. ", "The grateful spend and risk less for the same level of happiness. ", "They have daily sources of happiness, and are able to focus on the important etc. ", "Further clarifications below.", "\n\nActual: Gratitude endows a zest for life.", "Grateful people appreciate the great beauty and opportunity present that others are too busy, fearful, anxious, angry or sad etc to notice. ", "Life is ever-changing and brings new beauty and lessons every day. ", "New friends, old friends, changing seasons, bustle or quiet, daily encounters with nature etc), a myriad of constant change.", "\n\nEssentially, grateful people do not lead boring lives. ", "They are just more appreciative:\n\na. they get more for less. ", "Less spending and risk for more enjoyment, and\nb. the beauty that they experience is within easy reach, whereas for others, beauty is more fleeting.", "\n\nMisconception 3. ", "Gratitude is a Feeling – Either, I feel it or I do not.", "\n\nActual: Granted, Gratitude is a feeling, but daily Gratitude is not just the “tactless” extension of the emotional. ", "Like a baby learning to walk, we need to develop a degree of understanding, “strength and dexterity” to unlock daily Gratitude.", "\n\na. Taking time to appreciate our blessings is a way to help us enjoy and engage with the beautiful and important. ", "Spending and appreciating happy time with family, friends and things we love etc. ", "Writing and re-reading Gratitude journals can also help some remind themselves of the beautiful and important..\n\nc. Humour, learning from the experiences of others, finding inspiration, avoiding (emotional) situations like being tired and late in the morning due to late nightsetc are just some of a multitude of ways to develop Gratitude and emotional balance.", "\n\nHope the clarifications are useful! ", "Thanks for reading and/or sharing." ]

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[ "Patent Literature 1 has disclosed a data processing system. ", "In this system, a client device transmits video data to a server device which is a video recognition device through a network, and requests the server device to perform video recognition processing. ", "The server device performs video recognition based on the received video data, and transmits a video recognition result to the client device through the network." ]

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[ "ST. ", "JOSEPH, MI -- U.S. Rep. Fred Upton, R-St. Joseph, said he supports a plan to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act but also welcomes debate on the issue.", "\n\nUpton released a statement Tuesday, March 7, indicating his backing for the plan touted by Republic Congressional leadership.", "\n\n\"This has not been easy, but as I've listened to folks on all sides of this debate one thing is clear: Obamacare has not delivered on countless promises. ", "Clearly, the current system is not working for many. ", "It's time to fix our healthcare system in a responsible way,\" he said.", "\n\nUpton's stance on the issue comes in contrast to U.S. Rep. Justin Amash's less enthusiastic view of the repeal and replace legislation.", "\n\nUpton said he likes key aspects of the plan, including expanding health care savings accounts, preventing insurance companies from discriminating against those with pre-existing conditions and allowing young adults to be covered on their parents' insurance until age 26." ]

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[ "Arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a peptide consisting of 9 amino acids which is biosynthesized and secreted in the hypothalamo-pituitary system. ", "The receptor of AVP is classified into three subtypes V1a, V1b and V2, and a V1a receptor-mediated constriction action and a V2 receptor-mediated antidiuretic action are known as the main pharmacological actions of AVP in the peripheral system. ", "As a V2 receptor-selective agonist, a peptide desmopressin (prepared by deleting amino group of the 1-position cysteine of AVP, and converting the 8-position arginine into d form) has been synthesized and used for the treatment of central diabetes insipidus (Non-patent Reference 1). ", "However, since bioavailability of oral preparations of desmopressin is considerably low, a high dose is necessary for obtaining its effect. ", "Thus, the desmopressin preparations are expensive, and generation of side effects based on the variation of absorption among individuals is observed in some cases. ", "Accordingly, concern has been directed toward the development of a non-peptide antidiuretic agent which selectively stimulates V2 receptor and has high bioavailability.", "\nOn the other hand, accompanied by the diversification of medical treatment and advance of age, single use of a drug became rather rare, and in many cases, two or more drugs are administered simultaneously or intermittently. ", "This is the same in the field of AVP receptor agonists. ", "Drugs are inactivated and converted into metabolites by undergoing the action of drug metabolizing enzymes, and the most important among these drug metabolizing enzymes is cytochrome P450 (CYP). ", "A large number of molecular species exists in CYP, and when two or more drugs which are metabolized by CYP of the same molecular species compete on the metabolizing enzyme, it is considered that they undergo a certain metabolic inhibition, though it varies depending on the affinity of the drugs for CYP. ", "As a result, increase of blood concentration, prolongation of blood half-life and the like drug interactions are expressed.", "\nSuch drug interactions are undesirable actions except for the case in which they are used aiming at the additive action or synergistic action, because they sometimes cause unexpected side effects. ", "Thus, concern has been directed toward the creation of a medicament which has a low affinity for CYP and a small possibility of causing drug interactions.", "\nUp to now, tricyclic compounds represented by a general formula (A), a general formula (B) and a general formula (C) are known as non-peptide compounds which are V2 receptor-selective agonists and show antidiuretic action (Patent Reference 1, Patent Reference 2, Patent Reference 3).", "\n(See said patent references for signs in the formulae.)", "\nAlso, a condensed azepine derivative represented by a general formula (D) is known as a V2 receptor-selective agonist (Patent Reference 4).", "\n(See said patent reference for signs in the formula.)", "\nIn addition, benzazepine derivatives represented by a general formula (E) (Patent Reference 5, Patent Reference 6) and benzo-hetero ring compounds represented by a general formula (F) or a general formula (G) (Patent Reference 7, Patent Reference 8, Patent Reference 9) are known as V2 receptor-selective agonists.", "\n(See said patent references for signs in the formulae.)", "\nHowever, there is no description in any of these patent references regarding the 4,4-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-1-benzazepine derivative of the invention.", "\nAlso, though 4,4-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-1-benzazepine derivative having antagonism for the AVP receptor or oxytocin receptor are known, nothing is known about their relation to V2 receptor agonistic action, central diabetes insipidus and nocturia (Patent Reference 10, Patent Reference 11, Patent Reference 12). ", "In this connection, Patent Reference 10 and Patent Reference 12 does not disclose the 4,4-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-1-benzazepine derivative of the invention in which CF3 or halogen is substituted to the 2-position benzoyl substituting on the 1-position of benzazepine. ", "In addition, Patent Reference 11 discloses only a compound in which an aromatic ring is directly bonded to a heteroaryl group bonding to the carbonyl substituting on the 1-position of benzazepine, but does not disclose the 4,4-difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-1-benzazepine derivative of the invention in which the ring bonding to the carbonyl substituting on the 1-position of benzazepine has —O—, —S—, —NH— or a substituent group containing —N(lower alkyl)-.", "\nUnder such a situation, great concern has been directed toward the development of a non-peptide antidiuretic agent having high bioavailability, for the purpose of treating central diabetes insipidus and/or nocturia.", "\n[Non-patent Reference 1] Journal of Japan Endocrine Society, 54, 676-691,\n[Patent Reference 1] International Publication No. ", "99/06409\n[Patent Reference 2] International Publication No. ", "99/06403\n[Patent Reference 3] International Publication No. ", "00/46224\n[Patent Reference 4] International Publication No. ", "01/49682\n[Patent Reference 5] International Publication No. ", "97/22591\n[Patent Reference 6] Japanese Patent No. ", "2926335\n[Patent Reference 7] Japanese Patent No. ", "3215910\n[Patent Reference 8] Japanese Patent publication JP-A-11-349570\n[Patent Reference 9] Japanese Patent publication JP-A-2000-351768\n[Patent Reference 10] International Publication No. ", "95/06035\n[Patent Reference 11] International Publication No. ", "98/39325\n[Patent Reference 12] Japanese Patent publication JP-A-9-221475" ]

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[ "'use strict';\nconst EmberAddon = require('ember-cli/lib/broccoli/ember-addon');\n\nconst UnwatchedDir = require('broccoli-source').UnwatchedDir;\nconst MergeTrees = require('broccoli-merge-trees');\nconst Funnel = require('broccoli-funnel');\n\nfunction treeForPackage(packageName) {\n let addonFiles = new Funnel(`../${packageName}/addon`, {\n destDir: `@ember-decorators/${packageName}`,\n });\n\n return addonFiles;\n}\n\nmodule.exports = function(defaults) {\n // Build addon docs tree\n let baseFiles = new Funnel(new UnwatchedDir('./'), {\n include: ['package.json', 'README.md'],\n });\n\n let tree = new MergeTrees([baseFiles, treeForPackage('component'), treeForPackage('object')]);\n\n let trees;\n\n if (process.env.", "GENERATE_TYPESCRIPT_TESTS) {\n trees = {\n tests: new Funnel('tests', {\n getDestinationPath(path) {\n return path.replace('.js', '.ts');\n },\n }),\n };\n } else {\n trees = {\n tests: 'tests',\n };\n }\n\n var app = new EmberAddon(defaults, {\n trees,\n\n '@ember-decorators/babel-transforms': {\n decoratorsBeforeExport: false,\n },\n\n 'ember-cli-uglify': {\n uglify: {\n compress: {\n collapse_vars: false,\n },\n },\n },\n\n 'ember-cli-addon-docs': {\n projects: {\n main: tree,\n },\n },\n });\n\n /*\n This build file specifies the options for the dummy test app of this\n addon, located in `/tests/dummy`\n This build file does *not* influence how the addon or the app using it\n behave. ", "You most likely want to be modifying `./index.js` or app's build file\n */\n\n return app.toTree();\n};\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nget all the subviews of a cell onClick in UICollectionView swift\n\nI am trying to access all the subviews attached to the cell in UICollectionView when the cell is clicked. ", "\nI am able to add the image and label to it, but it shows nil when I tap on any cell\nfunc collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, cellForItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) -> UICollectionViewCell {\n let myCell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCell(withReuseIdentifier: \"MyCell\", for: indexPath)\n\n // Image \n let imageview:UIImageView = UIImageView(frame: CGRect(x: 5, y: 5, width: myCell.frame.width - 10, height: myCell.frame.height - 20))\n imageview.image = UIImage(named: String(format: \"%@.png\", arr[indexPath.row]))\n imageview.tag = 20\n\n // Label\n let label = UILabel(frame: CGRect(x: 5, y: 50, width: myCell.frame.width - 10, height: myCell.frame.height - 40))\n label.textAlignment = .center\n label.text = arr[indexPath.row]\n label.textColor = .black\n label.tag = 21\n label.font = label.font.withSize(8)\n\n myCell.contentView.addSubview(imageview) \n myCell.contentView.addSubview(label)\n\n myCell.backgroundColor = UIColor.white\n\n return myCell\n}\n\nand I am trying to access the subviews as below:\nfunc collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, didSelectItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) {\n let myCell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCell(withReuseIdentifier: \"MyCell\", for: indexPath)\n print(myCell.contentView.subViews) // Returns null\n}\n\nI am aware that we can get the item index using indexPath.row. ", "But I want read the subview. ", "How to get it ? ", "Thanks for your help\n\nA:\n\nfunc collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, didSelectItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) {\n let myCell = collectionView.dequeueReusableCell(withReuseIdentifier: \"MyCell\", for: indexPath)\n print(myCell.contentView.subViews) // Returns always null \n}\n\nThe method of UICollectionView dequeueReusableCell returns a new reusable cell and now myCell have the new reference and always be new reference if you want to get your old cell you need to getting the cell from \nlet cell = collectionView.cellForItemAtIndexPath(indexPath) as! ", "MyCell\n\nif you have the class use MyCell else you can get cell directly without type casting.", "\nfunc collectionView(_ collectionView: UICollectionView, didSelectItemAt indexPath: IndexPath) {\n let cell = collectionView.cellForItemAtIndexPath(indexPath)\n print(cell.contentView.subviews)\n}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "The Democratic National Convention will culminate tonight when Hillary Clinton takes the stage to formally accept her party's nomination as president of the United States.", "\n\nDemocrats are wrapping up four days in Philadelphia in what's been a contentious convention marred by controversy over the party's handling of former candidate Bernie Sanders. ", "Speakers ranging from Bill Clinton to VP nominee Tim Kaine have tried to address those concerns while promoting Hillary as the party's best hope against Republican nominee Donald Trump.", "\n\nTonight's convention will start at 4:30 p.m. EST (3:30 p.m. CST) with the theme \"Stronger Together.\"", "\n\n4-6 p.m. EST (3-5 p.m. CST)\n\nCall to Order\n\nU.S. Representative Marcia Fudge (Ohio)\n\nInvocation\n\nArchbishop from Greek Orthodox Church, Reverend Bernice King, Native American Gov.\n\nEddie Torres, Sr. ", "Mary Scullion\n\nPledge of Allegiance\n\nNational Anthem\n\nStar Swain\n\nSpeakers:\n\nPrime time speakers\n\n6-10 p.m. EST (5-9 CST)\n\nMusical Performance\n\nCarole King\n\nSpeakers\n\nIntroduction of additional speakers\n\nTed Danson and Mary Steenburgen\n\nSpeakers\n\nHenrietta Ivey, a home care worker and minimum wage advocate\n\nDave Wills, 8th grade social studies teacher in Guilford County, NC\n\nBeth Mathias, factory worker in Ohio\n\nJensen Walcott and Jake Reed. ", "Jensen was fired from her job at a pizza restaurant for asking her boss why she was paid 25 cents less than her male co-workers.", "\n\nPennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf\n\nFormer Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm\n\nDoug Elmets - Former Reagan Administration official\n\nJennifer Pierotti Lim - Director of Health Policy, U.S. Chamber of Commerce & Co-Founder of Republican Women for Hillary\n\nDallas Sheriff Lupe Valdez\n\nJennifer Loudon, Wayne Walker, Wayne Owens, Barbara Owens\n\nFamily members of fallen law enforcement officers\n\nReverend William Barber\n\nKareem Abdul-Jabaar\n\nKhizr Khan - Khan's son, Humayun S. M. Khan was a University of Virginia graduate and enlisted in the U.S. Army. ", "Khan was one of 14 American Muslims who died serving the United States in the ten years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.", "\n\nU.S. Representative Ted Lieu (California)\n\neneral John Allen (ret. ", "USMC), former Commander, International Security Assistance Forces, and Commander, United States Forces - Afghanistan\n\nFlorent Groberg - Retired U.S. Army Captain Florent \"Flo\" Groberg was awarded the Medal of Honor, the nation's top award for valor in combat, by President Obama after serving in Afghanistan.", "\n\nChloe Grace Moretz\n\nU.S. Representative Xavier Becerra (California)\n\nU.S. Senator Sherrod Brown (Ohio)\n\nKaty Perry, musician\n\nPrime time speakers\n\n10-11 p.m. EST (9-10 p.m. CST)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "David Fenton\n\nDavid Fenton is the Chairman and founder of Fenton Communications, created in 1982 to promote issue-oriented public relations campaigns focusing on the environment, public health and human rights. ", "Since founding the company, he pioneered the use of professional P.R. and advertising techniques by nonprofit public interest groups in the United States and around the world. ", "The company has offices in New York, Washington, San Francisco and Los Angeles.", "\n\nFenton also co-founded three independent nonprofit organizations: Environmental Media Services, which coordinated communications activities for environmental groups; New Economy Communications, which works on human rights issues in the global economy; and Death Penalty Information Center, which helps journalists cover evidence of innocence and racial bias in the death penalty. ", " He also helped incubate Climate Nexus, which works with journalists on climate change, and J Street, the pro-Israel, pro-peace group working for a two-state solution.", "\n\nFenton was formerly director of Public Relations at Rolling Stone magazine in 1978. ", "He was co-producer of the “No Nukes” concerts with Jackson Browne, Bruce Springsteen, Bonnie Raitt, James Taylor and many others in New York City, 1979. ", "In the late 1960s, he was a photojournalist, for Liberation News Service while also publishing in the NY Times, Life, Newsweek and others. ", "His book of photographs SHOTS: An American Photographer's Journey was published in 2005.", "\n\nFention is a native of New York City. ", "He resides in Manhattan with his wife and two teenage children.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Company website\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Businesspeople from New York City\nCategory:American public relations people" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Modern sport, modernism and the cultural manifesto: de Coubertin's Revue Olympique.", "\nThis article studies the Modern Olympic Movement within the cultural framework of early twentieth-century aesthetics. ", "By examining the first 13 years of the Revue Olympique, the bond between sport and ideals of beauty emerges as a powerful indicator of a broader socio-cultural discourse. ", "Discourse analysis exposes the Revue Olympique as homogeneous and coherent device of praxis that located the Olympic Movement and the genre of sport festival it promoted among the dominant ideas about beauty, art and culture of this era. ", "It functioned as a type of cultural manifesto for Pierre de Coubertin's international Olympic Movement." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "While the consumers are getting their money back, the drivers themselves won't be seeing a payout from this particular settlement. ", "On the other hand, Judge Chen stuck up for Uber drivers last month when he rejected the company's proposed $100 million settlement with drivers in California and Massachusetts who claimed the company owed them for expenses like gas, vehicle maintenance and insurance. ", "In that case, Chen noted that the proposed amount – which would have amounted to about $24 per driver in the class – was a \"substantial discount\" for Uber. ", "According to outside estimates, the damages in that case could have amounted to as much as $850 million. ", "While Uber and the drivers have gone back to the negotiating table to hash out that deal, the company's long-term goal is to make them obsolete." ]

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[ "Bulancak\n\nBulancak is a town and a district of Giresun Province on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, near to the city of Giresun.", "\n\nWith a population of 38,546 Bulancak is the largest town in the province apart from Giresun itself. ", "It is only a short drive from Giresun, is easily reached by public transport and has thus become part of Giresun's urban area.", "\n\nThe football club Bulancakspor is from the area.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The District Governorate\n The Municipality\n Business Directory of Bulancak\n\nCategory:Populated places in Giresun Province\nCategory:Populated coastal places in Turkey\nCategory:Districts of Giresun Province\nCategory:Towns in Turkey" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Yhdysvaltalainen yrittäjä ja sijoittaja Michael Terpin on haastanut teleoperaattori AT&T:n oikeuteen varkaudesta ja törkeästä huolimattomuudesta. ", "Mistään pienestä summasta ei ole kyse, sillä Terpinin oikeuskanne on arvoltaan 224 miljoonaa dollaria. ", "Asiasta kertoo Reuters." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "Saturday, December 14, 2013\n\n6 reasons to wear ugly christmas sweaters\n\nUgly Christmas sweaters, why are they so contagious? ", "Who wore the first ugly Christmas sweater and started the crazy mania? ", "It spread like a virus. ", "Blame hipsters because they can make any strange look acceptable, blame fashion alternatives, can these jumpers be so fashion forward that we don't get it? ", "Whatever the reason, ugly sweaters are now unstoppable and reached the high street shop near you.", "\nAfter reading the reasons to wear an ugly Christmas sweater you'll want to wear one of them too." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Russia will target British troops to be deployed to Estonia in order to discredit the NATO mission to reinforce its eastern flank, Estonian intelligence chief Mikk Marran told British daily The Times in an interview.", "\n\nHoneytraps, staged pub brawls — designed to make British troops look like thugs — and subversive efforts to penetrate social media accounts to find information for blackmail purposes are expected to be attempted by \"the opposite team,\" Marran, director general of the Estonian Information Board (EIB) said.", "\n\nThe Estonian intelligence chief said that Estonian and British officials have been discussing the threat for months in order to prepare the 800 British personnel bound for Estonia to avoid Cold War-style spy games. ", "The deployment will provide a perfect opportunity for Moscow to create a false impression of Western aggression by spreading fake news stories.", "\n\n\"We are seeing some of it already,\" Marran said. \"", "Some degree of noise along the lines of 'These troops are not welcome by the local population.'", "\n\n\"There will be 800 young British soldiers,\" he continued. \"", "People will be traveling from their bases to the cities. ", "Probably they [will] do some pub-hopping. ", "We cannot exclude some fights that might be triggered by the opposite team, as we call it in Estonia — for example, traditional honeytraps and so forth.", "\n\nMarran said that cyber-espionage, disinformation campaigns and blackmailing on the bases of stolen data may all be used, for example. \"", "They have a huge toolbox,\" he warned.", "\n\nPrecedent elsewhere in the Baltics\n\nLast year, the British Army investigated claims that two British soldiers in Latvia were involved in a brawl as part of a plot by Russia to smear U.K. soldiers. ", "The brawl with a group of locals was filmed by a crew linked to a media outlet sympathetic to Russia.", "\n\nAsked about that incident, Marran commented, \"Certainly it had some Russian background to it.\"", "\n\nIn Lithuania, some media outlets picked up a false news story last week alleging that soldiers of the German contingent currently deployed there had raped an underage girl.", "\n\nThe U.K. troops to be deployed to Estonia will be working alongside 300 French soldiers, to be replaced by Danes later in the year, in one of four battalions to be deployed to the Baltic region. ", "The battalions, consisting of a total of 4,000 troops, will be spread across the three Baltic states and Poland beginning next month.", "\n\nThe NATO contingent to be deployed to Estonia will be stationed in Tapa and will act in conjunction with Estonia's 1st Infantry Brigade. ", "The U.K. will have 800 personnel with Warrior infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), Challenger 2 tanks and reconnaissance drones stationed in Estonia as part of the contingent.", "\n\nThe Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine filed a lawsuit in the UN International Court of Justice against Russia within the framework of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, says the site of the Foreign Minister. ", "This is done on the instructions of the President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko, issued on 16 January.", "\n\nAlexander Lukashenko on 9 January signed a decree № 8 \"On the establishment of visa-free entry and exit of foreign nationals.\" ", "The document establishes visa-free entry to Belarus for a period not exceeding 5 days at the entrance through the checkpoint \"National Airport Minsk\" for citizens of 80 countries, - reported the press service of the President of Belarus." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "package org.orienteer.core.component.command;\n\nimport java.util.", "List;\n\nimport org.apache.wicket.ajax.", "AjaxRequestTarget;\nimport org.apache.wicket.model.", "IModel;\nimport org.apache.wicket.model.", "ResourceModel;\nimport org.orienteer.core.", "OrienteerWebApplication;\nimport org.orienteer.core.component.", "BootstrapType;\nimport org.orienteer.core.component.", "FAIconType;\nimport org.orienteer.core.component.property.", "DisplayMode;\nimport org.orienteer.core.component.table.", "OrienteerDataTable;\nimport org.orienteer.core.web.schema.", "OIndexPage;\nimport ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.model.", "OIndexModel;\nimport ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.proto.", "OIndexPrototyper;\nimport ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.security.", "OSecurityHelper;\nimport ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.security.", "OrientPermission;\nimport ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.security.", "RequiredOrientResource;\nimport ru.ydn.wicket.wicketorientdb.security.", "RequiredOrientResources;\n\nimport com.google.common.base.", "Function;\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Lists;\nimport com.orientechnologies.orient.core.index.", "OIndex;\nimport com.orientechnologies.orient.core.metadata.schema.", "OClass;\nimport com.orientechnologies.orient.core.metadata.schema.", "OProperty;\n\n/**\n * {@link Command} to create an {@link OIndex} for a selected set of properties\n */\n@RequiredOrientResources({\n\t@RequiredOrientResource(value = OSecurityHelper.", "SCHEMA, permissions=OrientPermission.", "CREATE),\n\t@RequiredOrientResource(value=OSecurityHelper.", "CLUSTER, specific=\"internal\", permissions=OrientPermission.", "CREATE)\n})\npublic class CreateOIndexFromOPropertiesCommand extends\n\t\tAbstractCheckBoxEnabledCommand<OProperty>\n{\n\tprivate IModel<OClass> classModel;\n\n\tpublic CreateOIndexFromOPropertiesCommand(OrienteerDataTable<OProperty, ?", "> table, IModel<OClass> classModel)\n\t{\n\t\tsuper(new ResourceModel(\"command.create.index\"), table);\n\t\tthis.classModel = classModel;\n\t}\n\t\n\t\n\n\t@Override\n\tprotected void onInstantiation() {\n\t\tsuper.onInstantiation();\n\t\tsetIcon(FAIconType.plus);\n\t\tsetBootstrapType(BootstrapType.", "SUCCESS);\n\t}\n\n\t@Override\n\tprotected void performMultiAction(AjaxRequestTarget target, List<OProperty> objects) {\n\t\tif(objects==null || objects.size()==0)\n\t\t{\n\t\t\terror(OrienteerWebApplication.get().getResourceSettings().getLocalizer().getString(\"errors.checkbox.empty\", this));\n\t\t\treturn;\n\t\t}\n\t\telse\n\t\t{\n\t\t\tList<String> fields = Lists.newArrayList(Lists.transform(objects, new Function<OProperty, String>() {\n\n\t\t\t\t@Override\n\t\t\t\tpublic String apply(OProperty input) {\n\t\t\t\t\treturn input.getName();\n\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t}));\n\t\t\tOClass oClass = classModel!=null?classModel.getObject():null;\n\t\t\tif(oClass==null) oClass = objects.get(0).getOwnerClass();\n\t\t\tsetResponsePage(new OIndexPage(new OIndexModel(OIndexPrototyper.newPrototype(oClass.getName(), fields))).setModeObject(DisplayMode.", "EDIT));\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t@Override\n\tpublic void detachModels() {\n\t\tsuper.detachModels();\n\t\tif(classModel!=null) classModel.detach();\n\t}\n\t\n\t\n\n}\n" ]

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[ "Load switches may be used in a variety of electronic devices including, for example, personal electronics (e.g., solid state drives and tablets), electronic point of sale devices (e.g., bar code scanners and payment terminals), industrial personal computers, home appliances, and servers. ", "Load switches may be used for power distribution, power sequencing, reducing leakage current, controlling inrush current, and controlling power downs.", "\nLoad switches may act as electronic relays that turn on and off power rails that are used to power downstream components in electronic devices. ", "When a load switch is turned off, charge may continue to reside on the output of the load switch, which may disturb the downstream electronic components. ", "Dealing with the residual charge on the output of the load switch may present significant design challenges, particularly in cases where power supply to the load switch is turned off." ]

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[ "Join the Journey!", "\n\nPlease select a campaign below that describes where you are on your Marketing Automation journey.", "\nWe'll send you relevant tips and content to help you Get Engaged with Marketing Automation or Get More from it.", "\n\nPardot’s ‘opting back in’ process\n\nDo you have a process for when a prospect who had previously unsubscribed then re-subscribes when they re-engage with your content?", "\n\nWhen individuals unsubscribe, you may think they’re lost forever. ", "From what we have seen with our clients, this is not always the case. ", "When a prospect unsubscribes, they are flagged in Pardot and Salesforce, but they are still tracked. ", "However, nothing will change automatically if the prospect submits a form in the future.", "\n\nThis is why we recommend putting a process in place to notify you or a designated user that an unsubscribed user has submitted a form.", "\n\nTo build this process you will need to create a custom form field that is a ‘date type’ and an automation rule. ", "You will need to add the submission date to the new custom form field to all future form completion actions.", "\n\nThe automation rule will look for this date being in the last day and the prospect being unsubscribed. ", "The completion actions on the rule will be to notify a user to review and opt the prospect back in.", "\n\nNote: Re-subscribing is a manual process. ", "If the prospect is linked to a lead/contact in Salesforce, you have 2 minutes to re-subscribe them in both Pardot and Salesforce before the sync unsubscribes them again. ", "This is because unsubscribe always wins.", "\n\nIf you enjoyed this article, please share it.", "\n\nIf you’d like to stay up to date with Pardot, subscribe to our\nnews digest and we’ll send you the best stuff as and when it happens.", "\n\nI'm happy to receive best practice marketing insights\n?", "\n\nYes, I would like to be kept informed by e-mail, telephone and direct mail from CleverTouch on marketing automation research, best practice, case studies and events. ", "I agree that the personal data that I provide may only be used by CleverTouch Marketing Ltd, a Limited company based in the UK, for storage in electronic marketing databases and the purposes referred to above. ", "Any storage and use of my personal data will be in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) for EU based contacts or the relevant and applicable data privacy laws for contacts based in other jurisdictions. ", "I can withdraw my consent to receive marketing emails at any time by clicking the link to my “preference centre” at the bottom of a CleverTouch email.", "\n\nAh, that didn’t work. ", "Opt-in is required for this form submission. ", "Please check the box above and resubmit the form. ", "Thanks!", "\n\n*\nWe hate spam as much as you do and as such we promise not to share your\ninformation with any third parties what so ever. ", "This is a spam free zone.", "\n\nAccreditations\n\nProud to be the Most Certified Marketing Automation Consultancy in EMEA" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field\nA force feedback input device that applies feedback force to an operating member is provided.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nIn the related art, there has been suggested a force feedback input device which incorporates the function adjustment of on-vehicle control apparatuses such as air conditioners, audio or navigation systems into one operating member. ", "In this case, when a user rotates the operating member to select an apparatus or to perform the function adjustment of the selected apparatus, output force such as resistant sensation or thrust is applied according to the rotation amount or the rotation direction of the operating member. ", "According to the force feedback input device, favorable operation feeling can be obtained and operationality can be ensured (for example, see JP-A-2003-22137 (pages 5 to 6 and FIG. ", "1)).", "\nFIG. ", "7 is a cross-sectional view showing a force feedback input device according to the related art. ", "The input device includes a boxlike housing 100 having a bearing cylinder 100a at its top wall, a motor 101 and a print board 102 housed in the housing 100, and an operating member 103 provided above the housing 100. ", "The motor 101 has a main body portion 101a and a rotary shaft 101b protruding from the main body portion 101a. ", "The main body portion 101a is fixed to the rear side of the top wall of the housing 100 by screwing. ", "The rotary shaft 101b passes through the top wall of the hosing 100 and protrudes upward. ", "A first gear 104 which is a spur gear is attached to the upper end of the rotary shaft 101b. ", "\nThe operating member 103 is a cylindrical body with an open bottom. ", "A support shaft 105 which is fixed at a central portion of the inner surface is inserted and held into the bearing cylinder 100a, and the operating member 103 is rotatably supported on the housing 100. ", "Further, in the lower end surface of the operating member 103, a geared portion 103a is provided along the inner circumferential surface. ", "A first gear 104, a second gear 106, and a third gear (not shown) mesh with the geared portion 103a at regular intervals of 120 degrees. ", "The three gears are spur gears having the same diameter or the same number of teeth. ", "A rotary shaft 106a of the second gear 106 is supported by a bearing 100b in the housing 100. ", "At the lower end of the rotary shaft 106a, a code plate 107 is fixed. ", "A photointerrupter 108 which detects rotation information of the code plate 107 is mounted on the rear surface of the print board 102. ", "Further, a push switch 109 is mounted on the surface of the print board 102 to face the lower end of the support shaft 105. ", "Moreover, a spring 110 is interposed between the operating member 103 and the bearing cylinder 100a. ", "The operating member 103 is biased upward by resilient force of the spring 110.", "\nIn the force feedback input device having such a schematic configuration, if a user presses the operating member 103 against the resilient force of the spring 110, the push switch 109 is turned on by the support shaft 105, and then a switch signal is output from the push switch 109 to a control unit (not shown). ", "The control unit recognizes on the basis of the switch signal of the push switch 109 that a desired mode (for example, an air-conditioner temperature setting mode) is selected. ", "In this state, if the user rotates the operating member 103, the function adjustment of the selected mode (for example, the up/down adjustment of the set temperature) is performed according to the rotation position of the operating member 103. ", "At the time of the rotation operation of the operating member 103, the first to third gears meshing with the geared portion 103a synchronously rotate, and the code plate 107 rotates in connection with the second gear 106. ", "Accordingly, positional information of the operating member 103 is detected from the photointerrupter 108. ", "The control unit is configured to receive the signal output from the photointerrupter 108 and control driving of the motor 101.", "\nFor example, at the time of the adjustment of the set temperature of the air conditioner, whenever the set temperature is changed by one degree, if force opposite to the rotation direction of the operating member 103 is applied to the operating member 103 from the motor 101, the user can recognize the adjusted set temperature by a click feeling.", "\nIn the force feedback input device according to the related art, the motor 101 is provided in a longitudinal direction such that the rotary shaft 101b is parallel with the central axis of rotation of the operating member 103. ", "Then, the first gear 104 attached to the rotary shaft 101b meshes with the geared portion 103a provided at the lower end of the inner circumferential surface of the operating member 103. ", "Accordingly, rotation force of the motor 101 is transferred to the operating member 103 through the first gear 104 and the geared portion 103a. ", "Therefore, a great portion of the motor 101 including the main body portion 101a protrudes outward from the lower end of the operating member 103. ", "As a result, there is a problem in that the size of the entire input device is made large in a height direction (longitudinal direction)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nfloat content to two colomns in one div\n\nI need the content to flow in two coloumns and I dont have the control over the inner div. ", "Can I write CSS such that the content goes in two colomns. ", "I can write CSS only for the outer div.", "\n<div style=\"\">first Colomun Content\n <div>Second Coloumn Content\n </div>\n</div>\n\nA:\n\nWhy can you only write CSS for the outer div?", "\nYou can do: div > div { border:1px red dotted;} to style the inner div. ", "And what do you mean by 2 columns? ", "Can you give an example?", "\nHave a look at this: http://jsfiddle.net/eNwEZ/\n\n" ]

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[ "After Laine, what should Jets do at No. ", "22? ", "It's almost certain that the Jets will pick up Patrik Laine with the second overall pick in the NHL Draft. ", "But what should the Jets do with their other first-round choice at No. ", "22? ", "Paul Edmonds of TSN 1290 has a few ideas that could help Winnipeg's blue line.", "\n\nPaul Edmonds Play-By-Play Announcer, TSN Radio 1290 in Winnipeg Archive\n\nWhen the dominoes start to fall later this month at the National Hockey League’s annual entry draft, the first three picks in Buffalo are likely already confirmed. ", "That is, unless Toronto veers off the projected charted course and passes on Auston Matthews.", "\n\nBut if the Maple Leafs take the young American as expected, the Winnipeg Jets will follow by choosing Patrik Laine and fellow Finn Jesse Puljujarvi with go to Columbus in succession.", "\n\nIt’s been well documented since Winnipeg earned the second pick overall via the draft lottery last month that the local NHL club is in an enviable position. ", "Laine is a pure goal scorer with an offensive skill that comes along very infrequently.", "\n\nAnd in today’s game where scoring is at premium, if an elite player lands on your lap with the type of skill-set Laine possesses you move quickly and decisively to secure him.", "\n\nNow, until his name is officially called on June 24 by the Jets, there is still some uncertainty. ", "But the entire hockey world would be shocked if Laine wasn’t Winnipeg’s pick.", "\n\nHowever, where this year’s draft gets really interesting for the Jets is after Laine.", "\n\nWinnipeg has two first-round selections, the second of which comes courtesy of the Andrew Ladd deadline deal to Chicago last winter. ", "They are one of five teams with two first-round picks. ", "The others are Arizona, Carolina, Boston and Toronto.", "\n\nSo, if you’re Jets’ management what are you looking for with that additional pick?", "\n\nBased on organizational depth, taking a left-shooting defenceman might be one area to consider augmenting. ", "And if that’s the direction, here are a couple of prospects that could be discussed within the Jets’ scouting war room.", "\n\nAttention has started to really build around hulking blue-liner Logan Stanley of the Ontario Hockey League’s Windsor Spitfires. ", "He’s a left shot and six-foot-six. ", "Among North American skaters he’s ranked 19th by NHL Central Scouting with puck poise and good defensive awareness. ", "Based on size alone, he could add to a Jets’ left-side defensive corps looking to get bigger in the near future.", "\n\nIn the same category, another player to consider could be Finish prospect Markus Niemelainen. ", "He played with the OHL’s Saginaw Spirit this season and also possesses great size at six-foot-six and that left shot.", "\n\nAt 17 with a birthday in August, Niemelainen is already an excellent defender who adjusted fairly quickly to the North American game and rink size. ", "However, while he’s not ranked in the first round by Central Scouting, Draftsite.com has him projected to go 24th overall in the first round. ", "He might be a sleeper but his size and position could make for an intriguing draft day surprise.", "\n\nAnother possibility for the Jets could be to avoid defenceman all together with the 22nd overall pick and maybe take a talented local player like centre Brett Howden. ", "The Oakbank product has size (six-foot-two) and skill with nearly a point-per-game total following his second full season with the Western Hockey League’s Moose Jaw Warriors this past winter.", "\n\nCentral Scouting has the 18-year-old Howden ranked at 22nd among North American skaters. ", "He jumped five spots from their mid-season rankings and has expanded his game with some Hockey Canada experience the last two years.", "\n\nHe would make an interesting selection for Winnipeg based on his talent and position, but also because of residence. ", "Since returning to Manitoba only one local player has been selected by the Jets in the entry draft. ", "In 2011, Winnipeg took goaltender Jason Kasdorf, who was subsequently moved to Buffalo as part of the multi-player deal that brought Tyler Myers and Drew Stafford to Winnipeg.", "\n\nFinally, another player of first-round interest is forward Tyson Jost. ", "He likely won’t be around when the Jets get to their second pick in the opening round, as Draftsite.com has him ranked 13th among all eligible skaters. ", "Jost was recently named the RBC CJHL National Player of the year and is committed to the University of North Dakota next season but is considered to possess an elite package of skill, aggressiveness and leadership. ", "Here is a story I recently wrote on Jost for Hockey Canada.", "\n\n\n\nOn Datsyuk\n\nAs Pavel Datsyuk contemplates his future in the NHL, there is an interesting note to his career as a player with the Detroit Red Wings the last 14 seasons. ", "Datsyuk, who turns 38 in July, has taken 98 shootout attempts over his career. ", "He is the all-time leader and would likely be the first to 100-ever if he played another season in the league. ", "To date, he’s 40 of 98 for a success rate of 41 percent and of the 40 shootout goals he’s scored, 11 have decided the game...According to The Hockey News, the Jets traveled in excess of 42,000 airline miles this season or ninth-most in the league. ", "San Jose traversed the greatest distance at just over 50,000. ", "That does not include the playoffs, which could add significantly to that total for the Sharks. ", "But what those figures don’t take into account is how many time zones Winnipeg covered over that distance. ", "That alone is sometimes more grueling than the miles covered between cities.", "\n\n\n\nOn the Links\n\nLastly, I’ve had the opportunity to adopt a new golf course the last two summers and I would highly recommend playing Teulon Golf & Country Club. ", "It’s only a 30-minute drive from the north Perimetre and you can play Tuesday and Wednesday for only $38 (with cart). ", "If a morning tee time works best, then I would suggest having breakfast out there too. ", "It’s homemade and runs you a mere $8 for bacon and eggs. ", "Book ahead, however, as the course is used steadily by folks in the Interlake that would probably like to keep the place a secret. ", "Here’s the link: http://www.teulongc.com." ]

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[ "Le maïs OGM Bt produit un insecticide issu d’une bactérie (voir ce billet par exemple). ", "Ca marche très bien, les paysans économisent des insecticides couteux et dangereux pour leur santé et pour l’environnement. ", "Donc ils utilisent beaucoup, en tous cas aux Etats-Unis où ils en ont le droit. ", "Beaucoup beaucoup beaucoup. ", "Et qu’est-ce qui se passe quand un insecticide unique est utilisé énormément sur un immense territoire ? ", "Une pression de sélection très forte sur les insectes cibles pour développer une résistance à cet insecticide spécifique. ", "Les scientifiques (vous savez, les affreux individus vendus aux multinationales) ont bien averti du problème, et proposé des solutions : varier les insecticides (mais vu le bazar que c’est de mettre un nouvel OGM sur le marché, et que personne n’aime épandre des insecticides, c’est pas gagné), varier les cultures, et planter des îlots de maïs non Bt au milieu des cultures Bt, afin de donner une bonne chance aux insectes non résistants de se maintenir. ", "Mais voilà, les compagnies qui produisent le maïs Bt veulent gagner des sous, les paysans veulent gagner des sous, et les solutions ci-dessus ne font pas gagner plus de sous à court terme. ", "Et la résistance se développe, comme rapporté dans un article récent de Gassmann et al. ", "dans PNAS, bien expliqué dans un article de vulgarisation en anglais dans Wired. ", "Notons quelques points intéressants :\n\nBin oui, l’évolution existe, si on met une pression très forte sur une espèce avec un pesticide, elle va développer une résistance si elle a une taille de population suffisante pour accuser le coup (en général les espèces qui nous gènent sont abondantes). ", "Soit dit en passant, avec une pression plus faible la résistance va aussi se développer, ça risque juste de prendre plus longtemps. ", "Mais s’il y a une niche disponible « manger les plantes que cultivent les humains », elle sera prise.", "\n\nLes pauvres paysans forcés de planter des OGM contre leur plein gré, quand ils ont le choix non seulement ils les achètent et les plantent, mais ils les plantent davantage que n’est conseillé. ", "Ca ne colle pas trop au scénario des paysans victimes là.", "\n\nQuand une compagnie vous dit que son produit va marcher pour toujours, ne la croyez pas.", "\n\nLes scientifiques avaient prévu le coup et averti. ", "Quand on comprend ce qui se passe au lieu de hurler, on peut comprendre que les OGM ne sont pas des poisons, qu’ils ne détruisent pas forcément la biodiversité, qu’ils sont divers (voir ce billet), et aussi que ce ne sont pas des solutions magiques, et que la biologie impose de prendre en compte l’évolution et la génétique des populations.", "\n\nFinalement, tout ceci n’a qu’un rapport assez indirect avec les OGM. ", "Si un insecticide quelconque était utilisé de manière aussi large et systématique, une résistance se développerait, que ce soit par pulvérisation ou par OGM. ", "Et c’est arrivé, exemples sur Wikipedia en anglais. ", "Mais ça fait des titres de presse tellement plus vendeurs si on peut dire que c’est un échec des OGM plutôt que de l’abus d’insecticide unique.", "\n\nAlors c’est vrai que l’OGM maïs Bt encourage à utiliser uniquement ou largement l’insecticide Bt. ", "Mais en principe, rien dans la technologie n’interdit de préparer des graines ayant différents insecticides, et de vendre ensuite des sacs de graines mélangées, permettant de semer des plantes toutes résistantes, de manières diverses. ", "Mieux, des chercheurs ont développé un OGM qui produit une phéromone d’attraction de papillon pour les attirer ailleurs que vers les cultures à protéger (magazine en anglais, article libre accès), et une autre équipe développe un blé qui produit une molécule signalant le danger aux pucerons (communiqué de presse). ", "Résultat attendu dans le deuxième cas : faire peur aux pucerons et attirer leurs prédateurs. ", "Une super solution, parce que le développement d’une résistance parait bien moins probable, vu qu’on ne tue pas les insectes, on les redirige juste. ", "Mais il vaut bien mieux interdire tout ça, c’est des OGM après tout, et continuer à utiliser des insecticides (rappel : le Bt est autorisé en culture bio, ça vient « naturellement » d’une bactérie), auxquels des résistances évolueront, OGM ou non.", "\n\n—–\n\nNote : je reçois des tonnes de spam dans les commentaires, et je n’ai pas le temps de tout vérifier. ", "Alors si vous commentez et que ça n’apparait pas dans les 12h, contactez-moi par Twitter @marc_rr." ]

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[ "NEW YORK - When Jerald Spangenberg collapsed and died in the middle of a quest in an online game, his daughter embarked on a quest of her own: to let her father's gaming friends know that he hadn't just decided to desert them.", "\n\nIt wasn't easy, because she didn't have her father's \"World of Warcraft\" password and the game's publisher couldn't help her. ", "Eventually, Melissa Allen Spangenberg reached her father's friends by asking around online for the \"guild\" he belonged to.", "\n\nOne of them, Chuck Pagoria in Morgantown, Ky., heard about Spangenberg's death three weeks later. ", "Pagoria had put his absence down to an argument among the gamers that night.", "\n\n\"I figured he probably just needed some time to cool off,\" Pagoria said. \"", "I was kind of extremely shocked and blown away when I heard the reason that he hadn't been back. ", "Nobody had any way of finding this out.\"", "\n\nWith online social networks becoming ever more important in our lives, they're also becoming an important element in our deaths. ", "Spangenberg, who died suddenly from an abdominal aneurysm at 57, was unprepared, but others are leaving detailed instructions. ", "There's even a tiny industry that has sprung up to help people wrap up their online contacts after their deaths.", "\n\nWhen Robert Bryant's father died last year, he left his son a little black USB flash drive in a drawer in his home office in Lawton, Okla. It was underneath a cup his son had once given him for his birthday. ", "The drive contained a list of contacts for his son to notify, including the administrator of an online group he had been in.", "\n\n\"It was kind of creepy because I was telling all these people that my dad was dead,\" Bryant said. \"", "It did help me out quite a bit, though, because it allowed me to clear up a lot of that stuff and I had time to help my mom with whatever she needed.\"", "\n\nDavid Eagleman, a neuroscientist at the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, has had plenty of time to think about the issue.", "\n\n\"I work in the world's largest medical center, and what you see here every day is people showing up in ambulances who didn't expect that just five minutes earlier,\" he said. \"", "If you suddenly die or go into a coma, there can be a lot of things that are only in your head in terms of where things are stored, where your passwords are.\"", "\n\nHe set up a site called Deathswitch, where people can set up e-mails that will be sent out automatically if they don't check in at intervals they specify, like once a week. ", "For $20 per year, members can create up to 30 e-mails with attachments like video files.", "\n\nIt's not really a profit-making venture, and Eagleman isn't sure about how many members it has — \"probably close to a thousand.\" ", "Nor does he know what's in the e-mails that have been created. ", "Until they're sent out, they're encrypted so that only their creators can read them.", "\n\nIf Deathswitch sounds morbid, there's an alternative site: Slightly Morbid. ", "It also sends e-mail when a member dies, but doesn't rely on them logging in periodically while they're alive. ", "Instead, members have to give trusted friends or family the information needed to log in to the site and start the notification process if something should happen.", "\n\nThe site was created by Mike and Pamela Potter in Colorado Springs, Colo. They also run a business that makes software for online games. ", "Pamela said they realized the need for a service like this when one of their online friends, who had volunteered a lot of time helping their customers on a Web message board, suddenly disappeared.", "\n\nHe wasn't dead: Three months later, he came back from his summer vacation, which he'd spent without Internet access. ", "By then, the Potters had already had Slightlymorbid.com up and running for two weeks.", "\n\nA third site with a similar concept plans to launch in April. ", "Legacy Locker will charge $30 per year. ", "It will require a copy of a death certificate before releasing information.", "\n\nPeter Vogel, in Tampa, Fla., was never able to reach all of his stepson Nathan's online friends after the boy died last year at age 13 during an epileptic seizure.", "\n\nA few years earlier, someone had hacked into one of the boy's accounts, so Vogel, a computer administrator, taught Nathan to choose passwords that couldn't be easily guessed. ", "He also taught the boy not to write passwords down, so Nathan left no trail to follow.", "\n\nVogel himself has a trusted friend who knows all his important login information. ", "As he points out, having access to a person's e-mail account is the most important thing, because many Web site passwords can be retrieved through e-mail.", "\n\nVogel joked that he hoped the only reason his friend would be called on to use his access within \"the next hundred years or so\" would be if Vogel forgets his own passwords.", "\n\nBut, he said, \"as Nathan has proven, anything can happen any time, even if you're only 13.\"" ]

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[ "=-1.2cm =16.5cm\n\n=10000\n\nç\n\n[**Correspondence between the first and the second order\\\nformalism in the generalized gravity of $f(R)$-type**]{}\\\n\nY. Ezawa, H. Iwasaki, Y. Ohkuwa$^{\\dagger}$, N. Yamada and T. Yano$^{*}$\\\nDepartment of Physics, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan\\\n$^{\\dagger}$Department of Mathematics, Miyazaki Medical College, Kitazoe, Miyazaki\\\n889-1692, Japan\\\n$^{*}$Department of Electrical Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-\\\n8577, Japan\\\n[Email : ezawa@sci.ehime-u.ac.jp, hirofumi@phys.sci.ehime-u.ac.jp,\\\nohkuwa@post.miyazaki-med.ac.jp, naohito@phys.sci.ehime-u.ac.jp\\\nand yanota@eng.ehime-u.ac.jp]{}\\\n[**Abstract**]{}\\\nWe clarify the correspondence between the first order formalism and the second order formalism in the generalized gravity where the Lagrangian density is given by a function of the scalar curvature $f(R)$.\\\nPACS numbers: 04.20.Fy, 04.50.+h, 98.80.-k\\\n\n[*Introduction*]{}: Up to the present, our knowledge of the universe has become wider both observationally and theoretically. ", "So the theories of gravity, the dominant force in the universe, have been extended and variety of generalized theories of gravity have been proposed, starting from the Einstein one where the Lagrangian density is a linear function of the scalar curvature. ", "The natural motivation arises when we consider the initial singularity of our universe[@EH; @Wald] where the gravity should be so strong that higher powers of the invariants constructed from the scalar curvature, the Ricci tensor and the Riemann tensor, would play important roles[@N-NT-TAN]. ", "Examples are given when we consider the quantum field theory in a curved spacetime [@BD], the effects of gravity on strings, extended objects, since they receive the tidal force described by the curvature. ", "The local expression of the latter leads to the modification of gravity by higher powers of the curvature tensors. ", "The string perturbation theory, in fact, gives a definite combination known as the Gauss-Bonnet combination[@Zwie].", "\n\nIn this work we confine ourselves to a type of theories whose Lagrangian density is a function of the scalar curvature $f(R)$. This type of theory has long been investigated and is expected to resolve the initial singularity problem[@N-NT-TAN; @S-S; @BHV; @EIOUYY]. ", "Recently a theory including the inverse power of the scalar curvature was proposed and discussed[@CCTetc; @VMF] to explain the present accelerating universe [@SNIa; @CMB]. ", "Thus this type of theory is a convenient generalization of the Einstein one both to strong and weak gravity region.", "\n\nTheoretically conformal equivalence of this theory to the Einstein one are well known[@MS; @CMQ]. ", "However, identification of the physical metric has not been settled. ", "Other theoretical problem seems to be a more fundamental one, i.e. how to apply the variational principle. ", "It is known that the first order, or Palatini, formalism of Einstein gravity is equivalent to the second order formalism. ", "We mean by the second order formalism the one where the connection is given by the Christoffel symbol, so that the metric tensor is the only variable describing gravity. ", "In this sense, the first order formalism is another line of generalizing Einstein gravity, since the connection is not given [*a priori*]{}, but is determined by the physical law, the variational principle. ", "The above equivalence means that the relation of the connection to the Christoffel symbol determined by the variational principle is that they are the same. ", "However, for general $f(R)$-type gravity, they are different. ", "This was noticed from the fact that the connection is not the Christoffel symbol but is given by e.g. the relation (3) below[@S-S; @BHV; @VMF; @CMQ]. ", "Recently Flanagan showed that this difference is also seen by transforming to the conformally related Einstein frame where the scalar field has no kinematical term contrary to the second order formalism[@VMF]. ", "Here we will present another way of expressing the difference by clarifying the correspondence of the first order formalism and the second order formalism by constructing the Lagrangian density to be used in the second order formalism starting from the first order Lagrangian density. ", "In doing so we use the fact that the connection in the first order formalism is just the conformal transformation of the Christoffel symbol as seen in (3a).\\\n[*Correspondence*]{}: We consider a theory described by an action $$S=\\int \\sqrt{-g}f(R)d^4x \\eqno(1)$$ where $$R=g^{\\mu\\nu}R_{\\mu\\nu},\\ \\ \\ g=\\det g_{\\mu\\nu}. ", " \\eqno(2)$$ $g^{\\mu\\nu}$ is the metric tensor and $R_{\\mu\\nu}$ the Ricci tensor. ", "In the first order formalism $R_{\\mu\\nu}$ is given by the usual expression in terms of the connection $\\Gamma^{\\lam}_{\\mu\\nu}$ taken as independent variables. ", "This formalism is in line with the generalization of gravity since the metric and the connection are independent concepts geometrically. ", "The variation with respect to $\\Gamma^{\\lam}_{\\mu\\nu}$ leads to the relation $$\\Gamma^{\\lam}_{\\mu\\nu}\n=\\Gamma^{\\lam(0)}_{\\mu\\nu}\n+{1\\over 2f'(R)}\\left[\\delta^{\\lam}_{\\mu}\\del_{\\nu}f'(R)\n+\\delta^{\\lam}_{\\nu}\\del_{\\mu}f'(R)-g_{\\mu\\nu}\\del^{\\lam}f'(R)\\right]\n \\eqno(3\\a)$$ or $$\\Gamma^{\\lam}_{\\mu\\nu}\n=\\Gamma^{\\lam(0)}_{\\mu\\nu}\n+{f''(R)\\over 2f'(R)}\\left[\\delta^{\\lam}_{\\mu}\\del_{\\nu}R\n+\\delta^{\\lam}_{\\nu}\\del_{\\mu}R-g_{\\mu\\nu}\\del^{\\lam}R\\right]\n \\eqno(3\\b)$$ where superscript $^{(0)}$ indicates that the quantity is constructed from the metric, i.e. the quantity to be used in the second order formalism or metric compatible quantities. ", "Here $\\Gamma^{\\lam(0)}_{\\mu\\nu}$ is the Christoffel symbol constructed from the metric $g_{\\mu\\nu}$. It is clear that the connection $\\Gamma^{\\lam}_{\\mu\\nu}$ is different from the Christoffel symbol $\\Gamma^{\\lam(0)}_{\\mu\\nu}$ except for Einstein gravity where $f''(R)=0$ and the case where $R=constant$, i.e. $\\del_{\\mu}R=0$.\n\nNow we consider a conformal transformation $$\\bar{g}_{\\mu\\nu}=\\Omega^2g_{\\mu\\nu},\\ \\ \\ \n\\Omega^2=k\\times f'(R),\\ (k=constant). ", " \\eqno(4)$$ The constant $k$ is chosen such that $\\Omega=1$ for Einstein gravity. ", "Then the relation (3a) is known to be the conformal transformation of the Christoffel symbol:$$\\Gamma^{\\lam}_{\\mu\\nu}=\\bar{\\Gamma}^{\\lam(0)}_{\\mu\\nu} \\eqno(5)$$ This means that the theory becomes the second order if $\\bar{g}_{\\mu\\nu}$ is used as the metric tensor. ", "The transition is straightforward as is shown below. ", "Thus introduction of the connection as independent variables to describe gravity seems to be redundant. ", "The action in the second order formalism is taken to be the action (1) rewritten in terms of the metric $\\bar{g}_{\\mu\\nu}$. Equation (5) means $$R_{\\mu\\nu}=\\bar{R}_{\\mu\\nu}^{(0)}$$ which in turn means $$R=kf'(R)\\bar{R}^{(0)}. ", " \\eqno(6)$$ Note that the contraction is taken between the untransformed metric and the transformed Ricci tensor. ", "Solving the equation (6) with respect to $R$, we can write $$R=\\xi(\\bar{R}^{(0)}). ", " \\eqno(7)$$ In conformally transformed frame, only metric compatible quantities will be used, so we drop the superscript $^{(0)}$ in this frame hereafter. ", "Noting that $g=\\bar{g}/k^4f^{'4}(R)=\\bar{g}/k^4f^{'4}(\\xi(\\bar{R}))$, we can rewrite (1) as $$S=\\int\\sqrt{-\\bar{g}}F(\\bar{R}) \\eqno(8)$$ where $$F(\\bar{R})\n={f\\left(\\xi(\\bar{R})\\right)\\over k^2f^{'2}\\left(\\xi(\\bar{R})\\right)}\\eqno(9\\a)$$ which is also expressed, in a more symmetrical form, as $${F(\\bar{R})\\over \\bar{R}^2}={f(R)\\over R^2} \\eqno(9\\b)$$ Equation (8) gives the action to be used in the second order formalism corresponding to the action (1) to be used in the first order formalism.\\\nThe functional form of $f(R)$ and $F(\\bar{R})$ are different in general. ", "This is another way of indicating that the second order formalism, in which the action (1) is taken as $f(R^{(0)})$, would be different from the one in the first order formalism. ", "We will refer the frame in which the metric is $\\bar{g}_{\\mu\\nu}$ as the second order frame.", "\n\nFinally we will illustrate the correspondence by examples for $f(R)$:\\\n(i) $f(R)=a+bR+cR^2$\n\nEquation (6) is a linear equation for $R$ which is solved to give $$R=\\bar{R}/(1-{2c\\over b}\\bar{R})$$ where $k$ is chosen to satisfy $kb=1$. Then from (9), we obtain $$F(\\bar{R})=a+\\left(1-{4ac\\over b^2}\\right)(b\\bar{R}-c\\bar{R}^2). ", " \\eqno(10)$$ (ii) $f(R)=a+bR+cR^2+dR^3$\n\nEquation (6) is a quadratic equation for $R$ which is solved to give $$R={1\\over 6d\\bar{R}}\n\\left[b-2c\\bar{R}\\pm \\sqrt{(b-2c\\bar{R})^2-12bd\\bar{R}^2}\\;\\right]$$ where $k$ is again chosen to satisfy $kb=1$. $F(\\bar{R})$ is expressed as $$\\begin{array}{lcl}\nF(\\bar{R})&=&\\dis {1\\over2}a+{2\\over3}b\\left(1-{3ac\\over b^2}\\right)\\bar{R}\n -{c\\over3}\\left(1-{6ac\\over b^2}+{9ad\\over bc}\\right)\\bar{R}^2\\\\[5mm]\n&\\pm&\\dis \\left[{1\\over2}a+{1\\over3}b\\left(1-{3ac\\over b^2}\\right)\\bar{R}\\right]\n\\sqrt{\\left(1-{2c\\over b}\\bar{R}\\right)^2-{12d\\over b}\\bar{R}^2}\n\\end{array} \\eqno(11)$$ (iii) $f(R)=a+bR+c/R$\n\nIn this case, equation (6) becomes a cubic equation $$R^3-kb\\bar{R}R^2+kc\\bar{R}=0. ", " \\eqno(12)$$ The solutions of this equation are known to be given by a set of formulae which are not cited here. ", "We only note that (12) has a real solutions if $c/b$ is negative or $|\\bar{R}|^2<4c/27b$ 3 real solutions otherwise. ", "Thus for this type of $f(R)$, although the second order form could also be described by $f(R^{(0)})$, the results differ qualitatively from the case when $f(R)$ is used in the first order formalism.\\\n[*Concluding remarks*]{}: We clarified the correspondence between the first order formalism and the second order formalism, i.e. for the Lagrangian density $\\sqrt{-g}f(R)$ of the first order formalism, we identified the Lagrangian density $\\sqrt{-\\bar{g}}F(\\bar{R})$ to be used in the second order formalism. ", "The functional form of $f(R)$ and $F(\\bar{R})$ are different except for the Einstein case. ", "It is noted, however, for quadratic $f(R)$, $F(\\bar{R})$ is also quadratic although the coefficients are different.", "\n\nThe Lagrangian density $\\sqrt{-\\bar{g}}F(\\bar{R})$ may in turn be conformally transformed, so that it describe Einstein gravity with a scalar field. ", "We would like to comment on this conformal equivalence. ", "If we take the relevant conformal transformation to be a change of variables, equivalence is clear except that which metric should be identified as, e.g. FRW metric. ", "However, when the dynamical aspects are concerned, situation is not so clear because the transformation depends on the curvature. ", "The curvature includes the second order derivative of the metric. ", "From the viewpoint of canonical formalism, the transformation mixes the coordinates with the momenta, i.e. the transformation is the one in the phase space. ", "Therefore, unless the transformation turns out to be a canonical one, the dynamical system is changed by the transformation. ", "The canonical transformation of the higher-curvature gravity has some subtle points. ", "Concerning the physical nature of the metric, a new problem arises whether the metric $\\bar{g}_{\\mu\\nu}$ in the second order frame is physical or not. ", "These problems will be investigated in separate works.", "\n\n[99]{}\n\nEllis G F R and Hawking S 1975 [*Large scale structure of spacetime*]{} (London: Oxford University Press).", "\n\nWald R 1984 [*General Relativity*]{} (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).", "\n\nNariai H 1971 [*Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys.*]{} [**", "46**]{} 433.\\\nNariai H and Tomita K 1971 [*Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys.*]{} [**", "46**]{} 776\\\nTomita K, Azuma T and Nariai H 1978 [*Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys.*]{} [**", "60**]{} 403.", "\n\nBirrel N D and Davies P C 1982 [*Quantum fields in curved space*]{} (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).", "\n\nZwiebach B 1985 [*Phys. ", "Lett.*]{} [**", "156B**]{} 315.", "\n\nShahid-Saless B 1987 [*Phys. ", "Rev.*]{} D [**35**]{} 467; 1990 [*J. Math. ", "Phys.*]{} [**", "31**]{} 2429.", "\n\nBarraco D, Hamity V H and Vucetich H 2002 [*Gen. Rel. ", "Grav.*]{} [**", "34**]{} 533.", "\n\nEzawa Y, Iwasaki H, Ohmori M, Ueda S, Yamada N Yano T 2003 [*Preprint*]{} gr-qc/0306065\\\nCapozziello S, Carloni S and Troisi A 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0303041\\\nCarroll S M, Duvvuri V, Trodden M and Turner M S 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0306438\\\nLue A, Scoccimarro R anf Starkman G 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0307034\\\nDick R 2003 [*Preprint*]{} gr-qc/0307052\\\nNojiri S and Odintsov S D 2003 [*Preprint*]{} hep-th/0307071, hep-th/0307288; see also\\\nhep-th/0308176\\\nDolgov A D and Kawasaki M 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0307285\\\nChiba T 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0307338\\\nCline J M 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0307423\\\nSoussa M E and Woodard R P 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0308114.", "\n\nVollick D N 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/03066630\\\nMeng X and Wang P 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0307354, astro-ph/0308031, astro-ph/0308284\\\nFlanagan É É 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0308111, astro-ph/0309015.", "\n\nRiess A G et al. ", "1998 [*Astron. ", "J*]{} [**116**]{} 1009\\\nPerlmutter S et al. ", "1999 [*Astrophys. ", "L*]{} [**517**]{} 565\\\nTonry J L et al 2003 [*preprint*]{} astro-ph/0305008.", "\n\nBennett C L [*et al*]{} 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0302207,\\\nSpergel D N [*et al*]{} 2003 [*Preprint*]{} astro-ph/0302209.", "\n\nMagnano G and Sokolowski L M 1994 [*Phys. ", "Rev.*]{} D [**50**]{} 5039\\\nFor earlier works, see the references therein.", "\n\nCotsakis S, Miritzis J and Querella L 1999 [J. Math. ", "Phys.]{} [**", "40**]{} 3063\\\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nOpenSceneGraph: Trying to extract far and near points from mouse screen coordinates for ray casting\n\nI'm trying to do ray casting using OpenSceneGraph. ", "The context of the problem is that I need to draw a line segment on a virtual plane by mouse. ", "I cannot use LineIntersector because the plane does not contain any drawables (I use osg::Plane to represent the virtual plane). ", "I am stuck at the part of how to extract far and near points of the clicked mouse coordinates (my results are not correct). ", "\nThis is the part of the code that I use. ", "First, calculate the inverse transform:\nosg::Matrix VPW = camera->getViewMatrix() *\n camera->getProjectionMatrix() * \n camera->getViewport()->computeWindowMatrix();\n\nosg::Matrix invVPW;\ninvVPW.invert(VPW);\n\nThen I calculate the near and far points based on mouse coordinates; dx and dy are in the range [-1 1]: \ndouble dx = ea.getXnormalized();\ndouble dy = ea.getYnormalized();\n\nea is of type osgGA::GUIEventAdapter &ea. ", "\nThen I multiply the obtained inverse matrix with the mouse coordinates, setting z coordinate to the range representing \"far\" and \"near\":\nosg::Vec3f nearPoint = osg::Vec3f(dx, dy, 0.f) * invVPW;\nosg::Vec3f farPoint = osg::Vec3f(dx, dy, 1.f) * invVPW;\n\nThe result point values do not seem to be correct. ", "While the camera is obviously pointing strictly along the y direction [0 1 0], if I take a direction from near to far, the result vector does not make much sense to me, for example,[-0.310973 0.918127 -0.24564].", "\nI'm new in OpenSceneGraph (or OpenGL) and would appreciate any hint of what I am doing wrong. ", "I am not totally sure if it is correct to use normalized screen coords here, however, pixel coordinates did not produce the right result neither.", "\n\nA:\n\nAfter a bit of debugging, I was able to figure out where the problem was. ", "First of all, I didn't interpret the result far and near points correctly. ", "The direction of the ray vector also does not represent what I expect to see. ", "It all became more clear after I plugged in my far and near points into an actual ray casting and intersection with my plane.", "\nSecond of all, I need to use integer pixel coordinates, not normalized ones. ", "It's because the inverse takes into account the window matrix. ", "If it's ever going to help to anyone, here is the final code I use to extract far and near points using OpenSceneGraph:\nosg::Matrix VPW = camera->getViewMatrix()\n * camera->getProjectionMatrix()\n * camera->getViewport()->computeWindowMatrix();\n\nosg::Matrix invVPW;\nbool success = invVPW.invert(VPW);\n\nosg::Vec3f nearPoint = osg::Vec3f(ea.getX(), ea.getY(), 0.f) * invVPW;\nosg::Vec3f farPoint = osg::Vec3f(ea.getX(), ea.getY(), 1.f) * invVPW;\n\n" ]

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[ "What every pediatrician should know about infectious mononucleosis in adolescents.", "\nInfectious mononucleosis (IM) is one of the most common diseases occurring during adolescence. ", "Appreciation of IM's varied clinical presentations, its differential diagnosis, and the difficulties involved in making the laboratory diagnosis will enable clinicians to treat teenagers more effectively in their office practices." ]

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[ "Affective Meditation\n\nAffective Meditation is a Christian spiritual practice originating in Medieval Europe by which a pilgrim, worshipper, or other follower of Christ seeks to imagine the sights, sounds, tastes, smells, movement, and tactility of specific scenes from canonical Gospels and their characters, with particular emphasis on empathising with the compassion and suffering of Jesus and the joys and sorrows of the Virgin Mary, leading to the authentic and spontaneous expression of emotion.", "\n\nAffective Meditation is the spiritual practice around which the tradition and philosophy of affective piety revolves, and was initiated by Saint Anselm of Canterbury, subsequently by Bernard of Clairvaux, and latterly by Francis of Assisi, who are credited with spawning an expressive form of worship through which members of the clergy, monastic orders, and laity visualized and envisioned scenes from the life of Christ with which they empathized to such degree that their compassionate identification with the suffering of him and his mother Mary manifested in emotive vocal sounds and physical movements.", "\n\nThe following excerpt from a work by English writer, Abbot and saint Aelred of Rievaulx is indicative of instructions provided by Christians in the tradition of Affective Piety.", "\n\n...follow her [the Virgin Mary] as she goes to Bethlehem, and turning away from the inn with her, help and humor her during the birth; and when the little child is placed in the manger, burst out words of exultation, crying out with Isaiah: A child is born to us, a son is given to us...Embrace that sweet manger, let love conquer bashfulness, and emotion drive out fear so that you fix your lips on those most sacred feet and repeat the kisses.", "\n\nA further example comes from the writings of English hermit, mystic, and religious writer Richard Rolle, who expresses his empathy with the suffering of Christ in his work Meditation on the Passion.", "\n\nAh, Lord, your sorrow--why was it not my death? ", "Now they lead you forth as naked as a worm, with torturers around you and armed knights. ", "The press of the crowd was incredibly intense as they threw things and harried you so shamefully, kicking at you as if you had been a dog. ", "I see in my soul how ruefully you walk, your body so bloody, so raw and blistered. ", "The crown on your head is so sharp, and your hair, blown in the wind, is all matted with blood. ", "Your lovely face is so pale and swollen with the blows and the beatings, and covered with spittle and phlegm. ", "And down runs your blood; it horrifies me to see it.", "\n\nThe experience of Affective Meditation is most often precipitated by meditating or concentrating attention on Christian drawings or paintings, music, or literature depicting the experience of Jesus and the Virgin Mary, until the meditator's empathy with the subjects of those depictions becomes sufficiently intense to precipitate emotive expression that may include tears and crying, vocal sounds and prayer, as well as bodily movements.", "\n\nDuring the late 1970s, psychologist, Yoga teacher, and organist at Culbone Church Joan D'Arcy Cooper, began to explore using the stories told by and about Jesus as spoken scripts with which to lead members of the parish through visualizations and meditations in the tradition of Affective Meditation.", "\n\nIn 1982, Cooper published Guided Meditation and the Teachings of Jesus in which she suggests that the words of Jesus, as recorded in the canonical gospels, may perhaps have been intended to be considered, and are enriched by hearing or reading them as Guided Meditations, through which the reader or listener can meditate upon the message and meaning inherent in the text, and thereby come to know God.", "\n\nWhile affective meditation is a marginal practice, Cooper's books and teachings, and the creative approach to Christian meditative practice that she encouraged, was acknowledged as making an important contribution to the New Age era and movement, characterized by a personal and individualist exploration of various meditative and contemplative traditions outside the boundaries and purview of formal doctrine and religious organizations, including those originating in Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Christian worship and liturgy\nCategory:Christian mysticism\nCategory:Meditation\nCategory:Imagination" ]

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[ "2009-01-14 <sashipa.ben@gmail.com>\n\n\t* file68/ (Module): Nothing to say\n\n2003-11-14 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* data/Replay/sndh_ice.bin, emu68/emu68.c, file68/file68.c, sc68.sln:\n\t*** empty log message ***\n\n2003-11-13 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* data/Players/sndh_ice.s: Restore SR in play call.", "\n\n2003-11-11 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/conf68.c: Handle amiga interpolation selection.", "\n\n\t* io68/paulaemul.c, io68/paulaemul.h:\n\tAdded linear interpolation selection.", "\n\n2003-11-10 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/file68.vcproj, io68/io68.vcproj, unice68/unice68.vcproj, api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h, api68/api68.vcproj, api68/conf68.c, api68/conf68.h, desa68/desa68.vcproj, emu68/emu68.vcproj, emu68/emu68debug.vcproj:\n\t2.3.0 Windows modifications.", "\n\n2003-11-06 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/api68.vcproj, api68/conf68.c, as68/as68.vcproj, debug68/debug68.vcproj, desa68/desa68.vcproj, emu68/emu68.vcproj, emu68/emu68debug.vcproj, file68/file68.c, file68/file68.vcproj, file68/init68.c, file68/istream68_curl.c, file68/registry68.c, info68/info68.vcproj, io68/io68.vcproj, sc68.sln, sc68/sc68.vcproj, sourcer68/sourcer68.vcproj, unice68/unice68.vcproj:\n\tVarious fix for win32 version and some bugs removal\n\n2003-11-05 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/registry68.c, file68/registry68.h: Windows registry access\n\n\t* file68/istream68_curl.c:\n\tFix compilation problem when curl support disabled\n\n\t* file68/init68.c, file68/init68.h: Add missing files\n\n2003-11-01 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, file68/file68.c: Fix disk playing time when defaulted\n\n\t* file68/file68.c: Fix SNDH header detection\n\n2003-10-30 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* ChangeLog, NEWS, debug68/sc68debug.c, file68/file68.c, file68/istream68_null.c, file68/url68.c, file68/url68.h, info68/info68.c, sc68.ebuild.in, sourcer68/sourcer68.c:\n\tVersion 2.3.0-rc-3 (tools modification for URL access)\n\n\t* NEWS: Update for version 2.3\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h, file68/file68.c, file68/file68.h, file68/url68.c, file68/url68.h:\n\tVersion 2.3-rc-2\n\n2003-10-30 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h, file68/file68.c, file68/file68.h, file68/url68.c, file68/url68.h:\n\tVersion 2.3-rc-2\n\n2003-10-29 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* INSTALL, Makefile.am, api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h, api68/conf68.c, api68/conf68.h, configure.ac, data/config.txt, debug68/debug68_doc.h, debug68/sc68debug.c, doc/devdoc.hin, emu68/cc68.h, emu68/emu68.h, emu68/error68.h, emu68/excep68.h, emu68/getea68.h, emu68/inst68.h, emu68/ioplug68.h, emu68/macro68.h, emu68/mem68.h, emu68/srdef68.h, emu68/struct68.h, emu68/type68.h, file68/Makefile.am, file68/file68.c, file68/file68.h, file68/istream68.c, file68/istream68.h, file68/istream68_curl.c, file68/istream68_curl.h, file68/istream68_fd.c, file68/istream68_z.c, file68/rsc68.c, file68/rsc68.h, file68/string68.h, man/as68.1, man/debug68.1, man/info68.1, man/sc68.1, man/sourcer68.1, man/unice68.1, sc68/sc68.c:\n\tVersion 2.3-rc-1\n\n\t* file68/url68.c, file68/url68.h: url fucntions\n\n2003-10-11 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* io68/io68.h, io68/mfp_io.h, io68/mfpemul.h, io68/mw_io.h, io68/mwemul.h, io68/paula_io.h, io68/paulaemul.h, io68/shifter_io.h, io68/ym_io.h, io68/ymemul.h:\n\tUpdate documentation.", "\n\n2003-10-10 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/Makefile.am, file68/debugmsg68.h, file68/endian68.h, file68/file68.c, file68/file68.h, file68/gzip68.h, file68/ice68.h, file68/istream68_curl.c, file68/istream68_z.c, file68/istream68_z.h:\n\tFix deflate mode. ", "Add gzip support for saving sc68 files.", "\n\n\t* file68/istream68_null.c, file68/istream68_null.h:\n\tAdd null stream support\n\n2003-10-07 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/alloc68.c, file68/alloc68.h, file68/error68.h, file68/istream68.c, file68/istream68.h, file68/istream68_curl.c, file68/istream68_curl.h, file68/istream68_def.h, file68/istream68_fd.h, file68/istream68_file.c, file68/istream68_file.h, file68/istream68_mem.h, file68/rsc68.h, file68/string68.h:\n\tOrganize documentation\n\n\t* file68/Makefile.am, file68/file68.c, file68/file68.h, file68/istream68_z.c, file68/istream68_z.h:\n\tzlib stream support\n\n2003-10-04 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* config_option68.h.in, config_platform68.h.in, configure.ac, file68/istream68_curl.c, file68/istream68_curl.h:\n\tAdd curl istream support.", "\n\n2003-10-02 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* data/Players/deltamusic2.s, data/Players/fred.s, data/Players/sidmon1.s, data/Players/sidmon2.s, data/Players/soundfx.s, data/Replay/deltamusic1.bin, data/Replay/deltamusic2.bin, data/Replay/fred.bin, data/Replay/sidmon1.bin, data/Replay/sidmon2.bin, data/Replay/soundfx.bin, data/Players/deltamusic1.s:\n\tNew Amiga replays provide by by Gerald Schnabel <gschnabel@gmx.de>\n\n\t* sc68.spec.in:\n\tNew spec file provides by Gerald Schnabel <gschnabel@gmx.de>\n\n2003-09-30 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* configure.ac: Forget to change version number\n\n\t* api68/Makefile.am, ChangeLog, NEWS, configure.ac:\n\tRelease 2.2.1 completed\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h, emu68/emu68.h, emu68/getea68.h, emu68/inst68.h, emu68/ioplug68.h, emu68/macro68.h, emu68/mem68.h, emu68/srdef68.h, emu68/struct68.h, file68/debugmsg68.h, file68/istream68_def.h, file68/istream68_fd.h, file68/istream68_file.c, file68/istream68_file.h, file68/istream68_mem.h, sc68.sln:\n\tModification for winamp-3 component (c++ fix)\n\n2003-09-30 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h, emu68/emu68.h, emu68/getea68.h, emu68/inst68.h, emu68/ioplug68.h, emu68/macro68.h, emu68/mem68.h, emu68/srdef68.h, emu68/struct68.h, file68/debugmsg68.h, file68/istream68_def.h, file68/istream68_fd.h, file68/istream68_file.c, file68/istream68_file.h, file68/istream68_mem.h, sc68.sln:\n\tModification for winamp-3 component (c++ fix)\n\n2003-09-25 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/Makefile.am, info68/Makefile.am, io68/Makefile.am, sc68/Makefile.am, sourcer68/Makefile.am, unice68/Makefile.am, api68/Makefile.am, as68/Makefile.am, debug68/Makefile.am, desa68/Makefile.am, emu68/Makefile.am, Makefile.am, configure.ac:\n\tRemove MsVC project file from distrib.", "\n\n\t* sourcer68/sourcer68.vcproj, unice68/unice68.c, unice68/unice68.vcproj, api68/api68.vcproj, as68/as68.vcproj, config68.h, config_package68.h.in, config_platform68.h.in, config_type68.h.in, configure.ac, debug68/debug68.vcproj, desa68/desa68.vcproj, emu68/emu68.c, emu68/emu68.vcproj, emu68/emu68debug.vcproj, file68/file68.vcproj, info68/info68.vcproj, io68/io68.vcproj, io68/mfpemul.c, sc68/sc68.vcproj:\n\tFix for cygwin compilation.", "\n\n\t* desa68/desa68.c, info68/Makefile.am, sc68/Makefile.am, sourcer68/Makefile.am, debug68/Makefile.am, configure.ac, sc68-config.in, sc68.pc.in:\n\tFix link order (cygwin version).", "\n\n2003-09-24 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* config_win32.h: Removed win32 config header (no more needed)\n\n\t* emu68/type68.h, file68/debugmsg68.c, file68/error68.c, file68/file68.c, file68/gzip68.c, file68/istream68_fd.c, file68/istream68_file.c, file68/istream68_mem.c, file68/rsc68.c, info/Makefile.am, info68/info68.c, io68/mwemul.c, io68/paula_io.c, io68/paulaemul.c, io68/ymemul.c, sc68/sc68.c, sourcer68/sourcer68.c, NEWS, api68/api68.c, api68/conf68.c, api68/mixer68.c, as68/as68.c, as68/opcode.c, config68.h, config_option68.h.in, config_package68.h.in, config_platform68.h.in, config_type68.h.in, configure.ac, debug68/SC68debug_comline.c, desa68/desa68.c:\n\tModification for release 2.2.0.", "\n\n2003-09-23 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* debug68/SC68debug_io.c, debug68/SC68debug_io.h, debug68/sc68debug.c:\n\tAdd hardware autodetect\n\n\t* debug68/sc68debug.c, debug68/SC68debug_comline.c:\n\tFix a couple of bug involving replay frequency and time calculation. ", "Many things need to be clean up.", "\n\n\t* file68/file68.c:\n\tFix sndh loader. ", "Sndh header parser does not break at the first error it encounters but to a given number of successive error.", "\n\n\t* data/Players/ssd1.s, data/Replay/ssd1.bin:\n\tNew SidSoundDesigner wrapper. ", "The new SSD wrapper is backward compatible. ", "It handles both old 'SSD1' and new 'SSd1' files. ", "The new file format allows to share many TVS and TRI files in a single 'SSd1' file. ", "Notice that new files will not crash old player because 'SSD1' tags was checked.", "\n\n\t* data/Scripts/SSDtunes.sh: Minor modifications.", "\n\n\t* data/Scripts/SSDextract.sh, data/Scripts/extractor.sh, data/Scripts/unice.sh:\n\t*** empty log message ***\n\n2003-09-22 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.vcproj, as68/as68.vcproj, debug68/debug68.vcproj, desa68/desa68.vcproj, emu68/emu68.vcproj, emu68/emu68debug.vcproj, file68/file68.vcproj, file68/gzip68.c, file68/ice68.c, file68/ice68.h, file68/istream68_fd.c, info68/info68.vcproj, io68/io68.vcproj, io68/mfpemul.c, sc68/sc68.vcproj, sourcer68/sourcer68.vcproj, unice68/unice68.vcproj, config_win32.h, sc68.sln:\n\tEverything has been fixed for the release 2.20\n\n2003-09-21 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, config_package68.h.in, configure.ac:\n\tFix problem force_track out of range bug.", "\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h: Fix bugs in api config. ", "Modify API.", "\n\n2003-09-20 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* configure.ac: Remove config68.h.", "\n\n\t* config68.h.in: *** empty log message ***\n\n\t* config68.h: No more configuration needed\n\n\t* desa68/desa68.dsp, emu68/Makefile.am, emu68/emu68.dsp, emu68/emu68debug.dsp, file68/Makefile.am, file68/file68.dsp, file68/rsc68.c, file68/rsc68.h, info68/Makefile.am, info68/info68.dsp, io68/Makefile.am, io68/io68.dsp, sc68/Makefile.am, sc68/sc68.c, sourcer68/Makefile.am, sourcer68/sourcer68.dsp, unice68/Makefile.am, unice68/unice68.dsp, Makefile.am, api68/Makefile.am, api68/api68.c, api68/api68.dsp, api68/api68.h, api68/conf68.c, as68/Makefile.am, as68/as68.dsp, config_package68.h.in, configure.ac, debug68/Makefile.am, desa68/Makefile.am:\n\tChanges for version 2.2.0\n\n2003-09-19 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/error68.c: *** empty log message ***\n\n\t* config_win32.h, sc68.sln: Fix for Win32 version.", "\n\n2003-09-18 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* sc68.sln: *** empty log message ***\n\n2003-09-17 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/istream68_fd.h, file68/istream68_fd.c:\n\tAdd stream support for file descriptor.", "\n\n2003-09-16 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* sc68.sln: MsVC7 project file\n\n2003-09-12 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.c, api68/api68.h, api68/mixer68.c, as68/as68.c, config_win32.h, debug68/sc68debug.c, emu68/type68.h, file68/file68.c, file68/gzip68.c, file68/rsc68.c, io68/paula_io.c, io68/paulaemul.c, io68/shifter_io.c, sourcer68/sourcer68.c:\n\tFixes for MsVC7\n\n\t* info68/info68.vcproj, io68/io68.vcproj, sc68/sc68.vcproj, sourcer68/sourcer68.vcproj, unice68/unice68.vcproj, api68/api68.vcproj, as68/as68.vcproj, debug68/debug68.vcproj, desa68/desa68.vcproj, emu68/emu68.vcproj, emu68/emu68debug.vcproj, file68/file68.vcproj:\n\tAdd MsVC7 project files\n\n2003-09-10 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* Makefile.am, README.CVS, api68/api68.c, as68/as68_doc.h, config68.h.in, config_option68.h.in, config_package68.h.in, config_platform68.h.in, config_type68.h.in, config_win32.h, configure.ac, debug68/Makefile.am, debug68/SC68debug_comline.c, emu68/type68.h, file68/Makefile.am, file68/gzip68.c, file68/istream68_def.h, file68/istream68_file.c, file68/istream68_mem.c, file68/rsc68.c, info68/info68.c:\n\tSplit configuration header into several files and remove autoheader.", "\n\n2003-09-06 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* NEWS: Add release 2.1.0 message\n\n\t* ChangeLog: *** empty log message ***\n\n\t* README: Update for 2.1.0 release.", "\n\n\t* Makefile.am, configure.ac, debug68/Makefile.am, info68/Makefile.am, sc68-config.in, sc68.pc.in, sc68/Makefile.am, sourcer68/Makefile.am, unice68/Makefile.am, unice68/unice68.h, file68/Makefile.am, file68/gzip68.h:\n\t*** empty log message ***\n\n\t* file68/istream68.c, file68/istream68.h: Add a seek to function.", "\n\n\t* file68/file68.c, file68/ice68.h, file68/ice68.c: Added ice loader\n\n\t* Makefile.am, configure.ac, file68/Makefile.am, file68/gzip68.c, file68/istream68_file.c:\n\t*** empty log message ***\n\n\t* unice68/Makefile.am, unice68/unice68-emul.c, unice68/unice68.c, unice68/unice68.h, unice68/unice68_doc.h, unice68/unice68_native.c:\n\tAdd unice68 library to project.", "\n\tThe new ice depacker is a \"C\" conversion of the original ICE depacker routine. ", "The old emulated version has been copied to unice68-emul.c. ", "The new version of unice68 program use the unice68 library.", "\n\n\t* doc/Makefile.in, doc/devdoc.hin: *** empty log message ***\n\n2003-09-06 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* README: Update for 2.1.0 release.", "\n\n\t* file68/istream68.c, file68/istream68.h: Add a seek to function.", "\n\n\t* file68/file68.c, file68/ice68.h, file68/ice68.c: Added ice loader\n\n\t* unice68/unice_native68.c, unice68/unice68.h Add unice68 library\n\tto project. ", " The new ice depacker is a \"C\" conversion of the\n\toriginal ICE depacker routine. ", "The old emulated version has been\n\tcopied to unice68-emul.c.", "\n\n\t* unice68/unice68.c: The new version of unice68 program use the\n\tunice68 library.", "\n\n2003-09-05 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\t\n\t* file68/gzip68.c, file68/gzip68.h: Add gzip file support.", "\n\n2003-09-03 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/istream68_mem.c, file68/istream68_mem.h: Add memory\n\tstream read/write support.", "\n\n\t* data/Scripts/SNDHinfo.sh: Add Timer-C tag handling.", "\n\n\t* data/Scripts/ Add some script to produce sc68 files.", "\n\n\t* debug68/sc68debug.c: Fix a bug in load data command. ", " Add error\n\thandling for commands and on exit. ", " Add conditionnal execution of\n\tinstruction (very useful for script);\n\n\n2003-08-27 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* file68/rsc68.c: Force replay name to lowercase\n\n\t* data/Replay/: Lowercase filename.", "\n\n\n2003-08-25 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* data/Replay/sndh_ice, data/Players/sndh_ice.s: Fix sndh_ice\n\treplay to deal with both compressed and uncompressed files\n\n2003-08-22 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* api68/api68.dsp: This file is a fake.", "\n\n2003-08-21 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\tAdd tag for revision 2.0.", "\n\n\t* emu68/emu68.c: Fix a bug in emu68 main loop in non-Debug mode.", "\n\tRemove some automake generated files.", "\n\n\t* README.CVS: Information file to help sc68 building from CVS version.", "\n\n\t* Makefile.in, config68.h.in: Remove because this file is\n\tgenerated by autoheader.", "\n\n\t* config68.h.in configure.ac: Add missing file.", "\n\n2003-08-01 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* info/: Remove some files that have nothing to do here.", "\n\n2003-05-15 benjihan <benjihan@ben.sashipa.dyndns.org>\n\n\t* data/Replay/sndh_ice: cream sndh_ice external replay\n\n2003-08-14\n\t\n\t- New API 2.0.0\n\n\n2002-01-24\n\t\n\t- Add hidden screen to winamp GL intro.", "\n\t\n2002-01-22\n\t\n\t- Remove muli-thread bug when seek for a new track in xmms\n\tversion.", "\n\n2002-01-21\n\t\n\t- Improve winamp GL intro to keep a good frame rate by adapting\n\trender parameters.", "\n\t\n\t- Add some tests in 68K emulator in debug mode including PC\n\thistoric and pass counter.", "\n\n2002-01-16\n\t\n\t- Found a multi-thread bug in winamp plugin when seeking for a new\n\ttrack. ", " This removed a lots (if not all) of strange bevahiours in\n\tthe 68K and MFP emulator.", "\n\t\n\t- Now the emulator must be launched with a number of cycle\n\tmultiple of 32. ", "This could be removed without big work.", "\n\n2002-01-13\n\t\n\t- Additionnal entry point list parameter in sourcer command line.", "\n\n\t\n2002-01-02\n\t\n\t- Optimize cycle main loop of envelop generator in YM2149\n\temulator. ", " TODO: The same thing for noise and mixer loops.", "\n\n2001-12-31\n\t\n\t- Improve STE DMA sound emulation (for Tao / TSD player). ", "STE\n\tmicrowire commands emulation still poor. ", "It does not emulate the\n\tshifting of register. ", "This could make some programs enter a dead\n\tlock while waiting for a shift !", "\n\n2001-12-29\n\t\n\t- Add TOS relocation to sourcer.", "\n\t\n\t- Add relative SYMBOL for inside opcode memory access.", "\n\t\n\t- Remove a debug in documentation comment.", "\n\t\n\t- Add modications for Windows compilation in config.h.", "\n\n2001-12-27\n\t\n\t- Include a cool 68000 sourcer to distribution. ", "It implies some\n\timprovements and debugging of the 68000 disassembler.", "\n\t\n\t- Revome ending (PC) from DBcc instructions disassemble.", "\n\t\n\t- Remove some errors in windows package.", "\n\n2001-12-25\n\t\n\t- All source headers were cleaned.", "\n\t\n\t- CVS repository created.", "\n\t\n\t- Jam-Hpn replay from Tao/Cream works.", "\n\t\n\t- Corrected a bug '-@' in info68.texi.", "\n\t\n\t- Add write permission check for user configuration file.", "\n\t\n\t- Remove CVS special files from sc68 resource tarball.", "\n\n2001-12-16\n\t\n\t- Install xmms plugin in $prefix directory and build symbolic link\n\tto xmms input plugin directory.", "\n\t\n2001-12-12\n\t\n\t- Added README, NEWS\n\t\n\t- Added man and info\n\t\n\t- The distrib seems to be nearly clean and GNU standards\n\tcompliants.", "\n\t\n2001-12-10\n\t\n\t- Added sc68 command line player.", "\n\t\n\t- Added as68, info68 and sc68 man page generation.", "\n\t\n2001-12-05\n\t\n\t- Added automake.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "git checkout master\ngit status\ngit commit -am \"Committing changes to master\"\ngit push origin master\ngit checkout gh-pages\ngit rebase master # or merge, whatever your preference\ngit push origin gh-pages\ngit checkout master\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to ensure concurrency of http Cloud Function invocations to only one at a time\n\nI've setup an Http Cloud Function as backend for a reservation system. ", "This function accesses data from Cloud Firestore retrieving existing time of reservation and to check if the reservation has overlaps from the existing times. ", "This would be no problem if only one concurrent instance of the request can be triggered, however I've noticed that when requesting to the same function from multiple sources at the same time, the function would run those multiple request in a somewhat parallel way based on my log.", "\nHere is a snippet of my function below:\nexports = module.exports = functions.https.onCall(async (data, context) => {\n const { stand_id, user_id, reservation } = data;\n const isReservationValid = await checkAvailability(reservation, stand_id);\n\n if (!", "isReservationValid) {\n throw new functions.https.", "HttpsError('aborted', 'Errr');\n }\n\n return await createReservation(stand_id, user_id, reservation);\n});\n\nThe problem arises if I call this function and pass in the same stand_id, and overlapping reservation times, I've noticed that the function wouldn't wait for the whichever is the first function to get invoked to finish before starting the subsequent requests.", "\nIs there a way I can solve this problem better? ", "Or any workaround?", "\nOr did I just misunderstood the documentation below?:", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't arrange for only once function to be invoked at a time. ", " You should expect that Cloud Functions will scale up multiple server instances to handle load, then scale them down when they're no longer needed. ", " This is an important feature of Cloud Functions, since the system absolutely needs to scale under load.", "\nThe documentation you're referring to is saying that a single Cloud Functions instance can only handle one request at a time. ", " But you need to first read and understand the first paragraph in that section, as this behavior will never change:\n\nCloud Functions may start multiple function instances to scale your\n function up to meet the current load. ", "These instances run in parallel,\n which results in having more than one parallel function execution.", "\n\nIf your functions need to write to Firestore in your function, and those functions might be writing to the same document, you need to use a transaction to make sure each of those updates do not overwrite each other in a way that causes data loss.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "An idea to build a reproduction of London's Globe Theatre made entirely from shipping containers is being floated in Detroit.", "\n\nAngus Vail, a New Yorker who manages the business affairs of rock musicians and opera singers, came up with the idea for the Shakespearean theater. ", "He's designed and patented the \"Container Globe,\" a full-size, open-air reimagining of the Globe Theatre.", "\n\nThough he has had preliminary discussions with associates in Denver, Los Angeles and other cities about building the theater in one of those cities, Vail said in a release that he's most interested in bringing it to Detroit's cultural district along the Woodward Avenue corridor.", "\n\nWhile in the city on music tours and working on trademark and intellectual property matters for his bands with Warner Norcross & Judd LLP, Vail said he's become a fan of Detroit.", "\n\n\"I love this city's grit and its stunning comeback, and also the way Detroiters support all kinds of cultural events — rock, electronic music, opera, Broadway and … Motown.\"", "\n\nA small theater with engaged audiences participating in the action will be \"a home run, or as Shakespeare might say, 'such stuff as dreams are made on,'\" he said.", "\n\nVail has been in Detroit this year, sharing his vision with local companies and foundations, arts organizations and the city. ", "The response has been \"extraordinarily positive,\" said Bud Liebler, principal of the Liebler Group, which is assisting Vail with local outreach.", "\n\nLiebler declined to say which organizations Vail has approached so far, but said the early feedback has been very encouraging.", "\n\nVail estimates the cost of building the theater, which could be disassembled and moved, would be about $6 million.", "\n\nAs planned, it would be lit from within and enclosed by metallic mesh to preserve an open-air feeling, while providing some protection from the elements.", "\n\nThe theater would have capacity for 650 seated patrons and space for another 550 to stand in the \"yard.\"", "\n\nIt would operate April through October and be available to host other events, from rock concerts and other musical performances to contemporary theater conferences and educational events.", "\n\nVail's business plan calls for ticket prices ranging from $75 for seats to $10 or less for the yard to attract students and other young people.", "\n\nFor its part, the Globe Theatre in London has encouraged Vail to go forward with the project and voiced interest in participating at a production level, perhaps by sending its world-class productions to Detroit, Liebler said." ]

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[ "[Prevention and management of blindness following endonasal sinus surgery].", "\nTo explore the causes and the management of serious eye complications occurring in the endoscopic sinus surgery. ", "Three patients of chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps suffered with blindness in endoscopic sinus surgery and in nasal packing with iodoform and petrolatum gauze were treated. ", "Orbital wall and structure were injured in 2 cases during endoscopic sinus surgery, among which, 1 case blinded with deformation of the eyeball during operation underwent optic nerve exploration and orbital muscle reparation immediately. ", "One case developed periocular swelling, eyelid hematoma, conjunctiva edema and blinded 2 days later, and was treated with hematoma clearance and optic nerve decompression. ", "Another 1 case blinded immediately after ethmoid packing, and vision recovered after nasal pack removed. ", "Antibiotics, corticosteroid and nerve growth factor were administered for 4 weeks in all patients. ", "After 6-month follow-up, 1 case was blinded with eyeball atrophy, 1 case was only photonasty, another regained normal vision. ", "The causes of blindness in endoscopic sinus surgery are directly related to orbital structure trauma and orbital hematoma. ", "The optic nerve during operation should be protected carefully, if ethmoid sinus over development is demonstrated by CT scan. ", "The application of gauze should be avoided when the medial orbital wall is injured. ", "Decompression of optic nerve should be performed as early as possible, if vision damaged." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "ICC World Cup: No divided loyalties for Indian cricket enthusiasts in UAE\n\nDubai: As India take on the United Arab Emirates at Perth tomorrow in a Pool B World Cup match, the cricket enthusiasts living here do not see this as a battle of loyalties.", "\n\nFor most it's just another World Cup match, while others see this as a proud moment for the local team, which isn't expected to cause much worries to the Men in Blue.", "\n\nTelevision host and entrepreneur Mehirr Nath Chopra says he is very proud of the UAE cricket team's performance during the tournament so far.", "\n\n\"They have played hard and fought well. ", "Very professional and world stage worthy,\" he said.", "\n\nChopra has lived in the UAE for more than a decade.", "\n\n\"Safe to say Dubai is my home and the UAE team makes me proud,\" he said.", "\n\nHowever, the Indian cricket team is his obsession.", "\n\n\"I am a life-long India fan. ", "Good or bad, form or no form, controversial or clean I am a permanent supporter.", "\n\n\"Come Saturday, I'm bleeding Blue,\" he said.", "\n\nFor Munawwar Ali Khan, professor of biotechnology at a local university, it would be India all the way.", "\n\n\"I didn't like it when the UAE went down against Ireland earlier this week,\" he said.", "\n\nHowever, there is no dilemma as far as tomorrow's match is concerned.", "\n\n\"It's going to be India all the way,\" he said.", "\n\nMaansaa Kumar, who hails from Kerala, said there was no question of supporting any team other than India.", "\n\n\"Definitely supporting India, because according to me, our cricket team is the best. ", "And also, India is my country so I'd definitely root for them during any match,\" she said, adding that \"anyway most of the UAE team comprises players from the subcontinent\".", "\n\nMeanwhile, there are some people who can't understand what the fuss is all about.", "\n\n\"Passion is one thing but I can't understand why people go to the extent of calling in sick to watch the match,\" said a public relations professional Anand George." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSerializing POJO to JSON - Input parameterization\n\nI have 4 POJO's ( links )\nand I have a class file that is going to map values based on these POJO's ( Link )\nWhen i run the code\npublic static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n Input user = new Input();\n user.setId(\"0001\");\n user.setType(\"donut\");\n user.setName(\"cake\");\n user.setPpu(0.55);\n\nthe below is my output\n{\n \"id\" : \"0001\",\n \"type\" : \"donut\",\n \"name\" : \"cake\",\n \"ppu\" : 0.55,\n \"batters\" : null,\n \"topping\" : [ ]\n}\n\nHowever, I'd like my output to be\n{ \"id\": \"0001\", \"type\": \"donut\", \"name\": \"Cake\", \"ppu\": 0.55, \"batters\": \n{ \"batter\": [{ \"id\": \"1001\", \"type\": \"Regular\" }, \n{ \"id\": \"1004\", \"type\": \"Devil's Food\" } ] }, \"topping\": [{ \"id\": \"5001\", \n\"type\": \"None\" }, { \"id\": \"5004\", \"type\": \"Maple\" } ] }\n\nI am not sure how i can improvise the code to print the output like how i expect, Thanks\nExpected : Batters, Toppings values also\n\nA:\n\nYou should use something like this: \npublic static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {\n Input user = new Input();\n user.setId(\"0001\");\n user.setType(\"donut\");\n user.setName(\"Cake\");\n user.setPpu(0.55);\n\n // Add Regular batter\n Batter batter1 = new Batter();\n batter1.setId(\"0001\");\n batter1.setType(\"Regular\");\n\n // Add Devil's Food batter\n Batter batter2 = new Batter();\n batter2.setId(\"1004\");\n batter2.setType(\"Devil's Food\");\n\n Batters batters = new Batters();\n batters.setBatter(Arrays.asList(batter1, batter2));\n user.setBatters(batters); \n\n // Add toppings\n Topping topping1 = new Topping();\n topping1.setId(\"5001\");\n topping1.setId(\"None\");\n\n Topping topping2 = new Topping();\n topping2.setId(\"5004\");\n topping2.setId(\"Maple\");\n\n users.setTopping(Arrays.asList(topping1, topping2));\n\n ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();\n mapper.enable(SerializationFeature.", "INDENT_OUTPUT);\n\n String json = mapper.writeValueAsString(user);\n System.out.println(json); // expected string\n\n" ]

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[ "All the Phat Cat Videos - MUST SEE\n\nBig butt plumper Catalina Cumalot masturbates for you in this exclusive new video! ", "She uses a big dildo on her juicy pussy on her back and on hands and knees and fingers her hard clit until she cums!", "\nThis version is specifically formatted in MP4 format for use on your mobile device!", "\n\nSexy chubby Sinnerkitten gives us a peek at some very personal time. ", "She leaves the bathroom door open as she takes a break for a cigarette and to rub one out. ", "This spectacled plumper takes long\ndrags off her smoke as she rubs her shaved pussy until she comes and comes.", "\n\nCurvy, hippy, Catalina Cumalot is taking a shower, and you can watch as she soaps up every inch of her voluptuous body. ", "She washes her hair and then scrubs her soft saggy tits, thick thighs, and of\ncourse her big, jiggly booty! ", "She pays special attention to her fat butt and her sweet pussy, getting them extra clean!", "\n\nTwo hot and horny blonde chubby MILFs get it on in this scene! ", "Both BJ Givens and busty Lexxus are plump blondes with big natural tits and fat juicy butts. ", "What starts out as a tease photo shoot\nquickly turned into one of the hottest girl-girl lesbian scenes I have ever shot! ", "These two lick each other's shaved pussies and use fingers and toys to bring each other to multiple screaming\norgasms. ", "Yum!!", "\n\nPlump dusky Amelia has always had a fantasy of getting fucked and sucking dick while blindfolded. ", "So her boyfriend set it up so she gets her wish! ", "He has two friends meet her in a hotel room where\nshe's ready to strip 'em down and let them use her. ", "She's already naked except for her blindfold and chunky black high heels and wastes no time .... She's on her knees sampling a semi-soft treat of\ncut white dick. ", "It doesn't stay soft for long as her talented hands and mouth go to work. ", "She's utterly naked except for her blindfold and chunky shoes, and her chubby curves undulate as she wallows\nin the taste sensation of new, unseen cock!" ]

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[ "HorrorScope (webzine)\n\nHorrorScope: The Australian Dark Fiction Web Log is a news and review webzine dedicated to horror literature and movies. ", "The zine was created by Australian independent publisher Brimstone Press in August 2005. ", "HorrorScope and its editors have won two Ditmar Awards (Australian Science Fiction Achievement Awards) and attracted several award nominations.", "\n\nPublication history\nThe zine is edited by a group of reviewers led by founder and managing editor Shane Jiraiya Cummings. ", "Aside from Cummings, the foundation HorrorScope staff writers were Stephanie Gunn, A D John, Andrew J McKiernan, Miranda Siemienowicz, Mark Smith-Briggs, and Matthew Tait. ", "Heather Gammage joined the staff in December 2006.", "\n\nThe Australian Horror Writers Association's news service was amalgamated with HorrorScope in March 2007. ", "With AHWA news editor Talie Helene joining the HorrorScope editorial team, the combined serviced provided a single, streamlined source for Australian horror publishing news. ", "Award-winning horror writer and critic Robert Hood joined the HorrorScope team in August 2007.", "\n\nAside from regular news items and reviews of books, magazines, and movies, HorrorScope has published interviews with notable Australian and international horror and speculative fiction authors such as RL Stine, Will Elliott, Stephen Dedman, Martin Livings, Brett McBean, Rocky Wood, Queenie Chan, Jason Nahrung, and David Conyers.", "\n\nAwards\n\nWins\n2007 Ditmar Award, Fanzine: HorrorScope (ed. ", "Shane Jiraiya Cummings et al.)", "\n2006 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Shane Jiraiya Cummings (HorrorScope)\n\nNominations\n2007 William Atheling Jr Award: Paraspheres review by Miranda Siemienowicz (HorrorScope)\n2007 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Shane Jiraiya Cummings (HorrorScope)\n2007 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Stephanie Gunn (HorrorScope)\n2007 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Miranda Siemienowicz (HorrorScope)\n2007 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Mark Smith-Briggs (HorrorScope)\n2007 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Matthew Tait (HorrorScope)\n2006 Ditmar Award, Fanzine: HorrorScope (ed. ", "Shane Jiraiya Cummings et al.)", "\n2006 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Shane Jiraiya Cummings (HorrorScope)\n2006 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Stephanie Gunn (HorrorScope)\n2009 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Chuck McKenzie (HorrorScope)\n2010 Ditmar Award, Fan Writer: Chuck McKenzie (HorrorScope)\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nBrimstone Press website\nAustralian Horror Writers Association website\n\nCategory:2005 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Australian literary magazines\nCategory:Horror fiction magazines\nCategory:Online magazines\nCategory:Magazines established in 2005\nCategory:Magazines disestablished in 2011\nCategory:Defunct magazines of Australia\nCategory:2011 disestablishments in Australia\nCategory:Horror fiction websites" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0008181269513443112, 0.0007840934558771551, 0.0006198262562975287, 0.0006989706889726222, 0.000688853906467557, 0.0006686978740617633, 0.0005985185271129012, 0.0006118803867138922, 0.000697595183737576, 0.0006229829741641879, 0.0007383835036307573, 0.0006385965389199555, 0.0007414687424898148, 0.0006385965389199555, 0.0006779471295885742 ]

[ "require_relative 'helper'\n\nmodule Psych\n class TestDeprecated < TestCase\n def teardown\n Psych.domain_types.clear\n end\n\n class QuickEmitter\n attr_reader :name\n attr_reader :value\n\n def initialize\n @name = 'hello!!'", "\n @value = 'Friday!'", "\n end\n\n def to_yaml opts = {}\n Psych.quick_emit object_id, opts do |out|\n out.map taguri, to_yaml_style do |map|\n map.add 'name', @name\n map.add 'value', nil\n end\n end\n end\n end\n\n def setup\n @qe = QuickEmitter.new\n end\n\n def test_quick_emit\n qe2 = Psych.load @qe.to_yaml\n assert_equal @qe.name, qe2.name\n assert_instance_of QuickEmitter, qe2\n assert_nil qe2.value\n end\n\n def test_recursive_quick_emit\n hash = { :qe => @qe }\n hash2 = Psych.load Psych.dump hash\n qe = hash2[:qe]\n\n assert_equal @qe.name, qe.name\n assert_instance_of QuickEmitter, qe\n assert_nil qe.value\n end\n\n class QuickEmitterEncodeWith\n attr_reader :name\n attr_reader :value\n\n def initialize\n @name = 'hello!!'", "\n @value = 'Friday!'", "\n end\n\n def encode_with coder\n coder.map do |map|\n map.add 'name', @name\n map.add 'value', nil\n end\n end\n\n def to_yaml opts = {}\n raise\n end\n end\n\n ###\n # An object that defines both to_yaml and encode_with should only call\n # encode_with.", "\n def test_recursive_quick_emit_encode_with\n qeew = QuickEmitterEncodeWith.new\n hash = { :qe => qeew }\n hash2 = Psych.load Psych.dump hash\n qe = hash2[:qe]\n\n assert_equal qeew.name, qe.name\n assert_instance_of QuickEmitterEncodeWith, qe\n assert_nil qe.value\n end\n\n class YamlInit\n attr_reader :name\n attr_reader :value\n\n def initialize\n @name = 'hello!!'", "\n @value = 'Friday!'", "\n end\n\n def yaml_initialize tag, vals\n vals.each { |ivar, val| instance_variable_set \"@#{ivar}\", 'TGIF!' }", "\n end\n end\n\n def test_yaml_initialize\n hash = { :yi => YamlInit.new }\n hash2 = Psych.load Psych.dump hash\n yi = hash2[:yi]\n\n assert_equal 'TGIF!', ", "yi.name\n assert_equal 'TGIF!', ", "yi.value\n assert_instance_of YamlInit, yi\n end\n\n class YamlInitAndInitWith\n attr_reader :name\n attr_reader :value\n\n def initialize\n @name = 'shaners'\n @value = 'Friday!'", "\n end\n\n def init_with coder\n coder.map.each { |ivar, val| instance_variable_set \"@#{ivar}\", 'TGIF!' }", "\n end\n\n def yaml_initialize tag, vals\n raise\n end\n end\n\n ###\n # An object that implements both yaml_initialize and init_with should not\n # receive the yaml_initialize call.", "\n def test_yaml_initialize_and_init_with\n hash = { :yi => YamlInitAndInitWith.new }\n hash2 = Psych.load Psych.dump hash\n yi = hash2[:yi]\n\n assert_equal 'TGIF!', ", "yi.name\n assert_equal 'TGIF!', ", "yi.value\n assert_instance_of YamlInitAndInitWith, yi\n end\n\n def test_coder_scalar\n coder = Psych::Coder.new 'foo'\n coder.scalar('tag', 'some string', :plain)\n assert_equal 'tag', coder.tag\n assert_equal 'some string', coder.scalar\n assert_equal :scalar, coder.type\n end\n\n class YamlAs\n yaml_as 'helloworld'\n end\n\n def test_yaml_as\n assert_match(/helloworld/, Psych.dump(YamlAs.new))\n end\n\n def test_ruby_type\n types = []\n appender = lambda { |*args| types << args }\n\n Psych.add_ruby_type('foo', &appender)\n Psych.load <<-eoyml\n- !", "ruby.yaml.org,2002/foo bar\n eoyml\n\n assert_equal [[\"tag:ruby.yaml.org,2002:foo\", \"bar\"]], types\n end\n\n def test_detect_implicit\n assert_equal '', Psych.detect_implicit(nil)\n assert_equal '', Psych.detect_implicit(Object.new)\n assert_equal '', Psych.detect_implicit(1.2)\n assert_equal 'null', Psych.detect_implicit('')\n assert_equal 'string', Psych.detect_implicit('foo')\n end\n\n def test_private_type\n types = []\n Psych.add_private_type('foo') { |*args| types << args }\n Psych.load <<-eoyml\n- !", "x-private:foo bar\n eoyml\n\n assert_equal [[\"x-private:foo\", \"bar\"]], types\n end\n\n def test_tagurize\n assert_nil Psych.tagurize nil\n assert_equal Psych, Psych.tagurize(Psych)\n assert_equal 'tag:yaml.org,2002:foo', Psych.tagurize('foo')\n end\n\n def test_read_type_class\n things = Psych.read_type_class 'tag:yaml.org,2002:int:Psych::TestDeprecated::QuickEmitter', Object\n assert_equal 'int', things.first\n assert_equal Psych::TestDeprecated::QuickEmitter, things.last\n end\n\n def test_read_type_class_no_class\n things = Psych.read_type_class 'tag:yaml.org,2002:int', Object\n assert_equal 'int', things.first\n assert_equal Object, things.last\n end\n\n def test_object_maker\n thing = Psych.object_maker(Object, { 'a' => 'b', 'c' => 'd' })\n assert_instance_of(Object, thing)\n assert_equal 'b', thing.instance_variable_get(:@a)\n assert_equal 'd', thing.instance_variable_get(:@c)\n end\n end\nend\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "/**\n * NOTE: This copyright does *not* cover user programs that use HQ\n * program services by normal system calls through the application\n * program interfaces provided as part of the Hyperic Plug-in Development\n * Kit or the Hyperic Client Development Kit - this is merely considered\n * normal use of the program, and does *not* fall under the heading of\n * \"derived work\".", "\n *\n * Copyright (C) [2009-2011], VMware, Inc.\n * This file is part of HQ.", "\n *\n * HQ is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify\n * it under the terms version 2 of the GNU General Public License as\n * published by the Free Software Foundation. ", "This program is distributed\n * in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without\n * even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A\n * PARTICULAR PURPOSE. ", "See the GNU General Public License for more\n * details.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307\n * USA.", "\n *\n */\n\npackage org.hyperic.hq.appdef.server.session;\n\nimport java.util.", "Collection;\nimport java.util.", "Collections;\nimport java.util.", "HashSet;\nimport java.util.", "Map;\nimport java.util.", "Map.", "Entry;\nimport java.util.concurrent.atomic.", "AtomicBoolean;\n\nimport org.apache.commons.logging.", "Log;\nimport org.apache.commons.logging.", "LogFactory;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.agent.", "FileDataResult;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.agent.server.session.", "AgentDataTransferJob;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.appdef.shared.", "AgentManager;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.appdef.shared.", "AgentPluginUpdater;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.authz.server.session.", "AuthzSubject;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.authz.shared.", "AuthzSubjectManager;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.common.", "SystemException;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.product.", "Plugin;\nimport org.hyperic.hq.product.shared.", "PluginManager;\nimport org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.", "Autowired;\nimport org.springframework.context.annotation.", "Scope;\nimport org.springframework.stereotype.", "Component;\n\n@Component\n@Scope(\"prototype\")\npublic class PluginSyncJob implements AgentDataTransferJob {\n \n private static final String AGENT_PLUGIN_TRANSFER = AgentPluginUpdater.", "AGENT_PLUGIN_TRANSFER;\n private Integer agentId;\n private Collection<Plugin> plugins;\n private Collection<String> toRemove;\n private AgentManager agentManager;\n private AgentPluginSyncRestartThrottle agentPluginSyncRestartThrottle;\n private AuthzSubject overlord;\n private PluginManager pluginManager;\n private boolean restartAgent = true;\n private static final Log log = LogFactory.getLog(PluginSyncJob.class);\n private AtomicBoolean success = new AtomicBoolean(false);\n\n @Autowired\n public PluginSyncJob(AgentManager agentManager,\n PluginManager pluginManager,\n AgentPluginSyncRestartThrottle agentPluginSyncRestartThrottle,\n AuthzSubjectManager authzSubjectManager) {\n this.agentManager = agentManager;\n this.agentPluginSyncRestartThrottle = agentPluginSyncRestartThrottle;\n this.pluginManager = pluginManager;\n this.overlord = authzSubjectManager.getOverlordPojo();\n }\n \n public String getJobDescription() {\n return AGENT_PLUGIN_TRANSFER;\n }\n\n public int getAgentId() {\n return agentId;\n }\n\n public void execute() {\n try {\n final Collection<String> pluginNames = getPluginFileNames(plugins);\n final FileDataResult[] transferResult =\n agentManager.transferAgentPlugins(overlord, agentId, pluginNames);\n if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {\n return;\n }\n Map<String, Boolean> removeResult = null;\n if (toRemove !", "= null && !", "toRemove.isEmpty()) {\n removeResult = agentManager.agentRemovePlugins(overlord, agentId, toRemove);\n }\n if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {\n return;\n }\n logDebugs(transferResult, removeResult);\n restartAgentAndLogErrors(transferResult, removeResult, agentManager);\n if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {\n return;\n }\n success.set(true);\n } catch (Exception e) {\n pluginManager.updateAgentPluginSyncStatusInNewTran(\n AgentPluginStatusEnum.", "SYNC_FAILURE, agentId, plugins);\n throw new SystemException(\n \"error transferring agent plugins to agentId=\" + agentId, e);\n }\n }\n\n private void logDebugs(FileDataResult[] transferResult, Map<String, Boolean> removeResult) {\n final boolean debug = log.isDebugEnabled();\n if (!", "debug) {\n return;\n }\n if (transferResult !", "= null) {\n for (int i=0; i<transferResult.length; i++) {\n if (debug) log.debug(transferResult[i]);\n }\n }\n if (removeResult !", "= null) {\n for (Entry<String, Boolean> entry : removeResult.entrySet()) {\n if (debug) log.debug(entry.getKey() + \":\" + entry.getValue());\n }\n }\n }\n\n private Collection<String> getPluginFileNames(Collection<Plugin> plugins) {\n if (plugins == null) {\n return Collections.emptyList();\n }\n final Collection<String> rtn = new HashSet<String>(plugins.size());\n for (final Plugin plugin : plugins) {\n if (plugin == null) {\n continue;\n }\n rtn.add(plugin.getPath());\n }\n return rtn;\n }\n\n private void restartAgentAndLogErrors(FileDataResult[] transferResult,\n Map<String, Boolean> removeResult,\n AgentManager agentManager) {\n if (removeResult !", "= null && !", "removeResult.isEmpty()) {\n for (final Entry<String, Boolean> entry : removeResult.entrySet()) {\n final String file = entry.getKey();\n final Boolean removed = entry.getValue();\n if (!", "removed) {\n log.error(\"error removing plugin file=\" + file + \" from agentId=\" + agentId);\n }\n }\n if (restartAgent) {\n agentPluginSyncRestartThrottle.restartAgent(agentId);\n }\n return;\n }\n if (!", "restartAgent) {\n return;\n }\n for (final FileDataResult res : transferResult) {\n if (res.getSendBytes() > 0) {\n agentPluginSyncRestartThrottle.restartAgent(agentId);\n return;\n }\n }\n }\n\n public void setPlugins(Collection<Plugin> plugins) {\n this.plugins = plugins;\n }\n\n public Collection<Plugin> getPlugins() {\n return plugins;\n }\n\n public void setAgentId(Integer agentId) {\n this.agentId = agentId;\n }\n\n public void setToRemove(Collection<String> toRemove) {\n this.toRemove = toRemove;\n }\n\n public Collection<String> getToRemove() {\n return toRemove;\n }\n\n public void onFailure(String reason) {\n log.warn(\"failed plugin sync job on agent \" + agentId + \": \" + reason);\n pluginManager.updateAgentPluginSyncStatus(\n AgentPluginStatusEnum.", "SYNC_FAILURE,\n Collections.singletonMap(agentId, plugins),\n Collections.singletonMap(agentId, toRemove));\n }\n\n public void restartAgent(boolean restartAgent) {\n this.restartAgent = restartAgent;\n }\n\n public boolean wasSuccessful() {\n return success.get();\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "from mlagents_envs.side_channel import SideChannel, IncomingMessage, OutgoingMessage\nfrom mlagents_envs.exception import UnityCommunicationException\nimport uuid\nfrom enum import IntEnum\nfrom typing import List, Tuple\n\n\nclass EnvironmentParametersChannel(SideChannel):\n \"\"\"\n This is the SideChannel for sending environment parameters to Unity.", "\n You can send parameters to an environment with the command\n set_float_parameter.", "\n \"\"\"\n\n class EnvironmentDataTypes(IntEnum):\n FLOAT = 0\n SAMPLER = 1\n\n class SamplerTypes(IntEnum):\n UNIFORM = 0\n GAUSSIAN = 1\n MULTIRANGEUNIFORM = 2\n\n def __init__(self) -> None:\n channel_id = uuid.", "UUID(\"534c891e-810f-11ea-a9d0-822485860400\")\n super().__init__(channel_id)\n\n def on_message_received(self, msg: IncomingMessage) -> None:\n raise UnityCommunicationException(\n \"The EnvironmentParametersChannel received a message from Unity, \"\n + \"this should not have happend.\"", "\n )\n\n def set_float_parameter(self, key: str, value: float) -> None:\n \"\"\"\n Sets a float environment parameter in the Unity Environment.", "\n :param key: The string identifier of the parameter.", "\n :param value: The float value of the parameter.", "\n \"\"\"\n msg = OutgoingMessage()\n msg.write_string(key)\n msg.write_int32(self.", "EnvironmentDataTypes.", "FLOAT)\n msg.write_float32(value)\n super().queue_message_to_send(msg)\n\n def set_uniform_sampler_parameters(\n self, key: str, min_value: float, max_value: float, seed: int\n ) -> None:\n \"\"\"\n Sets a uniform environment parameter sampler.", "\n :param key: The string identifier of the parameter.", "\n :param min_value: The minimum of the sampling distribution.", "\n :param max_value: The maximum of the sampling distribution.", "\n :param seed: The random seed to initialize the sampler.", "\n \"\"\"\n msg = OutgoingMessage()\n msg.write_string(key)\n msg.write_int32(self.", "EnvironmentDataTypes.", "SAMPLER)\n msg.write_int32(seed)\n msg.write_int32(self.", "SamplerTypes.", "UNIFORM)\n msg.write_float32(min_value)\n msg.write_float32(max_value)\n super().queue_message_to_send(msg)\n\n def set_gaussian_sampler_parameters(\n self, key: str, mean: float, st_dev: float, seed: int\n ) -> None:\n \"\"\"\n Sets a gaussian environment parameter sampler.", "\n :param key: The string identifier of the parameter.", "\n :param mean: The mean of the sampling distribution.", "\n :param st_dev: The standard deviation of the sampling distribution.", "\n :param seed: The random seed to initialize the sampler.", "\n \"\"\"\n msg = OutgoingMessage()\n msg.write_string(key)\n msg.write_int32(self.", "EnvironmentDataTypes.", "SAMPLER)\n msg.write_int32(seed)\n msg.write_int32(self.", "SamplerTypes.", "GAUSSIAN)\n msg.write_float32(mean)\n msg.write_float32(st_dev)\n super().queue_message_to_send(msg)\n\n def set_multirangeuniform_sampler_parameters(\n self, key: str, intervals: List[Tuple[float, float]], seed: int\n ) -> None:\n \"\"\"\n Sets a multirangeuniform environment parameter sampler.", "\n :param key: The string identifier of the parameter.", "\n :param intervals: The lists of min and max that define each uniform distribution.", "\n :param seed: The random seed to initialize the sampler.", "\n \"\"\"\n msg = OutgoingMessage()\n msg.write_string(key)\n msg.write_int32(self.", "EnvironmentDataTypes.", "SAMPLER)\n msg.write_int32(seed)\n msg.write_int32(self.", "SamplerTypes.", "MULTIRANGEUNIFORM)\n flattened_intervals = [value for interval in intervals for value in interval]\n msg.write_float32_list(flattened_intervals)\n super().queue_message_to_send(msg)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Author Comments\n\nWhen a routine treasure hunt goes awry, McCoy is transformed into a walking cactus by the ancient Curse of Thorns. ", "McCoy's mission is to return the Thorned Emerald to its true home. ", "If he fails, the curse will continue until he is a lifeless, stone cactus.", "\n\nThis latest free game by Flipline Studios throws you into a Wild West world filled with ruthless outlaws, mysterious curses, and more treasures than you can swing a stick at.", "\nRun, jump, and punch your way through an army of Enemigos sent by the monstrous Hex Hatfield. ", "Throughout the many dangerous areas, you will find and master a barrage of weapons from razor-sharp machetes to giant bazookas. ", "As you travel, you will uncover missing map pieces that will guide you to the source of the curse. ", "Along the way, you can hunt for treasure, compete in time trials, take on unique challenges, or unlock over 80 badges.", "\n\nMaster the art of \"Enemigo Juggling\" to steal weapons and money from the villainous outlaws. ", "You can then use those spoils to upgrade your many different fighting stats.", "\n\nCan you become the toughest Cactus in town, and break the ancient Curse of Thorns?", "\n\nRated 5 / 5 stars2011-03-21 16:56:34\n\nThe most badass cactus of all time!", "\n\nIncredibly awesome game!", "\nThe gameplay is quite simple, the music is just sweet, and overall, the level designs and graphics are a charm. ", "But what I just LOVE about this game, is the weapons.", "\n...\n...I mean, you get to beat the crap out of villains with a CACTUS! ", "Don't tell me that no one ever wished to do that!" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nAvian influenza viruses naturally circulate in wild aquatic birds as a diverse population having 16 HA and 9 NA antigenic subtypes [@pone.0005788-Webster1], [@pone.0005788-Fouchier1]. ", "When these wild bird-origin viruses are transmitted to new hosts, including domestic gallinaceous poultry, horses, swine and humans, they can undergo adaptive changes leading to the establishment of infection with increased transmissibility and pathogenicity; adaptation to domestic poultry species is seen most frequently [@pone.0005788-Webster2], [@pone.0005788-Alexander1]. ", "To date, mainly viruses belonging to H5, H7 and H9 subtypes have gained sufficient adaptive molecular changes to become established in domestic poultry and to cause mild to severe disease [@pone.0005788-Alexander2], [@pone.0005788-Xu1]. ", "These viruses also pose a threat of zoonotic infection [@pone.0005788-Guo1], [@pone.0005788-Butt1], [@pone.0005788-Peiris1], [@pone.0005788-Lin1]. ", "In contrast to H5 and H7 viruses, avian H9 subtypes exist only as low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. ", "The H9N2 subtype has become prevalent in domestic poultry in many countries in Asia and the Middle East since the late 1990\\'s [@pone.0005788-Alexander2], [@pone.0005788-Guan1], [@pone.0005788-Alexander3], [@pone.0005788-Naeem1], [@pone.0005788-Aamir1]. ", "Despite being LPAI viruses, these viruses have gained the ability to cause severe respiratory distress accompanied by high morbidity and mortality and a marked reduction in egg production [@pone.0005788-Bano1], [@pone.0005788-Kishida1]. ", "The frequent heavy losses incurred with H9N2 infection have raised serious concerns for the poultry industry in many countries.", "\n\nIn Pakistan the first H9N2 outbreak in poultry was reported in 1998 [@pone.0005788-Naeem1]. ", "These viruses showed a close relationship with H9N2 viruses circulating in Hong Kong in 1997, and were phylogenetically grouped together within the G1-lineage (Qa/HK/G1/97, HK/1073/99) of H9N2 viruses [@pone.0005788-Cameron1]. ", "Since 1999 the poultry industry in Pakistan has also experienced sporadic infection with H7N3 and H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses [@pone.0005788-Naeem2] including the cross-species transmission of H5N1 viruses to humans in late 2007, thought to have led to a family cluster of human cases [@pone.0005788-WHO1]. ", "In response to the circulation of these viruses in poultry an extensive vaccination programme against H5, H7 and H9 subtype viruses is practised to reduce their impact [@pone.0005788-Naeem3]. ", "The extensive co-circulation of H9N2 viruses with other avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1 and H7N3 subtypes, coupled with extensive vaccination, is likely to generate appropriate conditions for the generation of novel variant and reassortant viruses, possibly with increased epizootic and zoonotic potential.", "\n\nTo analyse the genetic nature of H9N2 viruses in the enzootic region of Pakistan, we sequenced the complete coding regions of all eight segments of twelve H9N2 viruses isolated between May 2005 and March 2008 from poultry flocks in the Punjab and the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan. ", "The results showed that these H9N2 viruses had changed considerably compared with previous H9N2 viruses. ", "The eight gene segments of these viruses no longer clustered in a single established Eurasian H9N2 virus sublineage but there was evidence for complex reassortment of genes from viruses belonging to H9N2 (G1-lineage) HPAI H5N1 (Z-genotype), and HPAI H7N3 viruses. ", "Therefore, these viruses represent novel genotypes of H9N2 viruses, the potential consequences of which should not be overlooked.", "\n\nMaterials and Methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nVirus isolation and propagation {#s2a}\n-------------------------------\n\nThe twelve viruses under study (UDL viruses) were isolated at the University Diagnostic Laboratory (UDL) Lahore, from farm outbreaks in the Punjab and the NWFP of Pakistan ([Table S1](#pone.0005788.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Viruses were propagated in 10-day old embryonated hens\\' eggs and initial subtype identification was performed using standard hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays and neuraminidase inhibition assays [@pone.0005788-Alexander4] using a panel of reference antisera and reference antigens obtained from the OIE Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory (VLA Weybridge-UK).", "\n\nIntravenous pathogenicity testing {#s2b}\n---------------------------------\n\nIntravenous pathogenicity testing was carried out using standard methods [@pone.0005788-Alexander5] with groups of 10, 6-week old chicks infected with virus diluted in physiological saline. ", "Infected birds were examined for disease signs daily and the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) was recorded.", "\n\nNucleotide sequence analysis {#s2c}\n----------------------------\n\nViral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluid using the High Pure RNA Extraction Kit (Roche Diagnostics) and cDNA was prepared using an influenza universal oligonucleotide primer, 5′AGCAAAAGCAGG-3′ with the Verso™ cDNA Kit (Thermo Scientific). ", "PCR amplification was performed using Pfu Ultra II fusion HS DNA polymerase (Stratagene) and specific primers for the eight gene segments. ", "For HA, both specific and universal primers [@pone.0005788-Hoffmann1] were used, with slight modification, to amplify HA sequences of any other subtype (H1--H16) that may be present in the sample (primer sequences are available on request). ", "In most cases, PCR products were gel purified using a gel extraction kit (QIA quick, Qiagen) and full-length gene segments were cloned into pCR-Blunt (Zero Blunt PCR Cloning Kit, Invitrogen). ", "The exceptions were that the PB2, PB1 and PA genes were amplified in two overlapping amplicons. ", "A minimum of five independent clones from each gene segment for each virus were sequenced using a commercial sequencing service (*GATC Biotech*, *Constance*, *Germany*). ", "Five virus samples that contained the NS gene homologous to H5N1 viruses and the two samples (Ck/Pak/UDL-01/06 and Ck/Pak/UDL-03/08) that contained the NS gene homologous to H7N3 were re-examined in greater detail. ", "The HA genes of these seven virus samples were subjected to in-depth sequence analysis to exclude the possibility that the samples were from mixed infections with H9N2 viruses and H5N1 or H7N3 viruses. ", "Sequence analyses of the HA genes were performed by sequencing a minimum of 60 clones per sample that was calculated to detect with 95% probability any variant sequences at a level of 5% within the virus sample.", "\n\nSequence data were analysed using the Staden package (pregap4 v1.5 and gap4 v1.0). ", "Blast homology searches (<http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/fasta33/nucleotide.html>) were used to retrieve the top fifty homologous sequences to the sequenced gene from public sequence databases. ", "Multiple nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignments for all eight gene segments were performed using ClustalX (version 1.83). ", "Unrooted phylogenetic trees were generated from nucleotide sequences based on the complete open reading frame of all eight gene segments using minimum evolution analysis with maximum composite likelihood and the Tamura-Nei model [@pone.0005788-Tamura1] with 1000 bootstrapping replications in Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA, version 4. ", "1 beta). ", "The nucleotide sequences obtained in this study have been submitted to the GenBank database and are available under accession numbers (CY038391 to CY038486).", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#s3}\n======================\n\nPhylogenetic analysis {#s3a}\n---------------------\n\nTo determine the genetic relationship of H9N2 avian influenza viruses currently prevalent in poultry in Pakistan, we selected twelve H9N2 viruses isolated between May 2005 and March 2008 from different districts of the Punjab and the NWFP of Pakistan, [Supplementary Table 1](#pone.0005788.s002){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "These districts have a large concentration of commercial poultry farms and a number of H5N1 and H7N3 outbreaks have also been reported in this region over the last few years (18). ", "The H9N2 isolates were all defined as LPAI viruses by an intravenous pathogenicity test of diluted infectious allantoic fluid ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Complete full length sequencing of all 8 segments was performed on at least 5 cDNA clones for each segment and a consensus sequence for each virus was produced; there was only very limited polymorphism in the analysed sequences. ", "Phylogenetic relationships were examined between these viruses and representative H9N2 viruses from Asia and the Middle East, along with the established Eurasian H9N2 lineages: namely the G1-lineage, the Y280-lineage and the Korean-lineage represented by prototype viruses A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97, A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 and A/Chicken/Korea/38349-p96323/96 respectively, and with viruses identified in the Far East as emerging H9N2 lineages [@pone.0005788-Xu1], [@pone.0005788-Xu2]. ", "Phylogenetic analysis of the HA revealed that all twelve isolates cluster together with G1-lineage viruses and show a very close relationship (93.0 to 96.4% nucleotide identity) with recent poultry-isolated H9N2 viruses from Iran ([Figure 1](#pone-0005788-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 2](#pone-0005788-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}), which shares a border with Pakistan. ", "A slightly higher divergence (6.3 to 9.7%) was seen between HA genes of H9N2 viruses isolated from Pakistan in 1999 (Ck/Pakistan/2/99, Ck/Pakistan/4/99, and Ck/Pakistan/5/99); another set of viruses from Middle East isolated between 2000 and 2003 [@pone.0005788-Aamir1] also cluster with this group ([Figure 1](#pone-0005788-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The phylogenetic relationship of NA and M genes of the Pakistan viruses also fell within the G1-lineage and showed close identity (93.0--97.0% in the NA gene) with Ck/Pakistan/2/99, Ck/Pakistan/4/99, and Ck/Pakistan/5/99 ([Figure 2](#pone-0005788-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3](#pone-0005788-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 2](#pone-0005788-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}) and for the M gene 96.5 to 97.6% nucleotide identity with A/Ck/Pakistan/2/99. ", "Like the HA, NA and M genes, the NP genes also grouped together with G1-lineage viruses ([Figure 4](#pone-0005788-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}): the closest nucleotide sequence identity (95.8--97.3%, [Table 2](#pone-0005788-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}) was found with viruses isolated from Pakistan during 1999 and A/Parakeet/Chiba/1/97, an introduction thought to be imported from Pakistan [@pone.0005788-Mase1]. ", "There was relatively little nucleotide divergence (2.4--7.0%) of NA, M and NP gene compared with H9N2 viruses isolated from Pakistan in 1999 (Ck/Pakistan/2/99, Ck/Pakistan/4/99 and Ck/Pakistan/5/99), which were of the G1-lineage but within this lineage some sub-clustering is evident ([Figure 1](#pone-0005788-g001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [2](#pone-0005788-g002){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3](#pone-0005788-g003){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [4](#pone-0005788-g004){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The phylogenetic analyses of each of the three polymerase complex genes (PB2, PB1 and PA), in contrast to the HA, NA, M and the NP genes, did not branch with exemplars of the G1-lineage or any of the other established Eurasian lineages ([Figure 5](#pone-0005788-g005){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [6](#pone-0005788-g006){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [7](#pone-0005788-g007){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "All three polymerase complex genes were most closely related to those of H9N2 viruses isolated from the Persian Gulf and India between 2000 and 2004 [@pone.0005788-Aamir1], [@pone.0005788-Tosh1]. ", "Nucleotide identities were from 94.1 to 96.4% for the PA gene, 91.2--94.4% for the PB1 gene and 94.5--96.6% identity in PB2; these similarities may indicate a separate Indian sub-continental lineage of H9N2 virus [@pone.0005788-Xu1], [@pone.0005788-Xu2]. ", "This notion is supported by conclusions based on analyses of H9N2 viruses from the Middle East [@pone.0005788-Aamir1] where it was observed that reassortment of the PB2 gene had taken place and it was postulated that a UAE lineage of H9N2 viruses may have emerged.", "\n\n![", "Phylogenetic relationships of HA genes of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from Pakistan between 2005 and 2008.\\\nThe Phylogenetic tree was generated using minimum evolution analysis with maximum composite likelihood using the Tamura-Nei model [@pone.0005788-Tamura1] with MEGA (version 4.1 beta). ", "Numbers below branches indicate bootstrap value percentages from 1000 replicates, bootstrap values \\>70% are shown. ", "Analysis was based on complete open reading frames of all gene segments. ", "The scale bar represents the distance unit between sequence pairs. ", "Bhgs, bar headed goose, GF, guinea fowl; Ph, pheasant, Ck, chicken; Dk, duck; Qa, quail; Ty, turkey; Par, parakeet, Sw, swine; Pak, Pakistan; RP, Rawalpindi; Afg, Afghanistan; HK, Hong Kong; ST, Shantou; VN, Vietnam; Wis, Wisconsin; Cal, California; Kor, Korea; GZ, Guangzhou; Rus, Russia; UP, Uttar Pradesh. ", "The viruses characterised in this report are indicated as red. ", "The sequences of H9N2 and H7N3 viruses previously isolated from Pakistan are indicated blue and pink respectively.](pone.0005788.g001){#pone-0005788-g001}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}.](pone.0005788.g002){#pone-0005788-g002}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}.](pone.0005788.g003){#pone-0005788-g003}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}.](pone.0005788.g004){#pone-0005788-g004}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}.](pone.0005788.g005){#pone-0005788-g005}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}.](pone.0005788.g006){#pone-0005788-g006}\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}.](pone.0005788.g007){#pone-0005788-g007}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0005788.t001\n\n###### Comparison of IVPI and amino acid residues in several key sites of HA, NA and NS1 proteins.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0005788.t001){#pone-0005788-t001-1}\n\n Virus strain IVPI HA NA NS1 \n ------------------------------ ------ ---- ---- ----- --- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- --- --- --- ----- ----- ------\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/2/99 ND H A Q Q RSSR Yes No No No T N W No 230 EPEV\n A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 ND H E L Q RSSR Yes Yes No No S I R No 230 EPEV\n A/Hong Kong/1073/99 ND H E L Q RSSR Yes Yes No No S N W No EPEV\n A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 ND N T L Q RSSR Yes No No Yes S N W No 230 EPEV\n A/Chicken/Korea/99029/99 ND H E Q Q ASGR Yes No No No S N W No 230 ESEV\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/05 0.00 H A L I RSSR No No No No A N W Yes 225 ESKV\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-02/05 0.00 H A L I RSSR No No Yes No A N R Yes 225 ESKV\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-03/05 0.00 H A L I RSSR No No Yes No A N R Yes 225 ESKV\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/06 0.02 H A L I RSSR No No No No A N R No 217 LPPK\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-02/06 0.00 H A L I RSSR No No No No A N R No 230 KSEI\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-04/06 0.00 H A L I RSSR No No No No A S R Yes 225 ESKV\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/07 0.00 H A L I RSSR No No No No A N R No 230 KSEI\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-03/07 0.01 H A L I KSSR No No No No A N R Yes 225 ESKV\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-04/07 0.03 H A L I RSSR No No No No T N R No 230 KSEI\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/08 0.00 H A L I KSSR No No No No A N R No 230 KSEI\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-02/08 0.01 H A L I KSSR No No No No A N R No 230 KSEI\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-03/08 0.01 H A L I KSSR No No No No A N R No 230 KSEI\n\nNumbering according to H3 in parentheses, IVPI (intravenous pathogenicity index), HB (hemadsorbing site), aa (amino acids) PL (PL motif is referred as PDZ-binding motif at the C-terminal end of the NS1 protein). ", "ND not determined in this study.", "\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0005788.t002\n\n###### Nucleotide similarities (%[\\*](#nt102){ref-type=\"table-fn\"}) between H9N2 viruses isolated in Pakistan during 2005--2008 and other influenza viruses.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0005788.t002){#pone-0005788-t002-2}\n\n Gene Viruses showing highest similarity Identity (%)\n ------ ------------------------------------ --------------\n PB2 A/Quail/Dubai/303/00 (H9N2) 95.3--96.6\n PB1 A/Chicken/Dubai/463/03 (H9N2) 93.1--94.2\n PA A/Quail/Dubai/303/00 (H9N2) 95.2--96.4\n HA A/Chicken/Iran/B102/05 (H9N2) 93.9--96.4\n NP A/Parakeet/Chiba/1/97 (H9N2) 96.0--97.3\n NA A/Chicken/Pakistan/2/99 (H9N2) 93.0--97.0\n M A/Chicken/Pakistan/2/99 (H9N2) 96.5--97.6\n\nIdentities were calculated based on complete open reading frames of each RNA segment for all twelve virus isolates sequenced in this study.", "\n\nIn contrast to the other segments phylogenetic analysis of the NS gene segment of UDL viruses split the 12 viruses into three distinct groups ([Figure 8](#pone-0005788-g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Six isolates of one group cluster together with 97.8% to 100% identity to each other and showed closest nucleotide identity (95.9--96.6%) with Ck/Pak/NARC-100/04, an H7N3 virus ([Figure 8](#pone-0005788-g008){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 3](#pone-0005788-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The second group (represented by a single virus, A/Ck/Pak/UDL-01/06) showed a strikingly close relationship with 99.8 to 100% nucleotide identity within the NS1 coding region to H7N3 viruses isolated from Pakistan between 1995 and 2005. ", "Members of this group contained a 13 amino acid deletion at the C-terminus of NS1 and this group was quite distinct from the Ck/Pak/NARC-100/04, H7N3 - group of viruses. ", "The third group of five H9N2 viruses showed highest nucleotide similarity (99.3--99.7%) with Ck/Rawalakot/NARC2441A/06 and Ck/Sihala/NARC3033.4/2006, Ck/Afghanistan/1207/06 and Ck/Afghanistan/1573-47/06 (H5N1) viruses ([Table 3](#pone-0005788-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}) and clustered together with Clade 2.2 highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses of the Z-genotype ([Figure 8](#pone-0005788-g008){ref-type=\"fig\"}), the closest related H5N1 viruses being isolated in Pakistan, India, Iran and Russia during 2006 [@pone.0005788-Ray1], [@pone.0005788-Obenauer1]. ", "These five viruses were able to be differentiated into two groups, but both groups were very similar to other viruses isolated in the region.", "\n\n{ref-type=\"fig\"}.](pone.0005788.g008){#pone-0005788-g008}\n\n10.1371/journal.pone.0005788.t003\n\n###### Nucleotide similarities (%) of the NS genes between H9N2 viruses isolated in Pakistan during 2005--2008 and NS genes of other influenza viruses.", "\n\n![](", "pone.0005788.t003){#pone-0005788-t003-3}\n\n H9N2 viruses isolated from Pakistan Viruses in the database showing highest similarity Identity (%)\n ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-02/06 A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-100/04 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 95.9 to 96.7\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/07 \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-04/07 \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/08 \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-02/08 \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-03/08 \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/06 A/Chicken/Pakistan/34668/95 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} 99.5 to 100\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-1/95 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-143/04 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-2402/05 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-74/04 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-BM/00 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-108/04 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/NARC-35/01 (H7N3)[\\*](#nt103){ref-type=\"table-fn\"} \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-01/05 A/Chicken/Afghanistan/1207/06 (H5N1) 99.5 to 99.7\n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-02/05 A/Chicken/Afghanistan/1573-47/06 (H5N1) \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-03/05 A/Chicken/India/NIV33487/06 (H5N1) \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-04/06 A/Cygnus cygnus/Iran/754/06 (H5N1) \n A/Chicken/Pakistan/UDL-03/07 A/Chicken/Rawalakot/NARC2441A/06(H5N1) \n A/Chicken/Sihala/NARC3303.4/2006(H5N1) \n\nNS1 sequences only available in public databases, therefore percentage identities were calculated based on the NS1 coding region nucleotide sequences.", "\n\nThe pattern of nucleotide similarity indicates that the 12 H9N2 viruses retained 4 genes (HA, M, NA and NP) similar to the H9N2 G1-lineage, 3 genes (PB1, PB2, PA) from a lineage of viruses from the Indian sub-continent and the Middle-East, and NS genes from one of two H7N3 lineages or from H5N1 genotype Z viruses that were previously present in Pakistan and neighbouring countries ([Figure 9](#pone-0005788-g009){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A set of viruses from the Middle East studied by Aamir et al. [", "@pone.0005788-Aamir1] also showed evidence of reassortment of the NS gene segment in the proposed UAE lineage and it is possible that the UAE viruses and the six viruses from Pakistan that are closest to the Ck/Pak/NARC-100/04 H7N3 virus may share a common ancestor. ", "Although the HA and NA gene sequences have drifted over the years ([Figure S1](#pone.0005788.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}), the H9N2 lineage-defining residues [@pone.0005788-Cameron1], [@pone.0005788-Xu2] have been conserved: eight amino acids in HA (L^17^, T^96^, V^179^, L^209^, G^262^, S^290^, T^304^ in HA1 and V^91^ in HA2); seven amino acids ( L^10^, T^43^, S^77^, S^153^, T^212^, V^307^, G^346^) in NA. ", "Similarly, M and NP genes also retained conserved G1-lineage defining residues (A^157^) in M1, one (L^10^) in M2, and four amino acids (Q^52^, V^317^, A^374^, K^430^) in NP.", "\n\n{#pone-0005788-g009}\n\nMolecular characteristics {#s3b}\n-------------------------\n\nIn order to identify molecular markers that may correlate with the pathogenic properties of these H9N2 UDL isolates analysis was performed to compare deduced amino acid sequences of the envelope glycoproteins and the internal proteins of the Pakistan virus isolates with representative strains of established H9N2 virus Eurasian lineages.", "\n\nHemagglutinin {#s3c}\n-------------\n\nChanges in the HA glycoprotein are central to the switch from LPAI to HPAI, but additional amino acid substitutions in the HA molecule have been associated with inter-species adaptation [@pone.0005788-Matrosovich1]. ", "The key molecular determinants of pathogenicity and virulence in the HA molecule are the HA1/HA2 connecting peptide sequence, specific amino acids residues at the receptor binding site, and the presence or absence of glycosylation sites near the receptor binding site [@pone.0005788-Baigent1]. ", "As expected from the pathogenicity tests, nucleotide sequence analysis corresponding to the HA1/HA2 junction of these viruses revealed no poly-basic cleavage motif. ", "Eight out of twelve isolates retained an R-S-S-R motif at the cleavage site which is the signature of H9N2 LPAI viruses adapted to the chicken host, as seen in recent years in H9N2 virus isolates from Asia and the Middle East [@pone.0005788-Aamir1], [@pone.0005788-Xu2], [@pone.0005788-Mase1], [@pone.0005788-Tosh1], [@pone.0005788-Golender1], [@pone.0005788-Monne1]. ", "It was noted that four UDL isolates possess lysine instead of arginine at the −4 position of the cleavage site ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Lysine at this position has been observed only infrequently in H9N2 viruses [@pone.0005788-Liu1] and the significance, if any, of this alteration from one basic amino acid to another is not known.", "\n\nThe receptor binding site motif of HA is critical for cellular receptor specificity and determining virus host range [@pone.0005788-Gambaryan1], [@pone.0005788-Ha1]. ", "Residues at positions 183, 190, 226, 227 and 228 (H3 numbering) are major components of the receptor-binding site of the HA molecule. ", "All UDL viruses showed conservation of residues H^183^, A^190^, L ^226^, I^227^ and G^228^ in the receptor binding cleft. ", "Of these, three represent substitutions (E/T^190^A, Q^226^L and Q^227^I) when compared with the reference strains of the H9 lineage ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Glutamine at position 226 dictates a preferential binding to SA α2,3-linked to galactose found in avian hosts and is a major host range determinant for influenza A viruses of the H2 and the H3 subtypes associated with pandemic human infections [@pone.0005788-Matrosovich2], [@pone.0005788-Gamblin1]. ", "The substitution, as seen in the viruses under study here, of Q^226^L at the receptor binding site in the HA allows H9N2 viruses to replicate more efficiently (with 100-fold higher peak titres) in human cells in culture [@pone.0005788-Matrosovich3], [@pone.0005788-Wan1] and is associated with a preferential receptor binding specificity for sialic acid α2,6-linked galactose [@pone.0005788-Matrosovich2] and was also observed in the UAE isolates analysed by Aamir [@pone.0005788-Aamir1]. ", "The significance of E→A and Q→I substitutions at positions 190 and 227 respectively observed in all UDL isolates on the receptor binding specificity within this group of viruses is not known and requires detailed structural analysis to resolve their importance. ", "In addition, the alteration at position 150 (138 in H3) from Ala to Ser, which may affect the conformation of residues lining the receptor binding site, has also been linked to changes in receptor specificity in H1 viruses [@pone.0005788-Gamblin1]. ", "Analysis of potential glycosylation site motifs N-X-S/T in the HA molecule of the UDL viruses revealed seven sites at positions 29, 105, 141, 298, 305, 492 and at position 551, C-terminal to the membrane anchor (21, 94, 132, 289, and 296 in HA1 and 154 and 213 in HA2 in H3 numbering). ", "One potential glycosylation site at position 218 (210 in H3) was lost compared with representative reference strains of the G1-lineage, the Y280-lineage, the Korean-lineage and the prototypic Pakistani isolate Ck/Pakistan/2/99 [@pone.0005788-Guo2] ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Loss of an additional glycosylation site at position 206, compared with the prototype G1 virus A/Qa/HK/G1/97 was observed; this was also seen in H9N2 viruses from the Middle East in 2000--2003 [@pone.0005788-Aamir1]. ", "The loss of potential glycosylation sites may represent a selected adaptation of H9N2 within poultry since alteration in glycosylation pattern has been suggested to influence adaptation of avian influenza viruses to poultry [@pone.0005788-Matrosovich1], [@pone.0005788-Baigent1].", "\n\nNeuraminidase {#s3d}\n-------------\n\nThe major molecular determinants that are known to influence the functional activities of the neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein are the enzyme active site, the stalk length, the sialic acid binding site also referred to as the hemadsorbing site (HB), and potential glycosylation sites. ", "The neuraminidase sequences of all 12 isolates were compared with N2 NA sequences of H9N2 viruses prevalent in Asia and the Middle East during the last fifteen years. ", "For each virus amino acids in the enzyme active site were conserved and showed no evidence of substitutions associated with resistance to the sialidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. ", "The data revealed that, of the 12 viruses analysed, 2 isolates (Ck/Pak/UDL-02/05 and Ck/Pak/UDL-03/05) contained a unique 5 amino acid residue deletion (aa 46--50) in the stalk region, the others having no deletion in the NA stalk, as was also observed in H9N2 viruses from the Middle East [@pone.0005788-Aamir1]. ", "Deletions in the stalk of avian N2 viruses have been observed previously in H9N2 viruses: the two prototype viruses, Qa/HK/G1/97 and HK/1073/97, of the G1-lineage contained a two amino acid deletion in the NA stalk region at positions 38 and 39, and Dk/HK/Y280/97 and Ck/Shanghai/F/98, another virus belonging to the Y-280-lineage, lacked three amino acid at positions 63--65 in the NA stalk region ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The precise 5 amino acid deletion at position 46--50 in the stalk region represents a unique event not observed previously in H9N2 viruses. ", "It is recognised that deletion within the stalk region of the neuraminidase may be an important feature balancing the complementary activities of the HA and NA on adaptation of virus to poultry [@pone.0005788-Matrosovich1], [@pone.0005788-Baigent1].", "\n\nAnalysis of the HB site, which is located on the surface of the NA molecule away from the neuraminidase enzyme active site at positions 366--373, Asn-400, Trp-403 and Lys-432 [@pone.0005788-Kobasa1], [@pone.0005788-Kobasa2], revealed that although these sites have been well conserved in H9N2 viruses isolated from wild aquatic birds [@pone.0005788-Kobasa3], poultry-adapted H9N2 viruses, including isolates sequenced in this study, contained substitutions similar to those detected in both A/Qa/HK/G1/97 and A/Dk/HK/Y280/97. ", "These substitutions were seen previously in H9N2 human isolates from Hong Kong in 1999 and are typical of human pandemic H2N2 and H3N2 viruses [@pone.0005788-Matrosovich4]. ", "The substitutions at residue 372 from serine to alanine or, for one virus, threonine ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}) were similar to those detected in Parakeet/Narita/92A/98, Ck/Pak/2/99 and H9N2 viruses isolated from Iran and the United Arab Emirates [@pone.0005788-Aamir1], [@pone.0005788-Mase1]. ", "In addition, a substitution from tryptophan to arginine at position 403 was observed in 11 of the 12 viruses recently isolated from Pakistan; this substitution was present in Qa/HK/G1/97 but not in other H9N2 viruses, including those from the UAE from 2000 to 2003 [@pone.0005788-Aamir1] and, importantly, not in the human (e.g. A/Hong Kong/1073/99) H9N2 isolates ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Within H9N2 viruses, polymorphism is seen at this site with W, L, S or R present. ", "The Qa/Hong Kong/G1/97 isolate is unusual in carrying a N402I substitution and one of the viruses characterised here (A/Ck/Pak/UDL-04/06) has serine at this position. ", "The biological significance of any of these substitutions in the HB site is not known.", "\n\nThe comparison of conserved potential glycosylation sites in NA glycoprotein showed that the majority of H9N2 viruses belonging to established Eurasian lineages contain seven conserved potential glycosylation sites at positions 61, 69, 86, 146, 200, 234 and 402 (N2 numbering). ", "The viruses sequenced in this study contained an additional glycosylation site at Asn 44 due to the substitution of Pro45Ser. ", "This additional glycosylation site had also been reported in a number of other H9N2 viruses including Ck/Ind/2048/03, Ck/HK/G9/97 [@pone.0005788-Tosh1]. ", "One UDL isolate Ck/Pak/UDL-02/06 lacked one potential glycosylation site at Asn 234 due to T^236^I substitution. ", "Again, the significance of glycosylation changes at sites 44 and 234 is unknown; however, addition or loss of potential glycosylation may contribute towards increased virulence [@pone.0005788-Hulse1] due to altered antigenicity or sialidase activity.", "\n\nA comparison of the amino acid sequences of the H9N2 neuraminidases shows that certain amino acid substitutions have become fixed as the viruses have evolved but many are unique substitutions represented in individual viruses (Supplementary [Figure S1B](#pone.0005788.s001){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "It appears that fewer amino acids were unique to individual viruses in the HA than in the NA; this may reflect different evolutionary pressures applied to the two glycoproteins. ", "The necessity for compensatory changes in the NA to ensure its compatibility with the HA as the HA evolves may be one such force.", "\n\nNS1 and NS2 proteins {#s3e}\n--------------------\n\nThe NS gene showed a high level of sequence diversity among the twelve UDL isolates analysed. ", "Of particular note were five isolates (UDL-01/05, UDL-02/05, UDL-03/05, UDL-04/06, UDL-03/07) that contained an NS gene closely related to the highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses belonging to clade 2.2 of genotype Z with over 99% nucleotide identity ([Figure 8](#pone-0005788-g008){ref-type=\"fig\"} and [Table 3](#pone-0005788-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The NS1 portions of these viruses showed between 0 and 3 amino acid changes from H5N1 viruses isolated during 2006 to 2007 from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, India, and Russia [@pone.0005788-Ray1] and their NS1 proteins, being from of the Z-lineage H5N1 viruses, had a five-amino acid deletion (deleting residues 80--84) resulting in an NS1 protein of 225 amino acids in length; the NS1 proteins also contained the \"ESKV\" PDZ ligand (PL) C-terminal motif typical of H5N1 viruses of the Z-genotype ([Table 1](#pone-0005788-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The role of the NS1 protein in infection is complex and includes countering interferon and cytokine induction (reviewed recently in Hale et al. [", "@pone.0005788-Hale1]) and its effects on pathogenesis have become clearer but the biological significance of the 5 amino acid deletion is not well understood. ", "It has been reported that viruses containing NS1 with deleted (^80^TIASV^84^) residues show increased virulence in both mouse and poultry infections [@pone.0005788-Long1]. ", "The specific functional role of this deletion in H9N2 viruses needs to be determined but there was no evidence of any increased pathogenicity associated with the deletion in our IVPI tests.", "\n\nRNA segment 8 of one virus (UDL-01/06) was very closely related to that of H7N3 viruses from Pakistan isolated over an eleven year period. ", "This single virus isolate shared a 13 amino acid C-terminal truncation; similar truncations have been reported previously in H7 and H9 subtype viruses isolated from poultry [@pone.0005788-Dundon1], [@pone.0005788-Choi1], suggesting a natural virus adaptation, but the significance of this truncation and the resulting C-terminal LPPK motif to the virus life cycle is also not understood.", "\n\nThe other 6 viruses (UDL-02/06, UDL-01/07, UDL-04/07, UDL-01/08, UDL-02/08, and UDL-03/08) formed a distinct sub-clade and showed no truncation or deletion. ", "They contained a PL motif \"KSEI\". ", "This KSEI sequence as a PL motif is uncommon. ", "The large scale sequence analysis of avian influenza viruses reported by Obenauer et al. [", "@pone.0005788-Obenauer1] revealed that a C-terminal isoleucine residue in NS1 was rare: out of 1196 PL motif sequences only 48 sequences from avian-origin viruses and one from a swine-origin virus contained I at the C-terminus. ", "In addition, K at the −4 position in the PL motif was also rare, with the H1N1 1918 pandemic virus, two H5N1 viruses isolated during 2005 in Indonesia and a further two H5N1 viruses isolated in 2007 from Saudi Arabia which contained a \"KSEV\" C-terminal sequence in the NS1 protein, being the only examples reported [@pone.0005788-Obenauer1], [@pone.0005788-Monne2]. ", "We can summarise, the H9N2 viruses circulating recently in Pakistan have three distinct C-terminal motifs in NS1: KSEI, ESKV and LPPK. ", "The importance of the C-terminal residues of NS1 has been demonstrated recently in mouse studies, which showed that the insertion of four C-terminal amino acids, either ESEV, EPEV, or KSEV, into otherwise avirulent viruses resulted in an increase in virus virulence and caused severe disease signs [@pone.0005788-Jackson1]. ", "However, it is not known whether deletion or variation in the PL motif of NS1 proteins influence the virulence of H9N2 viruses in the poultry host.", "\n\nNucleoprotein and polymerase proteins {#s3f}\n-------------------------------------\n\nA number of residues in the polymerase proteins (PB1, PB2 and PA) and in the nucleoprotein (NP) are known to play a key role in the host range of AI viruses to increase virulence or replication in the mammalian host. ", "Some may be considered as hall-marks of avian or mammalian viruses, whilst others can influence replication efficiency in mammalian or avian hosts. ", "Two analyses of molecular changes associated with the transmission of avian-origin H5N1 and H9N2 viruses to humans [@pone.0005788-Shaw1], [@pone.0005788-Chen1] showed that the PB2, PA and NP proteins contained a number of distinct host-specific residues ([Table S2](#pone.0005788.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "Of the 44 host-associated genetic signatures of avian- and human-host origin viruses, 42 residues were identical in all 12 UDL isolates and show the avian host signature. ", "The exceptions were that a single isolate (Ck/Pak/UDL-04/06) contained a S^44^A substitution in PB2 and all isolates had aspartic acid at position 372 in NP which has been found in avian influenza viruses isolated from humans [@pone.0005788-Chen1].", "\n\nAdditional residues in the ribonucleoproteins implicated in enhanced replication in mammalian cells have been defined ([Table S2](#pone.0005788.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}) and these residues have been examined in the UDL H9N2 viruses under study here. ", "These viruses all possessed the typical avian residue at each of these locations excepting positions 13 in PB1 (Proline not Leucine was present) and residue 34 in the NP protein, which was Glycine and not Asparagine, the mouse preferred counterpart, or the more typical avian residue Aspartic acid. ", "Proline at position 13 of PB1 is common within H9N2 viruses.", "\n\nRNA segment 2 encodes a second polypeptide in addition to PB1, termed PB1-F2 [@pone.0005788-Chen2]. ", "The understanding of the importance of PB1-F2 in virus pathogenicity in mouse models has increased recently [@pone.0005788-McAuley1], [@pone.0005788-Conenello1], [@pone.0005788-Zamarin1] and the observation that over 95% of avian influenza viruses encode a full length PB1-F2 [@pone.0005788-Zell1] highlights the potential importance of the PB1-F2 in the avian host. ", "It is striking that N^66^S in PB1-F2 is associated with increased virulence in a mouse model [@pone.0005788-Conenello1] but viruses having S at residue 66 of PB1-F2 are rare and were not present in the H9N2 viruses in this study. [", "Table S2](#pone.0005788.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"} lists the amino acid substitutions associated with host range for the genes encoding polypeptides of the replication complex and the PB1-F2 polypeptide.", "\n\nIt is notable that the three polymerase polypeptides have reassorted as a group and the maintenance of the avian specificity at residue 627 of PB2 is striking. ", "The reason for the maintenance of the three polymerase polypeptides may be chance or it is quite likely that the three PB1, PB2 and PA polypeptides act most efficiently as a set and so there may be pressure to maintain a gene constellation for optimal replication proficiency. ", "This may be analogous to the situation observed in human influenza A viruses in which H1N1 and H3N2 co-circulate but with only very limited gene reassortment [@pone.0005788-Young1], [@pone.0005788-Guo3], [@pone.0005788-Li1]. ", "In contrast though, the results of an analysis of gene reassortment in a wide variety of avian influenza isolates showed that apparently free reassortment among the genes encoding the virus replication complex was on-going [@pone.0005788-Macken1].", "\n\nM1 and M2 proteins {#s3g}\n------------------\n\nSeveral amino acids in the virus matrix, M1, protein are linked with increased replication in mammals or increased pathogenicity in small animal models ([Table S2](#pone.0005788.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}). ", "At residue 15, all the H9N2 UDL viruses encode isoleucine and the amino acid substitution of V^15^I is common within H9N2 lineages. ", "The UDL viruses showed heterogeneity at residue 37 with 5 viruses encoding valine and 7 viruses alanine but the substitution T^37^A/V clusters exclusively with the recent UDL H9N2 viruses from Pakistan. ", "The significance of any of these changes to the potential of the currently evolving H9N2 viruses in Pakistan to increase their host range is not known.", "\n\nNone of the UDL viruses contained substitutions at amino acid positions 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 in the M2 proteins suggesting that these viruses have no resistance to amantadine [@pone.0005788-Grambas1], [@pone.0005788-Holsinger1] which contrasts with viruses from the Middle East isolated between 2000 and 2003 [@pone.0005788-Aamir1]. ", "Residues associated with host range have been adduced for M2, again summarised in [Table S2](#pone.0005788.s003){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}. ", "The recent H9N2 viruses show the typical avian sequence at several of the sites but at residue 11, two virus isolates encoded isoleucine; at residue 16 nine of the twelve isolates encoded glycine whilst three encoded aspartic acid; at residue 20 lysine was present; at position 28 isolates contained isoleucine or valine -- the majority valine; and residue 55 was phenylalanine. ", "Whether these changes result in increased replication efficiency in mammalian cells has to be determined.", "\n\nConclusion {#s3h}\n----------\n\nThe emergence of these novel genotypes of H9N2 viruses and the sustained prevalence of these viruses in poultry warrant further surveillance of H9N2 viruses by complete genomic analysis. ", "These viruses are endemic in poultry in many countries in Asia and the surrounding regions and the generation of new genotypes within H9N2 viruses by reassortment should not be ignored since it allows for an increased ability of the virus to adapt rapidly to different challenges. ", "The observation shown here that further gene reassortment has occurred subsequent to the emergence of viruses in the Middle East highlights the potential for viruses to evolve rapidly. ", "It is widely recognised that genetic reassortment in avian influenza viruses is common in wild bird and poultry isolates [@pone.0005788-Macken1], [@pone.0005788-Dugan1], [@pone.0005788-Campitelli1] but the species in which reassortment most readily occurs is not known for certain. ", "The continuous circulation of H9N2 in chickens might suggest that reassortment may occur in domesticated poultry. ", "Recent evidence links passage of H9N2 viruses in domestic poultry with increased virus replication in mouse models [@pone.0005788-Hossain1]. ", "This observation combined with evidence of human and animal infection by H9N2 viruses [@pone.0005788-Butt1], [@pone.0005788-Peiris1], [@pone.0005788-Cong1], [@pone.0005788-Cong2], [@pone.0005788-Shi1], combined with the frequent exposure of people to infected poultry, argues that a greater effort should be put in place to manage and control not only H5 and H7 HPAI infections but also H9N2 virus infections in poultry to reduce the risk of a human influenza pandemic.", "\n\nSupporting Information {#s4}\n======================\n\n###### \n\nAmino acid changes in the surface glycoproteins of H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry in Pakistan between 2005 and 2008. ", "The substitutions in the HA (A) and NA (B) are shown in coloured boxes and arrows represent the common changes at a particular node of the tree and the unique changes within individual isolates are represented by black boxes/arrows. ", "Amino acid numbers are based on the H9 amino acid sequence starting at the initiator methionine residue.", "\n\n(2.41 MB TIF)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nH9N2 viruses isolated from chicken flocks in Pakistan.", "\n\n(0.06 MB DOC)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\n###### \n\nAnalysis of host range and pathogenicity determinants in the PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M1 and M2 proteins in H9N2 viruses isolated from poultry in Pakistan.", "\n\n(0.38 MB DOC)\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nWe wish to thank Andrew Worry (BITS) for providing assistance in phylogenetic analysis; the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing a visiting fellowship to Dr. Tahir Yaqub; Dr. Rod Daniels, Dr Haixia Xiao, Dr Dave Cavanagh and Dr Susan Baigent for critical review of the manuscript; Dr Junfeng Liu and Dr Patrick Collins for discussion and Michelle Hill for providing day to day assistance in the laboratory.", "\n\n**Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.", "\n\n**Funding:**Partial funding for this work was provided by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan to Dr. Tahir Yaqub as a visiting postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Animal Health, Compton laboratory UK. ", "The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.", "\n\n[^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: MI. ", "Performed the experiments: MI TY KR. ", "Analyzed the data: MI. ", "Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MI TY. ", "Wrote the paper: MI JWM.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "// ==========================================================================\n// Dedmonwakeen's Raid DPS/TPS Simulator.", "\n// Send questions to natehieter@gmail.com\n// ==========================================================================\n\n#pragma once\n\n#include <cstddef>\n#include <memory>\n#include <new>\n#include <type_traits>\n#include <vector>\n\nnamespace util {\n\n// Allocates memory in an ever-growing pool\n//\n// Not strictly a true bump-pointer allocator as it uses backing pages instead\n// of a boundless contigous heap. ", "However, it is semantically pretty much equivalent\n// as it uses a monotonically growing pool of memory.", "\n//\n// PageSize is the size of a single page.", "\n//\n// Allocating objects that do not fit a single page is a hard error, there is no\n// separate allocation path for such cases. ", "It is caught at compile time for the\n// single object allocation case but only at runtime for the multi-object case.", "\ntemplate <size_t PageSize = 4096>\nclass bump_ptr_allocator_t\n{\n static constexpr size_t PageAlignment = alignof(std::max_align_t);\npublic:\n bump_ptr_allocator_t() noexcept = default;\n\n bump_ptr_allocator_t(const bump_ptr_allocator_t&) = delete;\n bump_ptr_allocator_t& operator=(const bump_ptr_allocator_t&) = delete;\n\n // XXX: we could easily make it at least move-contructible /shrug\n bump_ptr_allocator_t(bump_ptr_allocator_t&&) = delete;\n bump_ptr_allocator_t& operator=(bump_ptr_allocator_t&&) = delete;\n\n template <typename T>\n void* allocate() {\n static_assert(fits_in_page(sizeof(T), alignof(T)), \"The object does not fit in a single page.\");", "\n\n return allocate(sizeof(T), alignof(T));\n }\n\n template <typename T>\n void* allocate(size_t n) {\n static_assert(fits_in_page(sizeof(T), alignof(T)), \"Even a single object does not fit in a single page.\");", "\n\n if (fits_in_page(sizeof(T) * n, alignof(T)))\n return allocate(sizeof(T) * n, alignof(T));\n\n throw std::bad_alloc();\n }\n\n // helpers for \"fused\" allocation + construction\n template <typename T, typename... Args>\n T* create(Args&&... args) {\n return ::new(allocate<T>()) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);\n }\n\n template <typename T>\n T* create_n(size_t n, const T& value = {}) {\n T* p = reinterpret_cast<T*>(allocate<T>(n));\n std::uninitialized_fill_n(p, n, value);\n return p;\n }\n\nprivate:\n struct page_t {\n alignas(PageAlignment) char data[PageSize];\n page_t() noexcept {}\n };\n\n void* allocate(size_t size, size_t alignment) {\n assert(fits_in_page(size, alignment) && \"The allocation does not fit in a single page\");\n\n if (std::align(alignment, size, current_, size_))\n return finalize_allocation(size);\n\n allocate_page();\n std::align(alignment, size, current_, size_);\n return finalize_allocation(size);\n }\n\n void* finalize_allocation(size_t size) {\n void* result = current_;\n current_ = static_cast<char*>(current_) + size;\n size_ -= size;\n return result;\n }\n\n void allocate_page() {\n pages_.push_back(std::make_unique<page_t>());\n current_ = pages_.back()->data;\n size_ = PageSize;\n }\n\n static constexpr bool fits_in_page(size_t size, size_t alignment) {\n if (alignment <= PageAlignment)\n return size <= PageSize;\n return size <= PageSize - alignment + PageAlignment;\n }\n\n void* current_ = nullptr; // current pointer inside the page\n size_t size_ = 0; // number of bytes left in the page\n std::vector<std::unique_ptr<page_t>> pages_;\n};\n\n} // namespace util\n" ]

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[ "Thursday, April 5, 2012\n\nDIFFERENT BLOGS, DIFFERENT PEOPLE AND DIFFERENT THOUGHTS\n\nThere are so many different blogs in New Albany. ", "If I were a smarter blog administrator I would take the time and figure out how to put the links to each on here. ", "Does that make me a bad blog administrator? ", "Nah. ", "To me, if you want to link to the other blogs, we have a local blog where you may link to any other blog (except maybe a couple).", "\n\nThis other blog also has links to various governmental offices and other points of interest that particular blog administrator \"likes\". ", "We all have our likes, dislikes and points of view others may not care for and some may even detest (though that's an awfully strong word - but it's true).", "\n\nWe appreciate your readership. ", "We will keep on keeping on just being a simple kind of blog.", "\n\nA little housekeeping is in order for us after publishing the various executive orders and contracts. ", "We'll have more City documents ready for a read in the next few weeks. ", "In the meantime, we have some catching up to do with readers who have submitted their thoughts and/or opinions.", "\n\nYeah Quit wishing every one a happy easter. ", "You should be honest and wish everyone a Happy Commerical Easter. ", "Thats all holidays are any more is how much money can we make during a Holiday.", "Everyone buys stupid eggs. ", "And even worse. ", "You now buy plastic eggs and after easter is over you throw them in the trash to add more garbage to the local landfill. ", "Also you fill them with candy which rots your kids teeth and then you have to take them to the dentist to have cavities put in. ", "And then we are back to square one. ", "How much money did that cost you ?????? ", "HAPPY COMMERCIAL EASTER EVERYONE !!!!!!!", "\n\nThe only thing worth anything on NAC is the links. ", "I don't read his garbage. ", "Half the links and blogs on there are no longer up todate. ", "That's how he gets his numbers. ", "Can't even imagine how many times KT is read and he doesn't have a link for FOS or KT.", "\n\nIt's not that we're wishing people a commercial holiday. ", "Easter is a time for families to reflect on the tremendous gift God gave us when he sent his son to give up the ultimate sacrifice on our behalf.", "\n\nIf you think the secular world's commercialism is what we're celebrating when we go to church and acknowledge and pray in thanksgiving for this huge and loving gift, then you're missing the point.", "\n\nGlad to see all of the good \"Christians\" on here being mean and rude. ", "How embarrassing! ", "10:47 must be crazy. ", "What issue is even being addressed? ", "There is no point other than mean and ignorant anonymous people saying things that don't even make sense.", "\n\n5:35, don't judge all Christians by the ones who write stuff that isn't nice. ", "Most of us are pretty nice most of the time. ", "Most of us are also susceptible to falling from time to time, and some are unaware of what our sins may be. ", "Also, just because we're Christians doesn't mean we don't have some honest opinions that are occasionally negative in nature. ", "Sometimes, the truth is bad.", "\n\nThat comment is really uncalled for, 6:49. ", "I don't know who in the world you're talking about, but it's ridiculous to keep talking about this person. ", "If he lives in Florida, he's got nothing to do with here. ", "What's your deal?", "\n\nIt appears that the 6:49 post has been removed for bad language, but he or she was obviously referring to Tiny Tim Thumb, the diminutive dimwit who was run out of town on a rail. ", "We all know that he lurks on this blog. ", "Hi Timmy!", "\n\nI went in open minded to read the post at FOS. ", "I come out agreeing with whoever said Erik is racist. ", "Keep in mind, racist people most times don't know they are, and it's not an intentional mean spirited motivation most of the time. ", "Obama was attempting to show compassion and empathy and did not speak to the legal system when he said that if he had a son, he would look like Trayvon- he was speaking to all of those that have suffered an injustice such as this.", "\n\nSpoken like a true AMERICAN. ", "Thank you Prof. Erik you are a true leader. ", "Why isn't Obama angry about that six-year-old girl who was killed on her steps last weekend in a cross fire when two gang members in Chicago start shooting at each other? ", "Why is there NO outrage about that? ", "Could that had been Obama's daughter?Sharpton and Jackson only show up when there is a chance to get on the camara and spew their hate.", "We never think of 'racial discrimination' when it's a black on white event, do we President Obama? ", "Never have I witnessed a plainer case of race pimping.", "\n\nThere can no longer be any dowt, that Obama is trying to spark civil unrest as a distraction from the criminal looting the Banksters are carrying out. ", "Divide and conquer is the oldest trick in the book, stir the people up against one another then pose as the savior that keeps the peace!Obama is the racist. ", "His \"pastor\" that he sat for 20 years was a racist hated whites, Obama can't fool all the people any more. ", "Let the black Panthers start a war they will lose, there is more of us tha there are of them. ", "Face facts blacks are 12 percent of the population, try and win that one.", "It looks like to me Obama is trying to start a race war. ", "All of this can be used to distract people from Obama's horrible record as president. ", "If things get bad enough, it could be used to bring on martial law and a way to (try) to take our guns.", "\n\nI heard a tape of Malikl Zula Shabazz on TV last night this is what he said:\n\nI say to everyonem I'm comin out of the gate my prize right now this evening to be the bountym dead or alive for George Zimmerman. ", "You feel me? ", "The thing that's about to happen these honkies, these crackers, these pigs, these people, these motherf*ers it has been long over due.", "My question is where is Atty. ", "General Holder an President Obama? ", "National Guard's should be surrounding that town and their cuurt house.", "\n\nAre the welfare recipients fooled into thinking that their checks \"come from Obama?\" ", "Everyone is losing homes, businesses, college funds for their children, they have to cut back on food items themselves - but they are going to go on paying for someone else while they, themselves, the one paying for the welfare checks, suffer - are these people deluded?", "\n\nIf they are betting on getting food stamps and welfare checks when others are tightening their belts, I'm betting, they are all betting WRONG!!!!", "\n\nHatred! ", "Racism, this is why this crap is going on. ", "Black, Hispanic, Native American - hey. ", "After reading the remarks Alan West made (freshman politician in FL) stating the Dems in Washington are all Communist. ", "Flashbacks to McCarthy's era. ", "What the hell?", "\n\nThe Republican philosophy these past few years seem to suggest their 4GL is God, Guns, Gynecology, and Greed. ", "AND I DON'T HAVE NO BLOG BUT AM SPEAKING HOW I FEEL. ", "PFFTTTTT!", "\n\nDemocrats turn a blind eye on anything Obama does. ", "Obama is a poor president, every thinking person knows it, and hopefully everyone will vote for anyone but Obama on election day. ", "That's all I've got to say.", "\n\nI thought Gahn was smarter than this. ", "Being on the other side for two terms as Council has not proved him any justice.tour not out here for my best interest your out here for yours. ", "Cut throat, power hungry and should I go on.", "It's going to be a long 3 and half years. ", "Oh by the way his son in law is not spending very much time dealing with flood control. ", "You got Duggins and Robinson on there throne with the little boys.", "\n\nAs if anyone will listen to what is posted on this blog after all of the racist remarks. ", "Total ignorance. ", "I have to laugh at the hatred coming from all of the religious zealots on here. ", "I am sure your church congregations would be proud.", "\n\nRoger, you're so focused on religion and trying to prove it's rife with bad guys, you fail to observe that religious comments are approximately 1/15th of the comments on here. ", "Yet you're still talking about it.", "\n\nYes, I see that Baylor is ruminating about life. ", "He should. ", "He's wasted enough of it. ", "Now, he suddenly asks if he should give it up? ", "Why give up now? ", "You've burned so many bridges with all your hate, Baylor, why not just stay evil? ", "I'm not with that person who keeps praying for you. ", "I don't care what happens to you. ", "Going away would be nice, but I know it won't ever happen.", "\n\n7:03, your post is disturbing on several levels. ", "Either A, you're friends with him and saw his post, or B, you're a total creep and stalking him. ", "If A, you're about the jerkiest friend one can imagine, reading his facebook and then posting here. ", "If you're B, you're obsessed and need to get help.", "\n\nI don't think anyone's stalking Baylor. ", "Baylor puts all kinds of crap out hoping that everyone in the planet will read it, and it looks to me like anyone could read his post because I looked it up and read it too. ", "Stalking him? ", "Hardly. ", "People talk about what he writes all the time. ", "This time, I went to see what's on there myself. ", "No stalking doing.", "\n\nObsessed? ", "No. ", "As I said, Baylor puts his tripe out there for all to read. ", "He WANTS us to comment on it. ", "I agree with 7:49, that he is delighted, but disagree with 5:20. ", "Baylor is out there for us all to have look at. ", "I mostly ignore him, but found that post pretty darned easily.", "\n\nWell, you come back because it gives you some kind of sick need to find someone to pick on. ", "You're angry, mean-spirited, ignorant, pompous, bellicose, and HIGHLY TOXIC.", "\n\nWhy don't you just stop coming back? ", "See if you can do it.", "\n\nI, for one, am embarrassed that Roger considers himself a part of the Democratic Party. ", "I, for one, think it's hilarious how many people use Roger for their own climb up to power. ", "I, for one, am sick of Roger and stand fully behind 7:03 and 10:51. ", "I back what they said 100 percent.", "\n\nHow in the world you got that I thought you were racist because of Roger is beyond me, but, ok. ", "That only furthers my case that you're obsessed and base your entire life around the man.", "\n\nNo, the words people use here against others...the above discussion about Obama and the Martin case...that's why most posters here are racist, uneducated, and cruel.", "\n\nIf wanting people to not use personal insults (in other posts' comments I have seen weight comments, sexuality comments) in their discussions, and if supporting my president and wanting him to succeed, and if wanting a community worth living is toxic, then yeah, I guess I am.", "\n\nSounds like you think their racist because of Roger too. ", "Say waht you mean for crying out loud. ", "I believe you started out calling that guy who talked about Roger's ruinating a \"snake.\" ", "If you go around saying things like that to some comment that looks honest enough to me and is not that bad either, than your surly toxic.", "\n\nI heard this morning the Gahan has been either one hour late to board meeting or didn't even bother to show. ", "Be sure and mail your tax papers today so Obama can waste more of our tax dollars on solar ideas.", "\n\nWhy are the people that was backing winningham meeting with Jonathon George. ", "I know mayor Gahan is trying o get back in with him. ", "Mayor you could not get anyone elected right now if you tried. ", "Not one person outside your administration even talks good about you. ", "Please Jonathon stay away from these cronies. ", "I want to vote for you!!!But I want you to get elected without these back stabbing people in this town. ", "They know who I am talking about.", "VOTE JOHNATHON GEORGE\n\nOMG! ", "I got on here ONE time. ", "One time only and I get called creep, jerk, stalker and snake. ", "Really?", "\n\nYou know, I went home to my mom's house one day after a pretty grueling test, and my stupid little brother was reading all this crap about Baylor on FB and that blog of his and on Twitter and I don't know what all. ", "So, then he gets on this blog and people were on here talking about stupid Baylor.", "\n\nOK, so I wrote Yes, I see that Baylor is ruminating about life. ", "He should. ", "He's wasted enough of it. ", "Now, he suddenly asks if he should give it up? ", "Why give up now? ", "You've burned so many bridges with all your hate, Baylor, why not just stay evil? ", "I'm not with that person who keeps praying for you. ", "I don't care what happens to you. ", "Going away would be nice, but I know it won't ever happen.", "\n\nI wasn't stalking Baylor. ", "I'm not his FB friend and I doubt if he even knows me at all. ", "I wouldn't be able to pick him up out of a line-up. ", "But listening to my brother go on and on about how stupid he is made me kind of snap. ", "I mean, it's kind of weird that this sort of stuff is what people read all the time. ", "It's just weird. ", "I guess Baylor was some kind of hippie in the 60s? ", "That's what he acts like. ", "He also seems to think that the entire world cares about what he thinks about everything. ", "And he's very mean when he writes about people. ", "My mom thinks he's a jerk. ", "I've heard many people say that.", "\n\nSo, I wrote a comment. ", "You might write me off as a stupid kid, but I have thoughts and ideas too. ", "I spend just about every weekday at IUS and then I come to my mom's to see that my brother is reading Baylor's stupid stuff.", "\n\nWhy don't you people be decent? ", "I'll probably go to hell for saying I'm not praying about Baylor, but I can't. ", "He's been too mean about people I like. ", "Anyway, I don't go to church much. ", "I doubt I have the inside track on helping people by praying. ", "The last time I saw my brother on here, there were people talking about praying for Baylor.", "\n\nIt's a waste of time. ", "He wants to be evil.", "\n\nI'm turning this back over to my brother and heading back to my place. ", "I'm gone. ", "Say all the insults you want. ", "Whatever.", "\n\nA student, huh? ", "That post was probably made by a 60 year old housewife. ", "Until someone uses his or her actual name, I don't believe that anyone is what they claim to be on this blog. ", "This is whether they claim to be a student, a lawyer, a courthouse worker, a college professor of political science, or whatever. ", "I just don't buy the anonymous crap.", "\n\nPost a new story. ", "This Baylor guy has taken over this blog. ", "There has to be more excitiing things to discuss other than this Baylor person. ", "Post a new story. ", "I read in the paper the other day that the naacp was getting their 15 minutes of whining about the City and it's hiring practices. ", "How did these people in the naacp get their job? ", "Did they pass a test or was that to hard? ", "Were they just given the job because they could yell louder than the other people applying? ", "I get sick of hearing these people cry and complain about something they want to impose on city government. ", "Go cry somewhere else\n\nNAACP what a joke, they have Gahan by the balls surprised they havent staged a Travon Martin vigil downtown yet or gotten gahan to submit a mayoral proclamation that the city supports a bounty on Zimmerman, new albany needs a few more neighborhood watchdogs because the mayor's so called cops arent getting the job done, seen the projects lately?", "\n\nWell we have mother, daughter back in the controllers office again. ", "All we have our relatives in that building. ", "Also Kay's friend Pat is back at front desk three days a week these our people who were included in the executive order by Doug.", "This mayor said change I wish I could take his hand and walk him right out of that building and his career would be over.", "\n\nOK, dummys. ", "Baylor is 62. ", "That would mean he was born in 1950. ", "So, the hippies was in the 60's. ", "That would make him a teenager in the 60's when he could have been a hippie. ", "At 62, he should be more successful than he is. ", "I would suggest he ruminate about that. ", "What is the purpose of all the mean comments he makes about people? ", "At 62, he ought to slow down on that and start praying for himself.", "\n\nLook at what Obama has done. ", "He can't run on his record. ", "What has he done for America? ", "The only thing he's done, he's had a Democrat house and senate and he's spent 3 years getting obamacare through and the supreme court is going to kick it out. ", "He has put us %5 million in debt. ", "He gets involved in things that is none of his business as president. ", "He has pissed away money on green crap. ", "He blames everything on Bush. ", "I mean, he and his cronies don't know what their doing. ", "That's the way liberals are. ", "Good Democrats aren't like that.", "\n\nYou can read and stalk Rog's Facebook page, just not the part where his publicly printed birthdate clearly puts him at 51 at the present time. ", "I'd say some of you are in need of math tutor, but you're opposed to education, right?", "\n\nI thought this Roger fellow was 52 not 62. ", "And why are you raising so much hell about Obama ? ", "George Bush Jr. was the worst president in americam history. ", "And we had 8 yrs of him. ", "And you know the old saying. ", "When a person in a position of power makes a desision. ", "Only 50% of the people are happy. ", "This blog must have the 50% who are not happy. ", "Get over it. ", "Things will get better. ", "They always do. ", "Look at government in Ky. Calling a special session to get Overtime pay. ", "60 days is enough time to get the work done that is needed. ", "But they screw around over there and call a special session to cost the taxpayers 320,000 a week in overtime costs. ", "Now that is a waste. ", "I was glad to see Bill Lamb on fox 41 bring that out. ", "Good for him\n\nI see that Roger has featured his friend Amy on his dumb blog. ", "That woman is crazy. ", "Can't she SEE that we have more kids in need of shelter and help in New Albany than up the hill? ", "Can't she imagine that, by sheer density of population, we might have more issues down here, not to mention all the public housing we've got in New Albany.", "\n\nThat woman is a train wreck.", "\n\nOK, Amy, come on here and defend Baylor and yourself. ", "Two lovebirds tied together by being liberal PERgressives.", "\n\nAlso, I want to know where Roger A. Baylor gets off talking about Vicki Denhart as though she's a cross dresser. ", "He says these things as though they're fact. ", "By his simply mentioning it as though it's fact, he assumes readers will take it as fact.", "\n\nTHIS is how he communicates. ", "If he were a REASONABLE and RESPONSIBLE individual, he would not use this method of what people generally refer to as SPIN. ", "He counts on the ignorant to buy it hook, line, and sinker.", "\n\nNow, once again, he's picking on a girl. ", "How dare he call someone who has worked herself to the bone a cross dresser? ", "How dare he constantly put down anyone, but especially this friend of New Albany. ", "Get a grip on yourself and behave, Roger.", "\n\nYou all should change this blog to kitchen bitchin issues. ", "i think after your 1,157th time of bashing this Roger Baylor person. ", "No wait do it 3 more times and make it an even 1,160. ", "GOOD LORD 5:00 If you want to be more aware of things in New Albany then quit bashing this Baylor person and focus on the Murder that happened by University Woods earlier this evening. ", "So put that in your pipe and smoke it.", "\n\nWhen will everyone realize it is Roger,Mark,Jeff and the rest of his same old people posting on here quit following for it.", "These people don't deserve your breath. ", "Shut this talk and shut them down for good Rog is almost there anyway .", "\n\nWhen will everyone realize it is Roger,Mark,Jeff and the rest of his same old people posting on here quit following for it.", "These people don't deserve your breath. ", "Shut this talk and shut them down for good Rog is almost there anyway .", "\n\nI read in the paper that the current Fire Chief stated facts on the hiring process for the city after a previous fire chief had lied about them in an older article when the naacp whined about how the city hiring practices are being done wrong. ", "It's a shame that people who have nothing to do with current affairs for the city can't leave well enough alone. ", "Oh but wait. ", "Isn't the old fire chief's family involved with the naacp ???????? ", "Well imagine that. ", "Using his old position to try and cause disarray with the current administration. ", "The paper said the old fire chief's name was toran. ", "I asked around about him and did'nt hear anything good from people who are on the fire departmant now. ", "They said he sit behind a desk for 30 years and claimed to be a firefighter. ", "Sounds like a pencil pusher. ", "Naacp take a hike and leave this city.", "\n\nAs far as I'm concerned, there's plenty of reasons why it's a shame this blog can't demand that Baylor leave, with a police escort, and leave him to keep on whining about it YEARS later by writing about it in lengthy \"articles.\" ", "More's the pity.", "\n\nAs far as I'm concerned, there's plenty of reasons why it's a shame this blog can't demand that Baylor leave, with a police escort, and leave him to keep on whining about it YEARS later by writing about it in lengthy \"articles.\" ", "More's the pity.", "\n\nWondered what the above comment was about. ", "It took me awhile, but I found out what.", "\n\nBaylor is whining like a beaten cur about an incident from years ago.", "\n\nIt's amazing. ", "If Kerry Stemler, Jerry Finn, Ed Clere, Ron Grooms, Steve Stemler, Vaughn Scott, Vicki Denhart or anyone in 1SI were escorted out of a meeting by police, Baylor would be jumping up and down with JOY. ", "He wouldn't waste five MINUTES before he'd be on his blog, Twitter and God knows where else to pile on the insults. ", "He wouldn't see anything wrong with any of those people being kicked out of a meeting.", "\n\nIt's all about a double standard and Baylor's need to have everything HIS way.", "\n\nHe got kicked out of a festival back in 2003. ", "That's what he's crying about. ", "Bombastic whiner.", "\n\nI have some Right Guard if that is really the way you feel. ", "I still can't believe i bring up current issues in New Albany and all you people want to do is still bash this Roger Baylor person. ", "Who cares if he got kicked out of a festival back in 2003. ", "What facts do you have to back that up? ", "And again 5:00 talking about things that are going on here in good old New Albany. ", "Right here. ", "Right now you have people wanting to change the hiring practices in New Albany. ", "Wanting people hired who can't pass a standard test. ", "The naacp wants to lower the standards to hire on minorties. ", "And all you people want to talk about is something that happened in 2003. ", "Amazing. ", "I guess you all don't like this Baylor person. ", "He can't be all that is going on in New Albany is he? ", "I'll debate issues about New Albany but every time i bring one up everything always jumps right back to Roger Baylor.", "\n\nYou are talking about the ex chief he must have something to do with the current mayor. ", "Toran was on his transition team so Gahan must think he has some credit. ", "But again Gahan if it's not his idea or his powers look out.", "\n\nWhat people on here don't understand Jeff will always have hs few cronies on the council because he uses them like step children. ", "The pawn he puts on others to do his dirty work they just haven't figured it out.", "\n\nGonder and Mclaughlin never could make a decision without Carl or Gahan for 4 years. ", "Never came to a meeting I was at prepared enough to make a decision.", "As far as Mclaughlin he sits on te parks board and doesn't say anything about the dollars before or even try to work anything out until Jeff guides him on it. ", "I go to the parks board meetings and that roger Jeffries is a top employee for our community.", "\n\nGahan will veto the parks deal in the coming days. ", "But you give him credit on this when in 8 years of his service he has known about this and never came to the fore front. ", "All Gahan does is threatens people to loose there jobs or to sue. ", "Wants to sue county for parks, 911 funding, keep going Jeff sue ourselves. ", "Your lawyers will give you a piece of the pie.", "\n\nSo you think it is okay that the county does not pay? ", "Really? ", "I thought you all were taxpayer watch dogs. ", "Guess you all live in the county with the others who think NA is not worth anything. ", "Quit griping then if you don't care.", "\n\ndarkie parade at the brewhouse, martin luther baylor and the reverand jessie gahan speaking be sure and bring your job applications city jobs to be handed out, no education or experience required just a lazy the world owes me attitude, bonus points if you drink too much beer and rike a bike there.", "\n\nYep 7:57 always goes back to this Baylor person. ", "Post a new story. ", "The puss is oozing from this one. ", "I thought it was pretty lame that the current police Chief blindsided a 40+ yr veteran of the police dept. ", "with walking papers because of a merit system rule saying you can be retired from the police dept. ", "at age 65. ", "They did'nt even give him notice. ", "He had to call someone to come pick him up that day because he had to turn in his car. ", "And the Chief even said in the paper that the administration had discussed all this prior to giving him his walking papers. ", "I also made a couple of calls and found out he is now off duty but still being paid till after the first of next year. ", "Congrats to the officer for his 40+ years of service but shame on the Chief for trearing him like she did.", "\n\n1:17 he's using up his vacation time with full pay up until June 11, 2012. ", "He had 3 DWI. ", "He's pist because in his divorce papers he has to NOW turn over half his pension. ", "Cry me a river. ", "Don't worry he will sue the city.", "\n\nwell i think if you had to turn over half your pension you would be pist also. ", "How many days did his wife go in to work and put her life on the line. ", "And if it's her fault they got divorced he should'nt have to give her a dime\n\nwow Just read the an 18 yr old kid slammed into a house on slate run rd saturday night. ", "It will be interesting to see how what kind of sentence this kid gets. ", "he was drunk,had pot on him, and injured a passenger in the car.", "Let's see what Henderson does or if the family makes a campain donation to get him off.", "\n\nI, for one, am sick and tired of the same old Baylor-Gillenwater-Flunkies crap online. ", "One thing I found out about just today: The POTABLE CURMUDGEON is pouting. ", "I was wondering what \"April 21, 11:28 AM\" was talking about. ", "Now I get it. ", "Baylor is writing about POUTING. ", "Here a sample:\n\nTalk to NABC that way, and the Curmudgeon will write about it - now, tomorrow, and forever more, until an apology is forthcoming.", "\n\nOK. ", "So, by use of threats and name calling, Baylor says he's going to keep on writing about Big Red Liquors \"until an apology is forthcoming.\"", "\n\nWell, we should all be so petty. ", "If we were, Roger, none of us would EVER talk to you, or act civil to you, or continue to help promote your business.", "\n\nTalking about John Gonder gerrymandering he was a part of it. ", "John not only told coffey what was going on but other council members right before the vote that night. ", "Roger and mark you got sold out I don't care what you say sold out!!!Gonder lied at the council meeting in front of everyone but watch out Gonder you will be confronted again real soon and you won't be able to get out of the box running.", "\n\nDan and John Gonder better NOT forget: isn't that and more on the tape Denhart has? ", "I really don't think certain people want Denhart to stand up at council and play the tape she has. ", "Oh that's right didn't now Mayor Gahan, Larry Kochert and others hear their plan in tape? ", "I heard it and them council members better NOT think for one moment she won't make it public either.", "\n\nWell, great paranoid one, perhaps in your delusional, swill-induced stupor, you can find the tape and put it on your blog. ", "Ever think that it might exist and that it needs to just be put out there so we can all stop hearing about it all the time, like a threat under cloak and dagger? ", "If you're really such a great reporter of \"news,\" then you need to put up, big guy, and stop filling the online world with your pouting." ]

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[ "'Let Me Sign' brought you to a lot of people's attention through the Twilight soundtrack. ", "Were you happy with how Robert Pattinson performed it?", "\nIt’s really great. ", "Originally that song was a bit of a joke, it was a clapping song that me and my friend wrote together and he turned it into this really serious, moody song. ", "So it was quite funny. ", "But it was great, we worked it out together and I really like it." ]

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[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nBreast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in females worldwide,^\\[[@R1],[@R2]\\]^ and is the leading cause of mortality in women.^\\[[@R3]\\]^ It is therefore a huge burden for both patients and society. ", "BC is a multifactorial disease caused by complex inherited and environmental factors.^\\[[@R4]\\]^ One of the most common causes is genetic mutation. ", "Numerous genetic alterations influence human breast carcinogenesis by affecting cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and invasion.^\\[[@R5]\\]^ However, although BC has been extensively researched in recent years, and numerous biomarkers have proved to be effectual for the diagnosis and management of BC, it remains one of the leading causes of cancer death.^\\[[@R3]\\]^ Therefore, the mechanism underlying the development of BC is intricate, and further research is required to discover the genes involved in BC pathogenesis to develop novel therapeutic targets for treating the disease. ", "Though Santpere et al described genes that change in DCIS and basal-like tumors with respect to normal breast,^\\[[@R6]\\]^ the dynamic change of co-expression network from normal breast tissue to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and subsequently to all subtypes of invasive breast cancer (IBC), are still unclear.", "\n\nRecent developments in oligonucleotide microarray and sequencing technologies have enabled the rapid monitoring of gene expression in various tissues, and have provided an excellent tool and platform for cancer research.^\\[[@R7],[@R8]\\]^ Owing to the accurate determination of tumor phenotypes, expression-based classification offers insight into the molecular aspects of tumor progression, recurrence, and differentiation.^\\[[@R9],[@R10]\\]^ facilitating the discovery of new biomarkers. ", "Traditional differentially expressed genes (DEGs) network analysis can be used to identify differentially expressed genes in cancer patients compared to normal people. ", "However, such analysis conventionally treats thousands of genes independently, and ignores the high interconnection of the transcriptome. ", "Moreover, it encompasses different expression profiles of thousands of genes driven by a wide range of factors, so it is difficult to determine which genes play a key role in the development of BC.", "\n\nScale-free networks differ significantly from random networks. ", "The most notable characteristic of a scale-free network is the relative commonness of vertices with a degree that greatly exceeds the average. ", "The highest-degree nodes are often called \\\"hubs\", and are thought to serve specific purposes in their networks. ", "WGCNA is based solely on a scale-free network that is used to determine the relationships between genes, thereby enabling the identification of modules (clusters) of highly correlated genes,^\\[[@R11]\\]^ and the hub gene in each module. ", "Thus, WGCNA is ideal for the identification of gene modules and key genes that contribute to phenotypic traits. ", "For example, Colin et al identified 11 gene co-expression clusters from large-scale BC data using WGCNA, and suggested that *UBE2S* indicates a poor prognosis for BC.^\\[[@R12]\\]^ Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to use the WGCNA algorithm to identify highly correlated gene modules that are associated with BC development, then detected the hub genes (network-centric genes), to uncover new biomarkers proved to be effectual for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.", "\n\n2. ", "Materials and methods\n========================\n\nStatistical computations were performed using R statistical software (version 3.5) with related packages or our customized functions.", "\n\n2.1. ", "Microarray data\n--------------------\n\nThe microarray gene expression profiles were downloaded from the GEO (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) database with accession numbers GSE15852 and GSE92697. ", "A total of 112 samples were included in the dataset (42 IBC, 27 DCIS, and 43 normal breast samples). ", "The 2 series have good consistency after adjusting the batch effects. ", "Microarray annotation information (HG-U133A Annotations) was used to match a total of 22,283 microarray probes with the corresponding genes. ", "Probes with more than one gene were eliminated, and the average values were calculated for those genes corresponding to more than one probe. ", "Therefore, 12,709 unique genes representing the expression profiles were used for analysis. ", "The data of this study are derived from gene databases, so ethical approval is not applicable.", "\n\n2.2. ", "Co-expression module detection\n-----------------------------------\n\nWe initially used the flashClust tool in the R language to carry out cluster analysis of the samples with the appropriate threshold value to detect and remove the outliers. ", "The gradient method was used to test the independence and the average degree of connectivity of the various modules with different power values (the power values ranged from 1 to 20). ", "Once the appropriate power value had been determined when the degree of independence was 0.8, the module construction proceeded with the WGCNA algorithm. ", "Modules were identified as gene sets with high topological overlap.^\\[[@R13]\\]^ The minimum number of genes was set at 30 to ensure high reliability. ", "Subsequently, the information pertaining to the corresponding genes in each module was extracted.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Module and clinical trait association analysis\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe WGCNA algorithm utilizes module eigengenes (MEs) to assess the potential correlation of gene modules with clinical traits. ", "In the present study, the MEs were defined as the first principal components calculated using principal component analysis, which summarizes the expression patterns of the module genes into a single characteristic expression profile. ", "The expression patterns of modules associated with the kinds of samples were then calculated using gene significance (GS) and module significance (MS). ", "The GS of a gene was defined as the correlation coefficients for different kinds of samples, whereas MS was indexed as the average GS for all the genes in the module.", "\n\n2.4. ", "Functional annotation of module\n------------------------------------\n\nFunctional annotation of the modules was performed on the basis of analysis of their gene composition. ", "Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were performed to explore the biological functions of selected genes in the modules that had high correlation with BC development using the DAVID bioinformatics tool (version 6.7, <https://david.nciferf.gov/>). ", "A *P* value ≤ .05 after correction was used as the threshold. ", "The top 4 records of the 3 GO sub-vocabularies (\\\"cellular component\", CC; \\\"biological process\", BP; \\\"molecular function\", MF) and KEGG pathways were extracted.", "\n\n2.5. ", "Association analysis and hub genes\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe kME --- which is the distance from the expression profile of a gene to that of the module eigengene --- was determined as the Pearson correlation coefficient between each individual gene and the ME. ", "Thus, kME quantifies how close a gene is to a module, that is, it measures the module membership of a gene. ", "The hub genes are those genes with high network connectivity in a particular group. ", "Furthermore, the hub genes of modules are also highly associated with the corresponding clinical traits of the modules. ", "Thus, genes with the highest kME and highest GS in the module were informally referred to as intramodular hub genes.", "\n\n2.6. ", "Validation the hub genes by Oncomine database\n--------------------------------------------------\n\nOncomine (<https://www.oncomine.org/resource/login.html>) is a cancer microarray database that allows researchers to mine web-based data on genome-wide expression in various types of human cancers and the corresponding normal tissues.^\\[[@R14],[@R15]\\]^ The database is constantly updated to provide users with the most advanced data and tools available. ", "Therefore, we used Oncomine because it is powerful tool that provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying BC development, and the validation of new targets and biomarkers.", "\n\n3. ", "Results\n==========\n\n3.1. ", "Identification of gene co-expression modules\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nThe dataset and samples were described in the methods. ", "WGCNA is memory consumption. ", "Therefore, a weighted gene co-expression network was constructed from the 4236 most varied genes (the top 1/3 of the 12,709 genes) which included almost all the differentially expressed genes among groups. ", "The flashClust tools package was used to perform the cluster analysis, and 4 outlier samples were subsequently detected and removed (Fig. [", "1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "The most critical parameter in WGCNA analysis is the power value, which mainly affects the independence and the average degree of connectivity of the co-expression modules. ", "Figure [1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows that when the power value was equal to 5, our data predicted a gene co-expression network that exhibited scale-free topology with inherent modular features.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nWe then calculated the topological overlap measure (TOM) for each gene pair. ", "Hierarchical clustering based on TOM dissimilarity measure (1-TOM) stability revealed 17 modules (Fig. [", "2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "Each module contained a group of coordinately expressed genes with high TOM, and was potentially involved in shared biological processes. ", "To distinguish the modules individually, each module was assigned a unique color, and the corresponding numbers of genes in these modules are shown in Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}B. The background color is grey and represents the 463 genes not assigned to any module. ", "The entire gene expression network is representation in the heatmap plot shown in Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}A and the multi-dimensional scaling plot shown in Figure [3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}B.\n\n{#F2}\n\n{#F3}\n\n3.2. ", "Association of modules with clinical traits\n------------------------------------------------\n\nInteraction analysis of co-expression modules associated with tumor characteristics identified correlation between module eigengenes (MEs) and tumor characteristics (Fig. [", "4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}A). ", "The eigengene of the tan module (88 genes) had significant correlation with BC development (cor = .71, *P* = 8 × 10^−18^), whereas the eigengene of the brown module (519 genes) had the highest negative correlation (cor = −.6, *P* = 4 × 10^−11^). ", "Furthermore, the eigengenes of greenyellow (94 genes) and turquoise (920 genes) modules were also highly correlated with BC development (cor = .47, *P* = 4 × 10^−7^ and cor = .44, *P* = 2 × 10^−6^, respectively). ", "Figure [4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}B shows a hierarchical clustering dendrogram of the eigengenes (the top panel) as well as eigengene adjacency network (the bottom panel), which also confirmed that the eigengene of the tan module is the highest one that correlated with BC development. ", "The dynamic changes of MS from normal tissue to DCIS, and then to IBC, were shown in Figure [5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Tan module shows the highest MS in IBC patients and the lowest in normal patient. ", "However, the brown module exhibited exactly opposite results.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\n{#F5}\n\n3.3. ", "Functional enrichment analysis of genes in modules of interest\n-------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBecause the tan, greenyellow, turquoise, and brown modules were all highly correlated with BC development, we conducted GO and KEGG enrichment analysis to obtain further biological insight into each module. ", "For the tan module, which had strong positive correlation with BC development, the genes were mainly enriched in GO: 0016477 (cell migration). ", "For the brown module, which had strong negative correlation with BC development, the genes were mainly enriched in GO: 0007155 (cell adhesion). ", "Categories related to GO: 0070062 (the cell cycle) and GO: 0070062 (cell--cell adhesion) were significantly over-represented in the remaining 2 modules, namely the greenyellow and turquoise co-expression modules, respectively. ", "The complete information relating to the significant biological GO terms and KEGG pathways for these 4 modules is shown in Figure [6](#F6){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\n{#F6}\n\n3.4. ", "Module visualization and hub genes\n---------------------------------------\n\nFirst, we created a scatterplot of GS of BC development versus Module Membership in the 17 modules (Fig. [", "7](#F7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We found that the tan, greenyellow, turquoise, and brown modules all contained genes with the highest GS for BC development and highest intramodular connectivity, which suggests that the intramodular hub genes of these modules were highly correlated with BC development.", "\n\n{#F7}\n\nThen we used Cytoscape software to visualize the network of targeted modules and the intra-modular connectivity, which was calculated by WGCNA (Fig. [", "8](#F8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The hub genes in the tan module included *SLC38A1*, the *KRT* family (*KRT8*, *KRT18*, and *KRT19*), *EPCAM*, *HMGN1*, etc. ", "With regard to the remaining 3 modules, the most significant hub genes were *BUB1B*, *MORF4L2*, and *TNS1* in the greenyellow, turquoise, and brown modules, respectively.", "\n\n{#F8}\n\n3.5. ", "Expression of hub genes in breast cancer and normal tissues\n----------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe evaluated the transcription levels of the hub genes in our 4 targeted modules in BC and normal tissues using the Oncomine database. ", "The Curtis breast dataset revealed that the *EPCAM*, *KRT8*, *KRT19*, *KPNA2*, *MELK*, and *ECT2* expression levels were significantly higher in BC than in normal tissues, with fold changes larger than 2. *", "SLC38A1*, *HMGN1*, *CD9*, *CBX3*, *ACTR3*, and *MORF4L2* expression levels were moderately higher in BC than in normal tissues, with fold changes between 1.4 and 2.0. ", "There were no differences in the expression levels of *BUB1B*, *KRT18*, or *MYO6* between BC tissue and normal tissue. ", "However, the expression levels of *TNS1*, *ADH1B*, *PNN*, *ITIH5*, and *LPL* were markedly lower in the BC tissue than in the normal tissue (Fig. [", "9](#F9){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F9}\n\n4. ", "Discussion\n=============\n\nTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of WGCNA analysis to dynamically study co-expression genes in normal breast tissues, DCIS tissues, and IBC tissues, and to explore related modules and hub genes. ", "We conclude that the tan module, which focused on the cell migration pathway, had the highest correlation with BC development. ", "The functions of the other 3 modules, which were also correlated with BC development, focused on the cell cycle, cell division, and cell adhesion. ", "Several hub genes derived from these modules that are associated with BC were uncovered; some have been reported to exhibit high tumorigenicity. ", "However, some newly discovered genes may become potential makers for the diagnosis and treatment of BC. ", "Our long-term goals are to provide insight into the mechanisms underlying BC development, and to help identify patients who are likely to develop BC, and who would benefit from alternative clinical diagnosis and therapy.", "\n\nCloning and migration are the 2 basic characteristics of cancer cells. ", "The function of the tan module, which was identified as the most significant module associated with BC development, concerned the cell migration pathway and the formation of the anatomical structures involved in morphogenesis. ", "Therefore, this upregulation of the co-expressed genes plays a central role in increasing the migration of epithelial cells and promoting structure formation in BC.", "\n\nAmong the hub genes in the tan module, *EPCAM* is considered the most frequently and intensely studied tumor-associated antigen gene because it is overexpressed in most epithelium-derived tumors, including colorectal,^\\[[@R16]\\]^ breast,^\\[[@R17]\\]^ pancreatic,^\\[[@R18]\\]^ and liver.^\\[[@R19]\\]^ Furthermore, *EPCAM* is also regarded as a prognostic tumor biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.^\\[[@R20]\\]^ However, the mechanism by which *EPCAM* is associated with cancer formation has remained elusive. ", "Other important hub genes in this module were mainly located in the keratins (KRTs) family, demonstrating that KRTs play a critical role in the development of BC. *", "KRT8*, a type II basic intermediate filament protein, is expressed in many simple epithelial cells.^\\[[@R21]\\]^*KRT8* is also positively expressed in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas and metastases.^\\[[@R22]\\]^ As for the association between *KRT8* and BC, only one study reported that KRT8 combined with urokinase-type plasminogen activator, plasminogen, and fibronectin constitutes a signaling platform that can modulate breast tumor cell adhesion and invasiveness.^\\[[@R23]\\]^*KRT19* expression is also proved to be associated with poor tumor differentiation and aggressive tumor behavior in hepatocellular carcinoma.^\\[[@R24]\\]^ However, it can be seen that there are few reports on the functions of the KRT family associated with BC formation in the literature. ", "Therefore, the 2 most important hub genes (*KRT8* and *KRT19*) in this module are potential new markers for the diagnosis and treatment of BC.", "\n\nGene functions in the greenyellow module concerned cell division, and the cell cycle pathway. ", "Cancer basically results from uncontrolled cell division. ", "The formation and progression of cancer is usually linked to a series of changes in the activity of cell cycle regulators. ", "The hub genes in this module included *KPNA2*, *MELK*, and *ECT2*. ", "A large number of reports have now confirmed that *MELK* can regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis, and promote cancer cell metastasis.^\\[[@R25]\\]^ However, there has been little research on *KPNA2*. ", "A few studies have shown that the expression of *KPNA2* is associated with aggressive behaviors such as higher tumor grade and positive lymph node,^\\[[@R26],[@R27]\\]^ and with poor outcomes in BC.^\\[[@R28]\\]^*ECT2*, which is considered a major oncogene involved in the onset or progression of human cancers, induces the malignant transformation of both epithelial cells and fibroblasts, indicating its vital role in the malignant transformation of cells.^\\[[@R29]\\]^ Therefore, *ECT2* is likely to play a key role in the interaction between BC epithelial cell and the tumor microenvironment.", "\n\nThe function of the genes in the turquoise module concerned poly(A) RNA binding, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, RNA transport, and metabolic pathways, which implies that the genes in this module inhibit transcription and regulate the metabolism of tumor cells. ", "The functions of the genes in the brown module concerned the regulation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the transcription of RNA polymerase II promoter, and signal transduction. ", "The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway plays an essential role in several cell processes including cell proliferation, growth, survival, angiogenesis, and malignancies.^\\[[@R30]\\]^*TNS1*, *ADH1B*, and *LPL*, which are markers of unfavorable prognoses in many cancers, were markedly downregulated in BC, but the underlying mechanisms require further investigation.", "\n\nThough the majority of hub genes highlighted in this study have been reported, all the studies just discussed the correlation between the expression of a single gene, such as *KRT8*, *KRT19*, *KPNA2*, and *ECT2* et al and the prognosis of breast cancer. ", "However, in our study, we focus on the genes that play critical roles in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. ", "Besides, WGCNA analysis was used to detect the correlation of these hub genes, which will help us understand the interaction of these genes as well as the mechanism that associated with breast cancer development.", "\n\n5. ", "Conclusion\n=============\n\nIn summary, our study used a systems biology-based WGCNA approach to demonstrate that 4 modules were correlated with IBC development. ", "The functions of these modules were concentrated in migration, cell division, cell proliferation, and cell adhesion. ", "Hub genes such as *EPCAM* and *MELK* are highly correlated with breast cancer development. ", "However, *KRT8*, *KRT19*, *KPNA2*, and *ECT2* may also have potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of IBC. ", "Our results require further verification.", "\n\nAuthor contributions\n====================\n\n**Conceptualization:** Qing Lv.", "\n\n**Data curation:** Yuanxin Zhang, Yanyan Xie.", "\n\n**Formal analysis:** Zhenggui Du, Yao Wang.", "\n\n**Investigation:** Yao Wang, Yuanxin Zhang.", "\n\n**Methodology:** Yao Wang, Yuting Zhou, Yanyan Xie.", "\n\n**Resources:** Yuting Zhou.", "\n\n**Software:** Zhenggui Du, Yuting Zhou.", "\n\n**Validation:** Yanyan Xie.", "\n\n**Writing -- original draft:** juanjuan Qiu.", "\n\n**Writing -- review & editing:** Zhenggui Du, Qing Lv.", "\n\nAbbreviations: BC = breast cancer, BP = biological process, CC = cellular component, DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ, DEGs = differentially expressed genes, GEO = gene expression omnibus, GO = gene ontology, GS = gene significance, IBC = invasive breast cancer, KEGG = Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, MEs = module eigengenes, MF = molecular function, MS = module significance, TOM = topological overlap measure, MDS = multi-dimensional scaling, WGCNA = weighted gene co-expression network analysis.", "\n\nJQ and ZD are contributed equally to the study.", "\n\nThe authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "/***********************************************************************\n* *\n* This software is part of the ast package *\n* Copyright (c) 1985-2011 AT&T Intellectual Property *\n* and is licensed under the *\n* Eclipse Public License, Version 1.0 *\n* by AT&T Intellectual Property *\n* *\n* A copy of the License is available at *\n* http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/epl-v10.html *\n* (with md5 checksum b35adb5213ca9657e911e9befb180842) *\n* *\n* Information and Software Systems Research *\n* AT&T Research *\n* Florham Park NJ *\n* *\n* Glenn Fowler <gsf@research.att.com> *\n* David Korn <dgk@research.att.com> *\n* Phong Vo <kpv@research.att.com> *\n* *\n***********************************************************************/\n#pragma prototyped\n/*\n * fmtmsg interface definitions\n */\n\n#ifndef _FMTMSG_H\n#define _FMTMSG_H\n\n#define\tMM_VERB_ENV\t\"MSGVERB\"\t/* keyword filter env var\t*/\n#define\tMM_SEVERITY_ENV\t\"SEV_LEVEL\"\t/* alternate severity env var\t*/\n\n/* max component length */\n\n#define MM_LABEL_1_MAX\t10\t\t/* label field 1 length\t\t*/\n#define MM_LABEL_2_MAX\t14\t\t/* label field 2 length\t\t*/\n\n/* classification type */\n\n#define\tMM_HARD\t\t0x00000001L\t/* hardware\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_SOFT\t\t0x00000002L\t/* software\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_FIRM\t\t0x00000004L\t/* firmware\t\t\t*/\n\n/* classification source */\n\n#define\tMM_APPL\t\t0x00000010L\t/* application\t\t\t*/\n#define MM_UTIL\t\t0x00000020L\t/* utility\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_OPSYS\t0x00000040L\t/* kernel\t\t\t*/\n\n/* classification display */\n\n#define\tMM_PRINT\t0x00000100L\t/* stderr\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_CONSOLE\t0x00000200L\t/* console\t\t\t*/\n\n/* classification status */\n\n#define\tMM_RECOVER\t0x00001000L\t/* recoverable\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_NRECOV\t0x00002000L\t/* non-recoverable\t\t*/\n\n/* severity */\n\n#define MM_NOSEV\t0x0\t\t/* no severity\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_HALT\t\t0x1\t\t/* severe fault\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_ERROR\t0x2\t\t/* fault\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_WARNING\t0x4\t\t/* could be a problem\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_INFO\t\t0x8\t\t/* not an error (noise?)", "\t*/\n\n/* fmtmsg return value */\n\n#define\tMM_OK\t\t0\t\t/* succeeded\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_NOTOK\t3\t\t/* failed completely\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_NOMSG\t1\t\t/* stderr message failed\t*/\n#define MM_NOCON\t2\t\t/* console message failed\t*/\n\n/* null argument values -- 0 just doesn't get any respect */\n\n#define MM_NULLLBL\t(char*)0\t/* label\t\t\t*/\n#define MM_NULLSEV\t0\t\t/* severity\t\t\t*/\n#define\tMM_NULLMC\t0L\t\t/* class\t\t\t*/\n#define MM_NULLTXT\t(char*)0\t/* text\t\t\t\t*/\n#define MM_NULLACT\t(char*)0\t/* action\t\t\t*/\n#define MM_NULLTAG\t(char*)0\t/* tag\t\t\t\t*/\n\n#ifdef MM_TABLES\n\n/* encoding support */\n\ntypedef struct\n{\n\tconst char*\tname;\n\tconst char*\tdisplay;\n\tunsigned int\tvalue;\n} MM_table_t;\n\n#define mm_class\t_mm_class\n#define mm_severity\t_mm_severity()\n#define mm_verb\t\t_mm_verb\n\n#define MM_all\t\t0xff\n#define MM_action\t0x01\n#define MM_class\t0x02\n#define MM_label\t0x04\n#define MM_severity\t0x08\n#define MM_source\t0x10\n#define MM_status\t0x20\n#define MM_tag\t\t0x40\n#define MM_text\t\t0x80\n\n#define MM_default\t(MM_action|MM_label|MM_severity|MM_tag|MM_text)\n\n#if _BLD_ast && defined(__EXPORT__)\n#define extern\t\t__EXPORT__\n#endif\n#if !_", "BLD_ast && defined(__IMPORT__)\n#define extern\t\textern __IMPORT__\n#endif\n\nextern const MM_table_t\t\tmm_class[];\nextern const MM_table_t\t\tmm_verb[];\n\n#undef\textern\n\n#if _BLD_ast && defined(__EXPORT__)\n#define extern\t\t__EXPORT__\n#endif\n\nextern const MM_table_t*\tmm_severity;\n\n#undef\textern\n\n#endif\n\n#if _BLD_ast && defined(__EXPORT__)\n#define extern\t\t__EXPORT__\n#endif\n\nextern int\tfmtmsg(long, const char*, int, const char*, const char*, const char*);\n\n#undef\textern\n\n#endif\n" ]

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[ "An actor and the former producing...\n\nGEORGE HAMLIN, 65,\n\nJuly 9, 1986\n\nNEW YORK CITY — GEORGE HAMLIN, 65, an actor and the former producing director at Harvard University's Loeb Drama Center, died Saturday. ", "Hamlin was director of the Dock Street Theater in Charleston, S.C., and an executive director in New York before becoming producing director of the Loeb Drama Center in 1961. ", "He returned to New York in 1980 and acted in several plays produced by the New York Shakespeare Festival, in several movies by Woody Allen and in TV mini- series." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to open new window through javascript when pop up is blocked\n\nHow can I open a new window through javascript when popup is blocked in IE and Firefox.", "\nBelow is the code:\n<%@ Page language=\"c#\" AutoEventWireup=\"false\" %>\n<!", "DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN\" > \n\n<html>\n <head>\n <title>SessionRedirect</title>\n <meta name=\"GENERATOR\" Content=\"Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 7.1\">\n <meta name=\"CODE_LANGUAGE\" Content=\"C#\">\n <meta name=vs_defaultClientScript content=\"JavaScript\">\n <meta name=vs_targetSchema content=\"http://schemas.microsoft.com/intellisense/ie5\">\n </head>\n <body MS_POSITIONING=\"GridLayout\">\n\n <form method=\"post\" name=\"frmRedirect\"> \n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"email\" value=\"<%=Session[\"Email\"].ToString() %>\" />\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"pass\" value=\"<%= Session[\"PWD\"].ToString() %>\" />\n <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"User\" value=\"<%= Session[\"User\"].ToString() %>\" />\n </form>\n\n<script type=\"text/javascript\"> \n\n if(frmRedirect.", "User.value == \"P\")\n {\n window.open(\"\", \"Partner\", \"height=650,width=1075,left=100,top=100,status=1,scrollbars=1,location=1,toolbar=1;resizable=1\");\n frmRedirect.target=\"Partner\"; \n frmRedirect.action = \"http://pli.cmsstag/partnerzone/index.aspx\";\n document.frmRedirect.submit(); \n location.replace(\"index.aspx\");\n }\n else\n {\n window.open(\"\", \"Student\", \"height=650,width=1075,left=100,top=100,status=1,scrollbars=1,location=1,toolbar=1;resizable=1\");\n frmRedirect.target=\"Student\";\n frmRedirect.action = \"http://pli.cmsstag/studentzone/index.aspx\";\n document.frmRedirect.submit(); \n location.replace(\"index.aspx\");\n } \n\n</script>\n\n<%\n Session.", "Remove(\"registration\");\n Session.", "Remove(\"User\");\n Session.", "Remove(\"UserId\");\n Session.", "Remove(\"UserLoggedIn\");\n Session.", "Remove(\"AgentCode\");\n Session.", "Abandon();\n%>\n\n </body>\n</html>\n\nall the above code is working fine, until the browser has blocked the popup. ", "I am trying to open new window through window.open, please see the above code. ", "I want the window should open in any case, if there is pop up blocker it should also open.", "\nPlease help!", "\n\nA:\n\nPop ups created by window.open can get blocked by pop up blockers. ", "You can add a new div layer that acts like a pop up to solve this.", "\nJavascript Modal Dialog\nSome of the problems with div pop ups are\n. ", "dropdown lists come in the way of these pop ups.", "\n. ", "on window resize the position has to be changed\netc\nIn the above page many of the issues with a div pop up has been solved.", "\n\nA:\n\nPopup blockers only block unintended popups. ", "\nIf your popup is displayed while handling a click event from the user, your popup might not be blocked by the popup blocker.", "\nSo as long as your user clicks on a button or a link to open the popup, it will be ok with current popup blockers.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "The international break has seemingly given José Mourinho some room to breathe and a welcome respite from endless rumours about his \"impeding dismissal\" from the club. ", "In the meantime, it appears that the manager got a small victory on his side, even, as the Chelsea board reportedly begun discussions with Mourinho about bringing new players to the team, according to Simon Johnson from the London Evening Standard.", "\n\nThe report claims that Mourinho handed the board a shortlist containing not only players he wants to buy but also the ones he wants to sell in the winter transfer window. ", "It seemed as though the club weren't willing to make landmark signings in the winter, which was somewhat implied on the vote of confidence given to Mourinho back in October, but apparently the club's directors revised their approach on the issue, admitting that they made mistakes in their summer arrangements entering this season.", "\n\nMourinho's shortlist has six transfer targets which include names heard during the last transfer window such as Everton's John Stones and PSG's Marquinhos. ", "For the midfield, the manager has his sights on two young names in Porto's Ruben Neves and Red Star's Marko Grujic -- although Grujic himself said his most likely destination is Italy. ", "As for the attack, Mourinho's choices to reinforce the sector are Shakhtar Donetsk's Alex Teixeira and Lyon's Alexandre Lacazette. ", "Is this right; not a single washed-up striker or uninspiring veteran signing? ", "Still, that's a rather heavy dose of activity for January, and that's not something for which there is much precedent at all.", "\n\nThe players on the opposite side of the ledger are Colombian striker Radamel Falcao -- who could see his loan deal cut short -- and former Nantes defender Papy Djilobodji, who would probably be one of the most expensive transfers in history based solely on minutes played as he only managed to record a single one at Chelsea in a League Cup game against Walsall in September.", "\n\nChelsea expect that this transfer overhaul will bring the results needed by the team to turn their fortunes around by the second half of the season, although our chances of reaching the Champions League through the league are still slim. ", "And if the plan goes through, this also means more bad news for some of our U21 players, who see their chances of breaking into the first-team getting smaller with every media report." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ " F I L E D\n United States Court of Appeals\n Tenth Circuit\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS APR 1 2002\n\n TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER\n Clerk\n\n\n\n VIRGINIA C. KASPAR,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n\n v.\n No. ", "00-2120\n (D.C. No. ", "CIV-99-262-JC/KBM)\n CITY OF HOBBS, TONY KNOTT,\n (D. New Mexico)\n STAN DURHAM, JACK LAMB and\n MATT RHOADS, individually and in\n their official capacities,\n\n Defendants - Appellants.", "\n\n\n\n\n ORDER AND JUDGMENT *\n\n\nBefore SEYMOUR and KELLY, Circuit Judges, and WINDER, ** District Judge.", "\n\n\n Plaintiff Virginia C. Kaspar 1 brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against\n\n\n *\n This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the\ndoctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. ", "The court\ngenerally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order\nand judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. ", "R. 36.3.", "\n **\n The Honorable David K. Winder, United States District Judge, District of\nUtah, sitting by designation.", "\n 1\n Plaintiff-Appellee Virginia C. Kaspar died on October 17, 2000, while\nthis case was pending. ", "On October 1, 2001, her attorneys filed an unopposed\n (continued...)\n\fdefendants City of Hobbs, Police Chief Tony Knott, and Police Officers Stan\n\nDurham and Jack Lamb, 2 alleging that her Fourth Amendment rights were\n\nviolated by an illegal search of her home. ", "She moved for partial summary\n\njudgment against Officer Durham, claiming it was unreasonable for him to have\n\nconcluded that he could conduct a warrantless search of her bedroom based solely\n\nupon the consent of her caretaker. ", "The district court granted the motion, denying\n\nDurham’s claim of qualified immunity. ", "See Kaspar v. City of Hobbs, 90 F. Supp.", "\n\n2d 1313 (D.N.M. 2000). ", "Because we lack jurisdiction, we dismiss the appeal.", "\n\n As the Supreme Court has recently reiterated,\n\n Qualified immunity is “an entitlement not to stand trial or face the\n other burdens of litigation.” ", "Mitchell v Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526\n (1985). ", "The privilege is “an immunity from suit rather than a mere\n defense to liability; and like an absolute immunity, it is effectively\n lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” ", "Ibid. ", "As a\n result, “we repeatedly have stressed the importance of resolving\n immunity questions at the earliest possible stage in litigation.”", "\n Hunter v. Bryant, 502 U.S. 224, 227 (1991) (per curiam).", "\n\nSaucier v. Katz, 121 S. Ct. ", "2151, 2156 (2001) (emphasis in original). ", "For these\n\nreasons, the Court has held that “a district court’s denial of a claim of qualified\n\n 1\n (...continued)\nmotion to substitute Jerry Chapman, the personal representative of her estate, as\nPlaintiff-Appellee. ", "This motion will be granted pursuant to Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P.\n43(a)(1).", "\n 2\n Defendant Matt Rhoads was a sergeant with the City of Hobbs Police\nDepartment and the supervisor of defendants Durham and Lamb. ", "The district\ncourt entered summary judgment in favor of defendant Rhoads, and the claims\nagainst him are not at issue in this appeal.", "\n\n -2-\n\fimmunity, to the extent that it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable ‘final\n\ndecision’ within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 notwithstanding the absence of\n\na final judgment.” ", "Mitchell, 472 U.S. at 530 (emphasis added).", "\n\n The Court has made it clear, however, that where issues of fact preclude a\n\ndetermination that a defendant is entitled to immunity from suit, an order denying\n\nqualified immunity is not final and appealable. ", "See Behrens v. Pelletier, 516 U.S.\n\n299, 312-13 (1996); Johnson v. Jones, 515 U.S. 304, 312-14 (1995); see also\n\nFoote v. Spiegel, 118 F.3d 1416, 1422 (10th Cir. ", "1997); Sevier v. City of\n\nLawrence, 60 F.3d 695, 700 (10th Cir. ", "1995).", "\n\n The procedural posture of the present case is unusual. ", "Plaintiff moved for\n\npartial summary judgment claiming that defendants Durham and Lamb searched\n\nher home without probable cause or consent, and that the purported consent of\n\nplaintiff’s friend and part-time caretaker, Pete Losoya, was without actual or\n\napparent authority. ", "In their Response to Plaintiff’s Motion for Partial Summary\n\nJudgment, defendants asserted:\n\n A factual dispute exists regarding the search of Plaintiff’s\n home on March 13, 1997. ", "Officer Durham has testified that\n permission was requested and consent was given for entry into the\n home by Pete Losoya. ", "Mr. Losoya claims that permission was not\n requested for entry into the home, but that he simply told the officers\n that the lady he stayed with and too care of was in the home and\n officers entered. ", "For this reason, the Defendants have not requested\n summary judgment on the validity of the search.", "\n\nAplt. ", "App. ", "vol. ", "I at 205 (emphasis added). ", "Defendants argued that, viewing the\n\n -3-\n\ffacts in the light most favorable to them as the district court was required to do on\n\nplaintiff’s motion for summary judgment, Mr. Losoya had actual and apparent\n\nauthority to grant them permission to search the house. ", "They asserted, “These\n\nDefendants have pled and will assert at trial that the individual defendants are\n\nentitled to qualified immunity,” id. at 213, and asked the court to deny plaintiff’s\n\nmotion, id. at 218.", "\n\n The district court granted plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment,\n\nholding that viewing the facts in the light most favorable to defendants, Mr.\n\nLosoya had neither actual or apparent authority to consent to the search of the\n\nbedroom. ", "See Kaspar, 90 F. Supp. ", "2d at 1323 (D.N.M. 2000). ", "On appeal,\n\ndefendants ask us to overturn that determination. ", "In the unusual posture of this\n\ncase, however, even if we agreed with defendants they would not be entitled to\n\nqualified immunity from suit. ", "This is so because if Mr. Losoya had authority to\n\nconsent, there remain hotly disputed issues regarding whether Mr. Losoya did in\n\nfact consent. ", "By defendant’s own admission, whether Mr. Losoya gave them\n\npermission to search the house is an issue that must be tried. ", "3 Aplt. ", "App. ", "vol. ", "I at\n\n205.", "\n\n\n 3\n Ms. Kaspar also moved for summary judgment with respect to defendants’\nsearch of the common area of the house, which the district court denied. ", "Thus,\nregardless of what we do here, issues regarding Mr. Losoya’s actual or apparent\nauthority to consent to defendants’ entry of Ms. Kaspar’s house, and whether Mr.\nLosoya in fact consented, remain to be tried.", "\n\n -4-\n\f Consequently, even if we were to reverse the district court, and we take no\n\nposition on that matter, defendants would not be entitled to immunity from suit.", "\n\nBecause there are disputed issues of fact precluding judgment in defendants’\n\nfavor, we have no jurisdiction over this appeal. ", "Accordingly, we DISMISS for\n\nlack of jurisdiction defendants’ appeal of the district court’s partial summary\n\njudgment denying them qualified immunity.", "\n\n ENTERED FOR THE COURT\n\n\n Stephanie K. Seymour\n Circuit Judge\n\n\n\n\n -5-\n\f" ]

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[ "Tuesday, May 10, 2011\n\nA conversation I had several years ago haunts me in the best of ways. ", "It was with a Goddard advisor (professor), back when I was a Creative Writing MFA student. ", "During a break, in between lectures, I approached her.", "\n\nShe must have been talking about the courage needed to write difficult material, because I remember being moved enough to say, “I’m so scared that the me my friends and family know is not the me in my work. ", "I’m afraid that if I publish, they will hate me.”", "\n\nI’ve always been able to blend in socially, but—halfway through the MFA experience—I was learning that writing something good is the exact opposite of blending in, that being an artist means taking risks, making yourself vulnerable, and sometimes sacrificing social alliances in search of your own personal truths.", "\n\nWriting (especially publishing) is sticking out.", "\n\nThe advisor laughed knowingly, as if she had seen the look on my face many times before, and she said something reassuring like, “If you publish, your parents will be proud of you. ", "If not immediately, then in the long run. ", "Having a published author in the family is quite a thing. ", "And your friends are the people who make you feel as though you can do the work you feel called to do. ", "If they make you feel otherwise, they’re not your friends.”", "\n\nBack when I was at Goddard, I was groping, trying clumsily to figure out who I was, what type of writer I wanted to be—hoping to establish some sort of identity.", "\n\nI was reading Haruki Murakami and Gao Xingjian and experimenting with the absurdist genre. ", "I told myself that I was high-minded, literary—that I was pushing myself. ", "But really, I was hoping to impress my advisors; I was imitating, writing what I thought creative writing students should write. ", "Or maybe I was just hiding.", "\n\nEvery now and then I wrote something that scared the shit out of me.", "\nAt first, these terrifying pieces were personal essays I typed while feeling emotionally vulnerable and/or upset. ", "I remember writing one after having an argument with a friend, and another after a disagreement with a family member. ", "I didn’t really think about what I should have been writing or how my words would be perceived. ", "I just allowed myself to write the truth—or maybe my truth—without censoring myself. ", "These essays were written rather quickly, and while I did edit and shape afterward, the first drafts were not so different from the final product, and came much easier than the work I labored over with my advisors and yet somehow never seemed to get right.", "\n\nWhen I started to submit my personal essays to literary magazines, I was hopeful, but there was part of me that never believed the pieces would ever be published. ", "So when a few were accepted, I suffered crippling anxiety attacks.", "\n\nI worried that I had erred somehow by committing all of my innermost thoughts—what most people keep to themselves—to the page. ", "Mostly, I worried that there would be consequences for expressing myself honestly, especially since I had written about my personal life.", "\n\nAlicia (my wife, AKA Al) has always been my sanity. ", "During those first few publishing induced freak-outs, I asked her a series of questions. ", "They are the same questions I ask her whenever I am about to publish (and inevitably freak out).", "\n\nWhen I look back at all I have written since 2004, I’ve come to believe that the small percentage of work I’ve managed to publish is the most accurate expression of me—and that fact is not coincidental.", "\n\nA few people along the way—friends, family members, and strangers—didn’t like what I published for various reasons. ", "I’ve lost a few close friends. ", "There have definitely been some rough patches, which I will tell you about later on.", "\n\nTurns out, my parents are proud of my work and me. ", "They struggled with some of it, were surprised at times because the me they saw on the page was not always the me they thought they knew. ", "I’ve had some difficult conversations with my mother, regarding my work, but I’ve managed to let my family know who I truly am—a sensitive guy who struggles with anxiety issues, who likes to drink whiskey, whose mind takes him through great highs and lows, who feels the world strongly (maybe too strongly), and who has a lot of questions. ", "Being honest about it all, expressing myself has definitely been good for my mental health.", "\n\nMy religious grandmother crossed out all of the curse words in THE SILVER LININGS PLAYBOOK before she lent it to her friends, but she read it and felt proud enough to share it with others, which sort of amazes me.", "\n\nI have a core group of friends who show up to all of my events, even though they aren’t big readers and may or may not care for my work.", "\n\nWhen you choose the life of an artist, you definitely leave people behind.", "\n\nBut you also move closer toward other like-minded individuals.", "\n\nMy work has put me in contact with writers who understand my need to do what I do, people who have the same strong impulse.", "\n\nBut when her husband, Carsten Jensen—who wrote the amazing must-read WE, THE DROWNED—was on book tour last week here in the US, Liz decided to drop in on us for two days, by way of Buffalo, and the conversation never once slowed.", "\n\nFor 48 hours we talked writing and publishing.", "\n\nWe read each other’s work.", "\n\nWe laughed.", "\n\nWe drank much wine.", "\n\nWe ate good food.", "\n\nWe Skyped with Carsten.", "\n\nAnd when I put Liz on a train to NYC last Friday, I felt a strong happy sadness.", "\n\nSad that our visit had ended so quickly.", "\n\nHappy that putting my work into the world has led to such a good unlikely friendship, making me feel less alone.", "\n\nI thought about how terrified I was back at Goddard—how expressing my truths seemed so dangerous. ", "And yet, by facing my fears, putting myself into the world, I made some real connections and some unlikely allies.", "\n\nHow many of you are feeling tempted to put your true self into the world?", "\n\nTo express yourself honestly?", "\n\nTo write?", "\n\nTo publish?", "\n\nWho will you meet when you decide to face your fears and commit to honesty?", "\n\nMaybe your best friend, your most trusted allies are waiting out there, hungry for your manuscript!", "\n\nCheck back on Thursday, May 12th and I will introduce you to another novelist I met via my UK publishing experience. ", "He’s a good man and he has a fantastic story to share with you.", "\n\n18 comments:\n\nScott Humfeld\nsaid...\n\nOne of the themes here is risk taking. ", "If one writes with complete honesty one takes the risk of affecting personal relationships and the risk of feedback that can be painful. ", "But there are also many things to be gained by taking risks as well. ", "What are your thoughts on that?", "\n\nI definitely believe that risk is essential. ", "We often blend in because doing so is the safest option. ", "But creating and then fighting to get your story attention will definitely make you vulnerable, no matter how talented you are. ", "No risk, no reward, right? ", "It's true.", "\n\nStepping away from the herd (any herd to which you belong, be it professional, familial, social, or hobbyist) takes courage. ", "Often when I write, I can't find my courage, and I ask myself, \"Who am I to make this claim? ", "Who am I to call myself a writer?\" ", "The answer is something I heard in yoga class years ago; the instructor was quoting a poet -- I've forgotten which poet -- when she said, essentially, that the members of the herd tend to criticize the individual who steps away. \"", "The herd members will say, 'Who are you to step away from us?' ", "Well, who are you NOT to?\" ", "The point being, man up! ", "Or, woman up! (", "Easier said than done, isn't it?!)", "\n\nI also feel tempted to put my true self into the world, through my writing, perhaps getting more into photography as well - like you at Goddard, I'm still not sure what it is exactly I want to do with myself. ", "But I'm closer than I was when I left the US almost 2 years ago. ", "Looking back, I feel like I was quite lost then, my head full of other people's voices telling me what I should do with with my life. ", "I've found that in the process of moving away from all that, and making some real choices based on my own desires, there's been a greater and greater need for self-expression. ", "But when it comes to putting things I've written onto a blog, or pitching to editors, I've also had all kinds of scared shitless moments. ", "Will people think this is good, or will they think it sucks, or will it make the people that are close to me uncomfortable? ", "Only lately do I feel like I have more confidence and courage to not care as much about all of these things and just write how I feel.", "\n\nIn the process of blogging, pitching articles, etc., ", "I've also been meeting some very cool people that I would not be meeting otherwise. ", "No risk, no reward. ", "Truer words were never spoken Mr. Humfeld.", "\n\nanother great blog matt, and it's a relief to read the comments and see others who have gone through similar things. ", "I may do music, as opposed to prose, but the feeling is similar in many ways. ", "In my experience it's been really important and helpful to have people close to you who will 1. ", "take the time to read/listen to your work and 2. ", "be cool enough to give you an honest critique about it, good or bad. ", "I think the question shouldn't be, 'will this offend people?', ", "it should be 'is this truthful and/or worthwhile?' ", "It's amazing how confident you can feel about something while working on it, and then how scared you can be once it's released to the outside world. ", "Having someone you trust to give you some sort of litmus test always helps to put it into perspective. ", "Then, if others get bent out of shape, it's a bit easier to take, atleast in my experience.", "\n\nYou mentioned writing in an 'emotionally vulnerable' state...do you find you do your best work when you're feeling that way?", "\n\nYou are welcome, G. And thanks, Anonymous! ", "I think my best work comes when I am digging deep...going to the places I can't always go. ", "I think art comes from a need to make order out of chaos, and so art usually happens when we are feeling a little chaotic. ", "Or maybe that's just me.", "\n\nQ...you've done it again...made me teary eyed...said exactly what I need to hear in the moment I need it the most...made me feel less alone. ", "The work of a writer is solitary; it's oftentimes scary; it's the work people say they want to do but then are too afraid to do it. ", "That's what you give people through your words. ", "Yes, you give them the authentic you, but you also give them the authentic them! ", "Thanks for this and for all your words. ", "You are a true inspiration!", "\n\nI'm not a writer.. (far from it I'm in the medical field where straying from the norm requires scientific proof and lots of research.) ", "But I appreciated Matts honesty. ", "This is something many of us struggle with... finding ourselves and our voice. ", "You run into so many people in life who want you to conform to their view point, rather than trying to understand your own... and encourage you to voice it.", "I think what Al said is so true. ", "Who are you not to step away from the herd.. because in reality you are causing everyone else to look at things differently.. you're challenging them. ", "Some people don't like that. ", "But I know I'm thankful (sometimes in hindsight) for the people who have done that for me.", "\n\nThis risk taking bleeds into so many areas of people's lives. ", "No matter what it is you decide to value, express, work toward, there will be people who think it is all a waste. ", "They want you to value what they value and, especially family, might be hurt or disapointed with the direction you decided to head in if it doesn't go where they think it should. ", "I've come to the point in life where I know I am happy with what I am doing (love what you do and you never work a day in your life and all that), and I know it only hurts them b/c they cannot let themselves appreciate what I am doing. ", "It is not truly hurting them, it is not done with the intent to pain them. ", "None of us can please all and once this is accepted -well, it makes it much easier to smile and nod.", "\n\nThe New Q\n\nTranslate\n\nFollow by Email\n\nMatthew Quick is the New York Times bestselling author of several novels, including THE SILVER LININGS PLAYBOOK, which was made into an Oscar-winning film. ", "His work has been translated into thirty languages and has received a PEN/Hemingway Award Honorable Mention, among other accolades. ", "He lives with his wife, novelist/pianist Alicia Bessette, on the Outer Banks of North Carolina." ]

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[ "View Transcript\n\nTranscript\n\nMan says, \"Customers are complaining that we sold their personal data.\" ", "Man says, \"And apparently all of the buyers were identity thieves.\" ", "The Boss says, \"That's impossible. ", "We checked every buyer's ident? ", "oh.\"" ]

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[ "Identification of plectin as a substrate of p34cdc2 kinase and mapping of a single phosphorylation site.", "\nPlectin is an in vitro substrate for various kinases present in cell lysates from mitotic and interphase Chinese hamster ovary cells. ", "Sensitivity of plectin kinase activity to the inhibitor olomoucine, and two-dimensional tryptic peptide mapping of plectin phosphorylated by various kinase preparations suggested that the major plectin kinase activity in mitotic extracts is related to the cell cycle regulator kinase p34cdc2. ", "Bacterial expression of various truncated plectin mutant proteins comprising different domains of the molecule and their phosphorylation by purified p34cdc2kinase revealed that the target site of this kinase resided within plectin's C-terminal globular domain. ", "Among the subdomains of the C-terminal region (six repeats and a short tail sequence), only repeat 6 and the tail were phosphorylated by p34cdc2 kinase. ", "As shown by two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping, repeat 6, but not the tail, contained a mitosis-specific phosphorylation site targeted by p34cdc2 kinase in intact plectin molecules. ", "By performing site-directed mutagenesis of a potential p34cdc2 recognition sequence motif within the repeat 6 domain, threonine 4542 was identified as the major target for the kinase. ", "Protein kinase A, phosphorylating plectin also within repeat 6, targeted sites that were clearly different from those of p34cdc2 kinase." ]

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[ 0.0006803763681091368, 0.003394233761355281, 0.000635107106063515, 0.0007859905599616468, 0.0008221829775720835, 0.0007191631011664867, 0.0007108095451258123, 0.0007471467251889408 ]

[ "a\nLet f(b) = -121*b + 16. ", "Let k(n) = 123*n - 15. ", "Let p be (-7 - -6)/(3/(-9) + 0). ", "Let t(g) = p*k(g) + 2*f(g). ", "Find the first derivative of t(r) wrt r.\n127\nLet v be 315/(7 + -14)*6/(-9). ", "Differentiate -v - 32*t - 72 + 29*t - 45*t wrt t.\n-48\nLet u(g) be the second derivative of -443*g**6/15 + g**5/10 + 869*g**4/4 - 3277*g. ", "What is the third derivative of u(m) wrt m?", "\n-21264*m + 12\nSuppose -6 + 0 = -2*m. ", "Suppose 629 = 5*n + 614. ", "What is the third derivative of -3*t**3 + 22*t**m + 24*t**2 - 65*t**2 + 5*t**n wrt t?", "\n144\nFind the first derivative of 624 + 496 + 413 + 33*r**3 + 14*r wrt r.\n99*r**2 + 14\nLet i be (4/(-3))/((-5)/(-15) + -1). ", "Let o(f) = -f**2 + 4*f. ", "Let c be o(3). ", "What is the third derivative of -2*l**3 + 22*l**i + 10*l**3 + 0*l**c wrt l?", "\n48\nLet l(n) = 2355*n + 1353. ", "Let v(c) = -16461*c - 9473. ", "Let q(m) = -15*l(m) - 2*v(m). ", "What is the derivative of q(o) wrt o?", "\n-2403\nLet l = -3584 + 3589. ", "Let p(x) be the second derivative of 0*x**2 + 0*x**3 - 2*x + 3/4*x**l + 0 + 5/6*x**4. ", "Find the third derivative of p(q) wrt q.\n90\nSuppose -400 = -12*t + 4*t. ", "Differentiate 18 + 38 - 5*s**3 + t - 78*s**3 with respect to s.\n-249*s**2\nLet y(l) be the first derivative of -387*l**2 + 387*l**2 + 47 + 32*l + 16*l**3. ", "Differentiate y(g) with respect to g.\n96*g\nLet v(g) be the third derivative of 0*g + 0 + 1/105*g**7 + 0*g**4 + 154*g**2 + 43/2*g**3 + 19/30*g**6 - 1/30*g**5. ", "Find the third derivative of v(f) wrt f.\n48*f + 456\nLet u(o) = 3*o**2 - 2125*o - 1611. ", "Let w(l) = l**2 - 708*l - 537. ", "Let m(g) = 6*u(g) - 17*w(g). ", "What is the derivative of m(x) wrt x?", "\n2*x - 714\nLet y be (0 - -2)*(1 - -19). ", "What is the second derivative of y*g**2 - 2*g + 29*g**3 + g**4 + 23*g**3 - 52*g**3 + 33 wrt g?", "\n12*g**2 + 80\nSuppose -12*v + 8*v + 272 = -2*m, 8 = -4*m. ", "What is the third derivative of -6*h**3 - v*h**2 + 3 - h**5 - 83*h**3 + 72*h**2 wrt h?", "\n-60*h**2 - 534\nLet a(l) be the second derivative of -199/12*l**4 + 0*l**3 - 48*l + 0*l**6 + 2*l**5 + 0*l**2 + 1 + 1/14*l**7. ", "What is the third derivative of a(v) wrt v?", "\n180*v**2 + 240\nLet d(m) be the first derivative of -259/5*m**5 - 231*m + 0*m**3 + 162 + 0*m**2 + 0*m**4. ", "What is the first derivative of d(t) wrt t?", "\n-1036*t**3\nLet a(t) be the first derivative of -89*t**4 - 2*t**3/3 + 1395*t + 2467. ", "Find the first derivative of a(s) wrt s.\n-1068*s**2 - 4*s\nFind the second derivative of -509*l**2 - 5399*l + 31*l**4 + 5713*l - 34*l**4 wrt l.\n-36*l**2 - 1018\nLet y(m) = -28 + m - 3*m**2 - 100*m**3 + 19*m**2 + 186*m**3 - 15*m. ", "Let z(w) = -w - 2. ", "Let f(l) = 2*y(l) - 28*z(l). ", "Find the third derivative of f(j) wrt j.\n1032\nWhat is the third derivative of -1523*q**4 + 578*q**4 + 1768*q**2 + 1587*q**4 - 3740*q**4 - 2545*q**4 wrt q?", "\n-135432*q\nLet i(o) be the first derivative of 304*o + 63*o**2 + 252*o + 252 - 509*o. ", "Differentiate i(t) with respect to t.\n126\nLet i = 127 + -134. ", "Let x = i - -9. ", "Find the second derivative of -5*n + 7*n**2 + 0*n**2 - 34*n - n**x wrt n.\n12\nDifferentiate 145 - 1258 - 847 - 868 + 1521*h + 3463*h with respect to h.\n4984\nLet x(r) be the third derivative of -2/21*r**8 + 0*r**3 - 1/24*r**4 + 0*r**6 - 1 + 0*r**7 + 0*r + 22*r**2 + 0*r**5. ", "Find the second derivative of x(k) wrt k.\n-640*k**3\nWhat is the second derivative of -2030279 + 75*i**4 + 2029885 - 2*i - 6*i**4 wrt i?", "\n828*i**2\nLet r(g) = -5686*g**3 + 52*g**2 - 4*g - 621. ", "Let s(b) = 5686*b**3 - 65*b**2 + 5*b + 622. ", "Let p(c) = -5*r(c) - 4*s(c). ", "Differentiate p(j) with respect to j.\n17058*j**2\nLet t(k) = 3555*k**3 - 3*k**2 + 6807*k - 13. ", "Let i(a) = -1422*a**3 + a**2 - 2723*a + 5. ", "Let m(c) = 13*i(c) + 5*t(c). ", "Find the second derivative of m(h) wrt h.\n-4266*h - 4\nLet i(t) be the third derivative of -97/120*t**6 - 149/60*t**5 + 97*t**2 + 0*t**4 + 0 + 0*t + 0*t**3. ", "Find the third derivative of i(j) wrt j.\n-582\nLet j = 359/53 + 125/318. ", "Let s(v) be the second derivative of 0 + 29*v - 43/2*v**2 + j*v**3. ", "Differentiate s(q) with respect to q.\n43\nFind the third derivative of -2*i**2 + 861*i - 5049*i**3 + 619*i + 282*i + 654*i wrt i.\n-30294\nWhat is the third derivative of -2 + 961*h**6 - 6329*h**5 + 30*h**2 + 3170*h**5 + 3161*h**5 wrt h?", "\n115320*h**3 + 120*h**2\nLet p(j) = -245*j**3 + 819*j**2 - 4*j - 4. ", "Let f(t) = -4*t**3 - 2*t**2 + t + 1. ", "Let z(l) = 4*f(l) + p(l). ", "Find the third derivative of z(u) wrt u.\n-1566\nSuppose -7*f + 0*f + 1980 = 83*f. ", "Let g(o) be the second derivative of -o**2 + 0 - f*o - 3/2*o**3. ", "Differentiate g(v) with respect to v.\n-9\nSuppose -l + 1 = -4. ", "Suppose -l*k = 3*o - 48, 2*o = -2*k - 3*k + 37. ", "Find the second derivative of -7 + 7 + 7*g**3 + o*g wrt g.\n42*g\nLet z be (7/(70/4))/(2/655). ", "Find the first derivative of 30 - z + 5*k - 115*k wrt k.\n-110\nLet m(j) be the third derivative of 109*j**4/8 - 2599*j**3/6 + 1654*j**2. ", "What is the derivative of m(r) wrt r?", "\n327\nLet u(k) be the first derivative of 560*k**3 - 300*k + 77. ", "What is the first derivative of u(m) wrt m?", "\n3360*m\nLet j be 0/((((-1)/(-7))/(2/(-14)))/1). ", "Let m(s) be the third derivative of j + 0*s + 8*s**2 + 5/24*s**4 + s**3. ", "What is the first derivative of m(p) wrt p?", "\n5\nFind the second derivative of -18 - 22*v + 325*v**2 - 173*v**2 + 1252*v**2 - 110*v**2 + 363*v**2 wrt v.\n3314\nLet j(m) = 8 - 4 + 1 + 5*m + m**2. ", "Let l be j(-5). ", "Find the second derivative of -3*b - l*b - 12*b**5 - 3*b - 25*b**5 wrt b.\n-740*b**3\nSuppose -2*z + 7 = -23. ", "Find the second derivative of -3*w**3 - 65*w + z*w - 61*w - 10*w**3 - 24*w**2 + 23*w**2 wrt w.\n-78*w - 2\nLet h(w) be the third derivative of -289*w**6/40 + 116*w**5/5 - w**3/6 + 2824*w**2. ", "Find the third derivative of h(o) wrt o.\n-5202\nLet k be 27/(216/(-200)) - -28. ", "Let u(x) be the first derivative of 0*x - 2*x**k + 0*x**2 - 8 - 1/4*x**4. ", "What is the third derivative of u(h) wrt h?", "\n-6\nLet d(k) = -31*k**3 + 149*k**2 + 9986*k. ", "Let p(n) = 92*n**3 - 445*n**2 - 29957*n. ", "Let h(j) = -19*d(j) - 6*p(j). ", "What is the second derivative of h(f) wrt f?", "\n222*f - 322\nLet c be 0/((1 - 2)/(1/1)). ", "Let a(k) be the first derivative of c*k**4 + 0*k**2 + 9/5*k**5 + 0*k**3 - 6 - 9*k. ", "Differentiate a(y) with respect to y.\n36*y**3\nLet o(c) be the second derivative of 3/14*c**7 + 0*c**2 + 0*c**3 + 57/4*c**4 - c + 0*c**6 + 2 + 1/2*c**5. ", "Find the third derivative of o(h) wrt h.\n540*h**2 + 60\nLet b(h) be the first derivative of 2567*h**4/4 + 8*h**3/3 - 62*h + 4446. ", "Find the third derivative of b(y) wrt y.\n15402\nLet b(i) = -9323*i**2 - 1095*i + 23. ", "Let t(g) = 4662*g**2 + 546*g - 13. ", "Let u(r) = 4*b(r) + 7*t(r). ", "Find the second derivative of u(n) wrt n.\n-9316\nLet l(t) = 3*t**2 - 21*t + 4. ", "Let y be l(7). ", "Find the second derivative of y - 8*f**2 + 4*f**2 + 2*f - 6*f**2 + 2 wrt f.\n-20\nWhat is the first derivative of 198 - 978 - t - t - 290*t**2 + 236*t**2 - 531*t**2 wrt t?", "\n-1170*t - 2\nSuppose -5*r + 12 = 2. ", "What is the second derivative of 2027*w**4 - 6*w**r + 27*w - 5*w**2 - 2030*w**4 wrt w?", "\n-36*w**2 - 22\nSuppose -5*h + 43 = i + 15, 4*h + 2*i = 26. ", "What is the second derivative of 2673 - 2675 - 2*l**4 - 2*l - 321*l**h + 2*l**4 wrt l?", "\n-6420*l**3\nLet r(q) be the first derivative of 5*q**3/3 + q**2/2 + 2*q - 5. ", "Let b be r(-1). ", "Find the second derivative of 4*a**5 - 13*a + 10*a - 6 + b wrt a.\n80*a**3\nSuppose 2*d - 94 = -4*z, -3*d + 3*z - z = -109. ", "Find the first derivative of d*m**2 - 32*m**2 + 68 + 3*m**2 + 85*m**2 wrt m.\n190*m\nSuppose 12*b = -20*b + 128. ", "Find the third derivative of 118 + 2*i**b - 61 + 4*i + 16*i**2 - 57 - 35*i**3 wrt i.\n48*i - 210\nLet i(t) be the first derivative of 3722*t**3/3 - 3805*t + 4041. ", "Differentiate i(y) wrt y.\n7444*y\nLet b(v) be the second derivative of 1/12*v**4 + 3 + 9/2*v**3 + 6*v - 28*v**2. ", "Differentiate b(p) with respect to p.\n2*p + 27\nSuppose -40*j + 22*j = -306. ", "Find the second derivative of -j*f - 198*f - 7*f**5 - 2*f**5 - 5*f**5 wrt f.\n-280*f**3\nSuppose -3*g + 221 - 11 = 0. ", "Suppose 12*o + 10 - g = 0. ", "What is the second derivative of -26*n - n**5 - 3647*n**4 + 3647*n**4 - 3*n**o wrt n?", "\n-80*n**3\nLet n(j) be the third derivative of j**8/112 - 16*j**7/35 + j**6/60 + j**5/30 + 463*j**3 + 2164*j**2. ", "What is the third derivative of n(p) wrt p?", "\n180*p**2 - 2304*p + 12\nLet d(n) = 3*n**2 + 36*n + 4. ", "Let p be d(-12). ", "Find the third derivative of -k**3 + 28*k**2 - 27*k**2 + 3*k**3 - 58 - 68*k**p wrt k.\n-1632*k + 12\nLet h(o) be the second derivative of -o**6/15 - 88*o**3/3 - 150*o**2 + 1094*o. ", "Di" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

[ 0.009865308180451393, 0.013666767627000809, 0.0017999112606048584, 0.9492733478546143, 0.0020198067650198936, 0.24314376711845398, 0.08759687840938568, 0.0017158793052658439, 0.001862183678895235, 0.1557353138923645, 0.030435459688305855, 0.789965033531189, 0.0038245818577706814, 0.0888613760471344, 0.0023090664763003588, 0.0015912334201857448, 0.010499737225472927, 0.02075791358947754, 0.0014307184610515833, 0.01241037156432867, 0.004769990220665932, 0.002604937879368663, 0.013099979609251022, 0.34195730090141296, 0.004502064548432827, 0.18346580862998962, 0.0017180617433041334, 0.003601786680519581, 0.06529807299375534, 0.026273347437381744, 0.05064314231276512, 0.029605740681290627, 0.0012198241893202066, 0.07001230120658875, 0.056159406900405884, 0.02735142409801483, 0.01459785271435976, 0.002222168492153287, 0.04879308119416237, 0.014618072658777237, 0.03036816418170929, 0.0006928523071110249, 0.0016865626676008105, 0.044777464121580124, 0.7626319527626038, 0.14522667229175568, 0.005419726017862558, 0.10443101823329926, 0.521318256855011, 0.007746617775410414, 0.06029348075389862, 0.02953989803791046, 0.001041094888933003, 0.005694234743714333, 0.005262906197458506, 0.058909822255373, 0.9464510083198547, 0.30782321095466614, 0.06238597631454468, 0.4179868698120117, 0.0007025586091913283, 0.9230486750602722, 0.045278601348400116, 0.35648924112319946, 0.00642745103687048, 0.8963378071784973, 0.06671622395515442, 0.009746499359607697, 0.013522871769964695, 0.006610499694943428, 0.015521692112088203, 0.001036778325214982, 0.0078078461810946465, 0.00816611759364605, 0.017671801149845123, 0.6269384026527405, 0.05114837363362312, 0.9812426567077637, 0.042993735522031784, 0.011913763359189034, 0.022905148565769196, 0.010343609377741814, 0.979335606098175, 0.023490888997912407, 0.010611867532134056, 0.007151068188250065, 0.02038073167204857, 0.33826449513435364, 0.028447682037949562, 0.0010962155647575855, 0.7717795968055725, 0.0015241056680679321, 0.006393998861312866, 0.020420078188180923, 0.005479521583765745, 0.004792880732566118, 0.0014483194099739194, 0.008363118395209312, 0.01220687385648489, 0.027889136224985123, 0.020984847098588943, 0.0006858824053779244, 0.7559019327163696, 0.008890754543244839, 0.15638646483421326, 0.06245950981974602, 0.005334014073014259, 0.11108005791902542, 0.0013203669805079699, 0.9716847538948059, 0.012836148031055927 ]

[ "/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n * This file was automatically generated by SWIG (http://www.swig.org).", "\r\n * Version 4.0.0\r\n *\r\n * Do not make changes to this file unless you know what you are doing--modify\r\n * the SWIG interface file instead.", "\r\n * ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- */\r\n\r\npackage xyz.redtorch.gateway.ctp.x64v6v3v19t1v.api;\r\n\r\npublic class CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField {\r\n private transient long swigCPtr;\r\n protected transient boolean swigCMemOwn;\r\n\r\n protected CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField(long cPtr, boolean cMemoryOwn) {\r\n swigCMemOwn = cMemoryOwn;\r\n swigCPtr = cPtr;\r\n }\r\n\r\n protected static long getCPtr(CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField obj) {\r\n return (obj == null) ? ", "0 : obj.swigCPtr;\r\n }\r\n\r\n @SuppressWarnings(\"deprecation\")\r\n protected void finalize() {\r\n delete();\r\n }\r\n\r\n public synchronized void delete() {\r\n if (swigCPtr !", "= 0) {\r\n if (swigCMemOwn) {\r\n swigCMemOwn = false;\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.delete_CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField(swigCPtr);\r\n }\r\n swigCPtr = 0;\r\n }\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setInstrumentID(String value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_InstrumentID_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public String getInstrumentID() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_InstrumentID_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setInvestorRange(char value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_InvestorRange_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public char getInvestorRange() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_InvestorRange_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setBrokerID(String value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_BrokerID_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public String getBrokerID() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_BrokerID_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setInvestorID(String value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_InvestorID_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public String getInvestorID() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_InvestorID_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setSShortMarginRatioByMoney(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_SShortMarginRatioByMoney_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getSShortMarginRatioByMoney() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_SShortMarginRatioByMoney_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setSShortMarginRatioByVolume(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_SShortMarginRatioByVolume_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getSShortMarginRatioByVolume() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_SShortMarginRatioByVolume_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setHShortMarginRatioByMoney(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_HShortMarginRatioByMoney_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getHShortMarginRatioByMoney() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_HShortMarginRatioByMoney_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setHShortMarginRatioByVolume(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_HShortMarginRatioByVolume_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getHShortMarginRatioByVolume() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_HShortMarginRatioByVolume_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setAShortMarginRatioByMoney(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_AShortMarginRatioByMoney_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getAShortMarginRatioByMoney() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_AShortMarginRatioByMoney_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setAShortMarginRatioByVolume(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_AShortMarginRatioByVolume_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getAShortMarginRatioByVolume() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_AShortMarginRatioByVolume_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setIsRelative(int value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_IsRelative_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public int getIsRelative() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_IsRelative_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setMShortMarginRatioByMoney(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_MShortMarginRatioByMoney_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getMShortMarginRatioByMoney() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_MShortMarginRatioByMoney_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public void setMShortMarginRatioByVolume(double value) {\r\n jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_MShortMarginRatioByVolume_set(swigCPtr, this, value);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public double getMShortMarginRatioByVolume() {\r\n return jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField_MShortMarginRatioByVolume_get(swigCPtr, this);\r\n }\r\n\r\n public CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField() {\r\n this(jctpv6v3v19t1x64apiJNI.new_CThostFtdcOptionInstrMarginAdjustField(), true);\r\n }\r\n\r\n}\r\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.005445037968456745, 0.0021297631319612265, 0.01216687448322773, 0.05475332587957382, 0.08883491903543472 ]

[ "Conventional prior art doped or undoped silicon deposition has been carried out in accordance with a low pressure chemical vapor deposition process (LPCVD). ", "A silicon precursor gas, such as silane, disilane, silicon tetrachloride and the like, which can also include a dopant gas such as phosphine, diborane or arsine, is fed to a chamber containing a substrate on which the silicon layer is to be deposited. ", "The substrate is heated to deposition temperature and the gases fed to the chamber where they are decomposed, whereupon silicon deposits on the surface of the substrate.", "\nThese systems are typically run at pressures of about 200 to 400 millitorr; thus the low pressure designation. ", "However, at these pressures the silicon deposition rate is very low, on the order of about 100 angstroms per minute for undoped silicon and only about 30-50 angstroms per minute for doped silicon. ", "The prior art processes have compensated for the low deposition rates by loading a plurality, e.g., up to about 100, of substrates at a time in a chamber to be processed.", "\nIn the prior art LPCVD system illustrated in FIG. ", "1, a chamber 10 includes a boat 11 carrying a plurality of silicon wafers 12. ", "A gas feed from a gas source 13 is controlled by a flow controller 14 and enters the chamber 10 from gas inlet port 15. ", "The gas feed is maintained across the wafers 12 in the direction of the arrows. ", "The low pressure in the chamber 10 is maintained by an exhaust system 16. ", "Because the concentration of the feed gases can decrease as they flow toward the exhaust system 16, the chamber also includes three separately controlled heater elements 17 that provide temperature variations in the chamber 10 to compensate for the variation of concentrations of reactant gases within the chamber 10.", "\nFIG. ", "2 illustrates another prior art LPCVD batch-type silicon deposition chamber. ", "In this chamber, a plurality of wafers 21 are stacked vertically and the reactant gases are injected through a plurality of holes 23 in a gas injector 22. ", "The gas injector 22 is located between two rows of wafers 21. ", "The low pressure in this chamber again enables sufficient uniformity of deposition that the deposition can be performed in a batch type process.", "\nWhile careful adjustment of the gas pressures and temperatures can deposit smooth, uniform silicon films onto a substrate in this manner, the disadvantage is that if anything goes wrong during the deposition, e.g., a power outage, impurities in the feed gases or the like, a large batch of wafers is damaged and rendered useless.", "\nFurther, more modern semiconductor processing equipment employs multiple chambers for the multiple process steps of preparing devices onto substrates such as silicon, gallium arsenide and the like. ", "Several processes are sequentially performed on a single wafer at one time in a series of interconnected chambers, all under vacuum. ", "This eliminates the need to ramp pressures up and down between process steps which is both costly and exposes the substrates to contaminants in the ambient.", "\nHowever, since the deposition of silicon in a LPCVD process is slow, the time required for depositing a layer of silicon onto one wafer at a time is unduly long and adds greatly to the costs of producing devices. ", "Further, the silicon deposition step would be a bottleneck in multiple stage process equipment.", "\nStill further, thin film transistors made from amorphous silicon are of increasing interest to the semiconductor industry. ", "Amorphous silicon films used to make thin film transistors desirably contain a minimum number of nucleation sites for grain growth during subsequent annealing steps. ", "This is because when making transistors from amorphous silicon, it is desired that the deposited silicon film imitate crystalline silicon as much as possible; the presence of fewer nucleation sites in the deposited amorphous silicon results in fewer and larger crystal grains in the annealed silicon films, since the grains grow during annealing until they meet an adjacent crystal grain. ", "Thus the fewer the number of nucleation sites present, the larger the grains become during subsequent annealing. ", "When making transistors in such thin films, the larger the grain size, the greater the chance that any one transistor will be built upon a single grain or single crystal.", "\nThus a process that would improve the throughput of silicon deposition onto single substrates in a multiple stage reactor, and reduce the number of nucleation sites in amorphous silicon thin films, would be highly desirable." ]

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[ " NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION \n To be cited only in accordance with Fed.", " R. App.", " P. 32.1 \n \n\n United States Court of Appeals\n For the Seventh Circuit \n Chicago, Illinois 60604 \n  \n Submitted May 1, 2019* \n Decided May 3, 2019 \n  \n Before \n \n FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge \n  \n ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge \n  \n AMY J. ST.", " EVE, Circuit Judge \n \nNo.", " 18‐2076 \n \nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,    Appeal from the United States District \n  Plaintiff‐Appellee,  Court for the Northern District \n    of Illinois, Western Division.", " \n v.   \n  No.", " 17 CR 50051‐1 \nTERESA L. JOHNSON,   \n  Defendant‐Appellant.", "  Frederick J. Kapala, \n Judge.", " \n \n O R D E R \n\n Teresa Johnson, a collections officer for a stereo company, pleaded guilty to wire \nfraud after embezzling over two million dollars from her employer.", " See 18 U.S.C. § 1343.", " \nThe plea agreement provided that Johnson would repay the amount she had stolen, less \nthe amount that the company already had recovered.", " At sentencing, however, the \nparties forgot to deduct the recovered funds from the restitution amount, and, as a \nresult, the district court ordered Johnson to pay more than what she owed.", " We agree \n                                                 \n * We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and \n\nrecord adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not \nsignificantly aid the court.", " FED.", " R. APP.", " P. 34(a)(2)(C).", " \n\fNo.", " 18‐2076    Page  2 \n \nwith the parties that the restitution order is plainly erroneous, so we vacate and remand \nfor further proceedings.", " \n\n As a collections officer, Johnson directed customers to send installment payments \nto her personal bank account, defrauding her employer out of about $2.2 million.", " She \nused most of this money to purchase and care for 60 Gypsy horses.", " Pursuant to a civil \njudgment, Johnson surrendered the horses to the stereo company, which sold them for \nabout $170,000 but incurred costs for their care and sale.", "   \n\n Johnson pleaded guilty to one count of wire fraud, and in the plea agreement, \nshe acknowledged that she owed restitution in the amount of $2,204,508.52 minus any \ncredit funds paid to the company prior to sentencing.", " Drawing from the plea \nagreement, the presentence investigation report recommended a restitution order for \n$2,031,599.99, which represented the net loss, less the amount the stereo company \nalready had recovered.", " At sentencing, however, the parties expressly, but mistakenly, \nagreed that Johnson still owed $2,204,508.52, so the district court ordered restitution in \nthat amount.", " \n\n On appeal, the government confesses error and joins Johnson in requesting that \nwe vacate the restitution order even though Johnson expressly agreed to the amount it \nreflects.", " We understand the government, in agreeing to plain‐error review, to be \nwaiving its possible waiver defense.", " See United States v. Adigun, 703 F.3d 1014, 1021–22 \n(7th Cir.", " 2012).", " We do not have to accept this waiver, see United States v. Combs, 657 F.3d \n565, 571 (7th Cir.", " 2011), but we will.", " The government has not “proffer[ed] any strategic \njustification” for Johnson’s agreement to repay an amount exceeding what she owed, \nand we ourselves cannot “conceive of any strategic reason” for it, so we assume \nforfeiture.", " United States v. Oliver, 873 F.3d 601, 607 (7th Cir.", " 2017) (quoting United States \nv. Anderson, 604 F.3d 997, 1001–02 (7th Cir.", " 2010); United States v. Jaimes‐Jaimes, 406 F.3d \n845, 848 (7th Cir.", " 2005)).", " We will therefore review the order for plain error, and reverse \nif we find an error that is clear and affects Johnson’s substantial rights.", " United States \nv. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732–34 (1993); United States v. Burns, 843 F.3d 679, 685–87 (7th Cir.", " \n2016).", " \n\n The restitution miscalculation is a plain error (though, we note, the error lies \nwith the parties).", " Under the Mandatory Victims Restitution Act, wire‐fraud victims may \n“recover the full amount of their losses, but nothing more.”", " United States v. Walker, \n746 F.3d 300, 308 (7th Cir.", " 2014) (quoting United States v. Newman, 144 F.3d 531, 542 \n(7th Cir.", " 1998)); see also 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1), (b)(1)(B), (c)(1)(B).", " At the time restitution \nwas entered, the victim here had recovered $170,000 that was not deducted from the \n\fNo.", " 18‐2076    Page  3 \n \ntotal loss of $2.2 million.", " The restitution order, therefore, reflected a clear miscalculation \nthat affected Johnson’s substantial rights because it obligated her to pay more than what \nshe owes.", " See Burns, 843 F.3d at 689.", "   \n\n  Johnson next requests that we direct the district court to address on remand three \nmore issues: (1) whether the company’s horse‐care expenses should have been added to \nthe restitution amount, (2) whether a $500,000 insurance payment to the company \nrequires shifting Johnson’s liability for that amount to the insurer, and (3) whether the \ncompany obtained cash from Johnson that should further decrease the restitution \namount.", " Johnson did not raise any of these issues in the district court and makes no \neffort on appeal to argue that she forfeited, rather than waived, the arguments.", " Nor \ndoes she assert that the plain‐error standard is met even if it applies.", " But because the \ngovernment does not object, and we have already decided to remand, we will leave it to \nthe district court’s discretion whether to address these issues.", " \n\n  We therefore VACATE the judgment and REMAND the case for the sole purpose \nof redetermining the amount of restitution.", "   \n\n \n\f" ]

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[ "/**\n * This is the web browser implementation of `debug()`.", "\n *\n * Expose `debug()` as the module.", "\n */\n\nexports = module.exports = require('./debug');\nexports.log = log;\nexports.formatArgs = formatArgs;\nexports.save = save;\nexports.load = load;\nexports.useColors = useColors;\nexports.storage = 'undefined' !", "= typeof chrome\n && 'undefined' !", "= typeof chrome.storage\n ? ", "chrome.storage.local\n : localstorage();\n\n/**\n * Colors.", "\n */\n\nexports.colors = [\n 'lightseagreen',\n 'forestgreen',\n 'goldenrod',\n 'dodgerblue',\n 'darkorchid',\n 'crimson'\n];\n\n/**\n * Currently only WebKit-based Web Inspectors, Firefox >= v31,\n * and the Firebug extension (any Firefox version) are known\n * to support \"%c\" CSS customizations.", "\n *\n * TODO: add a `localStorage` variable to explicitly enable/disable colors\n */\n\nfunction useColors() {\n // NB: In an Electron preload script, document will be defined but not fully\n // initialized. ", "Since we know we're in Chrome, we'll just detect this case\n // explicitly\n if (typeof window !", "== 'undefined' && window.process && window.process.type === 'renderer') {\n return true;\n }\n\n // is webkit? ", "http://stackoverflow.com/a/16459606/376773\n // document is undefined in react-native: https://github.com/facebook/react-native/pull/1632\n return (typeof document !", "== 'undefined' && document.documentElement && document.documentElement.style && document.documentElement.style.", "WebkitAppearance) ||\n // is firebug? ", "http://stackoverflow.com/a/398120/376773\n (typeof window !", "== 'undefined' && window.console && (window.console.firebug || (window.console.exception && window.console.table))) ||\n // is firefox >= v31?", "\n // https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/Web_Console#Styling_messages\n (typeof navigator !", "== 'undefined' && navigator.userAgent && navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().match(/firefox\\/(\\d+)/) && parseInt(RegExp.$1, 10) >= 31) ||\n // double check webkit in userAgent just in case we are in a worker\n (typeof navigator !", "== 'undefined' && navigator.userAgent && navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().match(/applewebkit\\/(\\d+)/));\n}\n\n/**\n * Map %j to `JSON.stringify()`, since no Web Inspectors do that by default.", "\n */\n\nexports.formatters.j = function(v) {\n try {\n return JSON.stringify(v);\n } catch (err) {\n return '[UnexpectedJSONParseError]: ' + err.message;\n }\n};\n\n\n/**\n * Colorize log arguments if enabled.", "\n *\n * @api public\n */\n\nfunction formatArgs(args) {\n var useColors = this.useColors;\n\n args[0] = (useColors ? '%", "c' : '')\n + this.namespace\n + (useColors ? ' %", "c' : ' ')\n + args[0]\n + (useColors ? '%", "c ' : ' ')\n + '+' + exports.humanize(this.diff);\n\n if (!", "useColors) return;\n\n var c = 'color: ' + this.color;\n args.splice(1, 0, c, 'color: inherit')\n\n // the final \"%c\" is somewhat tricky, because there could be other\n // arguments passed either before or after the %c, so we need to\n // figure out the correct index to insert the CSS into\n var index = 0;\n var lastC = 0;\n args[0].replace(/%[a-zA-Z%]/g, function(match) {\n if ('%%' === match) return;\n index++;\n if ('%c' === match) {\n // we only are interested in the *last* %c\n // (the user may have provided their own)\n lastC = index;\n }\n });\n\n args.splice(lastC, 0, c);\n}\n\n/**\n * Invokes `console.log()` when available.", "\n * No-op when `console.log` is not a \"function\".", "\n *\n * @api public\n */\n\nfunction log() {\n // this hackery is required for IE8/9, where\n // the `console.log` function doesn't have 'apply'\n return 'object' === typeof console\n && console.log\n && Function.prototype.apply.call(console.log, console, arguments);\n}\n\n/**\n * Save `namespaces`.", "\n *\n * @param {String} namespaces\n * @api private\n */\n\nfunction save(namespaces) {\n try {\n if (null == namespaces) {\n exports.storage.removeItem('debug');\n } else {\n exports.storage.debug = namespaces;\n }\n } catch(e) {}\n}\n\n/**\n * Load `namespaces`.", "\n *\n * @return {String} returns the previously persisted debug modes\n * @api private\n */\n\nfunction load() {\n var r;\n try {\n r = exports.storage.debug;\n } catch(e) {}\n\n // If debug isn't set in LS, and we're in Electron, try to load $DEBUG\n if (!", "r && typeof process !", "== 'undefined' && 'env' in process) {\n r = process.env.", "DEBUG;\n }\n\n return r;\n}\n\n/**\n * Enable namespaces listed in `localStorage.debug` initially.", "\n */\n\nexports.enable(load());\n\n/**\n * Localstorage attempts to return the localstorage.", "\n *\n * This is necessary because safari throws\n * when a user disables cookies/localstorage\n * and you attempt to access it.", "\n *\n * @return {LocalStorage}\n * @api private\n */\n\nfunction localstorage() {\n try {\n return window.localStorage;\n } catch (e) {}\n}\n" ]

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[ "AT&T Mobility continues mastery of J.D. Power survey, while Sprint prepaid brands rule no-contact space\n\nAT&T Mobility often finds itself playing second fiddle to rival Verizon Wireless in terms of network rankings, but when it comes to consumer purchasing satisfaction as compiled by J.D. Power the carrier continues to dominate.", "\n\nJ.D. Power’s latest 2015 U.S. Wireless Purchase Experience Performance Study – Volume 2, again found among “full-service” carriers that AT&T Mobility provided the best wireless purchasing experience for customers using a variety of sales channels (telesales, in-store, online), racking up a total score of 804 out of 1,000. ", "AT&T Mobility was noted for performing “particularly well in four of the six purchase experience factors, including the offerings and promotions and phone sales representative factors.”", "\n\nAT&T Mobility topped Vol. ", "1 of the ranking with a score of 802, and last year’s Vol. ", "2 ranking with a score of 801.", "\n\nT-Mobile US maintained its No. ", "2 position in the survey rankings, scoring 801 points in the latest survey, which was a significant improvement from the 792 points scored earlier this year and 796 points scored one year ago.", "\n\nWhile dominate in J.D. Power’s network quality rankings, Verizon Wireless came in No. ", "3 and below average in the latest purchasing experience rankings with a score of 795. ", "Verizon Wireless has maintained that position, scoring 784 points earlier this year and 788 points one year ago.", "\n\nSprint again pulled up the rear among full-service carriers, scoring a distant 777 points in the latest survey, which was the same total it scored earlier this year and down from the 781 points scored one year ago.", "\n\nWhile Sprint suffered in its branded efforts, the carrier’s Boost Mobile and Virgin Mobile USA prepaid brands came out on top among “non-contract” providers. ", "Boost managed a score of 796, just ahead of the 793 posted by stable mate Virgin Mobile USA.", "\n\nJ.D. Power noted Boost Mobile performed “well in the store facility, website and phone sales representative factors.”", "\n\nT-Mobile US’ MetroPCS brand was No. ", "3 in the category with a score of 789, followed by AT&T Mobility’s Cricket brand with a score of 786. ", "A trio of brands from Tracfone Wireless, which is controlled by America Mòvil, rounded out the non-contract rankings, with Tracfone at 780 points, Straight Talk at 775 points and Net10 a distant No. ", "7 with 747 points.", "\n\nBoost Mobile and Virgin Mobile USA topped the segment’s previous ranking, with MetroPCS scoring 19 points better to move up two spots; Cricket sliding one position though gaining two points; Tracfone slipping a spot while losing 2 points; Straight Talk scoring 20 points better in gaining a spot; and Net10 dropping 19 points and one spot.", "\n\nAmong the different sales channels, J.D. Power found customer satisfaction from full-service carriers via online channels improved 22 index points from the last survey, while telesales satisfaction surged nine index points and a single point improvement from in-store sales channels. ", "The moves rearranged the overall rankings of the three options, with online sales moving from last to first, telesales moving from first to last and in-store performance maintaining its No. ", "2 position.", "\n\n“The study shows a direct correlation between an efficient sales transaction process and improving satisfaction with the overall website purchase experience,” said Kirk Parsons, senior director and technology, media and telecom practice leader at J.D. Power. “", "Full-service customers who make purchases on websites are finding it much easier to complete their transaction. ", "This is largely because full-service carriers have invested heavily in self-service and online channels to make the overall sales experience more enjoyable and efficient.”", "\n\nBored? ", "Why not follow me on Twitter" ]

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[ "Please register to participate in our discussions with 2 million other members - it's free and quick! ", "Some forums can only be seen by registered members. ", "After you create your account, you'll be able to customize options and access all our 15,000 new posts/day with fewer ads.", "\n\nI have salary income and I have various businesses. ", "I have a wide assortment of write-offs and deductions of my income, and I usually have a lot of business expenses.", "\n\nYou do not have to report a negative income. ", "Rather your AGI needs to be kept low.", "\n\nConsider 2010 IRS deductions\n\nStandard Deductions for 2010\nMarried Joint = 11,400\n\npersonal exemptions = 3,560\nfor a couple = 7,120\n\nFor a married couple 11,400 + 7,120 = 18,520\n\nFor a married couple the first $18,520 you earn is tax-free. ", "Because when you go to filing your taxes it will not be taxed.", "\n\nYou only need to itemize your expenses above and beyond that $18,520\n\nThe IRS offers free courses to teach people how to do tax filing, called 'VITA'. ", "IRS auditors are the instructors. ", "After 1-week of classroom training you volunteer to help others for 10 hours minimum.", "\n\nWe itemize our taxes, and we keep the taxable portion of our income ZERO or below.", "\n\nThat does not mean that we were ever low income.", "\n\nJust a point of clarification. ", "The couple described would itemize if their itemized deductions exceeded the standard deduction amount of 11,400, not the standard deduction plus personal and dependency exemptions.", "\n\nOriginally Posted by Supposn:\nBob TN, aside from early withdrawals of 401K funds, the named exemptions from FICA taxation you listed do not seem unreasonable or proportionally significant.", "\n\nDeducted funds diverted to FlexMed are the similar to health insurance expenses; if the employees and their families donít use the available services, their cost to the employee is no less income they have not received and could not spend.", "\n\nQuote:\n\nOriginally Posted by bobtn\n\nI would maintain the employee exemption portion of them, not the employer.", "\n\nBob TN, I consider your suggestion to be logical and reasonable but the USA Congress is subject to influential political fund contributions.", "\nEmployers are opposed to the change; who would be motivated to support this modification of the FICA regulations and now contributes or would contribute to political funding to advance the change?", "\n\nThat's a fee. ", "It's equivalent to saying that transportation is a regressive tax because everyone (who uses it) pays exactly the same fare (unless a student, elderly, disabled, or some other special class) regardless of their ability to pay.", "\n\nA license plate fee is no more a regressive tax than a bus fare is a regressive tax. ", "Sales taxes are, by some, considered regressive since elasticity of people with less money spend more of their income on things subject to sales tax than people with higher income do.", "\n\nAbsolutely untrue for two reasons. ", "A \"fee\" is a cost to a user or consumer, to defray the expense of providing a desired benefit. ", "The driver gains absolutely no benefit from being forced to license a car, and the cost to the state of issuing the plates and recording the names of the owners is only a tiny fraction of the \"fee\" assessed, which in some states is well over a hundred dollars per name entered into a computer.", "\n\nJust because government pranksters call a tax a \"fee\" doesn't make it one.", "\n\nJust because government pranksters call a tax a \"fee\" doesn't make it one.", "\n\nTrue.", "\n\nBut that's irrelevant in this case as it's a fee so it's the government \"pranksters\" calling a fee a fee, which still makes it a fee. ", "Of course, you yourself call it a fee as well so it's just really confusing. ", "Everyone seems to agree that it's a fee, so I don't know why you're even posting about government pranksters. ", "Maybe if you could give an example of these fees that are really taxes that would help since it obviously isn't vehicle registration fees since you yourself call those fees.", "\n\nSubmariner, your post is generally correct. ", "Using a standard deduction for the taxable year of 2013, married couples with no other dependents can generally enjoy tax free adjusted gross incomes of $20,000.", "\n\nRegardless of the method used to calculate deductions from individuals'\nadjusted gross incomes, the tax credits and the following items may reduce adjusted gross incomes even if the individual chooses to use the standard deduction.", "\n\nOn the 1040 individualís income tax form for 2013, thereís a $3,900 exemption per tax filers and their dependents; thereís also a list of 13 items that a tax filer that a tax filer may employ to reduce their adjusted gross incomes. ", "That $3,900 per capita and those 13 items can reduce AGI somewhat regardless of what other method the tax filers use to further reduce their AGI.", "\n\nTax filers employ the standard deduction or the itemized method to further reduce their AGIís; those two methods are mutually exclusive. ", "Tax filers choosing to itemize cannot also further reduce their AGIs by evoking the standard deduction which is $6,100 per tax filers for most filers.", "\n\nThis list of items that can reduce adjusted gross incomes even if the taxpayers choose to use the standard deduction was excerpted from IRS form 1040 for the taxable year of 2013.", "\n\n[A married couple must both use the same (i.e. standard or itemizing) method\nof deductions from adjusted gross incomes. ", "I do not know but suppose that\nlegally separated married couples may, and otherwise separated couple may\nnot use different deduction methods when filing separately].", "\n\nRespectfully, Supposn\n\nPlease register to post and access all features of our very popular forum. ", "It is free and quick. ", "Over $68,000 in prizes has already been given out to active posters on our forum. ", "Additional giveaways are planned.", "\n\nDetailed information about all U.S. cities, counties, and zip codes on our site: City-data.com." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "How to find us\n\nThe Department of History Office is located in the Main Building in Room C1076.", "\n\nMission\n\nOur Mission is to\n\n- nurture the citizen of the future through critical reading, the examination of primary\nsources, reflective thinking; students learn the meaning of citizenship in its various\ncontexts through the study of Irish, European and International history\n\n- contribute to society through extending the boundaries of historical knowledge\n\n- engage the public in historical programmes and activities that further our collective\nknowledge of the past" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006027001654729247, 0.0006080655148252845 ]

[ "Improvement of a predictive model in ovarian cancer patients submitted to platinum-based chemotherapy: implications of a GST activity profile.", "\nThe success of chemotherapy in ovarian cancer (OC) is directly associated with the broad variability in platinum response, with implications in patients survival. ", "This heterogeneous response might result from inter-individual variations in the platinum-detoxification pathway due to the expression of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymes. ", "We hypothesized that GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms might have an impact as prognostic and predictive determinants for OC. ", "We conducted a hospital-based study in a cohort of OC patients submitted to platinum-based chemotherapy. ", "GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by multiplex PCR. ", "GSTM1-null genotype patients presented a significantly longer 5-year survival and an improved time to progression when compared with GSTM1-wt genotype patients (log-rank test, P = 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively). ", "Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicates that the inclusion of genetic information regarding GSTM1 polymorphism increased the predictive ability of risk of death after OC platinum-based chemotherapy (c-index from 0.712 to 0.833). ", "Namely, residual disease (HR, 4.90; P = 0.016) and GSTM1-wt genotype emerged as more important predictors of risk of death (HR, 2.29; P = 0.039; P = 0.036 after bootstrap). ", "No similar effect on survival was observed regarding GSTT1 polymorphism, and there were no statistically significant differences between GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and the assessed patients' clinical-pathological characteristics. ", "GSTM1 polymorphism seems to have an impact in OC prognosis as it predicts a better response to platinum-based chemotherapy and hence an improved survival. ", "The characterization of the GSTM1 genetic profile might be a useful molecular tool and a putative genetic marker for OC clinical outcome." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nIsobutanol is a promising biofuel candidate because of its higher energy density and lower hygroscopicity than ethanol^[@CR1],[@CR2]^. Many bacterial species such as *Escherichia coli*, *Corynebacterium glutamicum*, and *Bacillus subtilis* have been engineered to produce isobutanol by introducing Ehrlich pathway enzymes involved in fusel alcohol formation from 2-keto acids^[@CR3]^. In these bacteria, pyruvate is converted to α-acetolactate by α-acetolactate synthase (ALS) and then converted to 2-ketoisovalerate (2-KIV) by sequential catalytic reactions of ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI) and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD). ", "Finally, isobutanol is produced from 2-KIV via heterologous Ehrlich pathway enzymes, 2-ketoacid decarboxylase (KDC) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)^[@CR4],[@CR5]^.\n\n*Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, which can naturally produce isobutanol via valine catabolism (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), is a promising host for the production of various alcohols due to its high alcohol tolerance^[@CR6],[@CR7]^. There have been several efforts to increase isobutanol production in *S*. *", "cerevisiae*, but the production levels were still lower than those produced in the engineered bacteria^[@CR8]--[@CR13]^. Unlike bacteria, the isobutanol production pathway enzymes in *S*. *", "cerevisiae* are partitioned between the cytosol and the mitochondria (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In *S*. *", "cerevisiae*, cytosolic pyruvate is imported into the mitochondria via mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) complex^[@CR14],[@CR15]^ and then pyruvate is converted to 2-KIV by sequential catalytic reactions of Ilv2 (ALS), Ilv5 (KARI), and Ilv3 (DHAD) in the mitochondrial matrix. ", "The mitochondrial 2-KIV is then exported to the cytosol, and finally converted to isobutanol through Ehrlich pathway, involving endogenous KDCs and ADHs^[@CR4]^. Therefore, subcellular compartmentalization of valine biosynthetic enzymes is one of the limiting factors for efficient isobutanol production in *S*. *", "cerevisiae*. ", "To overcome this limitation, the whole isobutanol biosynthetic pathway has been relocated either to the cytosol by expressing the mitochondrial enzymes (Ilv2, Ilv3, and Ilv5) in the cytosol^[@CR8],[@CR13]^ or to the mitochondria by expressing the cytosolic enzymes (KDCs and ADHs) in the mitochondria^[@CR16]^. Previously, we tried to improve mitochondrial pathway by increasing mitochondrial pyruvate pool via overexpression of the MPC complex^[@CR17]^. However, the majority of pyruvate still existed in the cytoplasm and converted to ethanol. ", "Therefore, transport of cytosolic pyruvate to the mitochondria is a limiting factor for efficient production of isobutanol via mitochondrial pathway.", "Figure 1Schematic illustration of an artificial cytosolic isobutanol biosynthetic pathway. ", "Pyruvate is converted to 2-ketoisovalerate (2-KIV) by sequential catalytic reactions of α-acetolactate synthase (ALS), ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI), and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase (DHAD), and then 2-KIV is converted to isobutanol by 2-ketoacid decarboxylase (KDCs) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). ", "Deleted gene is indicated by double slash (//) and dashed line indicate multiple enzymatic actions.", "\n\nIn this study, we developed *S*. *", "cerevisiae* strain with enhanced isobutanol production using artificial cytosolic isobutanol biosynthetic pathway. ", "In a previous study, a cytosolic isobutanol production pathway was constructed by overexpressing codon-optimized Ilv2, Ilv5, and Ilv3 in the cytoplasm while deleting the innate *ILV2* gene^[@CR8]^. In this study, we found that *B*. *", "subtilis* (*Bs*) ALS (AlsS) is more active than the Ilv2 targeted to the cytosol, but overexpression of *Bs alsS*, and the subsequence accumulation of the pathway intermediate α-acetolactate led to a growth inhibition in *S*. *", "cerevisiae*. ", "The growth inhibition could be alleviated when the downstream enzymes, Ilv5 and Ilv3, were expressed in the cytosol. ", "To circumvent the growth inhibitory effect of α-acetolactate, we expressed *Bs alsS* under the control of copper-inducible *CUP1* promoter. ", "Furthermore, we developed methods selecting efficient isobutanol-producing strains with multi-copy integration of the *Bs alsS* and cytosol-targeted *ILV5* and *ILV3* genes, based on their opposite effects on cell growth when overexpressed.", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#Sec2}\n======================\n\nConstruction of a cytosolic isobutanol biosynthetic pathway in *S*. *", "cerevisiae* {#Sec3}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe innate isobutanol biosynthetic pathway in *S*. *", "cerevisiae* is subdivided into the cytosolic and mitochondrial pathways (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Therefore, to increase isobutanol production, sufficient amount of pyruvate should be introduced into the mitochondria, but pyruvate is mainly fermented to ethanol in the cytoplasm under most culture conditions^[@CR18]^. To overcome this compartmentalization problem, we relocated llv2, Ilv5, and Ilv3 to the cytosol by deleting the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence as reported previously^[@CR8]^. *ILV2ΔN54*, *ILV5ΔN48*, and *ILV3ΔN19* were expressed under the control of a strong constitutive promoter, P~*TDH3*~, on CEN-based plasmids, in *bat1Δald6Δ* strain (JHY43), where the competing pathway genes, *BAT1* and *ALD6* involved in valine biosynthesis from 2-KIV and oxidation of isobutyraldehyde, respectively, were deleted^[@CR17]^. JHY43 overexpressing *ILV2ΔN54*, *ILV5ΔN48*, and *ILV3ΔN19* (JHY4301) produced 71.8 mg/L isobutanol (Fig.", " [2b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) after 72 h culture. ", "We next compared the activity of Ilv2ΔN54 with other ALSs from *B*. *", "subtilis* and *Lactococcus lactis*. ", "The *alsS* genes from *B*. *", "subtilis* (*Bs alsS*) and *L*. *", "lactis* (*Ll alsS*) were cloned into p413GPD plasmid vector providing P~*TDH3*~-driven gene expression, resulting in p413GPD-alsS(B) and p413GPD-alsS(L), respectively. ", "Each plasmid was introduced into JHY43 together with the expression vectors for *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19*. ", "However, we could not obtain any transformants harboring p413GDP-alsS(B). ", "Therefore, *Bs alsS* was expressed using a weaker promoter P~*ADH1*~ by cloning the gene into p413ADH vector. ", "JHY43 cells harboring p413ADH-alsS(B) (JHY4302) showed similar isobutanol production level compared to that of JHY4301 (Fig.", " [2b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, JHY43 harboring p413GPD-alsS(L) (JHY4303), showed an increase in isobutanol production up to 96.6 mg/L (Fig.", " [2b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "JHY4303 showed a growth defect compared with JHY4301 and 4302, suggesting that higher ALS activity might inhibit cell growth (Fig.", " [2a](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The accumulation of α-acetolactate is toxic to *S*. *", "cerevisiae* (Supplementary Fig.", " [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Considering the more severe effect of *Bs alsS* on growth inhibition when expressed using the *TDH3* promoter~,~ *Bs* AlsS might have the highest enzyme activity followed by *Ll* AlsS and Ilv2ΔN54 in *S*. *", "cerevisiae*. ", "We confirmed the different enzymatic activities of the three ALSs by introducing α-acetolactate decarboxylase (AlsD) from *B*. *", "subtilis*, which convert α-acetolactate to acetoin^[@CR19]^. Acetoin can be further converted to 2,3-butanediol by endogenous enzyme Bdh1^[@CR20]^. When the *ILV2ΔN54*, *Ll alsS*, or *Bs alsS* gene was expressed under the control of *TDH3* promoter together with *alsD*, JHY43 strain overexpressing *Bs alsS* produced the highest levels of acetoin and 2,3-butanediol followed by strains overexpressing *Ll alsS* and *ILV2ΔN54* (Supplementary Fig.", " [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Ethanol production levels showed a negative correlation with the acetoin/2,3-butanediol levels, reflecting the competition between pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and Als. (", "Supplementary Fig.", " [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).Figure 2The effects of overexpressing various *ALS* genes and introducing Kozak sequence to *ILV5VN48* and *ILV3ΔN19*. (**", "a**) The indicated cells were grown in SC-His, Trp, Ura medium containing 2% glucose for 72 h, and cell growth and glucose uptake rate were monitored. (**", "b**) Isobutanol production levels were detected by HPLC. ", "Each value indicates the average ± SD of triplicate experiments.", "\n\nIncrease in isobutanol production by introducing a Kozak sequence into ketol-acid reductoisomerase and dihydroxy-acid dehydratase {#Sec4}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe ALS is the enzyme competing with pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) for pyruvate availability (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Therefore, strong ALS activity might be the key to redirect the pyruvate flux from ethanol production to isobutanol production. *", "Bs alsS* was successfully used to produce acetoin in *S*. *", "cerevisiae* when the gene was overexpressed together with *B*. *", "subtilis alsD* encoding α-acetolactate decarboxylase^[@CR19]^. However, the toxic effect of *Bs alsS* overexpression together with the overexpression of *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19*, suggests that the following enzymes might not be active enough to convert the toxic intermediate generated by *Bs* AlsS. Since the transcription of *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* were already driven by the strong *TDH3* promoter, we tried to increase the protein expression levels by improving their translational efficiency. ", "To do this, Kozak sequence was introduced into each gene. ", "In eukaryotes including *S*. *", "cerevisiae*, 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) plays an important role in translational initiation. ", "Especially the Kozak sequence rich in adenine is localized from the start codon to the −6 position of the 5′-UTR in *S*. *", "cerevisiae*^[@CR21],[@CR22]^. Therefore, we introduced five adenine sequences in front of the start codon ([AAAAA]{.ul}ATG) to increase the protein expression levels of the *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* genes (Supplementary Fig.", " [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Expression vectors for *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* containing the Kozak sequence, (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19*, were introduced into JHY43 together with p413GPD-alsS(L). ", "Compared with JHY4303 where *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* were expressed without Kozak sequence, JHY4306 expressing (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* produced about 1.4-fold higher level of isobutanol (133.9 mg/L), supporting the positive effect of increasing their protein expression levels in isobutanol production (Fig.", " [2b](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nEnhancing isobutanol production by overexpressing *alsS* from *B*. *", "subtilis* using copper-inducible promoter, P~*CUP1*~ {#Sec5}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAlthough we could improve isobutanol production using *Ll* AlsS, the production level was still very low. ", "Since *Bs* AlsS might have higher activity than *Ll* AlsS, but cannot be expressed using a strong constitutive promoter, we next considered using inducible promoter to overexpress *Bs alsS* at a specific time point. ", "We chose the promoter of *CUP1* gene encoding metallothionein, which is activated by Ace1 transcription factor in the presence of copper ions^[@CR23]--[@CR25]^. To express *Bs alsS* using P~*CUP*1,~ P~*ADH1*~ in p413ADH-alsS(B) plasmid was replaced with P~*CUP1*~, and the resulting plasmid p413CUP1-alsS(B) was introduced into JHY43 strain together with the expression plasmids for (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19*, generating JHY4307. ", "JHY4306, where p413GPD-als(L) was introduced instead of p413CUP1-alsS(B), was used as a control. ", "Cells were cultured for 7 h and then induced with 100 μM CuSO~4~. Copper induction in JHY4307 strain resulted in growth inhibition (Fig.", " [3a](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), but led to a 2.4-fold increase in isobutanol production from 84 mg/L to 205.2 mg/L (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the control JHY4306 strain, the isobutanol production levels, which were not significantly affected by copper, were lower than those of copper-induced JHY4307 (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "These results indicate that copper-inducible expression of *Bs alsS* using the P~*CUP1*~ is more effective in isobutanol production than constitutive expression of *Ll alsS* using the strong P~*TDH3*~ (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 3Expression of *alsS* from *B*. *", "subtilis* using copper-inducible promoter, P~*CUP1*~. JHY4306 and JHY4307 cells were grown in SC-His, Trp, Ura medium containing 2% glucose for 7 h and 100 μM of CuSO~4~ was added in the medium. ", "Cells were further cultivated for 72 h, and the cell growth and glucose consumption (**a**) and Isobutanol production (**b**) were monitored. ", "Each value indicates the average ± SD of duplicate experiments.", "\n\nMulti-copy integration of *Bs alsS* at delta-sequences using a screening method based on the toxic effects of copper-dependent induction of *Bs alsS* {#Sec6}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor more efficient production of isobutanol through regulating the expression levels of *Bs alsS*, we tried multi-copy integration of the P~*CUP1*~-controlled *Bs alsS* at delta-sequences, the retrotransposon Ty1 long terminal repeats (LTR), existing hundreds copies in the *S*. *", "cerevisiae* genome^[@CR26],[@CR27]^. The delta-integration cassette containing P~*CUP1*~-*Bs alsS-*T~*CYC1*~ and G418-resistant marker (*KanMX*) was introduced into JHY43, and the transformants were first selected with high concentration of G418 (2 mg/ml), which might provide a selection power for the transformants with multiple *KanMX* marker genes (Fig.", " [4a](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Next, a second screening of the strains with multiple integration of *Bs alsS* was performed based on the growth inhibitory effect of *Bs alsS* overexpression. ", "The integrated copy number of the P~*CUP1*~-*Bs alsS* is expected to have a negative correlation with the cell growth rate upon inducing the expression of *Bs alsS* by copper. ", "Therefore, the 26 transformants selected on G418 plate were cultured for 7 h and then 100 μM CuSO~4~ was added to the culture medium to induce the expression of *Bs alsS*. ", "From this screening, JHY43D1, JHY43D2, and JHY43D3, showing significantly lower growth rates than that of JHY43 were selected (Supplementary Fig.", " [S4](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).Figure 4Multi-copy integration of *Bs alsS* into chromosome at delta-sequences (**a**) Experimental design to select yeast cells with multi-copy integration of *Bs alsS*. ", "The delta-integration cassette containing *Bs alsS* and *KanMX* was introduced into JHY43, and selected in YPD medium containing 2 mg/ml G418. ", "The selected transformants were treated with 100 μM of CuSO~4~, and the cells with reduced growth rate were selected. (**", "b**) The selected *Bs alsS*-integrated cells harboring plasmids p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48, p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19, and p413GPD (JHY43D1-1, JHY43D2-1, and JHY43D3-1), JHY43D2 harboring empty vectors (JHY43D2-C), and JHY4307 control expressing *Bs alsS* on p413CUP1-alsS(B) were inoculated to OD~600~ of 0.5 and were cultured in SC-His, Trp, Ura medium containing of 20 g/L glucose for 12 h, and 20 μM of CuSO~4~ was treated. ", "Cells were further cultivated for 72 h. (**c**) Glucose consumption. (**", "d**) Isobutanol production. ", "Each value indicates the average ± SD of triplicate experiments.", "\n\nIsobutanol production in the selected strains was investigated after introducing the expression plasmids for (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* into the strains JHY43D1, JHY43D2, and JHY3D3, resulting in JHY43D1-1, JHY43D2-1, and JHY43D3-1. ", "Strain JHY4307 that expresses *Bs alsS* on p413CUP1-alsS(B) was used as a control. ", "Cells were cultured for 12 h and the expression of *Bs alsS* was induced by adding 20 μM of CuSO~4~. JHY43D2-1 and JHY43D3-1 showed lower growth and glucose uptake rates compared with JHY4307 and JHY43D1-1 (Fig.", " [4b,c](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), but produced more isobutanol (Fig.", " [4d](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), reflecting a negative correlation between the cell growth and *Bs alsS* expression levels. ", "JHY43D2-1 strain produced the highest level of isobutanol (290.4 mg/L), which is 1.7-fold higher than that produced in JHY4307 (172.7 mg/L), and even higher than that produced in JHY4307 after induction with 100 μM of CuSO~4~ (Fig.", " [3B](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The best producer JHY43D2 contains about 4 copies of *Bs alsS* gene when the integrated gene copy number was determined by qPCR compared with JHY43DC, where one copy of *Bs alsS* gene was integrated into the *URA3* locus (Supplementary Fig.", " [S6a](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Taken together, the strains with multiple integration of *Bs alsS* at delta-sequences were successfully isolated based on the growth inhibitory effect *Bs alsS*.", "\n\nAssembly of the cytosolic isobutanol biosynthetic pathway by multi-copy integration of *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* genes at rDNA sites {#Sec7}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nJHY43D2 strain harboring empty vectors (JHY43D2-C) showed a severe growth defect, which was relieved by overexpression of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* (JHY43D2-1) (Fig.", " [4b](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Overexpression of *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* might convert the toxic intermediate produced by *Bs* AlsS to less toxic isobutanol and other intermediates. ", "We used this phenotype to generate stable isobutanol-production strain. ", "To allow multiple integration of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* genes into the JHY43D2 genome, rDNA (ribosomal DNA) repeats were used as the integration sites. ", "The rDNA locus is composed of 150 tandem copies of a 9.1 kb repeat unit containing nontranscribed spacers (*NTS1* and *NTS2*)^[@CR28]^. The rDNA integration cassette containing P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48*-T~*CYC1*~-P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV3ΔN19*-T~*CYC1*~ and bleomycin selection marker (*bleOR*), flanked by *NTS1* homology arms, was introduced into JHY43D2 (Fig.", " [5a](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The transformants with multiple integration of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* were selected on YPD plate containing 500 μg/mL of zeocin and 300 μM CuSO~4~ (Fig.", " [5a](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) (Supplementary Fig.", " [S5](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Copper-dependent induction of *Bs alsS* is toxic to the cells, thus cells with multiple integration of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* could be selected on the medium containing high concentration of CuSO~4~ based on their faster growth. ", "Five selected clones were grown in SC medium for 12 h and then treated with 20 μM CuSO~4~. All clones showed higher final cell densities (Fig.", " [5b](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and higher glucose uptake levels (Fig.", " [5c](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}) compared with the parental strain JHY43D2, reflecting the successful alleviation of the growth defect of JHY43D2. ", "JHY43D24 strain showed the highest level of isobutanol production up to 227.2 mg/L. qPCR analysis revealed integration of 3 copies of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* genes in the genome of JHY43D24 (Supplementary Fig.", " [S6b](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "JHY43D24-53 strain having additional copy of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* produced less isobutanol than JHY43D24, suggesting that our screening strategy was effective in isolating strains with optimal gene copy numbers (Supplementary Fig.", " [S7](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Furthermore, JHY43D24 strain showed consistent isobutanol production level after several subcultures, suggesting the stability of the integrated genes into the delta and NTS sites (Supplementary Fig.", " [S8](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).Figure 5Integration of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* at NTS sites. (**", "a**) Experimental design for multi-copy integration of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* at NTS sites. ", "NTS-integration cassette containing (K)*ILV5ΔN48*, (K)*ILV3ΔN19*, and *bleOR* marker was introduced into JHY43D2 strain and selected on YPD medium containing 500 μg/ml zeocin and 300 μg/ml CuSO~4~. The selected transformants were further screened for improved cell growth upon induction of *Bs alsS* by adding 20 μM of CuSO~4~. (**b**) The JHY43D2 control and the selected strains JHY43D21, JHY43D22, JHY43D23, JHY43D24 and JHY43D25 were inoculated to OD~600~ of 0.5 and cultured in SC mix medium containing 20 g/L glucose for 12 h, and treated with 20 μM CuSO~4~. Cells were further cultivated for 72 h. (**c**) Glucose consumption. (**", "d**) Isobutanol production. ", "Each value indicates the average ± SD of triplicate experiments.", "\n\nEnhancing isobutanol production in JHY43D24 by optimizing induction conditions of *Bs alsS* {#Sec8}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe expression of *Bs alsS* is critical for isobutanol production, but high level expression exerts a negative effect though inhibiting cell growth. ", "Therefore, isobutanol production could be optimized by regulating the expression time and expression level of *Bs alsS*. ", "First, we determined optimal cell density to induce *alsS* expression. ", "The final engineered strain JHY43D24 was cultured and *Bs alsS* expression was induced with 20 μM CuSO~4~ at various cell densities (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The earlier the induction, the stronger was the inhibition of growth and glucose uptake (Fig.", " [6a,b](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Induction of *alsS* at OD~600~ of 5 led to the highest isobutanol production level (263.2 mg/L) (Fig.", " [6c](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Induction of *alsS* at a later point of OD~600~ of 8 resulted in the best cell growth, but the isobutanol production level was the lowest among the tested induction conditions (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 6Optimization of copper induction time for isobutanol production. ", "JHY43D24 cells were inoculated to OD~600~ of 0.5 and cultured in SC mix medium containing 20 g/L glucose. ", "At the indicated cell densities, 20 μM of CuSO~4~ was added in the medium, and cell growth (**a**), glucose consumption (**b**), and isobutanol production (**c**) were monitored for 100 h. Each value indicates the average ± SD of triplicate experiments.", "\n\nNext, we tried to find the optimal concentration of CuSO~4~. JHY43D24 cells were grown to OD~600~ of 5 and *alsS* was induced with various concentrations of CuSO~4~ (Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The cell growth and glucose consumption rates decreased as increasing the concentrations of CuSO~4~ (Fig.", " [7a,b](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Although 5 μM CuSO~4~ was enough to induce *alsS* expression and subsequent isobutanol production, the highest titer of isobutanol (263.1 mg/L) was produced in cells induced with 20 μM CuSO~4~, which is the same concentration we used in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"} (Fig.", " [7c](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In most culture conditions, ethanol was the prominent byproduct and acetoin accumulated over time (Supplementary Fig.", " [S9](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).Figure 7Optimization of CuSO~4~ concentration for isobutanol production. ", "JHY43D24 cells were inoculated to OD~600~ of 0.5 and cultured in SC mix medium containing 20 g/L glucose. ", "At OD~600~ of 5, various concentrations of CuSO~4~ were added in the medium, and cell growth (**a**), glucose consumption (**b**), and isobutanol production (**c**) were monitored for 100 h. Each value indicates the average ± SD of triplicate experiments.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec9}\n===========\n\nIn this study, we engineered *S*. *", "cerevisiae* strain to produce isobutanol using an artificial cytosolic isobutanol biosynthetic pathway consisting of AlsS from *B*. *", "subtilis* and endogenous Ilv5 and Ilv3 targeted to the cytosol by deleting the mitochondrial targeting sequences. ", "AlsS is a key enzyme converting the cytosolic pyruvate to α-acetolactate, competing with the ethanol production pathway. ", "However, we found that excessive production of α-acetolactate by overexpressing of *Bs alsS* is toxic to the cells, which can be alleviated by subsequent conversion of α-acetolactate to other chemicals by Ilv5ΔN48 and Ilv3ΔN19. ", "Therefore, to reduce growth inhibition mediated by accumulation of the toxic intermediate α-acetolactate, *Bs alsS* was expressed under the control of a copper-inducible *CUP1* promoter, and the translational efficiency of *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* was increased by adding Kozak sequence. ", "Furthermore, the toxic effect of α-acetolactate was used to develop novel screening methods for multi-copy integration of the pathways genes. ", "Multi-copy integration of *Bs alsS* into delta-sequences was screened based on the growth inhibition upon the induction of *Bs alsS*, whereas multi-copy integration of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19* with Kozak sequence into the rDNA sites of the *alsS*-integrated strain was screened based on the growth recovery effect. ", "The strain JHY43D24 generated by this screening methods contains 4 copies of *Bs alsS* and 3 copies of (K)*ILV5ΔN48* and (K)*ILV3ΔN19*. ", "After optimizing the *alsS* induction conditions, the final engineered strain produced 263.2 mg/L isobutanol, showing about 3.3-fold increase compared to the episomal expression of the cytosol-targeted endogenous genes *ILV2*, *ILV5*, and *ILV3* from strong constitutive promoters. ", "However, the isobutanol production level is still very low compared to its production in other bacteria. ", "Therefore, to further improve isobutanol production, it might be critical to improve the activities of Ilv5ΔN48 and Ilv3ΔN19, which require NADPH and iron-sulfur cluster, respectively.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec10}\n=======\n\nStrains and culture conditions {#Sec11}\n------------------------------\n\nAll strains used in this study are described in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. *", "E*. *", "coli* strain DH5α was used for construction of plasmids and cultured at 37 °C in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing 50 μg/mL of ampicillin. ", "JHY43 strain, *BAT1* and *ALD6* deletion mutant derived from *S*. *", "cerevisiae* CEN. ", "PK2-1C, was used as parental strain of all the engineered strains in this study^[@CR29]^. Yeast cells were cultured in YPD medium or in synthetic complete (SC) medium (20 g/L glucose, 6.7 g/L yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, and 1.67 g/L amino acids mixture lacking histidine, tryptophan, leucine, and uracil) supplemented with auxotrophic nutrients as required.", "Table 1Strains used in this study.", "StrainGenotypeReferenceCEN. ", "PK2-1C*MATa ura3-52 trp1-289 leu2-3*,*112 his3 Δ1 MAL2-8* ^*C*^ *SUC2*EUROSCARFJHY43CEN.PK2-1C *ald6Δ::loxP bat1Δ::loxP*^[@CR29]^JHY4301JHY43 harboring p413GPD-ILV2ΔN54, p414GPD-ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY4302JHY43 harboring p413ADH-alsS(B), p414GPD-ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY4303JHY43 harboring p413GPD-alsS(L), p414GPD-ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY4304JHY43 harboring p413GPD-alsS(L), p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY4305JHY43 harboring p413GPD-alsS(L), p414GPD-ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY4306JHY43 harboring p413GPD-alsS(L), p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY4307JHY43 harboring p413CUP1-alsS(B), p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY43DCCEN.PK2-1C *ald6Δ::loxP bat1Δ::loxP URA3::* P~*CUP1*~*-Bs alsS-*T~*CYC1*~This studyJHY43D1JHY43 with random multiple integration of P~*CUP1*~*-Bs alsS-*T~*CYC1*~ at delta -sequencesThis studyJHY43D2JHY43 with random multiple integration of P~*CUP1*~*-Bs alsS-*T~*CYC1*~ at delta -sequencesThis studyJHY43D3JHY43 with random multiple integration of P~*CUP1*~*-Bs alsS-*T~*CYC1*~ at delta -sequencesThis studyJHY43D1-1JHY43D1 harboring p413GPD, p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY43D2-1JHY43D2 harboring p413GPD, p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY43D2-CJHY43D2 harboring p413GPD, p414GPD, and p416GPDThis studyJHY43D2-53JHY43D2 with *HIS3::* P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48-*T~*CYC1*~, P~*TDH3*~*-*(K)*ILV3ΔN19-*T~*CYC1*~This studyJHY43D3-1JHY43D3 harboring p413GPD, p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19This studyJHY43D21JHY43D2 with random multiple integration of P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48-*T~*CYC1*~, P~*TDH3*~*-*(K)*ILV3ΔN19-*T~*CYC1*~ at NTS sitesThis studyJHY43D22JHY43D2 with random multiple integration of P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48-*T~*CYC1*~, P~*TDH3*~*-*(K)*ILV3ΔN19-*T~*CYC1*~ at NTS sitesThis studyJHY43D23JHY43D2 with random multiple integration of P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48-*T~*CYC1*~, P~*TDH3*~*-*(K)*ILV3ΔN19-*T~*CYC1*~ at NTS sitesThis studyJHY43D24JHY43D2 with random multiple integration of P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48-*T~*CYC1*~, P~*TDH3*~*-*(K)*ILV3ΔN19-*T~*CYC1*~ at NTS sitesThis studyJHY43D24-53JHY43D24 with *HIS3::* P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48-*T~*CYC1*~, P~*TDH3*~*-*(K)*ILV3ΔN19-*T~*CYC1*~This studyJHY43D25JHY43D2 with random multiple integration of P~*TDH3*~-(K)*ILV5ΔN48-*T~*CYC1*~, P~*TDH3*~*-*(K)*ILV3ΔN19-*T~*CYC1*~ at NTS sitesThis study\n\nTo produce istobutanol, yeast cells harboring proper plasmids were pre-cultured in 4 mL selective SC medium containing 20 g/L glucose, inoculated to OD~600~ of 0.2 or 0.5 in 6.5 mL of the same medium in 50 mL conical tube, and then cultured at 30 °C with constant shaking at 170 rpm. ", "For copper induction, overnight culture cells were diluted to OD~600~ of 0.2 or 0.5, incubated for 7 h to 12 h in SC medium containing 20 g/L glucose, and then induced with appropriate concentrations of CuSO~4~.\n\nConstruction of plasmids {#Sec12}\n------------------------\n\nPlasmids and primers used in this study are described in Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"} and Table [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}, respectively. ", "The N-terminally truncated *ILV* genes (*ILV2*, *ILV5*, and *ILV3*) were obtained by PCR amplification from *S*. *", "cerevisiae* genomic DNA using specific primer pairs (ORF N F and ORF R), generating *ILV2ΔN54*, *ILV5ΔN48*, and *ILV3ΔN19*. ", "These DNA fragments were cloned between *Bam*HI and *Xho*I sites of p413GPD, p414GPD, and p416GPD^[@CR30]^, respectively, resulting in p413GPD-ILV2ΔN54, p414GPD-ILV5ΔN48, and p416GPD-ILV3ΔN19 plasmids. ", "The ORF DNA fragments of *alsS*(B) from *B*. *", "subtilis*, and *alsS*(L) from *L*. *", "lactis* were amplified by PCR from each genomic DNA using target-specific primer pairs (ORF F and ORF R). ", "To generate single-gene-expression plasmids, PCR-amplified products were cloned into p413GPD or p413ADH plasmids, resulting in p413GPD-alsS(L) and p413ADH-alsS(B). ", "In p414GPD-ILV5ΔN48 and p416GPD-ILV3ΔN19 plasmid, *ILV5ΔN48* and *ILV3ΔN19* were replaced with the Kozak sequence*-ILV5ΔN48* and Kozak sequence-*ILV3ΔN19* fragments obtained by PCR amplification with primer pairs (ORF_K F and ORF R), generating p414GPD-(K)ILV5ΔN48 and p416GPD-(K)ILV3ΔN19 plasmids. ", "Also, in p413ADH-alsS(B), P~*ADH1*~ part was replaced with P~*CUP1*~, generated by PCR with CUP1p F and CUP1p R primers, generating p413CUP1-alsS(B).", "\n\nTo construct a vector for delta-integration, Delta6M-alsS plasmid was constructed as previously described with minor modifications^[@CR31]^. Two half fragments of YARCdelta4, YARCdelta4-1 (167 bp, fragment1) and YARCdelta4-2 (170 bp, fragment2), were obtained by PCR amplified from *S*. *", "cerevisiae* genomic DNA. *", "Amp*^*R*^-expression cassette (fragment3) was obtained by PCR from p413GPD. ", "These 3 DNA fragments were combined by using overlapping PCR, and the resulting DNA fragment containing YARCdelta4-1, *Amp*^*R*^, and YARCdelta4-2 was cloned between the *Nhe*I and *Not*I sites of pUG6MCS^[@CR32]^, resulting in Delta6M. Gene-expression cassette, P~*CUP1*~-*alsS (B)*-T~*CYC1*~, PCR-amplified from p413CUP1-alsS(B) was cloned between *Nhe*I and *Not*I sites of Delta6M, resulting in Delta6M-alsS.\n\nTo construct NTS66M-53 plasmid for NTS site-integration, two half DNA fragments of NTS1-2, NTS1-2a (400 bp) and NTS1-2b (400 bp), were amplified from *S*. *", "cerevisiae* genomic DNA. *", "Amp*^*R*^ cassette and *bleOR* cassette were obtained from pUG66 vector by PCR. ", "These 4 PCR products were assembled by overlapping PCR, and the resulting DNA fragment, NTS1-2a-*bleOR-Amp*^*R*^-NTS1-2b, was ligated with *ILV5ΔN48*-expression cassette (P~*TDH3*~-Kozak sequence-*ILV5ΔN48*-T~*CYC1*~), resulting in NTS66M-5 plasmid. *", "ILV3ΔN19*-expression cassette (P~*TDH3*~-*Kozak sequence-ILV3ΔN19*-T~*CYC1*~) flanked by *Mau*BI and and *Not*I sites were cloned into *Asc*I and *Not*I site of the NTS66M-5, resulting in NTS66M-35 plasmid.", "\n\nAnalytical methods {#Sec13}\n------------------\n\nCell growth was determined by the measurement of an optical density at 600 (OD~600~) with spectrophotometer (Varian Cary® 50 UV-Vis). ", "To determine isobutanol, glucose, and ethanol concentrations, 500 μL of culture supernatants filtered through a 0.22 μm syringe filter were analyzed by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) following a previously described procedure^[@CR17]^.\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec14}\n\nSupplementary materials\n\n**Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\n**Change history**\n\n11/19/2019\n\nAn amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-40631-5.", "\n\nThis research was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2016M3D3A01913245).", "\n\nS.-H.P. and J.-S.H. designed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. ", "S.-H.P. performed the experiments and analyzed the data. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Appealing Japanese lingerie model, Satomi Ichihara, is in for a steamy masturbation along her partner that craves to smash her hairy pussy and get it all wet with his toys. ", "The sleazy bimbo is posing quite nasty and moans while feeling her hairy twat getting stimulated like that. ", "She sure loves the feeling and enjoys such strong pounding to her creamy vag.", "\n\nShe is close to a huge orgasm and full satisfaction, ending in high manners while continuously posing her curvy lines and adorable hairy Japanese pussy." ]

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[ "[Developments in pyoderma gangrenosum therapy in 2015].", "\nDiagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum in 2014 continues to be made on clinical grounds, with the main form comprising an ulcer having poorly delineated purplish edges. ", "The diagnostic criteria have been recently modified so as to rule out differential diagnoses (10% of retrospective series of pyoderma patients). ", "The condition is commonly associated with other diseases (75%) such as emerging endocrine diseases (36.7%), and classical gastrointestinal, rheumatological and haematological diseases. ", "The new concepts of PAPA and PASH syndromes, belonging to the category of auto-inflammatory diseases, provide new therapeutic perspectives. ", "Corticosteroids continue to be the first-line therapy, along with immunosuppressant drugs in the event of steroid dependence. ", "Second-line treatments consisting biotherapies show promise and interleukin-1 inhibitors have exhibited potential against pyoderma syndrome." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "'''\nA sample function for classification using spatial network\nCustomize as needed:\ne.g. num_categories, layer for feature extraction, batch_size\n'''\n\nimport glob\nimport os\nimport numpy as np\nimport math\nimport cv2\nimport scipy.io as sio\n\ndef VideoSpatialPrediction(\n vid_name,\n mean_file,\n net,\n num_categories,\n feature_layer,\n start_frame=0,\n num_frames=0,\n num_samples=25\n ):\n\n if num_frames == 0:\n imglist = glob.glob(os.path.join(vid_name, '*image_*.jpg'))\n duration = len(imglist)\n else:\n duration = num_frames\n\n # selection\n step = int(math.floor((duration-1)/(num_samples-1)))\n dims = (256,340,3,num_samples)\n rgb = np.zeros(shape=dims, dtype=np.float64)\n rgb_flip = np.zeros(shape=dims, dtype=np.float64)\n\n for i in range(num_samples):\n img_file = os.path.join(vid_name, 'image_{0:05d}.jpg'.format(i*step+1))\n img = cv2.imread(img_file, cv2.IMREAD_UNCHANGED)\n img = cv2.resize(img, dims[1::-1])\n rgb[:,:,:,i] = img\n rgb_flip[:,:,:,i] = img[:,::-1,:]\n\n # crop\n rgb_1 = rgb[:224, :224, :,:]\n rgb_2 = rgb[:224, -224:, :,:]\n rgb_3 = rgb[16:240, 60:284, :,:]\n rgb_4 = rgb[-224:, :224, :,:]\n rgb_5 = rgb[-224:, -224:, :,:]\n rgb_f_1 = rgb_flip[:224, :224, :,:]\n rgb_f_2 = rgb_flip[:224, -224:, :,:]\n rgb_f_3 = rgb_flip[16:240, 60:284, :,:]\n rgb_f_4 = rgb_flip[-224:, :224, :,:]\n rgb_f_5 = rgb_flip[-224:, -224:, :,:]\n\n rgb = np.concatenate((rgb_1,rgb_2,rgb_3,rgb_4,rgb_5,rgb_f_1,rgb_f_2,rgb_f_3,rgb_f_4,rgb_f_5), axis=3)\n\n # substract mean\n d = sio.loadmat(mean_file)\n image_mean = d['image_mean']\n\n rgb = rgb[...] - np.tile(image_mean[...,np.newaxis], (1, 1, 1, rgb.shape[3]))\n rgb = np.transpose(rgb, (1,0,2,3))\n\n # test\n batch_size = 50\n prediction = np.zeros((num_categories,rgb.shape[3]))\n num_batches = int(math.ceil(float(rgb.shape[3])/batch_size))\n\n for bb in range(num_batches):\n span = range(batch_size*bb, min(rgb.shape[3],batch_size*(bb+1)))\n net.blobs['data'].data[...] = np.transpose(rgb[:,:,:,span], (3,2,1,0))\n output = net.forward()\n prediction[:, span] = np.transpose(output[feature_layer])\n\n return prediction\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "<nav class=\"navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-dark rounded\">\n <button class=\"navbar-toggler\" type=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-target=\"#navbarsExample10\" aria-controls=\"navbarsExample10\"\n aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-label=\"Toggle navigation\">\n <span class=\"navbar-toggler-icon\"></span>\n </button>\n\n <div class=\"collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-md-center\" id=\"navbarsExample10\">\n <ul class=\"navbar-nav\">\n <li class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" routerLink=\"/\">Home</a>\n </li>\n\n <li *ngIf=\"!auth.isLoggedIn()\" class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" routerLink=\"/login\">Login</a>\n </li>\n <li *ngIf=\"!auth.isLoggedIn()\" class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" routerLink=\"/register\">Register</a>\n </li>\n <li *ngIf=\"auth.isLoggedIn()\" class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" routerLink=\"/profile\">{{ auth.getUserDetails()?.first_name }}</a>\n </li>\n <li *ngIf=\"auth.isLoggedIn()\" class=\"nav-item\">\n <a class=\"nav-link\" routerLink=\"\" (click)=\"auth.logout()\">Logout</a>\n </li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n</nav>\n\n<router-outlet></router-outlet>" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nSubtracting pandas timestamps; absolute value\n\nI have been playing a bit to try to understand pandas timestamps and timedeltas. ", "I like how you can operate with them, but when trying subtraction I found this a bit odd:\nnow = pd.", "Timestamp('now')\nthen = now - pd.to_timedelta('1h')\n\nprint (now - then)\nprint (then - now)\nprint ((now - then).seconds)\nprint ((then - now).seconds)\n\nResults in:\n0 days 01:00:00\n-1 days +23:00:00\n3600\n82800\n\na) How should I understand this behavior?", "\nb) Is there a way to have an absolute value of the difference of timestamps, the equivalent to abs()?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe reason for this seemingly strange/buggy behaviour is that the .seconds attribute of a timedelta (for pandas.", "Timedelta, but this is inherited from standard library's timedelta.timedelta) is very ambigous.", "\nThe timedelta is stored in 3 parts: days, seconds, microseconds (https://docs.python.org/2/library/datetime.html#timedelta-objects). ", "So the seconds is the sum of hours, minutes and seconds (in seconds). ", "\nSo there are 2 'strange' things that can lead to confusion:\n\nWhen having a negative timedelta, you get -1 days +23:00:00 instead of -01:00:00. ", "This is because only the days part can be negative. ", "So a negative timedelta will always be defined as a negative number of days with adding hours or seconds again to get the correct value. ", "So this gives you the +23h part.", "\nThe seconds is the sum of hours, minutes and seconds. ", "So the +23:00:00 we get is equal to 82800 seconds.", "\n\nBottomline is, the .seconds attribute of a timedelta does not give you the seconds part neither the total seconds (timedelta converted to seconds). ", "So in practice, I think you should almost never use it.", "\nTo obtain the timedelta in seconds, you can use the total_seconds method. ", "If I define the negative difference to diff = then - now:\nIn [12]: diff\nOut[12]: Timedelta('-1 days +23:00:00')\n\nIn [13]: diff.seconds\nOut[13]: 82800\n\nIn [14]: diff.total_seconds()\nOut[14]: -3600.0\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Adolescents' perceptions of caring in family, media, school, peer, and religious environments.", "\nAdolescents were asked to select from two-word pairs the one that was emphasized more in their experiences with the environments of school, church, family, friends, or media. ", "One of the word pairs was an indicator of caring, the other of justice. ", "Analysis of responses of 87 adolescents indicated school was perceived as very low in caring compared to family, church, and friends." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Friday, 8 January 2010\n\nTheres currently lots and lots of snow everywhere across the UK. ", "If you're here I'd think you might have noticed. ", "Its caused a few problems, but for some of us life ticks along regardless. ", "One of the great things snow does is cause people to try and keep warm by wearing more clothes, and best of all...HATS! (", "stupid ones) I've seen some corkers over the last few days and I'm always a little slow with the camera when I've got gloves on so I've found some great examples on the wonderful web...\n\nAt number 7...Make your child's head into some odd monsters arse...At number 6, restrict your vision...\n\nNumber 5, pretend to be a jesterNumber 4, Oversized bobbles make your head look look smaller..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Q:\n\nWhy cells value of grid returns empty string?", "\n\ni am trying to pick a value from gridview but i returns empty string.", "\n<asp:GridView ID=\"GridViewLedger\" runat=\"server\" Width=\"100%\" AutoGenerateColumns=\"False\"\n ShowFooter=\"True\" DataKeyNames=\"AccountID\" OnRowCommand=\"GridViewLedger_RowCommand\"\n CssClass=\"table table-hover table-striped table-bordered\">\n <Columns>\n\n <asp:TemplateField HeaderText=\"InvoiceNo\" SortExpression=\"InvoiceNo\">\n <ItemTemplate>\n <asp:LinkButton ID=\"btnClickInvoiceNo\" runat=\"server\" CommandArgument=\"<%# ((GridViewRow) Container).RowIndex %>\" CommandName=\"InvoiceNo\" Text='<%# Eval(\"InvoiceNo\") %>' />\n </ItemTemplate>\n </asp:TemplateField>\n\n </Columns>\n </asp:GridView>\n\nI deleted all irrelevant columns here, \nprotected void GridViewLedger_RowCommand(object sender, GridViewCommandEventArgs e)\n {\n int index = Convert.", "ToInt32(e.", "CommandArgument);\n string InvoiceNo = GridViewLedger.", "Rows[index].Cells[4].Text;\n }\n\nA:\n\nYou can't access a Text of a LinkButton inside an ItemTemplate of a TemplateField by accessing .Text of a rowcell.", "\nWhat you can do is\nLinkButton lbInvoiceNo = GridViewLedger.", "Rows[index].Cells[4].FindControl(\"btnClickInvoiceNo\");\nstring invoiceNo = lbInvoiceNo.", "Text;\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "Micronutrient supplementation in gastric bypass surgery: prospective study on inflammation and iron metabolism in premenopausal women.", "\nLow-grade chronic inflammation in morbid obesity is associated with impaired iron metabolism. ", "Bariatric surgery is effective in weight loss; however, it can induce specific nutritional deficiencies, such as iron, especially in premenopausal women. ", "Alternatively, after surgery, there is an improvement in systemic inflammation, raising questions concerning the dosages of micronutrient supplementation. ", "This study aimed to assess the effect of two micronutrient supplementation schemes before and 6 months after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery on inflammation and iron metabolism in premenopausal women. ", "This prospective study included 45 premenopausal women (aged 20-45 years; body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35 kg/m2) divided into two supplementation schemes: group 1 (n = 34): daily supplemental dose of 1 RDA 30 days before surgery and 2 RDAs during the six months following surgery; and group 2 (n = 11): daily supplementation of 1 RDA during the 6 months postsurgery. ", "Anthropometry, dietary intake, inflammation, and iron metabolism were monitored. ", "Evident reductions in BMI, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and ferritin levels for both groups occurred 6 months after surgery. ", "Additionally, anemia was 9% in both groups after surgery. ", "However, group 1 exhibited an increased transferrin saturation index and reduced transferrin levels. ", "Multivariate regression analysis suggested serum iron, hepcidin, and iron intake determined ferritin values before and after RYGB surgery. ", "Six months after RYGB, systemic inflammation was reduced in both supplementation schemes. ", "However, supplementation of 1 RDA before and 2 RDAs after surgery resulted in better improvements on iron metabolism." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "A great WordPress.com site\n\nMenu\n\nMonthly Archives: September 2013\n\nPerhaps I’m still not used to it yet, but I find wordpress.com very difficult to navigate. ", "I admit that coming from blogging websites such as tumblr and blogspot.com, using this format is almost overbearing with how much it is capable of. ", "This is good of course because the site has so much potential, but figuring out what does what can be time consuming and irritating.", "\n\nThe landing page does show that the users goals can be accomplished and the essential content and functions are available, however there are so many functions and so much content that it makes finding the desired function difficult. ", "Each function has its priority, however I do not seem to find the logic of their priorities. ", "Normally when a person creates a blog, they choose a them and then set it. ", "Why then, is the wordpress store the second to top priority on the dashboard? ", "Why not just have it listed under “Appearance.” ", "I understand this is where part of the site’s income is generated, but from a user’s standpoint, this does not make me want to change my theme anymore than normal. ", "Another priority I do not understand is why comments is listed halfway down the page. ", "A blogging website should have interaction between users as a high priority, and while there is a notification for new comments that are received, I would place the whole section higher up on the dashboard.", "\n\nNavigation is the biggest problem I face with wordpress. ", "When a user is viewing their “reader” (Why not just call it a newsfeed, timeline, blogroll, etc) All of their options are available on the right hand side of the screen with only a few main options across the banner on the top. ", "According to the Eye Track Map on page 326 of our book, the right side of the screen is the last place the eye visits. ", "I understand that this makes the blog posts from other users one of the first things seen on the website, however, if someone wants to read the blog posts of the people they already elected to follow, they will look for them and make those posts a priority.", "\n\nAnother thing I do not understand about navigation is why the “Freshly Pressed” tab is listed across the top banner and under the “reader” on the right hand side. ", "This tab, regardless of which section it is clicked, takes the user to a page of recently published sponsored blogs, none of which are relevant to what each individuals blog is about. ", "While I think pages like this on blogging websites are neat ways to explore and find new blogs, I don’t think having the page listed in two of the most prime bits of real estate on a website is necessary.", "\n\nCredit where credit is due, wordpress.com is very good at presentation. ", "The font is clear, clean and simple, and the colors used give the website some depth without being overbearing. ", "The site, on some pages, uses proper website design (three columns with a banner across the top.) ", "It also does create trust with its users. ", "There is always a search icon in the top right corner of the dashboard and any posts that become published incorrectly can be edited. ", "However privacy settings are not accessible on any of the main pages.", "\n\nThe name of this company struck me at first because of the poor grammar, but the concept behind it is brilliant. ", "UbreakIfix uses the Merchant Model to provide a service where customers bring in their broken electronic devices (cell phones, game consoles, etc) and are fixed for a fixed fee.", "\n\nI chose Kony because of how similar its name is to the other giant company that has reaches in a similar industry (software.) ", "Kony uses a codebase, for companies to generate apps for their customers. ", "In non-computer speak, they are a company that provides the foundation for other companies to build their apps with. ", "This is to me both a merchant and an Infomediary kind of business as they are selling a service as well as data.", "\n\nThe Joint is a nationwide chain of chiropractors who provide cheap health care to their patients. ", "They are a subscription business as they provide services but you have to have a healthcare provider or join their own membership plan.", "\n\nIf I were starting a business, the model that would appeal the most to me would be subscription. ", "I like this business model the best because the revenue is promised for a longer amount of time rather than simply a one time sale. ", "This equates to having a much safer revenue stream." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'The widely-used automatic evaluation metrics cannot adequately reflect the fluency of the translations. ", "The n-gram-based metrics, like BLEU, limit the maximum length of matched fragments to $n$ and cannot catch the matched fragments longer than $n$, so they can only reflect the fluency indirectly. ", "METEOR, which is not limited by n-gram, uses the number of matched chunks but it does not consider the length of each chunk. ", "In this paper, we propose an entropy-based method, which can sufficiently reflect the fluency of translations through the distribution of matched words. ", "This method can easily combine with the widely-used automatic evaluation metrics to improve the evaluation of fluency. ", "Experiments show that the correlations of BLEU and METEOR are improved on sentence level after combining with the entropy-based method on WMT 2010 and WMT 2012.'", "\nauthor:\n- |\n Hui $\\text{Yu}^\\dag$    Xiaofeng $\\text{Wu}^\\ddag$    Wenbin $\\text{Jiang}^\\dag$    Qun $\\text{Liu}^{\\ddag\\dag}$   Shouxun $\\text{Lin}^\\dag$\\\n $^\\dag$Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing\\\n Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences\\\n $^\\ddag$ADAPT Centre, School of Computing, Dublin City University\\\n \\\nbibliography:\n- 'hui.bib'\ntitle: |\n Improve the Evaluation of Fluency Using Entropy\\\n for Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics \n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nAutomatic machine translation (MT) evaluation plays an important role in the evolution of MT. ", "It not only evaluates the performance of MT systems, but also provides guidance for the improvement of MT systems [@och2003minimum].", "\n\nThe automatic MT evaluation metrics can be classified into three categories: lexicon-based methods [@papineni2002bleu; @Snover06astudy; @Lavie:2007:MAM:1626355.1626389; @chen-kuhn:2011:WMT; @Chen:2012:IAM:2393015.2393021], syntax-based methods [@liu2005syntactic; @Owczarzak:2007:LDM:1626355.1626369; @Chan08maxsim:a; @Zhu:2010:SPS:1944566.1944741; @mdobrink:BLEUATRE] and semantic-based methods [@lo-tumuluru-wu:2012:WMT], according to the employed information type. ", "Most of the lexicon-based metrics obtain the similarity between the reference and hypothesis based on n-gram, such as BLEU [@papineni2002bleu] and NIST[@doddington2002automatic]. ", "BLEU obtains the score by a geometric mean of the n-gram precisions and a length-based penalty. ", "NIST is closely related with BLUE but uses the arithmetic mean instead of geometric mean. ", "For these metrics, the maximum length of matched fragments is limited to $n$, so they cannot catch the matched fragments longer than $n$. Some metrics which are not limited by n-grams relieve this problem, such as METEOR [@Lavie:2007:MAM:1626355.1626389]. ", "METEOR uses the Fmean of unigrams and a penalty. ", "The penalty in METEOR is related to the number of matched chunks[^1]. ", "When the number of chunks in two sentence are the same, METEOR doesn’t distinct them. ", "The syntax-based metrics obtain the similarity by comparing the syntactic structures of two trees, and they cannot reflect the fluency directly. ", "Semantic-based metrics, such as MEANT [@lo-tumuluru-wu:2012:WMT] which uses semantic role labeling (SRL) to match the predicate and arguments, mainly obtain the semantic information and do not consider the fluency.", "\n\nIn this paper, we propose an entropy-based method which can not only exploit the chunks with the maximum matched length but also reflect the difference between the lengths of the chunks. ", "This method can easily combine with the widely-used automatic evaluation metrics to improve the evaluation of fluency. ", "In the experiments, the new method is used to combine with BLEU and METEOR, and the sentence level correlations of BLEU and METEOR are improved on WMT 2010 and WMT 2012.", "\n\nEntropy-based Method\n====================\n\nIn this section, we introduce entropy and the entropy-based method (ENT) which can reflect the fluency of translations.", "\n\nEntropy\n-------\n\nEntropy is a measure of the uncertainty in a random variable. ", "Shannon denoted the entropy H of a discrete random variable x with possible values ${x_1,x_2,...,x_n}$. The entropy is defined as Formula [@shannon2001mathematical]. ", "$$H(X)= -\\sum_{i=1}^{n} P(x_i) log_2 P(x_i)\n\\label{entropy}$$ $P(x_i)$ is the probability of $x_i$ showing up in the stream of characters. ", "The more decentralized of the values ${x_1,x_2,...,x_n}$, the higher of the entropy H(X). ", "So the entropy can reflect the distribution of the values of variable x.\n\nEntropy-based Method\n--------------------\n\nIn the automatic evaluation of machine translation, entropy can reflect the distribution of matched words. ", "A lower entropy corresponds to a more concentrate distribution of matched words which represents a more fluent hypothesis. ", "On the contrary, a higher entropy corresponds to a more disperse distribution of matched words, which represents a less fluent hypothesis. ", "So the entropy-based method can reflect the fluency of translations sufficiently by the distribution of the words.", "\n\nAn example (a reference and three hypotheses) is shown as follows.", "\n\n- ref:  There are books on the desk\n\n- hyp1: **There are books** in that **desk**\n\n- hyp2: **There are** table **on the** book\n\n- hyp3: **There are** table **on** book **the**\n\nThe matched words are in bold. ", "hyp1, hyp2 and hyp3 can all match four words, but the distribution of the four words are different. ", "The matched words are in two chunks for hyp1 and hyp2, and three chunks for hyp3. ", "A smaller number of chunks represents a more concentrated distribution of the matched words, and corresponds to a more fluent hypothesis. ", "From this point of view, hyp1 and hyp2 are better than hyp3. ", "hyp1 has the same number of chunks as hyp2 but the number of the matched words in the two chunks is (3, 1) for hyp1 and (2, 2) for hyp2. ", "hyp1 is considered to be more fluent than hyp2.", "\n\nThe details of the ENT are represented in following three steps. ", "First, we obtain the matched words through the alignment of reference and hypothesis. ", "The alignment is derived using Meteor Aligner[^2]. ", "The matched words are considered to be in a chunk if they are continuous and appear in the same order in both reference and hypothesis. ", "Second, the entropy of chunks is calculated using Formula . ", "$$H=-\\sum_{i=1}^c\\dfrac{l_i}{L}log(\\dfrac{l_i}{L})\n\\label{entropy-mt}$$ $l_i$ is the length of the $ith$ chunk. ", "$c$ is the number of the chunks. ", "$L$ is the total number of the matched words. ", "In the last step, the final score of ENT is achieved by Formula . ", "To obtain a score within scope (0,1), an exponential function is used. ", "We use $-H$ instead of $H$ in the formula to ensure that a higher score of ENT represents a more fluent translation. ", "$$ENT=\\alpha ^{-H \\times LP}, \\ \\ \\ \\alpha \\in (1,1.5)\n\\label{ents}$$ $LP$, a length penalty, is calculated by Formula . ", "$l_h$ is the length of hypothesis. ", "$l_r$ is the length of reference. ", "$$LP=\\beta^{|{\\dfrac{l_h}{l_r}-1}|}, \\ \\ \\ \\beta \\in (1,2)\n \\label{len-pen}$$\n\nUsing Formula , the scores in the above example can be obtained as follows. ", "$$LP_{hyp1}=LP_{hyp2}=LP_{hyp3}=\\beta^{|\\frac{6}{6}-1|}=1$$ $$ENT_{hyp1} = \\alpha^{-(-(\\frac{3}{4}log\\frac{3}{4} + \\frac{1}{4}log\\frac{1}{4})) \\times 1 } \\approx \\alpha^{-0.24}\n\\label{exa-1}$$ $$ENT_{hyp2} = \\alpha^{-(-(\\frac{2}{4}log\\frac{2}{4} + \\frac{2}{4}log\\frac{2}{4})) \\times 1} \\approx \\alpha^{-0.30}\n\\label{exa-2}$$ $$ENT_{hyp3} = \\alpha^{-(-(\\frac{2}{4}log\\frac{2}{4} + 2 \\times \\frac{1}{4}log\\frac{1}{4} )) \\times 1} \\approx \\alpha^{-0.45}\n\\label{exa-3}$$\n\nWe can see that $ENT_{hyp1} > ENT_{hyp2} > ENT_{hyp3} $. ", "Accordingly, the quality of hyp1 is obviously better than hyp2, and hyp2 is better than hyp3. ", "So the entropy-based method can distinct these situations well.", "\n\nThe alignment of reference and hypothesis is derived only using *exact* match for ENT. ", "We can also use linguistic resources to get the alignment, such as stem[@porter2001snowball], synonym (Wordnet[^3]) and paraphrase. ", "In this case, we name the new method as ENTplus (ENTp).", "\n\nCombine Entropy-based Method with Other Metrics\n===============================================\n\nThe new entropy-based method can effectively measure the fluency of a sentence. ", "Most of the current metrics are good at the measure of accuracy, so we combine the entropy-based method with the widely-used automatic evaluation metrics to further improve the performance of these metrics. ", "In this section, we take BLEU and METEOR as examples to introduce the combination method, but the entropy-based method can combine with most of the widely-used evaluation metrics.", "\n\nCombine Entropy-based Method with BLEU\n--------------------------------------\n\nBLEU is a widely-used automatic evaluation metric owing to its simplicity and effectiveness. ", "BLEU is calculated by Formula [@papineni2002bleu].", "\n\n$$BLEU=exp(\\sum_{n=1}^N w_nlogp_n) \\times BP\n\\label{bleu}$$\n\n$$BP=\\left\\{\n\\begin{aligned}\n 1& & if\\ c>r \\\\\ne^{(1-r/c)}& & if\\ c\\leq r\n\\end{aligned}\n\\right.", "\n\\label{BP}$$\n\nIn Formula , the first part is a geometric mean of the n-grams precision where $p_n$ is the precision of $n$-gram, and the second part is a length-based penalty as shown in Formula . ", "There is also a length penalty in ENT. ", "So we remove the part of length penalty in ENT when combining ENT with BLEU (Formula \\[bleu-ent\\]). ", "The experience value of $\\alpha$ is 1.05. ", "$$\\text{BLEU}_{ENT}=BP\\times exp(\\sum_{n=1}^N w_nlogp_n) \\times \\alpha^{-H}\n\\label{bleu-ent}$$\n\nCombine Entropy-based Method with METEOR\n----------------------------------------\n\nMETEOR is calculated by Formula , in which $Pen$ is calculated by Formula . ", "$$\\text{METEOR}=Fmean \\times (1-Pen)\n\\label{meteor}$$\n\n$$Pen=x1 \\cdot (\\dfrac{\\#chunks}{\\#unigrams\\_matched})^{x2}\n \\label{Pen}$$\n\nThe first part in Formula is the fmean of unigrams. ", "The second part is related with the number of chunks. ", "METEOR doesn’t consider the length of each chunk, so it cannot reflect the situation that two hypotheses have the same number of matched unigrams and the same number of chunks, but different lengths for each chunk. ", "We use ENT instead of $1-Pen$ to reflect the above situation, and the final score can be computed in Formula . ", "The experience value of $ \\alpha $ and $ \\beta $ are 1.5 and 1.12 respectively. ", "$$\\text{METEOR}_{ENT} = Fmean \\times \\alpha^{-H\\times LP}\n\\label{meteor-ent}$$\n\nExperiments\n===========\n\nTo compute the correlation with human judges on sentence level, Kendall’s rank correlation coefficient $\\tau$ is employed. ", "A higher value of $\\tau$ means a better ranking similarity with the human judgments. ", "$\\tau$ is calculated as follows.", "\n\n$$\\tau = \\dfrac{count_{con\\ pairs} - count_{dis\\ pairs}}{count_{total\\ pairs}}$$\n\n$ count_{con\\ pairs} $ is the count of concordant pairs. ", "$ count_{dis\\ pairs} $ is the count of discordant pairs.", "\n\nData\n----\n\nIn order to verify the effectiveness of ENT, we carry out the experiments on WMT 2010 and WMT 2012. ", "There are four language pairs including German-to-English (de-en), Czech-to-English (cz-en), French-to-English (fr-en) and Spanish-to-English (es-en), which are all derived from WMT 2010 with 2034 sentences and WMT 2012 with 3003 sentences. ", "The number of translation systems for each language pair is showed in Table \\[data\\].", "\n\n data cz-en de-en es-en fr-en\n --------- ------- ------- ------- -------\n WMT2010 12 25 15 24\n WMT2012 6 16 12 15\n\n : The number of translation systems for each language pair on WMT 2010 and WMT 2012. []{", "data-label=\"data\"}\n\n Data Metrics cz-en de-en es-en fr-en ave\n ------ ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -------------------\n BLEU 0.2554 0.2748 0.2805 0.2197 0.2576\n BLEU+ENT 0.2565 0.2730 0.2822 0.2211 0.2582\n BLEU+ENTp **0.2643** **0.2823** **0.3010** **0.2368** **0.2711**(+1.35)\n BLEU 0.1567 0.1840 0.1938 0.1999 0.1836\n BLEU+ENT 0.1660 0.1907 0.1940 0.2060 0.1892\n BLEU+ENTp **0.1732** **0.1989** **0.2052** **0.2208** **0.1995**(+1.59)\n\n Data Metrics cz-en de-en es-en fr-en ave\n ------ ------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -------------------\n METEOR 0.3292 0.3585 0.3283 0.2710 0.3218\n METEOR+ENTp **0.3354** **0.3593** **0.3586** **0.2923** **0.3364**(+1.46)\n METEOR 0.2124 0.2748 0.2493 0.2506 0.2468\n METEOR+ENTp **0.2153** 0.2730 **0.2585** **0.2539** **0.2502**(+0.34)\n\nExperiment Results\n------------------\n\nThe correlations of BLEU[^4] are the results of 4-gram with smoothing option. ", "According to the different methods of obtaining the chunks, we try two configurations, BLEU+ENT and BLEU+ENTp. ", "BLEU+ENT is only using the exact match. ", "BLEU+ENTp is using some resources which are stem, synonym and paraphrase. ", "The correlations of METEOR are obtained from the released data of WMT 2010 (Version 1.27 ) and WMT 2012 (Version 1.48 ) with task option ‘rank’. ", "We only do the experiment using outside resources (METEOR+ENTp), because METEOR also uses the outside resources. [", "^5]\n\nThe sentence level correlations of the four language pairs and the average scores are shown in Table \\[rst-bleu\\] and Table \\[rst-meteor\\]. ", "In Table \\[rst-bleu\\], BLEU+ENT is better than BLEU on both WMT10 and WMT12, but the result is only improved a little compared with BLEU. ", "The reason is that the alignment is not good enough when only using exact match. ", "When using stem, synonym and paraphrase, the result has a significant improvement of 1.35 on WMT 2010 and 1.59 on WMT 2012 respectively when comparing with BLEU. ", "The number of reference is limited, and linguistic resources can enrich the reference, so ENTp can get better performance than ENT.", "\n\nFrom Table \\[rst-meteor\\], we can see that METEOR+ENTp has a significant improvement (1.46 on average) on WMT 2010, while the improvement on WMT 2012 (0.34 on average) is not as much as on WMT 2010. ", "The METEOR version on WMT 2012 optimizes the parameters on the data of WMT 2009 and WMT 2010. ", "We didn’t tune the parameters after combing METEOR with entropy-base method, so the improvement is not very significant.", "\n\nIn all, when combining the entropy-based penalty with the widely-used automatic evaluation metrics, such as BLEU and METEOR, the performance can be improved, which proves the effectiveness of the entropy-based method.", "\n\nConclusion and Future Work\n==========================\n\nIn this paper, we use entropy to reflect the fluency of the translation, and propose an entropy-based method. ", "When combing the entropy-based method with the widely-used automatic evaluation metrics, such as BLEU and METEOR, the performances of these metrics are improved.", "\n\nOne purpose of automatic evaluation metrics is to improve the quality of machine translation systems. ", "So, in the future, we will use the combination of entropy-based method and widely-used metrics in the tuning process to improve the translation quality, such as MERT (Minimum Error Rate Training) [@och2003minimum].", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThis work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of P. R. China under Grant Nos. ", "61379086, 61602284, 61602285, 61602282 and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. ", "ZR2015FQ009. ", "Qun Liu’s work is partially supported by the Science Foundation Ireland (Grant 13/RC/2106) as part of the ADAPT Centre at Dublin City University.", "\n\n[^1]: The words in each chunk are in adjacent positions in the hypothesis, and are also mapped to unigrams that are in adjacent positions in the reference.", "\n\n[^2]: <http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~alavie/METEOR/>\n\n[^3]: <http://wordnet.princeton.edu/>\n\n[^4]: ftp://jaguar.ncsl.nist.gov/mt/resources/mteval-v13a.pl\n\n[^5]: Interested readers can find the source code of ENT and ENTp from https://github.com/YuHui0117/AMTE/tree/master/ENTFp.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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