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tomekkorbak

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[ "During week 5 at the galleries I met Ricardo Martinez, he is actually from around the same area that I went to school. ", "Ricardo is from South Gate, CA, went to South East High School originally from El Salvador and he has been here for 5 years. ", "He is pursuing a business major to hopefully become a successful accountant. ", "Ricardo is a sophomore and his classes at CSULB include art, nutrition, and political science. ", "He likes to read books, preferably by Dan Brown, likes to watch soccer and watch movies." ]

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[ "Lysine-81 and threonine-82 on maize beta-glucosidase isozyme Glu1 are the key amino acids involved in beta-glucosidase aggregating factor binding.", "\nIn certain maize genotypes (nulls), beta-glucosidase specifically interacts with a chimeric lectin called beta-glucosidase aggregating factor (BGAF), resulting in high molecular weight complexes. ", "Previously, we showed that three regions (S1-T29, E50-N127, and F466-A512) on the maize beta-glucosidase isozyme Glu1 are involved in interaction and aggregation with BGAF. ", "Recently, we found that the peptide span I72-T82 within E50-N127 is essential and sufficient for BGAF binding, whereas the S1-T29 and F466-A512 regions are required for formation of large complexes. ", "To define the contribution of individual amino acids in the above three regions to BGAF binding, we constructed mutant beta-glucosidases based on sequence differences between maize beta-glucosidase and sorghum beta-glucosidase (dhurrinase 2, Dhr2), which does not bind BGAF. ", "Binding was evaluated by gel-shift assay and affinity by frontal affinity chromatography (FAC). ", "In the gel-shift assay, Glu1 mutants K81E and T82Y failed to bind BGAF, and their FAC profiles were essentially similar to that of Dhr2, indicating that these two amino acids within the I72-T82 region are important for BGAF binding. ", "Substitution of N481 with E (as in Dhr2) lowered affinity for BGAF, whereas none of the mutations in the S1-T29 region showed any effect on BGAF binding. ", "To further confirm the importance of K81 and T82 for BGAF binding, we produced a number of Dhr2 mutants, and the results showed that all four amino acids (I72, N75, K81, and T82) that differ between Glu1 and Dhr2 in the peptide span I72-T82 are required to impart BGAF-binding ability to Dhr2." ]

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[ "Jack of Kent has posted some interesting questions on his blog regarding the image of skepticism. ", "I’m posting this partly in response to some of his questions.", "\n\nJack has asked whether, to those whose cherished views are being questioned, skepticism comes across with “Tebbitite stridency” and posed the question “Is skepticism getting a reputation for arrogance and smugness?”", "\n\nI think the answer to those questions is probably “yes”. ", "I’m not sure whether a reputation for arrogance and smugness is justified, but you have to address the perceptions people have rather than the perceptions you would like them to have.", "\n\nI tend to assume that while robust criticism may persuade fence-sitters that x is wrong, it will likely elicit a defensive response from those who currently believe that x is right. ", "Particularly if said criticism uses language that might be considered to be rude or unkind. ", "I admit that I do not always practice what I preach, and that is a failing I should attempt to address.", "\n\nSkeptics who disagree with me and favour a more robust approach than mine might like to think about how they feel when they are referred to as smug or arrogant – and bear that feeling in mind when they are about to call someone stupid or deluded. (", "With reference to the use of “deluded”: Nicholas Marsh has a post that touches on the question of whether it is ethical to criticise people by implying, or explicitly stating, that they are mentally ill and notes that “attacking someone’s integrity or mental health risks undermining the open discussion that one wishes to defend – you aren’t going to win many converts by calling people frauds, mad, or both.”)", "\n\nMy comments above, like the majority of those on Jack of Kent’s blogpost, are speculative. ", "It’s interesting to note that people (myself included) have tended to respond to Jack’s questions with subjective opinion. ", "I’m not sure if much evidence has been gathered regarding the perception of skeptics, or the relative success of different approaches to arguing with people we disagree with, but I’m a little surprised that skeptics don’t seem to have asked whether there is any evidence to support the positions being taken. (", "Well, not at the time of writing – someone will surely quote the skeptic’s motto of “evidence or STFU” before too long.)", "\n\nThe only research into persuasion that I have read is contained in Robert Cialdini’s book Influence: Science and Practice.", "\n\nCialdini describes the successful use of what he describes as ‘weapons of influence’ – including reciprocal concessions, commitment and consistency, and liking. ", "If these approaches are successful, it seems logical to assume that contrary approaches will be less successful in persuading and may even be counterproductive.", "\n\nI’m writing a long blogpost on anti-vaccine campaigns at the moment and have written that the response of some parents to the misinformation they have been subjected to is understandable. ", "For example, in the MMR scare.", "\n\nPeople were exposed to extremely partial reporting of Wakefield’s research, were unaware of its flaws, and were not told about published research that disagreed with Wakefield’s conclusions (while unpublished research that purportedly agreed with Wakefield was promoted uncritically). ", "Digression: There is also the issue of whether people have the tools to appraise scientific evidence. ", "People are considering how this should be addressed. ", "For example, Ben Goldacre asked the following question on his blog:\n\ngiven that we struggle to engage children with science, while half of all science coverage is health, and people are clearly very engaged in these issues around risk: should evidence based medicine, basic epidemiology and trial design, be taught in schools?", "\n\nCalling people who are concerned about vaccination “morons” (even if the concerns are ill-founded) is, I think, likely to be counterproductive. ", "Instead of persuading them, the effect is to put them on the defensive.", "\n\nWould it be practical for skeptics to use any of the weapons of influence described by Cialdini in debating? ", "I don’t know, but I will now make some tenuous connections and speculate wildly.", "\n\nAuthority seems like the most obvious weapon of influence that could be deployed. ", "The debunking of anti-vaccine canards might seem more convincing if it came from an infectious diseases specialist or immunologist rather than from me.", "\n\nLiking also seems to be a weapon of influence that could be utilised. ", "Cialdini has a chapter subheading titled “Making Friends to Influence People” and tells the story of Joe Girard, a man who made $200,000 a year selling cars and claimed to use the simple formula of presenting customers with a fair price and someone they’d like to buy from. ", "Cialdini also lists some of the reasons for liking: physical attractiveness; similarity; compliments; contact & cooperation.", "\n\nReciprocation is the third and final of Cialdini’s weapons of influence that I shall mention. ", "He discusses the effect of reciprocal concessions and how they might help to persuade. ", "Interestingly, Cialdini speculates that reciprocal concessions may explain Watergate.", "\n\nG Gordon Liddy apparently first presented a scheme that cost $1m to be spent on bugging, a “chase plane”, break-ins, kidnapping, mugging squads, and a yacht featuring “high-class call girls”. ", "This was rejected – at which point Liddy came back with a slightly less-ambitious plan costing $500,000. ", "Again, Liddy’s proposal was rejected. ", "Finally, he submitted his burglary and bugging plan that cost $250,000. ", "Cialdini writes that “this time the plan, still stupid but less so than the previous ones was accepted”. ", "If Cialdini is right, then this is a good example of just how powerful weapons of persuasion can be.", "\n\nTrying to persuade people by using weapons of influence might in some cases be difficult, impractical, or even impossible. ", "But if the alternative people reach for is to call parents who don’t vaccinate “stupid” or “deluded”, then perhaps those weapons of influence are worthy of consideration.", "\n\nOne area where there is some evidence of the importance of presentation is that of debunking myths.", "\n\nSchwarz et al [PDF] discuss attempts to improve decision-making – and the frequent failures of these attempts.", "\n\nPresumably, erroneous beliefs can be dispelled by confronting them with contradictory evidence. ", "Yet attempts to do so often increase later acceptance of the erroneous beliefs […] Any attempt to explicitly discredit false information necessarily involves a repetition of the false information, which may contribute to its later familiarity and acceptance. […] ", "In most cases it will be safer to refrain from any reiteration of the myths and to focus solely on the facts. ", "The more the facts become familiar and fluent, the more likely it is that they will be accepted as true and serve as the basis of people’s judgments and intentions.", "\n\nWhat to do? ", "Well, we could make the facts familiar to people – and make the familiarity bias work in our favour. ", "If you have factual information that would help counter misinformation, then the best tactic may be to state the information, and to repeat it sufficiently often for the true statement(s) to ‘enter into the public consciousness’.", "\n\nIf debunking myths can have such unintended consequences, then what else in the presentation of skeptical views can be counterproductive? ", "I think the language used can probably be unhelpful in some instances and, like the debunking of myths, can entrench opposition to the skeptical views being espoused. ", "There are probably other problematic elements of the presentation of skeptic views that have not even occurred to me.", "\n\nI don’t think I have the answers to the questions that have been raised regarding the image of skeptics or the debunking of myths, but I do think that the questions are worthy of discussion.", "\n\nThis post was brought to you by Self-Doubters Anonymous, in conjunction with the Navel-Gazing Council of Great Britain. ", "Thank you for reading it." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nhow to iterate through the selectors with jquery?", "\n\nSuppose, I have multiple selectors used \n$('.some, .next, .any, .way, .myname, .something')\n\nand now if I would like to change each background when one background is changed, so I'm wondering how can I iterate all selectors using likely to this: $(this).each() but I know this will not work coz this will take currently selected each elements but I would like to do all the selectors in my selectors used.", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you really need to do it :\nvar o = $('.some, .next, .any, .way, .myname, .something');\n$.each(o.selector.split(/,\\s*/), function(s){\n var os = o.filter(s); // or $(s)\n ...\n});\n\nNot that this simple solution wouldn't work for any selector, a parsing would be needed if you really want to support them all (but it's probable you don't have commas in your elements id ;) ).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The Electric Ballroom is an iconic music venue at the heart of Camden Town’s bustling community and has been for 80 years.", "\n\nIt began as a busy Irish club playing host to a wide variety of performers including the likes of Jim Reeves. ", "In the past decades, acts such as Sid Vicious, Madness, The Clash, Richard Ashcroft, Snow Patrol, The Killers, Stereophonics, U2, Phil Lynott, The Boomtown Rats, Joy Division, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Public Enemy, Blur, Supergrass, Garbage and The Smiths have drawn huge crowds to the venue.", "\n\nRecent performers include The Vaccines, Future Islands, Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Razorlight, Dinosaur Jr, Parquet Courts, Les Savy Fav, Interpol, Ocean Color Scene, Cage the Elephant, The Strypes, Muse, Of Monsters and Men, Foals, Sir Paul McCartney, Alt-J, Megadeth, Kaiser Chiefs, Nero, Prince and many more!" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nDue to their importance in the field of energy-saving technologies for the next generation of electrical devices, permanent magnets that do not contain rare-earths or platinum are a current focus of research^[@CR1]^. *α*″-Fe~16~N~2~, which is a martensite, has been studied over many years, and several groups have claimed to observe giant magnetic saturation moments in it^[@CR2]--[@CR4]^. It was first experimentally prepared by K. H. Jack^[@CR5]^ during low-temperature annealing of *α*′-FeN. It appeared as a metastable phase that survived up to approximately 500 K, above which it decomposed into *α*-Fe and Fe~4~N.\n\nThe existence of a giant saturation moment in *α*″-Fe~16~N~2~ was first reported by Kim *et al*.^[@CR2]^ and later confirmed by Sugita *et al*.^[@CR3]^ in single-crystal Fe~16~N~2~ that was grown epitaxially on InGaAs. ", "Since then, several investigations have explored the validation of the giant saturation moment in this material. ", "However, these investigations resulted in more controversy rather than bringing the issue to a firm conclusion as some of these studies confirmed the existence of a giant moment^[@CR6],[@CR7]^ while others were unable to reproduce such results^[@CR8]^.\n\nTherefore, research on Fe~16~N~2~ has always faced two challenges: (1) stabilizing the material at higher temperature so that it does not decompose into *α*-Fe and Fe~4~N and (2) understanding its complex magnetic behavior, which made the material a \"*40 year old mystery*\"^[@CR9]^ among the magnetic materials. ", "In a recent work, we have demonstrated that^[@CR10]^, Fe~16~N~2~ can be stabilized via vanadium (V) doping. ", "Recently. ", "Ke *et al*.^[@CR11]^ studied the exchange interaction and ferromagnetic transition temperature for Fe~16~N~2~ and Co- and Ti-doped Fe~16~N~2~ using a first-principles-based method. ", "They obtained the Curie temperature (T~*C*~) via both mean field approximation (MFA) and random phase approximation (RPA). ", "Direct measurement of T~*C*~ of Fe~16~N~2~ is limited due to the decomposition of the material into Fe~4~ and Fe at temperatures above 500 C^[@CR2],[@CR5]^. The Curie temperatures that were obtained theoretically by Ke *et al*. ", "were almost three times higher than the temperature that was obtained by Sugita *et al*. ", "by extrapolating from experimental data that were obtained at lower temperature.", "\n\nUnderstanding the magnetism and the exchange mechanism in Fe~16~N~2~ is extremely important. ", "In this paper, we have studied the magnetic exchange interactions and the Curie temperatures in Fe~16~N~2~ and V-doped Fe~16~N~2~. The magnetic exchange constants were obtained via a first-principles-based method and the Curie temperatures were calculated via both MFA and MC simulation. ", "In this paper, we also address the long-standing question about the appearance of anomalously large magnetic moments. ", "We organize the remainder of our paper as follows: In Section II, we discuss the magnetic exchange interactions and the Curie temperatures. ", "In the following Section III, we discuss the possible origin of the giant magnetic moments in the system. ", "We also introduce another potential application of this material in Section IV: Fe~16~N~2~ could be used as a spin injector, in addition to its use as a permanent magnet. ", "Finally, in Section V and VI respectively, our conclusions and the computational methods are presented.", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#Sec2}\n======================\n\nFe~16~N~2~ has a body-centered tetragonal structure with space group I~4~/*mmm* (number 139). ", "The unit cell contains two N atoms and sixteen Fe atoms. ", "The three Wyckoff positions that are occupied by the Fe atoms are 8h (eight atoms), 4e (four atoms), and 4d (four atoms). ", "Our PBE- optimized lattice constants, namely, a = b = 5.68 Å, c = 6.22 Å, and position parameters, namely, x~8*h*~ = 0.243 and z~4*e*~ = 0.294, well agree with the values that were measured by Jack *et al*.^[@CR5]^ (a = b = 5.72 Å and c = 6.29 Å, x~8*h*~ = 0.242, and z~4*e*~ = 0.293). ", "For comparison, we have considered two additional variations of PBE, namely, PBE-sol^[@CR12]^ and revised PBE^[@CR13]^, which yielded similar results: The average magnetic moments per Fe are 2.43 *μ*~*B*~ (PBE), 2.45 *μ*~*B*~ (PBE-sol) and 2.48 *μ*~*B*~ (rev PBE). ", "As the magnetic moments only differ in the second decimal place, we performed other calculations with the PBE functional only.", "\n\nExchange constants and curie temperature {#Sec3}\n----------------------------------------\n\nIn Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we show the calculated exchange constants that were obtained via the SPR-KKR method using the PBE functional. ", "Although the trend of the results is similar to that of the results that were obtained by Ke *et al*.^[@CR11]^ via the TB-LMTO method under the local density approximation (LDA) and the GW method, there are substantial differences. ", "The largest among all interactions is between the 8h-4d sites (30.89 meV) at a distance of 2.54 Å, as shown in Fig.", " [1(a)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), while for Ke *et al*. ", "it was between the 8h-4e sites. ", "The next-strongest interaction from our calculation is between the 8h-4e sites (20.15 meV) (Fig.", " [1(a)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) at a distance of 2.43 Å between two octahedral Fe atoms. ", "The third-strongest interaction (15.34 meV) is between the octahedral 8h and 4e sites at a distance of 2.67 Å. Due to structural considerations, this interaction should be mediated through a 90° Fe8h-N-Fe4e superexchange interaction. ", "Among the inter-sublattice interactions, the 4d-4e interaction is the weakest (0.74 meV) (Fig.", " [1(b)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "According to Fig.", " [1(a)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the 8h-8h interactions (between Fe atoms that are residing at different Wyckoff positions) are antiferromagnetic (−2.97 meV) at the smallest distance (2.76 Å). ", "These interactions may correspond to a 90° Fe8h-N-Fe8h superexchange interaction. ", "The strongest Fe8h-Fe8h interaction is ferromagnetic (3.58 meV) at 3.9 Å and it is due to a 180° Fe8h-N-Fe8h superexchange interaction. ", "All the strong magnetic interactions that involve either 8h-4d or 8h-4e sites are nearly along the \\[111\\]-direction, similar to bcc Fe; however, due to the structural distortion (in the case of Fe~16~N~2~), these lattice vectors are slightly deviated. ", "For example, the vector that connects the 8h and 4d sites is \\[0.25, 0.24, 0.27\\]. ", "The interactions between the 4d and 4e sites are nearly along the \\[011\\]-direction. ", "For bcc Fe, the most prominent interaction along the \\[011\\]-direction is anti-ferromagnetic, as calculated by Pajda *et al*.^[@CR14]^; however, in the present case, it is still ferromagnetic, although very weak. ", "This suggests that Fe~16~N~2~ is a much stronger ferromagnet than bcc Fe.", "Figure 1Exchange parameters for (**a**) Fe8h, (**b**) Fe4e, and (**c**) Fe4d as centers. (**", "d**) The calculated Curie temperatures for various values of the radius of the sphere, within which all interactions were considered.", "\n\nAmong the intra-sublattice interactions (between the Fe atoms that are at the same Wyckoff positions), the 4e-4e interaction is the strongest (12.39 meV), which corresponds to the interaction between two Fe4e atoms in two neighboring octahedra. ", "The next-strongest 4e-4e interaction is between two epical Fe atoms in the Fe-N octahedra and, therefore, is mediated by a 180° superexchange interaction. ", "The strongest 4d-4d interaction is 5.3 meV at a pair distance of 3.1 Å and, therefore, is almost negligible.", "\n\nIn Fig.", " [1(d)](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we show the variation of the mean-field Curie temperature as a function of the cluster radius, which is denoted as \\|**r**\\|. ", "Even for a small radius of approximately \\|**r**\\| = 0.5 Å, T~*C*~ is much higher than the experimental value (813 K); hence, the mean-field picture does not explain the T~*C*~ value of this material. ", "MFA overestimates T~*C*~ due to neglect of the thermal fluctuations of magnetization. ", "However, in the present case, MFA overestimates T~*C*~ by almost 50%, which is large. ", "Such overestimation of T~*C*~ of Fe~16~N~2~ by MFA was also observed by Ke *et al*.; ", "however, they attributed this to the lack of a proper experimental measurement of T~*C*~. Such consistent huge overestimation of T~*C*~ by MFA reflects a low-dimensional behavior of the spin system compared to a pure 3D one. ", "The origin of such quasi-2D-like behavior could be the poor connectivity between spins that differ in terms of direction. ", "There is almost no exchange between spins at the 4e and 4d sites and a very weak 4d-4d interaction is observed in Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}.", "\n\nTo obtain more accurate results, we performed MC simulation using the metropolis method^[@CR15]^. In Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we present our results for the MC simulations. ", "To obtain the value of T~*C*~, we fit the temperature-dependent magnetization data to the function $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$M(T)={(1-\\frac{T}{{T}_{C}})}^{\\beta }$$\\end{document}$, which yields a T~*C*~ value of approximately 765 K according to Fig.", " [2(a)](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, which is much closer to the experimental value compared to the MFA results that were obtained by us and those that were obtained by Ke *et al*. ", "For comparison, we also performed MC simulation for the V-doped Fe~16~N~2~. We demonstrated in our previous study^[@CR10]^ that Fe~16~N~2~ can be stabilized by doping V at site 8h; hence, we performed the MC calculations with exchange constants that were obtained via the SPR-KKR method by replacing one Fe-8h with V. Figure [2(b)](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} shows the obtained results. ", "The T~*C*~ value that was obtained after fitting is approximately 640 K, which is less than that for bulk Fe~16~N~2~, but still above room temperature.", "Figure 2Monte Carlo simulation of temperature-dependent magnetization. ", "The top panel (a) corresponds to pure Fe~16~N~2~ and the bottom panel (b) to V-doped Fe~16~N~2~.\n\nUnderstanding the *giant magnetic* Moment {#Sec4}\n=========================================\n\nWe will discuss the origin of the giant magnetic moment in this section. ", "As already discussed in the introduction, the experimental findings about such moments are not consistent. ", "Therefore, the reliability of such reports is uncertain. ", "In the following, we analyze the possibility of a *giant* moment being present in this system. ", "The following two factors that might influence the saturation magnetization are discussed here: (1) extrinsic effects such as strain, which we analyze from the fixed magnetic moment calculations, and (2) intrinsic effects such as the existence of localized or semi-localized d-states within the octahedral region and exchange interactions that favor the high-spin configuration of the 3d-states, which we investigate based on the magnetic susceptibility and the nature of the exchange interactions.", "\n\nStructural sensitivity and magnetism: constrained magnetic calculations {#Sec5}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo elucidate the relation between the structure and magnetism, we performed constrained moment calculation with the PBE exchange correlation function. ", "The magnetic moment of the cell was fixed such that each Fe site had a magnetic moment of approximately 3 *μ*~*B*~. Under this constraint, we relaxed the cell geometry completely, which yielded lattice parameters a = b = 5.84 Å and c = 6.34 Å. The c/a ratio remains close 1.10 (as in the unconstrained case); hence, the large magnetic moment does not result in any additional structural anisotropy, such as additional tetragonality. ", "The space-group (No. ", "139) remains almost the same after the structural optimization with giant moments. ", "The only difference appears in the position parameters with z~4*e*~ = 0.3 (0.293 for unconstrained case) and x~8*h*~ = 0.240 (0.242 in the unconstrained case). ", "This results in a slight increase in the distance between N and Fe at the 8h and 4e sites. ", "Next, we performed a calculation that involves the optimization of positions while the volume of the cell is fixed to the volume that was obtained via the constrained magnetic calculation that is described above. ", "We allowed the atomic spin moments to change with the electronic steps in this case. ", "This resulted a magnetic moment of 2.52 *μ*~*B*~ per Fe atom, which is slightly larger than the values that are reported in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "This calculation suggests a weak correlation between the structure and the magnetic moment in Fe~16~N~2~. Therefore, it is highly unlikely for such large moments to appear due to strain effects that arise from substrates or via other means. ", "Therefore, the origin of giant magnetic moment should be related to intrinsic physics such as partial localization of d-electrons in the Fe-N octahedra or the nature of the exchange interaction promoting the maximization of the local spins through Hund's coupling. ", "The partial localization of d-electrons in Fe~16~N~2~ was demonstrated by Ji *et al*.^[@CR9]^; however, they demonstrated it in terms of the difference in charge density between inside and outside the Fe~6~N octahedra.", "Table 1Lattice constants and magnetic moments in three types of GGA calculations.", "GGAa (Å)c (Å)m~8*h*~ (*μ*~*B*~)m~4*e*~ (*μ*~*B*~)m~4*d*~ (*μ*~*B*~)x~8*h*~z~4*e*~PBE5.686.222.362.182.820.2420.293PBE-sol5.756.282.402.172.840.2420.294Revised PBE5.756.282.422.222.860.2430.294\n\nIntrinsic effects: partial localization of d-electrons in Fe~6~N octahedra and high spin states being favored by exchange interactions {#Sec6}\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we show the calculated magnetic susceptibility as a function of the temperature. ", "The susceptibility shows a sharp peak at T = T~*C*~, which indicates the presence of localized states in this material. ", "For itinerant systems, the magnetic susceptibility usually shows a broad peak below T = T~*C*~. Therefore, it is important to investigate the possibility of localized electronic states that contribute to the magnetic moments.", "Figure 3Magnetic susceptibility of bulk Fe~16~N~2~ that was obtained from MC simulations.", "\n\nIn Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, we analyze the magnetic exchange interactions (obtained via SPR-KKR) that involve 8h sites within the framework of the tight-binding model. ", "Within the tight-binding model, the intersite hopping integral, which is denoted as *t*~*dd*~, between the Fe sites that involve only d-orbitals can be expressed as $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${t}_{dd} \\sim {(r/a\\mathrm{0)}}^{-5}$$\\end{document}$^[@CR16]^. First, we discuss the strongest among all the interactions: the interaction between the Fe-3d states at the 8h and 4e sites. ", "In Fig.", " [4(a)](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, for the 8h-4d interactions, we fit the exchange constants with two itinerant-type interactions: the double-exchange and RKKY interactions. ", "Typically, the double-exchange interaction is directly proportional to *t*~*dd*~, namely, *r*/*a*0^−5^, while the RKKY interaction is proportional to (*r*/*a*0)^−3^. According to the figure, *J*~8*h*−4*d*~ accords extremely well with the double-exchange type. ", "Due to its double-exchange nature, the *J*~8*h*−4*d*~ interaction is strongly ferromagnetic. ", "However, for the 8h-4e interactions (Fig.", " [4(b)](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}), a linear combination of double-exchange and superexchange interactions of the form *J* = *α*(*r*/*a*0)^−5^ + *β*(*r*/*a*0)^−10^ accords well (as the superexchange interaction has $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${t}_{dd}^{2}$$\\end{document}$-dependence), where *α* and *β* are the fitting parameters. ", "Finally, for 8h-8h interactions, we fit the exchange constants with four types of interactions: (1) linear combinations of double-exchange and superexchange interactions (red curve), (2) double-exchange interactions (blue curve), (3) RKKY interactions (green curve), and (4) combinations of RKKY and superexchange interactions (yellow curve). ", "According to the figure, the behavior of the data most strongly resembles an interaction that is represented by case (4), namely, a combination of double-exchange and superexchange interactions. ", "The substantial tendency of the exchange interactions within the octahedra toward superexchange interactions suggests partial weak localization of electron states at 8h-sites.", "Figure 4Numerically obtained magnetic exchange interactions that involve the octahedral 8h site: (**a**) 8h-4d, (**b**) 8h-4e, and (**c**) 8h-8h interactions. ", "These values are fitted using various models, as discussed in Section IV.", "\n\nThe strongest magnetic interaction in this material is between 8h and 4d sites (30.89 eV per pair) and it is of the double-exchange type. ", "This was first predicted by Sakuma *et al*.^[@CR17]^. Our conclusion regarding the high moment is as follows: Due to the presence of N, there is a moderate correlation effect in the octahedral region that localizes partially the d-states within this region (especially the 8h states), along with a strong tendency of double-exchange interactions to prefer high-spin states^[@CR18]^.\n\nTo determine the extent to which the partial localization of the octahedral d-states may affect the magnetic behavior or the saturation moment of Fe~16~N~2~, we computed the magnetic moments per unit cell via the DFT + U method^[@CR19]^ with various values of U, as shown in Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Switching on the localization effect at a moderate level (3--5 eV) gives rise to a magnetic moment that is as high as $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ \\sim 2.8{\\mu }_{B}$$\\end{document}$. For typical Fe-based insulating systems, the typical choice for U is approximately 6 eV. As Fe~16~N~2~ is a metal, the U value should be smaller than 6 eV.Figure 5Magetic moments per Fe for various U values at the 8h site.", "\n\nFe~16~N~2~ as a Spin Injector {#Sec7}\n=============================\n\nThe bulk spin polarization that we obtained for the PBE-optimized Fe~16~N~2~ is approximately 60%, which is large compared to the elemental metallic ferromagnets, such as Fe (45%), Co (42%) and Ni (27%)^[@CR20]^. Such large spin polarization falls in between the half-metallic Heusler alloys (\\~100%), which were proposed to be the optimal spin-injectors for the semiconductors^[@CR21]^, and the elemental ferromagnets. ", "However, until now, the Heusler alloys were not highly successful spin injectors due to their large lattice mismatch with the semiconductors^[@CR22],[@CR23]^. Fe~16~N~2~ can be easily grown on III--V semiconductors such as GaAs or InGaAs (historically, the giant moment was observed in epitaxially grown single crystals of Fe~16~N~2~ on either InGaAs (001) or GaAs(001) film). ", "As Fe~16~N~2~ has both large spin polarization and satisfactory lattice matching with semiconductors, we examined its application as a spin injector as follows. ", "We performed calculations with 4 monolayers (ML) of Fe~16~N~2~ (001) on 4 ML of InGaAs (001) and 8 ML of InGaAs (001). ", "The lattice parameters of bulk InGaAs were obtained. ", "The optimized structure was used to construct the metal/semiconductor (001) interfaces, as shown in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The magnetic moments per Fe for configurations (a), (b) and (c) are 2.48 *μ*~*B*~, 2.51 *μ*~*B*~ and 2.52 *μ*~*B*~, respectively. ", "The magnitude of the moment depends on the nature of the interface. ", "The magnetic moment is higher for interfaces that contain either Ga or In. ", "These moments are not *giant*; however, they are comparable to the maximum value of the saturation moment that is predicted by the Slater-Pauling curve^[@CR24]^. Then, we investigate the possibility of spin injection from the ferromagnet (FM) to the semiconductor (SC) in such systems. ", "As an example, we have computed the layer-resolved spin polarization, namely,$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${P}_{L}=\\frac{{D}_{L}^{\\uparrow }({E}_{F})-{D}_{L}^{\\downarrow }({E}_{F})}{{D}_{L}^{\\uparrow }({E}_{F})+{D}_{L}^{\\downarrow }({E}_{F})},$$\\end{document}$$where L is the layer index and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${D}_{L}^{\\uparrow (\\downarrow )}({E}_{F})$$\\end{document}$ is the density of states at the Fermi energy for the majority (minority) of spin carriers for interface (b) in Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The results are shown inFig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, which presents the layer-dependent magnetic moments in the top panels. ", "On the Fe~16~N~2~ side, all four layers have moments that are close to 2.5 *μ*~*B*~ (the average is approximately 2.51 *μ*~*B*~), while the spin polarization (bottom panel) decreases as we approach the interface. ", "However, on the semiconductor side (the 5^*th*^ to 8^*th*^ layers), the spin polarization is high and is non-negligible, even up to the last layer. ", "The average spin injection efficiency over all four layers is approximately 30%, which is higher than (almost double) what is observed for Fe/GaAs heterostructures^[@CR25]^. This implies a long spin diffusion length in Fe~16~N~2~/InGaAs systems. ", "The spin polarization changes sign across the interface; hence, the spin imbalance in the semiconductor side is due to the minority spin.", "Figure 6Fe~16~N~2~(001)/InGaAs(001) thin films with 4 monolayers of metal and semiconductor for three configurations.", "Figure 7(Top panel) Layer-resolved magnetic moments per atom for the Fe~16~N~2~(001)/InGaAs(001) thin-film configuration (**b**) of Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. (", "Bottom panel) The corresponding layer-resolved spin polarization.", "\n\nFe~16~N~2~ seems to be a highly effective spin injector for III--V semiconducting systems such as InGaAs. ", "As shown in our previous study^[@CR10]^, small V doping stabilizes Fe~16~N~2~; therefore, its interface with III--V semiconductors might be important for spin-optoelectronic or spintronic^[@CR26],[@CR27]^ applications.", "\n\nConclusions {#Sec8}\n===========\n\nWe have studied the exchange interactions and magnetic properties of Fe~16~N~2~ and V-doped Fe~16~N~2~ via first-principles-based methods. ", "The magnetism and T~*C*~ are dominated by the exchange interactions between 8h-4d and 8h-4e sites. ", "By fitting the exchange parameters that were obtained via the first-principles-based method to various theoretical models of exchange interactions, we demonstrate that in addition to the double-exchange interaction, a substantial role is played by the superexchange interaction. ", "Although the double-exchange interaction being the strongest favors a high-spin state, the presence of the superexchange interaction among the Fe sites within the Fe~6~N octahedral region indicates the existence of localized states, which may also contribute to the occurrence of a giant moment in this material. ", "In addition, due to its high spin polarization and fantastic lattice matching with the III--V semiconductors, Fe~16~N~2~ can also find important spintronic applications in addition to the permanent magnet application.", "\n\nComputational Method {#Sec9}\n====================\n\nThe electronic structure calculations were performed via first-principles methods within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof exchange correlation energy functional^[@CR28]^ based on a generalized gradient approximation. ", "We used a projector-augmented wave method as implemented in the Vienna *ab-initio* simulation package (*VASP*)^[@CR29]^. Kohn-Sham wave functions of the valence electrons were expanded in a plane-wave basis with an energy cut-off of 450 eV. The augmentation charge cut-off was set to 627.1 eV. The Brillouin zone sampling was conducted using a Monkhorst Pack grid of 7 × 7 × 7 k-points. ", "Ionic relaxation was performed using the conjugate-gradient method until forces were reduced to within 0.01 eV/Angstrom. ", "The calculated structural parameters, such as the lattice constant, positions, and magnetic moments, are employed to obtain the exchange parameters using Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (KKR) multiple-scattering theory. ", "We have used the Munich *SPR-KKR* package^[@CR30]^ to obtain the exchange parameters via a real-space approach that was formulated by Liechtenstein *et al*.^[@CR31]^, which maps the total energy of the system to an effective Hamiltonian that is expressed as$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ {\\mathcal H} =-\\sum _{i\\ne j}\\,{J}_{ij}{{\\bf{e}}}_{i}{{\\bf{e}}}_{j}$$\\end{document}$$where **e**~*i*~ represents the vector of the local magnetic moment of the i^*th*^ site and *J*~*ij*~ denotes the exchange constant between sites *i* and *j*. ", "The angular momentum expansion of the basis functions was calculated up to l = 3. ", "The k-space integration was performed using a grid of 280 k-points in the irreducible part of the Brillouin zone. ", "We have used 30 complex energy points to perform the integration over the Green's function. ", "The Curie temperature within MFA was calculated by solving the following coupled equations:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$\\langle {{\\bf{e}}}^{\\alpha }\\rangle =\\frac{2}{3{K}_{B}T}\\sum _{\\beta }\\,{J}_{0}^{\\alpha \\beta }\\langle {{\\bf{e}}}^{\\beta }\\rangle $$\\end{document}$$where 〈**e**^*α*^〉 is the average z-component of the magnetic moment in sublattice *α* and $\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$${J}_{0}^{\\alpha \\beta }={\\sum }_{{\\rm{r}}}\\,{J}_{0{\\rm{r}}}^{\\alpha \\beta }$$\\end{document}$. The summation in **r** is performed up to \\|**r**\\|/*a* = 3.0. ", "To obtain an accurate value of T~*C*~, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations with the *VAMPIRE* atomistic spin dynamic program^[@CR32]^. We used 67200 atoms with periodic boundary conditions. ", "The DFT-calculated magnetic moments (from *VASP*) and exchange constants (from *SPR-KKR*) were used as inputs. ", "The Hamiltonian of the system contained the following exchange and anisotropy terms:$$\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\n \\usepackage{amsmath}\n \\usepackage{wasysym} \n \\usepackage{amsfonts} \n \\usepackage{amssymb} \n \\usepackage{amsbsy}\n \\usepackage{mathrsfs}\n \\usepackage{upgreek}\n \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}\n \\begin{document}$$ {\\mathcal H} =-\\sum _{ij}\\,{J}_{ij}{{\\bf{e}}}_{i}{{\\bf{e}}}_{j}-{K}_{u}\\sum _{i}{({{\\bf{e}}}_{i}\\cdot {\\bf{e}})}^{2}$$\\end{document}$$where **e** is the unit vector along the direction of the easy axis and K~*u*~ is the uniaxial anisotropy constant. ", "The values of K~*u*~ for pure and doped Fe~16~N~2~ were obtained from our previous paper^[@CR10]^.\n\n**Publisher's note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nThis work was supported by NRF grants that were funded by MSIP, Korea (No. ", "2009-0082471 and No. ", "2014R1A2A2A04003865), the Convergence Agenda Program (CAP) of the Korea Research Council of Fundamental Science and Technology (KRCF) and the GKP (Global Knowledge Platform) project of the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning.", "\n\nS.B. and S.C.L. conceived the idea. ", "S.B. performed all the calculations and wrote the paper. ", "S.C.L. made comments.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "The influence of timeshift on circadian rhythm of sensitivity to X-irradiation in mice.", "\nFor two groups of male C3H mice an eastbound transmeridional flight was simulated by inducing a time shift of the L:D schedule of 8 hr. ", "The assumed flight brought about a maximal reduction of the daily light and dark span, respectively. ", "A third group remained unshifted. ", "At seven different times during the following day, subgroups of the time shifted mice as well as of the group with unchange schedule were exposed to whole body X-irradiation. ", "Mortality and body temperature of each animal were registered for 30 days following exposure and were regarded as indicators of radiation response. ", "Radioresistance was found to be highest during the second half of the daily light span, confirming earlier reports by other authors. ", "Well defined effects of the time shift and a corresponding shift of the acrophase of radioresistance could be demonstrated. ", "There was no significant difference between the two time shifted groups, but there was a consistent slight trend towards an advantage for the group whose L:D shift resulted in a maximally reduced dark span." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The “Barbs” is a certifiable hit in the Middle East. ", "A fun mix of hip-hop and early 1980s-style break dancing melded with Arabic rhythms, the routine is performed by a bunch of young Saudis, including one wearing a dark suit and bright red high-top sneakers. ", "Their video has gone viral.", "\n\n“In a region that is often dealing with some kind of conflict and turmoil, it is no wonder that people seek ways to escape from the harsh realities of life by doing what many of us love to do: dance,” wrote Rym Ghazal, a columnist for the National, a newspaper based in Abu Dhabi. “", "I have to admit, at first I thought it a bit silly, but then I got into it and caught myself ‘barbsing.’”", "\n\nThe dance, which means “untidy” or “messy” in a Saudi dialect, was created by Majed al-Esa, an artist and director known for melding Saudi culture and diction with a Western style. ", "The dance actually starts little more than halfway through the video when the youth in the red shoes says “Put your foot like this” in Arabic. ", "He then shuffles the other foot, tilts his back back and wriggles sideways, bobbing his head like an ostrich to the song, which some say sounds a lot like \"Bring It Back\" by Travis Porter.", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\nBut like many aspects of free expression in the Middle East, there are unforeseen consequences: Take the two poor souls in Abu Dhabi who danced the Barbs while wearing military uniforms, and then uploaded it on social media sites. ", "The Abu Dhabi government didn’t look at it kindly – and swiftly served an arrest warrant for them and took them to court. ", "They were charged with disrespecting the military uniform and the national army. ", "You can see the video that got them into trouble here.", "\n\nThe dance has also triggered the ire of conservative columnists and critics of social media in Saudi Arabia. ", "Some describe the video as proof of how Western influences are spoiling their society. ", "They have publicly urged a boycott of the dance and demanded that authorities arrest the performers for their “indecent” moves." ]

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[ "/*\n* Copyright 2011 Research In Motion Limited.", "\n*\n* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n* You may obtain a copy of the License at\n*\n* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n*\n* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n* distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n* limitations under the License.", "\n*/\n\npackage webworks.message.list.api;\n\nimport webworks.message.list.model.", "CustomMessage;\nimport net.rim.device.api.script.", "Scriptable;\n\npublic class MessageListItem extends Scriptable\n{\n\tpublic static final String FIELD_ID = \"id\";\n\tpublic static final String FIELD_TITLE = \"title\";\n\tpublic static final String FIELD_DESCRIPTION = \"description\";\n\tpublic static final String FIELD_IMAGENEW = \"imageNew\";\n\tpublic static final String FIELD_IMAGEREAD = \"imageRead\";\n\t\n\tprivate String _id = null;\n\tprivate String _title = null;\n\tprivate String _description = null;\n\tprivate String _imageNew = null;\n\tprivate String _imageRead = null;\n\t\n public MessageListItem() {\n\t\tthis(null,null,null,null,null);\n\t}\n\t\n public MessageListItem(CustomMessage message) {\n \tthis(message.getId(), message.getContact(), message.getSubject(), message.getImageNew(), message.getImageRead());\n }\n\n\tpublic MessageListItem(String _id, String _title, String _description,\n\t\t\tString _imageNew, String _imageRead) {\n\t\tsuper();\n\t\tthis._id = _id;\n\t\tthis._title = _title;\n\t\tthis._description = _description;\n\t\tthis._imageNew = _imageNew;\n\t\tthis._imageRead = _imageRead;\n\t}\n\n\n\tpublic Object getField(String name) throws Exception {\n if (FIELD_ID.equals(name)) {\n return new String(_id);\t \n } else if (FIELD_TITLE.equals(name)) {\n return new String(_title);\t \n } else if (FIELD_DESCRIPTION.equals(name)) {\n return new String(_description);\t \n } else if (FIELD_IMAGENEW.equals(name)) {\n return new String(_imageNew);\t \n } else if (FIELD_IMAGEREAD.equals(name)) {\n return new String(_imageRead);\t \n }\n\n return super.getField(name);\n }\n\n\n\n\tpublic boolean putField(String field, Object value) throws Exception {\n\t\n\t\tif (FIELD_ID.equals(field)) {\n _id = (String)value;\t \n } else if (FIELD_TITLE.equals(field)) {\n _title = (String)value;\t \n } else if (FIELD_DESCRIPTION.equals(field)) {\n _description = (String)value;\t \n } else if (FIELD_IMAGENEW.equals(field)) {\n _imageNew = (String)value;\t\n } else if (FIELD_IMAGEREAD.equals(field)) {\n _imageRead = (String)value;\t \n }\n\t\n\t\treturn super.putField(field, value);\n }\n\t\n}\n" ]

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[ "const program = require('commander')\nconst config = require('config').redis\nconst kue = require('kue')\n\nprogram\n .command('dashboard')\n .option('-p|--port <port>', 'port on which to run kue dashboard', 3000)\n .option('-q|--prefix <prefix>', 'prefix', 'q')\n .action((cmd) => {\n kue.createQueue({\n redis: config,\n prefix: cmd.prefix\n })\n\n kue.app.listen(cmd.port)\n });\n\nprogram\n .on('command:*', () => {\n console.error('Invalid command: %s\\nSee --help for a list of available commands.', ", "program.args.join(' '));\n process.exit(1);\n });\n\nprogram\n .parse(process.argv)\n\nprocess.on('unhandledRejection', (reason, p) => {\n console.error(`Unhandled Rejection at: Promise ${p}, reason: ${reason}`)\n // application specific logging, throwing an error, or other logic here\n})\n\nprocess.on('uncaughtException', (exception) => {\n console.error(exception) // to see your exception details in the console\n // if you are on production, maybe you can send the exception details to your\n // email as well ?", "\n})\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We develop the minimal model of a new leading order parameterization of GPDs introduced by Shuvaev and Polyakov. ", "The model for GPDs $H$ and $E$ is formulated in terms of the forward quark distributions, the Gegenbauer moments of the $D$-term and the forward limit of the GPD $E$. The model is designed primarely for small and medium-size values of $x_B$, $x_B \\leq 0.2$. We examined two different models of the $t$-dependence of the GPDs: The factorized exponential model and the non-factorized Regge-motivated model. ", "Using our model, we successfully described the DVCS cross section measured by H1 and ZEUS, the moments of the beam-spin $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$, beam-charge $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ and transversely-polarized target $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ DVCS asymmetries measured by HERMES and $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ measured by CLAS. ", "The data on $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ prefers the Regge-motivated model of the $t$-dependence of the GPDs. ", "The data on $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ indicates that the $u$ and $d$ quarks carry only a small fraction of the proton total angular momentum.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'V. GUZEY'\n- 'T. TECKENTRUP'\ntitle: The dual parameterization of the proton generalized parton distribution functions $H$ and $E$ and description of the DVCS cross sections and asymmetries\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:introduction}\n============\n\nGeneralized parton distributions (GPDs) parameterize non-perturbative parton correlation functions in hadronic targets [@Mueller:1998fv; @Ji:1998pc; @Radyushkin:2000uy; @Goeke:2001tz; @Belitsky:2001ns; @Diehl:2003ny; @Belitsky:2005qn]. ", "The GPDs generalize and interpolate between the common parton distributions and form factors. ", "Collinear factorization theorems for deeply virtual Compton scattering [@Collins:1998be] and for hard electroproduction of mesons [@Collins:1996fb] give a theoretical possibility to experimentally constrain the GPDs. ", "However, since the GPDs are functions of three arguments (excluding the known dependence on the renormalization scale) and since experimental observables involve convolution of the GPDs with hard scattering coefficients and not the GPDs themselves, it is very difficult to experimentally constrain the GPDs. ", "Therefore, there is continuing interest in modeling GPDs using various models of the hadronic structure [@Ji:1997gm; @Petrov:1998kf; @Tiburzi:2001ta; @Tiburzi:2002tq; @Scopetta:2003et; @Tiburzi:2004mh; @Mineo:2005qr; @Radyushkin:1998es; @Musatov:1999xp; @Pobylitsa:2002vw].", "\n\nThe most convenient and widely used parameterization of GPDs is based on the double distribution (DD) model introduced by Radyushkin [@Radyushkin:1998es; @Musatov:1999xp]. ", "Adding to the DD model the so-called $D$-term [@Polyakov:1999gs], which is required to restore the full form of polynomiality of the DD model, one obtains a simple, almost analytical, parameterization of GPDs, which can be readily used for the calculation of various observables, see e.g. [@Goeke:2001tz]. ", "However, such a parameterization of the GPDs has several phenomenologically unsatisfactory features. ", "First, the successful description of the low Bjorken $x$ HERA data on the total DVCS cross section requires a very specific ($\\xi$-independent) shape for the input GPDs, which is very different from the input required for the description of the DVCS asymmetries measured at higher $x$ [@Belitsky:2001ns; @Freund:2001hd]. ", "Second, the parameterization ”does not commute” with QCD evolution, i.e. it serves only to define the input for QCD evolution of GPDs at a certain initial scale $\\mu_0$. The result of the QCD evolution to the higher scale $\\mu$ cannot be generally expressed in the form used for the input. ", "Therefore, one has to separately perform the rather non-trivial QCD evolution of GPDs. ", "Third, the parameterization does not allow for an intuitive physical motivation and interpretation, see [@Freund:2002ff; @Polyakov:2002yz] for a discussion of the physics of GPDs.", "\n\nIn this paper, we continue and extend the analysis [@Guzey:2005ec] of a new parameterization of proton GPDs first introduced by Shuvaev and Polyakov [@Polyakov:2002wz].", "\n\nInitially, the dual representation of quark GPDs of the pion was derived by Polyakov [@Polyakov:1998ze] as a formal solution reproducing Mellin moments of the pion GPDs. ", "In turn, the moments were related by crossing to the moments of the two-pion distribution amplitude, which was expanded in terms of eigenfunctions of the corresponding QCD evolution equation (the Gegenbauer polynomials $C_n^{3/2}$) and eigenfunctions of the operator of the relative orbital moment of the pion pair (the Legendre polynomials $P_l$). ", "The resulting parameterization of GPDs was termed dual because the idea of its derivation follows the hypothesis of duality of soft hadron-hadron interactions, which is the assumption that the $2 \\to 2$ scattering amplitude in the $s$-channel can be represented as an infinite series over $t$-channel exchanges [@Alfaro]. ", "In the context of the quark GPDs of the pion, the dual parameterization implies that the GPDs are formally given by an infinite sum of $t$-channel resonances, which build up the two-pion distribution amplitude.", "\n\nIn the successive work, Shuvaev and Polyakov postulated that a similar dual parameterization holds for proton singlet GPDs [@Polyakov:2002wz] $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&H^i(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)=\\sum_{\\substack{n=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{\\infty} \\sum_{\\substack{l=0 \\\\ {\\rm even}}}^{n+1}\nB_{nl}^i(t,\\mu^2)\\, \\theta\\left(\\xi-|x|\\right)\\left(1-\\frac{x^2}{\\xi^2}\\right)\\,\nC_n^{3/2}\\left(\\frac{x}{\\xi}\\right)\\,P_l\\left(\\frac{1}{\\xi}\\right) \\,,\\nonumber\\\\\n&&E^i(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)=\\sum_{\\substack{n=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{\\infty} \\sum_{\\substack{l=0 \\\\ {\\rm even}}}^{n+1}\nC_{nl}^i(t,\\mu^2)\\, \\theta\\left(\\xi-|x|\\right)\\left(1-\\frac{x^2}{\\xi^2}\\right)\\,\nC_n^{3/2}\\left(\\frac{x}{\\xi}\\right)\\,P_l\\left(\\frac{1}{\\xi}\\right) \\,. ", "\n\\label{eq:def}\\end{aligned}$$ In this equation, the superscript $i$ denotes the quark flavor; $x$, $\\xi$, $t$ and $\\mu^2$ stand for the usual arguments of GPDs [@Goeke:2001tz]; $B_{nl}^i$ and $C_{nl}^i$ denote the unknown form factors. ", "In this work, we restrict ourselves only to the helicity-even GPDs $H$ and $E$ and do not consider the two remaining helicity-even GPDs $\\tilde{H}$ and $\\tilde{E}$. Since we are concerned with DVCS observables, which probe the singlet combinations of GPDs, we shall consider only singlet GPDs: The left hand side of Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) represents the singlet combinations of the GPDs, $H^i(x,\\xi,t) \\equiv H^i(x,\\xi,t)-H^i(-x,\\xi,t)$ and $E^i(x,\\xi,t) \\equiv E^i(x,\\xi,t)-E^i(-x,\\xi,t)$, which are antisymmetric with respect to $x$.\n\nIt should be stressed that the series in Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) diverge and, hence, one should explain how this should be understood. ", "As follows from the derivation [@Polyakov:1998ze], Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) is nothing but a shorthand notation for the $x$-moments of the GPDs. ", "Therefore, the formal representation of Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) should be understood as a generalized mathematical function, which acting on the polynomials of $x$, reproduces correctly the Mellin moments of the corresponding GPDs. ", "Note that the divergence in Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) is analogous to the divergence of any dual representation of the $2 \\to 2$ scattering amplitude in soft hadronic physics: The $s$-channel series must diverge to reproduce infinities (poles) of the amplitude in the crossed $t$-channel [@Alfaro].", "\n\nNaturally, since the series in Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) diverge, one cannot use them to study the GPDs as functions of their variables. ", "However, since Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) fixes all Mellin moments of the GPDs, one can readily obtain different representations of the GPDs, which would give continuous and finite GPDs. ", "For instance, expanding Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]) over the Gegenbauer polynomials $C_n^{3/2}(x)$ on the interval $-1 \\leq x \\leq 1$, one obtains [@Belitsky:1997pc] $$H^i(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)=(1-x^2) \\sum_{\\substack{n=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{\\infty} A_n^i(\\xi,t,\\mu^2)C_n^{3/2}(x) \\,,\n\\label{eq:def:conv}$$ where $$A_n^i(\\xi,t,\\mu^2)=-\\frac{2n+3}{(n+1)(n+2)} \\sum_{\\substack{p=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{n} \\xi R_{np}(\\xi)\n\\frac{(p+1)(p+2)}{2p+3} \\sum_{\\substack{l=0\\\\ {\\rm even}}}^{p+1} B_{pl}^i(t,\\mu^2) P_l\\left(\\frac{1}{\\xi}\\right) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:an}$$ The functions $R_{np}(\\xi)$ are polynomials of the order $n$ of the variable $\\xi$, which are defined in terms of the hypergeometric function, $$R_{np}(\\xi)=\\left(-1\\right)^{\\frac{n+p}{2}} \\frac{\\Gamma(\\frac{3}{2}+\\frac{n+p}{2})}{\\Gamma(\\frac{n-p}{2}+1)\\Gamma(\\frac{3}{2}+p)} \\xi^p \\ _2F_1\\left(\\frac{p}{2}-\\frac{n}{2},\\frac{3}{2}+\\frac{n}{2}+\\frac{p}{2},\\frac{5}{2}+p; \\xi^2\\right) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:rnp}$$ The representation for the GPDs $E^i$ is obtained by replacing the form factors $B_{nl}^i$ by $C_{nl}^i$.\n\nThe dependence of the GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$ on the renormalization scale $\\mu$ is contained in the form factors $B_{nl}^i$. By construction (\\[eq:def\\]), $B_{nl}^i$ are proportional to the $n$th conformal moment of the GPDs, which is multiplicatively renormalized to the leading $\\alpha_s$ accuracy [@Belitsky:1997pc]. ", "Therefore, under leading order (LO) QCD evolution, the form factors $B_{nl}^i$ have a very simple, well-established $\\mu^2$-dependence, $$B_{nl}^i(\\mu^2)=B_{nl}^i(\\mu_0^2) \\, \\left(\\frac{\\ln(\\mu_0^2/\\Lambda^2)}{\\ln(\\mu^2/\\Lambda^2)}\n\\right)^{\\gamma_n/B} \\,,\n\\label{eq:anom}$$ where $B=11-(2/3) N_{{\\rm flav}}$ ($N_{{\\rm flav}}$ is the number of active parton flavors); $\\gamma_n$ are LO non-singlet anomalous dimensions [@Lepage:1979zb; @Efremov:1979qk]. ", "Alternatively, as will be clear from the following sections, the $\\mu^2$-dependence of $B_{nl}^i$ for all $l$ is given by the $\\mu^2$-dependence of the $n+1$ Mellin moment of the forward singlet quark distribution, $\\int^{1}_{-1} dx\\, x^n q^i(x,\\mu^2)$.\n\nIn addition to the simple LO evolution of $B_{nl}^i$, the DVCS amplitude has a very simple form in terms of $B_{nl}^i$ also only to the LO accuracy. ", "Therefore, we shall use the dual parameterization of the GPDs as a LO parameterization.", "\n\nMinimal model of the dual parameterization of GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$ {#sec:model}\n==================================================================\n\nIn this section, we consider a minimal model of the dual parameterization of the GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$, which can be formulated in terms of the forward limit of the GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$ and the Gegenbauer moments of the $D$-term. ", "The $t$-dependence of the GPDs will be modelled separately.", "\n\nDerivation of the minimal model\n-------------------------------\n\nAs explained in the Introduction, the dual representation in the form of Eqs.", " (\\[eq:def:conv\\]), (\\[eq:an\\]) and (\\[eq:rnp\\]) gives finite and continuous expressions for GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$. However, these equations are impractical to use since one has to sum an infinite series of large sign-alternating terms. ", "An elegant method to sum the series of Eq.", " (\\[eq:def:conv\\]) was offered by Polyakov and Shuvaev [@Polyakov:2002wz]. ", "The method consists in the introduction of a set of functions whose Mellin moments generate the form factors $B_{nl}^i$ and $C_{nl}^i$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nB_{n \\, n+1-k}^i(t,\\mu^2)=\\int^1_0 dx \\,x^n Q_k^i(x,t,\\mu^2) \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\nC_{n \\, n+1-k}^i(t,\\mu^2)=\\int^1_0 dx \\,x^n R_k^i(x,t,\\mu^2) \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Note that for the singlet combinations of the GPDs that we consider in this paper, $n$ is odd and $k$ is even. ", "Using the methods detailed in Appendix B [@Polyakov:2002wz], one obtains the following representation of the GPDs $H^i$ in terms of the generating functions $Q_k^i$ (the GPDs $E^i$ are obtained by replacing $Q_k^i$ by $R_k^i$) $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&H^i(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)=\\sum_{\\substack{k=0\\\\ {\\rm even}}}^{\\infty}\\Big[\\frac{\\xi^k}{2} \\left(H^{i\\,(k)}(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)-H^{i\\,(k)}(-x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)\\right) \\nonumber\\\\\n&+&\\left(1-\\frac{x^2}{\\xi^2}\\right)\\theta \\left(\\xi-|x|\\right) \\sum_{\\substack{l=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{k-3}C^{3/2}_{k-l-2}\\left(\\frac{x}{\\xi}\\right) P_l\\left(\\frac{1}{\\xi}\\right) \\int^1_0 dy\\, y^{k-l-2}\\, Q_k^i(y,t,\\mu^2) \\Big] \\,,\n\\label{eq:hq}\\end{aligned}$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\nH^{i\\,(k)}(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)&=&\\frac{1}{\\pi}\\int^1_0 \\frac{dy}{y}\\left[\\left(1-y \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial y}\\right) Q_k^i(y,t,\\mu^2) \\right] \\int^1_{-1} ds \\frac{x_s^{1-k}}{\\sqrt{2 x_s-x_s^2-\\xi^2}}\n\\theta(2 x_s-x_s^2-\\xi^2) \\nonumber\\\\\n&-& \\lim_{y \\to 0} Q_k^i(y,t,\\mu^2) \\int^1_{-1} ds \\frac{x_s^{1-k}}{\\sqrt{2 x_s-x_s^2-\\xi^2}}\n\\theta(2 x_s-x_s^2-\\xi^2) \\,.\\end{aligned}$$ Note that the last line in the expression for $H^{i\\,(k)}$ is missing in the original formulation [@Polyakov:2002wz]: Its presence was noticed in Ref.", " [@RMainz].", "\n\nIn the present work, we consider a minimal version of the dual representation, which consists in retaining only the contributions of the generating functions $Q_0^i$ and $Q_2^i$ to the GPDs $H^i$ and functions $R_0^i$ and $R_2^i$ to the GPDs $E^i$. This means that we keep only the form factors $B^i_{n n+1}$, $B^i_{n n-1}$, $C^i_{n n+1}$ and $C^i_{n n-1}$, i.e. we keep only the maximal $l=n+1$ and next-to-maximal $l=n-1$ orbital momenta in Eq.", " (\\[eq:def\\]). ", "The main motivation for such an approximation is the prefactor $\\xi^k$ in Eq.", " (\\[eq:hq\\]): In the HERA kinematics ($\\xi < 0.005$), the contribution of $Q_k^i$ and $R_k^i$ with $k \\geq 2$ is kinematically suppressed. ", "In the HERMES kinematics ($\\xi < 0.1$), we keep $Q_2^i$ and $R_2^i$ as a first correction. ", "This is also true for the contribution of the second line in Eq.", " (\\[eq:hq\\]).", "\n\nThe formal representation (\\[eq:def\\]) enables one to readily establish the connection between the Mellin moments of the GPDs $H^i$ and the form factors $B^i_{nl}$ (similar equation holds for $E^i$) $$\\int^1_ {-1} dx\\, x^N \\, H^i(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)= \\xi^{N+1}\\sum_{\\substack{n=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{N}\n\\sum_{\\substack{l=0\\\\ {\\rm even}}}^{n+1} B_{nl}^i(t,\\mu^2) P_l\\left(\\frac{1}{\\xi}\\right)\n\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{3}{2}\\right) \\Gamma(N+1) (n+1) (n+2)}{2^N \\Gamma\\left(\\frac{N-n}{2}+1\\right) \\Gamma\\left(\\frac{N+n}{2}+\\frac{5}{2}\\right)} \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:mm}$$ Taking the $\\xi \\to 0$ limit in this equation, one determines the form factors $B_{nn+1}^i$ and $C_{nn+1}^i$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nB_{nn+1}^i(t,\\mu^2)&=&\\frac{2n +3}{2n+4} \\int^{1}_{-1} dx \\,x^n H^i(x,0,t,\\mu^2) \\nonumber\\\\\n& \\equiv &\n\\frac{2n +3}{2n+4} \\int^{1}_{0} dx \\,x^n \\left(q^i(x,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{q}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)\\right)\\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\\nC_{nn+1}^i(t,\\mu^2)&=&\\frac{2n +2}{2n+4} \\int^{1}_{-1} dx \\,x^n E^i(x,0,t,\\mu^2) \\nonumber\\\\\n& \\equiv &\\frac{2n +3}{2n+4} \\int^{1}_{0} dx \\,x^n \\left(e^i(x,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{e}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)\\right) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:normal}\\end{aligned}$$ In the forward limit $t \\to 0$, $q^i(x,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{q}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)$ become the singlet combination of forward quark parton distributions and $e^i(x,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{e}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)$ become the unknown forward limit of the singlet combination of GPDs $E^i$.\n\nSince Eqs.", " (\\[eq:normal\\]) fix all $B_{nn+1}^i$ and $C_{nn+1}^i$, they completely determine the generating functions $Q_0^i$ and $R_0^i$ [@Polyakov:2002wz; @RMainz] $$\\begin{aligned}\nQ_0^i(x,t,\\mu^2)=q^i(x,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{q}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)-\\frac{x}{2} \\int^1_x \\frac{dz}{z^2} \n\\left(q^i(z,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{q}^i(z,t,\\mu^2)\\right) \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\nR_0^i(x,t,\\mu^2)=e^i(x,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{e}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)-\\frac{x}{2} \\int^1_x \\frac{dz}{z^2} \n\\left(e^i(z,t,\\mu^2)+\\bar{e}^i(z,t,\\mu^2)\\right) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:q0}\\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, up to the $t$-dependence, the functions $Q_0^i$ and $R_0^i$ are completely constrained by the forward parton distributions and the forward limit of the GPDs $E^i$. Note that Eqs.", " (\\[eq:q0\\]) are valid at all scales $\\mu^2$.\n\nTurning to the generating functions $Q_2^i$, we notice that their modeling is more ambiguous as compared to the functions $Q_0^i$ since only the Mellin moments of $Q_2^i$ are constrained. ", "The constraints can be derived as follows. ", "Considering the Mellin moments of the GPDs $H^i$, see Eq.", " (\\[eq:mm\\]), we notice that the coefficient in front of $\\xi^{N+1}$, which is denoted $h_{N+1}^{(N)}$ [@Goeke:2001tz], is $$h_{N+1}^{i\\,(N)}=\\sum_{\\substack{n=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{N}\n\\sum_{\\substack{l=0\\\\ {\\rm even}}}^{n+1} B_{nl}^i(t,\\mu^2) P_l\\left(0\\right)\n\\frac{\\Gamma\\left(\\frac{3}{2}\\right) \\Gamma(N+1) (n+1) (n+2)}{2^N \\Gamma\\left(\\frac{N-n}{2}+1\\right) \\Gamma\\left(\\frac{N+n}{2}+\\frac{5}{2}\\right)} \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:hn}$$ On the other hand, decomposing the $D$-term in terms of its Gegenbauer moments $$D^i(z,t,\\mu^2)=(1-z^2) \\sum_{\\substack{n=1\\\\ {\\rm odd}}}^{\\infty} d_n^i(t,\\mu^2) \\,C_n^{3/2}(z)\n\\label{eq:dterm}$$ and using the definition $$h_{N+1}^{i\\,(N)}=\\int^1_{-1} dz\\,z^N \\,D^i(z,t,\\mu^2) \\,,\n\\label{eq:hndterm}$$ one obtains the desired relation between the $D$-term and the form factors $B^i_{nl}$ $$d_n^i(t,\\mu^2) =\\sum_{l=0}^{n+1} B_{nl}^i(t,\\mu^2) P_l\\left(0\\right) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:dtermbnl}$$\n\nWithin the framework of the minimal version of the dual parameterization, we keep only the form factors with $l=n\\pm1$ and, hence, obtain $$B_{nn-1}^i(t,\\mu^2)=\\frac{n}{n+1}B_{nn+1}^i(t,\\mu^2)+\\frac{d_n^i(t,\\mu^2)}{P_{n-1}(0)} \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:bn}$$ This equation allows us to constrain the generating function $Q_2^i$ as follows. ", "Decomposing $Q_2^i$ as $$Q_2^i(x,t,\\mu^2)=Q_0^i(x,t,\\mu^2)-\\int^1_x \\frac{dz}{z}\\, Q_0^i(z,t,\\mu^2)+\\tilde{Q}_{2}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)\n\\label{eq:q2tilde}$$ and substituting this in Eq.", " (\\[eq:bn\\]), one obtains the following constraint on the new unknown function $\\tilde{Q}_{2}^i$ $$\\int^1_0 dx \\,x^n \\, \\tilde{Q}_{2}^i(x,t,\\mu^2)=\\frac{d_n^i(t,\\mu^2)}{P_{n-1}(0)} \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:q2tildemoment}$$ Turning to the generating functions $R_2^i$ for the GPDs $E^i$, we notice that since the $D$-term contribution to the GPDs $E^i$ and $H^i$ are equal and opposite in sign, see e.g. [@Goeke:2001tz], then $$C_{nn-1}^i(t,\\mu^2)=\\frac{n}{n+1}C_{nn+1}^i(t,\\mu^2)-\\frac{d_n^i(t,\\mu^2)}{P_{n-1}(0)} \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:cn}$$ Therefore, the functions $R_2^i$ can be written in the form $$R_2^i(x,t,\\mu^2)=R_0^i(x,t,\\mu^2)-\\int^1_x \\frac{dz}{z}\\, R_0^i(z,t,\\mu^2)-\\tilde{Q}_{2}^i(x,t,\\mu^2) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:r2tilde}$$ Note that this representation for $R_2^i$ was first suggested by Polyakov and Shuvaev, see Eq.", " (56) of [@Polyakov:2002wz].", "\n\nDetails of the minimal model\n----------------------------\n\nSo far we have presented rather general consideration involved in the construction of the minimal model of the dual parameterization of the GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$. In the following, we shall discuss such details of the parameterization as the modeling of the functions $\\tilde{Q}_2^i$ and $e^i+\\bar{e}^i$ and the modeling of the $t$-dependence of $Q_k^i$ and $R_k^i$.\n\nIn the following discussion of $\\tilde{Q}_2^i$ and $e^i+\\bar{e}^i$, we assume that $t=0$ and do not explicitly write the $t$-dependence. ", "The shape of the functions $\\tilde{Q}_2^i$ is unconstrained. ", "We assume a simple form for $\\tilde{Q}_{2}^i$, $$\\tilde{Q}_{2}^i(x,\\mu^2)=(1-x)\\left(a^i(\\mu^2)+b^i(\\mu^2)\\,x +c^i(\\mu^2)\\,x^2\\right) \\,,\n\\label{eq:simpleform}$$ with the coefficients $a^i$, $b^i$ and $c^i$ fixed by the constraint of Eq.", " (\\[eq:q2tildemoment\\]) evaluated for $n=1$, 3 and 5. ", "Note that the $\\mu^2$-dependence of $d_n^i$ and, hence, the $\\mu^2$-dependence of $a^i$, $b^i$ and $c^i$ is given by Eq.", " (\\[eq:anom\\]).", "\n\nThe singlet combination of the first three Gegenbauer moments of the $D$-term was evaluated in the chiral quark soliton model at the low normalization point $\\mu_0 \\approx 0.6$ GeV [@Kivel:2000fg] $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& d_n^u(\\mu_0^2)+d_n^d(\\mu_0^2)=R_n \\left[(M_2^u(\\mu_0^2)+M_2^d(\\mu_0^2)\\right]=R_n \\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n&& R_1=-8\\,, \\quad R_3=-2.4\\,, \\quad R_5=-0.8 \\,,\n\\label{eq:soliton}\\end{aligned}$$ where $M_2^i$ is the proton momentum fraction carried by the quark and antiquark of the flavor $i$. Note that the last equality in the first line of Eq.", " (\\[eq:soliton\\]) comes from the fact that at the low normalization point $\\mu_0$, in the SU(2)-symmetric chiral quark soliton model, the $u$ and $d$ quarks carry the entire proton momentum. ", "At higher $\\mu^2$ of the order a few GeV$^2$, the quarks carry about half of the proton momentum, which reduces the numerical values in Eq.", " (\\[eq:soliton\\]) by the factor two [@Kivel:2000fg]. ", "In our analysis, we use $$d_n^u(\\mu_0^2)=R_n \\,M_2^u(\\mu_0^2) \\,, \\quad d_n^d(\\mu_0^2)=R_n \\,M_2^d(\\mu_0^2) \\,, \\quad d_n^s=0 \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:soliton2}$$ The quark momentum fractions are evaluated using the leading order CTEQ5L parton distributions [@Lai:1999wy].", "\n\nSince the GPDs $E^i$ decouple in the forward limit, the functions $e^i+\\bar{e}^i$ in Eq.", " (\\[eq:normal\\]) are unconstrained. ", "In this work, we follow the simple model of Ref.", " [@Goeke:2001tz], which correctly reproduces the forward limit of the first moment of the GPDs $E^i$ and which allows to vary the fraction of the nucleon spin carried by quarks $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&e^i(x,\\mu^2)= A_i(\\mu^2)\\, q^i_{{\\rm val}}(x,\\mu^2)+\\frac{B_i(\\mu^2)}{2}\\, \\delta(x) \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&\\bar{e}^i(x,\\mu^2)=\\frac{B_i(\\mu^2)}{2}\\, \\delta(x) \\,,\n\\label{eq:emodel}\\end{aligned}$$ where $q^i_{{\\rm val}}(x,\\mu^2)=q^i(x,\\mu^2)-{\\bar q}^i(x,\\mu^2)$ is the valence quark distribution. ", "Note that unlike $\\bar{q}^i$, $\\bar{e}^i$ is a symmetric function of $x$. The coefficients $A_i$ and $B_i$ for $u$ and $d$ quarks are found from the first and second Mellin moments of the GPDs $E^i$ [@Goeke:2001tz] $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&A_i(\\mu^2)=\\frac{2J^i(\\mu^2)-M_2^i(\\mu^2)}{M_2^{i,{\\rm val}}} \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&B_u(\\mu^2)=k_u-2\\,A_u(\\mu^2) \\,, \\quad B_d(\\mu^2)=k_d-A_d(\\mu^2) \\,,\n\\label{eq:largeAB}\\end{aligned}$$ where $J^i$ is the contribution to the proton total angular momentum of the quark with flavor $i$; $M_2^{i,{\\rm val}}$ is the proton momentum fraction carried by the valence part of the quark distribution function; $k_u=1.673$ and $k_d=-2.033$ are quark anomalous magnetic moments. ", "We assume that for the strange and charm quarks, $e^i(x)=\\bar{e}^i(x)=0$. Note also that the $\\mu^2$-dependence of $J^i$ is the same as for $M_2^i$, see e.g. [@Goeke:2001tz].", "\n\nIn summary, the $x$ and $\\xi$-dependence of the GPDs $H^i$ is specified by Eqs.", " (\\[eq:q0\\]), (\\[eq:q2tilde\\]), (\\[eq:q2tildemoment\\]) and (\\[eq:simpleform\\]). ", "The GPDs $E^i$ are specified by Eqs.", " (\\[eq:q0\\]), (\\[eq:r2tilde\\]), (\\[eq:emodel\\]) and (\\[eq:largeAB\\]).", "\n\nThe $t$-dependence of the form factors $B^i_{nl}$ and $C^i_{nl}$ has to be specified extra. ", "In this work, we consider two models of the $t$-dependence. ", "The first model assumes that all $B^i_{nl}$ and $C^i_{nl}$ and, hence, $H^i$ and $E^i$ have a factorized exponential $t$-dependence with the $\\mu^2$-dependent slope [@Guzey:2005ec] $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&H^i(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)=\\exp\\left(\\frac{B(\\mu^2)\\,t}{2}\\right) H^i(x,\\xi,t=0,\\mu^2) \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&E^i(x,\\xi,t,\\mu^2)= \\exp\\left(\\frac{B(\\mu^2)\\,t}{2}\\right) E^i(x,\\xi,t=0,\\mu^2) \\,,\n\\label{eq:model1}\\end{aligned}$$ where $$B(\\mu^2)=7.6 \\, \\left(1-0.15 \\,\\ln(\\mu^2/2) \\right) \\ {\\rm GeV}^2 \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:B}$$ The decrease of the slope with increasing $\\mu^2$ was taken from the model [@Freund:2002qf]. ", "The normalization of the slope was chosen in order to reproduce the result of the exponential fit to the $t$-dependence of the differential DVCS cross section measured by the H1 collaboration at HERA for $0.1 \\leq |t| \\leq 0.8$ GeV$^2$ and at $\\mu^2=8$ GeV$^2$, $B(\\mu^2=8 \\ {\\rm GeV}^2)=6.02 \\pm 0.35 \\pm 0.39$ GeV$^{-2}$ [@Aktas:2005ty]. ", "Note that a factorized model of the $t$-dependence with the $\\mu^2$-independent slope commutes with the QCD evolution. ", "While this is not so in our case (\\[eq:model1\\]), effects of the $\\mu^2$-dependence of the slope $B(\\mu^2)$ on the QCD evolution are numerically small and, thus, have been neglected.", "\n\nThe second model of the $t$-dependence is much more involved: It is non-factorized and, hence, the $t$-dependence non-trivially changes with QCD evolution. ", "Since the dual parameterization of GPDs is constructed as an infinite series of $t$-channel exchanges, which resembles the representation of hadron-hadron scattering amplitudes in Regge theory, this analogy can serve as a guide for the $t$-dependence of the GPDs. ", "In particular, we use the following Regge theory motivated model for $q^i(t)$ and $\\bar{q}^i(t)$ [@Goeke:2001tz] $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& q^i(x,t,\\mu_0^2)-\\bar{q}^i(x,t,\\mu_0^2)=q_{{\\rm val}}^i(x,t,\\mu_0^2)=\\left(\\frac{1}{x^{\\alpha^{\\prime}_{{\\rm val}}t}}\\right) q_{{\\rm val}}^i(x,\\mu_0^2) \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&& q^i(x,t,\\mu_0^2)+\\bar{q}^i(x,t,\\mu_0^2)=\\left(\\frac{1}{x^{\\alpha^{\\prime} t}}\\right) \\ \\left[q^i(x,\\mu_0^2)+\\bar{q}^i(x,\\mu_0^2)\\right] \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&g(x,t,\\mu_0^2)=\\left(\\frac{1}{x^{\\alpha_g^{\\prime} t}}\\right) g(x,\\mu_0^2) \\,,\n\\label{eq:regge}\\end{aligned}$$ where $q^i(x,\\mu^2)$ and $\\bar{q}^i(x,\\mu^2)$ are quark and antiquark forward parton distributions and $g(x,\\mu^2)$ is the gluon forward distribution.", "\n\nThe model of Eq.", " (\\[eq:regge\\]) is specified at some low normalization point. ", "In this work, $\\mu_0^2=1$ GeV$^2$. The functions $q^i(t)$ and $\\bar{q}^i(t)$ at higher $\\mu^2 > \\mu_0^2$ are obtained by LO DGLAP evolution at fixed $t$. While the gluon function $g(x,t,\\mu^2)$ does not enter any LO expressions for DVCS observables (the hand-bag approximation), one still needs to specify $g(x,t,\\mu_0^2)$ for the QCD evolution.", "\n\nThe parameters $\\alpha^{\\prime}_{{\\rm val}}$, $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ and $\\alpha_g^{\\prime}$ can be thought of as effective slopes of the corresponding Regge trajectories. ", "For the valence quarks, we use $\\alpha^{\\prime}_{{\\rm val}}=1.1 (1-x)$ GeV$^{-2}$ [@Guidal:2004nd], which gives a good description of the nucleon elastic form factors. ", "Numerically similar options for $\\alpha^{\\prime}_{{\\rm val}}$ were also considered in the literature [@Goeke:2001tz; @Vanderhaeghen:2002ax; @Diehl:2004cx; @Diehl:2005wq]. ", "All of them correspond to $\\alpha^{\\prime}_{{\\rm val}} \\approx 0.9-1.0$ GeV$^{-2}$, which is the typical slope of all known meson and baryon Regge trajectories.", "\n\nDrawing an analogy between the parameters $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ and $\\alpha_g^{\\prime}$ and the slope of the Pomeron trajectory $\\alpha^{\\prime}_{{I\\!\\!P}}$, one would expect that $\\alpha^{\\prime} \\approx \\alpha_g^{\\prime} \\approx \\alpha^{\\prime}_{{I\\!\\!P}}=0.25$ GeV$^{-2}$. However, our analysis of the DVCS cross section in Sect.", " \\[sec:cross\\_section\\] shows that larger values should be taken. ", "In this work, we use $$\\alpha^{\\prime}=0.9 \\ {\\rm GeV}^{-2} \\,, \\quad \\alpha_g^{\\prime}=0.5 \\ {\\rm GeV}^{-2} \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:regge2}$$ The inconsistency between the phenomenologically large values of $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ and $\\alpha_g^{\\prime}$ and the ones expected on the basis of the Regge theory was discussed in Ref.", " [@Diehl:2005wq].", "\n\nSince the $D$-term does not have a partonic interpretation, we cannot use the model of Eq.", " (\\[eq:regge\\]) to constrain the $t$-dependence of the Gegenbauer moments $d_n^i$, and, hence, the $t$-dependence of ${\\tilde Q}_2^i$. Instead, we imploy the results of the lattice calculations of the $t$-dependence of the first moment of GPDs, which were fitted to the dipole form [@Gockeler:2003jf], and use $$d_n^{u,d}(t)= d_n^{u,d}(t=0) \\frac{1}{(1-t/M_D^2)^2} \\,,$$ where $M_D=1.11 \\pm 0.20$ GeV in the continuum limit [@Gockeler:2003jf].", "\n\nFinally, the same dipole form of the $t$-dependence was assumed for the $\\delta$-function contribution to the functions $e^i$ and $\\bar{e}^i$, see Eq.", " (\\[eq:emodel\\]).", "\n\nPredictions for the GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$\n----------------------------------------\n\nThe numerical predictions for the $x$, $\\xi$ and $\\mu^2$-dependence of the GPDs $H^u$ and $E^u$ at $t=0$ are presented in Figs.", " \\[fig:Hu\\], \\[fig:Eu\\] and \\[fig:Erad\\] (see the captions).", "\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig:Hu\\], the results of the dual parameterization are presented as solid curves. ", "For comparison, the predictions of the double distribution (DD) model with the $D$-term added are given by dashed curves. ", "In addition, for the $\\xi=0.1$ case, the dot-dashed curves present the calculation using the dual parameterization, when the contribution of $Q_2^i$ is omitted. ", "Therefore, the deviation of the dot-dashed from the solid curves can serve as an estimate of the theoretical uncertainty associated with the modeling of the function $Q_2^i$. Note that for $\\xi=0.01$, the dot-dashed and solid curves are indistinguishable: Only the contribution of $Q_0^i$ is important at sufficiently low $\\xi$.\n\nThe predictions of the DD model (dashed curves) for the singlet combination of the GPDs $H^i$ were made using the standard expressions [@Goeke:2001tz; @Radyushkin:1998es; @Musatov:1999xp] $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&H^i_{{\\rm DD}}(x,\\xi,\\mu^2) \\equiv \\frac{H^i(x,\\xi,\\mu^2)-H^i(-x,\\xi,\\mu^2)}{2} \\nonumber\\\\\n&&=\n\\int^1_{-1} d \\beta \\int^{1-|\\beta|}_{-1+|\\beta|} d \\alpha \\,[\\delta(x-\\beta-\\alpha \\xi)-\\delta(-x-\\beta-\\alpha \\xi)]\n\\,h(\\beta,\\alpha)\\,\\frac{q^i(\\beta,\\mu^2)}{2} \\nonumber\\\\\n&&+\\theta(\\xi-|x|) D^i\\left(\\frac{x}{\\xi},\\mu^2 \\right) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&= \\int^1_{0} d \\beta \\int^{1-\\beta}_{-1+\\beta} d \\alpha \\left[\\delta(x-\\beta-\\alpha \\xi)\n-\\delta(x+\\beta-\\alpha \\xi) \\right]\nh(\\beta,\\alpha) \\left(\\frac{q^i(\\beta,\\mu^2)+\\bar{q}^i(\\beta,\\mu^2)}{2} \\right) \\nonumber\\\\\n&&+\\theta(\\xi-|x|) D^i \\left(\\frac{x}{\\xi},\\mu^2\\right) \\,,\n\\label{eq:radyushkin}\\end{aligned}$$ where $$h(\\beta,\\alpha)=\\frac{3}{4} \\frac{(1-|\\beta|)^2-\\alpha^2}{(1-|\\beta|)^3} \\,,$$ and $$D^i(z,\\mu^2)=\\left(1-z^2\\right) \\sum_{n=1}^5 d_n^i(\\mu^2) C_n^{3/2}\\left(z\\right) \\,.$$ Note the coefficient $1/2$ in the first line of Eq.", " (\\[eq:radyushkin\\]): It is required to have the correct normalization of the first moment of $H^i_{{\\rm DD}}$.\n\nThe dual parameterization predictions for the singlet GPD $E^u$ are summarized in Fig.", " \\[fig:Eu\\]. ", "We would like to emphasize that the shape of the GPDs $E^i$ is unknown. ", "The model for the forward limit of the GPDs $E^i$ that we used, see Eqs.", " (\\[eq:emodel\\]) and (\\[eq:largeAB\\]), was chosen rather arbitrary and, eventually, might turn out to be wrong. ", "In this model, the shape of $E^i$ is correlated with the fraction of the proton total orbital momentum carried by the quark, $J^i$. In Fig.", " \\[fig:Eu\\], the solid curves correspond to $J^u=0$; the dashed curves correspond to $J^u=0.1$; the dot-dashed curves correspond to $J^u=0.2$.\n\nFor an alternative model of GPDs $E^i$, we refer the reader to the calculations within the framework of the chiral quark soliton model [@Ossmann:2004bp].", "\n\nIn Fig.", " \\[fig:Erad\\], the dual parameterization calculation of the singlet $E^u$ with $J^u=0$ (solid curves) is compared to the DD model calculation (dashed curves). ", "The latter was performed using Eq.", " (\\[eq:radyushkin\\]) after the replacement of $q^i$ by $e^i$ and after changing the sign in front of the $D$-term.", "\n\nDVCS cross section {#sec:cross_section}\n==================\n\nThe differential cross section of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) reads [@Goeke:2001tz] $$\\frac{d \\sigma}{dQ^2 d x_B dt d \\phi}=\\frac{1}{32 \\,(2 \\pi)^4}\\, \\frac{x_B \\,y^2}{Q^4} \\,\\frac{e^6}{\\sqrt{1+ 4m_N^2 x_B^2/Q^2}} |{\\bar {\\cal T}}_{{\\rm DVCS}}|^2 \\,,\n\\label{eq:dvcs}$$ where $x_B$, $Q^2$ and $y=Q^2/(x_B s)$ ($\\sqrt{s}$ is the lepton-proton invariant mass) are the usual Bjorken variables; $\\phi$ is the angle between the plane formed by the leptons and the plane formed by the final photon and the final proton [@Belitsky:2001ns]; ${\\cal T}_{{\\rm DVCS}}$ is the full DVCS amplitude. ", "The bar over the DVCS amplitude squared means that we have summed over the final polarization and averaged over the initial polarizations of all involved particles.", "\n\nThe results of high-energy DVCS measurements at HERA are usually presented in terms of the DVCS cross section on the photon level [@Aktas:2005ty; @Adloff:2001cn; @Chekanov:2003ya] $$\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}(x_B,Q^2)=\\frac{1}{\\Gamma} \\left(\\frac{x_B}{y}\\right) \\int dt\\, d \\phi \\,\n\\frac{d \\sigma}{dQ^2 d x_B dt d \\phi} \\,,$$ where $$\\Gamma=\\frac{\\alpha_{{\\rm em}} \\left(1-y+y^2/2\\right)}{\\pi Q^2 y}$$ is the flux of the equivalent photons [@Aktas:2005ty]. ", "Squaring the full DVCS amplitude, averaging over initial polarization and summing over final polarizations, one obtains the following unpolarized, $t$-integrated DVCS cross section on the photon level $$\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}(x_B,Q^2)=\\frac{\\pi \\alpha_{{\\rm em}}^2 x_B^2}{Q^4 \\sqrt{1+ 4m_N^2 x_B^2/Q^2}}\n\\int^{t_{{\\rm max}}}_{t_{{\\rm min}}} dt \\,|{\\cal A}_{{\\rm DVCS}}(\\xi,t,Q^2)|^2 \\,,\n\\label{eq:sigmadvcs}$$ where $$|{\\cal A}_{{\\rm DVCS}}(\\xi,t,Q^2)|^2=|{\\cal H}|^2(1-\\xi^2)-\n\\xi^2 \\left({\\cal H}^{\\ast} {\\cal E}+\n{\\cal H} {\\cal E}^{\\ast}\\right)-|{\\cal E}|^2\\left(\\frac{t}{4 m_N^2}+\\xi^2 \\right)\n\\label{eq:Advcs}$$ and $$\\begin{aligned}\n{\\cal H}(\\xi,t,Q^2)&=&\\sum_i e_i^2 \\int^{1}_{0} dx\\, H^i(x,\\xi,t,Q^2)\\left(\\frac{1}{x-\\xi+i0}+\n\\frac{1}{x+\\xi-i0} \\right) \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n{\\cal E}(\\xi,t,Q^2)&=&\\sum_i e_i^2 \\int^{1}_{0} dx\\, E^i(x,\\xi,t,Q^2)\\left(\\frac{1}{x-\\xi+i0}+\n\\frac{1}{x+\\xi-i0} \\right) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:convolution}\\end{aligned}$$ Throughout this paper, the skewedness parameter $\\xi$ is related to the Bjorken variable $x_B$ as $\\xi=x_B/(2-x_B)$ [@Goeke:2001tz]. ", "Equations (\\[eq:sigmadvcs\\]) and (\\[eq:Advcs\\]) for the unpolarized DVCS cross section can be also obtained from more general expressions derived in Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns].", "\n\nIt is important to note that in Eq.", " (\\[eq:convolution\\]) we used the notation of Ref.", " [@Goeke:2001tz], which differs from the notation of Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns] by an overall minus sign. ", "While this is immaterial for the DVCS cross section, this matters for the DVCS asymmetries.", "\n\nOne appealing feature of the dual parameterization of GPDs is that the convolution integrals in Eq.", " (\\[eq:convolution\\]) can be readily taken and expressed in terms of the generating functions $Q_n^i$ and $R_n^i$ [@Polyakov:2002wz] $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&{\\cal H}(\\xi,t,Q^2)=-\\sum_i e_i^2 \\int^{1}_{0} \\frac{dx}{x}\\sum_{k=0}^{\\infty}x^k Q_k^i(x,t,Q^2) \\left(\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1-\\frac{2x}{\\xi}+x^2}}+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1+\\frac{2x}{\\xi}+x^2}}-2\\delta_{k0}\\right) \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&{\\cal E}(\\xi,t,Q^2)= \\nonumber\\\\\n&&-\\sum_i e_i^2 \\int^{1}_{0} \\frac{dx}{x}\\sum_{k=0}^{\\infty}x^k R_k^i(x,t,Q^2) \\left(\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1-\\frac{2x}{\\xi}+x^2}}+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1+\\frac{2x}{\\xi}+x^2}}-2\\delta_{k0}\\right) \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:Hcal}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe high-energy HERA data on the total DVCS cross section corresponds to very small $\\xi$, $\\xi < 0.005$, and to small $t$, $t < 1$ GeV$^2$. Therefore, the contribution of the GPD $E$ to the DVCS cross section is negligible. ", "Moreover, as discussed in Sect.", " \\[sec:model\\], at small $\\xi$, the contribution of $Q^i_n$ with $n \\geq 2$ can be safely neglected. ", "Therefore, our predictions for $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$ within the framework of the dual parameterization are made keeping only the functions $Q^i_0$, which, up to the $t$-dependence, are given by the forward quark distributions.", "\n\nFigures \\[fig:q2vadim\\] and \\[fig:wvadim\\] present our predictions for the $Q^2$ and $W$ dependence of $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$. The calculations are performed using the Regge-motivated $t$-dependence (\\[eq:regge\\]) \\[solid curves\\] and the factorized exponential $t$-dependence (\\[eq:model1\\]) \\[dashed curves\\]. ", "The theoretical predictions are compared to the H1 [@Aktas:2005ty] and ZEUS [@Chekanov:2003ya] data.", "\n\nNote that the ZEUS data, which were taken at $W=89$ GeV and $Q^2=9.6$ GeV$^2$, have been rescaled to the H1 values of $W=82$ GeV and $Q^2=8$ GeV$^2$ using the fitted $W$ and $Q^2$ dependence of the DVCS cross section measured by ZEUS, $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}} \\propto W^{0.75}$ and $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}} \\propto 1/(Q^2)^{1.54}$ [@Chekanov:2003ya].", "\n\nOne can see from Fig.", " \\[fig:q2vadim\\] that the absolute value and the $Q^2$ dependence of the total DVCS cross section is reproduced well using both the non-factorized Regge-motivated (\\[eq:regge\\]) and factorized exponential (\\[eq:model1\\]) models of the $t$-dependence. ", "However, at the highest values of $Q^2$, the exponential model of the $t$-dependence gives somewhat larger $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$ because of the $Q^2$-dependent slope $B$ (\\[eq:B\\]), which provides a better agreement with the highest $Q^2$ ZEUS point.", "\n\nNote that the parameters $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ and $\\alpha^{\\prime}_g$ of the Regge-motivated model of the $t$-dependence, see Eq.", " (\\[eq:regge2\\]), were chosen such that the theoretical calculations reproduce well the absolute value of $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$ in Fig.", " \\[fig:q2vadim\\]. ", "Smaller values of $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ and $\\alpha^{\\prime}_g$, which would be closer to $\\alpha^{\\prime}_{{I\\!\\!P}}$, would give inconsistently large values of $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$.\n\nFrom Fig.", " \\[fig:wvadim\\] one can see that the absolute value and the $W$ dependence of $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$ is also reproduced well. ", "The H1 data [@Aktas:2005ty] somewhat prefers the results of the calculation using the Regge-motivated $t$-dependence. ", "However, large experimental errors at large values of $W$ and a slight discrepancy between the H1 and ZEUS data do not allow one to draw a more quantitative conclusion.", "\n\nIn addition to the $t$-integrated DVCS cross section, for the first time the H1 reported the differential DVCS cross section  [@Aktas:2005ty]. ", "The dual parameterization predictions for $d \\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}/dt$ as a function of $t$ are compared to the H1 data in Fig.", " \\[fig:tdepvadim\\]. ", "The theoretical predictions are made using Eq.", " (\\[eq:sigmadvcs\\]) without the integration over $t$ $$\\frac{d \\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}(x_B,t,Q^2)}{dt}=\\frac{\\pi \\alpha_{{\\rm em}}^2 x_B^2}{Q^4 \\sqrt{1+ 4m_N^2 x_B^2/Q^2}} |{\\cal A}_{{\\rm DVCS}}(\\xi,t,Q^2)|^2 \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:sigmadvcs_tdep}$$ As one can see from Fig.", " \\[fig:tdepvadim\\], for $|t| < 0.5$ GeV$^2$ both used models of the $t$-dependence give rather similar predictions and describe well the data. ", "However, for $|t| > 0.5$ GeV$^2$, the exponential model corresponds to a steeper decrease of $d \\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}/dt$ with increasing $|t|$ and allows to describe very well the highest $|t|=0.8$ GeV$^2$ data point. ", "The experimental errors on $d \\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}/dt$ are small enough to conclude that that the Regge-motivated model of the $t$-dependence of GPDs (\\[eq:regge2\\]) seems to be disfavored by the large-$|t|$ H1 data [@Aktas:2005ty].", "\n\nIt is important to appreciate that within the framework of the dual parameterization of GPDs, the HERA data on DVCS cross section were described so well without any free parameters: We used only the forward parton distributions for the input. ", "To be more precise, the parameters $\\alpha^{\\prime}$ and $\\alpha^{\\prime}_g$ were adjusted to reproduce only the normalization of the DVCS cross section: The $Q^2$, $W$ and $t$-dependencies of the cross section were then predicted without any further adjustments. ", "The calculation using the factorized exponential $t$-dependence contained no free adjustable parameters since the slope $B(\\mu)$ (\\[eq:B\\]) has been experimentally measured [@Aktas:2005ty] and, hence, it could not be varied.", "\n\nThe DVCS cross section can be also described using other models of GPDs. ", "Within the framework of the double distribution model, the H1 and ZEUS data on $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$ were successfully described with the asymptotic ansatz for $h(\\beta,\\alpha)$ in Eq.", " (\\[eq:radyushkin\\]), which corresponds to the $\\xi$-independent input, $H^i_{{\\rm DD}}(x,\\xi,\\mu_0^2)=(q^i(x,\\mu_0^2)+\\bar{q}^i(x,\\mu_0^2))/2$ [@Belitsky:2001ns; @Freund:2001hd]. ", "The observation that the DVCS cross section at high-energies (small $x_B$) and at high $Q^2$ can be described by the GPDs, whose shape at the low input scale $\\mu^2_0$ is $\\xi$-independent, can be qualitatively explained as follows. ", "Under QCD evolution, a GPD at a given small $x$ and large $\\mu^2$ is obtained using the GPD at the low input scale $\\mu_0^2$, which is probed for $x_0 \\gg x$. Therefore, the small external parameter $\\xi$ can be neglected in the input GPDs [@Frankfurt:1997ha].", "\n\nOther theoretical approaches, which enable one to successfully describe the HERA data on $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$, include the dipole formalism [@Favart:2003cu; @Kowalski:2006hc] and the formalism based on the conformal moments of the GPDs [@Muller:2006pm].", "\n\nDVCS asymmetries {#eq:asymmetry}\n================\n\nComplete expressions for various DVCS asymmetries are well-known [@Belitsky:2001ns]. ", "In this work, we consider the beam-spin $A_{LU}$, beam-charge $A_C$ and transversely-polarized target $A_{UT}$ asymmetries. ", "The first two asymmetries are predominantly sensitive to the GPD $H$, while the $A_{UT}$ asymmetry is sensitive to both GPDs $H$ and $E$. Since most of the data on these DVCS asymmetries have come from the HERMES collaboration at DESY [@Airapetian:2001yk; @Seitz:2002si; @Ellinghaus:2002bq; @Ellinghaus:2004dw; @Krauss:2005ja; @Ye:2005pf; @Ye:2006gz; @h:2006zr], we will predominantly make numerical predictions for the above asymmetries using the dual parameterization of GPDs $H$ and $E$ in the HERMES kinematics. ", "In addition, predictions for the Jefferson Lab kinematics will be also presented.", "\n\nBeam-spin asymmetry\n-------------------\n\nUsing results of Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns], one obtains the following approximate expression for the $\\sin \\phi$-moment of the beam-charge asymmetry $$A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi} \\approx +\\left(\\frac{x_B}{y}\\right)\\,8\\,K\\,y\\,(2-y)(1+\\epsilon^2)^2\\,\n \\frac{\\left[F_1(t) Im \\,{\\cal H}(\\xi,t,Q^2)+\\frac{|t|}{4 m_N^2} F_2(t) Im\\, {\\cal E}(\\xi,t,Q^2)\\right]}{c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\rm BH}}} \\,,\n\\label{eq:alu}$$ where $\\epsilon=x_B m_N/Q$; the kinematic suppression factor $K$ and the leading harmonic of the Bethe-Heitler amplitude squared $c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\rm BH}}$ are given in [@Belitsky:2001ns]; $F_1$ and $F_2$ are the Dirac and Pauli proton form factors, see e.g. [@Belitsky:2001ns]; ${\\cal H}$ and ${\\cal E}$ are defined by Eq.", " (\\[eq:Hcal\\]). ", "Equation (\\[eq:alu\\]) is approximate because we have neglected subleading harmonics (proportional to $c_{1,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\rm BH}}$ and $c_{2,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\rm BH}}$) in the expansion of the Bethe-Heitler amplitude squared and the DVCS amplitude squared in the denominator of Eq.", " (\\[eq:alu\\]).", "\n\nNote that we have introduced an additional minus sign in order to take into account the sign difference between our notation for ${\\cal H}$ and the notation of Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns]. ", "Therefore, in Eq.", " (\\[eq:alu\\]), the plus sign corresponds to the positively charged lepton beam. ", "Since in our notation $Im \\, {\\cal H} < 0$ in the bulk of the considered kinematics, $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ in the HERMES kinematics is negative.", "\n\nOne should point out that we use the reference frame of Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns], which differs from the frame used by the HERMES collaboration by the direction of the $z$-axis (the Trento sign conventions [@Bacchetta:2004jz]). ", "This means that $\\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}=\\pi-\\phi$ [@Belitsky:2001ns; @Ellinghaus:2005uc]. ", "Obviously, for the $\\sin \\phi$-moment of the beam-spin asymmetry, this difference in the notations is irrelevant.", "\n\nUsing the dual parameterization of GPD discussed in Sect.", " \\[sec:model\\] and substituting it in Eq.", " (\\[eq:alu\\]), we obtain the following range of predictions at the average kinematic point of the HERMES measurement, $\\langle x_B \\rangle=0.11$, $\\langle Q^2 \\rangle=2.6$ GeV$^2$ and $\\langle t \\rangle=-0.27$ GeV$^2$ [@Airapetian:2001yk], $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}=-0.22 \\ldots -0.24 \\,,\\quad {\\rm exponential}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}=-0.27 \\ldots -0.29 \\,, \\quad {\\rm Regge}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,. ", "\n\\label{eq:alu_prediction}\\end{aligned}$$ The smaller absolute values of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ correspond to the calculation with $J_u=J_d=0$; the larger absolute values of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ correspond to the calculation with $J_u=0.3$ and $J_d=0$ (the variation of $J_d$ has no noticeable affect). ", "As expected, the small range of predictions (for a given model of the $t$-dependence) indicates small sensitivity of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ to the GPD $E$.\n\nOur theoretical calculations compare very well to the HERMES measurement [@Airapetian:2001yk] $$\\begin{aligned}\nA_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}=-0.23 \\pm 0.04 \\pm 0.03 \\,.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn addition to the average HERMES kinematics, we studied the dependence of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ on $t$, $x_B$ and $Q^2$ bin by bin [@Ellinghaus:2004dw; @Ellinghaus:2005uc]. ", "Figure \\[fig:beamspin\\] summarizes our predictions, which are made using $J_u=J_d=0$.\n\nAs can be seen from Figure \\[fig:beamspin\\], only $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ as a function of $|t|$ can be helpful in distinguishing between the exponential and Regge models of the $t$-dependence, provided the experimental uncertainties are sufficiently small.", "\n\nWe also make predictions for the beam-spin asymmetry in the CLAS kinematics. ", "For the 2001 average kinematic point of the CLAS kinematics [@Stepanyan:2001sm], $E=4.25$ GeV, $\\langle Q^2 \\rangle =1.25$ GeV$^2$, $\\langle x_B \\rangle =0.19$ and $\\langle t \\rangle=-0.19$ GeV$^2$, our predictions compare very well to the experimental value, $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}=0.15 \\ldots 0.17 \\,,\\quad {\\rm exponential}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}=0.18 \\ldots 0.20 \\,, \\quad {\\rm Regge}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,,\n \\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}=0.202 \\pm 0.028 \\,, \\quad {\\rm CLAS}~[58] \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:alu_prediction_clas}\\end{aligned}$$ The lower values of the theoretical predictions correspond to $J_u=J_d=0$; the larger values correspond to $J_u=0.3$ and $J_d=0$. Note the sign change in $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ when going from the positron beam (HERMES) to the electron beam (CLAS).", "\n\nRecently, CLAS performed dedicated measurements of DVCS and, in particular, of the beam-spin asymmetry with higher energies of the lepton beam and with much wider kinematic coverage in $Q^2$, $x_B$ and $t$. Figure \\[fig:beamspin\\_clas\\] presents our predictions for the $t$-dependence of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ at $E=5.7$ GeV, $Q^2 =1.5$ GeV$^2$ and $x_B=0.25$.\n\nIt is important to point out that, by construction, the minimal model of the dual parameterization of GPDs is designed for small values of $x_B$, $x_B \\leq 0.2$. The increase of $x_B$ from $x_B \\approx 0.2$ (HERMES) to $x_B \\approx 0.3$ (current CLAS) leads to the increasing role of the generating functions $Q_2^i$ and $R_2^i$ (the latter plays role at large $|t|$, $|t| > 0.5$ GeV$^2$), which results in a significant model-dependence of our results. ", "Therefore, our predictions in Fig.", " \\[fig:beamspin\\_clas\\] should be taken as semi-quantitative. ", "Strictly speaking, in order to make quantitative predictions for the current CLAS kinematics, one has to extend the minimal model by including higher generating functions $Q^i_k$ and $R^i_k$ with $k \\geq 4$.\n\nBeam-charge asymmetry\n---------------------\n\nNext we turn to the beam-charge asymmetry, $A_C$. Using the results of Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns], the approximate expression for $A_C$ reads \\[we have neglected the same terms in the denominator as in Eq.", " (\\[eq:alu\\])\\] $$A_C(\\phi) \\approx \\left(\\frac{x_B}{y}\\right)\\,\\left(1+\\epsilon^2\\right)^2\\,\\frac{c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\cal I}}+\nc_{1,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\cal I}}\\cos \\phi}{c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\rm BH}}} \\,,\n\\label{eq:ac}$$ where $c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\cal I}}$ and $c_{1,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\cal I}}$ are given in Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns]. ", "While $c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\cal I}}$ is smaller than $c_{1,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\cal I}}$, it is not negligibly small. ", "In this work, we shall concentrate on the larger contribution to $A_C$ proportional to $c_{1,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\cal I}}$, which can be singled out by considering the $\\cos \\phi$-moment of $A_C$ $$A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi} \\approx - \\left(\\frac{x_B}{y}\\right)\\,8\\,K\\,(2-2y+y^2)\\,\\left(1+\\epsilon^2\\right)^2\\,\n \\frac{\\left[F_1(t)\\, Re\\, {\\cal H}(\\xi,t,Q^2)+\\frac{|t|}{4 m_N^2} F_2(t)\\, Re \\,{\\cal E}(\\xi,t,Q^2)\\right]}{c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\rm BH}}} \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:ac2}$$ As discussed above, $\\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}=\\pi-\\phi$. Therefore, $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}}=-A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$. Since in the considered kinematics $Re\\, {\\cal H} >0$, we obtain $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}} > 0$. Until the end of this subsection, we shall imply $\\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}$, but we will use $\\phi$ for brevity.", "\n\nThe range of predictions for $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ using the dual parameterization of GPDs can be compared to the HERMES measurements. ", "For the 2002 HERMES average kinematic point, $\\langle x_B \\rangle=0.12$, $\\langle Q^2 \\rangle=2.8$ GeV$^2$ and $\\langle t \\rangle=-0.27$ GeV$^2$ [@Ellinghaus:2002bq], we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}=0.01 \\ldots 0.03 \\,,\\quad {\\rm exponential}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}=0.19 \\ldots 0.23 \\,, \\quad {\\rm Regge}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}=0.11 \\pm 0.04 \\pm 0.03 \\,, \\quad {\\rm HERMES}~[50] \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:ac_prediction}\\end{aligned}$$ The lower values of $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ correspond to the calculation with $J_u=J_d=0$; the larger values correspond to $J_u=0.3$ and $J_d=0$.\n\nFor the very recent 2006 HERMES average kinematic point, $\\langle x_B \\rangle=0.10$, $\\langle Q^2 \\rangle=2.5$ GeV$^2$ and $\\langle t \\rangle=-0.12$ GeV$^2$ [@h:2006zr], we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}=0.013 \\ldots 0.022 \\,,\\quad {\\rm exponential}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}=0.080 \\ldots 0.092 \\,, \\quad {\\rm Regge}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}=0.063 \\pm 0.029 \\pm 0.026 \\,, \\quad {\\rm \nHERMES}~[55]\\,.", "\n\\label{eq:ac_prediction_new}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe following two features of Eqs.", " (\\[eq:ac\\_prediction\\]) and (\\[eq:ac\\_prediction\\_new\\]) deserve a discussion. ", "First, the exponential model of the $t$-dependence predicts the values of $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$, which are much smaller than those calculated with the Regge model of the $t$-dependence. ", "The reasons for this are the non-trivial $t$-dependence of the real part of ${\\cal H}$ (more precisely, the non-trivial cancellation between two contributions to the real part of ${\\cal H}$) and the large values of $|t|$ involved. ", "Second, predictions with the exponential model of the $t$-dependence are much more sensitive to the fraction of proton spin carried by the quarks, $J^i$.\n\nIn addition to the average kinematic point, the recent HERMES analysis [@h:2006zr] presented $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ as a function of $t$.\n\nFigure \\[fig:beamcharge\\_recent\\] presents the comparison of our theoretical predictions to the data. ", "It can be seen from Fig.", " \\[fig:beamcharge\\_recent\\] that the Regge model describes the data points well for $|t| < 0.2$ GeV$^2$ and underestimates the asymmetry for the larger $|t| \\approx 0.4$ GeV$^2$. The exponential model of the $t$-dependence dramatically fails to describe the rise of $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ with increasing $|t|$. Therefore, on the basis of the comparison of our theoretical predictions to the $t$-dependence of the $\\cos \\phi$-moment of the beam-charge asymmetry, we conclude that the non-factorized Regge model of the $t$-dependence of GPDs is preferred over the factorized exponential model.", "\n\nIn addition to the $t$-dependence of $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$, we make predictions for the $Q^2$ and $x_B$-dependence of $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ in the HERMES kinematics [@Ellinghaus:2004dw; @Ellinghaus:2005uc] in Fig.", " \\[fig:beamcharge\\]. ", "Our theoretical predictions are made using $J_u=J_d=0$.\n\nTransversely polarized target asymmetry\n---------------------------------------\n\nThe DVCS asymmetry with the unpolarized beam and the transversely polarized target, $A_{UT}$, is sensitive to all four GPDs of the nucleon [@Belitsky:2001ns]. ", "Since we are concerned with the GPDs $H$ and $E$, we shall consider the $\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi$-moment of $A_{UT}$, where the angle $\\varphi$ is the angle between the vector of the target polarization and the hadron scattering plane in the notation of Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns]. ", "The main interest in considering this DVCS observable is that it is sensitive to the GPD $E$ and, hence, to the fraction of the proton total angular momentum carried by quarks, $J^i$.\n\nAccording to the Trento sign convention [@Bacchetta:2004jz], it is recommended to use different angles, which are used e.g. in the HERMES analysis: $\\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}=\\pi-\\phi$ and $\\phi_{{\\rm S\\,,HERMES}}-\\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}=\\pi+\\varphi$ [@Ellinghaus:2005uc]. ", "Obviously, $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}=A_{UT}^{\\sin (\\phi_{{\\rm S\\,,HERMES}}-\\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}})\n\\cos \\phi_{{\\rm HERMES}}}$.\n\nUsing the results [@Belitsky:2001ns], the approximate expression for $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ reads $$\\begin{aligned}\n&&A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi} \\approx \\left(\\frac{x_B}{y}\\right) \\left(1+\\epsilon^2\\right)^2 \n\\frac{1}{c_{0,{\\rm unp}}^{{\\rm BH}}} \\frac{8\\, m_N \\sqrt{1-y}}{Q} \\left(2-2\\,y+y^2\\right)\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&\\times& \\Big[\\frac{1}{2-x_B} \\left(x_B^2 F_1(t)-(1-x_B) \\frac{t}{m_N^2}F_2(t)\\right) Im\\, {\\cal H}(\\xi,t,Q^2)\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&+&\\left(\\frac{x_B^2}{2-x_B}F_1(t) + \\frac{t}{4\\,m_N^2}\\left((2-x_B)F_1(t)+\\frac{x_B^2}{2-x_B} F_2(t) \\right)\\right) Im\\, {\\cal E}(\\xi,t,Q^2)\\Big] \\,.", "\n\\label{eq:A_UT}\\end{aligned}$$ Note that, similarly to the above considered $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ and $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$, we have introduced an additional minus sign to compensate the sign difference between our definition of ${\\cal H}$ and ${\\cal E}$ and the notation of Ref.", " [@Belitsky:2001ns].", "\n\nThe theoretical predictions for the $t$, $Q^2$ and $x_B$-dependence of $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ using the dual parameterization of GPDs and Eq.", " (\\[eq:A\\_UT\\]) are compared to the preliminary HERMES data [@Ye:2005pf] in Fig.", " \\[fig:tr\\]. ", "Note that the shown error bars correspond to the statistical and systematic uncertainties added in quadrature and that the systematic uncertainty does not include the effect of the HERMES acceptance.", "\n\nThe plots for the $t$ and $Q^2$-dependence appear to be most informative. ", "As can be seen from the upper and middle panels of Fig.", " \\[fig:tr\\], our theoretical calculations reproduce the data fairly well, except for one point. ", "Judging by the central experimental values, one concludes that the data seems to prefer the scenario with $J_u=J_d=0$.\n\nAlso, both models of the $t$-dependence give rather close results. ", "Therefore, in view of large experimental uncertainties, it is impossible to differentiate between the Regge and exponential models of the $t$-dependence of the GPDs using the current preliminary HERMES data on $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ [@Ye:2005pf].", "\n\nIn addition, we compare our predictions for $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ to the HERMES measurement at the average kinematic point, $\\langle x_B \\rangle =0.095$, $\\langle Q^2 \\rangle=2.5$ GeV$^2$ and $\\langle -t \\rangle=0.12$ GeV$^2$ [@Ye:2006gz], $$\\begin{aligned}\n&& A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}=-0.14 \\ldots -0.10 \\,, \\quad {\\rm exponential}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,, \\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}=-0.15 \\ldots -0.10 \\,, \\quad {\\rm Regge}\\ t-{\\rm dependence} \\,,\n\\nonumber\\\\\n&&A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}=-0.149 \\pm 0.058 \\pm 0.033 \\,, \\quad {\\rm \nprelim.\\ HERMES}~[54]\\,.", "\n\\label{eq:A_UT_average}\\end{aligned}$$ The lower absolute values of $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ correspond to the calculation with $J_u=J_d=0$; the larger values correspond to $J_u=0.3$ and $J_d=0$. As can be seen from Eq.", " (\\[eq:A\\_UT\\_average\\]), the agreement between our predictions and the experimental value is very good. ", "The central experimental value prefers $J_u=J_d=0$.\n\nPredictions for $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ were also made within the framework of the double distribution model of GPDs [@Ellinghaus:2005uc]. ", "The comparison of the theretical predictions [@Ellinghaus:2005uc] to the HERMES data [@Ye:2005pf] does not allow one to make a definite conclusion about the fraction of the proton total angular momentum carried by the $u$-quark: The data on the $t$-dependence somewhat prefers $J_u=0$ and $J_u=0.2$, while the data on $x_B$ and $Q^2$-dependence prefer $J_u=0.2$ and $J_u=0.4$.\n\nIn conclusion of this short discussion of the fraction of the total angular momentum of the proton carried by quarks, we would like to mention the lattice results of the QCDSF collaboration: $J^u=0.37 \\pm 0.06$ and $J^d=-0.04 \\pm 0.04$ [@Gockeler:2003jf]. ", "Our analysis presented in this section indicates that the value of $J^u$ should be significantly smaller.", "\n\nConclusions and discussion {#sec:conclusions}\n==========================\n\nIn this work, we considered the new leading order (LO) dual parameterization of GPDs introduced by Shuvaev and Polyakov [@Polyakov:2002wz]. ", "The advantages of the dual parameterization include simple (forward) QCD evolution of resulting GPDs and a simple expression for the LO DVCS amplitude. ", "We extended the work by Guzey and Polyakov [@Guzey:2005ec] and formulated the minimal model of the dual parameterization of GPDs $H^i$ and $E^i$, which enables one to relate the GPDs to the fairly well-known quantities. ", "In particular, apart from the $t$-dependence, the GPDs $H^i$ can be formulated in terms of the forward quark distributions $q^i$ and Gegenbauer moments of the $D$-term. ", "The GPDs $E^i$ can be formulated in terms of the unknown forward limit of the GPDs $E^i$ and, again, the Gegenbauer moments of the $D$-term. ", "The price to pay for the simplicity of our dual model is that the model is designed for not too large $x_B$, $x_B \\leq 0.2$. Within the considered model, the $t$-dependence of GPDs has to be modelled separately. ", "We considered two different models of the $t$-dependence: The factorized exponential model and the non-factorized Regge-motivated model.", "\n\nWe compared predictions of our model to all available data on DVCS cross section and asymmetries. ", "The $Q^2$, $W$ and $t$-dependence of the DVCS cross section at high energies (small $\\xi$) measured by the H1 and ZEUS collaborations were successfully described by both models of the $t$-dependence. ", "It should be stressed that our predictions for $\\sigma_{{\\rm DVCS}}$ are virtually model-independent: Only the normalization of the cross section at one kinematic point was fitted by appropriately choosing the effective slope parameters in the Regge-motivated model of the $t$-dependence.", "\n\nTurning to the beam-spin DVCS asymmetry, $A_{LU}$, we successfully described both HERMES and CLAS data on $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ at their respective average kinematic points. ", "We also made predictions for the $t$, $Q^2$ and $x_B$-dependence of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ in the HERMES kinematics bin-by-bin and for the $t$-dependence of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ in the CLAS kinematics with $E=5.7$ GeV. We observed that only the $t$-dependence of $A_{LU}^{\\sin \\phi}$ has a chance to distinguish between the two considered models of the $t$-dependence.", "\n\nWe found that within our framework, the beam-charge asymmetry $A_{C}$ is the only considered observable which distinguishes between the Regge-motivated and exponential models of the $t$-dependence of GPDs. ", "While the Regge-motivated model provides a reasonable description of $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ in the average HERMES kinematics and of the $t$-dependence of $A_{C}^{\\cos \\phi}$ measured at HERMES, the exponential model of the $t$-dependence fails dramatically.", "\n\nWe also compared our predictions to the HERMES measurement of the DVCS asymmetry measured with the unpolarized beam and the transversely-polarized target, $A_{UT}$. We obtained a fairly good description of the preliminary HERMES data on $t$, $Q^2$ and $x_B$-dependence of $A_{UT}^{\\sin \\varphi \\cos \\phi}$ using both models of the $t$-dependence. 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[ "Q:\n\nAre supersets an effective way to gain size?", "\n\nFollowing is my Chest and Back split:\n\n3 supersets of flat barbell bench press/flat dumbbell flyes (10-12\n Reps)\n3 supersets of incline barbell bench press/decline dumbbell flyes (7-9\n Reps)\n3 supersets of decline barbell bench press/incline dumbbell flyes (6-8\n Reps)\nThen I follow this up with 9 sets of a Back workout (No supersets\n involved).", "\n\nPersonally, I love this routine because I get a good chest pump and my triceps and shoulders engage a lot as well (Probably exhausted to failure after the last set of the chest workout). ", "However, my question is, would supersets be efficient as compared to doing all these exercises in isolation when the underlying goal is to gain size?", "\n\nA:\n\nConsidering your goals to increase size, supersets are not as efficient in comparison to doing these exercises in isolation. ", "During the execution of a superset, each previous set makes significant in-roads into your ability to perform the next set in sequence as optimally as without. ", "Given all other things being equal, the increase in the cross-sectional size of a muscle is proportional to the increase in its ability to resist more weight. ", "If you were to split the proposed superset exercises across multiple days, your ability to lift more weight on all the exercises would increase significantly, allowing for greater levels of hypertrophy.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the difference between this two classic expected value problems?", "\n\nI was weak at probability / statistic related stuff and was trying to learn the basics online.", "\nSomehow I came across two similar problems, which I thought both can be solved with the same concept (and should have same answer) but turns out it is not.", "\n\nThe first question is: Expected Value of Flips Until HT Consecutively\nAs @Aditya's answer shown, the answer to this question is 4.", "\n\nThe second question is as followed:\n\nWhen flipping a fair coin repeatedly, what is the expected value of\n the number of trials needed to get two tails in a row?", "\n\nAnd the solution I know is\nLet $E_n$ be the expected # of flips to have $n$ tails in a row.", "\nThen $$E_n = \\frac{1}{2}(E_{n-1} + 1) + \\frac{1}{2}(E_{n-1} + 1 + E_n)$$\nwhich implies $$E_n = 2E_{n-1} + 2$$\nBy the fact that $$E_1 = 2$$ We can conclude that the answer is $$E_2 = 2*2+2 = 6$$\n\nI think I am confused but what exactly is the difference between this two questions? ", "\nIn other words, why can't I use the same method for the first question for finding $E_{HT}$ to find $E_{TT}$ (vice versa)? ", "Similarly, does that mean that $E_{HT}, E_{TT}, E_{HH}, E_{TH}$ are having different values? (", "Intuitively I thought they are the same...)\n\nA:\n\nThe situation in which they are the same is slightly different from the situation you are considering. ", "They would be the same if you did the following: flip two coins. ", "If you got HT (resp. ", "TT), stop and count the number of times you've done the experiment. ", "Otherwise repeat. ", "That's because for (ordered) pairs of flips, HT and TT are equally likely. ", "Notice that in this scenario the total number of trials is on average $4$, so the total number of flips is on average $8$.\nBut you're not doing that. ", "You're flipping coins one at a time and keeping track of the whole sequence so far. ", "This changes matters. ", "Specifically, if you are waiting for HT, once you have gotten an H, you are only waiting for the next T, because flipping another H just returns you back to waiting for a T. By contrast, if you are waiting for TT, once you have gotten a T, getting an H causes you to have to wait for an entire TT sequence again.", "\nYou might think about this in terms of a Markov chain with a transition diagram. ", "In the HT case, we can take our states to be \"just had a head\", \"just had a tails\", and \"done\", in which case the transition matrix looks like:\n$$P_{HT}=\\begin{bmatrix} 1/2 & 0 & 1/2 \\\\ 1/2 & 1/2 & 0 \\\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\end{bmatrix}$$\nand the expected number of flips is $1$ plus the expected time to hit state $3$ under the initial distribution $\\begin{bmatrix} 1/2 & 1/2 & 0 \\end{bmatrix}$. \nIn the TT case we instead have:\n$$\\begin{bmatrix} 1/2 & 1/2 & 0 \\\\ 1/2 & 0 & 1/2 \\\\ 0 & 0 & 1 \\end{bmatrix}$$\nand again the expected number of flips is $1$ plus the expected time to hit state $3$ under the initial distribution $\\begin{bmatrix} 1/2 & 1/2 & 0 \\end{bmatrix}$. Try drawing these transition diagrams to get a feel for what's going on. ", " \n\n" ]

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[ "This linebacker is hoping to land a Hurricane scholarship offer. ", "And, if things go the way he hopes, his tape of the first few games this season will let him do that. ", "And he plans to be a Cane if that happens." ]

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[ "Hi,\nMy name is Carlos and I'm trying to get familiar with linux. ", "I decided that I wanted to try ubuntu since my friend had and recommended it to me. ", "I tried to install it in a dell xps, everything goes smooth until is time to finish the user information step. ", "When the install get there, and I type the information, it doesn't let me go forward. ", "I thought it was the iso, so I downloaded it again and burned it again, but the problem persist. ", "If anyone have had this issue before and can shed some light into it, don't hesitate in reply.", "\n\nHippytaff\n\nApril 5th, 2011, 01:20 PM\n\nAre you using capitals or oher characters ($% etc). ", "linux doesn't like capitals for usernames as far as I am aware." ]

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[ "Days of our Lives Daily Recaps: Everything that happened on DAYS in 1996\n\nDAYS summaries from 1996\n\nOther soap recaps for the year 1996\n\nThe Daily Recaps Archive offers fans a chance to relive favorite moments or research DAYS's past. ", "More than two decades' worth of recaps are archived for your convenience.", "\n\nThe DAYS Daily Recaps Archive offers you day-to-day summaries of Days of our Lives beginning in 1996 and continuing through to the current week. ", "To view any of the daily recaps here, simply locate the week that you want to review. ", "There you will see that a brief summary of that week's action has been included for your reference. ", "When you find a week of recaps that you want to read up on, simply click on the appropriate link located under that week's summary. ", "By doing this you will have access to the complete Monday through Friday daily recaps for that week, just as they were posted on Soap Central during that week.", "\n\nAs our archives have grown, we've created one page per calendar year. ", "To access any of the recaps from 1996 through the present calendar year, please click on the corresponding link in the Recaps Quick View to quickly skip ahead to a particular month and year of recaps.", "\n\nPeter and Stefano left Salem. ", "Jack almost caught them. ", "Both Peter and Stefano vowed to return for the women that they loved. ", "Laura was found on a bench in the park on Christmas Day. ", "Kristen worried about whether Laura would remember anything. ", "The Hortons hung their ornaments and sang carols. ", "Everyone in Salem put their problems aside for Christmas. ", "Laura called out Kristen's name. ", "Hope overheard Bo remembering the second date with Billie. ", "Jill did not identify her attacker in a lineup. ", "Kristen questioned John's love for her. ", "John and Kristen planned to elope. ", "Jack decided to plead guilty at his trial. ", "Yet again, Sami tried to break up Carrie and Austin by stealing his car. ", "She got into an accident." ]

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[ "Ballast Point\n\nBallast Point may refer to:\n\nPlaces\n\nAustralia\n Ballast Point (New South Wales), a point in the suburb of Birchgrove in Sydney\n Ballast Point Park (New South Wales), a park in the suburb of Birchgrove in Sydney\n\nUnited States\n Ballast Point Light, a lighthouse situated on Ballast Point, on Point Loma in San Diego Bay, California\n Ballast Point (Tampa), a neighborhood in the city of Tampa, Florida\n Ballast Point Park, a park in the neighborhood of Ballast Point in the city of Tampa, Florida\n\nOther\nBallast Point Brewing Company, American brewery founded in San Diego, California" ]

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[ "Elephant King\n\nElephant King is a 2012 album by Trace Bundy. ", " This 2-disc set includes a full-length studio CD and a full-feature live DVD.", "\n\nCritical reception\nDave Kirby of the Boulder Weekly said: \"What becomes obvious is that, for a guy who has mastered the fiendish intricacies of multi-voiced fingerstyle guitar, the center of the universe is still melody.\" ", "\n\nKelly Tasker of Grateful Web reviewed the album and had this to say: \"This is Bundy's most diverse and complex effort to date, and he accomplishes it all with finesse and a playful spirit that shines through on every track.\"", "\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\nTrace Bundy - Guitars - Tracks 1-11\nAubrea Alford - violinist - Tracks 3 and 11\nBrian McRae - Percussion - Tracks 3,5,9\nDave Wilton - Synthesizer [Moog on an iPhone], and electric guitar, piano and Glockenspiel - Tracks 4,6,10,11\nLatifah Phillips - Cello - Track 6\nRenee Swick - Clarinet - Track 6\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Trace Bundy web site\nOfficial Myspace profile\n\nCategory:Trace Bundy albums\nCategory:2012 albums" ]

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[ "It doesn’t take long to figure out which part of the world Gio Gonzalez calls home. ", "The answer is obvious when the Washington Nationals pitcher wears his black snapback cap with HIALEAH spelled out in black block letters. ", "It is gleaned, too, from his walk-up music at Nationals Park, which currently is a snippet of a Pitbull song called “Greenlight” featuring Flo Rida and LunchMoney Lewis. ", "All three are Miamians. ", "There are references to the 305 — the Miami area code — throughout. ", "Gonzalez is Miami-Dade County through and through.", "\n\nBut as the son of a mother born in Havana and a first-generation Cuban father from New Jersey, his identity is a bit more complicated.", "\n\n“If I talk to a Latin ballplayer, I’m Cuban,” Gonzalez said. “", "And if I talk to an American guy, I’m American. ", "No matter what. ", "You’re never going to win in that argument. ", "It’s never a win-win situation.”", "\n\nThis is National Hispanic Heritage Month, a period that runs from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15, and Major League Baseball is recognizing it with a campaign it’s calling “Ponle Acento,” meaning “put an accent on it.” ", "Of the league’s 30 teams, 23 are hosting Hispanic Heritage games, including the Nationals’ game against the Arizona Diamondbacks on Wednesday.", "\n\n[Mariners suspend catcher for remainder of season over nasty tweets]\n\nSaid Manny Machado of his heritage: ‘I love this country. ", "I love everything about it. ", "But, you know what? ", "I’m Dominican. ", "You get the best of both worlds, and it’s a privilege, honestly.’ (", "Mitchell Layton/Getty Images)\n\nThe effort is to celebrate “the many ways that MLB clubs and Latino players impact the game on the field and in the Latino community,” the league said. ", "According to MLB, 214 players on Opening Day rosters this season identified as Hispanic/Latino (28.53 percent). ", "Players from Latin American nations comprise the vast majority, but included in the calculation is a growing population of American players who likewise identify as Latino, reflective of the American population at-large.", "\n\nThey are the sons and grandsons of people who left Latin America for the United States, and they are players who navigate between two universes, inside and outside of the clubhouse.", "\n\n“I’m American-born,” said Baltimore Orioles third baseman Manny Machado, a Miami native and son of Dominican immigrants. “", "I love this country. ", "I love everything about it. ", "But, you know what? ", "I’m Dominican. ", "You get the best of both worlds, and it’s a privilege, honestly.”", "\n\n[129 at-bats, 0 RBI: The historic frustration of the O’s Caleb Joseph]\n\nNot every Latino is the same. ", "Different countries have different cultures and dialects. ", "Countries contain more layers of differences within. ", "Latin Americans, so often grouped together, are vastly diverse, too, beyond country of origin. ", "Some speak Spanish fluently. ", "Some prefer Spanglish. ", "Some do only English. ", "Some have a deeper connection to their roots than others. ", "The diversity is evident in baseball clubhouses.", "\n\nNationals reliever Rafael Martin was born in California but spent parts of his childhood, until the seventh grade, in Mexico. ", "He’s fluent in English and Spanish and easily flows between conversations in both. ", "He catches up on telenovelas with his mother during the offseason, and he listens to two genres of music: banda, a type of traditional Mexican music, and country. ", "Before he became a professional baseball player, the only Latinos he had ever interacted with were Mexican.", "\n\n“At first, it’s interesting,” Martin said. “", "Weird sometimes. ", "Especially like [how] other countries use different words in Spanish. ", "I find it very interesting, the way people come up in different countries, different styles.”", "\n\n[Nats’ Melancon admits it’s strange being back in Pittsburgh]\n\nGonzalez grew up in Hialeah around Latinos, mostly Cubans, hearing Spanish constantly. ", "His grandparents spoke the language exclusively. ", "But Spanish wasn’t prevalent in his household, and that’s what he told the group of Latinos on the 2004 Bristol White Sox, his first professional team, who gravitated toward him because of his last name and were puzzled when Gonzalez was reluctant to use Spanish.", "\n\n“It was funny,” Gonzalez said. “", "I told them the only time I was spoken to in Spanish either was when I was in trouble from Mom or Dad or when I stayed at my grandparents’ house.”", "\n\nA 12-year crash course later, Gonzalez, 31, says his Spanish has vastly improved. ", "With the language skills and cultural connection comes additional duty.", "\n\n“I always wanted to make it a point to speak to Latin ballplayers in Spanish,” Gonzalez said. “", "Let them know I understand and I can help them out in any way.”", "\n\nAs the son of Hall of Famer Tony Perez, Eduardo Perez was born in Cincinnati, grew up in major league clubhouses and split his childhood between the continental United States and Puerto Rico. ", "He attended high school in Puerto Rico then college at Florida State before the California Angels drafted him in the first round in 1991. ", "He realized his unique background immediately.", "\n\nPerez said he bought 50 $1 Whoppers from Burger King for his Latino teammates every day in spring training with the Angels one year. ", "He lost count of the times he served as an interpreter during eye exams. ", "He gave financial advice to Latinos and explained cultural differences.", "\n\n“A lot of players have been cut short not understanding the culture on both sides,” said Perez, now an ESPN analyst. “", "That is something that has to be improved on. ", "And that’s where sometimes I’d come in and help.”", "\n\nWhile major league teams are now required to have a Spanish-language translator and minor league coaching staffs are increasingly diverse, bilingual players still serve as intermediaries. ", "Nationals minor league pitcher Ronald Peña was born in Florida to Dominican immigrants. ", "His family has cooked Dominican dishes for teammates, and, as he’s often the only Spanish-speaking player on his team with a car, Latino teammates feel comfortable asking him for rides.", "\n\n“It’s kind of like being the middleman,” said Peña, 25, who roomed with Nationals catcher Pedro Severino for two years. “", "It’s something I take pride in, being able to help those guys out with whatever was needed.”", "\n\nPeña said he identifies as Dominican, even though his time spent in the Dominican Republic growing up was limited to a couple weeks every year or two. ", "Machado does, too, and he announced earlier this year that he will play for the Dominican Republic in the World Baseball Classic next spring. ", "In 2006, Alex Rodriguez, also raised in Miami by Dominican parents, initially announced he was going to play for the Dominican Republic before changing his mind and playing for the U.S. team. ", "The decision was heavily criticized in the Dominican Republic. ", "Two years later, Rodriguez committed to the Dominican team, but an injury forced him to withdraw from the next year’s competition.", "\n\n“It’s tough,” Machado, 24, said. “", "I’ve played for Team USA already. ", "I played here, but I think it’s a little more than that. ", "I think it goes more to pride and more to what my family wants and what they would love. ", "They’ve always wanted to see me play in those Dominican colors and represent their country.”", "\n\nIcy political relations between the United States and Cuba don’t give Cuban-Americans the option to play for Cuba, and Gonzalez played for the U.S. team in the 2013 tournament.", "\n\n“You want to kind of represent where you’re from,” Gonzalez said. “", "Obviously I was born in Hialeah, Florida, and I’m American, but I also have Latin roots, so it’s a nice thing to put that badge on your chest. . . . ", "I wish there was something like a Cuban-American team. ", "It would be a pretty interesting group. ", "A big group.”" ]

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[ "On the incidence of third head of biceps brachii in Turkish neonates and adults.", "\nThe occurrence of a third head of the biceps brachii has been reported in several articles. ", "The aim of this study is to determine on the incidence of the third head of biceps brachii in Turkish neonates and adults, and to compare it with other studies. ", "Also the functional and phylogenetic importance of the third head was described here. ", "The third head was studied in 160 arms of 60 (45 males, 15 females) neonatal and 20 (13 males, 7 females) adult cadavers and was found in 24 (15%) specimens. ", "It had the three different origins and frequently arose from the anterior surface of the humerus and distal to the insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle. ", "In all cases, the third head inserted into the conjoined tendon of biceps brachii and received its nerve supply from the musculocutaneous nerve. ", "In our study the rate of the third head was different than those for most other published series and that the difference are possibly caused by evolutionary and/or racial trends in different studied populations. ", "We believe that the third head of biceps brachii muscle is not a relatively rare variant. ", "The knowledge of such variations may become significant in preoperative diagnosis and during surgery." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The double-stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase, PKR, is one of several proteins induced by interferon and plays a pivotal role in the cellular antiviral response. ", "PKR has also been implicated in other cellular processes including transformation, differentiation and apoptosis. ", "There are also structural and functional connections between PKR and the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. ", "PKR is synthesized in a latent state and is activated upon binding to dsRNA to undergo autophosphorylation reactions that activate the kinase. ", "In turn, activated PKR phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2a, resulting in the inhibition of protein synthesis in virally-infected cells. ", "The importance of this antiviral pathway is highlighted by the diverse mechanisms that viruses have evolved to combat PKR. ", "The broad objective of our research program is to define the molecular mechanisms for activation and inhibition of PKR. ", "We will define the stoichiometries, affinities and free-energy coupling that govern formation of macromolecular complexes that regulate PKR activity using quantitative biophysical and structural methods. ", "We will determine how NS5A from hepatitis C virus and NS1 from influenza virus interact with PKR to evade the antiviral pathway. ", "Mutations in these proteins that affect virulence or confer interferon resistance will be correlated with PKR binding and inhibition. ", "We will determine how short, heparin oligosaccharides function as PKR activators. ", "Microarrays of synthetic oligosaccharides will be screened and structure-activity relationships will be generated to define novel small-molecule activators of PKR. ", "These studies will provide the foundation for the design of therapeutic agents that target PKR for the treatment of viral infections and cancer." ]

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[ "The present invention relates generally to the removal of impurities contained in fluidic streams. ", "More specifically, the invention relates to adsorbents for the removal of water and/or other oxygen-containing impurities from fluid streams comprising ammonia and methods for making and using same.", "\nUltra-high purity (UHP) ammonia (NH3) is widely used in a variety of different applications. ", "For example, UHP ammonia may be used in the semiconductor industry for forming silicon nitride barrier layers in integrated circuits (IC). ", "It is believed that the silicon nitride layers prevent metal migration during IC processing. ", "Further, UHP ammonia is needed for manufacturing metal nitrides, such as gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, and indium nitride, that are used in light emitting diodes (LED) and laser diodes. ", "These metal nitrides have the ability to emit light over a wide-spectral range. ", "With the blue light capability, manufacturers of LEDs are now able to make these devices in any color of the spectrum. ", "Furthermore, laser diodes are key components of optical storage media, see, e.g., P. Kung and M. Razeghi, Opto-electronics Review, 8(3) 201-239 (2000).", "\nThe electrical properties of devices such as IC devices and LEDs are very dependent on the impurity level in the nitride layers, which, in turn, is directly related to the purity of source ammonia used in manufacturing. ", "Therefore, a purification system is normally required to remove impurities in ammonia. ", "This purification is often done by passing a stream of gaseous or liquid ammonia through a purifier. ", "One major target of the purifier is oxygen-containing impurities. ", "Trace levels of oxygen-containing impurities in ammonia, such as water (H2O), oxygen (O2), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2), can adversely affect production yields during the manufacture of semiconductor or other electronics devices as well as the end-product performance.", "\nAmong the oxygen-containing impurities, water may be the most challenging to remove. ", "Water has a high affinity for ammonia due to its similar physical and chemical properties, e.g. molecular size and hydrogen bonding. ", "For the manufacturing of semiconductor or other electronic devices, ammonia having water concentration at the ppm level is considered unacceptable. ", "To ensure satisfactory performance of the manufactured device, the water content in the ammonia must be reduced to the ppb level, i.e., less than 100 ppb or below. ", "Current drying methods and materials may have certain limitations when removing water and other oxygen-containing species down to the ppb level.", "\nAmmonia has been traditionally supplied as a cylinder gas because the consumption rate of ammonia in these processes has been relatively low. ", "Recently, however, the rapid growth in the LED market has increased the usage of ammonia thereby making it uneconomical to supply or use ammonia in this manner. ", "Subsequently, the electronics industry is moving to “bulk supply” systems in which large storage vessels are used to supply ammonia. ", "Using these systems, it would be more preferable to purify the ammonia at the storage vessel. ", "This places new demands on the ammonia purification system. ", "In this connection, the purifier must be capable of handling and purifying ammonia at relatively higher flow rates. ", "Further, it is desirable for purifiers of bulk supply systems to have a longer useful life than point of use purifiers.", "\nBulk supply purification systems for removal of impurities from ammonia typically involve a purification bed containing sorbent media, scavengers, or adsorbents. ", "These purification beds tend to be relatively large and the adsorbents contained therein are comparatively expensive. ", "In order to reduce the operating costs and size of the system as well improve separation efficiency, it is desirable that the adsorbent satisfy one or more of the following criteria. ", "First, the adsorbent should have relatively fast sorption kinetics since the efficiency of a purifier is directly related to the rate of sorption of the impurity on the media. ", "Faster sorption rates may allow for smaller sorption beds thereby increasing the purification efficiency at a lower cost. ", "Second, the adsorbent should have relatively high sorption capacity since the size of the purifier is directly related to the sorption capacity of the adsorbent. ", "Adsorbents with high capacity are thus required to reduce the overall purifier size and cost. ", "In addition, a relatively high adsorption capacity at the water partial pressure range of interest, up to 6.65×10−3 torr, is necessary to reduce the impurity levels of ammonia to the ppb level. ", "Third, the adsorbent should be stable in ammonia to prevent the formation of gaseous or volatile by-products generated during purification. ", "Fourth, the adsorbent should be nonvolatile at the temperatures needed for purification. ", "Lastly, the adsorbent is preferred to be regenerable.", "\nThere are a number of physical and chemical adsorption methods in the prior art for removing water and other oxygen-containing impurities from ammonia. ", "One chemical adsorption method to remove water from ammonia involves metal oxide adsorbents. ", "For example, Japanese Patent 97142833 discloses removal of water from ammonia by contacting the gas with an adsorbent comprising BaO, or a mixture containing BaO as the major compound, whereby water is removed through a chemical reaction with the metal oxide. ", "Because the major mass transfer limitation may be through the reaction product, this approach may suffer from low adsorption kinetics.", "\nAnother chemical adsorption method is described in EPs 0484301 B1 and 0470 936 B1. ", "These patents describe the use of hydrogenated getter metal alloys comprised of varying amounts of zirconium (Zr), vanadium (V) and iron (Fe) with a preferred composition of 70% Zr, 24.6% V, and 5.4% Fe. ", "These hydrogenated getter metal alloy adsorbents are impractical for bulk purification of ammonia for several reasons. ", "The preparation of these alloys involves multiple steps prior to use: the alloys need to be activated by heating to elevated temperatures of around 350° C. in a reducing gas stream and the alloys need to hydrogenated, or treated in a stream of hydrogen. ", "Further, the alloys may require an operating temperature of over 100° C. to work properly.", "\nYet another chemical adsorbent method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,241,955. ", "The '955 patent discloses an adsorbent that is a reduced metal oxide, solid substrate having a surface area of 100 m2/g or larger. ", "An oxide, such as manganese or molybdenum oxides, is partially reduced in H2 or another agent to produce active sorption sites. ", "It is believed that the gaseous contaminants are removed by a combination of reaction with metal active sites and adsorption on the substrate surface.", "\nA still further example of a chemical adsorption method is disclosed in European patent application EP 1,176,120. ", "The '120 application describes removing water and other impurities from ammonia by contacting the ammonia with an adsorbent having manganese oxide and/or nickel oxide as an active ingredient on a porous support. ", "The adsorbent is prepared by reduction in hydrogen of the metal oxide at temperatures greater than 500° C. for manganese and up to 350° C. for nickel. ", "The ammonia may further be passed through a bed of synthetic zeolite.", "\nFurther examples of prior art, chemical adsorbents consist of a scavenger deposited on an organic support. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,761,395 discloses metallic carbanion or anion scavengers on an organometallic support. ", "The active scavenger sites are formed by the reaction between a protonated carbanion and an organic deprotonating agent. ", "A major concern of using this approach is the possibility of releasing hydrocarbon impurities to the purified gas stream if the organic deprotonating agent is not fully removed from the support or if the protonated carboanion is an organic material. ", "Hydrocarbon contamination, even at very low levels, may be deleterious to semiconductor devices. ", "Yet another example of a scavenger on an organic support is found in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,531,971. ", "The '971 patent discloses a pyrolyzed metal scavenger deposited on a polymeric or macroreticulate polymer support. ", "The pyrolyzed metals are selected from Group IA of the Periodic Table. ", "One potential problem with this approach is that the scavenger may release metal particles into the purified gas stream. ", "Further, the reaction between free alkyl metal and water may release gaseous H2. ", "The introduction of new impurities from either of the adsorbents described in the '395 or '971 patents, namely hydrocarbons, metal particles, and gaseous H2, is unacceptable in the manufacturing of semiconductor, LED, or other electronic devices.", "\nFurther examples of prior art chemical adsorption methods involve scavengers deposited on an inorganic support. ", "In this connection, published application WO 00/23174 describes a scavenger that comprises an active agent on an inorganic support such as a zeolite, alumina, or silica material. ", "The active agent is formed by pyrolysis of an adsorbed hydride at an elevated temperature. ", "Because of the limited number of function groups on the surface of an inorganic support and the unfavorable pyrolysis reaction, the amount of active sites may be limited.", "\nA still further example of a prior art adsorption method is the use of CaSO4 by itself to remove water from ammonia. ", "One drawback to this approach is the low achievable water adsorption efficiency due to its limited surface area.", "\nThe aforementioned chemical adsorption methods are typically not regenerable because the reaction between the active phase of the scavenger and water is almost irreversible. ", "To remedy this, physical adsorption on molecular sieves may be used to remove water from ammonia. ", "This method, however, may be inefficient because of the thermodynamic properties of ammonia and water. ", "Since their thermodynamic properties are similar, ammonia and water may compete for the adsorption sites on the material.", "\nAccordingly, there is a need in the art to provide new adsorbents to purify ammonia to the ppb level. ", "There is a need in the art to provide regenerable adsorbents that have a relatively high sorption capacity and relatively faster sorption kinetic. ", "There is also a need in the art to provide adsorbents that operate effectively at ambient temperatures. ", "Further, there is a need in the art for adsorbents that can avoid the introduction of additional contaminants into ammonia during the purification process. ", "Moreover, there is a need in the art for processes for making adsorbents that require fewer process steps to manufacture and have lower activation temperatures.", "\nAll references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety." ]

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[ "American Fugitive - Driving & Action - PC Gameplay\n\nThis is some gameplay of American Fugitive on the PC. ", "It is an action open-world game. ", "It is similar to the GTA games or old-school GTA games. ", "It is played in an isometric view. ", "You can drive cars, shoot, fight, and sneak around throughout the game world." ]

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[ "Influence of sampling strategies on the estimated nitrous oxide emission from wastewater treatment plants.", "\nIn the last few years, the emission of nitrous oxide from wastewater treatment plants has become a topic of increased interest, given its considerable impact on the overall climate footprint of wastewater treatment plants. ", "Various sampling strategies to estimate nitrous oxide emission from wastewater treatment plants have been applied in different studies. ", "The present study addresses the influence of sampling strategies on the estimated emission by analysing the variability of an extensive dataset of nitrous oxide emissions resulting from a long-term online monitoring campaign at a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant. ", "It is shown that short-term sampling is inadequate to accurately estimate the average nitrous oxide emissions from a particular wastewater treatment plant, while online monitoring is indispensable to capture the short-term variability (diurnal dynamics)." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Optimal medical therapy for coronary artery disease in 2011 - perspectives from the STICH Trial.", "\nMedical, percutaneous interventional, and surgical treatments for the management of coronary heart disease have progressed markedly during the past decade. ", "There is evidence to suggest that for patients with stable coronary heart disease optimal medical therapy is equal in effectiveness for lowering the risk of major cardiovascular events, such as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, as are revascularization procedures, such as coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention. ", "The landmark Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial found no significant difference between medical therapy alone and medical therapy plus coronary artery bypass grafting with respect to the primary end point of death from any cause (all-cause mortality). ", "However, secondary outcomes showed fewer deaths from cardiovascular causes in the surgical group versus the medical group. ", "Medical therapy has improved over time, as have surgical techniques including myocardial preservation, and both approaches have their place, especially since chest pain relief and quality of life may benefit more in some cases by revascularization. ", "Certainly, coronary artery bypass grafting has general acceptance for three-vessel coronary heart disease, and percutaneous coronary artery intervention is the standard of care for the involved artery in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction when the intervention can be accomplished rapidly. ", "Medical management includes lifestyle changes that benefit coronary heart disease, drug therapy to improve prognosis, and drug therapy to improve symptoms. ", "The key to clinical management is the selection of the procedure and/or medical management strategy that is in the best interest of the individual cardiovascular patient. ", "In addition, discussing with patients their options and considering what best fits their wishes is especially critical when there is no clear-cut best strategy. ", "Continued collaboration between cardiologists concentrating on medical approaches with interventionists and cardiac surgeons (heart team approach) is essential for optimal management for each individual patient." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Directional characteristics of the acoustic receiver of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens): a study of eighth nerve auditory responses.", "\nThe directional characteristics of the peripheral auditory system were assessed from studying the effects of sound direction on the responses of single auditory fibers in the eighth nerve of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). ", "Two types of directional response characteristics were observed which are correlated with the best excitatory frequency of the afferent fiber. ", "Low-frequency sensitive neurons possessed V-shaped directional-response curves with a null at the frontal sound field. ", "High-frequency sensitive neurons, on the other hand, showed a strong response to sound coming from the ipsilateral field with a progressively weaker response as the sound source was rotated to the frontal and contralateral field. ", "Two directional cues were revealed: pressure variation at the eardrum and the directionality of the acoustic receiver system. ", "The relative weight contributed by each factor also varies with frequency." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "This application is in response to RFA-NS-13-003, NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research Grand Challenge: Discovering Novel Drugs for Disorders of the Nervous System (U01). ", "Orexin- A (OXA) and orexin-B (OXB), also known as hypocretin-1 and hypocretin-2, are lateral hypothalamic (LH) neuropeptides that stimulate orexin-1 (OX1) and orexin-2 (OX2) receptors. ", "Recently, our laboratory and others have generated compelling evidence that OXA peptide, acting through OX1 receptors, regulates the stimulatory effects of nicotine on brain reward systems and thereby controls nicotine self-administration behavior in rats and mice. ", "In addition, OX1 receptors regulate the relapse-like reinstatement of extinguished drug-seeking responses in abstinent rats and mice. ", "Indeed, the development of OX1 receptor antagonists that are safe for use in humans is considered perhaps the most promising approach to developing novel therapeutic agents for tobacco dependence and other substance abuse disorders in humans. ", "We aim to facilitate the design, synthesis and testing in relevant preclinical models, of novel OX1 receptor antagonists through the Blueprint Neurotherapeutics Network. ", "We have identified novel chemical scaffolds that are yielding selective OX1 receptor antagonists that should be suitable for development through the Blueprint Network. ", "We have developed robust cell-based assays to reliably OX1 receptor antagonist actions (and appropriate counterscreens). ", "In addition, we have established the most relevant animal model of nicotine addiction currently available, the intravenous nicotine self-administration procedure, in mice. ", "We can now assess the effects of novel OX1 receptor antagonists on nicotine reinforcement in wildtype mice to determine if the compounds demonstrate in vivo efficacy. ", "Also, the effects of novel OX1 receptor antagonists on responding for nicotine in OX1 receptor knockout mice can be assessed, thereby determining if the compounds are behaviorally selective. ", "This exciting drug development program capitalizes on the unique capabilities of Blueprint Neurotherapeutics Network. ", "It will leverage our progress to date in identifying novel chemical scaffolds and take advantage of our highly relevant in vitro and in vivo assays. ", "Hence, this program promises to yield OX1 receptor antagonists as novel therapeutic for smoking cessation." ]

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[ "Stay Connected\n\nJoin our email list to receive exclusive email offers from our hotel.", "\n\nEnjoy Restaurants in Chandler, AZ\n\nDiscover A Plate For Every Palate\n\nNestled south of 202 and just minutes from the Sun Lakes Community, Holiday Inn Phoenix-Chandler offers a comfortable resting place for business executives, families and couples alike. ", "Although each of our over-sized guestrooms are outfitted with a mini-fridge, microwave and coffee station, providing the modern comforts of home, our onsite Chandler restaurant provides guests with some of the best dining in Chandler, AZ without even having to leave our property. ", "Whether you're rushing to a meeting with colleagues in the Price Corridor or are exploring a day full of fun at Snedigar Sportsplex, Bank One Ball Park or the Chandler Fashion Center with your family, both Spoke Cafe and The Handle Bar offer flavorful dishes for whatever adventures your travel will entail.", "\n\nMenus\n\nNo trip to the Phoenix area is complete without a visit to nearby restaurants in Chandler, AZ where you can enjoy delectable tastes from worldly cuisine. ", "So whether your tastes take you abroad or are more traditional in nature, there are endless dining options for nearly every occasion. ", "Be sure to check out the following sought-after restaurants:" ]

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[ "Glowcap Mushrooms\n\nDescription\n\nI've seen your kind use shiny round pieces of metal to trade for things that you need. ", "We're not so different from you. ", "We use shiny round mushrooms as our currency.", "\n\nGlowcap mushrooms grow everywhere in the marsh, you just have to know how to pick them from the ground without wrecking them. ", "I'll teach you how to do it, if you promise to bring us some for our reserves. ", "What do you say, <name>?", "\n\nComment by BillTell\n\nComment by zacke10\n\nComment by ll4m4\n\nWhat many people don't know about mining/herbalism/gathering, is that nodes spawn in specific places. ", "I have a mod called gatherer, it tells me exactly where I've gathered one of my last ores/plants/gathering material.", "\n\nI recently went back today to grab some, and noticed that they were all in the same place I had gathered last time. ", "Here are some coordinates, watch out, only a certain amount can be spawned in the region at a time. ", "These should mostly work though.", "\n\n37,32 37,43 37,37 37,46 36,47 35,49 27,50 27,52\n\nGlowcap mushrooms are MAINLY, about 90% on the left side of Zangarmarsh.", "\n\nThese do grow in areas, and are very small, so you have to look in the entire area when going to the coordinate.", "\n\nComment by peterpaulbuchner\n\nComment by Sithius\n\nComment by Pixiez\n\nI turned in the first 10 and I can't take this quest. ", "I am friendly with them and i'm level 62.", "\n\nComment by Eric6879\n\n40, 35 and surrounding area, you'll find about 5 Glowcap Mushrooms. ", "Lvl 62 Bogflare Needler's are the only mobs in the area.", "\n\nComment by mctrustry\n\nA good crop of 'shrooms are available from about 30,35 down to 34,38 and over to about 38,31. ", "Any herbalists can take advantage of the plethora (a whole buncha) ragveil in the area too. ", "Lvl 64 Rogue, I easily picked up 30 and killed ogres when I could be bothered!", "\n\nComment by Arorndulia\n\nFor advice there are alot of mushrooms at the ango'rosh ogres. ", "Alot easier to find them there.", "\n\nComment by Kirestin\n\nThis quest is easiest if you also have the quests Wanted Boss Grog'ak and Familiar Fungi. ", "This is where I had the best luck finding these shiny mushrooms. ", "The Ogre's are levels 62 and 63 .", "\n\nComment by Vanquisher\n\nAnyone know if this counts as an achievement as part of the number of quests completed?", "\n\nComment by TheMardraum\n\nThis quest needs to be fixed. ", "Only being able to attain the starter at neutral turned out to be a pain for me, as I did the two quests at neut in the spawning glen, and those along with killing giants popped me friendly before I had a chance to grab it\n\nComment by ogdhbobo\n\nalso used as money in Sporregar\n\nComment by Frungi\n\nSometimes I just don’t understand the logic behind quests…I’ll teach you how to pick glowcap mushrooms without wrecking them, but GO WRECK SOME FIRST. ", "Because we’re running low on wrecked mushrooms.", "\n\nComment by keaa\n\nI had a very hard time finding the mushrooms. ", "I went and tried Ango'rosh, and I couldnt find any, on my way back to Sporeggar, I went and gave Marshlight Lake a try. ", "Had a lot of luck with that. ", "Finished in about 15 minutes. :)", "\n\nComment by scorpio0679\n\nOk so you need to know what they look like. ", "I was looking for shiny white mushrooms, for some reason. ", "The glowcap actually has a bright orange cap on it, looks kinda like a mini furnace. ", "When you hover the mouse over it, it comes up with one of the gear wheels same as if you were harvesting herbs. ", "however, these do not sparkle so makes it a little more challenging to know what you are looking for.", "\n\ntook me a while because i didn't know what i was looking for but now that i found one, all of a sudden they are everywhere lol.", "\n\nComment by 3ICE\n\nThere is a way to get this quest past friendly if you forgot to take it while you could.", "\n\nKill Sporeggar Spawns for -15 rep each, or hell, massacre the entire Sporeggar village, and you will be back to neutral very fast. (\"", "At War\" is a great tool.)", "\n\nSure you then have to grind your rep back up again, and it is going to take a few hours even with Sanguine Hibiscus being so easy to farm, but to completionists, one quest is worth all this trouble.", "\n\nMe, I just set carbonite to ignore the quest (fake completed) and moved on. ", "Already got for loremaster.", "\n\nComment by jadea864\n\nThank god I read this, I was going crazy trying to find the Glowcaps! ", "They kinda look like little orange mushrooms with uplights in the tops of them. ", "Best tip is to look around for them, don't rely on the map cos I kept circling the same spot and couldn't find one until I moved a bit further away on another quest.", "\n\nComment by xennex\n\nI think I got this quest at friendly and I turned it in at honored, but I can be mistaken, maybe I got it at neutral. ", "Anyway, at honored the follow-up repeatable quest is no longer availabe.", "\n\nComment by gtadem\n\nAs of 4.3, this quest is either no longer available or not available at friendly and beyond. ", "You can now get friendly with Sporeggar simply by doing two of the four quests inside Underbog. ", "Quests you can do regardless of your rep with Sporeggar, unlike before.", "\n\nHaving viewed this lacking a 2nd time, I filled out a ticket. ", "A GM has confirmed that this quest as of 4.3 is no longer available at friendly and beyond. ", "So if you're a fan of \"buyable XP\" like me, be sure to turn in your glowcaps before going into the underbog for the first time. ", "Or just don't turn in the underbog quests until after you turn in the glowcaps quest.", "\n\nComment by Juranda\n\nUnless you are a hardcore completionist, this quest is a little counterproductive. ", "Glowcaps are used as currency with this faction and they have a companion pet, tabard, and recipies for a few different professions available. ", "Pounding through the Underbog, doing the 2 quests inside and turning in the repeatable sanguine hibiscus quest inside the instance is a much better way to gain rep, as the hibiscus continues to respawn after everything in the instance has been killed. ", "With human and guild bonus applied I got 900 rep per 5 turned in all the way to exalted.", "\n\nComment by WokkaD\n\nAll, please note : THIS QUEST HAS BEEN REMOVED FROM THE GAME\n\nAs mentioned below, the Glowcaps are the currency of Sporeggar.", "\n\nComment by mbrown27\n\nSave at least 30 of these to buy the pet from sporeggar's quartermaster Mycah.", "Save 10 more to purchase the tabard." ]

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[ "[Nutrition management for COPD].", "\nChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory reaction of the lung and of the whole body, and pulmonary cachexia often occurs during the advanced stage. ", "The effects of nutritional support upon the management of under-nutrition in COPD remain controversial. ", "However, a study of the effects of nutritional supplement therapy upon such patients with COPD has recently been published. ", "The present report comprises a review of recent articles about the nutritional support of patients with COPD, especially those with cachexia, and a discussion about the roles of nutritional supplement therapy, focusing on exercise and treatment with ghrelin and vitamin D in the management of COPD." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" xml:lang=\"zh-CN\">\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"Python script by program.think@gmail.com\" />\n<meta name=\"provider\" content=\"program-think.blogspot.com\" />\n<link type=\"text/css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../css/program-think.css\" />\n<title>分类标签：IT.翻墙 - 编程随想的博客</title>\n</head>\n\n<body>\n<div id=\"outer-wrapper\">\n<div id=\"content-wrapper\">\n\n<div id=\"main\" style=\"width:67%;\">\n<h1><a href=\"../index.html\" title=\"回到首页\">分类标签：IT.翻墙</a></h1>\n<hr>\n<div class=\"post\">\n<h3><a href=\"../2018/04/gfw-tor-browser-7.5-meek.html\">“如何翻墙”系列：扫盲 TOR Browser 7.5——关于 meek 插件的配置、优化、原理</a></h3><div class=\"post-info\" style=\"margin-bottom:30px;\"><span class=\"date-header\">2018-04-12</span><a href=\"../tags/IT.html\" class=\"tag\">IT</a> <a href=\"../tags/IT.E7BFBBE5A299.html\" class=\"tag\">IT.翻墙</a> </div><h3><a 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href='../2009/02/cxx-object-destroy-overview.html'>C++对象是怎么死的？(系列)</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/01/cxx-cross-platform-develop-0-overview.html'>C++的移植性和跨平台开发(系列)</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/03/java-performance-tuning-0-overview.html'>Java 性能优化(系列)</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/01/defect-of-java-beginner-0-overview.html'>Java 新手的通病(系列)</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>推荐帖子(职场点滴)</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href='../2015/12/Hobbies-and-Interests.html'>什么是【真正的】兴趣爱好？以及它有啥好处？</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2015/06/The-Mythical-Theories-of-Success.html'>成功学批判——简述其危害性及各种谬误</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/01/0.html'>如何成为优秀开发人员(系列)</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/11/job-hopping.html'>跳还是不跳，是一个问题？</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/09/how-to-personal-branding.html'>如何包装个人品牌？</a></li>\n</ul>\n<h2>推荐帖子(企业管理)</h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href='../2011/03/hiring-experience-0.html'>俺的招聘经验(系列)</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/04/defect-of-hire.html'>招聘的误区</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2009/03/80-20-principle-3-management-hire.html'>如何找到优秀的开发人才？</a></li>\n<li><a href='../2016/04/Andy-Grove-Quotes-on-Leadership.html'>硅谷 CEO 们的教父——分享安迪·格鲁夫的管理经验</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"widget HTML\" id=\"BlogSearch\">\n<h2 class=\"title\">博客站内搜索 (需联网)</h2>\n<div class=\"widget-content\">\n<img src=\"../images/search/google.png\" alt=\"Google\" border=\"0\"><br>\n<form method=\"GET\" action=\"https://encrypted.google.com/search\" target=\"_blank\">\n<input name=\"ie\" value=\"UTF-8\" type=\"hidden\">\n<input name=\"oe\" value=\"UTF-8\" type=\"hidden\">\n<input name=\"sitesearch\" value=\"program-think.blogspot.com\" type=\"hidden\">\n<input name=\"q\" size=\"32\" maxlength=\"128\" type=\"text\">\n<input name=\"search\" value=\"Google\" type=\"submit\">\n</form>\n<br>\n<img src=\"../images/search/bing.png\" alt=\"Bing\" border=\"0\"><br>\n<form method=\"GET\" action=\"http://www.bing.com/search\" target=\"_blank\">\n<input name=\"q1\" value=\"site:program-think.blogspot.com\" type=\"hidden\">\n<input name=\"q\" size=\"32\" maxlength=\"128\" type=\"text\">\n<input name=\"search\" value=\"Bing\" type=\"submit\">\n</form>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"widget BlogArchive\" id=\"BlogArchive\">\n<h2>历史归档</h2>\n<div class=\"widget-content\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"../archive/2018.html\">2018</a> (17)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2017.html\">2017</a> (34)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2016.html\">2016</a> (37)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2015.html\">2015</a> (61)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2014.html\">2014</a> (76)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2013.html\">2013</a> (96)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2012.html\">2012</a> (109)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2011.html\">2011</a> (58)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2010.html\">2010</a> (40)</li><li><a href=\"../archive/2009.html\">2009</a> (93)</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n\n</div> <!", "--sidebar-->\n</div> <!", "--sidebar-wrapper-->\n\n</div> <!-- ", "end content-wrapper 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[ "Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Jonathan Greenert made the decision to pull $796 million in line item funding to refuel the USS George Washington from a list of unfunded priorities the Pentagon sent to Congress, the U.S. Naval Institute reported.", "\n\nFollowing the yearly defense budget submission, the Pentagon regularly sends Congress an unfunded priorities list of items not covered in the budget proposal. ", "The idea is to give Congress an indication of where they might put any additional dollars -- should they become available.", "\n\nA specific listing of funding for long-lead items for the USS George Washington was placed on an early draft of the list and then subsequently removed, according to USNI.", "\n\nThe USNI report quotes a March 31 letter from Greenert to Congress spelling out his rationale for removing the item from the unfunded priorities list.", "\n\n\"I have not included specific funding in the [Fiscal Year] 2015 budget for the USS George Washington refueling overhaul,\" the letter states.", "\n\nThe Navy has said it would like to keep the USS George Washington in active service for another 25 years, which would keep the service’s carrier fleet at 11.", "\n\nHowever, Navy senior leaders have also said that decisions about funding the mid-life refueling and overhaul for the George Washington -- something which is necessary for the carrier to continue with another 25 years of service life -- will need to be deferred for another year.", "\n\nIf sequestration levels of spending return in 2016, as is currently the law under the Budget Control Act, then the Navy will not be able to afford the five-year, $7 billion effort needed to refuel the carrier, senior leaders have said.", "\n\nGreenert addresses these points in his letter to Congress, saying the decision about whether to refuel the carrier hinges upon the fiscal outlook in 2016 and beyond.", "\n\n\"This unfunded transcends FY 2015 -- it is a Future Year Defense Program requirement. ", "Retaining this aircraft carrier would require $7 billion across our FYDP. ", "Thus, the decision to refuel or inactivate CVN-73 is dependent upon the fiscal outlook in FY 2016 and beyond, and whether we will be forced to return to sequestration levels [of funding],\" the letter states, according to USNI.", "\n\nAccording to these and other comments from senior Navy officials, the USS George Washington will be refueled and kept in service if sequestration is avoided or ended in 2016. ", "Conversely, a return to sequestration levels of funding in 2016 means the aircraft carrier would be retired.", "\n\nKeeping the dollars for the refueling and overhaul off of the unfunded priorities list seems to make the equation or circumstance more clear, essentially suggesting that continued sequestration means no carrier.", "\n\nAt the same time, it would also appear that placing the unfunded priority dollars on the list would leave the door open for Congress to explore potential scenarios wherein funding options for the carrier could be explored within the framework of sequestration.", "\n\n-- Kris Osborn can be reached at Kris.Osborn@monster.com." ]

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[ "That Time Jeff Bridges First Told Us What It Means to Be a ‘Trim Tab’ (Podcast)\n\nMonths before Jeff Bridges told the world what it means to be a “trim tab” in his Golden Globes speech, he talked to us about the man who originated the phrase: Bucky Fuller, an architect whose innovations include the geodesic dome.", "\n\nFuller came up surprisingly quickly when the Oscar-winning actor stopped by our “Shoot This Now” podcast for a talk about his new environmental documentary “Living in the Future’s Past.” ", "You can listen on Apple or right here.", "\n\n\n\nBridges, who received the Globes’ Cecil B DeMille award on Sunday night, told us in October how Fuller, one of his heroes, introduced the metaphor of the “trim tab” to explain how small changes can force large ones. ", "Fuller noted that the rudder of a massive ship has a rudder of its own, called a “trim tab,” that moves the larger rudder, and in turn the entire ship.", "\n\n“Bucky Fuller says that this is a great metaphor for how the individual affects society — that we are all connected to other groups of people who are likeminded, want to go in that direction,” Bridges said. “", "And as a matter of fact on Bucky’s gravestone he’s carved in there ‘Call Me Trim Tab.’ ", "And that’s always been an inspiration to me.”", "\n\nBridges presented the film “Living in the Future Past,” which Susan Kucera directed. ", "The film opened a week before Bridges’ “Bad Times at the El Royal\n\nBridges tried to be a trim tab on the set of “Bad Times,” asking for a small, environmentally friendly change. ", "It turns out he didn’t need to, as he explains on the podcast.", "\n\nPauline Kael said Bridges “may be the most natural and least self-conscious screen actor who ever lived.” ", "That shines through in his chat with us, which also covers “Starman,” why birds fly the way they do, and why we may all want to re-think the kinds of straws we use.", "\n\nGreg Goodfried, head of digital talent at UTA; Eric Lehrman, head of content development and production at Wattpad; Jacqueline Parkes, CMO & EVP, Digital Studios for MTV, VH1 and Logo Group; Joe Hyrkin, CEO of Issuu, speak about \"Digital Media - Monetizing, Distribution and The Role of Stories.\"", "\n\nPhoto by Randy Shropshire\n\nGreg Goodfried, head of digital talent at United Talent Agency, leads a panel discussion on digital media.", "\n\nBeatriz Acevedo, President of Fundacion Acevedo, Jaime Davila, President of Campanario Entertainment, Daniel Batista, co-founder and president of BESE, Rick Rodriguez, COO, head of Content at Pongalo, speak on a panel at TheGrill.", "\n\nPhoto by Randy Shropshire\n\nBeatriz Acevedo, President of Fundacion Acevedo, moderates a panel discussion on \"Diversifying Entertainment Through the Latinx Lens.\"" ]

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[ "Hey! ", "There's an official Ultimate Guitar app which is ideal\nfor learning songs when you're away from computer. ", "Get the app\n\nWARNING: You are trying to view\ncontent from Ultimate-Guitar.com\nin an unauthorized application,\nwhich is prohibited.", "\nPlease use an official Ultimate\nGuitar Tabs application for iPhone,\niPad or Android to access legitimate\nchords, guitar, bass, and drum tabs\nfrom Ultimate-Guitar.com database.", "\nType \"ultimate guitar tabs\" in Apple\nApp Store's or Android Market's\nsearch to find the application.", "\n\nNO CAPO!", "\nBmCDG X2\nNa na na na na\nBmC\nTake a look around\nDG\nWho would have thought we'd all be here?", "\nBmC\nSo let's mess around\nDG\nCuz the future is unclear\nBmC\nWe got nothin' better to do\nDG\nWe're just tryin' to get through\nBmC\nCan you hear me?", "\nDG\nCan you hear me?", "\nCG\nLet the music groove you\nDG\nLet the melody move you\nCG\nFeel the beat and just let go\nDG\nGet the rhythm into your soul\nCG\nLet the music take you\nDG\nAnywhere it wants to\nCG\nWhen we're stuck and can't get free,\nDG\nNo matter what, we'll still be singing\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music\nDG\nIt's all, we got, we're gonna use it\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music\nD\nYeah\nBmC\nAll we have is now\nDG\nLet's make the most of this\nBmC\nCome on break it out\nDG\nSo everyone can hear it\nBmC\nThey don't have to understand\nDG\nBut we'll make 'em if we can\nBmC\nDo you hear me?", "\nD\nAre you with me?", "\nCG\nLet the music groove you\nDG\nLet the melody move you\nCG\nFeel the beat and just let go\nDG\nGet the rhythm into your soul\nCG\nLet the music take you\nDG\nAnywhere it wants to\nCG\nWhen we're stuck and can't get free,\nDG\nNo matter what, we'll still be singing\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music\nDG\nIt's all, we got, we're gonna use it\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music\nD\nYeah\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music\nDG\nIt's all, we go, we're gonna use it\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music (Turn up the music)\nD\nOoh\nCG\nLet the music groove you (groove you)\nDG\nLet the melody move you (oh)\nCG\nFeel the beat and just let go (just let go)\nDG\nGet the rhythm into your soul (to your soul)\nCG\nLet the music take you (take you)\nDG\nAnywhere it wants to\nCG\nWhen we're stuck and can't get free,\nDG\nNo matter what, we'll still be singing\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music\nDG\nIt's all, we go, we're gonna use it\nBmC\nFeel the beat and just let go\nDG\nGet the rhythm into your soul\nBmC\nLet the music take you\nDG\nAnywhere it wants to\nBmC\nCome on, come on, turn up the music\nD\nYeah\nLemonade Mouth website:\nhttp://lemonademouth.com/" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'Interpreting RG flows as dynamical systems in the space of couplings we produce a variety of constraints, global (topological) as well as local. ", "These constraints, in turn, rule out some of the proposed RG flows and also predict new phases and fixed points, surprisingly, even in familiar theories such as $O(N)$ model, QED$_3$, or QCD$_4$.'\nbibliography:\n- 'RGflows.bib'\ndate: 'August, 2016'\n---\n\n|\n\nł\n\n\\[section\\]\n\n=eurm10 =eurm7 =eurm5 ===\\#1[[\\#1]{}]{} =eusm10 =eusm7 =eusm5 ===\\#1[[\\#1]{}]{} =cmmib10 =’177 =cmmib7 =’177 =cmmib5 =’177 ===\\#1[[\\#1]{}]{}\n\nCALT 2016-019\n\n1.5in\n\n[****]{} 0.5cm [**Sergei Gukov$^{a,b}$**]{}\\\n.5cm $^a$\\\n$^b$\n\n.5cm\n\nMotivation {#sec:intro}\n==========\n\nSpectra and Flows\n-----------------\n\nAiming for a non-perturbative description of RG flows [@Gross:1997bc], it was proposed in [@Gukov:2015qea] to view spectra of the UV and IR theories as measuring degrees of freedom, in a way similar to the standard $C$-function [@Zamolodchikov:1986gt; @Cardy:1988cwa; @Komargodski:2011vj]. ", "Hopefully, comparing the spectra of the UV and IR theories can teach us useful lessons about RG flows and provide information not captured by the $C$-function.", "\n\nHere, “spectra” could mean several different things, and all options are interesting. ", "Thus, in the context of supersymmetric theories, it is natural to consider spectra of supersymmetric operators or states, such as chiral rings, BPS states, [*etc*]{}. ", "Even though all these candidates have been extensively studied in the past 20 years, surprisingly, the question of comparing them in the UV and the IR has not been emphasized. ", "Moreover, apart from different types of spectra, one could explore different types of relation between UV and IR objects. ", "For example, applying this philosophy to chiral rings \\_ \\_ \\[Rtheorem\\] one could ask if $\\dim \\CR_{\\text{UV}} \\le \\dim \\CR_{\\text{IR}}$ always holds or, if not, what physical consequences of violating this bound are. ", "A stronger version of such “$\\CR$-theorem” might look like $\\CR_{\\text{IR}} \\subset \\CR_{\\text{UV}}$ or a similar relation that goes beyond numbers.", "\n\nSimilarly, and staying for a moment with supersymmetric theories, the “spectrum” could refer to the spectrum of states annihilated by some supercharge $\\CQ$ modulo $\\CQ$-exact states (a.k.a. ", "BPS states) on various branches of the superconformal theory. ", "Regarded as a characteristic of the superconformal theory itself, such BPS spectrum is expected to “loose” states via a mechanism analogous to a spectral sequence [@Gukov:2015gmm]: \\^[BPS]{}\\_ \\^[BPS]{}\\_ \\[Htheorem\\] since the supersymmetry algebra and, as part of it, the supercharge $\\CQ$ are deformed upon the RG flow. ", "Here, and also in the $\\CR$-theorem , the most dramatic change is discrete and, in particular, requires flowing to the deep IR where some states / operators decouple at the very last stage. ", "There are many concrete examples of SUSY theories where the BPS spectrum is known exactly, [*e.g.*]{} many examples of two-dimensional SUSY theories with and without boundary considered in [@Gukov:2015gmm] support this form of the “$\\CH$-theorem” . ", "Pursuing this direction quickly leads to other interesting questions, such as the “flow” of walls of marginal stability that separate different chambers. ", "For example, the structure of walls and the spectra of BPS states in each chamber are known for $A_2$ and $A_3$ Argyres-Douglas theories [@Alim:2011kw]. ", "Although it points in the general direction of “loosing BPS states” along the RG flow, it would be interesting to explore more precise relations along the lines of .", "\n\nIn this paper, we consider most general non-supersymmetric RG flows, deferring the study of additional structures associated with supersymmetry to future work. ", "Typical examples of such flows — which will also be our examples here — include the RG flow in the $O(N)$ model in $d$ dimensions as well as RG flows in strongly coupled gauge theories, such as the four-dimensional QCD and three-dimensional QED (often denoted QCD$_4$ and QED$_3$, respectively).", "\n\nWithout further assumptions about supersymmetry, our options are more limited and the “spectrum” could simply stand for the spectrum of all operators (or states). ", "Since the latter is ordered by conformal dimension $\\Delta$, it is natural to aim for a finite-dimensional version that, on the one hand, could be sufficiently simple to deal with and, on the other hand, would hopefully capture interesting information about the RG flow in question. ", "But where do we draw the line? ", "In other words, when we make a comparison of the UV and IR spectra below a certain cutoff $\\Delta_0$, what value of $\\Delta_0$ should we choose?", "\n\nOn the scale of conformal dimensions, there are several natural benchmarks, illustrated in Figure \\[fig:scalardims\\] for scalar operators of spin-0. ", "Starting with the lowest, $\\Delta_{\\text{min}} = \\frac{d-2}{2}$ is the unitarity bound for scalar operators in $d$ space-time dimensions. ", "This cut-off is a bit too low for our purposes since in a unitary theory it would essentially lead to counting free fields. ", "The special value $\\Delta = d$ is the “marginality bound” which will be our choice of the cutoff in this paper. ", "The scalar operators which are singlets (in theories with symmetries) can be added to the Lagrangian without explicitly breaking any of the symmetries; in particular, the operators with $\\Delta (\\CO) < d$ are relevant, while the operators with $\\Delta (\\CO) > d$ are irrelevant. ", "Hence, the part of the spectrum with $\\Delta (\\CO) < d$ can be conveniently characterized by the following quantity: = \\# (  ) \\[mudef\\] which can be viewed as a measure of degrees of freedom in a CFT. ", "The remaining line in Figure \\[fig:scalardims\\], namely $\\Delta = \\frac{d}{2}$, is what we call the BF bound because in a holographic dual it would correspond to bulk scalar fields saturating the Breitenlohner-Freedman stability bound $m^2 \\ell^2 = \\Delta (\\Delta - d) \\ge - \\frac{d^2}{4}$. From the CFT point of view, there is nothing special about operators with $\\Delta (\\CO) = \\frac{d}{2}$, except the fact that, in a weakly coupled theory, $\\CO^2$ crosses the marginality precisely when $\\CO$ reaches the BF bound. ", "This, however, effectively takes us back to the analysis of the spectrum below the marginality cutoff.", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:scalardims\\] Various bounds on scaling dimensions for scalar operators in CFT$_d$.](RGflows17.pdf){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nThe operators below the marginality cutoff are also the most relevant ones from the Wilsonian point of view (no pun intended). ", "Indeed, since irrelevant operators do not destabilize a given conformal theory $T_*$ they can be integrated in or integrated out without affecting the physics at the fixed point $T_*$ which, in turn, can be “embedded” in a larger field theory or even into string theory. ", "A similar sequence of embeddings is ubiquitous in holography, where a $(d+1)$-dimensional AdS dual arises as a “consistent truncation” of ten- or eleven-dimensional supergravity which, in turn, is embedded in the full-fledged string theory. ", "This reasoning naturally leads to the idea of [*universality*]{} that turns out to be extremely useful in describing real macroscopic systems whose physics is dominated by relevant operators and one has little control over small effects due to irrelevant operators. ", "From this perspective, a renormalization that violates the inequality \\_ &gt; \\_ \\[muuvir\\] would almost undermine the ideas of universality and the Wilsonian approach because it would mean that some irrelevant spin-0 singlet operators suddenly become relevant along the RG flow. ", "It has been argued that such peculiar RG flows can not be smooth [@Gukov:2015qea], either themselves or in a larger family of flows. ", "Mathematically, the lack of smoothness is due to violation of the transversality (Morse-Smale) condition in the theory space $\\CT$. Physically, phenomena where certain quantities cease to be smooth are usually called [*phase transitions*]{} and one of the main goals of this paper is to shed light on the nature of transitions that accompany marginality crossing.", "\n\nIn order to understand if there is anything special about RG flows that violate we need to examine carefully simple concrete examples where this happens. ", "We should have no difficulty finding such examples if marginality crossing (a.k.a. ", "dangerously irrelevant operators) is really abundant in quantum field theory. ", "Moreover, unless marginality crossing is inherent to free theories or theories with conformal manifolds (which is very hard to believe), the simplest examples should be RG flows among isolated interacting CFTs ([*cf.*]{} ", "minimal models in two dimensions) where computing $\\mu$ is especially clear and leads to a finite value.[^1] How easily does one find such examples? ", "And how abandon they really are?", "\n\nIs marginality crossing difficult to find?", "\n------------------------------------------\n\nOn the one hand, irrelevant operators that upon renormalization become relevant (also known as dangerously irrelevant operators) seem to be extremely rare, which makes our task of finding a simple model that would shed light on their nature unexpectedly difficult. ", "Below we summarize their status in various dimensions and comment on the violation of . ", "Basically, the upshot is that a possibility of violating decreases in theories with larger supersymmetry and larger values of $(d-4)^2$, where $d$ is the space-time dimension[^2], and the search for the [*simplest*]{} isolated interacting CFTs that are supposed to help us understand marginality crossing takes us to strongly interacting theories on par with QCD$_4$:\n\nThis case is (by far) most well-understood. ", "In particular, both the weak version and the stronger version of the $C$-theorem are proved in two dimensions [@Zamolodchikov:1986gt], and the strongest version is believed to hold [@Friedan:2009ik]. ", "There are no known RG flows among isolated interacting CFTs that violate .", "\n\nThis is one of the least understood cases, [*e.g.*]{} the proposed candidates for the $C$-function do not appear to be stationary at the fixed points [@Klebanov:2012va] and a lot more work is needed before one can conclude whether marginality crossing is easy to find in $2+1$ dimensions.", "\n\nFour-dimensional theories and RG flows provide most interesting examples for our study. ", "In this case, the weak and the stronger versions of the $C$-theorem are known to hold [@Komargodski:2011vj]. ", "While supersymmetry helps to maintain analytical control over RG flows, it seems to suppress marginality crossing, which is still possible in $\\CN=1$ theories [@Gukov:2015qea], but was conjectured not to exist in $\\CN=2$ theories [@Argyres:2015ffa].", "\n\nThis is another case where little is known. ", "In particular, we are not aware of any examples of marginality crossing in $4+1$ dimensions.", "\n\nAs we approach $d=6$, the structure of conformal theories becomes even more constrained and, in a way, mirrors what happens at the lower end of $d$. In fact, six-dimensional CFTs with $\\CN=(0,1)$ SUSY or higher do not admit any relevant operators at all [@Cordova:2015fha]. (", "There are, however, moduli-space flows in $d=6$.)\n\nTo summarize, using the field theory techniques, it seems that examples where irrelevant operators cross through marginality are extremely rare and, roughly speaking, are centered around $d=4$ and low amount of supersymmetry. ", "In fact, no single weakly-coupled example of such phenomenon seems to be known, and all proposed candidates rely on various assumptions, typically about the strongly-coupled dynamics, which, in turn, is more robust in supersymmetric theories. ", "Thus, a four-dimensional $\\CN=1$ RG flow from a superconformal family of $A_3$ theories to $\\CN=1$ SQCD has a 4-quark operator that crosses through marginality [@Gukov:2015qea]. ", "However, for the purposes of understanding the physics of such phenomena they are just as strongly interacting as ordinary, non-supersymmetric QED$_3$ or QCD$_4$ near the lower end of the conformal window, which we will use as our examples and where marginality crossing may indeed be responsible for phase transitions and lead to dynamical symmetry breaking [*a la*]{} Nambu-Jona-Lasinio [@Nambu:1961tp; @Nambu:1961fr].", "\n\nIs marginality crossing easy to find?", "\n-------------------------------------\n\nOn the other hand, from the holographic viewpoint, constructing RG flows with irrelevant operators crossing through marginality appears to be incredibly easy (in any dimension and even in supersymmetric cases, where field theory techniques tell us otherwise). ", "Indeed, in phenomenological models, including numerous applications to AdS/CMT, one usually takes a $(d+1)$-dimensional gravity minimally coupled to scalar fields $\\phi_i$ interacting via a potential $V(\\phi)$: S = d\\^[d+1]{} x ( R + g\\^ \\_ \\_i \\_ \\^i + V () ) The standard AdS/CFT dictionary [@Maldacena:1997re; @Aharony:1999ti] tells us that AdS vacua ([*i.e.*]{} critical points of the potential function with $V<0$) correspond to conformal fixed points in the $d$-dimensional theory on the boundary, mass eigenvalues of the scalar fields at the the critical point determine the conformal dimensions of the corresponding primary operators, [*etc.*]{} ", "Therefore, in order to engineer a marginality crossing we only need to come up with a potential $V(\\phi)$ such that the effective mass squared for one of the fields, say $\\phi_2$, changes sign as the other field, say $\\phi_1$, “rolls” between two vacua of $V(\\phi)$, see Figure \\[fig:gravityV\\]: V () = V\\_0 + (\\_1\\^2 - a\\^2)\\^2 + (m\\^2 - C \\_1) \\_2\\^2 + …Here, $V_0$, $g$, $a$, $m$ and $C$ are some constants, such that $C, \\, g>0$ and $0< \\frac{m^2}{C} <a$. The marginality crossing takes place at $\\phi_1^{\\text{crit}} = \\frac{m^2}{C}$ when $\\phi_1$ “rolls” from $\\phi_1 = 0$ to another critical point $\\phi_1 = a$. (See also Figure \\[fig:MCTTT\\] for an illustration of this flow in the boundary theory.)", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:gravityV\\] In holography, marginality crossing is realized by a model solution that “rolls” between two saddle points of a potential function $V(\\phi_1, \\phi_2)$.](RGflows10.pdf){width=\"60.00000%\"}\n\nA reader may notice that we adopted the terminology as well as the form of this model potential from the hybrid inflation [@Linde:2004kg], where time evolution in the same theory of gravity coupled to scalar fields is used model the early universe cosmology which ends abruptly with a [*phase transition*]{} and spontaneous symmetry breaking. ", "In our present context, the time evolution is replaced by a radial evolution — that, in the context of AdS/CFT, corresponds to RG flow of the boundary theory — and the very rapid roll (“waterfall”) at $\\phi_1^{\\text{crit}} = \\frac{m^2}{C}$ corresponds to marginality crossing in our holographic RG flow. ", "It is natural to expect, therefore, that a similar behavior in our context also means some kind of phase transition, elucidating which will be one of our main motivations.", "\n\nScalar field potentials with the features described here appear to be ubiquitous in (super)gravity theories. ", "In theories without supersymmetry, there are virtually no constraints on $V(\\phi)$, and one often takes it to be any desired function, hoping that there exists an embedding into a consistent quantum theory. ", "Scalar field potentials in supergravity theories are usually more constrained, but there still seems to be a fairly large number of potential candidates for marginality crossing. ", "For example, following [@Berg:2001ty], in Table \\[tab:2dvacua\\] we list AdS vacua[^3] in 3d $\\CN=8$ gauged supergravity with gauge group $SO(4) \\times SO(4)$. Note, that a flow from the critical point denoted (b) in [*loc. ", "cit.*]{} ", "to the critical point (A.6), while consistent with the $c$-theorem, has at least one irrelevant operator crossing through marginality.", "\n\n  fixed point   central charge   index $\\mu$\n --------------- ------------------ --------------\n (a) $c=1$ $8$\n (c) $c=2/3$ $7$\n (d) $c=1/2$ $6$\n (b) $c=\\sqrt{2}-1$ $5$\n (A.6) $c=0.3790$ $5$\n (A.8) $c=0.3765$ $4$\n (A.7) $c=0.3762$ $3$\n\n : \\[tab:2dvacua\\] Vacua of 3d $\\CN=8$ gauged supergravity.", "\n\nRG Flows and Dynamical Systems\n------------------------------\n\nIn the theory of dynamical systems, a compact space $\\CT$ with a vector field $\\beta$ is called, well, a [*dynamical system*]{}.", "\n\nTherefore, whether we like it or not, our task of understanding RG flows and marginality crossing naturally belongs to the domain of dynamical systems. ", "In particular, the space $\\CT$ is what one often calls the “theory space”, while the vector field $\\beta$ is the beta-function. ", "The dictionary between RG flows and dynamical systems goes much deeper and, as a result, it is perhaps not too surprising after all that powerful techniques developed in dynamical system can be successfully applied to RG flows. ", "As a prelude, consider a flow shown in Figure \\[fig:winding\\]; from the Poincaré-Hopf index theorem it follows that it should have at least one fixed point in the interior of the region $N \\subset \\CT$.\n\nAs in dynamical systems, we define a [*flow*]{} on the space $\\CT$ to be a continuous map $\\beta : \\R \\times \\CT \\to \\CT$ such that (0,) = (t,(s,)) = (t+s, ) where $t \\in \\R$ is the RG “time” and $\\lambda \\in \\CT$ labels a point on the space of couplings $\\CT$. A [*fixed point*]{} or [*equilibrium*]{} is a point $\\lambda \\in \\CT$ such that $\\beta (\\R,\\lambda) = \\lambda$. In other words, these are conformal fixed points. ", "More generally, a set $S \\subset \\CT$ is called an [*invariant set*]{} for the flow $\\beta$ if (, S) := \\_[t ]{} (t,S) = S \\[firstlookatS\\] This notion will play a key role in analyzing topology of the RG flows. ", "Note, $S$ does not need to consist entirely of fixed points, see [*e.g.*]{} Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\] for an illustration of fixed points and the invariant set $S$ in the $O(N)$ model. ", "One of the fundamental theorems in dynamical systems is the decomposition theorem of Conley which states that any compact invariant set can be divided into its chain recurrent part and the rest. ", "Furthermore, on the latter part one can define a strictly decreasing Lyapunov function and has gradient-like dynamics. ", "In the context of RG flows, it means that the strongest form of the $C$-theorem holds on the latter part of $S$ and provides a candidate for the $C$-function.", "\n\nThis is a convenient place to remark that, in the study of both RG flows and dynamical systems, one often makes a further assumption that $\\CT$ is a locally compact metric space with metric $g$. In the context of RG flows, the Zamolodchikov-type metric can be defined via two-point correlation functions and without it the strongest form of the $C$-theorem would not even be a viable possibility.[^4] We will return to this point throughout the text, notably in section \\[sec:resurgence\\]. ", "Note, however, that interesting phenomena, such as violation of or marginality crossing, do not necessarily require degeneration of the metric $g$. In fact, many examples of such phenomena that we shall encounter in this paper occur at a perfectly regular point point on $\\CT$ where the metric $g$ is positive and non-degenerate. ", "In other words, the physics of such phenomena has little to do with the regularity of the metric $g$ and, for this reason, in many of our model examples we simply take $g$ to be a flat Euclidean metric $g_{ij} = \\delta_{ij}$.\n\n![", "\\[fig:winding\\] By knowing the flow at the boundary of a region $N$ one can deduce whether the RG flow should have any fixed points in the interior of $N$. For example, is it possible that the RG flow shown in this figure has no fixed points in $\\text{Int} (N)$?](RGflows5.pdf){width=\"50.00000%\"}\n\nIn the course of applying the techniques from dynamical systems to RG flows we gradually develop the dictionary between the two subjects and introduce standard notions from dynamical systems in the context of quantum field theory. ", "Although no prior familiarity with dynamical systems is required, a reader interested in further mathematical details may find it helpful to consult the book by Charles Conley [@MR511133], some of the relevant mathematics papers [@MR797044; @MR1045282; @MR1686770; @MR1870126], or applications to mechanics [@MR2989517] (see also [@MR1675403] for a good introduction to the subject). ", "For introduction to dynamical systems and bifurcation theory see [*e.g.*]{} [@MR947141; @MR1733750; @MR956468; @MR709768; @MR2071006].", "\n\nIn this paper, when we talk about “renormalizaiton” we mostly mean renormalization in the Wilsonian sense, which is most readily suited for the interpretation in the language of dynamical systems. ", "It should be interesting, though, to explore application of the techniques presented here to other closely related problems, [*e.g.*]{} to the 1-PI effective action and various other questions that are waiting to be translating from the language of QFT to dynamical systems or vice versa.", "\n\nOrganization and summary\n------------------------\n\nThe rest of the paper is roughly divided into a part devoted to general techniques and ideas (sections \\[sec:Conley\\], \\[sec:bifurcations\\], and \\[sec:resurgence\\]) and a part illustrating how these tools and ideas can be applied in concrete examples to produce new results (sections \\[sec:ONmodel\\], \\[sec:QED\\], and \\[sec:QCD\\]).", "\n\nIn section \\[sec:Conley\\] we start building a bridge between dynamical systems and RG flows. ", "Among other things, we introduce several tools that can help in finding fixed points of an RG flow only from partial information about the flow, as in Figure \\[fig:winding\\]. ", "A typical situation where such tools can be useful is when complementary methods ([*e.g.*]{} perturbation theory, large $N$ techniques, [*etc.*]{}) ", "can provide us with the asymptotic behavior or various limits of the RG flow in space of couplings and/or parameters. ", "This is indeed a standard situation in non-supersymmetric theories, where exact analytical control over RG flows away from fixed points is extremely limited, and we hope that it is in such situations where the techniques from dynamical systems can be most helpful.", "\n\nIn section \\[sec:bifurcations\\] we transition from the study of a fixed point set in a given theory to questions that involve creation, annihilation, and collision of fixed points as the parameters of a system vary. ", "When a fixed point disappears or becomes unstable (while remaining in the bounded region of the coupling space), does it necessarily require existence of another fixed point nearby? ", "Is the “merger and annihilation” of fixed points that already appeared in the CFT literature the only type of generic behavior? ", "Or, are there alternative ways in which fixed points can generically appear and disappear? ", "As we explain in section \\[sec:bifurcations\\], the answer to such questions depends very much on the number of couplings in the RG flow and on the number of parameters. ", "The proper tool to answer these questions is called [*bifurcation theory*]{}, which roughly speaking studies different ways in which fixed points can merge, appear, or disappear. ", "And, of all available possibilities, only the simplest ones (notably, the merger and annihilation scenario) have been explored so far in the QFT literature, while a much longer list of interesting phenomena is waiting to be explored, especially in RG flows with several couplings and parameters.", "\n\nThese general techniques and ideas can be applied in many concrete examples of RG flows. ", "Aiming to gain a better analytical control of non-supersymmetric RG flows, in this paper we mainly consider three prominent examples:\n\n- $O(N)$ model in three dimensions,\n\n- three-dimensional Quantum Electrodynamics (QED$_3$),\n\n- four-dimensional Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD$_4$).", "\n\nThey all share certain similarities, including the existence of a “conformal window” in a certain range of parameters. ", "In each of these cases, the physics becomes strongly coupled near the lower end of the conformal window, leaving us without any reliable tools or controlled approximations to analyze the system. ", "We illustrate how the techniques from dynamical systems can fill this gap and work well in conjunction with other methods.", "\n\nFor example, bifurcation theory shifts the focus from the much-studied question about the position of the lower end of the conformal window to the question: [*What*]{} happens near the lower end of the conformal window? ", "Moreover, it leads to concrete verifiable predictions for the scaling dimension of a nearly marginal operator, which in our examples can be either a “square root behavior” - d \\~ \\[dsqroot\\] or a “quadratic behavior” (with some $N$-independent constant $\\Delta_0 > d$): - \\_0 \\~ (N - N\\_)\\^2 \\[dquadr\\] or a “linear behavior” - d \\~ N - N\\_ \\[dlinear\\] Bifurcation analysis leads to precise criteria that, in conjunction with other methods, can uniquely identify which type of the characteristic behavior takes place in a given system near the lower end of the conformal window. ", "And some of the results are rather interesting. ", "For example, the bifurcation analysis leads to interesting and somewhat surprising predictions in the case of QED$_3$, which recently received a lot of attention due to numerous applications in condensed matter physics. ", "Contrary to some of the current scenarios, which are more likely to predict a linear behavior , if anything at all,[^5] in the case of QED$_3$ the bifurcation analysis leads to the square root behavior or even to the less familiar quadratic behavior , depending on the precise criteria that we spell out in section \\[sec:QED\\]. ", "On the other hand, in QCD$_4$ where the square root behavior is more in line with the existent scenarios, ironically we find that a more complex behavior is possible at special values of $N_c$ along the curve $N_f^{\\text{crit}} (N_c)$.\n\nSince – are supposed to describe the behavior of conformal dimensions near the lower end of the conformal window, where each of our examples is strongly coupled, the only practical way to test such predictions at present is either by experimental studies or in lattice simulations of these systems.[^6] We could not find any experimental or lattice studies of the $O(N)$ model, QED$_3$, or QCD$_4$ that could verify the behavior of $\\Delta$ as a function of $N$.\n\nWe also make some predictions for the $\\epsilon$-expansion in the higher-dimensional version of the $O(N)$ model and for the $N_f$-dependence of the $C$-function in 3d $\\CN=2$ theories with many flavors.", "\n\nThe Conley Index of RG Flows {#sec:Conley}\n============================\n\nThe existence of conformal fixed points and RG flows connecting them is subject to certain topological constraints. ", "A simple illustration is the RG flow shown in Figure \\[fig:winding\\], where the existence of a fixed point can be inferred from very limited information in a completely different regime which in the space of couplings may be very far from the fixed point in question.", "\n\nHere, our goal is to develop this line of thought into a more elaborate and refined framework which then can be applied to strongly coupled systems such as QCD$_4$ or QED$_3$. In particular, we explain that the Conley index theory is an ideal tool for studying topology of RG flows. ", "In order to keep the discussion concrete and less formal, we introduce relevant mathematical techniques through a familiar example of $O(N)$ model in $4 - \\epsilon$ dimensions (see [*e.g.*]{} [@Cardy:1996xt]). ", "In the presence of a symmetry breaking quartic interaction, it exhibits a simple yet non-trivial flow diagram shown in Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\], with several fixed points. ", "Moreover, the $O(N)$ model is also a good illustration of families of RG flows, to which we turn in section \\[sec:MCcrossing\\].", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:ONmodel\\] An isolated invariant set $S$, an isolating neighborhood $N$, and the corresponding exit set $L$, all shown on the plot (from [@Cardy:1996xt]) of the RG flow in the $O(N)$ model. ", "There are four fixed points: ($G$) Gaussian, ($H$) Wilson-Fisher, ($I$) Ising, and ($C$) Cubic with $\\mu = 2$, $1$, $1$, and $0$, respectively.](RGflows7.pdf){width=\"60.00000%\"}\n\nWhat’s inside a black box?", "\n--------------------------\n\nSuppose we are presented with a “black box”, [*i.e.*]{} a compact set $N \\subset \\CT$ in our theory space $\\CT$. And suppose we only know what an RG flow $\\beta$ is doing at the boundary[^7] of $N$, just as in our toy example in Figure \\[fig:winding\\]. ", "Then, it may seem surprising at first that from such extremely limited information one can actually infer what the RG flow is doing in the interior of $N$, in particular, not only the existence but also some of the structure of the fixed points of $\\beta$. This can be done by computing the Conley index of the RG flow, and the main goal of the present section is to explain how to carry out such calculations in practice, in concrete examples.", "\n\nAs we already mentioned, the input data is extremely limited: it consists of $N$ itself and the information about RG flow at the boundary of $N$. Clearly, we couldn’t even formulate the question (about fixed points inside $N$) without the former and the latter does not seem like much information either: it basically tells us on which part of the boundary the RG flow is entering (or, alternatively, exiting) the “black box” $N$.\n\nBelow we shall give a more formal definition of the [*exit set*]{} of $N$ where the RG flow exists $N$. Denoting the exit set by $L$, one defines the pointed space[^8] $(N/L,[L])$: N/L := (N L) \\[NmodL\\] where $[L]$ denotes the equivalence class of points in $L$ under the equivalence relation $\\lambda_1 \\sim \\lambda_2$ if and only if $\\lambda_1 , \\lambda_2 \\in L$. The Conley index essentially captures the topology of .", "\n\nFor example, for the RG flow in Figure \\[fig:winding\\], the set $N$ is homeomorphic to a 2-dimensional disk and the exit set $L$ consist of two disjoint arcs on its boundary. ", "Identifying the points of these arcs, we quickly learn that $N/L \\cong S^1$ in this example (or, to be more precise, a circle with a marked point). ", "A slightly more interesting RG flow shown in Figure \\[fig:hindexSS\\] also has $N \\cong D^2$, but this time the exit set $L$ consists of three disjoint arcs. ", "Identifying the points of $L$ as shown in the center of Figure \\[fig:hindexSS\\] leads to a pointed space homeomorphic to a bouquet of two circles, N / L S\\^1 S\\^1 These examples clearly illustrate that topology of $N/L$ can be non-trivial and probably tells us something about the RG flow inside $N$, but how do we read off or “decode” this information from $N/L$ ?", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:hindexSS\\] Computing the Conley index of the RG flow shown on the left involves identifying the points of the exit set $L$. The resulting pointed space $N/L$ has the homotopy type of the wedge sum of two circles (shown on the right) [@MR518546].](RGflows6.pdf){width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\nRoughly, the topology of $N/L$ tells us about the topology of the invariant set in the interior of $N$. In order to give a more precise answer, we need to introduce an important notion of [*isolating neighborhoods*]{} which should come well motivated at this point. ", "Thus, an isolating neighborhood is a compact set $N \\subset \\CT$ such that (N, ) := { N (, ) N } (N) \\[isolatingN\\] where $\\text{int}(N)$ denotes the interior of $N$. Given an isolating neighborhood $N$, the invariant set $S = \\text{Inv} (N)$ is called an [*isolated invariant set*]{}.", "\n\nOne of the most important properties of an isolated invariant set is that it is robust with respect to perturbations. ", "This stability[^9] plays an important role in our story. ", "We also note that the definitions of an isolating neighborhood and an isolated invariant set carry over to discrete dynamical systems, which means we can study “discrete RG flows” where the RG time $t$ takes discrete values.", "\n\nEvery isolated invariant set $S$ has an [*index pair*]{}, that is a pair of compact sets $(N,L)$ such that $L \\subset N$ and\n\n1. ", " $S = \\text{Inv} (\\bar{N \\setminus L})$ and $N \\setminus L$ is a neighborhood of $S$.\n\n2. ", " $L$ is [*positively invariant*]{} in $N$, that is $\\lambda \\in L$ and $\\beta ([0,t], \\lambda) \\subset N$ imply $\\beta ([0,t], \\lambda) \\subset L$.\n\n3. ", " $L$ is an [*exit set*]{} for $N$, that is given $\\lambda \\in N$ and $t_1 > 0$ such that $\\beta (t_1, \\lambda) \\notin N$, then there exists $t_0 \\in [0,t_1]$ for which $\\beta ([0,t_0],\\lambda) \\subset N$ and $\\beta (t_0,\\lambda) \\in L$.\n\nNow we are finally ready to introduce the Conley index. ", "There are two versions. ", "The [*homotopy Conley index*]{} of $S$ is basically what we saw before: h (S) = h (S,) \\~ (N/L, \\[L\\]) \\[Conleyhomotopy\\] In particular, the Conley index is well-defined and does not depend on the choice of the index pair. ", "This version, however, is slightly more difficult to work with compared to another version called the [*homological Conley index*]{}, defined by CH\\_\\* (S) := H\\_\\* (N/L, \\[L\\]) H\\_\\* (N,L) \\[Conleyhomology\\] where $H_* (N,L) = (H_k (N,L))_{k \\in \\Z_{\\ge 0}}$ denotes the relative homology groups[^10]\n\nIn the Conley index theory, whether the primary role is played by an isolating neighborhood $N$ or by an isolated invariant set $S$ is somewhat analogous to the chicken and egg dilemma. ", "On the one hand, the definition of the Conley index - involves $N$. On the other hand, it can be interpreted as an invariant of isolated invariant sets in the sense that if $N$ and $N'$ are isolating neighborhoods for the flow $\\beta$ and (N, ) = (N’, ) , then the Conley index of $N$ is the same as that of $N'$.\n\nIf the Conley index of $N$ is non-trivial, CH\\_\\* ( N) 0 , then $\\text{Inv} (N) \\ne \\emptyset$. A good illustration is an isolated conformal fixed point $S$ with $\\mu$ relevant operators; the Conley index of such theory is CH\\_k (S)\n\n, &  k=\\\n0 , &\n\nIn dynamical system, it would be called a hyperbolic fixed point with an unstable manifold of dimension $\\mu$. In our example of the $O(N)$ model, there are four such points with indices $$\\begin{aligned}\nCH_* (T_C) & = & (\\Z,0,0,0,\\ldots) \\nonumber \\\\\nCH_* (T_H) & = & (0,\\Z,0,0,\\ldots) \\label{ONCHpoints} \\\\\nCH_* (T_I) & = & (0,\\Z,0,0,\\ldots) \\nonumber \\\\\nCH_* (T_G) & = & (0,0,\\Z,0,\\ldots) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $T_G$ denotes the Gaussian CFT, $T_H$ denotes the Wilson-Fisher fixed point, [*etc*]{}.", "\n\nThe homology Conley index is additive under taking a disjoint union. ", "Namely, if $S_1$ and $S_2$ are disjoint and $S = S_1 \\sqcup S_2$ is an isolated invariant set, then CH\\_\\* (S) CH\\_\\* (S\\_1) CH\\_\\* (S\\_2) \\[CHsummation\\] A typical application of this summation property is to establish the existence of flow lines between $S_1$ and $S_2$. For example, in the $O(N)$ model we quickly deduce that $S$ is not just a set of four fixed points $\\{ C, H, I, G \\}$, so there must exist flows between these points, [*cf.*]{} ", "Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\]. ", "Indeed, applying to we get CH\\_\\* (T\\_C T\\_H T\\_I T\\_G) = (,,,0,0, …) \\[ONcomplex\\] On the other hand, since $N$ is topologically a disk and the exit set $L$ has a single component ($\\cong$ interval on the boundary of $N$), it follows from that $CH_* (S) = 0$. This example illustrates a general qualitative pattern that we shall explore in detail later: when the topology of the exit set $L$ is trivial, so is the Conley index.[^11] But, in such situation, if conformal fixed points are found in the interior of $N$, then they necessarily must be connected by RG flows.", "\n\nThe power of the Conley index, though, has its limitations. ", "In particular, without additional information it is not very sensitive to the nature of the isolated invariant set $S$. For example, $S \\cong S^1$ can be a circle on which two hyperbolic fixed points are connected by two heteroclinic orbits, or it can be a hyperbolic periodic orbit, or it can consist entirely of fixed points (in which case $S$ is a [*conformal manifold*]{}). ", "In all of these cases, CH\\_k (S)\n\n&  k=, +1\\\n0 &\n\nwhere, as usual, $\\mu$ is the number of unstable (relevant) directions from $S$. However, supplying additional information about the RG flow can break the tie. ", "For example, if $S$ has the Conley index of a periodic orbit and the isolating neighborhood possesses a Poincaré section, then $S$ must indeed contain a periodic orbit. ", "Another theorem [@MR1001276] relevant to the strongest form of the $C$-conjecture says that if $S$ be an isolated invariant set for a Morse-Smale gradient flow $\\beta$, then the Morse homology computed from the set of all critical points and flow lines in $S$ is isomorphic to the reduced homology of the Conley index $h (S,\\beta)$.\n\nRelegating a more detailed analysis of families of RG flows to section \\[sec:MCcrossing\\], here we briefly mention one property that can be especially useful in relating a flow of interest to a simpler RG flow. ", "Suppose we have a family of RG flows $\\beta (x)$ parametrized by a continuous parameter $x \\in [a,b]$. For example, $x = \\frac{N_f}{N_c}$ in the Veneziano limit of QCD$_4$. If $N$ is an isolating neighborhood for the entire family, that is (N, (x)) (N) , x \\[Invxfamilies\\] then the Conley index of $N$ under $\\beta (a)$ is the same as the Conley index of $N$ under $\\beta (b)$.\n\nTwo-dimensional flows {#two-dimensional-flows .unnumbered}\n---------------------\n\nIn many physical systems, just like in real life, there are two main characters, namely, two “relevant” coupling constants that we denote $\\lambda_1$ and $\\lambda_2$. We put “relevant” in quotes because here it is used not in the technical sense, but rather to indicate that $\\lambda_1$ and $\\lambda_2$ are essential for a given physical problem, whereas other couplings have negligible effect and can be ignored. ", "Various potential candidates of marginality crossing, such as the $O(N)$ model, QED$_3$ and QCD$_4$ in the conformal window are essentially of this type.", "\n\n   $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}}$ fixed point $\\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$    matrix of anomalous dimensions $J$ \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n saddle $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\det (J) < 0 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n stable node $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\text{Tr} (J) < 0$   and   $0 < \\det (J) < \\frac{1}{4} (\\text{Tr} J)^2 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n unstable node $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\text{Tr} (J) > 0$   and   $0 < \\det (J) < \\frac{1}{4} (\\text{Tr} J)^2 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n stable spiral $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\text{Tr} (J) < 0$   and   $\\frac{1}{4} (\\text{Tr} J)^2 < \\det (J) \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n unstable spiral $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\text{Tr} (J) > 0$   and   $\\frac{1}{4} (\\text{Tr} J)^2 < \\det (J) \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n center $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\text{Tr} (J) = 0$   and   $\\det (J) > 0 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n   star / degenerate node   $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\det (J) = \\frac{1}{4} (\\text{Tr} J)^2 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n fixed line $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\det (J) = 0 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n\n : \\[tab:zoo\\] Classification of fixed points in a two-coupling system.", "\n\nUp to quadratic order, an RG flow with two coupling constants $\\lambda_1$ and $\\lambda_2$ looks like: \\[toy\\_13\\] \\_1 = \\_1 = (d -\\_1) \\_1 - C\\_[111]{} \\_1\\^2 -C\\_[122]{} \\_2\\^2 -2 C\\_[112]{} \\_1\\_2 + (\\^3)\\\n\\_2 = \\_2 = (d -\\_2) \\_2 -2C\\_[212]{}\\_1 \\_2 -C\\_[222]{}\\_2\\^2 -C\\_[211]{} \\_1\\^2 + (\\^3) This fairly simple class of flows may have different types of behavior, that depends in a rather complicated way on the values of conformal dimensions $\\Delta_i$ and the OPE coefficients $C_{ijk}$. Even finding critical points directly, by solving this system of second order equations is a rather non-trivial problem.[^12]\n\nLet us see how the Conley Index theory can help. ", "In order to find the Conley index of a flow we need to know the isolating invariant neighborhood $N$ and the exit set $L$. The former is just a disk, like in our other examples, including the $O(N)$ model in Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\]. ", "So, we only need to find the exit set $L$, which is also easy. ", "If we denote by $\\vec n$ the unit normal vector to the boundary of $N$ (pointing outward), then the exit set $L$ is a set of points where $\\vec \\beta \\cdot \\vec n$ is positive, L := { N | () n () &gt; 0 } \\[Lexitvianb\\] Specifically, in our class of flows , we can choose $N \\cong D^2$ to be a disk of radius $r$ in the two-dimensional $\\lambda$-plane, and parametrize its boundary circle $\\partial N \\cong S^1$ by the angle $\\phi \\in (0, 2\\pi]$. Then, $\\vec \\beta \\cdot \\vec n$ is a cubic polynomial in $\\cos \\phi$ and $\\sin \\phi$ with real coefficients.[^13] In particular, it can have an even number of real solutions (that is, values of $\\phi$ for which $\\vec \\beta \\cdot \\vec n = 0$) which by degree counting is no greater than 6. ", "Hence, we conclude that for a general class of flows the exit set $L$ can be one of the following:\n\n- $L = \\emptyset$ can be realized [*e.g.*]{} by a flow with $\\Delta_1 ,\\, \\Delta_2 > d$ and $C_{ijk}=0$;\n\n- $L = S^1 \\cong \\partial N$ can be realized [*e.g.*]{} by a flow with $\\Delta_1 ,\\, \\Delta_2 < d$ and $C_{ijk}=0$;\n\n- $L = I \\subset S^1$ is realized in the $O(N)$ model (see Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\]);\n\n- $L = I \\sqcup I$ is realized in a flow illustrated in Figure \\[fig:winding\\];\n\n- $L = I \\sqcup I \\sqcup I$ is realized in the example shown in Figure \\[fig:hindexSS\\].", "\n\nIn Table \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\] we summarize the Conley index in each of these cases. ", "As we pointed out earlier, however, the Conley index does not uniquely determine the structure of the invariant set $S$. For example, the third case in Table \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\] can be realized by two different RG flows, illustrated in Figures \\[fig:Type I flow\\] and \\[fig:Type II flow\\], one of which has a source and a saddle connected by a flow line, while the other has four fixed points connected by flows. ", "In fact, the latter is another representation of a flow in the $O(N)$ model, [*cf.*]{} ", "Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\]. ", "Similarly, Figures \\[fig:Type III flow\\] and \\[fig:Type IV flow\\] illustrate two different RG flows that have $CH_* (S) = \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1]$ and realize the last case listed in Table \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\]. ", "The flow in Figure \\[fig:Type III flow\\] is an example of the marginality crossing: it violates since both fixed points have $\\mu =1$. While this flow looks perfectly smooth, there is indeed something special about it, as will become evident shortly, in section \\[sec:MCcrossing\\].", "\n\n   exit set $L$       $N / L$         $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} CH_* (S) \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$   \n ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\emptyset \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ $D^2 \\sqcup \\{ \\text{pt} \\}$ $\\Z [0]$\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} S^1 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ $S^2$ $\\Z [2]$\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} I \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ $D^2$ $0$\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} I \\sqcup I \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ $S^1$ $\\Z [1]$\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} I \\sqcup I \\sqcup I \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ $S^1 \\vee S^1$ $\\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1]$\n\n : \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\] Listed here are the homotopy Conley index and the homological Conley index for different exit sets $L$ that can be realized in the family of flows . ", "We use the standard notation from homological algebra, where $\\Z [\\mu]$ denotes a copy of $\\Z$ placed in degree $\\mu$. Non-vanishing of the Conley index in all but one case implies that RG flow must have at least one fixed point.", "\n\n![", "Another example of RG flow with $L=I$ and $CH_* (S) = 0$ that has one sink, one source, and two saddles.[]{data-label=\"fig:Type II flow\"}](Type_I_flow.pdf){width=\"80.00000%\" height=\"0.24\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Another example of RG flow with $L=I$ and $CH_* (S) = 0$ that has one sink, one source, and two saddles.[]{data-label=\"fig:Type II flow\"}](Type_II_flow.pdf){width=\"80.00000%\" height=\"0.24\\textheight\"}\n\nNote, the RG flows in Figures \\[fig:Type I flow\\] and \\[fig:Type III flow\\] have the same number of critical points connected by a flow line, but the types of critical points are different. ", "This difference is detected by the Conley index. ", "Similarly, a pair of RG flows shown in Figures \\[fig:Type II flow\\] and \\[fig:Type IV flow\\] has four critical points each, but the structure of flow lines and the types of critical points are not the same. ", "Again, this difference is detected by the Conley index. ", "In fact, the Conley index can recognize even a more subtle phenomenon: two RG flows with the same number of critical points [*and*]{} the same types of critical points may have different Conley index if they are connected by RG flows differently. ", "This leads us to the notion of a [*connection matrix*]{} that, roughly speaking, serves as a bridge connecting such delicate information and $CH_* (S)$.\n\n![", "Another realization of RG flow with $L=I \\sqcup I \\sqcup I$ and $CH_* (S) = \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1]$ that has a source and three saddles.[]{data-label=\"fig:Type IV flow\"}](Type_III_flow.pdf){width=\"80.00000%\" height=\"0.24\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Another realization of RG flow with $L=I \\sqcup I \\sqcup I$ and $CH_* (S) = \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1]$ that has a source and three saddles.[]{data-label=\"fig:Type IV flow\"}](Type_IV_flow.pdf){width=\"80.00000%\" height=\"0.24\\textheight\"}\n\nHomological algebra of RG flows: connection matrices\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nIn our favorite example of the $O(N)$ model in Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\], we already noted that vanishing of the Conley index, $CH_* (S) = 0$, implies the existence of RG flows connecting conformal fixed points. ", "Indeed, the Conley index can be computed just from the exit set $L$, without any information about RG flows in the interior of $N$. And, if we happen to know about the four fixed points $\\{ C, H, I, G \\}$, then immediately tells us that $S$ can not be merely a set of these points and must contain RG trajectories connecting them.", "\n\nIn this section, we explain how more detailed information about the connecting RG flows can be deduced from the algebraic conditions obtained by interpreting as a chain complex with a boundary map $\\Delta$ which, on the one hand, packages information about RG flows and, on the other hand, has homology equal to the Conley index $CH_* (S) = H_* (N,L)$: CH\\_\\* (S) \\[Deltahomology\\] In particular, as a boundary map, $\\Delta$ must square to zero, = 0 \\[squarestozero\\] which, together with , provides a set of constraints on the entries of $\\Delta$. The latter, in turn, “count” RG flows with $\\Delta \\mu = -1$.\n\nTo summarize, the data of connecting RG flows is packaged into an upper triangular [*connection matrix*]{} $\\Delta$ whose precise definition will follow shortly and which satisfies and . ", "For example, as the reader might have guessed by now, in our example of the $O(N)$ model the connection matrix looks like = \\[ONconnmatrix\\] and, regarded as a differential acting on the complex , its cohomology is indeed trivial. ", "The $(p,q)$-entry in this matrix counts the number of RG flows from a fixed point $T_p$ to the fixed point $T_q$, such that $\\mu (T_p) = \\mu (T_q) + 1$.\n\nThe technology of connection matrices can be viewed as a generalization of the Morse theory that does not rely on the existence of a Morse function and works in much greater generality. ", "In particular, the flow $\\beta$ does not need to be a gradient flow and the generators of the chain complex do not need to be isolated fixed points, as in our example of the $O(N)$ model. ", "In fact, they don’t even need to be conformal manifolds; they only need to be isolated invariant subsets which, as we explained above, is a much weaker notion. ", "Thus, extrapolating Morse theory terminology to our dynamical system $(\\CT,\\beta)$, we introduce a Morse decomposition of an isolated invariant set $S \\subset \\CT$ into a finite collection of disjoint isolated invariant subsets $S_p$ labeled by elements of $(P,>)$, a partially ordered set (a.k.a. ", "poset), (S) = { S\\_p p P } such that for every theory $T \\in S \\setminus \\bigcup_{p \\in P} S_p$ there exist $p,q \\in P$ which satisfy $p > q$ and $T \\in \\text{Con} (S_p, S_q)$ (= set of heteroclinic connections from $S_p$ to $S_q$). ", "For example, in the flow of Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\], there are four equilibrium points, which we can label by elements of the set $P := \\{ C, H, I, G \\}$ and take $S_p$ to be the equilibrium $p$.\n\nBefore we proceed with the definition of $\\Delta$, let is pause to remark that there can be several natural orders on the index set $P$. The most natural is the flow induced order $>_{\\beta}$: p &gt;\\_ q (S\\_p , S\\_q) For example, in the flow of Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\], we have G &gt;\\_ H , I &gt;\\_ C Sometimes there exists a useful function $C : \\CT \\to \\R$ and one can define an order $>_C$ induced by it: p &gt;\\_C q ,    C(T\\_1) &gt; C(T\\_2)    T\\_1 S\\_p    T\\_2 S\\_q Most of the time, in this paper we use the flow induced order.", "\n\nNow we come to the main point of this subsection: the definition of the connection matrix $\\Delta$. Introduce a collection of abelian groups \\_\\* = \\_[p P]{} CH\\_\\* (S\\_p) A theorem of [@MR511133; @MR978368; @MR1162405] states that, given a Morse decomposition of $S$, there exists a (not necessarily unique) linear map $\\Delta: \\CC_* \\to \\CC_*$ represented by a matrix with $(p,q)$-entries: (p,q) : CH (S\\_p) CH (S\\_q) p,q P such that\n\n- $\\Delta$ is strictly upper triangular, [*i.e.*]{} $\\Delta (p,q) \\ne 0$ implies $p>q$;\n\n- $\\Delta$ is a boundary map, [*i.e.*]{} it is a homomorphism of degree $-1$ that maps $\\CC_{\\mu}$ to $\\CC_{\\mu-1}$, and $\\Delta^2 = 0$;\n\n- The cohomology of the chain complex $(\\CC_* , \\Delta)$ is the Conley index of $S$: H\\_\\* (\\_\\* , ) CH\\_\\* (S) \\[connvsCHS\\]\n\nAs we already mentioned earlier, the main application of the connection matrix is to determine the existence of connecting orbits. ", "Thus, $\\Delta (p,q) \\ne 0$ implies the existence of an RG flow from $S_p$ to $S_q$.\n\nNow, let’s come back to our examples and revisit RG flows shown in Figures \\[fig:Type I flow\\] – \\[fig:Type IV flow\\]. ", "For the RG flow in Figure  \\[fig:Type II flow\\] (same as in Figure \\[fig:ONmodel\\]), we already wrote the connection matrix in and verified . ", "The RG flow in Figure \\[fig:Type III flow\\] has two saddle points connected by a flow line, but since both fixed points have the same value of $\\mu$, the connection matrix $\\Delta$ is completely trivial. (", "All of its entries are zero.) ", "Therefore, in this case, cohomology of $\\Delta$ is the same as the complex $\\CC_{*}$, which is generated by two saddle points with $\\mu=1$. This agrees with the Conley index, $CH_* (S) \\cong \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1]$, computed earlier in a different way and listed in Table \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\].", "\n\nThe RG flow in Figure \\[fig:Type I flow\\] is similar to the RG flow in Figure \\[fig:Type III flow\\] in a sense that both have complex $\\CC_*$ generated by two fixed points and in both cases there is one flow line connecting the two fixed points. ", "However, unlike our previous example, the fixed points in Figure \\[fig:Type I flow\\] have $\\mu =2$ and $\\mu =1$, so that the connection matrix in this case is non-trivial: =\n\n0 & 1\\\n0 & 0\n\nActing on the complex $\\CC_* = \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [2]$, it has trivial cohomology, in agreement with $CH_* (S) = 0$ tabulated in the third line of Table \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\].", "\n\nFinally, the RG flow in Figure \\[fig:Type IV flow\\] has four fixed points, much as the RG flow in the $O(N)$ model, but the types of fixed points and the connecting orbits are different. ", "In particular, the connection matrix for the RG flow in Figure \\[fig:Type IV flow\\] looks like, [*cf.*]{} : ", "=\n\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 1\\\n0 & 0 & 0 & 0\n\nActing on the chain complex $\\CC_* = \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [2]$ it yields cohomology $H_* (\\CC_* , \\Delta ) \\cong \\Z [1] \\oplus \\Z [1]$, in agreement with the Conley index computed earlier via a different method and listed in Table \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\].", "\n\nMarginality crossing and transitions {#sec:MCcrossing}\n------------------------------------\n\nNow we are ready to take our first look at the RG flows with irrelevant operators crossing through marginality. ", "We already came across an example of such flow in Figure \\[fig:Type III flow\\], which for convenience we reproduce again in Figure \\[fig:MCTTT\\] showing only the essential flow lines, and with an extra stable IR fixed point added: T\\_1 T\\_2 T\\_3 , (T\\_1) = (T\\_2) = 1 , (T\\_3) = 0 \\[TTTMCflow\\] In particular, a separatrix from $T_1$ to $T_2$ shown in Figure \\[fig:MCTTT\\] gives a classic illustration of a non-transverse flow $\\beta$ that violates $\\mu_{\\text{UV}} > \\mu_{\\text{IR}}$. Here, the flow-defined order is T\\_1 &gt; T\\_2 &gt; T\\_3\n\n![", "\\[fig:MCTTT\\] A typical example of RG flow exhibiting “marginality crossing” along the segment from a fixed point $T_1$ to another fixed point $T_2$. Both $T_1$ and $T_2$ have $\\mu=1$ in this example.](RGflows8.pdf){width=\"40.00000%\"}\n\nThe flow described here has a property which is a general feature of [*any*]{} RG flow that violates $\\mu_{\\text{UV}} > \\mu_{\\text{IR}}$: it is not [*structurally stable*]{}. ", "In other words, it requires a certain degree of fine-tuning (that we quantify below) that, furthermore, needs to be “stabilized”, much like in the hierarchy problem of particle physics. ", "By definition, a flow (or, as we later say, a phase portrait) is structurally stable if its topology can not be changed by an arbitrarily small perturbation of the vector field. ", "This is clearly not the case for the flow in Figure \\[fig:MCTTT\\] since arbitrarily small perturbations destroy a non-generic trajectory from $T_1$ to $T_2$ and lead to one of the two scenarios, shown in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\]. ", "One has the flow-defined order $T_2 > T_3$ and no relation to $T_1$ since the perturbed flows to / from $T_1$ “decouple”. ", "The corresponding connection matrix looks like: \\_a = The second perturbation has the flow-defined order $T_1 > T_3 < T_2$ and the connection matrix \\_b = which is easy to read off the Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\]$b$ by applying the steps of the previous section. ", "At this point, it is natural to ask: Is there a simple relation between topology of the original flow in Figure \\[fig:MCTTT\\] and its perturbations in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\]? ", "In other words, if we know two out of three, can we determine the remaining one?", "\n\nThese questions can be answered in the affirmative with the help of connection matrices and their analogues, called [*transition matrices*]{}, that encode information about extra flow lines which generically should not be present[^14] and only appear “momentarily” in transitions between topologically different RG flows. ", "Specifically, if $\\Delta_b$ and $\\Delta_a$ are the connection matrices “before” and “after” the transition, then in general the relation has the form \\_a T = T \\_b \\[TDDrel\\] where $T$ is the transition matrix. ", "Its diagonal entries are all equal to 1, and off-diagonal entries “count” the unstable flow trajectories with $\\Delta \\mu = 0$, much like connection matrices count flows with $\\Delta \\mu = -1$. Note, since $T$ is invertible, we can also write this relation as $T^{-1} \\Delta_a = \\Delta_b T^{-1}$ which can be interpreted as a reverse transition. ", "In particular, in our example of the transition between flows in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\] it is easy to verify that the above $\\Delta_a$ and $\\Delta_b$ satisfy with the transition matrix: T =\n\n1 & 0 & 0\\\n0 & 1 & 1\\\n0 & 0 & 1\n\nwhose non-zero off-diagonal entry indicates that there must be an RG flow from $T_1$ to $T_2$ at the “phase transition” between flows described by $\\Delta_a$ and $\\Delta_b$. This is another version of the “black box” problem where we can reconstruct what happens in the middle from the boundary data.", "\n\nIn general, the topological transition matrices are degree 0 maps. ", "In other words, $T_{pq}$ can only be non-zero if there is some $\\mu$ for which $CH_{\\mu} (S_p)$ and $CH_{\\mu} (S_q)$ are both non-trivial. ", "Then, if we also recall that $\\Delta_a$ and $\\Delta_b$ both square to zero, the condition which we used to determine the transition matrix can be equivalently expressed as $\\Delta^2 = 0$ for a “connection matrix” of a larger system: =\n\n\\_a & T\\\n0 & - \\_b\n\n\\[DDD\\] In fact, this interpretation of is more than just a mathematical trick.", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:MCTTTpert\\] Small perturbations of the marginality crossing flow in Figure \\[fig:MCTTT\\].](RGflows9.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\"}\n\nAs in , let $\\beta (\\lambda ; x)$ be a parametrized family of flows on $\\CT$ with parameter space $X = \\R$. The parametrized system = (; x) can be viewed as a flow $\\hat \\beta$ on $\\CT \\times X$ governed by the flow equations $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot \\lambda & = & \\beta (\\lambda ; x) \\\\\n\\dot x & = & 0 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ such that $\\hat \\beta (\\lambda, x) \\; = \\; (\\beta (\\lambda) , x)$. Because of this interpretation of the parametrized flows, which we shall adopt in what follows, there is often no harm in omitting the “hat” when we talk about the flow trivially extended to $\\CT \\times X$. The latter, in turn, can be regarded as a limit $\\epsilon \\to 0$ of the [*transition system*]{}: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot \\lambda & = & \\beta (\\lambda; x) \\\\\n\\dot x & = & \\epsilon (x-a) (x-b) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The connection matrix for this larger system is precisely , where the entries $\\Delta_a$ and $\\Delta_b$ are the familiar connection matrices for $\\CM (S_{x=a})$ and $\\CM (S_{x=b})$, respectively, and $T$ is a degree-0 isomorphism T : \\_[p P]{} CH\\_\\* (S\\_p (x=b)) \\_[p P]{} CH\\_\\* (S\\_p (x=a)) which has the properties described above and gives a more formal definition of the transition matrix. ", "In particular, it clarifies the elegant interpretation of as the condition $\\Delta^2 = 0$.\n\nIn fact, in this one-parameter family of flows, the transition illustrated in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\] is what in dynamical systems is known as the [*heteroclinic saddle bifurcation*]{}.", "\n\nNote, even though many of our RG flows here (and in the following sections) exhibit non-trivial topology — captured [*e.g.*]{} by the Conley index or connection matrices — the theory space $\\CT$ and the isolating neighborhood $N \\subset \\CT$ are topologically trivial in these examples. ", "This does not need to be the case and was only assumed for simplicity of the exposition; many of the techniques discussed here and below extend to $N$ and $\\CT$ which [*e.g.*]{} may not be connected or simply-connected. ", "In fact, one of the main ideas in [@Gukov:2015qea] was that topology of $\\CT$ can be studied with the invariants such as the index $\\mu$ or the Conley index.", "\n\nBifurcations of RG flows {#sec:bifurcations}\n========================\n\nIn section \\[sec:MCcrossing\\] we described situations where the structure of the RG flows changes, but the fixed point set remains unchanged under the variation of the parameters. (", "In particular, if fixed points are non-degenerate critical points, their $\\mu$-index remains unchanged.) ", "Here we consider a more dramatic change where fixed points (or periodic orbits, if they exist) of the flow $\\beta$ change themselves or change their stability properties, as parameters of the system are varied. ", "In dynamical systems, these changes are called [*bifurcations*]{} and parameters are often called [*control parameters*]{}. ", "As before, we denote the control parameters by $x \\in X$.\n\nWhat are the different ways in which fixed points can appear or disappear? ", "And, can one classify them? ", "Bifurcation theory is precisely the right tool to address this type of questions. ", "Moreover, just like in section \\[sec:Conley\\], it can make the best use of topology to predict what type(s) of phase transitions the system should undergo as the parameters vary, based only on symmetries and partial information about the RG flow.", "\n\nDifferent types of critical behavior\n------------------------------------\n\nIn bifurcation theory, one often divides bifurcations into two general classes: [*local*]{} and [*global*]{}. ", "The former can be detected entirely by the stability analysis of the equilibria (fixed points), whereas the latter take place when larger invariant sets of the system ‘collide’ with fixed points or with each other. ", "In particular, local bifurcations can be always confined within a bounded isolating neighborhood $N$ and, therefore, do not change the exit set $L$ and the Conley index of the system.", "\n\nA more detailed classification of bifurcations depends on the dimension of space $\\CT$ in which the flow is defined ([*i.e.*]{} on the number of coupling constants $\\lambda_i$) and also on the type of flow. ", "For example, existence of Lyapunov functions highly restricts the types of bifurcations. ", "Note, in particular, that no oscillations are possible for such flows or if the flow is one-dimensional, that is when there is only one participating coupling constant $\\lambda$. The latter exhibit very simple types of bifurcation: saddle-node bifurcation, transcritical bifurcation, pitchfork bifurcation, and imperfect bifurcation, all of which will be described below and can be found in higher-dimensional flows as well. ", "Many interesting RG flows, even in simple systems such as $O(N)$ model involve at least two relevant[^15] coupling constants, and the structure of bifurcations can be much richer, possibly producing [*chaotic dynamics*]{}.", "\n\nBifurcations are often described with the help of either a [*phase portrait*]{} or a [*bifurcation diagram*]{}. ", "The former comprises all trajectories of a dyncamical system — though, of course, in practice one shows only representative trajectories and the equilibrium points — whereas the latter shows only fixed points, periodic orbits, or [*chaotic attractors*]{} of the flow as a function of the bifurcation parameter. ", "It is customary to represent stable points (attractors) with a solid line and unstable points (repellers) with a dashed line. ", "For example, Figures \\[fig:SNphase\\] and \\[fig:SNbifurcation\\] show, respectively, the phase portrait and the bifurcation diagram of the simplest bifurcation type that will be discussed in great detail below and will play an important role in applications to RG flows. ", "A bifurcation is called [*supercritical*]{} (resp. [*", "subcritical*]{}) if the new branch(es) is stable (resp. ", "unstable). ", "Switching from one to the other is usually achieved by changing the sign of the control parameter.", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:SNbeta\\]As the parameter $x$ changes from $x>0$ to $x<0$, the flow $\\dot \\lambda = \\beta (\\lambda)$ undergoes a saddle-node bifurcation: two fixed points collide and annihilate each other.](RGflows11.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nIn the previous section, we already encountered a notion of the structural stability in the context of flows that violate $\\mu_{\\text{UV}} > \\mu_{\\text{IR}}$ and saw that such flows are structurally unstable. ", "Closely related to it is the notion of [*codimension*]{}, which, in a way, quantifies the structural stability (or, rather, instability) of the flow. ", "Namely, the codimension of a bifurcation is the number of parameters that must be adjusted for the bifurcation to occur. ", "For example, in a one-dimensional flow = () \\[1dflow\\] the derivative $\\beta' (\\lambda)$ is in general non-zero when $\\beta (\\lambda)$ itself vanishes. ", "Indeed, two independent equations $\\beta' (\\lambda)=0$ and $\\beta (\\lambda)=0$ form an overdetermined system for a single variable $\\lambda$ and in general have no solutions. ", "However, in the presence of parameters they generically do have solutions, [*e.g.*]{} if $\\beta (\\lambda; x)$ depends on a parameter $x$ the system of two equations $\\beta=\\beta'=0$ in general has solutions for isolated values of $\\lambda$ and $x$, which are precisely the points where bifurcations take place.", "\n\nA simple example illustrating this can be obtained by taking $\\beta (\\lambda; x) = \\lambda^2 - x$ in our one-dimensional flow : = \\^2 - x \\[saddlenode1d\\] This flow has the so-called [*saddle-node bifurcation*]{} at $x=0$ (and $\\lambda=0$). ", "Indeed, $\\beta=0$ has two solutions $\\lambda = \\pm \\sqrt{x}$ when $x>0$, and no solutions ([*i.e.*]{} no fixed points) when $x<0$. As the parameter $x$ varies from $x>0$ to $x<0$ the two fixed points coalesce and annihilate each other at $x=0$. Note, using the language of dynamical systems, we can rephrase the proposal of [@Gies:2005as; @Braun:2005uj; @Braun:2006jd; @Kaplan:2009kr] by saying that the saddle-node bifurcation takes place at the lower end of the conformal window in QCD$_4$; in what follows we revisit this proposal more carefully once we master other tools from bifurcation theory.", "\n\nWhat we just presented is a standard argument showing that saddle-node bifurcation is of codimension 1 and that, in a system with one parameter $x$, it occurs at points in the parameter space $X$. However, if the parameter space $X$ is $n$-dimensional, then the same argument implies that a saddle-node bifurcation occurs on an $(n-1)$-dimensional hypersurface in $X$. In other words, it is a codimension-1 bifurcation in any dimension. ", "Bifurcations of codimension $\\ge 2$ are usually called [*degenerate*]{}; in a general system such bifurcations may be encountered only “by chance” since additional conditions need to be satisfied.", "\n\n![", "Bifurcation diagram for saddle-node bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:SNbifurcation\"}](RGflows12.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.3\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Bifurcation diagram for saddle-node bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:SNbifurcation\"}](RGflows13.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.3\\textheight\"}\n\nTo summarize, bifurcations can be local or global, subcritical or supercritical, and of various codimension. ", "Now we go more systematically trough the standard textbook list of bifurcations, and describe each one in turn paying special attention to codimension, which will be important in applications to RG flows. ", "We start with the simplest ones and then gradually build our way up. ", "Among local bifurcations, there are only two which are truly of codimension-one, namely the saddle-node bifurcation and the Hopf bifurcation:\n\n- [**Saddle-node (fold) bifurcation**]{} is one of the simplest and most common types of bifurcation in which two fixed points collide and annihilate each other. ", "Since the Conley index must remain invariant in local bifurcations, we immediately conclude that the fixed points involved in the saddle-node bifurcation must have index equal to $\\mu$ and $\\mu+1$. In particular, in two-dimensional flows one of the fixed points must be a saddle and the other a node (either an attractor or a repellor). ", "The [*normal form*]{} of this bifurcation can be obtained from its one-dimensional variant that we discussed earlier by adding a decoupled equation $\\dot \\lambda_2 = - \\lambda_2$: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & \\lambda_1^2 - x \\label{saddlenode2d} \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & - \\lambda_2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The saddle-node bifurcation can be found in many models of population dynamics, [*e.g.*]{} in dynamics of the constantly harvested population.", "\n\n- [**Hopf bifurcation**]{} (a.k.a. ", "Andronov-Hopf or Poincaré-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation) is a birth of a stable limit cycle from a fixed point which looses its stability, see Figure \\[fig:Hopf\\]. ", "The normal form $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & \\lambda_1 (x - \\lambda_1^2 - \\lambda_2^2) - \\lambda_2 \\label{Hopf2d} \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & \\lambda_2 (x - \\lambda_1^2 - \\lambda_2^2) + \\lambda_1 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ is easy to understand in polar coordinates $\\lambda_1 +i \\lambda_2 = r e^{i \\theta}$ where it becomes $\\dot r = r (x - r^2)$ and $\\dot \\theta =1$. For $x<0$ the fixed point at the origin is a stable focus (spiral point) and for $x>0$ it is an unstable focus; in addition, for $x>0$ there is a stable limit cycle at $r = \\sqrt{x}$. Although this bifurcation has many applications, we do not expect to see it in unitary RG flows since the Jacobian matrix of the linearization at the fixed point has complex eigenvalues $x \\pm i$; it may play an important role, however, in non-unitary theories.", "\n\n![", "Transcritical bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:transcritical\"}](Hopf.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.35\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Transcritical bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:transcritical\"}](RGflows15a.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\nEven though we do not expect to see them in RG flows, for completeness we briefly summarize more complex[^16] local codimension-one bifurcations that involve periodic orbits:\n\n- [**Period-doubling (flip) bifurcation**]{} often appears in discrete-time dynamical systems and refers to an appearance of a new periodic orbit with double the period of the original orbit. ", "For example, the iterated logistic map on the interval $\\lambda \\in [0,1]$, :  x (1 - ) , (0 &lt; x 4) exhibits an entire cascade of period-doubling bifurcations when $x > 1 + \\sqrt{6} \\approx 3.449499$ followed by a transition to chaos at $x \\ge 3.569946$. The bifurcation diagram of a period-doubling is similar to that of a pitchfork bifurcation, [*cf.*]{} ", "Figure \\[fig:pitchfork\\].", "\n\n- [**Neimark-Sacker bifurcation**]{} (a.k.a. ", "secondary Hopf or torus bifurcation) is a Hopf bifurcation of a periodic solution when two complex conjugate Floquet multipliers cross the unit circle.[^17] Depending on the ratio of the two new frequencies, the bifurcating solution can be periodic or quasi-periodic. ", "The latter almost covers a torus in a theory space. ", "A supercritical Neimark-Sacker bifurcation in which a new stable quasi-periodic solution appears can be found [*e.g.*]{} in large-amplitude vibrations of circular cylindrical shells.", "\n\nContinuing with local bifurcations, we now turn to bifurcations of higher codimension (a.k.a. ", "degenerate bifurcations):\n\n- [**Transcritical bifurcation**]{} requires three conditions to be satisfied, $\\beta = \\partial_{\\lambda} \\beta = \\partial_{x} \\beta = 0$. Its normal form is $\\beta (\\lambda; x) = x \\lambda - \\lambda^2$ or, in a two-dimensional flow: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & x \\lambda_1 - \\lambda_1^2 \\label{transcritical2d} \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & - \\lambda_2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ It describes two fixed points which exist for all values of the control parameter $x \\ne 0$ and exchange their stability properties at $x=0$, as illustrated in the bifurcation diagram in Figure \\[fig:transcritical\\]. ", "A good example for a transcritical bifurcation is a laser at the threshold, where $\\lambda$ is the photon density.", "\n\n- [**Pitchfork bifurcation**]{} requires four conditions to be satisfied, $\\beta = \\partial_{\\lambda} \\beta = \\partial_{x} \\beta = \\partial^2_{\\lambda} \\beta = 0$, and is usually found in systems with a symmetry $\\lambda \\to - \\lambda$. This implies that more terms need to vanish in the Taylor series expansion of $\\beta (\\lambda;x)$, compared to the transcritical bifurcation . ", "Thus, in a two-dimensional system, the normal form of a supercritical pitchfork bifurcation is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & x \\lambda_1 - \\lambda_1^3 \\label{pitchfork2d} \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & - \\lambda_2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The bifurcation diagram is shown in Figure \\[fig:pitchfork\\]. ", "Changing the sign of a cubic term we obtain a subcritical pitchfork bifurcation. ", "The pitchfork bifurcation occurs [*e.g.*]{} in dissipative magnetization dynamics.", "\n\n- [**Imperfect bifurcation**]{} is a version of a pitchfork bifurcation with a symmetry-breaking term (external magnetic field in applications to magnetization dynamics): $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & x_0 + x_1 \\lambda_1 - \\lambda_1^3 \\label{imperfect2d} \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & - \\lambda_2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\n![", "Imperfect pitchfork bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:imperfect\"}](RGflows14.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Imperfect pitchfork bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:imperfect\"}](RGflows18.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\nBifurcations where stable fixed points continue to exist before and after the transition are called [*safe*]{} (or [*soft*]{}) bifurcations. ", "On the other hand, when stable fixed points disappear and can be found only before or after the bifurcation, such bifurcations are called [*dangerous*]{} (or [*hard*]{}). ", "Simple examples of soft bifurcations are transcritical bifurcation and supercritical pitchfork bifurcation, whereas examples of hard ones are saddle-node and subcritical pitchfork bifurcation.", "\n\nWe now briefly review some of the global bifurcations:\n\n- [**Homoclinic bifurcation**]{} is a codimension-one bifurcation that occurs when a limit cycle is destroyed by colliding with a saddle point. ", "This may happen [*e.g.*]{} if one of the flow trajectories leaving the saddle circles the spiral point and returns back to the saddle. ", "This special trajectory is called a [*homoclinic cycle*]{} and takes an infinite time to complete. ", "The normal form is $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & \\lambda_2 \\label{homoclinic2d} \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & - x - \\lambda_1 + \\lambda_1^2 - \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The period of traversing the limit cycle is of the order of $\\log (x)$.\n\n- [**Heteroclinic (saddle) bifurcation**]{} is precisely the transition illustrated in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\] that we discussed in section \\[sec:MCcrossing\\] in the context of marginality crossing. ", "Now we can give it a proper name and identify it as a codimension-one global bifurcation. ", "In a way, this entire paper grew out of the attempt to understand RG flows that exhibit a heteroclinic bifurcation [@Gukov:2015qea].", "\n\n- [**SNIPER (Saddle-Node Infinite PERiod)**]{}, also known as [*Andronov bifurcation*]{} or [*saddle-node homoclinic bifurcation*]{}, occurs when a stable node and a saddle collide on a closed trajectory. ", "In polar coordinates $\\lambda_1 +i \\lambda_2 = r e^{i \\theta}$ which we also used in discussing , the normal form looks like: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot r & = & r (1-r^2) \\label{SNIPER2d} \\\\\n \\dot \\theta & = & x + 1 + \\cos \\theta \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ The limit cycle created in this bifurcation has a slow phase in the vicinity of the former fixed points (sometimes called [*ghosts of the fixed points*]{}). ", "As a result, the period of traversing the limit cycle is of the order of $1 / \\sqrt{x}$.\n\n- [**Blue sky catastrophe**]{} is a typical phenomenon in slow-fast dynamical systems where a periodic orbit “vanishes into the blue sky” without loss of stability. ", "This is a codimension-one bifurcation in at least three-dimensional phase space, such that both the period and the length of the periodic orbit exhibit unbounded growth as the control parameter approaches its critical value, while the entire orbit remains in the bounded region of the phase space. ", "Examples of the blue sky bifurcation can be found in fluid dynamics and in computational/mathematical neuroscience, [*e.g.*]{} in Hodgkin-Huxley models.", "\n\nProminent examples which combine both local and global bifurcations include:\n\n- [**Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation**]{} is a codimension-2 bifurcation where saddle-node bifurcation, Andronov-Hopf bifurcation, and a homoclinic bifurcation all meet at the same time. ", "It has the normal form: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & \\lambda_2 \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & x_1 + x_2 \\lambda_1 + \\lambda_1^2 \\pm \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\n- [**Dumortier-Roussarie-Sotomayor bifurcations**]{} are degenerate codimension-3 versions of Bogdanov-Takens bifurcations. ", "They have normal form: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\dot \\lambda_1 & = & \\lambda_2 \\\\\n \\dot \\lambda_2 & = & x_1 \\lambda_2 \\lambda_1 + x_2 \\lambda_1^2 + x_3 \\lambda_1^3 + x_4 \\lambda_2 \\lambda_1^2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ A constant and coefficients of linear terms in the second equation are called unfolding parameters whose general definition will come shortly. ", "Turning on these parameters one finds that the above system represents a codimension-3 point where three lines of codimension-2 bifurcations meet: subcritical Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation, supercritical Bogdanov-Takens bifurcation, and a generalized Hopf (a.k.a. ", "Bautin) bifurcation.", "\n\nNow, once we familiarized ourselves with different types of bifurcations, a natural question is: Which RG flows realize these bifurcations? ", "Clearly, the simpler types, of lower codimension will be easier to find and, not surprisingly, the saddle-node bifurcation and the transcritical bifurcation will show up in many simple examples with one control parameter, as we shall see below. ", "More interesting systems, however, with several parameters may exhibit more sophisticated bifurcations. ", "It would be interesting to produce a list of RG flows that realize different types of bifurcations; in this work we only make a few initial steps in this direction.", "\n\nStability and unfolding {#sec:unfolding}\n-----------------------\n\nIn our previous discussion we already came across the question of stability of the fixed points and RG flows, which is indeed a very important question that determines the fate of the system. ", "In particular, we already saw the notion of structural stability which refers to the property of the RG flow (resp. ", "bifurcation) to be immune to small perturbations. ", "And, in case of bifurcations, it is related to the codimension.", "\n\nFor example, both transcritical bifurcation and the pitchfork bifurcation need multiple conditions to be satisfied. ", "In other words, these are [*not*]{} codimension-1 bifurcations. ", "Therefore, in one-parameter system such bifurcations can be found either if there is a certain symmetry of the system (that leads to structural stability) or these higher-codimension bifurcations are degenerate, in which case even arbitrarily small perturbations will change bifurcation diagram qualitatively. ", "This is called [*unfolding*]{} of degenerate bifurcations.", "\n\nThus, a pitchfork bifurcation is not structurally stable and under a small perturbation breaks into a saddle-node bifurcation and an extra fixed point, as we saw in Figure \\[fig:imperfect\\]. ", "Completing by lower-degree terms gives the deformed equation $\\beta = x_0 + x_1 \\lambda + x_2 \\lambda^2 - \\lambda^3$, where the new parameters $x_0$ and $x_2$ are usually called the [*unfolding parameters*]{}. ", "Values of these parameters determine the structure of the deformed bifurcation, which can be conveniently presented on a [*unfolding diagram*]{}.", "\n\nFor the pitchfork bifurcation, the unfolding diagram consists of the $(x_0,x_2)$ divided by the curves $x_0 = 0$ and $x_0 = x_2^3 / 27$. In the regions $0< x_0 < x_2^3 / 27$ and $x_2^3/27 < x_0 < 0$ one finds three saddle-node bifurcations, while for other values of the unfolding parameters there is only one. ", "For $x_0=0$ the leading behavior of $\\beta (\\lambda;x)$ coincides with and so one finds transcritical bifurcation along this line, [*cf.*]{} ", "Figure \\[fig:hysttrans\\]. ", "Specializing further to $x_0=x_2=0$ gives the original pitchfork bifurcation.", "\n\nNote, the other special case $x_2=0$ leads to the imperfect bifurcation , which was indeed introduced as a deformation (or, unfolding) of the pitchfork bifurcation with two parameters $(x_0,x_1)$. Depending on the values of these parameters, the system has  x\\_1 &gt;0  x\\_0 or one fixed point otherwise. ", "As illustrated in Figure \\[fig:imperfect\\], a saddle-node bifurcation takes place at $x_0 = \\pm \\frac{2}{3\\sqrt{3}} (x_1)^{3/2}$. Keeping $x_1 > 0$ fixed and changing the value of $x_0$, the system exhibits the phenomenon of [*hysteresis*]{}, [*i.e.*]{} an irreversible behavior as $x_0$ is ramped up and down. ", "On the other hand, for $x_1 < 0$ the behavior is completely reversible and the system simply retraces its path.", "\n\n![", "Higher-order terms stabilize the subcritical pitchfork and lead to hysteresis.[]{data-label=\"fig:hystpitchfork\"}](RGflows20.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Higher-order terms stabilize the subcritical pitchfork and lead to hysteresis.[]{data-label=\"fig:hystpitchfork\"}](RGflows19.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\nThe starting point of any stability analysis is the [*linear stability analysis*]{} near each fixed point. ", "It is determined by the Jacobian of $\\beta$, [*i.e.*]{} the matrix of partial derivatives $\\partial_i \\beta_j$ with respect to $\\lambda_i$: J =\n\n\\_1 \\_1 & \\_2 \\_1 &\\\n\\_1 \\_2 & \\_2 \\_2 &\\\n& &\n\nSometimes the Jacobian matrix is called the stability matrix. ", "If real parts of eigenvalues of this matrix are all non-zero, then the fixed point in question is called hyperbolic. ", "Since these eigenvalues are precisely the values of $d - \\Delta_i$, [*cf.*]{} , ", "we conclude that hyperbolic fixed points correspond to CFTs without marginal deformations. ", "According to Hartman-Grobman theorem, the local phase portrait near such a fixed point is topologically equivalent to phase portrait of its linearized system, = J When some couplings are marginal at the fixed point, the Jacobian matrix has zero eigenvalues and, in the language of dynamical systems, we deal either with non-isolated fixed points (when the couplings are exactly marginal) or with higher order fixed points. ", "In either case, the analysis of such fixed points requires extra care, [*cf.*]{} [", "@Gukov:2015qea].", "\n\nIn unitary theories all conformal dimensions are real. ", "And, since in this paper we are mainly interested in RG flows between unitary CFTs, we can safely assume throughout that the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix are all real. ", "Then, continuing with the dictionary, we also learn that stability in the sense of dynamical systems means that a fixed point has no relevant deformations. ", "Indeed, the fixed point is generally considered unstable if there are relevant operators which are singlets under global symmetries. ", "Likewise, in dynamical systems, a fixed point is called stable if all eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix are negative.", "\n\nNote, that many bifurcations require the determinant of the Jacobian matrix to vanish at the bifurcation point $x = x_{\\text{crit}}$. Moreover, as $x$ approaches $x_{\\text{crit}}$, the rate of vanishing is different for different types of bifurcations and, therefore, can be used as a “fingerprint” helping to identify the bifurcation in question. ", "In Table \\[tab:Jacobian\\] we summarize the order of the vanishing of $\\det (J)$ for different types of local bifurcations. ", "For example, the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation occurs when a pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues crosses the imaginary axis, and so the determinant of the Jacobian matrix remans non-zero at the bifurcation point.", "\n\n   $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}}$ Bifurcation $\\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$    Behavior of $\\Delta - d$\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Saddle-node $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\sqrt{|x - x_{\\text{crit}}|} \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n Andronov-Hopf $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\text{const} \\ne 0 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n Transcritical $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} x - x_{\\text{crit}} \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n Pitchfork $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} x - x_{\\text{crit}} \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$\n\n : \\[tab:Jacobian\\] Behavior of the determinant of the Jacobian matrix or, equivalently, conformal dimension of the operator nearest to marginality for different types of local bifurcations.", "\n\nAs a first simple application of this formalism, we can clarify and formalize an expectation from the early days of the subject that an irrelevant four-fermion operator should acquire large anomalous dimensions and cross through marginality exactly at the lower end of the conformal window (see [*e.g.*]{} [@Fomin:1984tv; @Bardeen:1985sm; @Appelquist:1988sr; @Appelquist:2004ib; @Appelquist:1997fp]). ", "For simplicity, let us assume that the lower end of the conformal window is described either by a saddle-node or transcritical bifurcation, an assumption that, on the one hand will be justified in many of the examples below and, on the other hand, easy to relax and generalize. ", "Then, from the above discussion ([*cf.*]{} ", "Table \\[tab:Jacobian\\]) it follows that:\n\n\\[MCtheorem\\] If the loss of conformality at the lower end of the conformal window is either due to annihilation of the IR stable fixed point with another fixed point (“merger and annihilation” scenario) or due to exchange of stability with another fixed point (so that the two fixed points “go through each other”), then at least one irrelevant operator should cross through marginality precisely at the transition point.", "\n\nNow let us briefly discuss the role of the higher-order terms, which also affect stability. ", "For example, in order to stabilize the subcritical pitchfork bifurcation one often uses fifth-order terms. ", "This adds two saddle-node bifurcations to the pitchfork bifurcation: = x + \\^3 - \\^5 Then, as $x$ varies, one finds three regions, with one, five, and three fixed points, respectively, [*cf.*]{} ", "Figure \\[fig:hystpitchfork\\]. ", "In particular, in the region $x \\in [- \\tfrac{1}{4} , 0]$ the system exhibits the famous [*hysteresis effect*]{}: starting at a stable fixed point and, say, increasing $x$, the fixed point becomes unstable causing the system to “jump” to the other branch at the same value of $x$ upon an arbitrarily small perturbation. ", "Then, decreasing $x$, the system remains on the second branch, thus showing an irreversible behavior.", "\n\nAnother example illustrating the influence of higher-order terms is the following flow: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot \\lambda_1 & = & - \\lambda_2 + x \\lambda_1 (\\lambda_1^2 + \\lambda_2^2) \\\\\n\\dot \\lambda_2 & = & \\lambda_1 + x \\lambda_2 (\\lambda_1^2 + \\lambda_2^2) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where the linear stability analysis leads to a wrong conclusion when $x \\ne 0$: a center at $(\\lambda_1,\\lambda_2)=(0,0)$ instead of a stable ($x<0$) or an unstable spiral ($x>0$). ", "This is easy to see in polar coordinates $\\lambda_1 + i \\lambda_2 = r e^{i \\theta}$, where the system is simply $\\dot \\theta = 1$ and $\\dot r = x r^3$.\n\nApplication to the $O(N)$ model {#sec:ONmodel}\n-------------------------------\n\nThe standard lore[^18] says that the $O(N)$ model in three dimensions undergoes a transition at some vale of $N$, usually called $N_{\\text{crit}}$, in which the Wilson-Fisher fixed point and the cubic fixed point exchange their stability properties. ", "In the language of dynamical systems, it can be neatly summarized by saying that the RG flow has a transcritical bifurcation at $N_{\\text{crit}}$, modulo one small caveat ... this type of behavior is not to be found in a system with only one parameter!", "\n\nIndeed, as we now know, the transcritical bifurcation is not of codimension-1 and, as such, can not occur in a one-parameter system unless there is a fine-tuning and, in addition, a symmetry (or a similar mechanism) protecting the fine-tuning from perturbations. ", "Otherwise, an arbitrarily small perturbation will destabilize the transcritical bifurcation transforming it either into a pair of two independent saddle-node bifurcations or into two smoothly changing branches of fixed points without any bifurcation, as illustrated in Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]. ", "A string theorist might call these two ways of unfolding the transcritical bifurcation a [*resolution*]{} and [*deformation*]{}, respectively.", "\n\n![", "Unfolding transcritical bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:deformed\"}](RGflows15b.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\n\\\n\n![", "Unfolding transcritical bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:deformed\"}](RGflows16a.pdf){width=\"85.00000%\" height=\"0.24\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Unfolding transcritical bifurcation.[]{data-label=\"fig:deformed\"}](RGflows16c.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.26\\textheight\"}\n\nAnother way to explain this phenomenon is to imagine that — as was often the case in sections \\[sec:Conley\\] and \\[sec:bifurcations\\] — we know the limiting behavior of the system for small values of $N$ and for large $N$, but need to determine what happens in the intermediate regime. ", "This situation, illustrated in Figure \\[fig:transcritpuzzle\\], is in fact a fairly accurate summary of numerical simulations and experimental measurements in the 3d $O(N)$ model. ", "There are three ways to complete the partial bifurcation diagram in Figure \\[fig:transcritpuzzle\\], which are precisely the possibilities shown in Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]. ", "Two of these possibilities (namely, the two lower panels) represent generic behavior and do not require any fine tuning, whereas the third possibility (shown in the top panel) can be viewed as a special case of the lower panels where one has to arrange the two curves meet at a point. ", "This is the reason why transcritical bifurcation has codimension 2 and is structurally unstable in a theory with one control parameter.", "\n\nNevertheless, there is a simple and instructive reason why it is the latter possibility (represented by the top panel in Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]) which is realized in the 3d $O(N)$ model. ", "First, since numerical evidence rather clearly shows that the Wilson-Fisher fixed point is stable for small $N$ and the cubic fixed point is stable for large $N$, $$\\begin{aligned}\nN=2: \\quad & \\det (J) \\vert_{\\text{Wilson-Fisher}} \\; > \\; 0 \\,, & \\quad \\det (J) \\vert_{\\text{Cubic}} \\; < \\; 0 \\\\\nN=4: \\quad & \\det (J) \\vert_{\\text{Wilson-Fisher}} \\; < \\; 0 \\,, & \\quad \\det (J) \\vert_{\\text{Cubic}} \\; > \\; 0 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ it immediately rules out the possibility (shown in the lower left panel of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]) that the transcritical bifurcation is “deformed” into two smoothly changing branches of fixed points without any bifurcation. ", "Normally, [*i.e.*]{} in the absence of fine tuning and symmetries, this would be the end of the story, leaving us with only one option, illustrated in the lower right panel of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\].", "\n\nHowever, in the 3d $O(N)$ model the story is a little more interesting because the Wilson-Fisher fixed point has $O(N)$ symmetry, whereas the cubic fixed point enjoys only a part of this symmetry given by the semi-direct product of the symmetric group $S_N$ with $(\\Z_2)^N$. This is precisely the symmetry that, in the 3d $O(N)$ model, prevents the unfolding of the transcritical bifurcation, at least to all orders in perturbation theory.[^19] In general, if the operator crossing through marginality in a transcritical bifurcation preserves the full symmetry of the system, then nothing prevents the “unfolding” shown in the lower panels of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]. ", "This will be indeed the situation in some other examples, such as the higher-dimensional version of the $O(N)$ model or QED$_3$, where the transcritical bifurcation will show up again. ", "However, if the marginality crossing involves an operator that breaks the symmetry of the stable fixed point, then it prevents the unfolding and protects the transcritical bifurcation. ", "This is precisely what happens in the 3d $O(N)$ model, where the Wilson-Fisher fixed point and the cubic fixed point have different symmetries.", "\n\nThis behavior can be also verified directly, by examining the perturbative RG flow in the 3d $O(N)$ model. ", "Namely, one can check that including the higher-loop terms does not affect the structure of the transcritical bifurcation: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot \\lambda_1 & = & (d-4) \\lambda_1 + \\frac{9 \\lambda_1^2 + (N-1)\\lambda_2^2}{8 \\pi^2}\n- \\frac{51 \\lambda_1^3 + 5(N-1) \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2^2 + 4 (N-1) \\lambda_2^3}{64 \\pi^4} + \\ldots \\nonumber \\\\\n\\dot \\lambda_2 & = & (d-4) \\lambda_2 + \\frac{6 \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2 + (N+2)\\lambda_2^2}{8 \\pi^2}\n- \\frac{15 \\lambda_1^2 \\lambda_2 + 36 \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2^2 + 9 (N-1) \\lambda_2^3}{64 \\pi^4} + \\ldots\\end{aligned}$$ Written here is a 2-loop RG flow (see [*e.g.*]{} [@Kleinert:1994td; @Fei:2015oha]) and one can verify that truncating it to 1-loop terms or, in the opposite direction, including 3-loop corrections, does not unfold the transcritical bifurcation where the cubic fixed point and the Wilson-Fisher fixed point exchange their stability properties.", "\n\n![", "\\[fig:transcritpuzzle\\] If we are presented with a “black box” and asked to fill in the intermediate region of a [*structurally stable*]{} bifurcation diagram compatible with the boundary conditions (at small $N$ and large $N$), we would produce the lower panels of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\], but not the top one.](RGflows21.pdf){width=\"45.00000%\"}\n\nNote, that all three bifurcation diagrams shown in Figure \\[fig:deformed\\] belong to the family = u + x - \\^2 \\[transunfold\\] where we added the unfolding parameter $u$ to the normal form of the transcritical bifurcation . ", "Here, $u>0$ and $u<0$ correspond to the two topologically distinct ways of unfolding the original transcritical bifurcation which, in turn, corresponds to $u=0$. In all of these cases, one can read off the scaling dimensions of the nearly marginal operators at the two fixed points of the RG flow equation : - d \\~ \\[dtransunfold\\] In our applications, the control parameter $x = N - N_{\\text{crit}}$. And, since is supposed to describe scaling dimensions only in the vicinity of $N_{\\text{crit}}$, we can focus only on the leading behavior, which turns out to be either square root , or quadratic , or linear , depending on whether $u<0$, $u>0$, or $u=0$, respectively:\n\n\\[dtransthree\\] $$\\begin{aligned}\nu<0: & ~~ & \\Delta - d \\; \\sim \\; \\sqrt{N - N_{\\text{crit}}} \\\\\nu>0: & ~~ & \\Delta - \\Delta_0 \\; \\sim \\; (N - N_{\\text{crit}})^2 \\\\\nu=0: & ~~ & \\Delta - d \\; \\sim \\; N - N_{\\text{crit}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nWe can summarize this by saying that the scaling dimension of a slightly irrelevant operator can be used as a diagnostic tool for each of the three types of behavior in Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]. ", "In other words, measuring $\\Delta$ as a function of $N$ can unambiguously determine topology of the bifurcation diagram and, conversely, merely from topology of the bifurcation one can predict the shape of $\\Delta (N)$ near the critical value $N_{\\text{crit}}$.\n\nThus, in the ordinary 3d $O(N)$ model, the transcritical bifurcation at $N_{\\text{crit}}$ implies that the scaling dimension of a slightly irrelevant operator crosses through marginality in a linear fashion, as illustrated in Figure \\[fig:linvssqrt\\]. ", "We hope that measuring $\\Delta (N) \\sim \\det (J)$ with sufficient level of precision can help to reconcile some of the discrepancies in various studies of the behavior of 3d $O(N)$ model near $N_{\\text{crit}}$ and various attempts to determine this value precisely (which lead to results scattered around $N_{\\text{crit}} \\approx 3$).", "\n\nFor example, in earlier studies based on $\\epsilon$-expansion it was found that the Wilson-Fisher fixed point is stable at $N=3$, suggesting that $N_{\\text{crit}} > 3$. Then, later studies based on careful resummation of the perturbative series [@Shpot:1989sb; @Kleinert:1996hy] computed the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix at the Wilson-Fisher fixed point for $N=3$ and concluded that $\\det (J) < 0$, [*i.e.*]{} this fixed point is unstable at $N=3$. On the other hand, a high precision Monte Carlo simulation [@Caselle:1997gf] led to $\\det (J) > 0$ for the same problem (Wilson-Fisher fixed point at $N=3$), though the error bars on the smallest eigenvalue of $J$ were rather high, $d - \\Delta = - 0.0007(20)(9)$. (Here, the first error in parenthesis denotes the statistical uncertainty, while the second error is due to uncertainty of the critical coupling used in simulations.) ", "Curiously, the results of Monte Carlo simulation [@Caselle:1997gf] show a rather strong asymmetry for the behavior of $\\det (J)$ above and below the critical regime. ", "See [@Pelissetto:2000ek] for further discussion and references therein.[^20]\n\nIn general — meaning not only in the $O(N)$ model, but also in other examples — measuring one of the characteristic types of behavior may require sufficiently high level of precision, especially since control parameters often take integer values, just like $N$ in the case of the $O(N)$ model. ", "In some cases, however, recognizing different types of bifurcations may turn out to be extremely easy. ", "For example, if the same fixed point remains stable throughout the entire neighborhood of $N_{\\text{crit}}$, it is definitely a signature of (\\[dtransthree\\]b) illustrated in the lower left panel of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]. ", "Or, it may happen that fixed points simply cease to exist for certain (integer) values of $N$; that would be a smoking gun for the behavior in the lower right of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\] and scaling dimensions (\\[dtransthree\\]a).", "\n\nThis latter possibility is, in fact, realized in a version of the $O(N)$ model analytically continued to $d = 6 - \\epsilon$, which shows a huge “gap” between $N_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{C})}$ and $N_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{H})}$ where the higher-dimensional analogues of the cubic and the Heisenberg fixed points disappear in two independent bifurcations [@Fei:2014yja; @Fei:2014xta]: $$\\begin{aligned}\nN_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{C})} & = & 1038.266 - 609.840 \\epsilon - 364.173 \\epsilon^2 + \\CO (\\epsilon^3) \\\\\nN_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{H})} & = & 1.02145 + 0.03253 \\epsilon - 0.00163 \\epsilon^2 + \\CO (\\epsilon^3) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Note, these two curves meet at $\\epsilon \\approx 1.04664$, which is not unexpected since the two saddle-node bifurcations at $N_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{C})}$ and $N_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{H})}$ must turn into a transcritical bifurcation in $d=4$, [*i.e.*]{} at $\\epsilon = 2$, where the “intermediate phase” must completely disappear. ", "However, this also suggests that the higher-loop corrections, which are especially large in the case of $N_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{C})}$, change the behavior of $N_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{C})} (\\epsilon)$ and $N_{\\text{crit}}^{(\\text{H})} (\\epsilon)$ in such a way that the two meet precisely at $\\epsilon = 2$ or, equivalently, in $d=4$: N\\_\\^[()]{} \\_[= 2]{} = N\\_\\^[()]{} \\_[= 2]{} = 4 where we also used the fact that $N_{\\text{crit}} = 4$ in $d=4$ (or, rather, in $d=4-0$). ", "It would be interesting to test this prediction numerically or analytically.[^21]\n\nIt is curious to note that similar intermediate phases appeared in analytical and numerical studies of gauge theories that will be our next subject, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Kogut:2002vu] for a lattice study[^22] of compact QED$_4$ or [@Braun:2014wja; @Janssen:2016nrm] for functional RG and $\\epsilon$-expansion in non-compact QED$_3$. In particular, the latter proposed that chiral symmetry breaking in non-compact QED$_3$ is separated from conformal phase transition by a new intermediate phase characterized by a Lorentz-breaking vector condensate $\\langle \\bar \\Psi \\gamma_{\\mu} \\Psi \\rangle \\ne 0$ (with $\\langle \\bar \\Psi \\Psi \\rangle = 0$). ", "On the other hand, in compact QED$_4$, four-fermion interactions — which will be the main subject of the following discussion — separate the line of second-order chiral symmetry breaking phase transition from a first-order confinement-deconfinement phase transition controlled by monopole condensation (where the monopole concentration $\\langle M \\rangle$ jumps discontinuously).", "\n\n![", "Different types of phase transitions [*e.g.*]{} in the $O(N)$ model correspond to very different characteristic behavior of the scaling dimension of a nearly marginal operator. ", "One common feature, though, is that both the saddle-node (right) and the transcritical (left) bifurcations require this operator to become marginal at the transition point.[]{data-label=\"fig:linvssqrt\"}](RGflows24.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "Different types of phase transitions [*e.g.*]{} in the $O(N)$ model correspond to very different characteristic behavior of the scaling dimension of a nearly marginal operator. ", "One common feature, though, is that both the saddle-node (right) and the transcritical (left) bifurcations require this operator to become marginal at the transition point.[]{data-label=\"fig:linvssqrt\"}](RGflows25.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.25\\textheight\"}\n\nApplication to QED$_3$ {#sec:QED}\n======================\n\nDuring the past 30 years, three-dimensional parity-invariant quantum electrodynamics (QED$_3$) received a lot of attention for its numerous applications in modern condensed matter physics and its similarities to four-dimensional QCD-like theories.", "\n\nThere are several closely related versions of this theory, and we shall primarily focus on the so-called [*non-compact*]{} QED$_3$, which has no monopoles[^23] and $N_f$ four-component charged massless spinors, $\\Psi$ and $\\bar \\Psi$, acted upon by the usual $4 \\times 4$ Dirac matrices $\\gamma_{\\mu}$, $\\mu=0,1,2$. Although in three dimensions such spinor representations are reducible, this formulation has some advantages: it preserves parity and is convenient for extrapolating to four dimensions. ", "In terms of irreducible complex two-component fermions, the total number of flavors is $2N_f$ and the flavor (“chiral”) symmetry is $SU(2N_f)$; it combines the obvious $SU(N_f)$ symmetry of 4-component fermions with rotations in the space of irreducible subcomponents of the Dirac spinors. ", "The latter is generated by ${\\bf 1}$, $\\gamma_3$, $\\gamma_5$, and $i \\gamma_3 \\gamma_5$, resulting in a global $U(2)$ symmetry for each four-component spinor.", "\n\nThe Lagrangian of massless QED$_3$ that preserves parity and the $SU(2N_f)$ flavor/chiral symmetry simply consists of the (gauge covariant) kinetic terms for the gauge field and for the fermions. ", "Since the gauge coupling $e^2$ has mass dimension one, it sets the scale analogous to $\\Lambda_{QCD}$ in four dimensions, above which QED$_3$ is weakly-interacting. ", "As a result, the theory is asymptotically free for very simple dimensional reasons. ", "For sufficiently large $N_f$, the screening of fermion fluctuations keeps the coupling small, so that the theory remains in the disordered massless phase and has a non-trivial IR stable fixed point. ", "Starting with the early analysis of Schwinger-Dyson equations [@Pisarski:1984dj; @Appelquist:1988sr], the theory is believed to exhibit logarithmic confinement of electric charges and chiral symmetry breaking when the number of fermion flavors $N_f$ becomes smaller than some critical value $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$. If the fermions acquire dynamical mass the $SU(2N_f)$ symmetry is broken spontaneously to $SU(N_f) \\times SU(N_f) \\times U(1)$: SU (2 N\\_f) SU(N\\_f) SU(N\\_f) U(1) \\[UUUbreakingQED\\] and $2 N_f^2$ Goldstone bosons appear in the particle spectrum. ", "In practice, [*e.g.*]{} in numerical simulations[^24], one often studies whether non-zero chiral condensate is generated by introducing bare fermion mass $m \\ne 0$ (which is known to generate $\\langle \\bar \\Psi \\Psi \\rangle \\ne 0$) and then taking the limit $m \\to 0$, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Hands:2002qt]. ", "Therefore, in our study of massless QED$_3$ it will be convenient to embed it in a larger family of theories, = - F\\_ F\\^ + \\_[a=1]{}\\^[N\\_f]{} |\\_a (i \\^D\\_- m) \\^a + \\_ \\[QED3Lagr\\] which includes a bare mass term and irrelevant four-fermion self-interactions[^25] \\_ = (|\\_a \\^a)\\^2 + (|\\_a \\_ \\_[35]{} \\^a)\\^2 + (|\\_a \\_[35]{} \\^a)\\^2 + (|\\_a \\_ \\^a)\\^2 \\[QED4fermi\\] As the reader may anticipate from the general theme of this paper, the four-fermion interaction will become relevant at some point, literally and figuratively.", "\n\nThe extra terms which we added to the massless QED$_3$ Lagrangian can be generated dynamically and, if so, can break some part of the symmetry. ", "In general, there are two possible mass terms[^26]: $m \\bar \\Psi \\Psi = m (\\bar \\psi_a \\psi^a - \\bar \\psi_{a+N_f} \\psi^{a+N_f})$ and $\\tilde m \\bar \\Psi \\gamma_{35} \\Psi = \\tilde m \\bar \\psi_i \\psi^i$. In particular, writing these mass terms in terms of complex two-component fermions $\\psi_i$, $i = 1, \\ldots, 2N_f$, makes it clear that the first mass term preserves parity and corresponds to a symmetry breaking pattern , whereas the second one preserves $SU(2N_f)$ but breaks parity and time-reversal symmetry.", "\n\nLikewise, the four-fermion interactions that preserve $SU(2N_f)$ flavor symmetry and the discrete $C$, $P$, and $T$ symmetries have been completely classified, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Kaveh:2004qa; @Braun:2014wja]. ", "In the flavor-singlet channel, the space of such couplings is two-dimensional, and the last two terms in could be chosen as its basis (with all other choices related to it via linear transformations and Fierz identities). ", "Note, these two 4-fermion operators preserve the same symmetries as $F_{\\mu \\nu} F^{\\mu \\nu}$ and, therefore, they all can mix together. ", "As one can anticipate from section \\[sec:bifurcations\\], mixing between these operators will play an important role below in unfolding the bifurcation at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$. Relaxing the symmetry to $SU(N_f) \\times SU(N_f) \\times U(1)$, the space of 4-fermion interactions becomes four-dimensional, spanned by the linear combinations of the four terms in .", "\n\nIn various special limits the above Lagrangian reduces to other interesting theories. ", "For example, the special case of $e=0$ and $g'=\\lambda=\\lambda'=0$ gives the Gross-Neveu model[^27] (where a runaway flow for $g$ can be interpreted as dynamical mass generation, $m \\sim \\langle \\bar \\Psi \\Psi \\rangle$, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Kaveh:2004qa]). ", "Another special limit, $e=0$ and $g=g'=\\lambda=0$, gives the Thirring model.", "\n\nWhile in the case of the $O(N)$ model that we discussed in the previous section the debate is whether $N_{\\text{crit}} < 3$ or $N_{\\text{crit}} > 3$, in the case of QED$_3$ a lot of attention is centered around $N_f = 2$ and how $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ is positioned relative to it. ", "The reason, in part, comes from applications to layered condensed matter systems, such as high-$T_c$ cuprate superconductors, surface states of topological insulators [@Vafek:2013mpa], or the unconventional quantum Hall effect in graphene [@Gusynin:2005pk]. ", "For example, QED$_3$ was proposed to describe the effective theory for the underdoped and non-superconducting phase of high-$T_c$ superconducting cuprate compounds [@Franz:2002qy; @Herbut:2002yq], where the low-energy gapless quasiparticle excitations at the four nodes on the Fermi surface compose $N_f=2$ four-component Dirac spinors of $QED_3$. And, if $N_f^{\\text{crit}} < 2$ in QED$_3$, then the superconducting phase in these CuO$_2$ layers is separated from the antiferromagnetic phase by an unconventional non-Fermi-liquid phase (“pseudogap phase”) whose properties differ from those of the standard Fermi liquid due to non-perturbative anomalous dimensions of the fermions. ", "On the other hand, if $N_f^{\\text{crit}} > 2$, then QED$_3$ predicts a direct phase transition at some non-zero doping (and $T=0$) from the $d$-wave superconducting phase to the antiferromagnetic phase, where the chiral condensate of QED$_3$ plays the role of an order parameter for spin density waves.", "\n\nTherefore, determining the numerical value of $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ is an important problem, for both practical and theoretical reasons. ", "Even though it has been the subject of active research in the past 30 years, we still do not know what this value is. ", "Basically, a reader can think of any number between 1 and 10, and there is a good chance this number will appear as one of the proposed estimates for $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ within $10\\%$ accuracy, see Table \\[tab:NfQED\\]. ", "For all we know, $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ may even be zero, meaning that QED$_3$ flows to a conformal IR fixed point for all values of $N_f$ and the chiral symmetry breaking does not happen at all [@Karthik:2015sgq].", "\n\n  $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} N_f^{\\text{crit}} \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$   Method   Year and Reference\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\le \\frac{3}{2} \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ thermal free energy       1999 [@Appelquist:1999hr; @Appelquist:2004ib]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 1.5 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ lattice simulations       2008 [@Strouthos:2008kc]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\le 2 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ one-loop $\\epsilon$-expansion       2015 [@DiPietro:2015taa]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\le 2 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ Hybrid Monte Carlo       2002 [@Hands:2002qt; @Hands:2002dv; @Hands:2004bh]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 2.16 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ divergence of the chiral susceptibility       2002 [@Franz:2002qc]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 2.85 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ $1/N_f$ expansion       2016 [@Gusynin:2016som]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 2.89 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ $\\epsilon$-expansion       2016 [@Herbut:2016ide]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\frac{32}{\\pi^2} \\approx 3.24 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ Schwinger-Dyson equations       1984-88 [@Pisarski:1984dj; @Appelquist:1988sr]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\le 4 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ F-theorem       2015 [@Giombi:2015haa]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 4 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ covariant solutions for propagators       2004 [@Fischer:2004nq]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 4.3 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ Schwinger-Dyson equations       1996-97 [@Maris:1996zg; @Aitchison:1997ua]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 6 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ perturbative RG in the large-$N_f$ limit       2004 [@Kaveh:2004qa]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 5.1 $…$ 6.6 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ comparison to the Thirring model       2007-12 [@Christofi:2007ye; @Janssen:2012pq]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 4 \\approx N_f^{\\chi \\text{SB}} \\le N_f^{\\text{conf}} \\le 10 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ functional RG       2014 [@Braun:2014wja]\n\n : \\[tab:NfQED\\] Search for the critical value of $N_f$ in non-compact QED$_3$.\n\nAdding to the controversy, there is a wide range of opinions about [*what*]{} actually happens at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$. For example, some lattice simulations [@Strouthos:2008kc] suggest a relatively smooth second order phase transition. ", "Further support for this conclusion comes from the study of 3d Thirring model [@Janssen:2012pq], which has the same global chiral/flavor symmetries and is expected to have $\\chi$SB phase transition in the same universality class. ", "On the other hand, some analytical calculations predict that as $N_f$ approaches $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ the theory undergoes a conformal phase transition [@Appelquist:1994ui; @Miransky:1996pd; @Gusynin:1998kz], which is a generalization of the infinite order Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in two dimensions. ", "Alternatively, it has been suggested that (in the compact version of QED$_3$) the transition is due to monopole operators reaching the unitarity bound [@Safdi:2012re]. ", "Yet another proposal [@Braun:2014wja] is that a chiral symmetry breaking transition is separate from the conformal phase transition which, in turn, is due to annihilation of the IR stable fixed point and another fixed point where the four-fermion interaction of the Thirring model is turned on.", "\n\nOur goal is to examine the problem from the vantage point of bifurcation theory. ", "Consider, for example, one-loop RG flow equations from [@Kaveh:2004qa] that describe massless QED$_3$ with large $N_f$ (and $m=0$): $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{de^2}{d \\ln l} & = & e^2 - N_f e^4 + \\ldots \\nonumber \\\\\n\\frac{d g}{d \\ln l} & = & - g - g^2 + 4 e^2 g + 18 e^2 g' + \\ldots \\nonumber \\\\\n\\frac{d g'}{d \\ln l} & = & - g' + {g'}^2 + \\frac{2}{3} e^2 g + \\ldots \\label{KavehRGflow} \\\\\n\\frac{d \\lambda}{d \\ln l} & = & - \\lambda - \\lambda^2 + 4 e^2 \\lambda + 18 e^2 \\lambda' + 9N_f e^4 + \\ldots \\nonumber \\\\\n\\frac{d \\lambda'}{d \\ln l} & = & - \\lambda' + {\\lambda'}^2 + \\frac{2}{3} e^2 \\lambda + \\ldots \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where all couplings have been redefined to produce dimensionless quantities, [*e.g.*]{} in the case of gauge coupling $\\frac{2 e^2}{3 \\pi^2 \\Lambda} \\to e^2$, similarly $\\frac{4g \\Lambda}{\\pi^2} \\to g$, [*etc*]{}. ", "Since to the leading order the $\\beta$-function for the gauge coupling does not depend on the 4-fermion interactions, all fixed points have $e^2 = 0$ or $e^2_* = \\frac{1}{N_f}$. The former leads to the Gaussian UV fixed point (all 4-fermion interactions are zero), to the Gross-Neveu model ($g \\ne 0$), to the Thirring model ($\\lambda' \\ne 0$), and to their various hybrids and generalizations. ", "On the other hand, the non-trivial value of the gauge coupling $e^2_* = \\frac{1}{N_f}$ leads to interacting CFT in the conformal window $N_f \\ge N_f^{\\text{crit}}$.\n\nMoreover, as emphasized in [@Kaveh:2004qa], to the one-loop order, the RG flow equations for the 4-fermion interactions split into two pairs, in both of which $e^2_* = \\frac{1}{N_f}$ can be treated as a parameter. ", "Using a simple change of variables $e^2_* = \\frac{1}{N_f} = \\frac{1+x}{6}$, $g = \\frac{3}{2} \\lambda_1 - \\frac{3}{2} \\lambda_2$ and $g' = \\frac{1}{6} \\lambda_1 + \\frac{1}{2} \\lambda_2$, the first pair of the beta-function equations for the symmetry-breaking interactions can be conveniently written as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot \\lambda_1 & = & x \\lambda_1 - \\frac{13}{12} \\lambda_1^2 - \\frac{3}{4} \\lambda_2^2 + \\frac{5}{2} \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2 + \\ldots \\\\\n\\dot \\lambda_2 & = & - \\frac{4+x}{9} \\lambda_2 - \\frac{2x}{9} \\lambda_1\n+ \\frac{41}{108} \\lambda_1^2 + \\frac{5}{12} \\lambda_2^2 - \\frac{13}{18} \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2 + \\ldots \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ In the range of definition of $x \\in (-1 , + \\infty)$, the linear stability analysis gives only one critical value, $x_{\\text{crit}} = 0$, near which the anomalous dimension of $\\lambda_2$ remains finite, whereas the RG flow equation for $\\lambda_1$ exhibits a transcritical bifurcation, [*cf.*]{} . ", "At this critical value of $x$, the fixed point with no 4-fermion interactions interchanges its stability properties with the gauged Gross-Neveu fixed point at $(\\lambda_1 , \\lambda_2) \\simeq \\left( \\frac{12x}{13} , - \\frac{24 x^2}{13 (4+x)} \\right)$. Even though the above leading order RG flow equations indicate otherwise, [@Kaveh:2004qa] talks about annihilation of these two fixed points at $x_{\\text{crit}}$, see also [@Herbut:2016ide].", "\n\nCuriously, while this conlcusion was not fully justified by the approximation used in [@Kaveh:2004qa], it is actually consistent with our approach based on bifurcation theory. ", "Indeed, as we learned earlier, transcritical bifurcations never stay in the exact theory with a single parameter (unless there are symmetries protecting them), and in our present context of QED$_3$ higher-loop corrections and strong coupling effects will “unfold” the transcritical bifurcation either as in Figure \\[fig:hysttrans\\] or as in Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]. ", "Both the higher-order effects (as in Figure \\[fig:hysttrans\\]) and the unfolding with $u<0$ (as in (\\[dtransthree\\]a) illustrated in the lower right of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]) are signalled by a characteristic square-root approach to marginality, - d \\~ \\[sqrtMC\\] instead of a linear behavior $\\Delta-d \\; \\sim \\; (N_f - N_f^{\\text{crit}})$, [*cf.*]{} ", "Figure \\[fig:linvssqrt\\]. ", "On the other hand, if the unfolding parameter ends up with a different sign, namely $u>0$ in the notations of (\\[dtransthree\\]b), also illustrated in the lower left of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\], then the scaling dimensions of nearly marginal operators should exhibit quadratic behavior (with $\\Delta_0 > d$): - \\_0 \\~ ( N\\_f - N\\_f\\^ )\\^2 \\[quadMC\\] which is probably less familiar among the three options in (\\[dtransthree\\]). ", "Indeed, such corrections (that lead to unfolding) already show up at the leading order in the second pair of 4-fermion beta-functions . ", "In particular, the term $9N_f e^4$ has the effect of unfolding the transcritical bifurcation in the space of chiral symmetry preserving couplings $\\lambda$ and $\\lambda'$, which otherwise are identical to the RG flow equations for $g$ and $g'$. And, it was stressed already in [@Kaveh:2004qa] that, to the next order in the $1 / N_f$ expansion, the $\\beta$-functions for the 4-fermion interactions mix all of the couplings, so the terms leading to unfolding of the transcritical bifurcation are indeed generated.", "\n\nIt is also instructive to point out that $e^2$, which plays the role of the control parameter in the four last equations of , affects only lower-order terms. ", "In particular, it affects the structure of the fixed point set in each pair of couplings, but not the exit set $L \\cong I$, which in both cases is determined by the 3-point functions. ", "We already encountered such two-coupling systems several times in section \\[sec:Conley\\] and from the previous computations summarized in Table \\[tab:2dflowsCH\\] we know that the homological Conley index is trivial, CH\\_\\* (S) = 0 The RG flows which realize this must have an even number of fixed points (if the fixed points are isolated) that can be organized in pairs of fixed points with index equal to $\\mu$ and $\\mu + 1$, [*cf.*]{} ", "examples in Figure \\[fig:Type I flow\\] and in Figure \\[fig:Type II flow\\]. ", "This agrees with the structure of the phase portraits shown in [@Kaveh:2004qa].", "\n\nSimilarly, we can perform a “bifurcation diagnostics” on RG flows obtained by other methods. ", "For instance, a recent work [@DiPietro:2015taa] studied one-loop $\\beta$-functions and anomalous dimensions in QED$_3$ using the $\\epsilon$-expansion. ", "If one is to hope that the quantitative estimate for $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ produced in this analysis is reasonable, certainly the qualitative features of the analysis must be reliable too. ", "However, the latter imply that the transition at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ is a transcritical bifurcation. ", "Indeed, the RG flow equation for the gauge coupling in [@DiPietro:2015taa] is essentially identical to the first equation in . ", "Although the authors of [@DiPietro:2015taa] do not write the $\\beta$-function for the 4-fermion couplings \\_1 = (\\_[a=1]{}\\^[N\\_f]{} |\\_a \\_\\^a )\\^2, \\_2 = 6 (\\_[a=1]{}\\^[N\\_f]{} |\\_a \\_ \\^a)\\^2 they compute the matrix of anomalous dimensions at the fixed point with $e^2 \\ne 0$ and $\\lambda_1 = \\lambda_2 = 0$. By adding the classical contributions, one finds the eigenvalues of the stability matrix at the conformal IR fixed point: d - \\_ = - ( 4N\\_f +1 2) In particular, as noted in [@DiPietro:2015taa], one eigenvalue crosses through marginality at certain value $N_f^{\\text{crit}} = \\frac{-1 + \\sqrt{298}}{6} \\approx 2.71$. The quantitative estimate for $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ is not as important as the qualitative fact that the crossing is linear in $N_f$, [*cf.*]{} ", "Figure \\[fig:linvssqrt\\] (left): d - \\_ 0.54 ( N\\_f\\^ - N\\_f ) \\[linNfQED\\] This implies that the transition is described by a transcritical bifurcation,[^28] not the saddle-node bifurcation (a.k.a. ", "fixed point merger / annihilation)!", "\n\nAgain, just like in our earlier discussion, we conclude that this leading order analysis must be [*qualitatively*]{} modified at strong coupling, thereby transforming — or, to use proper terminology, “unfolding” — the transcritical bifurcation at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$, as illustrated in the lower panels of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\], and transforming the linear behavior into a “square root law” or perhaps even into a more surprising “quadratic behavior” .", "\n\nThe scenario where QED$_3$ fixed point annihilates with another fixed point (QED$_3^*$) in a merger was advocated in several recent papers, [*e.g.*]{} in [@Giombi:2015haa] using F-theorem combined with the $\\epsilon$-expansion and in [@Herbut:2016ide] using another variant of the $\\epsilon$-expansion approach. ", "In fact, one of these studies, namely [@Giombi:2015haa], points out that it can not distinguish between what we call the saddle-node and the transcritical bifurcation, and poses this as a question. ", "Here we propose an answer based on bifurcation theory and argue that in QED$_3$ the saddle-node bifurcation always prevails over the transcritical bifurcation.", "\n\nIn order to gain further insight into unfolding of the transcritical bifurcation in QED$_3$, it is natural to explore a larger class of theories. ", "Since until so far we restricted our attention to theories with $N_f$ 4-component Dirac fermions, one such generalization is to allow an arbitrary number, $N_f^{(2)}$, of 2-component Dirac fermions. ", "Another generalization is to introduce a level-$k$ Chern-Simons term for the gauge field which, in effect, introduces another control parameter. ", "These two generalizations are closely related; when $N_f^{(2)}$ is odd, the “parity” anomaly [@Redlich:1983dv] requires the Chern-Simons coupling to be non-zero, which in general has to satisfy k - Yet another generalization and another control parameter could be introduced by considering theories with $U(N_c)$ or $SU(N_c)$ gauge groups, [*i.e.*]{} variants of QCD$_3$ instead of QED$_3$. For simplicity, here we discuss only abelian theories.", "\n\nA generalization of QED$_3$ with a level-$k$ Chern-Simons term and an arbitrary number of 2-component fermions recently received a lot of attention, in part due to proposed infra-red CFTs at small values of $N_f^{(2)}$ [@Wang:2015qmt; @Metlitski:2015eka; @Mross:2015idy] and dualities between them [@Aharony:2015mjs; @Karch:2016sxi; @Seiberg:2016gmd; @Hsin:2016blu]. ", "Note, the existence of IR fixed points at small number of fermion flavors does not necessarily contradict a conformal phase transition at higher values of $N_f^{(2)}$; in recent work [@Roscher:2016wox] it was attributed to the fact that theories with small values of $N_f^{(2)}$ have fewer 4-fermion interaction channels and, therefore, less “room” for breaking conformal symmetry in the IR.", "\n\nFrom the bifurcation theory perspective, the infra-red CFTs at small values of $N_f^{(2)}$ could be on the same branch of fixed points as the family of weakly coupled CFTs at large $N_f^{(2)}$ (see the lower left panel of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]), or they could be on two different branches of fixed points separated by a “gap” (as in the lower right panel of Figure \\[fig:deformed\\]). ", "These two ways of unfolding the transcritical bifurcation correspond to two characteristic types of behavior of scaling dimensions and, with sufficient level of precision, can be tested either numerically or experimentally. ", "Namely, the second option can be tested by fitting scaling dimensions to the curve ; plus, an integer value of $N_f^{(2)}$ might fall into the “gap”. ", "And, in the first option, the scaling dimensions of nearly marginal operators should exhibit the quadratic behavior near $N_{f,\\text{crit}}^{(2)}$: |- d| \\~ + ( N\\_f\\^[(2)]{} - N\\_[f,]{}\\^[(2)]{} )\\^2 with $\\delta > 0$. Indeed, since larger values of $|k|$ tend to increase scaling dimensions (see [*e.g.*]{} [@Klebanov:2011td] for a clear illustration), it is conceivable that conformality is never lost for $|k|>0$ and any number of fermion flavors simply because none of the 4-fermi operators crosses through marginality when $|k|>0$. In that case, asking for the critical number of flavors is not even the right question and one should instead focus on the behavior of scaling dimensions.[^29]\n\nOne can also use the conjectured dualities to find the scaling dimensions $\\Delta$ of the 4-fermion interactions for various values of $k$ and $N_f^{(2)}$. For example, a version of QFD$_3$ with the smallest non-trivial $N_f^{(2)}$ — sometimes called $U(1)_{-1/2}$ theory or, counting 4-component fermions as in the above discussion, “QED$_3$ with $N_f = \\frac{1}{2}$” [@Roscher:2016wox] — has been conjectured to be IR-dual to the critical boson (a.k.a. ", "the $O(2)$ Wilson-Fisher fixed point). ", "If this duality maps “$|\\phi|^4$” operator of the bosonic theory to the scalar operator “$(\\bar \\psi \\psi)^2$” in the fermionic theory, then the latter should have the scaling dimension $\\Delta \\approx 3.8$ when $k = -\\frac{1}{2}$ and $N_f^{(2)} = 1$. Gradually increasing complexity, the next theory with $N_f^{(2)} = 2$ and $k=-1$ is also conformal; not only it preserves chiral symmetry, it was conjectured that chiral flavor symmetry of this theory is actually enhanced in the IR to the $SU(2) \\times SU(2) = Spin (4)$ symmetry, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Karch:2016sxi; @Hsin:2016blu]. ", "While at present $\\Delta ((\\bar \\psi \\psi)^2)$ is not known in this theory, the enhanced quantum symmetry can impose tight constraints on its value in the conformal bootstrap approach as well as in other methods. ", "Assuming this self-dual theory is precisely at the critical value $N_{f,\\text{crit}}^{(2)} = 2$ where the curve has a turning point, it is tempting to propose the following bifurcation-inspired fit for the scaling dimensions: \\_ - d where $u$ is some constant (presumably, $u \\sim |k|^2 + \\text{const}$). ", "This fit would approximate the behavior of scaling dimensions at small $N_f^{(2)}$ and also at large $N_f^{(2)}$, where $\\Delta_{\\text{4-fermi}} \\simeq 4$. Note, however, that even and odd values of $N_f^{(2)}$ possibly belong to two different families; in particular, the former makes sense with $k=0$, while the latter requires $k \\ne 0$.\n\nAs a generalization in a different direction, it would be interesting to apply the techniques of bifurcation theory and the Conley index theory to close cousins of QED$_3$, [*e.g.*]{} to a version with $N_f$ complex scalar fields charged under $U(1)$ gauge group. ", "This system, also known as the non-compact $\\C {\\bf P}^{N_f - 1}$ model, exhibits a marginality crossing that may describe [@Nahum:2015jya] the quantum phase transition between Néel antiferromagnet and valence bond solid (VBS). ", "In the future work we hope to explore phases of this system with the methods of dynamical systems.", "\n\nApplication to QCD$_4$ {#sec:QCD}\n======================\n\n![", "\\[fig:QCD\\] Expected phase diagram of QCD$_4$ as a function of temperature $T$ and the number of flavors $N_f$ (with the number of colors $N_c$ kept fixed).](RGflows26.pdf){width=\"80.00000%\"}\n\nAs we come to one of our most interesting examples, the four-dimensional quantum chromodynamics (QCD$_4$), we encounter a new feature: this theory has [*two*]{} control parameters, namely the number of colors $N_c$ and the number of flavors $N_f$.\n\nTherefore, codimension-2 bifurcations that in our previous examples could not exist without fine tuning and a symmetry protecting it, in QCD$_4$ can be generic and require neither fine tuning nor additional symmetries. ", "Moreover, codimension-1 bifurcations will now appear along lines in the two-dimensional plane of $N_c$ and $N_f$, where the full structure of RG flows and bifurcations can be much richer than in one-parameter flows. ", "In particular, mutual intersections of such lines of codimension-1 bifurcations will result in more interesting codimension-2 bifurcations, [*etc.*]{} ", "In order to map out the geography of the $(N_c,N_f)$-plane, it is often convenient consider varying $N_f$ for a fixed number of colors $N_c$. Equivalently, one can vary the ratio x = which is particularly useful in the large color and flavor (Veneziano) limit.", "\n\nAnother interesting feature of QCD$_4$ is that the upper end of the conformal window occurs at a finite value of $N_f$. In particular, in the Veneziano limit, the conformal window looks like N\\_f\\^ (N\\_c) &lt; N\\_f &lt; N\\_c or, equivalently, $x_{\\text{crit}} < x < \\frac{11}{2}$. This is easy to see already from the perturbative beta-function. ", "In $SU(N_c)$ gauge theory with $N_f$ quarks in the fundamental representation[^30], the two-loop beta-function for the gauge coupling $\\alpha = \\frac{g^2}{(4\\pi)^2}$ has the form \\_ = - b\\_1 \\^2 - b\\_2 \\^3 + …where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\gamma & = & 0 \\nonumber \\\\\nb_1 & = & \\frac{2 N_c}{3} (11 - 2 x) \\label{bbbQCD4} \\\\\nb_2 & = & \\frac{2 N_c^2}{3} \\left( 34 - 13 x + \\frac{3x}{N_c^2} \\right) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ expressed in terms of $N_c$ and $x$ (instead of $N_c$ and $N_f$) in order to facilitate applications to the Veneziano limit as well as to finite values of $N_c$. Clearly, $\\alpha = 0$ is one of the zeros of the beta-function and corresponds to a free UV fixed point when $b_1 > 0$. In this regime, the theory is asymptotically free and exhibits confining QCD-like behavior when $b_2 > 0$. On the other hand, for $b_2 < 0$, the RG flow described by this perturbative beta-function also has an interacting infra-red (Caswell-Banks-Zaks) fixed point [@Caswell:1974gg; @Banks:1981nn] at \\_\\* = - = \\[BZalpha\\] This fixed point is weakly coupled near the upper edge of the conformal window and, if were also valid at strong coupling, the transition from conformal to confining behavior would take place where the 2-loop coefficient $b_2 (x)$ changed sign, [*i.e.*]{} around $x \\simeq 2.6$ (for $N_c \\ge 10$). ", "Unfortunately, $\\alpha_* (x)$ has a pole there, indicating that the phase transition at the lower edge of the conformal window is a more interesting strongly-coupled phenomenon.[^31]\n\nThe phase transition at the lower edge of the conformal window in QCD$_4$ has been the subject of many analytical and lattice studies, which lead to a variety of different predictions for the value of $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ and the nature of the phase transition. ", "For example, the study of Schwinger-Dyson equations with rainbow (ladder) resummations [@Cohen:1988sq; @Appelquist:1996dq; @Miransky:1996pd; @Appelquist:1997fp; @Appelquist:1998rb] suggests that QCD$_4$ is in a hadronic phase (exhibiting confinement and chiral symmetry breaking) below N\\_f\\^ = N\\_c ( ) where the order parameter (= the dynamical fermion mass) vanishes continuously as $N_f \\to N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ from below and the gauge constant “walks” (rather than “runs”). ", "The IR spectrum of this hadronic phase is characterized by massless bosonic excitations, the Nambu-Goldstone bosons associated with the chiral symmetry breaking SU(N\\_f)\\_L SU(N\\_f)\\_R SU(N\\_f)\\_V Moreover, both the functional RG approach [@Braun:2010qs] and the holographic models [@Alho:2012mh; @Jarvinen:2015qaa] for QCD$_4$ in the Veneziano limit (called V-QCD) indicate that the conformal phase at zero temperature is continuously connected to the chirally symmetric quark-gluon plasma (QGP) phase at high temperature, as illustrated in Figure \\[fig:QCD\\]. ", "While this general picture is in agreement with most lattice simulation (see [*e.g.*]{} [@DelDebbio:2010zz] for a review), the nature of the phase transition at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ and the precise value of $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ are much less certain.", "\n\nFor example, Pisarski-Wilczek scenario [@Pisarski:1983ms] as well as the jumping scenario [@Antipin:2012sm] might suggest a first order phase transition. ", "Another possibility could be an infinite order BKT-like phase transition characterized by the exponential Miransky scaling for the dynamical fermion mass ($N_f \\le N_f^{\\text{crit}}$) [@Miransky:1996pd]: m\\_ \\~ e\\^[- ]{} \\[mMiransky\\] It has also been argued [@Braun:2010qs; @Lombardo:2014mda] that QCD$_4$ is a multi-scale theory when approaching the conformal window from below. ", "One popular scenario [@Gies:2005as; @Braun:2006jd] is that the IR stable fixed point in the conformal window of QCD$_4$ annihilates with another fixed point at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ via what we now can call a saddle-node bifurcation. ", "We also know from Theorem \\[MCtheorem\\] that this behavior requires an irrelevant operator to cross through marginality at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$, precisely as anticipated [*e.g.*]{} in [@Appelquist:1997fp; @Appelquist:1996dq; @Appelquist:1998rb], so that the instability at the phase transition is triggered by a 4-fermion interaction. ", "Specifically, for the saddle-node bifurcation, [*cf.*]{} : \\_ - ", "d \\~ and this scenario has also been used in [@Kaplan:2009kr] to give further evidence for the Miransky scaling . (", "Note that, contrary to , in this scenario $\\beta_{\\alpha}'$ remains finite as $N_f$ approaches the lower end of the conformal window.)", "\n\n  $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} N_f^{\\text{crit}} \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$   Method   Year and Reference\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\approx 6 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ instanton – anti-instanton pairs       1997 [@Velkovsky:1997fe]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} \\le 7 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ lattice simulations       1991 [@Iwasaki:1991mr]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 6 \\le N_f^{\\text{crit}} \\le 8 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ lattice simulations       2015 [@daSilva:2015vna]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} > 8.25 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ NSVZ-inspired $\\beta$-function       2007 [@Ryttov:2007cx]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 8 \\le N_f^{\\text{crit}} \\le 12 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ lattice simulations       2007-09 [@Appelquist:2007hu; @Appelquist:2009ty]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 8 \\le N_f^{\\text{crit}} \\le 12 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ Monte Carlo Renormalization Group (MCRG)       2009-10 [@Hasenfratz:2009ea; @Hasenfratz:2010fi]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 10 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ functional RG       2005 [@Gies:2005as]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} 11.58 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ 4-loop RG       2011 [@Kusafuka:2011fd]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} < 12 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ Highly Improved Staggered Quark (HISQ) action       2015 [@Aoki:2015gea]\n $\\phantom{\\int^{\\int^\\int}} > 12 \\phantom{\\int_{\\int}}$ staggered lattice fermions       2011 [@Fodor:2011tu]\n\n : \\[tab:NfQCD\\] Estimates for $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$ in QED$_4$ with $SU(3)$ gauge group ([*i.e.*]{} $N_c = 3$).", "\n\nAnticipating one of the four-fermion operators to cross marginality at $N_f^{\\text{crit}}$, it is natural to consider the Lagrangian for the $SU(N_c)$ gauge theory with $N_f$ flavors of massless Dirac fermions in the fundamental representation ($j = 1, \\ldots, N_f$): = - F\\_ F\\^ + i |\\_j D /\\^j + \\_ deformed by the fermion self-interaction terms: \\_ = \\_1 + \\_2 + \\_3 + \\_4 \\[QCD4fermi\\] where $\\Lambda$ is a mass scale introduced to make the couplings $\\lambda_i$ dimensionless. ", "Up to Fierz transformations, there are four independent 4-fermi operators which are invariant under $SU(N_c)$ gauge symmetry, parity (which acts on fermions as $\\psi_L \\leftrightarrow \\psi_R$), and $SU(N_f)_L \\times SU(N_f)_R$ chiral flavor symmetry [@Gies:2003dp; @Braun:2005uj; @Terao:2007jm]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\CO_1 & = &\n\\bar \\psi_i \\gamma^{\\mu} \\psi^j \\bar \\psi_j \\gamma_{\\mu} \\psi^i\n+ \\bar \\psi_i \\gamma^{\\mu} \\gamma_5 \\psi^j \\bar \\psi_j \\gamma_{\\mu} \\gamma_5 \\psi^i \\nonumber \\\\\n\\CO_2 & = &\n\\bar \\psi_i \\psi^j \\bar \\psi_j \\psi^i - \\bar \\psi_i \\gamma_5 \\psi^j \\bar \\psi_j \\gamma_5 \\psi^i \\label{QCD4fermop} \\\\\n\\CO_3 & = &\n(\\bar \\psi_i \\gamma^{\\mu} \\psi^i)^2 - (\\bar \\psi_i \\gamma^{\\mu} \\gamma_5 \\psi^i)^2 \\nonumber \\\\\n\\CO_4 & = &\n(\\bar \\psi_i \\gamma^{\\mu} \\psi^i)^2 + (\\bar \\psi_i \\gamma^{\\mu} \\gamma_5 \\psi^i)^2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Together with the gauge coupling $\\alpha$, the RG flow equations in this theory define a dynamical system in the five-dimensional phase space, whose analysis requires powerful tools such as the Conley index discussed in section \\[sec:Conley\\].", "\n\nAs a toy model, consider for example the RG flow equations of [@Kusafuka:2011fd]: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\dot \\alpha & = & -\\frac{2}{3}(11 - 2x) \\alpha^2 - \\frac{2}{3}(34 - 13x) \\alpha^3 + 2x \\alpha^2 \\lambda_1 \\nonumber \\\\\n\\dot \\lambda_1 & = & 2 \\lambda_1 + (1 + x) \\lambda_1^2 + \\frac{x}{4} \\lambda_2^2 - \\frac{3}{4} \\alpha^2 \\label{VQCD3flow} \\\\\n\\dot \\lambda_2 & = & 2 \\lambda_2 - 2 \\lambda_2^2 + 2x \\lambda_1 \\lambda_2 - 6 \\alpha \\lambda_2 - \\frac{9}{2} \\alpha^2 \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ which were proposed to describe the Veneziano limit of the five-coupling system that governs the RG flow in QCD$_4$ with the four-fermi interactions . ", "As usual, in the large $N_c$ limit we rescaled $\\alpha \\to \\frac{1}{N_c} \\alpha$ (so that the new coupling $\\alpha = \\frac{g^2 N_c}{(4\\pi)^2}$ is the standard ’t Hooft coupling), $\\lambda_{1,2} \\to \\frac{1}{N_c} \\lambda_{1,2}$ in the vector and scalar channels with non-trivial flavor structure, and $\\lambda_{3,4} \\to \\frac{1}{N_c^2} \\lambda_{3,4}$ for the color and flavor singlets. ", "The RG flow equations for the latter decouple in the Veneziano limit, thus resulting in a simpler system that depends on a single control parameter $x$.\n\n![", "A plot of the exist set $L$ in the boundary sphere, $\\partial N \\cong S^2$, for the 3-coupling flow at two different values of the control parameter $x$. We parametrize the boundary sphere $S^2$ by angles $(\\theta, \\varphi)$, such that $\\theta \\in [0, \\pi]$ and $\\varphi \\in [0, 2 \\pi)$, and shown here is the $(\\theta, \\varphi)$ atlas. ", "For sufficiently small values of $x$ (smaller than $x \\approx 4.7$) the exit set is homeomorphic to a two-dimensional disk shown on the left panel, whereas for larger values of $x$ (larger than $x \\approx 4.7$) the exit set is homeomorphic to an annulus ($\\cong$ sphere with two punctures) shown on the right panel.[]{data-label=\"fig:QCDexitset\"}](RGflows27a.pdf){width=\"85.00000%\" height=\"0.24\\textheight\"}\n\n![", "A plot of the exist set $L$ in the boundary sphere, $\\partial N \\cong S^2$, for the 3-coupling flow at two different values of the control parameter $x$. We parametrize the boundary sphere $S^2$ by angles $(\\theta, \\varphi)$, such that $\\theta \\in [0, \\pi]$ and $\\varphi \\in [0, 2 \\pi)$, and shown here is the $(\\theta, \\varphi)$ atlas. ", "For sufficiently small values of $x$ (smaller than $x \\approx 4.7$) the exit set is homeomorphic to a two-dimensional disk shown on the left panel, whereas for larger values of $x$ (larger than $x \\approx 4.7$) the exit set is homeomorphic to an annulus ($\\cong$ sphere with two punctures) shown on the right panel.[]{data-label=\"fig:QCDexitset\"}](RGflows27b.pdf){width=\"90.00000%\" height=\"0.26\\textheight\"}\n\nHowever, even with all of the simplifying assumptions that went into , it is not easy to find the exact fixed points and all the bifurcations of this system directly. ", "In Figure \\[fig:QCDexitset\\] we illustrate how the Conley index theory can help with this task. ", "Specifically, as in , we construct the exit set $L \\subset S^2$ as a set of points in the boundary of our coupling space, $N \\cong D^3$, where $\\vec \\beta \\cdot \\vec n$ is positive. ", "It is curious to note that, in the interesting range of control parameters, $L$ undergoes a topology changing transition near $x_0 \\approx 4.7$: L =\n\nD\\^2 , &  x &lt; x\\_0 …\\\nS\\^1 I , &  x x\\_0 …\n\nThis leads to the change of the homological Conley index $CH_* (S) = H_* (N/L , [L])$: CH\\_\\* (S) =\n\n0 , &  x &lt; x\\_0 …\\\n, &  x x\\_0 …\n\nindicating that the isolated invariant set $S$ changes, [*i.e.*]{} some fixed points enter or exit $N$. In order to get further insight into the structure of $S$, we note that the first equation in , namely the beta-function for $\\alpha$, has a double zero at $\\alpha=0$ and a non-trivial solution at \\_\\* = which is basically a slight modification of the familiar expression . ", "By looking at the derivative of the beta-function for $\\alpha$, it is easy to see that $\\alpha_*$ is stable (attractive in the IR) provided that $\\lambda_1$ is sufficiently small at each of the fixed points (as can be verified a posteriori) and for $x$ in the interesting range, say $3<x<11/2$. For the purpose of analyzing the invariant set $S$ in the system , it effectively means that the problem can be reduced to a two-coupling flow of $(\\lambda_1, \\lambda_2)$ with $\\alpha = \\alpha_*$. This two-coupling system has $N \\cong D^2$ and its exit set consists of only one component for all $4<x<11/2$, indicating that fixed points with $\\alpha = \\alpha_*$ have $CH_* (S) = 0$. Furthermore, this “reduced” two-coupling flow has a saddle-node bifurcation near $x_{\\text{crit}} \\simeq 4.05$, which is basically the result of [@Kusafuka:2011fd] re-derived here with the help of the Conley index theory and the bifurcation theory.", "\n\nIt would be interesting to extend this bifurcation analysis to the entire 5-coupling RG flow of $(\\alpha, \\lambda_1, \\ldots, \\lambda_4)$. Regarded as a family of flows with two control parameters $N_f$ and $N_c$, it is likely to exhibit more interesting types of bifurcations that we saw in section \\[sec:bifurcations\\]. ", "We plan to pursue a more detailed study of this interesting possibility in future work. ", "It would be also interesting to try bifurcation analysis on more general 4d gauge theories that include scalar fields ([*e.g.*]{} as in [@Rhedin:1998gx]) and matter in other representations of the gauge group.", "\n\nEpilogue: $C$-function and resurgence {#sec:resurgence}\n=====================================\n\nIn conclusion we wish to return to some of the questions that motivated our journey. ", "As we now know, marginality crossing always happens for a reason and usually signals a bifurcation. ", "For example, in a family of RG flows labeled by $x$, a marginality crossing in the IR theory $T_{\\text{IR}} (x)$ at some value of the parameter $x = x_{\\text{crit}}$ often indicates the existence of a nearby fixed point and a local bifurcation listed in Table \\[tab:Jacobian\\]. ", "A more interesting type of behavior occurs when marginality crossing happens “along the flow” and does not involve collision of fixed points: in such cases, a violation of is a signal of a global bifurcation discussed in section \\[sec:MCcrossing\\] and illustrated in Figure \\[fig:MCTTT\\]. ", "Both types of behavior can be identified with the help of the Conley index, $\\mu$-index , and other quantities.", "\n\nOne of the physically important quantities is the $C$-function, whose behavior along the RG flow was a part of our motivation. ", "When the strongest form of the $C$-theorem holds, we deal with the steepest descent (gradient) flows \\^i = - g\\^[ij]{} () \\[gradflow\\] which, in particular, require a positive-definite metric $g_{ij}$ on the space of couplings and a definition of the function $C(\\lambda)$ away from the fixed points. ", "Under these conditions, a heteroclinic saddle bifurcation illustrated in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\] is also known as the Stokes phenomenon [@MR1001456]. ", "It represents a “phase transition” under which the RG flow changes topology, while the metric $g_{ij}$ remains positive and non-degenerate throughout the entire transition.", "\n\nIn many of the interesting RG flows, however, we do not have the full access to the function $C(\\lambda)$ away from the starting point $T_{\\text{UV}}$ and the end-point $T_{\\text{IR}}$. In fact, even the value $C_{\\text{IR}}$ at the IR fixed point is often inaccessible, unless one can use supersymmetry, or expansion in a control parameter $x$, or similar tricks. ", "Suppose, one of such methods (or combination thereof) provides us with an expression for $C_{\\text{IR}}$. Can this information about the IR value of the $C$-function alone say something about bifurcations?", "\n\nThe answer turns out to be “yes”, at least when we deal with a family of RG flows and can say something about $C_{\\text{IR}} (x)$ as a function of $x$. As in [@Gukov:2015qea], the basic idea is that a non-analytic behavior of $C_{\\text{IR}} (x)$ is a signal for bifurcations. ", "For example, if $\\beta (\\lambda)$ is a gradient flow of the form , then a heteroclinic saddle bifurcation illustrated in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\] will cause $C_{\\text{IR}} (x)$ to “jump” as the steepest descent trajectory hits another critical point of $C (\\lambda)$. After all, the IR end-point of the flow trajectory starting at a given UV theory (denoted by $T_1$ in Figure \\[fig:MCTTTpert\\]) is very different before and after the bifurcation. ", "Similarly, other types of bifurcations lead to different types of non-analytic behavior in $C_{\\text{IR}} (x)$. For example, at a transcritical bifurcation $C_{\\text{IR}} (x)$ itself is continuous, but its derivative in general is not, because $T_{\\text{IR}} (x)$ goes to a different branch at $x = x_{\\text{crit}}$.\n\nIn order to explain this in more detail consider, for example, three-dimensional theories with $\\CN=2$ supersymmetry, where the value of the $C$-function (usually called $F$) at the IR fixed point (but not throughout the flow) can be determined [@Jafferis:2010un] by locally maximizing the free energy $F = - \\log |Z|$, \\_ |Z| = 0 , \\[Zmin\\] where $Z$ is the 3-sphere partition function. ", "The latter, in turn, can be reduced to a matrix model by means of supersymmetric localization. ", "For example, in the $\\CN=2$ SQCD with gauge group $SU(2)$ and $N_f$ fundamental flavors, it is given by a single, one-dimensional integral Z = \\_[- ]{}\\^[+ ]{} dz \\^2 (2z) e\\^[ N\\_f \\[(1 - + iz) + (1 - - iz)\\] ]{} \\[3dN2SQCD\\] where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\ell (z) & = & - z \\log \\left( 1 - e^{2\\pi i z} \\right)\n+ \\frac{i}{2} \\left( \\pi z^2 + \\frac{1}{\\pi} \\text{Li}_2 (e^{2\\pi i z}) \\right)\n- \\frac{i\\pi}{12} \\label{lfunction} \\\\\n\\ell' (z) & = & - \\pi z \\cot (\\pi z) \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Evaluating the integral in the large $N_f$ limit, the extremization leads to the $\\frac{1}{N_f}$-expansion of the partition function, Z N\\_f\\^[-3/2]{} e\\^[- N\\_f 2]{} \\_[n=0]{}\\^ a\\_n N\\_f\\^[-n]{} N\\_f \\[3DN2pert\\] where the “perturbative” coefficients $a_n$ can be computed numerically to the desired accuracy, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Klebanov:2011td].", "\n\nSimilarly, in the case of $\\CN=4$ SQED with $N_f$ charged “flavors” the partition function is also given by a single integral, which can be evaluated explicitly and does not require the extremization (since $\\Delta$ is fixed by the $\\CN=4$ supersymmetry): $$\\begin{aligned}\nZ & = & \\frac{1}{2^{N_f}} \\int_{- \\infty}^{+ \\infty} \\frac{dz}{\\cosh^{N_f} (\\pi z)}\n\\; = \\; \\frac{2^{-N_f} \\Gamma (\\tfrac{N_f}{2})}{\\sqrt{\\pi} \\Gamma (\\tfrac{N_f + 1}{2})} \\label{3dN4SQED} \\\\\n& \\simeq & \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{N_f}} \\; e^{- N_f \\log 2} \\; \\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty} a_n N_f^{-n}\n\\qquad \\text{as} \\quad N_f \\to \\infty\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ Note, both and have the form of the perturbative expansion of the partition function in complex Chern-Simons TQFT, where $N_f$ plays the role of the Chern-Simons level $k$ or, equivalently, $\\hbar = \\frac{2\\pi i}{N_f}$ is the usual perturbative expansion parameter (see [*e.g.*]{} [@Gukov:2016njj] for recent work and references therein). ", "This connection is actually not too surprising in view of the 3d-3d correspondence; in fact, both of our examples are particular limits of the so-called “Lens space theory” related to the equivariant Verlinde formula [@Gukov:2015sna].", "\n\nNot only in these examples (which we use for concreteness), but also more generally, there are many parallels between $\\hbar$-expansion in complex Chern-Simons theory and $\\frac{1}{N_f}$-expansion in 3d $\\CN=2$ gauge theories with many flavors. ", "In particular, as we illustrate next, many salient features of the resurgent analysis in complex Chern-Simons theory [@Gukov:2016njj] carry over directly to the $\\frac{1}{N_f}$-expansion of the partition function and $F_{\\text{IR}}$ in 3d $\\CN=2$ theories. ", "Specifically, starting with the asymptotic series like or , Z\\_0 = e\\^[- N\\_f S\\_0]{} \\_[n=0]{}\\^ a\\_n N\\_f\\^[-n-]{} N\\_f \\[Zpert\\] we expect it to be completed by resurgence (Borel resummation) to the exact partition function[^32] (that makes sense even for complex values of $N_f$): Z = e\\^[- F\\_]{} = \\_ n\\_ e\\^[- N\\_f S\\_]{} \\_[n=0]{}\\^ a\\_n\\^ N\\_f\\^[-n-d\\_]{} \\[Ztransseries\\] where $\\alpha=0$ labels the original contribution (with $d_0 \\equiv \\delta$, [*etc.*]{}). ", "The [*transseries parameters*]{} $n_{\\alpha}$ are piecewise constant functions of $\\theta = \\text{arg} (N_f)$ and experience jumps along the Stokes lines, see [*e.g.*]{} [@mm-lectures; @Dorigoni:2014hea] for a nice introduction. ", "In addition, different branches of solutions to may cross. ", "In general, this crossing happens when there are two (or more) solutions to , $\\Delta_1 (x)$ and $\\Delta_2 (x)$, such that at $x = x_{\\text{crit}}$: F(\\_1) = F(\\_2) x = x\\_ If $\\Delta_1 (x_{\\text{crit}}) = \\Delta_2 (x_{\\text{crit}})$, then we are dealing with a local bifurcation, otherwise it is sign of a global bifurcation.", "\n\nComparing to and , it is clear that $S_0 = \\log 2$ in both of these examples. ", "Then, the “action” $S_{\\alpha}$ of the next transseries in , [*i.e.*]{} the one with the smallest absolute value of $A = S_{\\alpha} - S_0$, can be determined by the growth rate of the “perturbative” coefficients $a_n$, which for a Gevrey order-1 asymptotic series like or is expected to be |a\\_n| \\~ n \\[angrowth\\] For example, it is easy to verify numerically that the asymptotic series in , where $\\delta = \\frac{1}{2}$, indeed has this expected behavior with $\\log \\frac{1}{|A|} \\approx - 1.14$. This matches perfectly the exact value $A = i \\pi$. Indeed, both integrals and have the form Z = \\_[- ]{}\\^[+ ]{} dz e\\^[ - N\\_f V(z,N\\_f)]{} \\[ZviaV\\] where $V(z,N_f) = \\log 2 + \\log \\cosh (\\pi z)$ in the case of 3d $\\CN=4$ SQED. ", "Critical points of this “potential”, [*i.e.*]{} the saddle points of the integral , are located at $iz_{\\alpha} \\in \\Z$ and yield S\\_ - S\\_0 =\n\ni , &  iz\\_ 2+ 1   \\\n0 , &  iz\\_ 2  \n\n\\[SSN4\\] Even though the potential is slightly more complicated for $\\CN=2$ SQCD , V = - (1 - + iz) - (1 - - iz) + () in the large $N_f$ limit it also has critical points at $z_{\\alpha} = i \\alpha$, $\\alpha \\in \\Z$, and the extremization gives $\\Delta = \\frac{1}{2}$ in this limit. ", "The saddle point at $z=0$ is what gives rise to the “perturbative” $\\frac{1}{N_f}$-expansion , whereas the other saddle points of the integral have the “instanton action”: S\\_ - S\\_0 = - i \\^2 (z\\_ = i , ) \\[SSN2\\] Since the instanton with the smallest absolute value of $A = S_{\\alpha} - S_0$ has $|A| = \\pi$, from we predict the asymptotic behavior of the coefficients $a_n$ in : |a\\_n| \\~ n where we also used the fact that has $\\delta = \\frac{3}{2}$ in the conventions of . ", "It would be interesting to test this prediction either numerically, by computing the coefficients $a_n$ order by order in , or analytically.", "\n\nNotice many close parallels with the volume conjecture and resurgence in complex Chern-Simons theory [@Gukov:2016njj]. ", "Namely, just like in Chern-Simons theory[^33] on a Seifert manifold $M_3$, the instanton factor $e^{- N_f (S_{\\alpha} - S_0)}$ is a “pure phase” in our examples and , both of which are “non-chiral” (in the terminology of [@Klebanov:2011td]). ", "Moreover, the tower of critical points $z_{\\alpha}$ on the imaginary axis is analogous to lifting the flat connections on $M_3$ to the universal cover, so that for integer values of $N_f$ (that plays the role of “level” in Chern-Simons TQFT) these lifts give the same result. ", "In particular, summing over these contributions often requires a regularization that, when done carefully, leads to a more refined version of which no longer requires the absolute value on $a_n$ and can even give the subleading asymptotics. ", "But when $N_f$ is analytically continued to non-integer (complex) values, these lifts give distinct contributions to and can be easily “seen”.", "\n\nWhat we described so far is only a small part of the powerful arsenal of the resurgent analysis, namely the part which has to do with the first transseries or the first singularity near the origin of the Borel plane. ", "In order to get a full picture about the analytic structure of the $C$-function $F_{\\text{IR}}$ as a function of $N_f$, one needs to produce the full portrait of singularities in the Borel plane. ", "In practice, this means constructing (the analytic continuation of) the Borel transform from the “perturbative” coefficients $a_n$ of the power series : \\_0 () = \\_[n=0]{}\\^ \\^[n+-1]{} In our examples, this function is expected to have poles along the imaginary axis in the Borel $\\xi$-plane, whose locations $\\xi_{\\alpha} = S_{\\alpha} - S_0$ are given in and , respectively (and whose residues we did not compute). ", "Then, the exact partition function can be recovered from the directional Borel resummation, \\_ Z\\_0 = \\_[e\\^[-i ]{} \\_+]{} d \\_0 () e\\^[- N\\_f]{} What is the structure of singularities in the Borel plane for 3d $\\CN=2$ SQCD? ", "That could be a good subject for another paper.", "\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nIt is a pleasure to thank O. Aharony, D. Gross, E. Kiritsis, I. Klebanov, N. Nekrasov, V. Rychkov, N. Seiberg, R. Shrock, D. Sullivan, R. Sundrum, G. Torroba, N. Warner, R. Wijewardhana and E. Witten for useful discussions and comments, and V. Lysov for collaboration during the early stages of this project and for his help with Figures \\[fig:Type I flow\\]-\\[fig:Type IV flow\\]. ", "We also thank the anonymous referee for many insightful comments and gratefully acknowledge the warm hospitality of SCGP during the 2016 summer workshop, as well as participants and organizers of the GGI workshop (May 23 - July 8) and “Strings 2016” conference (August 1-5) where preliminary results of this work were presented. ", "This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of High Energy Physics, under Award Number DE-SC0011632. ", "This work is also supported in part by the ERC Starting Grant no. ", "335739 “Quantum fields and knot homologies” funded by the European Research Council under the European Union Seventh Framework Programme.", "\n\n[^1]: In theories with conformal manifolds, moduli spaces, or free fields the definition of $\\mu$ requires extra care [@Gukov:2015qea]; a naive definition can give $\\mu = \\infty$.\n\n[^2]: The reader may find it helpful to picture a distribution, such as a bell-shaped curve, centered around $d=4$ and with tails near $d=2$ and $d=6$.\n\n[^3]: To produce this list, one actually needs to correct a few small typos in [@Berg:2001ty]: the potential in eq. (", "2.15) has to contain a term $16 \\prod_i x_i y_i$ instead of $16 \\prod_i x_i^2 y_i^2$, and the critical point (b) in Table II should have $(x_1,x_2,y_1,y_2) = (0,z_0,0,z_0)$ instead of $(z_0,0,z_0,0)$. We thank M. Berg and H. Samtleben for correspondence and for the help in identifying these issues.", "\n\n[^4]: Indeed, $\\lambda^i$ — when interpreted as a coordinate on the coordinate patch of the space $\\CT$ — naturally carries a contravariant index $i$. On the other hand, a gradient of the $C$-function is then a covariant object (which carries a lower index) and requires a metric $g_{ij}$ or, rather, its inverse $g^{ij}$ to turn it into a beta-function for $\\lambda^i$.\n\n[^5]: In most of the studies, the focus is usually on finding the best estimate for $N_{\\text{crit}}$ rather than dependence of scaling dimensions on $N$.\n\n[^6]: One of the simplest systems where the square root behavior can be observed and signals the merger of two fixed points is the $q$-state Potts model in two dimensions. ", "Its thermal exponent and the latent heat both exhibit the characteristic behavior $\\sim \\sqrt{q - q_c}$ near the critical point $q_c = 4$ where the critical and tricritical Potts models “annihilate” [@Cardy:1980wm; @Nienhuis:1984wm].", "\n\n[^7]: This problem can be generalized to other “black boxes” which will be covered by the general framework outlined in this section.", "\n\n[^8]: A pointed set $(X,x_0)$ is a topological space $X$ with a distinguished point $x_0 \\in X$.\n\n[^9]: A more technical notion called the [*structural stability*]{} is going to enter the stage soon.", "\n\n[^10]: One usually takes the coefficients in $\\Z$ or in $\\Z_2 = \\Z / 2\\Z$.\n\n[^11]: In most of our applications, $N$ is topologically trivial and, therefore, the topology of the pointed space is determined by the exit set $L$.\n\n[^12]: This problem is equivalent to finding intersection points of two arbitrary quadrics in $\\R{\\bf P}^2$.\n\n[^13]: Its explicit form is easy to write (but we won’t actually need it here): $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\vec \\beta \\cdot \\vec n & = & (d -\\Delta_1) r \\cos^2 \\phi + (d -\\Delta_2) r \\sin^2 \\phi\n - r^2 C_{111} \\cos^3 \\phi\n - r^2 C_{222} \\sin^3 \\phi \\\\\n &&\n -r^2 (C_{211} + 2C_{112}) \\cos^2 \\phi \\sin \\phi\n -r^2 (C_{122} + 2C_{212}) \\cos \\phi \\sin^2 \\phi \\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\n[^14]: since they are structurally unstable\n\n[^15]: figuratively speaking and also in a technical sense of this term\n\n[^16]: They can occur only in three- or higher-dimensional continuous dynamical systems.", "\n\n[^17]: If one Floquet multiplier crosses the unit circle along the negative real axis, then a period-doubling bifurcation occurs. ", "On the other hand, a real multiplier crossing at $+1$ can give rise to three different bifurcations, depending on the non-linear nature of the system: saddle-node, transcritical, or pitchfork bifurcation.", "\n\n[^18]: It goes back to [@Aharony:1973zz]; see [@Pelissetto:2000ek] for a nice review and comparative analysis.", "\n\n[^19]: It is a pleasure to thank I. Klebanov and V. Rychkov for useful discussions on this point.", "\n\n[^20]: Note, that our sign conventions for the eigenvalues of the stability matrix (a.k.a. ", "the Jacobian matrix) follow the standard conventions in dynamical systems. ", "Some of the physics papers use the opposite sign conventions, motivated by the sign of the beta-function.", "\n\n[^21]: Note, this is yet another instance of the same principle we encounter over and over again, where alternative approaches provide information about the RG flow in two different limits or regimes, while methods of dynamical systems “fill in” the rest, at least qualitatively. ", "In the present case, the standard perturbative techniques give us rather detailed information about the flow in $d=4$ and $d=6$, where the space-time dimension $d$ plays the role of a control parameter, and bifurcation theory then determines what should happen between these two limiting cases, when $4 < d < 6$.\n\n[^22]: One puzzling aspect of the study in [@Kogut:2002vu] is that it finds critical exponents of the chiral phase transition far from mean field theory values.", "\n\n[^23]: Sometimes this version of QED$_3$ is presented as a theory with non-compact gauge group $G = \\R$, see [*e.g.*]{} [@DiPietro:2015taa]. ", "The monopole dynamics in the compact and non-compact versions may be different at small values of $N_f$. Some lattice simulations suggest that, for $N_f > 1$, monopole dynamics does not affect confining properties of the theory, see [*e.g.*]{} [@Armour:2010fx].", "\n\n[^24]: On a lattice, only a subgroup $SU(N_f) \\times SU(N_f) \\subset SU(2N_f)$ of the chiral/flavor symmetry is manifest, which is further broken to $SU(N_f)$ either explicitly by $m \\ne 0$ or spontaneously by the chiral chiral condensate $\\langle \\bar \\Psi \\Psi \\rangle \\ne 0$.\n\n[^25]: Following the standard practice, we assume the summation over the repeated flavor index $a = 1, \\ldots, N_f$.\n\n[^26]: Other fermion bilinears involving $\\gamma_3$ and $\\gamma_5$ are $SU(2N_f)$ equivalent to these two.", "\n\n[^27]: The four-fermion interaction proportional to $\\lambda$ is also similar to the interaction in the Gross-Neveu model; in fact, it becomes identical to the Gross-Neveu interaction when written in terms of two-component spinors.", "\n\n[^28]: From Table \\[tab:Jacobian\\] we know that such behavior can be also characteristic of a pitchfork bifurcation. ", "However, the latter requires cubic $\\beta$-functions, whereas the discussion here and in [@DiPietro:2015taa] is only at the level of quadratic terms. ", "So, it can not be a pitchfork bifurcation.", "\n\n[^29]: In the approach based on Schwinger-Dyson equations, this may be similar to the scenario in [@Mavromatos:1999jf].", "\n\n[^30]: Versions of the problem with other gauge groups and representations are also interesting, see [*e.g.*]{} [@DelDebbio:2008zf; @DeGrand:2010na; @DeGrand:2011qd] for lattice studies of the theory with quarks in symmetric representations.", "\n\n[^31]: Note, a qualitative feature of the perturbative result is that the anomalous dimension of the scalar glueball operator $\\text{Tr} (F_{\\mu \\nu}^2)$, [*i.e.*]{} the derivative of the beta-function $\\beta_{\\alpha}$ at the IR fixed point, diverges as $N_f$ approaches the critical value from above: \\_’ \\_[= \\_\\*]{} N\\_f - N\\_f\\^ 0\\^+ , \\[betadiverge\\] a behavior also claimed by a recent lattice study [@daSilva:2015vna].", "\n\n[^32]: In fact, this is a slightly simplified form of the more general expression given in eq. (", "2.24) of [@Gukov:2016njj], which will not be needed here.", "\n\n[^33]: The instanton action $A$ corresponds to $- 2\\pi i \\ell_*$ in [@Gukov:2016njj]. ", "In particular, $\\ell_*$ is real-valued for $SU(2)$ or $SL(2,\\R)$ flat connections on $M_3$. When $\\ell_*$ has non-zero imaginary part, [*i.e.*]{} when $S_{\\alpha} - S_0$ has non-trivial real part, one needs to replace a crude estimate with a more refined analysis, as in section 5.3 of [@Gukov:2016njj].", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "NEWARK, Del. (WPVI) -- Two people are dead in Newark, Delaware as a result of an apparent murder-suicide.", "It happened around 5 p.m. Tuesday on the unit block of North Skyward Drive.", "Police say 23-year-old Rachel Roberts was home with a young child and another family member when her 23-year-old ex-boyfriend, Probyn Morris arrived and forced his way into the residence.", "According to police, Morris was armed with a handgun, and a commotion occurred between him and Roberts.", "That's when the young child and relative were able to flee to a neighbor's home, who called 911.While the police were en route witnesses reported hearing several shots being fired.", "They arrived to find Roberts in the front yard. ", "She was taken to the hospital where she was pronounced dead.", "Morris was pronounced dead at the scene.", "Police say the alleged weapon was found near Morris.------" ]

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[ "\"THE ADVENTURES OF JUAN QUIN QUIN\" \" Where is he?\" \" ", "There.\" \"", "I've had the field surrounded.\" \" ", "Then get started!\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "It'll be dangerous.\" \"", "I had a better idea.\" \"", "I'll just burn the field.\" \" ", "Hurry up, douse it with gasoline!\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "No need.\" \"", "As soon as a shot is fired my men will react in kind.\" \"", "Not a peep about what happened here today.\" \"", "It was a woeful accident.\" \"", "That's all.\" \"", "Juan Quin Quin is history.\" \"", "May the wind carry away his ashes.\" \"", "JUAN QUIN QUIN REST IN PEACE\" \"No one does their duty around here.\" \"", "They do as they please.\" \"", "A chaotic world, fine.\" \"", "But I won't stand for chaos in the house of God.\" \"", "Do you know what Heaven is?\" \"", "A place where obedience reigns.\" \"", "I won't tolerate scandal here.\" \"", "There'll be no anarchy in this house.\" \"", "Your life is not your own, understand?\" \"", "That Jachero or Hachero is a rogue.\" \"", "He sits in bars carousing with women.\" \"", "Apostates!\" \"", "All apostates, I say.\" \"", "Women here are in cahoots with the devil.\" \"", "Not a word, not one!\" \"", "Spiritual unity, for the Lord!\" \"", "Watch out.\" \"", "Don't disturb the peace of the house of God.\" \"", "You have shelter, food.\" \"", "And most importantly:\" \"Spiritual edification and inner peace.\" \"", "Why do you lament?\" \"", "How do you repay Him?\" \"", "Church by light, revelry by night!\" \"", "Church by light, circus by night.\" \"", "Not a word!\" \"", "Word gets around in a small town!\" \"", "Jester, tightrope dancer and fire-eating altar boy.\" \"", "What shame!\" \"", "You should be ashamed!\" \"", "Good day, Father.\" \"", "May I?\" \"", "Father?\" \"", "The blessing?\" \"", "You won't make a mockery of the Church!\" \"", "God's patience is infinite, but it must not be abused!\" \"", "That's my last word of advice, Juan.\" \"", "I do not wish to explain this to you for the rest of my days.\" \"", "Juan, what do you think?\" \"", "Should I let him fight?\" \"", "Rufino has to go to the doctor in Guanajay.\" \"", "His son has a high fever and needs care.\" \"", "What am I to do?\" \"", "He gave me 20 pesos.\" \"", "The cock should fight.\" \"", "He needs to make some money to pay for his son's operation.\" \"", "What's got your goat?\" \"", "Troubles with the priest again?\" \"", "Now for the next fight, gentlemen.\" \"", "In Cage 1, Sr. ", "Jachero's gamecock.\" \"", "In Cage 2, we have Pablo's gamecock.\" \"", "Come on!\" \"", "Get him!\" \"", "Go for it.\" \"", "Now!\" \"", "Poison!\" \"", "They've used poison!\" \"", "Coward!\" \"", "That's foul play!\" \"", "That cock has poison on its claws.\" \"", "I won't pay.\" \"", "I demand a test!\" \"", "Some advice:\" \"Pay and be gone.\" \"", "That's the mayor's cock.\" \"", "My cock won.\" \"", "He must pay!\" \"", "That's corruption and deceit!\" \"", "Test it!\" \"", "Juan should judge in the name of the Church.\" \"", "You go.\" \"", "I don't want any unrest.\" \"", "Everything should be on the up and up.\" \" ", "Did you poison your cock's claws?\" \" ", "No, Señor.\" \" ", "Are you the true owner?\" \" ", "Yes, Señor.\" \" ", "How much did you win?\" \" ", "20 pesos.\" \"", "Police!\" \"", "There's a swindler here.\" \"", "Arrest him.\" \"", "Examine that cock's claws.\" \"", "The claws must be examined.\" \"", "The claws...\" \"Jachero!\" \"", "Jachero, the money?\" \"", "They took it away from me.\" \"", "What was that?\" \"", "That was just the waves.\" \" ", "What waves?\" \" ", "Come on, let's go home, Gigi.\" \"", "There are no waves, Juan.\" \"", "Let's keep moving, Gigi.\" \"", "Hello, Gigi.\" \"", "How's the circus going?\" \"", "Here's the deal of a lifetime.\" \"", "Tell him, Jachero.\" \"", "A bullfight.\" \"", "Juan and I have read tons of magazines and begun to train.\" \"", "It's not difficult and it would be very lucrative.\" \"", "All we need from you is a bull.\" \"", "We'll manage the rest.\" \"", "I'll sell it for 20 pesos.\" \"", "20 pesos is how much we need, Gigi.\" \"", "That's exactly what we owe Rufino García.\" \"", "You could work at the next performance and earn a bit of extra cash.\" \" ", "Business bad?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "We're just eating ape food.\" \"", "At least you have something to eat.\" \" ", "I have an offer for you.\" \" ", "Here's an offer.\" \"", "Buy the lion.\" \"", "With what money?\" \" ", "What money?\" \" ", "He's free.\" \"", "He's more dead than alive.\" \"", "Gigi has too much pity on him to put him down.\" \"", "Are you sure?\" \"", "You can't be with a new man every day.\" \"", "You can't go fluttering from arm to arm like a butterfly...\" \" Be careful.\" \" ", "Is anyone there?\" \"", "All clear.\" \"", "Hurry, now's the time.\" \"", "I am not so sure.\" \"", "I don't think it's an opportune time.\" \"", "You have enough enemies.\" \"", "When they see the lion they'll be friends again.\" \"", "Let's take advantage of the night.\" \"", "Come, give me a hand.\" \"", "Be very careful going over this part.\" \"", "Careful.\" \"", "Juan, you woke up the entire village.\" \"", "We won't forgive you!\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "You're arrested!\" \"", "Don't get close!\" \"", "This animal is dangerous.\" \"", "But beautiful.\" \"", "Tomorrow you'll see a beast rare in these parts.\" \" ", "Get back, Juan Quin Quin.\" \" ", "Then we'll unveil it tonight!\" \"", "Juan Quin Quin!\" \" ", "Stop this instant or I'll shoot.\" \" ", "The lion may break out of its cage.\" \"", "We promise to remove it from the village for the common good.\" \"", "Come on, Jachero.\" \"", "I'll have your hide for disturbing the peace.\" \"", "Juan Quin Quin, I hereby ban you from this village.\" \"", "You son of Satan!\" \"", "A bull causes less ruckus than a lion.\" \"", "A bullfight would be more profitable and less problematic.\" \"", "We could trade the lion for a bull.\" \"", "That's easy.\" \"", "We could still use the cage.\" \"", "All we need are a few poles.\" \"", "That's as good as taken care of.\" \"", "The only hitch will be getting a yoke of oxen.\" \"", "We'll manage.\" \"", "A new experience, ladies and gentlemen!\" \"", "The first ever corrida in Cuba.\" \"", "Don't miss our own Juan Quin Quin sticking it to the bull.\" \"", "Tomorrow's performance is a must-see.\" \"", "Admission is only two pesetas!\" \"", "Ladies and gentlemen!\" \"", "Ladies and gentlemen, please.\" \"", "Ladies and gentlemen, the corrida will begin momentarily.\" \"", "In this corner the first Cuban torero:\" \"Juan Quin Quin.\" \"", "In the other corner, Cecilo.\" \"", "The most lethal bull around.\" \"", "Ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "It is important that you remain quiet so as not to endanger the torero's life.\" \"", "Ladies and gentlemen, the opening battle will now commence!\" \" ", "The horse is down.\" \" ", "Come on.\" \" ", "Are you okay, Juan?\" \" ", "That bull is sure wild.\" \" ", "Where is he?\" \" ", "Eating flowers.\" \"", "The horse is done for.\" \"", "We have to pay the owner.\" \"", "We could buy four horses.\" \"", "I'll announce the next charge.\" \"", "Silence please, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "The torero will continue shortly with the banderillas.\" \"", "The banderillas are made of wood, so as not to harm our only bull.\" \"", "Aside from that, it will be done exactly as they do in Spain, in Mexico and in Peru.\" \"", "Hey, he's a friend of mine!\" \" ", "Here's to your mother!\" \" ", "He's got it down.\" \"", "Wait until that beast gets hungry.\" \"", "Quiet please, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "Ladies and gentlemen, now we've reached the decisive moment.\" \"", "The moment of death, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "The bullfighter will now demonstrate his skill, his experience, and his intestinal fortitude.\" \"", "He who trembles has already been defeated.\" \"", "Ladies and gents, the moment of truth has arrived!\" \"", "You okay?\" \"", "Sorry, we didn't distract him.\" \"", "It's okay.\" \"", "Catch that bull before it destroys everything.\" \"", "Who's in charge here?\" \"", "What's that?\" \"", "You have to pay some fees for the illegal event.\" \"", "We have no money, officer.\" \"", "It was just a small fiesta, that's all.\" \"", "You have to pay taxes and adhere to the mayor's decrees.\" \" ", "How much would that be?\" \" ", "20 pesos.\" \"", "20 pesos!\" \"", "That's almost half our profit.\" \" ", "That's the law.\" \" ", "Laws are to protect the poor.\" \"", "What would you like then, a swift kick in the ass?\" \"", "No, no.\" \"", "Don't listen to him.\" \"", "Can we agree on ten pesos?\" \"", "Fifteen will do.\" \"", "The game of dominoes Is not at all a drag,\" \"The game of dominoes Is not at all a drag,\" \"But the orrida is sweeter That annot be denied.\" \"", "Swing and sway, Sway and swing,\" \"It is with clear voie that I sing,\" \"Yes!\" \"", "And with this very song I delare this man a prophet.\" \"", "If you doubt my minstrel musing, ome and see if you an top it.\" \"", "And the whole shebang-a-lang For a piddly two pesetas\" \"Swing and sway, Sway and swing,\" \"It is with voices lear That we sing...\" \"For just two pesetas?\" \"", "We don't have two pesetas to rub together.\" \" ", "What's the story here?\" \" ", "No work.\" \"", "But hunger abounds in these parts.\" \"", "I wouldn't waste a second here if I were you.\" \"", "This place is dead.\" \"", "Juan!\" \"", "Juan!\" \"", "Get over here.\" \"", "Right away!\" \"", "Juan!\" \"", "Hurry!\" \"", "What is it, Jachero?\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "What's going on?\" \"", "He was eaten, Juan.\" \"", "No playing games with hunger, Jachero.\" \"", "We'd better return the oxen, or they'll eat them too.\" \"", "Don't worry.\" \"", "At least we got the 20 pesos we owe Rufino García.\" \"", "Pablo, move out.\" \"", "Open combat would be committing suicide.\" \"", "We're circled, no question.\" \"", "There's only one way out.\" \"", "Resistance.\" \"", "Our only chance is to break out of the pocket.\" \"", "They'll maul us when our supplies are exhausted.\" \"", "We must avoid that.\" \"", "It's impossible to break their ranks.\" \"", "Impossible for us collectively, but a single man could do it.\" \"", "That man would have to inform Rufino García.\" \"", "Rufino would have to come immediately.\" \"", "Rufino could then proceed and ambush the soldiers.\" \"", "That's how we could escape.\" \"", "Jachero.\" \"", "You go.\" \" ", "Bring me that cow over there.\" \" ", "A cow?\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "A cow.\" \"", "You have to reach Rufino today.\" \"", "They must attack their forces early tomorrow, before our supplies run out and more troops arrive.\" \"", "Ready.\" \"", "Off you go.\" \"", "Hold on.\" \"", "We can't wait until night, we'd lose too much time.\" \"", "Be careful.\" \"", "We'll cover you and try to send the cow through the highest grass.\" \"", "Good luck.\" \"", "What's that?\" \" ", "A cow.\" \" ", "Kill it!\" \"", "That's not necessary.\" \"", "We have plenty of meat.\" \"", "Kill it no matter what!\" \"", "Come on, cow.\" \"", "Go, go.\" \"", "Fire!\" \"", "Hey, I know that guy right there.\" \"", "He has family near the mine.\" \"", "He often hitches rides with us.\" \" ", "Anything there?\" \" ", "Nothing.\" \"", "You're free to go.\" \"", "The oxen are slow but sure!\" \"", "The oxen are slow but sure!\" \"", "What a bunch of malarkey!\" \"", "I'll continue alone.\" \"", "Alone, but sure!\" \"", "What are you doing there?\" \"", "Come on, fellas.\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "Quick.\" \"", "Hurry up!\" \"", "Let's move.\" \"", "We can't lose any time.\" \"", "Hey, Jachero.\" \"", "Can you continue?\" \"", "Move!\" \"", "Quickly!\" \"", "Just carry on.\" \" ", "One man will stay with you.\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Hurry.\" \"", "We can't lose time.\" \"", "Tell Juan I'll wait at Wasp Hill.\" \"", "Be careful.\" \"", "There are often soldiers around there.\" \"", "Till later.\" \"", "WHAT BEAUTIFUL COUNTRYSIDE FROM A DISTANCE.\" \" ", "Hello.\" \" ", "Hello.\" \" ", "What's your name?\" \" ", "Emilio.\" \" ", "Get home, will you?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "Listen.\" \"", "Don't tell anyone that you saw me.\" \"", "HE'LL GO AND SQUEAL ON ME.\" \" ", "I'm thirsty.\" \" ", "I'll bring you some water.\" \" ", "Does it hurt a lot?\" \" ", "A bit.\" \"", "Soldiers did this.\" \"", "I'm on the run.\" \"", "Have you ever seen soldiers here?\" \"", "Now and then.\" \"", "I'd like to stay here tonight.\" \"", "I'll be on my way again in the morning.\" \"", "I need a stick to support myself.\" \" ", "Are you hungry?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "We're preparing sardine pie.\" \"", "Do you like it?\" \"", "Sardine pie is my favorite dish in the world.\" \"", "I'll bring you some.\" \"", "This is the best pie I ever ate in my whole life.\" \"", "You really like it?\" \"", "Very much.\" \"", "Does it still hurt?\" \"", "Not anymore.\" \" ", "Have you told anyone about me?\" \" ", "No one.\" \" ", "Your brother?\" \" ", "He's asleep.\" \"", "He is very gracious.\" \"", "What's your name?\" \"", "María.\" \"", "And you?\" \"", "José.\" \"", "José.\" \"", "But they call me Jachero.\" \"", "Why don't you stay on the hammock in the house?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "That would be too dangerous for you all.\" \"", "If my leg weren't so bad, I'd be gone.\" \"", "I don't want to endanger you.\" \"", "I want you safe.\" \"", "I don't want you to have troubles on my account.\" \"", "HOW GOOD I AM!\" \"", "HOW GOOD SHE IS!\" \"", "HOW BEAUTIFUL SHE IS!\" \"", "I have to go before mother finds out.\" \"", "I'll be up very early.\" \"", "Before you go I'll bring you some coffee.\" \"", "Who the hell is that coffee for?\" \"", "There he is.\" \"", "Go and give it to him!\" \"", "Teresa!\" \"", "It's Rufino.\" \"", "Move!\" \"", "Attack!\" \"", "ENOUGH OF THIS TOMFOOLERY!\" \"", "AT THIS POINT SOME SCENES\" \"OF LATIN AMERICAN FAMILY LIFE\" \"COULD BE INSERTED.\" \"", "IT WOULD ALSO BE POSSIBLE\" \"TO PUT THIS OR THAT\" \"POINTLESS UN MEETING HERE.\" \"", "Teresa!\" \"", "Teresa.\" \"", "We've broken out of the pocket.\" \"", "Where were you?\" \"\"", "HOW JUAN QUIN QUIN MET TERESA\"\" \"Father, into your hands I commend my spirit.\" \"", "Remember!\" \"", "Tomorrow there's morning, midday and evening performances!\" \"", "Hey!\" \"", "Where are you going?\" \"", "I'll be right back.\" \"", "Do you have a photo of yourself, Señor?\" \" ", "No.\" \" ", "Not even a small one?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Not even that.\" \"", "What is your name?\" \"", "My name is Juan.\" \"", "And you?\" \"", "Teresa.\" \" ", "When is your last show?\" \" ", "In two days.\" \"", "Will you come?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "Teresa!\" \" ", "That's my father.\" \" ", "Your father?\" \" ", "What are you doing?\" \" ", "Talking.\" \"", "I don't believe you.\" \"", "Shame on you for dressing like that!\" \" ", "He's a good person!\" \" ", "I don't believe in good people.\" \" ", "I asked for a photo.\" \" ", "I don't believe in photos.\" \" ", "God, Papa!\" \" ", "I don't believe in God!\" \"", "Ladies and gentlemen!\" \"", "Venerable guests.\" \"", "Right now\" \"I would like to introduce\" \"The Flying Bird!\" \"", "No birds!\" \"", "Perform something else or I'll arrest you all.\" \"", "But, Sr. ", "Mayor, please understand.\" \"", "It isn't possible.\" \"", "The program...\" \"What about the program?\" \"", "Show the other one, or I'll throw you all in the clink!\" \" ", "Have you seen Teresa?\" \" ", "Who gives a hoot about this Teresa?\" \"", "If we don't do something new, the mayor will have our hides.\" \"", "He says he'll have us all tarred and feathered.\" \"", "If we don't do a good job.\" \"", "Calm down, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "Quiet, good people.\" \"", "We are about to present to you another delightful piece.\" \"", "The new piece, dedicated to our most honorable mayor, is called\" \"The Snake Man!\" \"", "Quiet.\" \"", "Quiet, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "However, to perform this piece we require a large wardrobe with two doors.\" \"", "Which we were unable to get up the hill.\" \"", "Cirilo, get a wardrobe like that!\" \"", "While we are waiting for our friend Cirilo's wardrobe we will present a piece which is one of the greatest shows in our circus' repertoire.\" \"", "The fearless tomb man!\" \"", "The man of a thousand lives!\" \"", "Juan Quin Quin!\" \"", "For more than half an hour he will present a one-of-a-kind circus performance.\" \"", "This man will be buried alive.\" \"", "A spectacle no one should miss!\" \"", "Quiet, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "The burial will now commence.\" \"", "Please refrain from speaking or making any noise so that we don't tax the dead man's nerves.\" \"", "No sleight of hand.\" \"", "The box is genuine and so is the grave.\" \"", "The dead man will be underground longer than any normal human being could withstand.\" \"", "Quiet, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "Juan Quin Quin enters the realm of the unknown.\" \"", "The world of the dead.\" \"", "Cirilo, don't disturb us now with your cabinet!\" \"", "Jachero!\" \"", "The Cuban fakir.\" \"", "The man who, due solely to his mental fortitude, is capable of withstanding the greatest misfortunes and the gravest of torments.\" \"", "All we need now is a volunteer to jump on the fakir.\" \"", "You.\" \"", "Yes, you.\" \"", "Yes, yes, yes.\" \"", "Come right this way.\" \"", "No, not that way, go around there.\" \"", "I'll count to three then you jump onto the body of the fakir.\" \"", "The audience will observe how the shards pierce his body.\" \"", "Your attention!\" \"", "I will count to three.\" \"", "One.\" \"", "Two.\" \"", "Three.\" \"", "Jump!\" \"", "No, no, no.\" \"", "You are to jump.\" \"", "Jump with all your might.\" \"", "You must feel how the glass works its way into the fakir's body.\" \"", "Ready?\" \"", "Set.\" \"", "One, two, three.\" \"", "Jump.\" \" ", "Papa, Juan will suffocate.\" \" ", "Sit there and let me watch the show.\" \"", "Hold it, hold it!\" \"", "Lieutenant, you are too large, strong and corpulent.\" \"", "There's no need to jump.\" \"", "It's enough to put one of your massive...\" \" Free him, he'll suffocate.\" \" ", "Free him, he's dead already.\" \"", "Quiet!\" \"", "Or I'll interrupt the performance!\" \"", "Quiet!\" \"", "The dead man is fine down there.\" \"", "We're paying for him to reach the verge of asphyxiation.\" \"", "If he dies, that's his problem.\" \"", "There'll be no deception here.\" \"", "One moment, my honored guests.\" \"", "Calm down, ladies and gentlemen.\" \"", "Maestro, music.\" \"", "Go ahead.\" \"", "We now have the great pleasure to bring you the most sensational act in all America.\" \"", "The Aerial Ballet!\" \"", "This number has thrilled continental audiences.\" \"", "We won't pull it off.\" \"", "They're not stupid.\" \"", "They'll notice the trickery.\" \"", "Either we do away with it or I'll let someone jump on you someday.\" \"", "With the general sentiment in this country this could get ugly.\" \"", "Dig him out.\" \"", "He'll suffocate!\" \"", "Get away.\" \"", "Get out of here!\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Get out of here.\" \"", "Leave this place now.\" \"", "Sr. ", "Mayor, the poor guy is going to suffocate.\" \"", "Wait a minute.\" \"", "I'm placing you all under arrest.\" \"", "Get the poor guy out.\" \"", "We want the show to go on.\" \"", "Go back to your seat.\" \"", "Grab him.\" \"", "Don't crowd around him.\" \"", "Let him breathe.\" \"", "Make him some soup.\" \"", "I'll get some rum.\" \"", "Why did they leave me buried for so long?\" \"", "Didn't they hear my cries?\" \"", "Juan.\" \"", "You can't go on doing this.\" \"", "You nearly died.\" \"", "No I didn't.\" \"", "I got some air through a small reed.\" \"", "It can't go on.\" \"", "They almost crucified you yesterday.\" \" ", "We have to live somehow, Teresa.\" \" ", "I am happy as things are.\" \"", "Teresa,\" \"I am poor, we won't have it easy.\" \"", "I don't care.\" \" ", "I only have 30 pesos.\" \" ", "Decide before my father comes.\" \"", "He won't let me marry a circus performer.\" \" ", "Would you abscond with me tonight?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "Hold on.\" \"", "Are you sure he'll give us work?\" \"", "The conditions won't be optimal, that I know.\" \"", "But if he gives us land, we'll make a huge coffee plantation of it.\" \"", "I just don't want to be overexploited.\" \"", "I know there's exploitation.\" \"", "They just shouldn't overdo it.\" \"", "For Teresa.\" \"", "For Teresa.\" \"", "Come in.\" \"", "The boss will be right with you.\" \"", "That's him.\" \"", "He reminds me of someone.\" \"", "What's he doing?\" \"", "He must be watching TV.\" \"", "Good day, gentlemen.\" \"", "How are you doing?\" \"", "Come here.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Please be seated, gentlemen.\" \"", "Be so kind.\" \"", "Have a seat.\" \"", "Have a seat.\" \"", "Have you ever had the opportunity to observe fish very carefully?\" \"", "Please.\" \"", "Nothing's better for the nerves.\" \"", "Forget about all these doctors, psychiatrists and tranquilizers.\" \"", "I'm a new man thanks to this simple discovery.\" \"", "Do you want to give it a try?\" \"", "It's a cure-all for all.\" \"", "All you need is a tank and 15 minutes a day.\" \"", "Fifteen minutes to concentrate on the fish.\" \"", "One must concentrate completely and utterly on the fish.\" \"", "On their movements, on their colors.\" \"", "And in the end, one is so focused on the fish that the world fades into oblivion.\" \"", "Only the fish remain.\" \" ", "We've come because we...\" \" I know, I know.\" \" ", "We've already had the pleasure.\" \" ", "Could I have something for?\" \"", "Please forgive my ordering you around.\" \"", "Gentlemen, I have a small plot of land near Candle Hill.\" \"", "It would be perfect for a coffee plantation.\" \"", "You can have it under the condition that you clear and cultivate it.\" \"", "Here it is.\" \"", "You'll be familiar with this area.\" \"", "You can establish your farm there and even get rich without overstraining yourselves.\" \" ", "Agreed?\" \" ", "Agreed.\" \"", "Here, you take it.\" \"", "The tools and toils of the turf.\" \" ", "What more do you wish from life?\" \" ", "Not to seem pushy, but...\" \"I know.\" \"", "Meals, yes, meals.\" \"", "I didn't forget about them.\" \"", "You can get replenishments from Vayavo's shop.\" \"", "Take this.\" \"", "Here, take this.\" \"", "20 pesos as start-up capital.\" \"", "Till then, gentlemen.\" \"", "It's been my pleasure.\" \"", "Great!\" \"", "We have a plot of land, axes to clear the land, credit at the grocer's and 20 pesos advance.\" \" ", "The conditions?\" \" ", "The conditions.\" \"", "Step closer, gentlemen.\" \"", "Step closer.\" \"", "I almost forgot this small detail.\" \"", "It is true, you will have to sign the papers.\" \"", "In all reality, this is merely a minor detail.\" \"", "I'm well aware you are both real workhorses.\" \"", "And you know that I am a man of my word.\" \" ", "Who signs?\" \" ", "I do.\" \" ", "Who?\" \" ", "Juan Quin Quin.\" \" ", "Can you read?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "I get a third of the crop and you pay your commissary debts.\" \"", "My third must be top grade.\" \"", "Agreed?\" \"", "Agreed.\" \"", "Now gentlemen, friends, off to work!\" \"", "I'm sure everything will go smoothly.\" \"", "Keep ordered books and work the fields, Old World style.\" \"", "My friends, I have done my part.\" \"", "Now you must do yours.\" \"", "It's off to work!\" \"", "It's off to work!\" \"", "It's Rufino.\" \"", "Juan, be wary of the landlord.\" \" ", "What happened?\" \" ", "Nothing.\" \" ", "Have they taken your land?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "They haven't taken a thing.\" \" ", "They can't take what I don't own.\" \" ", "What happened?\" \"", "Nothing.\" \"", "Nothing happened.\" \"", "Nothing ever happens here.\" \"", "Be wary of the landlord!\" \"", "Juan!\" \"", "Juan, Juan!\" \"", "It's the landlord, Juan.\" \"", "He took away our credit at the grocer's.\" \"", "Calm down, gentlemen.\" \"", "Calm down.\" \"", "Come now.\" \"", "Relax, Quin Quin.\" \"", "Relax.\" \"", "Inner serenity, business a plenty.\" \" ", "Balance is the mother...\" \" The mother you stole.\" \"", "You reneged on the credit.\" \"", "Calm down, Quin Quin.\" \"", "Calm down.\" \"", "The situation is grave.\" \"", "Coffee is not selling well.\" \"", "When it's bad for one, it's bad for everyone.\" \" ", "And the 5,000 plants we've sown?\" \" ", "We can reach an agreement.\" \"", "I can pay you for the work you've done.\" \"", "No way!\" \"", "We've slaved away for so long!\" \" ", "We won't give it up just like that!\" \" ", "Relax.\" \"", "Relax, Quin Quin.\" \"", "The land is mine.\" \"", "You work it, but don't ever forget this.\" \" ", "I own the land.\" \" ", "You can't live off us.\" \"", "I work it, give you your share and keep mine.\" \"", "Keep calm.\" \"", "I am merely running a business.\" \"", "Business is not going well.\" \"", "You owe the grocery in excess of 400 pesos.\" \"", "By the time the coffee can be harvested your bill will surpass 2,000 pesos.\" \"", "You'll require years to repay this debt.\" \"", "But I propose the following.\" \"", "Look at them.\" \"", "Look at the fish, so you can focus better.\" \"", "What do I offer you?\" \"", "Don't take out a mortgage.\" \"", "Consider it.\" \"", "Don't answer me yet.\" \"", "The fish are over there.\" \"", "Take a look at them.\" \"", "I suggest that you refrain from taking a mortgage.\" \"", "I'll pay you for the work you've done and that's that.\" \"", "Come on, Jachero.\" \"", "We're finished here.\" \"", "Come.\" \"", "Nothing to do here.\" \"", "They won't get our farm.\" \" ", "Don't forget, you have no credit.\" \" ", "So what?\" \"", "We'll find money to eat.\" \"", "We toiled over that plot.\" \"", "We didn't do it so someone else could profit.\" \"", "Come on, Jachero.\" \"", "We'll show him.\" \"", "Forget it.\" \"", "Stuff your credit!\" \"", "We'll earn our bread anyway.\" \"", "Wait till the coffee ripens.\" \"", "He'll get what's coming to him when it ripens.\" \"", "Come, Jachero.\" \"", "We're leaving.\" \"", "Hey!\" \" ", "We've seen that face before.\" \" ", "That's the factory supervisor.\" \"", "This cane weighs more than 450 on any scale.\" \"", "We're not novices at this.\" \"", "The scale doesn't lie.\" \"", "It says 450.\" \" ", "Then it's not working.\" \" ", "Lf I say it's 450, it's 450.\" \"", "We don't finagle here.\" \"", "I want the foreman to take a look at this.\" \"", "I won't tolerate troublemakers.\" \"", "If you don't agree with the weight, leave.\" \"", "Juan, the guards!\" \"", "Turn off those machines.\" \"", "Now.\" \"", "Get him.\" \"", "Hurry up.\" \"", "Come on, hurry!\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "Shut down this machine!\" \"", "Stop it!\" \"", "Stop it now!\" \"", "Go that way.\" \"", "This way.\" \"", "Stop!\" \"", "Drop him.\" \"", "Drop him!\" \"", "Shut that machine down!\" \"", "Shut it down!\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "There.\" \"", "Be quiet.\" \"", "Let him go, please.\" \"", "Yes.\" \"", "Let him go.\" \"", "I said, let him go.\" \"", "Don't!\" \"", "Let him go, please.\" \"", "I said, let him go.\" \"", "I CALLED TO HEAVEN AND HEAVEN DIDN'T HEAR!\" \"", "IT CLOSED ITS GATES.\" \"", "Let's move.\" \"", "Fast.\" \"", "Come on.\" \"", "Come!\" \"", "ARMED CONFLICT HAS ALWAYS EXISTED,\" \"BUT SOMETIMES ONLY THEY HAVE WEAPONS.\" \"", "IT IS NECESSARY FOR US TO HAVE THEM TOO!\" \"", "The first task a group of guerrillas plans is to obtain weapons.\" \"", "The most promising option is to raid barraks located in a small village.\" \"", "Before getting started it is necessary to scope out the area and to gather intelligence to guarantee a sucessful mission.\" \"", "To acomplish this, a man is sent into the village.\" \"", "It is of the utmost importane to know the barraks inside and out.\" \"", "Where the arms are kept.\" \"", "The number of soldiers quartered.\" \"", "Which doors lead inside.\" \"", "In short, an impecable plan inluding every detail must be made.\" \"", "But the real problem is how to enter the barracks.\" \"", "The tactis employed by Jahero are not at all to be recommended.\" \"", "Lieutenant, let's make a toast.\" \"", "Gentlemen, I have offended him.\" \"", "Sir, let us share a drink.\" \"", "So we can show the others, that...\" \"Let's raise our glasses to...\" \"Have you ever heard of the special way of making a toast in the Orient?\" \"", "It is unforgettable, gentlemen.\" \"", "It goes like this.\" \"", "You put some on the head.\" \"", "Gentlemen, the first thing,\" \"I pour a little beer on my own head.\" \"", "I drink to the lieutenant's health.\" \"", "Warrior for his warriors.\" \"", "Friend of his friends.\" \"", "And so it is.\" \"", "Now it's your turn, Lieutenant.\" \"", "With your blessing.\" \"", "I've had enough!\" \"", "Out with him!\" \"", "Intelligence has been gathered.\" \"", "The objectives souted.\" \"", "It will take one full day to evaluate the information.\" \"", "We'll make our move the day after, when the festival has ome to an end.\" \"", "At the break of day, when the enemy is still sleeping soundly.\" \"", "The plan has a number of phases.\" \"", "Six men with two old rifles will ambush the barracks.\" \"", "Another group of no more than five men will handle the other targets.\" \"", "Both operations must take plae at the same time.\" \"", "A last group will neutralize the lieutenant with an old revolver after disarming and tying up the adjutant.\" \"", "That's Phase I of the plan.\" \"", "Armed with nine guns, the group leader proeeds with three men.\" \"", "One goes to the telegraph operator.\" \"", "Phase II, undertaken with better arms, should be much easier.\" \"", "Storming the barracks is the most difficult operation.\" \"", "Two men take out the guards while another secures the area against possible attack.\" \"", "The rest carefully approach the target from the rear.\" \"", "Everything must take plae simultaneously and without wasting any time.\" \"", "Keep quiet.\" \"", "Everybody, up!\" \"", "Let's go.\" \"", "Move.\" \"", "It's crucial that everyone do his job well and exactly acording to plan.\" \"", "This requires nerves of steel.\" \"", "Never forget, a surprised enemy will always be alarmed.\" \"", "And never let him out of your sight.\" \"", "Any suspicious movements are to be monitored.\" \"", "Finally, vacate the sene and head for the hills loaded with guns.\" \"", "Of ourse, during any operation the unexpected can happen.\" \"", "From the very beginning, Juan Quin Quin and his men were onfronted with the unexpected.\" \"", "It appears to be empty.\" \"", "What shall we do?\" \"", "It may be a trap.\" \"", "Let's wait it out a while.\" \"", "By now Rufino must have done his part.\" \"", "Here.\" \"", "I'll check if anyone is inside or not.\" \"", "Open the door.\" \"", "Hurry!\" \"", "It's urgent, Sergeant.\" \"", "I need to talk to you.\" \"", "There's nothing here.\" \"", "Juan!\" \"", "Juan!\" \"", "Tie him up.\" \" ", "What's going on?\" \" ", "They all went to the mayor's estate.\" \" ", "And Teresa?\" \" ", "She went to her father's.\" \"", "But they surprised and kidnapped her.\" \"", "That's what this guy said happened.\" \"", "The mayor has thrown Teresa's father in prison.\" \"", "When he went there this morning there were two guards.\" \"", "One left and the other is surely waiting for me.\" \" ", "How do we know it's the truth?\" \" ", "It's not difficult.\" \"", "You're right.\" \"", "Let's move!\" \"", "Jachero!\" \"", "Now!\" \"", "Juan.\" \"", "Go, Teresa.\" \"", "Run!\" \"", "Get out of here!\" \"", "Jump!\" \"", "Hurry up.\" \"", "Hide.\" \"", "Come on, don't play the hero.\" \"", "Get him!\" \"", "Take these to Jachero.\" \"", "Make it fast.\" \"", "Hurry, take these to Jachero.\" \"", "Make it snappy.\" \"", "Get going.\" \"", "Here he is, I have him.\" \"", "Hurry!\" \"", "Get him!\" \"", "Fire!\" \"", "Shoot!\" \"", "Give that thing to me!\" \"", "Fire!\" \"", "Fire!\" \"", "Let's retreat to the woods.\" \"", "Teresa, shoot!\" \"", "Shoot!\" \"", "We have to put them on their heels.\" \"", "Fire, Jachero!\" \"", "Fire!\" \"", "Come, friends.\" \"", "Take steady aim!\" \"", "Kill them all.\" \"", "Then it's over.\" \" ", "Juan, was it hard to get the guns?\" \" ", "No, Teresa, it wasn't.\" \"", "No, Teresa, it wasn't.\" \"", "Right?\" \"", "WE THANK THE COMRADES WORKING ON THE ESCAMBRAY PLAN,\" \"THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY, CENTRAL PEPITO TEY\" \"AND THE POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND PEOPLE OF CIENFUEGOS\" \"FOR ASSISTING IN THE MAKING OF THIS FILM.\"" ]

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[ "The mediating and moderating effects of meaning in life on the relationship between depression and quality of life in patients with dysphagia.", "\nTo identify whether meaning in life has moderating and mediating effects on the relationship between depression and quality of life in patients with dysphagia. ", "Dysphagic patients typically have multidimensional problems, such as depression, which can negatively influence their quality of life. ", "Meaning in life, therefore, can be used as a psychological resource that may enhance quality of life for these patients. ", "A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used. ", "Ninety patients with dysphagia were recruited for a survey from eight general and rehabilitation hospitals in Korea. ", "The questionnaires, which included the Korean version of the Swallowing Quality of Life scale developed by Cha, the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale developed by Radloff, and the Purpose in Life test developed by Crumbaugh and Maholick, were used for data collection. ", "Descriptive statistics, Hayes' PROCESS macro and Cronbach's alpha were used for data analyses. ", "Meaning in life was found to mediate the relationship between depression and quality of life in patients with dysphagia. ", "However, the index of moderation was not statistically significant, which mean that meaning in life did not moderate the relationship between the patients' depression and quality of life. ", "Meaning in life had a mediating effect on the relationship between depression and quality of life in patients with dysphagia. ", "Thus, to improve the quality of life of patients with dysphagia, nurses should apply interventions to help them find meaning in life. ", "Meaning in life can be used as a nursing intervention strategy to improve the quality of life for patients living with dysphagia and depression." ]

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[ "Corticosterone treatment of pregnant low dose endotoxin-treated rats: inhibition of the inflammatory response.", "\nCan the endotoxin-induced inflammatory response, underlying experimental pre-eclampsia, in pregnant rats be inhibited by corticosterone? ", "On day 10 of pregnancy, rats were implanted with pellets containing 25% corticosterone and 75% cholesterol (n = 10) or with 100% cholesterol-pellets (n = 10). ", "On day 14 of pregnancy, rats were infused with either endotoxin (1.0 microg/kg bw) or saline. ", "Three days later, they were sacrificed. ", "Cryostat kidney sections were immunohistologically stained for the presence of neutrophils (PMN) and monocytes (MO) and the expression of inflammation-associated adhesion molecules. ", "In cholesterol-treated rats, endotoxin significantly increased glomerular numbers of PMN and MO, glomerular expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and glomerular numbers of LFA-1 and VLA-4-positive cells as compared with saline. ", "Corticosterone treatment significantly inhibited glomerular infiltration of PMN, MO and LFA-1 positive cells after endotoxin infusion. ", "It did not affect glomerular ICAM-1 or VCAM-1 expression or numbers of VLA-4 positive cells. ", "It is concluded that pre-treatment with corticosterone inhibits the low dose endotoxin-induced glomerular inflammatory reaction in pregnant rats, most likely by inhibiting LFA-1 expression, thereby decreasing the adhesiveness of inflammatory cells for activated endothelial cells." ]

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[ "In July 2017, a multidisciplinary group of clinicians and researchers who focus on the care and study of older adults or on the fundamental mechanisms of aging (Table S1) met at a retreat in San Francisco, CA, to create a roadmap for developing a biomedical workforce capable of efficiently translating recent advances in geroscience through early‐stage clinical trials to improve the health and care of older adults. ", "This retreat was the final of a series of six retreats funded by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) R24 Geroscience Network: a consortium of 18 centers across the United States that seeks to accelerate the translation of advances in the basic science of aging toward improving the care of older adults.", "\n\n“Geroscience” describes the application of biological mechanisms of aging to improve human health and treat disease.1 The novelty of geroscience as a translational discipline, and the source of its clinical promise, is that the same mechanism(s) of aging contribute to many chronic conditions. ", "A geroscience intervention might have greater, even transformative, clinical impact compared to treating several conditions individually. ", "Multimorbidity, for example, is seen not as a coincidence of independent diseases but rather as a multisystem manifestation of aging that can be targeted by therapies—a perspective familiar to geriatric medicine practitioners. ", "The geroscience hypothesis is that therapies targeting fundamental aging processes might improve human health span by delaying, preventing, alleviating, or reversing a wide range of chronic diseases and conditions for which age is the primary nonmodifiable risk factor.2\n\nThe Geroscience Network retreats2 created strategies for developing geroscience interventions and testing the geroscience hypothesis (Figure 1). ", "The first three retreats defined specific needs in drug screening and development,3 preclinical animal models,4 and clinical trials.5 The fourth retreat helped to develop the protocol for the Targeting Aging With Metformin study, a proposed randomized controlled trial testing whether metformin can delay multimorbidity.6 The fifth retreat described three frameworks for designing early‐stage clinical trials of geroscience interventions, targeting geriatric syndromes, age‐related diseases, and resilience.7\n\nFigure 1 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint 1 7 What is translational geroscience? ", "A deep understanding of fundamental mechanisms of aging leads to the development of therapeutic interventions. ", "These aging‐targeting interventions are then tested for efficacy in clinical trials using outcomes that broadly represent aging, including geriatric syndromes, chronic diseases of aging and multimorbidity, or decreased physical resilience. ", "The first generation of such geroscience clinical trials is currently underway or completed. ", "Mechanisms of aging are adapted from the “Pillars of Aging”,and clinical trial frameworks are from an earlier report of the Geroscience Network.", "\n\nTogether, these retreats identified early‐stage, proof‐of‐concept clinical trials as the key bottleneck in the development of geroscience interventions. ", "Many discoveries remain “stuck” at the laboratory bench. ", "One of the most critical barriers to translation is the scarcity of investigators with the combined training and expertise in clinical research, care of older adults, and aging biology necessary to lead these trials. ", "The retreats concluded that neither geroscience clinical trials nor the investigators to carry them out will emerge spontaneously at any scale from existing programs. ", "The need for new infrastructure to support geroscience clinical trials was discussed in a separate white paper.7 This final retreat described the unmet need for geroscience investigators and discussed four major topics related to training this workforce: subject domains and competencies, identification of candidate learners, credentialing, and program implementation.", "\n\nInvestigators for Early‐Stage Geroscience Clinical Trials: An Unmet Need Geroscience clinical trials, as envisaged by the Geroscience Network retreats, would target integrative, multisystem phenotypes of aging, such as geriatric syndromes,8 multimorbidity, or resilience to acute health stressors.9 The pathophysiology being targeted is aging, not a particular disease. ", "Although aging occurs throughout the lifespan, these phenotypes that are representative of aging are best characterized and most feasible to study in older adults. ", "They also comprise the core of geriatric medicine as a clinical specialty. ", "Apart from the biological mechanisms of the interventions, geroscience trials that target geriatric syndromes, multimorbidity, or resilience in older adults will be familiar to any geriatric‐oriented investigator. ", "Many geroscience interventions, such as those targeting senescent cells or proteostasis, have pleotropic effects on multiple systems. ", "Therefore, they may be similar in concept to the pleotropic and multicomponent interventions that are the well‐studied standard of care for geriatric syndromes.8, 10 Geroscience clinical trials will emphasize, rather than exclude, older adults with multiple comorbidities.11 They will often occur in coordination with care programs specialized for older adults, such as inpatient geriatric services, rehabilitation, and prehabilitation. ", "They will involve multidomain and functional outcomes.12 The field of geroscience can also be advanced through testing interventions in more traditional single‐disease clinical trials with a disease‐specific primary outcome if these trials incorporate elements like aging biomarkers and multidomain or functional secondary outcomes. ", "While there was a strong consensus that the interrelationship between geroscience and geriatric medicine makes translational investigators drawn from a geriatric medicine background indispensable to the progress of both areas, the workgroup also recognized that most investigators will come from other fields. ", "Geriatric medicine is a small field with few clinical trialists and even fewer bench or T1 translational researchers. “", "Geriatricized” investigators from other fields have been critical to advancing many areas of aging research and are already doing the same in the nascent field of geroscience. ", "Joan Mannick and Nir Barzilai, two of the most prominent champions of geroscience, who are leading major studies targeting syndromes of aging with drugs modulating mechanisms of aging,6, 13 were originally trained in infectious disease and endocrinology, respectively. ", "Training programs must be sufficiently flexible to enroll candidate investigators from a variety of backgrounds to serve a variety of roles on multidisciplinary geroscience teams.", "\n\nTraining Domains and Topics The competencies required for a geroscience team to perform early‐stage clinical trials fall into four broad domains (Figure 2): (1) elements standard to clinical research, (2) elements of geriatric medicine, (3) elements specific to geriatrics clinical research, and (4) elements unique to geroscience. ", "The ideal investigator leading a multidisciplinary team will possess deep expertise in all four areas. ", "More often, investigators will acquire sufficient expertise in several areas to work effectively with teammates who have complementary expertise to run geroscience clinical trials or to incorporate geroscience elements into their clinical trial. ", "Figure 2 Open in figure viewer PowerPoint Translational geroscience research comprises four content domains: general clinical research, geriatric medicine, geriatric clinical research, and geroscience. ", "Representative core competencies within each content domain are displayed. ", "A complete list of competencies is under development. ", "CTSA, Clinical and Translational Science Award program; IND, Investigational New Drug; PoC, Proof of Concept. ", "The first domain consists of the standard competencies needed to perform human subject research and clinical trials. ", "These define the curriculum of most clinical research training programs such as those supported by CTSA.14, 15 Examples of knowledge and skill elements include study designs, statistics, developing aims, writing trial protocols and Institutional Review Board applications, and team leadership. ", "The second domain includes competencies in geriatric medicine that are not only essential to clinical care but also to the design of research studies involving older adults. ", "These topics include geriatric syndromes, frailty, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, aging physiology, functional measures, and cognitive testing. ", "Many of these represent the targeted conditions or key outcome measures of geroscience trials. ", "The third domain includes clinical research competencies specific to research with older adults. ", "Examples include recruitment of older patients, research in regulated care settings, ethical conduct of research in vulnerable populations, functional and cognitive assessment research tools, multidomain outcomes, and the management of incidental findings. ", "Many investigators already possess expertise in the first three domains, which essentially comprise an older‐adult clinical research training curriculum. ", "Outstanding programs exist to provide this expertise to investigators from other fields, including the NIA's Grants for Early Medical/Surgical Specialists' Transition to Aging Research (GEMSSTAR) and Butler‐Williams Scholars Programs. ", "The fourth domain includes new competencies unique to geroscience, which few clinical investigators from any field currently possess. ", "For investigators across the translational spectrum, this must include a working understanding of the biological mechanisms of aging that geroscience interventions are developed from and target, to inform study design, biomarkers, and outcome measures. ", "Clinical investigators must understand the strengths, weaknesses, translational opportunities, and relevance of the preclinical models in which interventions are tested.4 Meanwhile, basic scientists require an understanding of how multimorbidity or geriatric syndromes can be modeled in preclinical systems, as well as of age‐relevant pharmacokinetic and toxicology testing in old animals. ", "Geriatric pharmacology—how aging physiology affects drug metabolism, interactions, excretion, and efficacy—is core to both preclinical and clinical study of interventions. ", "Finally, this is a new field with no clear regulatory template and limited industry involvement, so the first generation of investigators must be able to navigate US Food and Drug Administration Investigational New Drug (IND) applications and phase 1 trials, and be able to work collaboratively with regulatory agencies on new drug approval indications, such as multimorbidity or frailty. ", "Across these four domains, the group identified six core competency areas: Biology of Aging, Geriatric Medicine, Clinical Research and Trials, Statistics and Epidemiology, Geriatric Pharmacology, and Regulatory/Compliance. ", "The group is currently working to define a curriculum with specific competencies, learning objectives, learning activities, and assessment activities.", "\n\nCandidates Candidates for translational geroscience training would be drawn from diverse backgrounds and career stages, and they would be trained with varying intensity to fill different roles in the research ecosystem. ", "The workgroup determined that a key priority must be to identify and cultivate a core group of specialist translational geroscientists who will have expertise in all four content domains: clinical research, geriatric clinical research, geriatric medicine, and geroscience. ", "Identification of candidates in medical or graduate school, or early in training, would allow the greatest use of existing training programs and funding mechanisms, reduce opportunity costs, and provide time for the deepest development of specialized expertise. ", "Further along, established researchers might move laterally into geroscience research from geriatric clinical research, from translational research in other fields of medicine, or from basic science. ", "Geriatricians interested in clinical research can be identified during or immediately after clinical fellowship and recruited to adopt a translational geroscience focus for their clinical research efforts. ", "Clinical researchers in neurology, oncology, cardiology, orthopedic surgery, or many other fields, who are interested in studies of geriatric conditions in older adults, might be similarly recruited to adopt a primary geroscience focus and become champions of translational geroscience. ", "Whatever their field of origin, this group would receive intensive training in all four content domains and would be competent to lead geroscience clinical trials as envisaged. ", "A larger group of researchers would receive focused training in specific areas to function as part of a multidisciplinary geroscience translational team. ", "A cardiologist, for example, might receive training in geroscience biology, then partner with others to run a heart failure trial of a geroscience intervention with geroscience secondary outcomes. ", "Such training would not be as intensive or comprehensive as the full four‐domain curriculum envisaged above, but it could be efficiently provided from the same infrastructure to a much larger pool of researchers. ", "An even broader pool of candidates would receive sufficient training to participate in a translation‐competent research chain spanning basic research through drug development to clinical trials and practice implementation. ", "The basic scientists, clinical researchers, and clinicians in a translation‐competent chain share a core common knowledge base, have a familiarity with the systems on the adjacent links in the chain, and can interpret literature from adjacent links. ", "Basic scientists with successful laboratories may not be able to make the leap to clinical research, but they would still play a critical role in the translational research chain. ", "Basic and clinical researchers might share a common understanding of frailty and how frailty can be measured in animal models and in the clinic, and they might help adapt each other's tools and studies to facilitate translational collaborations.", "\n\nCredentialing The workgroup concluded that a formal national accreditation for geroscience training would be unnecessary and counterproductive from the standpoint of creating flexible and efficient training programs. ", "Geroscience training must also be distinct from geriatric medicine training to accommodate diverse candidate backgrounds, although curriculum elements should be shared. ", "In time, principles of geroscience that are necessary for practice should be integrated into accreditation requirements for geriatric medicine clinical fellowship. ", "Some form of credential or certificate for geroscience training might still be useful to early career investigators by helping to establish credibility, demonstrating competence for a grant application, and serving as a formal milestone in career development plans. ", "Many training programs at CTSA hubs offer some form of credential or degree.16 Credentialing for geroscience research should be similarly locally defined and flexible." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nA doubt in understanding a proof in Galois Theory\n\nLet $K/F$ be a cyclic extension of degree $n$, and suppose that $F$ contains a primitive $n$th root of unity. ", "If $K=F(\\sqrt[n]{a})$ with $a\\in F$, then any intermediate field of $K/F$ is of the form $F(\\sqrt[m]{a})$ for some divisor $m$ of $n$.\n\nIn the proof of it, $\\sigma$ is assumed to be the generator of $Gal(K/F)$. Then any subgroup of $Gal(K/F)$ is of the form $<\\sigma^t>$ for some divisor of $n$. So the intermediate fields will be the fixed field of $\\sigma^t$. If $t$ is a divisor of $n$, write $n=tm$ and let $\\alpha = \\sqrt[n]{a}$. Then $\\sigma^t(\\alpha^m)=(\\omega^t\\alpha)^m=\\alpha^m$, so $\\alpha^m$ is fixed by $\\sigma^t$.\nMy doubt:\n\n$\\alpha^m$ is fixed by $\\sigma^t \\implies$ $F(\\alpha^m)=F(\\sqrt[t]{a})$ is the fixed field,\n\nOR,\n\n$\\alpha^m$ is fixed by $\\sigma^t \\implies$ the fixed field of $\\sigma^t$ has degree $m$ over $F$, so $F(\\sqrt[m]{a})$ is the fixed field.", "\n\nI cannot understand. ", "Can someone please clear my doubt?", "\nThank you\n\nA:\n\nIf $F$ contains a $n$-root of unity $e_n$, $\ne_n^p\\sqrt[n]a,p=1,2,...,n$ are roots of $X^n-a$ so $K$ is the splitting field of $X^n-a$ and is separable, so the extension is Galoisian. ", "You can apply the fundamental theorem of the Galois theory.", "\nAn intermediate field $L$ if the set of elements fixed by $\\sigma^t$ and if $n=mt$, $\\sigma^t(\\alpha^m)=\\alpha^m$, we deduce that $\\alpha^m\\in L$, $[L:F]=t$ and the minimal polynomial of $\\alpha^m$ is $X^t-a$. We deduce that $[F(\\alpha^m):F]=t$ and $F(\\alpha^m)=L$.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of_Galois_theory\n\n" ]

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[ "We want to hear from you. ", "Letters may be e-mailed or sent to ArchitectureBoston, 52 Broad Street, Boston, MA 02109. ", "Letters may be edited for clarity and length, and must include your name, address, and daytime telephone number. ", "Length should not exceed 300 words.", "\n\nOn “Government” (Summer 2011)\n\nFall 2011: Science (Volume 14 n3)\n\nMichael Liu’s article, “The Shadow Government,” was a welcome addition to the discussion of how best to transform the building industry toward sustainability. ", "The ever-changing world of green building requires continued discussion, re-evaluation, and evolution, from the foundations of the LEED green building rating systems that help us engage an entire industry to the AP+ credentials of the implementers.", "\n\nIn fact, the stakeholders participating in the discussion are what have made LEED successful. ", "The painstaking, volunteer-driven, consensus-based process for rating-system development depends on community involvement. ", "The verification and certification infrastructure behind this rating system certainly has a cost to maintain; however, the US Green Building Council (USGBC) is committed to reducing the cost of certification and increasing the number of certifications through initiatives like the Volume Program and LEED Automation.", "\n\nLike LEED, the Accredited Professional credential was developed as a tool for market transformation. ", "After some experience implementing a rating system in the real world, the presence of professional silos preventing the uptake of green principles became apparent. ", "Architects, engineers, developers, code officials, and contractors had all begun to speak the same language, but they certainly weren’t fluent. ", "Someone who could fill in the gaps and communicate across industry silos was required, hence the development of the LEED AP. ", "Since that time, the industry has demanded greater levels of expertise in addition to familiarity with principles, and the credentialing system has grown. ", "Like the pursuit of LEED certification itself, the use of LEED APs by project teams is completely voluntary.", "\n\nAs the industry evolves, the basic principles of green building design will become basic principles of all building design, requiring an evolution of not only the rating system but also the education and credentialing system. ", "The evolution will continue until the mission is completed and every building is truly sustainable. ", "Silly titles aside, we welcome constructive contributions to this vital discussion.", "\n\nCongratulations to Michael Liu for exposing the sham called LEED [“The Shadow Government”]. ", "If I have my facts right, it was started by a marketing director, a lawyer, and a used-car salesman (that may be hyperbole), but there is no doubt that it has grown into a feel-good, huge, money-making organization devoid, as Liu points out, of any serious supervision about claims or structure. ", "True, the USGBC has raised awareness, but at what cost to the actual understanding of sustainability? ", "What was not said is that the AIA should have been out in front of this issue rather than allowing sustainability to become just another commercial enterprise. ", "Real sustainability is affordable for everyone, but LEED isn’t.", "\n\nJeremiah Eck FAIA\nEck | MacNeely Architects\nBoston\n\nMy congratulations to Michael Liu for suggesting the emperor has no clothes [“The Shadow Government”]. ", "In my view, USGBC and LEED are a direct threat to our profession — and to our children’s survival.", "\n\nThose of us at May’s AIA convention heard Thomas Friedman make that point starkly in his keynote address: Right now, we are all having a Green Party, when what is required is a Green Revolution. ", "At parties, it’s about everyone having a good time; in revolutions, it’s about change or die. ", "We can build all the LEED-certified buildings we want, but by itself that will do little to solve the problems — not only because 98 percent of the building stock is already here but also because it is the settlement pattern and corresponding lifestyles that require correction. ", "This is only one of the reasons why LEED and the USGBC are actually an impediment to real solutions: Their focus is dangerously misplaced, while providing participants with a feel-good gold star for their foreheads. ", "What worked in third grade seems a poor model for grownups to follow.", "\n\nReal solutions to a “hot, flat, and crowded” world lie at a scale well beyond the parts of the building, or even the building itself. ", "It is clear that solutions lie at the community, city, regional, and national scales: it’s about walkable cities, work/live in the same places, mass transit, higher densities. ", "Finding those solutions likely points to firms that are integrated across disciplines, because solutions are going to be systems-level solutions.", "\n\nIf architects are to remain viable as independent professionals, that is the path that is required to stay ahead of the curve. ", "Without this understanding, architects will simply become a small design cog in a large systems wheel. ", "The bigger vision will be lost, and the course steered will fall to the likes of the USGBC and their unfortunate self-serving bureaucracy. ", "I’d like to see architects at the helm on this one, as we have already given away too many parts of our profession.", "\n\nIn closing, I urge ArchitectureBoston to adopt a formal policy to stop printing the LEED letters after architects’ names. ", "As licensed professionals, placing LEED after one’s name is a tacit admission that you once did not know how to score points, but now you do. ", "Why is that a credential worthy of our profession?", "\n\nAlthough ArchitectureBoston’s “Government Issue” was both timely and thoughtful, I read with consternation Chris Walsh’s characterization of Massachusetts’ affordable-housing zoning law, Chapter 40B. To begin, Walsh fails to mention that in the November 2010 election there was a referendum question on 40B, and Massachusetts voters decided to continue\nthe program.", "\n\nAlthough it is true that 51 communities have exceeded their 10 percent threshold, which Walsh asserts as evidence of the program’s failure, it is also true that, at present, 117 municipalities only need to produce or preserve fewer than 100 units to reach the 10 percent threshold. ", "Walsh alleges that the 40B program eats up open space. ", "This does not reflect the reality of Massachusetts land use in which large-lot zoning is probably the most important determinant of housing development, and particularly so when coupled with Title V and the Wetland Protection Act, neither of which is suspended in determining site acceptability. ", "In fact, increasing housing density under 40B is actually more land efficient. ", "Further, the expiration date of low-income use requirements referred to applies to subsidy or financing programs and does not apply to Chapter 40B developments that are held in perpetuity through zoning.", "\n\nCiting the Columbia Point development as a failed large urban housing project neglects its complicated history as Boston’s largest public housing development, the lurches and retreats of federal housing policy, the geographic isolation of the development, its history as a dump, and its miraculous conversion in 1984 into the mixed-income Harbor Point development.", "\n\nWalsh’s critique may make for good sound bites on the campaign trail, but the inaccuracies of his examples and general lack of understanding of the history and context of affordable housing sadly misrepresent reality, to the detriment of your readers and those they may influence.", "\n\nDiane Georgopulos FAIA\nCambridge, Massachusetts Ms. Georgopulos has worked for 25 years as an architect for MassHousing, the state’s affordable housing finance agency.", "\n\nI opened ArchitectureBoston’s “Government Issue” with great anticipation but found little within to be upbeat about. ", "From the editor’s opening observation that 69 percent of respondents in a recent student survey believe that community service is honorable while almost no architects serve in elected office, it seems obvious that there is a world of difference between advocating for good design in the public realm and actually serving in public office, unfortunately exemplified by the recent conviction of yet\nanother Massachusetts State House leader.", "\n\nAt a time when popular opinion is running against “big government,” our failure to maintain bridges, build a successful public education system, invest in smart growth, or even provide adequate healthcare to all is a failure of political leadership, not government, be it big or small. ", "In a society driven by sound bites and devoid of critical thinking, it is easy to conflate government with politics. ", "But contrary to what we hear, government at all levels is filled with many smart, talented, and even idealistic people who want to be challenged to do the right thing, as James Kostaras notes in “What I Learned.”", "\n\nIf, as Vernon Woodworth tells us in “Notes From the Suggestion Box,” technology will soon allow us to model performance and regulatory metrics of all sorts, we need political leadership with a compelling vision for this future. ", "And with political vision should come a commitment to honest and timely assessment of government programs.", "\n\nIdealistic? ", "Yes. ", "Unrealistic? ", "No. ", "But as long as we keep seeing the “problem” as government and fail to demand political vision and leadership, and as long as the electorate is titillated by elk-shooting, combed-over candidates, and not challenging government to be all that it can be, there is no purpose for architects to seek public office." ]

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[ "Gallery\n\nListing Agent\n\nListed By\n\nRequest more information\n\nThank you for the email, we'll get back to you shortly\n\nName (required)Email Address (required)Questions/Comments\n\nDescription\n\nWelcome home to this nicely updated Cape Cod with newer windows & then newer HVAC & Hot Water heater are still under warranty! ", "This home features 4 bedrooms and 2 bathrooms with neutral decor. ", "As you enter the spacious living room with wood floors, the circular floor plan flows into the dining area and kitchen, updated full bath and 2 main floor bedrooms. ", "The upper level features 2 bedrooms and an updated bath with tile surround, newer vanity and lighting. ", "Fenced corner lot and one car attached garage. ", "All updated GE kitchen appliances are included. ", "Walking distance to schools and park." ]

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[ "using System;\nusing System.", "Collections.", "Generic;\nusing System.", "Linq.", "Expressions;\nusing System.", "Threading.", "Tasks;\n\nnamespace Warden.", "Core\n{\n /// <summary>\n /// Configuration of the hooks for the Warden.", "\n /// </summary>\n public class WardenHooksConfiguration\n {\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Action>> _onStart = new HashSet<Expression<Action>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Func<Task>>> _onStartAsync = new HashSet<Expression<Func<Task>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Action>> _onPause = new HashSet<Expression<Action>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Func<Task>>> _onPauseAsync = new HashSet<Expression<Func<Task>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Action>> _onStop = new HashSet<Expression<Action>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Func<Task>>> _onStopAsync = new HashSet<Expression<Func<Task>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Action<Exception>>> _onError = new HashSet<Expression<Action<Exception>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Func<Exception, Task>>> _onErrorAsync = new HashSet<Expression<Func<Exception, Task>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Action<long>>> _onIterationStart = new HashSet<Expression<Action<long>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Func<long, Task>>> _onIterationStartAsync = new HashSet<Expression<Func<long, Task>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Action<IWardenIteration>>> _onIterationCompleted = new HashSet<Expression<Action<IWardenIteration>>>();\n private readonly ISet<Expression<Func<IWardenIteration, Task>>> _onIterationCompletedAsync = new HashSet<Expression<Func<IWardenIteration, Task>>>();\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnStart hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StartAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Action>> OnStart => _onStart;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnStartAsync hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StartAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Func<Task>>> OnStartAsync => _onStartAsync;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnPause hooks for the Warden, invoked when the PauseAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Action>> OnPause => _onPause;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnPauseAsync hooks for the Warden, invoked when the PauseAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Func<Task>>> OnPauseAsync => _onPauseAsync;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnStop hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StopAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Action>> OnStop => _onStop;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnStopAsync hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StopAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Func<Task>>> OnStopAsync => _onStopAsync;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnError hooks for the Warden, \n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() responsible for processing the iteration threw an exception.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Action<Exception>>> OnError => _onError;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnErrorAsync hooks for the Warden, \n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() responsible for processing the iteration threw an exception.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Func<Exception, Task>>> OnErrorAsync => _onErrorAsync;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnIterationStart hooks for the Warden, \n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() is started by the IIterationProcessor.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Action<long>>> OnIterationStart => _onIterationStart;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnIterationStartAsync hooks for the Warden,\n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() is started by the IIterationProcessor.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Func<long, Task>>> OnIterationStartAsync => _onIterationStartAsync;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnIterationCompleted hooks for the Warden, invoked when the ExecuteAsync() has completed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Action<IWardenIteration>>> OnIterationCompleted => _onIterationCompleted;\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Set of unique OnIterationCompletedAsync hooks for the Warden, invoked when the ExecuteAsync() has completed.", "\n /// </summary>\n public IEnumerable<Expression<Func<IWardenIteration, Task>>> OnIterationCompletedAsync => _onIterationCompletedAsync;\n\n protected internal WardenHooksConfiguration()\n {\n }\n\n public static WardenHooksConfiguration Empty => new WardenHooksConfiguration();\n public static Builder Create() => new Builder();\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Factory method for creating a new instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public class Builder\n {\n private readonly WardenHooksConfiguration _configuration = new WardenHooksConfiguration();\n\n protected internal Builder()\n {\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnStart hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StartAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnStart(params Expression<Action>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onStart.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnStartAsync hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StartAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnStartAsync(params Expression<Func<Task>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onStartAsync.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnPause hooks for the Warden, invoked when the PauseAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnPause(params Expression<Action>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onPause.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnPauseAsync hooks for the Warden, invoked when the PauseAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnPauseAsync(params Expression<Func<Task>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onPauseAsync.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnStop hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StopAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnStop(params Expression<Action>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onStop.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnStart hooks for the Warden, invoked when the StopAsync() is executed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnStopAsync(params Expression<Func<Task>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onStopAsync.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnError hooks for the Warden, \n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() responsible for processing the iteration threw an exception.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnError(params Expression<Action<Exception>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onError.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnErrorAsync hooks for the Warden, \n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() responsible for processing the iteration threw an exception.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnErrorAsync(params Expression<Func<Exception, Task>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onErrorAsync.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnIterationStart hooks for the Warden, \n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() is started by the IIterationProcessor.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnIterationStart(params Expression<Action<long>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onIterationStart.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnIterationStartAsync hooks for the Warden,\n /// invoked when the ExecuteAsync() is started by the IIterationProcessor.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnIterationStartAsync(params Expression<Func<long, Task>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onIterationStartAsync.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnIterationCompleted hooks for the Warden, invoked when the ExecuteAsync() has completed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnIterationCompleted(params Expression<Action<IWardenIteration>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onIterationCompleted.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// One or more unique OnIterationCompletedAsync hooks for the Warden, invoked when the ExecuteAsync() has completed.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <param name=\"hooks\">One or more custom Warden hooks.</param>\n /// <returns>Instance of fluent builder for the WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public Builder OnIterationCompletedAsync(params Expression<Func<IWardenIteration, Task>>[] hooks)\n {\n _configuration._onIterationCompletedAsync.", "UnionWith(hooks);\n return this;\n }\n\n /// <summary>\n /// Builds the WardenHooksConfiguration and return its instance.", "\n /// </summary>\n /// <returns>Instance of WardenHooksConfiguration.</returns>\n public WardenHooksConfiguration Build() => _configuration;\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "\nNO. ", "07-08-0291-CV\n\nIN THE COURT OF APPEALS\n\nFOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS\n\nAT AMARILLO\n\nPANEL D\n\nSEPTEMBER 24, 2009\n______________________________\n\nNICHOLAS FARHOOD, a/k/a NICK FARHOOD, \nindividually and d/b/a CAMEO CUSTOM HOMES, \n                                                                                                 Appellant\n\nv.\n\nKEVIN CLEMENTS, \n\n                                                                                                 Appellee\n_________________________________\n\nFROM THE 393rd DISTRICT COURT OF DENTON COUNTY;\n\nNO. ", "2007-60155-393; HON. ", "VICKI ISAACKS, PRESIDING\n_______________________________\n\nMemorandum Opinion\n_______________________________\n\nBefore QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.", "\n          Pending before the court is an appeal by Nicholas Farhood, individually and doing\r\nbusiness as Cameo Custom Homes, from a summary judgment awarding Kevin Clements\r\n$251,757.98 against Farhood. ", " The dispute between the two litigants arose from a\r\nconstruction contract under which Farhood agreed to build a home for Clements. ", " They\r\nexecuted a contract specifying the construction price to be $750,000. ", " According to\r\nClements, Farhood demanded other monies in excess of that sum to complete the work,\r\ncontrary to the terms of their agreement. ", " Farhood purportedly demanded the additional\r\nsums to cover deviations from the contract as requested by Clements. ", " The dispute\r\nresulted in Clements suing Farhood under various causes of action and seeking a partial\r\nsummary judgment. ", " The trial court granted the aforementioned summary judgment and\r\nsevered the claims encompassed by the decree from those necessitating further\r\nadjudication. ", " We reverse the judgment and remand the cause.", "\n          The motion for summary judgment filed with the court was rather global and vague. ", "\r\nYet, it is clear that Clements sought to recover the difference between what he allegedly\r\nthought the actual contract price was ($750,000) and the amount he actually paid. ", " Yet, in\r\nthe attachments to his motion, he included a document entitled “Change Order\r\nConfirmation Agreement.”", "\r\n\r\n\r\n Per that item, the signatories, which included Farhood and\r\nClements, alluded to “certain alterations and extras in the improvements contemplated by”\r\na mechanics lien contract involving the construction at issue.", "\r\n\r\n\r\n So too did the parties\r\nrepresent, via the document, that “the extra work done and materials furnished as a result\r\nof said alterations cost $90,000, which sum is a part of the Contract Price secured by said”\r\nmechanics lien contract. ", " Elsewhere in the same writing, the parties stated that the\r\n“Contract Price stated in and secured by [the lien contract] has increased from $192,000\r\nto $292,500 . . . .” ", " Other attachments to the motion indicate that the mechanics lien\r\ncontract for $292,500 constituted a lien second to a $900,000 first lien. ", " Finally, the total\r\nloan amount obtained by Clements apparently exceeded $1,192,000. ", " \n          Authority obligates us to construe the summary judgment evidence in a light most\r\nfavorable to the non-movant, i.e. Farhood. ", " Johnson County Sheriff's Posse Inc. v.\r\nEndsley, 926 S.W.2d 284, 285 (Tex.1996) (holding that summary judgment evidence must\r\nbe construed in favor of the non-movant). ", " And, in so construing the evidence appended\r\nby Clements to his motion, we hold that there exists a material issue of fact regarding the\r\nprice that he contractually agreed to pay for the construction of his house. ", " Simply put, he\r\nsaid it was only $750,000. ", " Yet, other evidence reveals that he secured a loan for over\r\n$1,192,000, and signed a “Change Order Confirmation Agreement” increasing his financial\r\nobligation by an additional $292,500. ", " Given the material issue of fact regarding the extent\r\nof Clements’ obligation, he was not entitled, as a matter of law, to recover $251,757.98\r\nfrom Farhood. ", " See Tex. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 166a(c) (permitting entry of a summary judgment when\r\nthe movant is entitled to it as a matter of law).", "\n          Accordingly, we reverse the summary judgment and remand the cause for further\r\nproceedings. ", " \n \n                                                                           Brian Quinn\n                                                                          Chief Justice\n" ]

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[ "Tesla Wednesday filed in the United States a lawsuit against its former employee Cao Guangzhi for stealing its Autopilot related trade secrets before joining Alibaba-backed Chinese EV maker Xiaopeng M\n\nTesla Wednesday filed in the United States a lawsuit against its former employee Cao Guangzhi for stealing its Autopilot related trade secrets before joining Alibaba-backed Chinese EV maker Xiaopeng Motors earlier this year, The Verge reported.", "\n\nTesla alleges that Cao, before telling the company he’s quitting on January 3rd, had started copying more than 300,000 Autopilot related files and directories to his iCloud account and later on logged into the company’s intranet to clear his browsing history.", "\n\nXiaopeng Motors, or XPeng, which was set up in 2014 in Guangzhou, the capital city of China’s southern Guangdong province, told The Verge Thursday in a statement that the company is not aware of any alleged misconducts by Cao, adding that an internal investigation into this case has also started.", "\n\nAnd Tesla isn’t the only company entangled in such trade secret theft disputes of late. ", "Apple also sued its former employees, including two Chinese nationals, for alleged similar conducts. ", "One of the charged later joined XPeng, although XPeng later on denied receiving such an application.", "\n\nXiaopeng on December 12th launched G3, its first-ever electric vehicle with L2.5 autonomous driving capabilities, including autonomous parking and set pre-subsidy prices between RMB 227,800 (US$34,024) and 257800 (US$38,505). ", "The model received more than 10,000 orders in two weeks after its debut, announced He Xiaopeng, founder of the company." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nShould I, for any reason, allow a Super Admin to see the users' password through the UI?", "\n\nCurrently I am developing an application with 3 roles: 1 for customers, 1 for the company employees and another one for a Super Admin.", "\nIs it a good practice to allow Super Admin users to see/edit the users' passwords through the UI? ", "Or should it only be modified directly through the DB?", "\nUPDATE: I am using asp.net membership provider and MySQL. ", "Therefore, there is a table in the DB called my_aspnet_membership which stores two fields: Password and PasswordKey. ", "The field PasswordKey seems to be the encrypted password. ", "However, the Password field is stored in plain text. ", "So, can anyone tell me why this is designed in this way if it is not a good practice? ", "Thank you all for your responses!", "\nUPDATE: For those who asked if it really stores the password in two different fields:\n\nA:\n\nYour password should not be stored un encrypted inside your database and as such, shouldn't be visible to users of the UI nor the database.", "\nAs for whether it should be modifyable, sure.", "\nIn this case the password should be re-generated through user or administrator request. ", "Again, this should be encrypted in the database. ", "My preference would be to auto generate the new password for the user rather than have an administrator type it themselves.", "\nGiven this, the only way to change the password directly in the database would be to encrypt it first before insertion. ", "It's quicker to do this through an UI that deals with the encrypting.", "\nUPDATE\nIn answer to your update, you should specify in your web.config that the password format be hashed:\n<providers>\n<add [...]\n passwordFormat=\"Hashed\"\n/>\n</providers>\n\nas outlined here:\nhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff648345.aspx\n\nA:\n\nNo user should be allowed to see the Plaintext password of any other user whatsoever. ", "The password must be encrypted atleast if not hashed even in the database. ", "\nYou MAY allow the super admin to change any user's password, but allowing him to see it in plaintext is taboo.", "\nEDIT: Are you absolutely certain the password field stores the password in plaintext, while there exists another passwordkey field? ", "Because, it sounds similar to a 'salt' mechanism to me. ", "Where, the password is first encrypted with one key, and then re-encrypted with the passwordkey field. ", "\nEDIT 2: I am now almost absolutely certain that your database is using a salted password. ", "Salted passwords are often used to increase the security level of the database. ", "For more information on salt, check this.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Muhammad Shah of Brunei\n\nMuhammad Shah (born Awang Alak Betatar) established the Sultanate of Brunei and was its first sultan, possibly from 1363 to 1402. ", "The genealogy of Muhammad Shah is unclear, and is based on several historical sources and legends.", "\n\nLife\nThe early life of Muhammad Shah is unknown. ", "The current Sultanate of Brunei was formed by Muhammad Shah, with the help of his brothers Awang Pateh Berbai (also known as Ahmad of Brunei, the third Sultan of Brunei) and Awang Semaun. ", "He ruled from 1368 to his death in 1402. ", "He ruled as Raja Awang Alak Betatar until the early 1360s, at which point he converted to Islam to marry the daughter of the King of Temasik (Old Singapore, known as that time in Brunei as Johor).", "\n\nMuhammad Shah died in 1402, and was succeeded by Sultan Abdul Majid Hassan.", "\n\nIt is unclear whom Muhammad Shah married, but it is reported either as the daughter of Iskandar Shah, or the daughter of Sang Nila Utama, both of the House of Sang Sapurba.", "\n\nIt was noted that Muhammad Shah created the Sultanate. ", "He sent a mission to China in 1371; the Ming Shih (Book 325), a contemporaneous Chinese reference book, noted that the King of Brunei in 1370 was Ma-ho-mo-sa. ", "Local Brunei historians take this to refer to \"Muhammad Shah\" the first Islamic Sultan of Brunei, however others take it to read as \"Mahmud Shah\". ", "Another viewpoint is that Ma-ho-mo-sa could be pronounced as \"Maha Moksha\", which means Great Eternity, a Buddhist name; this is in keeping by the Chinese record of his successor also having a Buddhist name.", "\n\nHis daughter, Princess Ratna Dewi, allegedly married a Chinese immigrant by the name of Ong Sum Ping also named Ong Sum Ping who started a trading station at Mumiang on the Kinabatangan River. ", "For this he was conferred the nobility title of Pengiran Maharaja Lela and elected Chief of Kinabatangan.", "\n\nThere is evidence that there was an Islamic presence in the current area of Brunei before the current Sultanate - there is evidence that there was also a pre-existing Muslim dynasty in the area.", "\n\nSee also\n List of Sultans of Brunei\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Sultan - Sultan Brunei\n\nCategory:Sultans of Brunei\nCategory:1402 deaths" ]

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[ "Maxillary expansion in an animal model with light, continuous force.", "\nMaxillary constriction is routinely addressed with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). ", "However, the heavy forces delivered by most RME appliances to expand the palate may lead to deleterious effects on the teeth and supporting tissues. ", "The objective of this study was to explore a more physiologic maxillary expansion with light continuous force. ", "Twenty 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into experimental (EXPT) and control (CTRL) groups. ", "A custom-fabricated archwire expansion appliance made from 0.014-inch copper-nickel-titanium wire was activated 5 mm and bonded to the maxillary molar segments of animals in the EXPT group for 21 days. ", "The force applied to each maxillary segment was 5 cN. Microfocus x-ray computed tomography and histological analyses were used to compare the tooth movement and bone morphology in the midpalatal suture and buccal aspect of the alveolar process between the EXPT and CTRL groups. ", "Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard error of the mean) and nonparametric statistical tests were used to compare the outcomes across groups. ", "Compared to the CTRL group, there was a statistically significant increase in buccal tooth movement and expansion of the midpalatal suture in the EXPT group. ", "There was no difference in the bone morphologic parameters between groups. ", "The mineral apposition rate was increased on the buccal surface of the alveolar process in the EXPT group. ", "Application of light, continuous force resulted in maxillary osseous expansion due to bilateral sutural apposition and buccal drift of the alveolar processes. ", "This animal experiment provides a more physiologic basis for maxillary expansion." ]

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[ "About Corralejo\n\nCorralejo is a lively turistic resort located in the north-east of Fuerteventura which is the island with the drier climate of the Canary Islands and is an ideal site to invest in a holiday home.", "\nMost of the Corralejo area, with its magnificent white sand dunes, is a Natural Park since 1982 and it is one of the most important parks of Fuerteventura and the Canary Islands.", "\n\nOriginary was a fishing village and today is a booming turistic area, lively, full of bars and restaurants where you can enjoy fresh fish.", "\nIn Corralejo area, many residents of Fuerteventura have the apartment, house or villa for the holidays, but there are also many level hotel complexes.", "\n\nFrom Corralejo you can reach the neighboring island of Lanzarote in 20 minutes by ferry and visit the nearby island of Lobos, a Natural Park, totally uninhabited and where there is not even a house or other real estate, with the exception of an old fisherman’s house, now used as a restaurant." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUISlider glitch shows two thumbs?", "\n\nA UISlider in my app sometimes shows a second thumb after it is dragged. ", "This is completely unintentional and unwanted. ", "I've done some searching and can't find any other references to this phenomenon. ", " Can anyone figure out why this is happening? ", "Is this a bug?", "\nTwo thumb slider:\n\nThis code is executed when a \"show options\" button is pressed:\n readAndApplySettings() //This sets GameSpeed from a file\n var SpeedSlider = UISlider()\n SpeedSlider.minimumValue = 1\n SpeedSlider.maximumValue = 20 \n SpeedSlider.setValue(Float(21 - GameState.", "GameSpeed), animated: true)\n SpeedSlider.continuous = true\n SpeedSlider.addTarget(self, action: \"SpeedSliderValueDidChange:\", forControlEvents: .ValueChanged)\n // Code setting frame and location omitted\n OptionsLabelButton.addSubview(SpeedSlider)\n\nThis is the ValueDidChange code:\nfunc SpeedSliderValueDidChange(sender:UISlider) {\n GameState.", "GameSpeed = Int(21 - sender.value)\n TimerInterval = Double(GameState.", "GameSpeed) * 0.0167\n tempSpeedLabel.text = \"Speed: \\(21 - GameState.", "GameSpeed)\"\n}\n\nA:\n\nLooks like you have created multiple UISliders, double check you are not calling your function twice. ", "As well, if you are using storyboard to create the UISliders. ", "Make sure you do not have two sliders on top of each other.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Philip Fong, AFP | Hong Kong pro-democracy protesters (C) crowd the area in front of the departure gates to block access during another demonstration at Hong Kong's international airport on August 13, 2019.", "\n\nFlights leaving Hong Kong's airport were disrupted for a second day as protesters staged new rallies on Tuesday, hours after the territory’s embattled leader warned them against heading down “a path of no return”.", "\n\nAdvertising Read more\n\nThe airport's arrival and departure halls were blocked by thousands of protesters who were gathered in the hub for the fifth consecutive day to press their calls for democratic reforms and an independent inquiry into alleged police brutality.", "\n\nThe airport authority announced that check-in services for departing flights were suspended but that it did not expect arriving flights to be affected.", "\n\nSome flights were able to depart and land earlier on Tuesday, a day after more than 200 flights were cancelled.", "\n\nPolice use pepper spray in scuffles with protesters at Hong Kong airport\n\nThe new gathering came as Beijing sent more ominous signals that the 10 weeks of unrest must end, with state-run media showing videos of security forces gathering across the border.", "\n\nThe crisis, which has seen millions of people take to Hong Kong's streets, has become the biggest challenge to Chinese rule of the semi-autonomous city since its 1997 handover from Britain.", "\n\nHong Kong's pro-Beijing leader, Carrie Lam, gave an at-times emotional press conference on Tuesday morning in which she warned of dangerous consequences if escalating violence was not curbed.", "\n\n‘Path of no return’\n\n\"Violence, no matter if it's using violence or condoning violence, will push Hong Kong down a path of no return, will plunge Hong Kong society into a very worrying and dangerous situation,\" Lam said.", "\n\n\"The situation in Hong Kong in the past week has made me very worried that we have reached this dangerous situation.\"", "\n\nLam, who faced fierce questioning from local reporters and at one point appeared to be on the verge of tears, appealed for calm.", "\n\n\"Take a minute to think, look at our city, our home, do you all really want to see it pushed into an abyss,\" Lam said, although she again refused to make any concessions to the protesters.", "\n\nUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet urged Hong Kong on Tuesday to exercise restraint and conduct an impartial investigation into the actions of police forces, adding they are using \"less-lethal weapons in ways that are prohibited by international norms and standards\".", "\n\nThe Hong Kong authorities should engage in meaningful dialogue with protesters to restore public security, Bachelet said in her statement, while welcoming Lam’s pledge to listen to the protesters’ grievances.", "\n\nHong Kong's business credibility has already been damaged, says professor Jean-Pierre Cabestan\n\nAirport chaos\n\nOn Monday thousands of protesters filled Hong Kong's airport to denounce what they said were violent tactics by police in trying to quell weekend rallies.", "\n\nHundreds of protesters, dressed in signature black T-shirts, then began flowing into the airport again on Tuesday afternoon, threatening further disruptions.", "\n\nThey chanted: \"stand with Hong Kong, stand for freedom,\" as passengers scrambling to catch rescheduled and delayed flights wheeled their luggage through the airport.", "\n\nProtesters had also put up posters and daubed graffiti that included the term \"an eye for an eye\".", "\n\nThis was in reference to a serious facial injury that reportedly caused a woman to lose the vision in one eye at a demonstration that turned violent on Sunday night.", "\n\nThe demonstrators accused police of causing the injury by firing a bean-bag round.", "\n\nThe disruptions caused headaches for travellers, but many said they sympathised with the protesters.", "\n\n\"The protesters are the loveliest people in the world,\" said Pete Knox, a 65-year-old Brit on his way to Vietnam.", "\n\n\"I understand the basics of the protest and they've got a point: it's about freedom and democracy and it's incredibly important.\"", "\n\n'Mobsters'\n\nThe protests began in opposition to a bill that would have allowed extraditions to the mainland, but quickly evolved into a broader bid to reverse a slide of rights and freedoms in the southern Chinese city.", "\n\nAuthorities in Beijing on Monday slammed violent protesters who threw petrol bombs at police officers, linking them to \"terrorism\".", "\n\nOn Tuesday state media upped the ante, calling protesters \"mobsters\", warning they must never be appeased and raising the spectre of mainland security forces intervening to quash them.", "\n\nThe official state news agency Xinhua warned in a commentary Tuesday that \"violent radicals\" were pushing Hong Kong into an \"abyss\".", "\n\nIn a video posted on its Weibo channel, a CCTV anchor warned viewers: \"When dealing with terrorism, there is no soft hand.\"", "\n\nThe stern words came as videos were promoted by state media of Chinese military and armoured vehicles appearing to gather in the southern city of Shenzhen, which borders Hong Kong.", "\n\nA senior US administration official on Monday urged \"all sides\" to avoid violence.", "\n\n\"Societies are best served when diverse political views are respected and can be freely and peacefully expressed,\" the official said on condition of anonymity.", "\n\n(FRANCE 24 with AFP)\n\nDaily newsletterReceive essential international news every morning Subscribe" ]

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[ "\n95 Okla. Cr. ", "250 (1952)\n244 P.2d 587\nIn re SELTENREICH.", "\nNo. ", "A-11702.", "\nCriminal Court of Appeals of Oklahoma.", "\nMay 7, 1952.", "\n*251 Pat Brogan, Oklahoma City, for petitioner.", "\nH.L. Gasaway, Enid, for respondent.", "\nJONES, J.\nThis is an original action in habeas corpus wherein the petitioner attacks the validity of Ordinance No. ", "3389 of the city of Enid. ", "The petitioner was convicted of violating said ordinance and sentenced to pay a fine, and upon his refusal to pay said fine was incarcerated in the city jail by the respondent chief of police. ", "He brings this action to secure his release from such confinement.", "\nThe ordinance in question was adopted with the emergency clause attached on December 12, 1951. ", "That part of the ordinance which is under attack provides:\n\"Section 5\n\"Turning, Slowing And Stopping\n\"(h) Left Hand turns are prohibited at the following intersections, to-wit:\n Grand Ave. ", "and Randolph.", "\n Grand Ave. ", "and Broadway\n Independence and Randolph.", "\n Independence and Broadway.", "\n Independence and Main.", "\n Except that intra-city passenger busses may\n make a left hand turn at the intersection of\n Randolph and Independence.\"", "\nThe petitioner is a taxicab driver in the city of Enid. ", "He was convicted of making a left-hand turn at the intersection of Broadway and Grand avenues. ", "Petitioner made application to the superior court of Garfield county in a habeas corpus proceeding in which he attacked the validity of said ordinance and in that case the ordinance was upheld.", "\nA transcript of the evidence presented before the superior court judge was introduced at the hearing before this court. ", "In addition other witnesses testified. ", "From this evidence it is established that the city of Enid is a city of the first class with a population of approximately 36,000; that intracity busses are licensed to do business in the city of Enid and each carries approximately twenty-five to thirty passengers. ", "The bus routes within the city are fixed and must be approved by the city manager. ", "The busses which are permitted under the ordinance to make the left-hand turn at the intersection of Independence and Randolph streets are those on the most widely used route in the city. ", "This route serves Phillips University on the east side of the city and the Enid High School on the southwest side of the city. ", "The city of Enid has a public square approximately two blocks long and one block wide. ", "There are no business establishments within the square. ", "Randolph street is on the north side of the square running east and west, while Independence and Grand avenues run north and south on the west and east side of the square respectively. ", "Randolph street on the north side of the square is 84 feet wide, the same as Independence avenue on the west side of the square. ", "The *252 taxicab operated by the petitioner, and all other taxicabs licensed in the city of Enid, are the standard five passenger automobiles which are exactly the same as private passenger automobiles, except the taxicabs have signs on them denoting they are taxicabs. ", "The city of Enid has designated certain parking stands around the public square for the exclusive use of taxicabs and such taxicabs are permitted to use any street within the city of Enid. ", "The main business district of Enid is built immediately around the public square and most of the people who board the busses in the residential areas come to the city square.", "\nWalter Stewart, captain in charge of traffic for the city of Enid, in testifying as to why it was desirable to permit intracity busses to make a left turn at the corner of Independence and Randolph testified:\n\"A. The reason, and the only reason that it was done, to my knowledge, that that was the only vehicle permitted to make that left hand turn, was from a safety angle. ", "The only other way that bus could make its regular route would be to come to the intersection of Randolph and Grand, make a right hand turn, go a block North to Maple and make a left hand turn. ", "In making that right hand turn from Randolph on to Grand, it comes off of a 84 foot street on to a 51 foot street, with parking on both sides of the street, which takes up around sixteen feet on that particular street. ", "We try awfully hard to flow that traffic down North Grand, and with a bus or truck it makes it inconvenient to get through. ", "At the intersection of Maple and Grand, two cars can drive up there and go straight ahead, or they can go right or left, where a bus would take up more than one driving lane and cause the cars to fall in behind it. ", "Also, in making a left hand turn at that particular intersection, you have through traffic at two highways that are very heavily traveled, both north and south traffic, and in making a left hand turn with a bus, you would create a heavy traffic jam there every time it was done. ", "Grand is only 51 feet going north, from Randolph north.\"", "\nTo offset the testimony of Captain Stewart the petitioner introduced as a witness Captain Harry Davidson of the Oklahoma City Traffic Department who testified that he went to the city of Enid at the request of petitioner and observed traffic conditions around the square and particularly at the intersection of Independence and Randolph avenues. ", "He testified in his opinion the ordinance authorizing intracity busses to make a left turn at the corner of Independence and Randolph avenues, instead of making safer traffic conditions, was in reality creating a traffic hazard and that the city should either prohibit all left turns or none at all. ", "He admitted that he was not present during the peak periods of traffic.", "\nA witness for the city then testified that the city had made a survey during peak periods of traffic over a period of several months in order to determine the wisest and most effective ordinance to adopt to properly regulate traffic and to serve the public with the least inconvenience; that Enid is expanding constantly and traffic movement has increased about ten percent in the past six months; that the biggest congestion of traffic is around the public square; that in a two week period before the ordinance was adopted there were five pedestrian injuries around the square, while during the several weeks since the ordinance has been adopted there have been no pedestrian injuries.", "\nIn the brief of petitioner filed herein it is contended that the ordinance is invalid for the following reasons:\nFirst: It conflicts with the statutes of the state of Oklahoma, and particularly Tit. ", "47 O.S. 1951 § 22.11.", "\nSecondly: The ordinance is unreasonable in that it discriminates in favor of intracity busses.", "\nThe statute upon which the petitioner relies provides:\n*253 \"The local authorities of cities, towns and villages of this State shall have no power to pass, enforce or maintain any ordinances, rules or regulations requiring from any owner to whom this Act is applicable, any tax, fee, license or permit for the free use of the public highways or excluding or prohibiting any motor vehicle registered in compliance with this Act or the accessories used thereon from the free use of the public highways, and no ordinance, rule or regulation in any way contrary to or inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, now in force or hereafter enacted, shall have any force or effect; provided, that the powers given to local authorities in cities of the first class to enact general rules and ordinances applicable equally to all vehicles upon certain streets in such cities where the traffic is heavy and continuous, and the powers given local authorities to regulate vehicles offered to the public for hire or for processions, assemblages, or parades in the streets or public places, shall remain in full force and effect; and provided further, that the local authorities may set aside a specified public highway or highways for speed contests or races to be given under proper restrictions for the safety of the public; and provided further, that local authorities may exclude by ordinance or regulation motor trucks and vehicles used exclusively for commercial purposes from the parks and parkways of this State, provided such ordinance or regulation is applicable equally and generally to all other vehicles used for the same purpose; and provided further, that local authorities may exclude motor vehicles from any cemetery or ground used for burial of the dead; and provided further, that cities and towns may regulate the speed of motor vehicles within their corporate limits.\" ", "47 O.S. 1951 § 22.11.", "\nIt is the contention of petitioner that under the provisions of the above statute cities of the first class, such as the city of Enid, are permitted to pass regulations and ordinances pertaining to movement of automotive vehicles on the public streets only where such regulations and ordinances apply equally to all vehicles.", "\nWe have carefully examined this statute and its historical background. ", "As it now appears in the code it was a part of House Bill No. ", "528 of the 1941 legislature, which was a very comprehensive enactment pertaining to the licensing, registration, and taxation of motor vehicles. ", "The particular statute hereinabove quoted was Section 12 of that act and the subject matter of the section as shown by the headnote to that section reads:\n\"Local Authorities — No Power to Tax.\"", "\nThe evident purpose of the statute was to prohibit cities, towns, and villages from attempting by ordinance to charge a tax, fee, license, or permit for the free use of the public highways in such cities, towns, or villages, and to prohibit the passage of any ordinance or regulation which conflicted with the terms of that particular act.", "\nThe proviso upon which petitioner relies does not appear to be a grant of power but was inserted in the act to emphasize that the general power conferred by statutes upon cities, towns, and villages to regulate traffic within the corporate limits was not affected so long as a license, fee or permit was not charged for the free use of such streets. ", "Furthermore, in 1949 the Oklahoma Legislature passed a comprehensive motor vehicle code, among which provisions appeared the following:\n\"None of the provisions of this Act shall be construed to prohibit any incorporated city or town from enacting ordinances or regulations within the limitations of this Act and enforcing the same with respect to controlling traffic.\" ", "Tit. ", "47 O.S. 1951 § 121.12.", "\nSince statehood cities have been authorized under the general powers granted to cities by statute to enact ordinances\n\"for the good government of the city, the preservation of the peace and good order, * * * the benefit of trade and commerce, and the health of the inhabitants thereof\". ", "Tit 11, O.S. 1951 § 642.", "\n*254 The city council has also been further authorized by statute to \"regulate, prevent and punish the riding, driving or passing of horses, oxen, mules or other teams, or any vehicle, over, or upon, or across sidewalks, or along any streets of the city.\" ", "Tit. ", "11, O.S. 1951 § 657.", "\nThe Supreme Court of Oklahoma in Constant v. Brown, 189 Okla. 147, 114 P.2d 477, held that the proviso relied upon by petitioner does not constitute a grant or delegation of power to the cities but merely affirms existing powers. ", "It was further held that 11 O.S. 1951 § 657, supra, was the only statute expressly authorizing cities to regulate the driving of vehicles along the streets.", "\nIn 37 American Jurisprudence, Municipal Corporations, Sec. ", "314, the general rule is well stated as follows:\n\"Municipal corporations are commonly given power to regulate the use of their streets and sidewalks, or more specifically, the vehicles used thereon, and reasonable regulations in respect to the operation of vehicles aimed at preserving the safety, welfare, and convenience of the public are clearly valid.\"", "\nIn Vol. ", "64 C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, § 1761, at page 204, it is stated:\n\"Ordinances regulating the use of streets as highways are to be construed with respect to changing methods of locomotion and environment, and the constraint of overpowering necessity; and, where such an ordinance has been validly enacted, and is not in conflict with the general laws, it must be given full force and effect as a law of the locality to which it applies.\"", "\nIn Ex parte Duncan, 179 Okla. 355, 65 P.2d 1015, 1016, it is stated:\n\"It is elementary that control over the highways, streets, and alleys within the corporate limits of the municipalities is reserved in the state, and the municipality can exercise only such control as has been delegated by the state. ", "City of Tulsa v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. (10 Cir., ", "1935), 75 F.2d 343. ", "But cities have been clothed with full power to control and regulate the streets and alleys therein and may exercise their police power to the attainment of that end. ", "Sections 2, 3, 7, article 18, Okla. Const.; ", "sections 6380, 6397, 6410, O.C. 1931 (11 Okla. St. Ann. §§ ", "642, 660, 672).\"", "\nIn the recent case of Hirsh v. Oklahoma City, 94 Okla. Cr. ", "249, 234 P.2d 925, 926, this court established the following rules of law for guidance in passing upon cases involving the power of municipalities to adopt ordinances pertaining to the use of the public streets for travel:\n\"The streets of a municipality are dedicated to the public use and any title which a municipality has is in trust for the benefit of the public.", "\n\"The primary purpose of the public use of streets of a municipality is travel and the public has the absolute right to the free use of the streets for travel and any regulation which interfered with the right of the public to travel on the streets would be invalid.", "\n\"A city through the exercise of its police power may regulate the traffic on streets and alleys within the city.", "\n\"City council of Oklahoma City had the right to regulate the use of the streets by ordinances, so as to prevent, as far as possible, the loss and inconvenience arising from traffic congestion. ", "It was for the council to determine what means should be adopted to remove the causes of traffic hazards, and its determination of such means cannot be disturbed, unless the means adopted are unreasonable. ", "It is the province of the city council under its police power to decide in what streets or parts of streets, during what hours, and for what length of time, limitation of the right to park or allow a vehicle to remain standing on the street is necessary to a proper regulation of traffic, and the courts should not interfere so as to set aside an ordinance making such regulations unless it is clearly unreasonable.", "\n*255 \"The legislative body of a municipality may make classifications in the application of an ordinance which are relevant to the legislative purpose, and in connection with the regulation of traffic it may classify vehicles as commercial or non-commercial according to their usage.", "\n\"In determining the question of the constitutionality of a municipal ordinance, and as to whether it is in violation of the `equal protection' clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, the following fundamental principles are important:\n\"(a) The equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment does not take from the municipality the power to classify in the adoption of police laws, but admits of the exercise of a wide scope of discretion in that regard, and avoids what is done only when it is without any reasonable basis, and therefore is purely arbitrary.", "\n\"(b) A classification having some reasonable basis does not offend against that clause merely because it is not made with mathematical nicety, or because in practice it results in some inequality.", "\n\"(c) When the classification in an ordinance is called in question, if any state of facts reasonably can be conceived that would sustain it, the existence of that state of facts at the time the ordinance was enacted must be assumed.", "\n\"(d) One who assails the classification in such a law must carry the burden of showing that it does not rest upon any reasonable basis, but is essentially arbitrary.\"", "\nWith the above rules of law in mind it is apparent to us that the ordinance in question is not subject to the attacks leveled against it. ", "If the contention of petitioner was correct, that the city could pass no ordinance regulating traffic unless it applied \"equally to all vehicles\", then the city would not be permitted to prohibit large moving vans, or trucks moving heavy machinery, or oilfield trucks, or huge transports, from using the main business district of the city, nor would they be permitted to require slow moving vehicles, such as a tractor or road machinery, to keep to one side of the street at points where traffic is congested. ", "Such an ordinance has been upheld. ", "State v. Boardman, 93 Me. ", "73, 44 A. 118, 46 L.R.A. 750. ", "Furthermore, if the proviso relied upon by petitioner should be construed as he contends, the city would have no authority to give fire trucks, police cars, and ambulances the right of way at street intersections, or to except these vehicles from the speed limits applicable to all other vehicles.", "\nIn determining the reasonableness of the ordinance in question, the record discloses that the city of Enid by various ordinances experimented with regulations attempting to handle the traffic congestion around the public square. ", "The present ordinance was the culmination of those surveys and experiments.", "\nThe busses could not serve the great number of patrons who boarded the busses at Independence Avenue except by permitting the left turn. ", "Busses and all other vehicles were forbidden from making left turns at the other places mentioned in the ordinance. ", "It is significant that the petitioner was not convicted of making a left turn at Independence and Randolph streets but rather he was convicted of making a left turn at the intersection of Broadway and Grand Avenues, at which intersection all vehicles including busses were prohibited from making a left turn. ", "The city manager showed that it would be hazardous to attempt to reroute the city bus along other streets for the reason that other streets were only fifty feet wide, and he pointed out traffic hazards on all the suggested streets which would make the danger to the public greater than any danger that might be created by allowing the intracity bus to make the one left turn at Independence and Randolph. ", "The fact that busses have fixed routes operating on fixed time schedules which they must follow would authorize the city to make an exception as to them in the regulations which were adopted.", "\n*256 The city of Enid, like many other cities, is struggling with an enormously difficult problem incident to the growth of automobile traffic, and we feel the courts should be careful to refrain from interference in any regulation that might be adopted unless it is shown that such regulation is in direct conflict with a state statute or that in its enforcement there is a real and material infraction of rights guaranteed by either the state or federal constitution. ", "The city council has a positive duty and has been vested with power to pass ordinances for the protection of the lives and health of the inhabitants of the municipality. ", "In a populous city there are many matters which call for immediate action. ", "In Enid the city is growing rapidly, the number of automobiles in use upon the streets has materially increased. ", "Because the legislature meeting every two years could not directly make the regulations which were needed is the reason that wide authority has been given to cities under their police power to make reasonable regulations pertaining to conditions which might arise which are hazardous to the public health or safety.", "\nThe ordinance in question does not restrict the absolute right of the public to the free use of the streets for travel. ", "They have not been deprived of access to any street. ", "The public may use either Randolph or Independence Avenue. ", "The ordinance is merely a traffic regulation and does not interfere with the free use of the streets. ", "While it is true that the ordinance in question favors the intracity busses at the one intersection, the city has made a showing that the regulation bears a reasonable basis to the conditions sought to be remedied, to-wit: The regulation of traffic with the health and safety of the inhabitants uppermost in mind, together with the thought of giving them transportation service. ", "The mere fact that there is discrimination against some party does not determine the illegality of a regulation. ", "Often there is discrimination against some party in choosing a particular method. ", "Hirsh v. Oklahoma City, supra. ", "The city is vested with authority under the statutes hereinabove quoted to determine what is the best available method to relieve traffic congestion and the courts may not be substituted as administrators of municipal affairs in that respect unless it can be clearly shown that the action taken by the municipal authorities was unreasonable or arbitrary and bore no reasonable basis to the object sought to be attained or was clearly in contravention of the statutes or constitution.", "\nThe writ of habeas corpus is denied.", "\nBRETT, P.J., and POWELL, J., concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "Antelope Valley Indian Museum State Historic Park\n\nThe Antelope Valley Indian Museum State Historic Park is a state historic park of California, USA, interpreting Native American cultures of the Great Basin and surrounding regions. ", " The park and its grounds are situated on the Antelope Valley's rural east side in northern Los Angeles County, California.", "\n\nThe museum contains the combined collections of H. Arden Edwards and subsequent owner and anthropology student Grace Oliver. ", "The exhibits represent and interpret Native Americans groups, both aboriginal and contemporary, of the Southwest, Great Basin, and Californian cultural regions. ", "A number of the artifacts on display are rare or one-of-a-kind items.", "\n\nThe museum was originally constructed by homesteader/artist H. Arden Edwards in 1928. ", "The chalet-style structure was built over the rock formation of Piute Butte in the Mojave Desert. ", "The unusual folk art structure, originally used as a home, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "\n\nDemonstrations and special events\nJoshua Cottage features a \"touch table\" room where visitors can experience food grinding and processing techniques, or learn how earlier Native Americans started fires using sticks or bow drills.", "\n\nOutside the museum is a self-guided nature trail, a picnic area, and an outdoor ceremonial arena. ", " Occasionally guest Native American groups perform traditional dances and other programs. ", " An annual opening event each fall features a traditional ground blessing ceremony. ", " There are also Native American artists demonstrating and selling their work, Native American food, and special activities for children. ", " The museum also sponsors periodic educational seminars.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial Antelope Valley Indian Museum State Historic Park website\nCalifornia State Parks: Antelope Valley Indian Museum website\n\nCategory:California State Historic Parks\nCategory:Antelope Valley\nCategory:Museums in Los Angeles County, California\nCategory:Native American museums in California\nCategory:Geography of Palmdale, California\nCategory:History of Los Angeles County, California\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Los Angeles County, California\nCategory:Parks in Los Angeles County, California\nCategory:Protected areas of the Mojave Desert\nCategory:Protected areas established in 1979\nCategory:1979 establishments in California" ]

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[ "\"This wheel's on fire\" \"Rolling down the road\" \"Best notify my next of kin\" \"This wheel shall explode\" \"TV We're looking now at J10738, the ladies' diamond-cut, rope-effect hoop earrings.\" \"", "That's J10738.\" \"", "£18.99p.\" \"", "RINGING\" \"Shh...\" \"Hi, I'm Ben.\" \"", "Throughout the week, I'll be showing you courses of enlightenment through pebbleworking, sandplay, mask-making and cosmo drama.\" \"", "Sorry I'm late.\" \"", "Just a bit of...\" \"trouble with the form.\" \"", "The Talking Stick is not with you!\" \"", "All right.\" \"", "I was just going to say that they tried to charge me the weekly rate, and as I'm going to be here forever, I should get a discount.\" \"", "That's all.\" \"", "Shall we light up?\" \"", "Let us start the \"Om\".\" \" ", "Omm...\" \" ALL Omm...\" \"And so we begin our quest to find our inner selves, to delve into our inner consciousness.\" \"", "We must look into the inner, inner soul.\" \"", "You must not have a bad feeling for you.\" \"", "You must eradicate all bad feelings and come togayther.\" \"", "Ben is now channelling Maria Sanchez a Puerto Rican Aztec slave girl.\" \"", "Go-go-go-go-go...\" \"We are on a path togayther and we must dream togayther.\" \"", "OK, if...\" \"If you take the women over to one side and the men come with me, and we'll bond, OK?\" \"", "Don't forgeti two precious metals in one.\" \"", "The silver, the metal of kings, that famous precious metal, dipped in pure gold.\" \"", "And we all know what that means.\" \"", "In a circle...\" \"Can I have the Talking Stick?\" \"", "Thank you.\" \"", "I missed the beginning.\" \"", "Where do all the courses take place?\" \"", "Sometimes in the context of the Spiritual Space.\" \"", "Stick, Stick!\" \"", "Where is that?\" \"", "Here.\" \" ", "And the others...\" \" You haven't got the Stick.\" \"", "Well, give me the Stick!\" \"", "How much is it?\" \"", "I'll buy my own!\" \"", "Give me the Stick!\" \"", "Give me the Stick!\" \"", "I'm sorry...\" \"All the others, where do they take place?\" \"", "In the Realms of Nature.\" \"", "Stick!\" \"", "Where are the Realms of Nature?\" \"", "In the garden!\" \"", "Smear!\" \" ", "We shall now meditate...\" \" You haven't got the Stick!\" \"", "Sorry.\" \"", "I don't need the Stick!\" \"", "Let us meditate.\" \"", "Mind the antlers!\" \"", "broadcasting to New York City.\" \"", "A quick glance at the weather.\" \"", "It's in the low 80s...\" \"So I said to her, \"Listen, Ms Tan-in-a-Tube\" - and we're talking orange \" \"\"Here's what's going on.\" \"", "You ain't clunking down my catwalk.\" \"", "No way, babe!\" \"\"", "If Calvin Klein ain't paying, you'd have squshed your tush into his Femme Fatale minipants.\"\" \" ", "Fat butt, huh?\" \" ", "The planet jupiter and its moons!\" \"", "A galaxy of excess flubber!\" \" ", "Well, hello, little killers!\" \" ", "Hi!\" \" ", "Did you see Naomi's hair?\" \" ", "Adorable?\" \"", "Adorable!\" \"", "Well, Omar had a go-see at Vogue.\" \" ", "No!\" \" ", "He was so nervous.\" \"", "I said as he left the apartment, \"Baby Doll, vitamin C and smile.\" \"\"", "You have a terrific book now.\"\" \"", "But they didn't use him.\" \"", "They have no taste.\" \" ", "Too commercial?\" \" ", "He's a movie star.\" \" ", "Rejection can be so depressing!\" \" ", "Yeah!\" \"", "Hi.\" \"", "Patsy Stone.\" \"", "Is your hair on purpose?\" \"", "I'm Santé, Accessories and Shoes.\" \"", "Candy, Models.\" \"", "This is Gina, Marketing.\" \"", "So, what's new?\" \"", "What's your direction?\" \" ", "Who do you want in it?\" \" ", "What do you want on their feet?\" \"", "Well, I want to be pretty revolutionary.\" \"", "I intend to dictate.\" \"", "I want to take the fun back out of fashion.\" \"", "No more schoolgirls in techno fabrics.\" \" ", "No plastics, no micro-mini!\" \" ", "Careful, honey!\" \" ", "No \"cheap tart\" looks, no Hollywood glamour.\" \" ", "Is she joking or what?\" \" ", "Breakfast at Tiffany's, Armani, Klein, Karan...\" \" What?\" \"", "Are you on drugs?\" \"", "Honey, they need it to look like trash so their ten-page frigging ads in greys and beiges look like class.\" \" ", "They don't want your fashion pages!\" \" ", "And she's up to speed.\" \"", "Darling, they are selling a frigging scent!\" \"", "This is New York, not some backwater.\" \"", "We move with the dollar.\" \"", "This ain't art and there's no choice.\" \"", "Here's what's going on.\" \"", "You keep it trashy and I don't get ten tons of designer marketing shit on my back.\" \"", "Comprehendo, my dear?\" \" ", "Sweet!\" \" ", "Where's Magda?\" \"", "She's at a promo brunch for Honda.\" \"", "Tell him it's got to be a bigger model!\" \"", "I'm not driving around in any dinky mini one.\" \"", "I'm in a meeting, so no more calls.\" \"", "Right.\" \"", "Sorry I'm late.\" \"", "New York, Las Vegas, Beverly Hills, San Francisco, Hono-bloody-lulu.\" \"", "That's what I call a circulation.\" \"", "But we're selling less than the population of No-neck, Virginia, and that's why I'm here.\" \"", "I want who's old, who's young about town, who's wearing what.\" \"", "Try to get into someone's 'ouse.\" \"", "I want who's sexy, who's not sexy.\" \"", "I want models who smoke.\" \"", "Make it Marlboro Lites and put them in a pair of Nikes.\" \"", "I don't like Cindy Crawford, but she sells, and julia Roberts makes me puke, but that's enough about me.\" \"", "Santa?\" \"", "Santé.\" \"", "Everybody's crazy about wickerwork wallets.\" \"", "Fendi and Todd Oldham have some out, so I'm thrilled.\" \" ", "Mags.\" \" ", "Pats, what's the matter, girl?\" \" ", "I need a fag.\" \" ", "Outside.\" \" ", "All right.\" \"", "Publisher?\" \" ", "His name's Mitchell Friedman.\" \"", "Mitchell Friedman?\" \"", "Sounds rather me.\" \"", "See you later, sweetheart.\" \" ", "Oi, you!\" \" ", "This month, things are v. V. Good.\" \"", "Linda, Kate and Naomi are keeping the weight off, but for the new girls, finger-down-the-throat time!\" \"", "Mr Friedman's car is going to be here in a minute.\" \"", "You stay here with him.\" \"", "OK?\" \"", "Mr Friedman?\" \"", "Hello, I'm Patsy Stone.\" \"", "Don't touch strangers!\" \"", "Come on, put your hands down, tuck your elbows in!\" \" ", "Do you know this person?\" \" ", "No, I...\" \"Hi, hello there!\" \"", "How are you doing?\" \" ", "It's me, Bo!\" \" ", "Yeah...\" \"Patsy, isn't it?\" \"", "Hi, hi, hi!\" \"", "I'm Mitchell's nurse.\" \"", "I've been with him for about a week.\" \"", "He's my kind of guy.\" \"", "Can't speak, only takes liquids, and no messy potty time what with his bags!\" \"", "Gee, what are you doing in New York?\" \"", "New York, the Big Apple.\" \" ", "Kind of off the beaten path for you.\" \" ", "Yeah...\" \"Um...\" \"Mr Friedman...\" \"Mitchell.\" \"", "I'm Patsy Stone.\" \"", "I'm the new Fashion Director of your magazine, HQ.\" \"", "Could we have a quiet word together?\" \"", "Friedman?\" \"", "THE Friedman of Friedman, Weiss and Fernandez?\" \"", "He owns the building!\" \"", "What am I talking about?\" \"", "He owns half of New York!\" \"", "You have enough oxygen there, honey?\" \"", "Then there's the estate in Massachusetts.\" \"", "Unless his wife got that after the third divorce.\" \" ", "I'm just taking you off to a little park...\" \" Oh, no, no, no!\" \"", "Butt out, bitch!\" \"", "This guy's coming with me.\" \"", "Come on, my darling!\" \"", "Brace yourself, we're taking the kerb!\" \"", "Hello.\" \"", "Ching-ching, ching-ching.\" \" ", "Excuse me, it's No Smoking in here.\" \" ", "Yeah, all right, sure.\" \" ", "Then, right...\" \" You have to go outside!\" \"", "OK, fine.\" \"", "We're going.\" \" ", "It's really inconsiderate, you know!\" \" ", "Yeah!\" \"", "She's asthmatic.\" \"", "What...?\" \"", "I only meant that smokers should leave, I didn't mean everybody.\" \"", "Anyone want a coffee or something stronger, if you know what I mean?\" \"", "Er... no, not for me.\" \" ", "I'm just happy sitting here.\" \" ", "Me, too.\" \"", "Our next chain is nine-carat plated and it's a full 18 inches long.\" \"", "And if you do this, you'll notice that that full length of that gorgeous link chain...\" \"That's a sign of high quality.\" \"", "See how it fits in a small shape in the palm of my hand.\" \" ", "Oh, mama!\" \"", "That outfit is beautiful!\" \" ", "I love your chains, girlfriend!\" \"", "We'll see you at The Boulevard later!\" \"", "I love old cheesecloth!\" \"", "That's Nicole Farhi.\" \"", "Could you put...\" \"Hi.\" \"", "Josh, Tim and I are going down the pub.\" \"", "Well done!\" \"", "This kind of smiling thing is...\" \"What are you smiling for?\" \"", "Is it some cosmic joke I've not been let in on?\" \"", "I have found my inner self.\" \"", "The great Shiva cow within.\" \"", "My deep-rooted pagan woman that lies in us all.\" \"", "Not in me.\" \"", "I don't think she's there!\" \"", "Yes, you will find her.\" \"", "Feel it!\" \"", "Feel the great transmugrence!\" \"", "The flow from my essential oils are passing into you!\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "They're flowing!\" \" ", "Can you feel them?\" \" ", "No, but I can smell them.\" \"", "Honestly...\" \" My womb is flowing!\" \" ", "Yes.\" \" ", "Can you feel it filling your empty hole?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "The pulsations!\" \"", "I'm sorry, but I don't think this is quite what I'm looking for.\" \"", "I didn't spend my youth burning my bra so that I could squat saggy-titted over a forest loo hole waiting for the sun to come up while the men go off hunting down the pub.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "Let me dance the Shiva healing dance!\" \"", "I just don't think that the sort of person that I want to find in me is the kind of person who likes making corn-buggery-dollies in the sacred body workshop.\" \"", "Look!\" \"", "The Shree Baghwan Risha sandal.\" \"", "Let us worship it.\" \"", "For God's sake!\" \"", "Let me just kill the whales!\" \"", "Have you ever smoked grass or, you know, that other stuff?\" \"", "Hash?\" \"", "No.\" \"", "Well, then.\" \"", "How can you know it's wrong?\" \"", "I don't smoke because I tried it once and I think I'm allergic or...\" \"Anyway, it didn't really do anything for me.\" \"", "I didn't notice the difference.\" \" ", "It makes people really boring.\" \" ", "Yeah.\" \"", "You think you're being really funny or clever, but you're just being incredibly dull.\" \"", "Who needs drugs to do that?\" \"", "When I say something really funny or clever, I like to remember it the next day.\" \"", "For heaven's sake!\" \"", "Your roach is too tight and your paper is too loose!\" \"", "Give it to me.\" \"", "Pass me some card.\" \"", "Collectors' thimble collection...\" \"CH0326.\" \"", "Now, I'm just getting a message here.\" \"", "Would a Mrs Monsoon, who phoned in a couple of hours ago, and who I had such a lovely time talking to...\" \"Would you replace the telephone, dear?\" \"", "Because nobody else can get through.\" \"", "I've just spent a long morning at his lawyer's office and now we're going to be married.\" \" ", "I need ten minutes alone with him.\" \" ", "You've got five.\" \" ", "Done.\" \" ", "But you have to do something for me first.\" \" ", "I thought you said he couldn't speak.\" \" ", "I throw my voice.\" \"", "Do you, Mitchell Friedman, take Bo Mo Chrysalis to be your lawfully wedded wife?\" \" ", "Wi-wife?\" \"!\" \" ", "No!\" \"", "Out of my way, I'm a trained nurse!\" \"", "Turn over!\" \" ", "Go ahead, he's all right!\" \" ", "Do you, Mitchell Friedman to be your lawfully wedded wife?\" \" ", "I do!\" \"", "Hurry up, I'm losing him!\" \"", "By the power invested in me by the State of New York, I pronounce you husband and wife!\" \"", "Yes!\" \" ", "You may now kiss the bride.\" \" ", "Not on your life!\" \"", "Honey, he's all yours, but I wasn't getting a pulse!\" \"", "Chrysalis, you married the richest man in New York.\" \"", "What are you going to do now?\" \"", "I'm going to Disneyland!\" \"", "The Secret Feather.\" \"", "It's for you.\" \"", "Great.\" \"", "London Bridge...\" \"Grass...\" \"All different sorts of grass.\" \"", "Little teasers.\" \"", "These...\" \"A little better.\" \"", "There, there!\" \"", "I knew she would be there.\" \"", "Pats, Pats!\" \"", "Eddie?\" \"", "Yeah, babe!\" \" ", "Come on!\" \"", "Stoli, babe!\" \" ", "Can I have a Stoli?\" \" ", "I've got a bottle!\" \" ", "I got bored!\" \"", "I'll meet you down there.\" \"", "Get me from here!\" \"", "I can't find the stairs!\" \"", "Come on, Ed.\" \"", "You can land just here!\" \"", "Come on, sweetie!\" \"", "It's quite easy!\" \"", "Can we land on that building?\" \"", "We can't land on your roof!\" \"", "Good to see you!\" \"", "Let's go home!\" \" ", "Cheers.\" \" ", "Cheers.\" \"", "It's quite like the old times, Ed.\" \"", "It has only been three days, actually.\" \"", "Has it?\" \"", "It felt like...\" \" Well, cheers.\" \" ", "Cheers.\" \"", "I should...\" \" I didn't mean to drag you back.\" \" ", "You didn't drag me back, no.\" \" ", "From New York.\" \" ", "Yeah, New York!\" \"", "Yeah...\" \" Fantastic shopping.\" \" ", "Yeah, it was fantastic.\" \"", "I was not taking them!\" \"", "I'm entitled to a discount!\" \"", "I'm Patsy Stone!\" \"", "Yeah, and all that fabulous fun you must have been having.\" \" ", "Oh, yeah.\" \"", "It was fabulous!\" \" ", "Yeah?\" \"", "Yeah, it was fantastic.\" \" ", "Yeah...\" \" Yeah...\" \"There's something I meant to say on the plane, but I was too drunk, obviously, and it's just that...\" \"I was passing, you know.\" \"", "I was just in New York, passing.\" \" ", "I didn't mean to drag you back.\" \" ", "You didn't.\" \"", "I know that you didn't drag me back.\" \"", "I was thinking of leaving anyway.\" \" ", "Were you?\" \" ", "Because I...\" \" What?\" \" ", "The job wasn't up to much.\" \"", "Yeah...\" \" Anyway, cheers.\" \" ", "Cheers.\" \"", "Thanks a lot.\" \"", "Yeah, you're welcome.\" \" ", "Actually...\" \" Actually...\" \" Hello, darling.\" \" ", "Mum.\" \"", "I didn't expect to see you here.\" \"", "Well, yeah...\" \"I didn't expect to see you, either.\" \"", "Darling.\" \" ", "Found yourself, then?\" \" ", "Ta-daa!\" \"", "Yeah, it was fabulous.\" \"", "I only needed those few days, feeling part of something with my sort of people.\" \"", "No, no, no!\" \"", "I can't breathe your second-hand air like that.\" \"", "I'm sorry.\" \"", "Being with people I could really relate to.\" \"", "Are those eyes, are they?\" \"", "Are those your eyes?\" \"", "Are they?\" \"", "Gosh, you must be bored!\" \"", "I'm bored!\" \"", "Anyway, how could I expect to find Nirvana?\" \"", "They couldn't even find decent furniture!\" \"", "If you want to talk bollocks and find the meaning of life, you're better off downing a bottle of whisky.\" \"", "At least that way you're unconscious by the time you start to take yourself seriously.\" \"", "Mother Nature is no fool.\" \"", "Phew!\" \"", "Hoover-vacuum's broken!\" \"", "How did that happen?\" \"", "It fell out of a window when I was doing sills.\" \"", "Look at this, darling!\" \"", "I couldn't get out of her contract.\" \"", "Luckily, it was non-specific.\" \" ", "That's what they said at the tribunal.\" \" ", "Yes, thank you for that!\" \"", "The police phoned.\" \"", "They've released your mother.\" \"", "Oh, damn!\" \"", "Good though, ain't it?\" \"", "They haven't had a record out for years.\" \"", "Sweetie!\" \"", "Stop looking at me like that!\" \"", "Darling, squatting is against the law.\" \"", "She changed the locks and was using my credit card.\" \"", "She's lucky not to have been sent down.\" \"", "Ashtray, ashtray!\" \"", "Go on!\" \"", "Quick, ashtray!\" \"", "Thank you.\" \" ", "Yoo-hoo!\" \" ", "How did she get in?\" \"", "How did she do that?\" \"", "Oh...\" \"Released, then?\" \" ", "Yes, dear, but I'm tagged.\" \" ", "Oh.\" \"", "Don't sit here.\" \"", "Go and sit over there.\" \"", "I have to report once a week for a cup of tea with my social worker, Mandy, and I gave her your number at university, dear.\" \"", "Just in case she wants to contact you if I go missing.\" \"", "Could you get those cheesy balls from the cupboard behind you?\" \" ", "Why don't you get them?\" \" ", "Because YOU'RE here.\" \"", "I know that my childhood has been a convenient form of legalised slavery, but I'm over 18 now.\" \"", "Do you understand?\" \"", "Actually, not the cheesy balls.\" \"", "The japanese seaweed twiglets.\" \" ", "Open them!\" \" ", "No!\" \"", "This is not how it's going to be any more, Mum!\" \"", "I'm not going to be here just to put you to bed, to feed you, stub out your joints, clear out the sick, lie for you, disapprove of you...\" \"And not just you.\" \"", "You as well!\" \"", "Cesspit from hell!\" \"", "Stinking bag of bones that haunts this house every day like a mouldering cadaver, leeching the lifeblood out of everything it can get its filthy suckers onto!\" \"", "I'm fed up being suckered!\" \"", "I won't take this any more!\" \"", "This is not how it's going to be!\" \" ", "Good morning, dears.\" \" ", "Good morning, Gran.\" \" ", "Is Tom up yet?\" \" ", "I looked in on him and he was unconscious.\" \"", "I think he was smoking last night.\" \"", "Easy, Gran.\" \" ", "Oh, no!\" \" ", "Oh, no!\" \" ", "Saff, darling!\" \" ", "Oh, dear.\" \"", "You said they weren't going to be allowed in our kitchen any more.\" \"", "What do you want?\" \"", "We'll have breakfast with you this morning.\" \"", "Patsy dropped the keys to our bed in Soho last night.\" \"", "I'll have dry toast.\" \"", "It's all my teeth manages.\" \"", "Use Patsy's.\" \"", "Isn't it that doggie that sticks its nose up your crotch?\" \" ", "Get out!\" \" ", "Pity.\" \"", "Yeah, have the packet.\" \" ", "Want some of those?\" \" ", "No, no one's taking them any more.\" \"", "I like him.\" \"", "You can't be here today.\" \"", "Use your own place.\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "Victoria, can you get the spare keys, please?\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "They can't be here when Dad comes.\" \"", "He'll leave.\" \" ", "I know.\" \" ", "Is that bastard coming back?\" \"", "I might hang around.\" \"", "It's the only bloodsport they haven't banned.\" \" ", "No!\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "Didn't I leave a bottle of voddy here?\" \" ", "No.\" \"", "Can I have one?\" \"", "Careful, darling.\" \"", "You don't want another overflow situation.\" \"", "Check your colostomy bag.\" \"", "We had to skid our way out of the Rhumba Go Go Club last night.\" \"", "Torville and Dean!\" \"", "I'll be the judge of that!\" \"", "Here you are.\" \"", "Now, go!\" \" ", "What?\" \" ", "The jailer has brought her keys.\" \" ", "Move.\" \" ", "What?\" \"", "WE'VE GOT TO GO, DARLING.\" \"", "See you later.\" \"", "Come on.\" \" ", "Are you still with us?\" \" ", "Yes.\" \"", "Mum, I'll do the house.\" \"", "Why don't you go to the hairdresser's before Dad arrives?\" \"", "No, it's all right.\" \"", "Oh!\" \"", "Oh, dear!\" \"", "I've forgotten my specs.\" \"", "I won't be long.\" \" ", "Not dead yet?\" \" ", "No, not dead yet.\" \"\"", "B\", is it?\" \"", "Still, not a bad life, darling.\" \"", "No, not a bad life.\"" ]

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[ "<?", "xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?", ">\n<ui version=\"4.0\">\n <class>AudioCvt_Sox_gui</class>\n <widget class=\"QDialog\" name=\"AudioCvt_Sox_gui\">\n <property name=\"geometry\">\n <rect>\n <x>0</x>\n <y>0</y>\n <width>503</width>\n <height>577</height>\n </rect>\n </property>\n <property name=\"windowTitle\">\n <string>Convert Audio (SoX)</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"windowIcon\">\n <iconset resource=\"../../_resources/editor.qrc\">\n <normaloff>:/cat_builder.ico</normaloff>:/cat_builder.ico</iconset>\n </property>\n <layout class=\"QGridLayout\" name=\"gridLayout_7\">\n <item row=\"2\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"2\">\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>SoX executable path:</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"2\" column=\"5\">\n <widget class=\"QPushButton\" name=\"browse\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Browse...</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"3\" 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class=\"QPushButton\" name=\"start\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string notr=\"true\">Start</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"4\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"6\">\n <widget class=\"QGroupBox\" name=\"groupBox\">\n <property name=\"title\">\n <string>What do you want?</string>\n </property>\n <layout class=\"QGridLayout\" name=\"gridLayout_6\" columnstretch=\"97,0\">\n <item row=\"0\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"2\">\n <widget class=\"QRadioButton\" name=\"cur_section\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Convert music of current level section</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"checked\">\n <bool>true</bool>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"1\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"2\">\n <widget class=\"QRadioButton\" name=\"cur_level\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Convert all music files on current level</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"2\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"2\">\n <widget class=\"QRadioButton\" name=\"cur_custom\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Convert specified files</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"3\" column=\"0\" rowspan=\"2\">\n <widget class=\"QListWidget\" name=\"musics_list\">\n <property name=\"enabled\">\n <bool>false</bool>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"3\" column=\"1\">\n <widget class=\"QPushButton\" name=\"add\">\n <property name=\"enabled\">\n <bool>false</bool>\n </property>\n <property name=\"maximumSize\">\n <size>\n <width>30</width>\n <height>16777215</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string notr=\"true\">+</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"4\" column=\"1\">\n <widget class=\"QPushButton\" name=\"remove\">\n <property name=\"enabled\">\n <bool>false</bool>\n </property>\n <property name=\"maximumSize\">\n <size>\n <width>30</width>\n <height>16777215</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string notr=\"true\">-</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"6\" column=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\" colspan=\"3\">\n <widget class=\"QTabWidget\" name=\"convertoTo\">\n <property name=\"currentIndex\">\n <number>0</number>\n </property>\n <widget class=\"QWidget\" name=\"dont_change\">\n <attribute name=\"title\">\n <string>Don't change format</string>\n </attribute>\n <layout class=\"QGridLayout\" name=\"gridLayout\">\n <item row=\"0\" column=\"0\">\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label_3\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>The files' format will not be changed</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"alignment\">\n <set>Qt::AlignLeading|Qt::AlignLeft|Qt::AlignTop</set>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n <widget class=\"QWidget\" name=\"to_mp3\">\n <attribute name=\"title\">\n <string notr=\"true\">MP3</string>\n </attribute>\n <layout class=\"QGridLayout\" name=\"gridLayout_2\">\n <item row=\"1\" column=\"0\">\n <widget class=\"QGroupBox\" name=\"mp3_set_birtate\">\n <property name=\"minimumSize\">\n <size>\n <width>89</width>\n <height>53</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n <property name=\"title\">\n <string>Set bitrate</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"checkable\">\n <bool>true</bool>\n </property>\n <property name=\"checked\">\n <bool>false</bool>\n </property>\n <layout class=\"QGridLayout\" name=\"gridLayout_3\">\n <item row=\"0\" column=\"0\">\n <widget class=\"QComboBox\" name=\"mp3_bitrate\">\n <property name=\"enabled\">\n <bool>false</bool>\n </property>\n <property name=\"editable\">\n <bool>true</bool>\n </property>\n <property name=\"currentIndex\">\n <number>13</number>\n </property>\n <item>\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string notr=\"true\">32</string>\n </property>\n </item>\n <item>\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string notr=\"true\">40</string>\n </property>\n </item>\n <item>\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string notr=\"true\">48</string>\n </property>\n </item>\n <item>\n 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notr=\"true\">320</string>\n </property>\n </item>\n </widget>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"0\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"2\">\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label_4\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Files will be converted into MP3</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"alignment\">\n <set>Qt::AlignLeading|Qt::AlignLeft|Qt::AlignTop</set>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"1\" column=\"1\">\n <spacer name=\"horizontalSpacer\">\n <property name=\"orientation\">\n <enum>Qt::Horizontal</enum>\n </property>\n <property name=\"sizeHint\" stdset=\"0\">\n <size>\n <width>219</width>\n <height>20</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n </spacer>\n </item>\n <item row=\"2\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"2\">\n <spacer name=\"verticalSpacer\">\n <property name=\"orientation\">\n <enum>Qt::Vertical</enum>\n </property>\n <property name=\"sizeHint\" stdset=\"0\">\n <size>\n <width>20</width>\n <height>40</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n </spacer>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n <widget class=\"QWidget\" name=\"to_flac\">\n <attribute name=\"title\">\n <string notr=\"true\">FLAC</string>\n </attribute>\n <layout class=\"QGridLayout\" name=\"gridLayout_4\">\n <item row=\"0\" column=\"0\">\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label_5\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Files will be converted into FLAC</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"alignment\">\n <set>Qt::AlignLeading|Qt::AlignLeft|Qt::AlignTop</set>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n <widget class=\"QWidget\" name=\"to_ogg\">\n <attribute name=\"title\">\n <string notr=\"true\">OGG</string>\n </attribute>\n <layout class=\"QVBoxLayout\" name=\"verticalLayout_2\">\n <item>\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label_6\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Files will be converted into OGG</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"alignment\">\n <set>Qt::AlignLeading|Qt::AlignLeft|Qt::AlignTop</set>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item>\n <widget class=\"QGroupBox\" name=\"ogg_set_quality\">\n <property name=\"minimumSize\">\n <size>\n <width>317</width>\n <height>50</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n <property name=\"title\">\n <string>Set quality</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"checkable\">\n <bool>true</bool>\n </property>\n <property name=\"checked\">\n <bool>false</bool>\n </property>\n <layout class=\"QVBoxLayout\" name=\"verticalLayout\">\n <property name=\"spacing\">\n <number>1</number>\n </property>\n <property name=\"leftMargin\">\n <number>1</number>\n </property>\n <property name=\"topMargin\">\n <number>1</number>\n </property>\n <property name=\"rightMargin\">\n <number>1</number>\n </property>\n <property name=\"bottomMargin\">\n <number>1</number>\n </property>\n <item>\n <widget class=\"QSlider\" name=\"ogg_quality\">\n <property name=\"maximum\">\n <number>10</number>\n </property>\n <property name=\"pageStep\">\n <number>1</number>\n </property>\n <property name=\"value\">\n <number>5</number>\n </property>\n <property name=\"orientation\">\n <enum>Qt::Horizontal</enum>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item>\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"ogg_quality_var\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string notr=\"true\">5</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"textFormat\">\n <enum>Qt::PlainText</enum>\n </property>\n <property name=\"alignment\">\n <set>Qt::AlignCenter</set>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item>\n <spacer name=\"verticalSpacer_2\">\n <property name=\"orientation\">\n <enum>Qt::Vertical</enum>\n </property>\n <property name=\"sizeHint\" stdset=\"0\">\n <size>\n <width>20</width>\n <height>40</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n </spacer>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n <widget class=\"QWidget\" name=\"to_wav\">\n <attribute name=\"title\">\n <string notr=\"true\">WAV</string>\n </attribute>\n <layout class=\"QGridLayout\" name=\"gridLayout_5\">\n <item row=\"0\" column=\"0\">\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label_7\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Files will be converted into WAV</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"alignment\">\n <set>Qt::AlignLeading|Qt::AlignLeft|Qt::AlignTop</set>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n </layout>\n </widget>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"1\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"6\">\n <widget class=\"Line\" name=\"line\">\n <property name=\"orientation\">\n <enum>Qt::Horizontal</enum>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"0\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"6\">\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label_8\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>&lt;html&gt;&lt;head/&gt;&lt;body&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here you can quickly convert your music or SFX files which have been&lt;br&gt;formatted incorrectly (wrong sample rate, bad codec, etc.).&lt;/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;This feature uses the &lt;a href=&quot;http://sox.sourceforge.net/&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot; text-decoration: underline; color:#0000ff;&quot;&gt;SoX&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; audio converter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/body&gt;&lt;/html&gt;</string>\n </property>\n <property name=\"alignment\">\n <set>Qt::AlignLeading|Qt::AlignLeft|Qt::AlignTop</set>\n </property>\n <property name=\"openExternalLinks\">\n <bool>true</bool>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n <item row=\"2\" column=\"2\" colspan=\"3\">\n <widget class=\"QLineEdit\" name=\"sox_bin_path\"/>\n </item>\n <item row=\"7\" column=\"0\" colspan=\"3\">\n <spacer name=\"verticalSpacer_4\">\n <property name=\"orientation\">\n <enum>Qt::Vertical</enum>\n </property>\n <property name=\"sizeType\">\n <enum>QSizePolicy::Maximum</enum>\n </property>\n <property name=\"sizeHint\" stdset=\"0\">\n <size>\n <width>102</width>\n <height>15</height>\n </size>\n </property>\n </spacer>\n </item>\n <item row=\"5\" column=\"3\" colspan=\"3\">\n <widget class=\"QLabel\" name=\"label_2\">\n <property name=\"text\">\n <string>Convert into new format\n(select a tab to choose target format)</string>\n </property>\n </widget>\n </item>\n 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type=\"destinationlabel\">\n <x>68</x>\n <y>284</y>\n </hint>\n </hints>\n </connection>\n <connection>\n <sender>cur_custom</sender>\n <signal>toggled(bool)</signal>\n <receiver>musics_list</receiver>\n <slot>setEnabled(bool)</slot>\n <hints>\n <hint type=\"sourcelabel\">\n <x>89</x>\n <y>135</y>\n </hint>\n <hint type=\"destinationlabel\">\n <x>102</x>\n <y>159</y>\n </hint>\n </hints>\n </connection>\n <connection>\n <sender>cur_custom</sender>\n <signal>toggled(bool)</signal>\n <receiver>add</receiver>\n <slot>setEnabled(bool)</slot>\n <hints>\n <hint type=\"sourcelabel\">\n <x>481</x>\n <y>140</y>\n </hint>\n <hint type=\"destinationlabel\">\n <x>527</x>\n <y>157</y>\n </hint>\n </hints>\n </connection>\n <connection>\n <sender>cur_custom</sender>\n <signal>toggled(bool)</signal>\n <receiver>remove</receiver>\n <slot>setEnabled(bool)</slot>\n <hints>\n <hint type=\"sourcelabel\">\n <x>429</x>\n <y>138</y>\n </hint>\n <hint type=\"destinationlabel\">\n <x>517</x>\n <y>192</y>\n 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[ "Rail\n\nChicago to upgrade rail system's wireless network\n\nThe Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) plans to upgrade the wireless communication network in its subways and underground facilities to increase the speed and reliability of its network, with the goal of ensuring that customers of all major wireless carriers will have continuous mobile phone service underground in all CTA subway tunnels.", "\n\nAs a first step, the CTA issued a Request for Information (RFI) bid to solicit responses from wireless telecommunication companies to determine the feasibility of designing, financing, installing, operating and maintaining a modern cellular infrastructure system in the 11.4 miles of CTA’s Red and Blue line tunnels and underground facilities.", "\n\n“To be a world-class city, Chicago must have a world-class infrastructure, so that people can get around the city efficiently, safely, and productively,” said Mayor Rahm Emanuel. “", "CTA is investing in all aspects of its infrastructure, from rails to stations to wireless access and as the quality of the service continues to improve, I am confident more and more passengers will use the system to get to work and school and enjoy their lives.”", "\n\nThe four-week RFI bid is intended to gather information through an interactive and collaborative process with interested parties, which will help CTA determine the estimated project budget, requirements and timeline for implementation. ", "This information will form the basis of the official Request for Proposals (RFP), which will be issued at a later date. ", "CTA will ultimately seek a neutral-host partner that can serve all wireless carriers. ", "The goal of both the RFI and the RFP will be to find a partner that can provide CTA customers with uninterrupted wireless service.", "\n\nUnder the proposed project, CTA would ultimately own the new network; however, respondents would be solely responsible for funding their proposed projects. ", "In addition to building and operating a vendor neutral-host network — which will allow any wireless service provider to operate on the system — the selected vendor will also be responsible for managing and negotiating third-party license agreements with major wireless service providers. ", "Fees generated from the third-party licenses would be split with the managing vendor and CTA.", "\n\nThe CTA currently owns and leases its subway cellular network to six major wireless service providers, which generates approximately $1.8 million in non-farebox revenue for the agency annually." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nUnable to modify LD_CONFIG_PATH from script\n\nI'm trying to write a script that adds some path to LD_CONFIG_PATH in order to not get \"blabla.so not found\". ", "The problem is that my script is able to modify its own context (via export) but it doesn't affect other shells. ", "I want to set the a variable globally so it persists between reboots and shells.", "\nMy current script looks like:\nLDPATH='/opt/mqm/lib64'\nLD_LIBRARY_PATH=\"$LDPATH:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH\"\nldconfig\n\nwhich I run like \nsudo ./set_my_ld_path.sh\n$LD_LIBRARY_PATH \n\nAnd it returns nothing (LD_LIBRARY_PATH is empty).", "\nI also tried\nLDPATH='/opt/mqm/lib64' env\nLD_LIBRARY_PATH=\"$LDPATH:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH\"\nldconfig\n\nbut it only writes all my existing variables such as PATH/LANG/HOME/LC_TIME/...\nFor example, I can run following script in powershell and it does what I'd like to have here:\n# setting an environment variable for current and descendant processes, same as bash `export`\n$env:OPENCV_DIR = $OPENCV_DIR\n\n# applying it machine-wide, persists between users/shells/reboots\n[Environment]::SetEnvironmentVariable(\"OPENCV_DIR\", $env:OPENCV_DIR, [EnvironmentVariableTarget]::Machine)\n\nHow could it be done?", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst of all, assignments can not have spaces around the =.", "\nSecondly, you can never affect the current environment from a child process (a script).", "\nTo run a script that sets an environment variable, and have that change affect the current environment, you will need to source the script using either . (", "dot), or source in bash.", "\nYou may also not source a script through sudo (it's unclear why you are using sudo at all in this case).", "\nThis means that you can have a script file like this:\nLD_LIBRARY_PATH=\"/opt/mqm/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH\"\n\nwhich you then source using either\n. ", "./file\n\nor\nsource ./file\n\nSetting (and exporting) the variable in your shell startup file for interactive shells (~/.bashrc if you use bash), would set it \"globally\" (for all processes started from the shell).", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Common mudpuppy\n\nThe common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) is a species of salamander in the genus Necturus. ", "They live an entirely aquatic lifestyle in the eastern part of North America in lakes, rivers, and ponds. ", "They go through paedomorphosis and retain their external gills. ", "Because skin and lung respiration alone is not sufficient for gas exchange, mudpuppies must rely on external gills as their primary means of gas exchange. ", "They are usually a rusty brown color and can grow to an average length of . ", "Mudpuppies are nocturnal creatures, and come out during the day only if the water in which they live is murky. ", "Their diet consists of almost anything they can get in their mouths, including insects, mollusks, and earthworms (as well as other annelids). ", "Once a female mudpuppy reaches sexual maturity at six years of age, she can lay an average of 60 eggs. ", "In the wild, the average lifespan of a mudpuppy is 11 years.", "\n\nAppearance\nMudpuppies are small and can be compared to the size of a lizard. ", "Mudpuppies can be a rusty brown color with gray and black and usually have blackish-blue spots, but some albino adults have been reported in Arkansas. ", "In clear, light water, their skin gets darker, likewise in darker water, their skin gets lighter in color. ", "At sexual maturity, mudpuppies can be long and continue to grow to an average length of , though specimens up to have been reported. ", "Their external gills resemble ostrich plumes and their size depends on the oxygen levels present in the water. ", "In stagnant water, mudpuppies have larger gills, whereas in running streams where oxygen is more prevalent, they have smaller gills. ", "The distal portions of the gills are very filamentous and contain many capillaries. ", "Mudpuppies also have small, flattened limbs which can be used for slowly walking on the bottoms of streams or ponds, or they can be flattened against the body during short swimming spurts. ", "They have mucous glands which provide a slimy protective coating, and granular glands that secrete poison used as defense against predators.", "\n\nNeoteny \nMudpuppies are one of many species of salamanders that fail to undergo metamorphosis. ", "Most hypotheses surrounding the origin of Necturus's lack of metamorphosis concern the effectiveness of the thyroid gland. ", "The thyroid gland in some salamanders, like the axolotl, produce normal thyroid hormones (THs), but cells in the organism express thyroid hormone receptors (TR) that are mutated, and do not bond correctly with thyroid hormones, leading to some salamanders in a state of perpetual juvenile-hood. ", "In contrast to Axolotls, in mudpuppies, these THs are normally expressed. ", "However, it is believed that instead of having TH-insensitive tissues that block the effects of THs, some mudpuppy tissues, such as the external gills, have lost the ability to be regulated by TH over time. ", "This selective insensitivity to THs suggests a normal level of activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in developing mudpuppies, unlike other salamander species.", "\n\nThe common mudpuppy also does not have a parathyroid gland. ", "The majority of salamanders with parathyroid glands rely on them to help with hypercalcemic regulation; hypercalcemic regulation in mudpuppies is primarily done by the Pituitary gland instead. ", "In common mudpuppies, the purpose of the absence of a parathyroid gland is poorly understood. ", "One reason for the absence might be the lack of variability in the climate of mudpuppies, as the parathyroid glands of salamanders vary greatly depending on seasonal changes, or whether the organism hibernates.", "\n\nDistribution\nN. maculosus specimens live in streams, lakes, and ponds in the eastern part of North America. ", "They appear in the southern section of Canada, as far south as Georgia, and from the Midwest United States to North Carolina. ", "In the more northern sections, they are called mudpuppies, and in the southern portions, they are called waterdogs. ", "The mudpuppy hides under cover such as rocks and logs during the day and becomes more active at night. ", "However, in muddy waters, the mudpuppy may become active during the day. ", "Mudpuppies can even live under the ice when lakes freeze.", "\n\nDiet\n\nMudpuppies use rows of teeth to eat their prey. ", "Salamanders have three different sets of teeth: dentary, premaxillary, and vomerine teeth, which are named due to their location in the mouth. ", "All the teeth, despite their different locations, are very similar. ", "They are small and conical, meaning mudpuppies are homodonts due to their similar shape. ", "The common mudpuppy never leaves its aquatic environment and therefore does not undergo morphogenesis, however many salamanders do and develop differentiated teeth. ", "Aquatic salamander teeth are used to hinder escape of the prey from the salamander, they do not have a crushing function. ", "This aids the salamander when feeding. ", "When the salamander undergoes the \"suck and gape\" feeding style, the prey is pulled into the mouth, and the teeth function to hold the prey inside the mouth and prevent the prey from escaping. ", "At both sides of their mouths their lips interlock, which allows them to use suction feeding. ", "They are carnivorous creatures and will eat almost anything they can get into their mouths. ", "Typically they prey upon animals such as insects, mollusks, annelids, small fish, amphibians, earthworms, and spiders. ", "The jaw of a mudpuppy also plays a significant role in its diet. ", "The mudpuppy jaw is considered metaautostyly, like most amphibians, meaning the jaw is more stable and that the salamander has a dentary. ", "This affects their diet by limiting the flexibility of the jaw to take in larger prey. ", "The mudpuppy has few predators but may include fish, crayfish, turtles, and water snakes. ", "Because fishermen frequently catch and discard them, humans are considered to be one of their main predators.", "\n\nReproduction\nMudpuppies take six years to reach sexual maturity. ", "Mating typically takes place in autumn, though eggs are not laid till much later. ", "When males are ready to breed, their cloacae become swollen. ", "Males deposit their spermatophores in the substratum of the environment. ", "The female will then pick them up with her cloaca and store them in a small specialized gland, a spermatheca, until the eggs are fertilized. ", "Females store the sperm until ovulation and internal fertilization take place, usually just prior to deposition in the spring. ", "Before the eggs are deposited, male mudpuppies leave the nest. ", "Once ready, the female deposits the eggs in a safe location, usually on the underside of a rock or log. ", "They can lay from 20–200 eggs, usually an average of 60. ", "The eggs are not pigmented and are about 5–6 mm in diameter. ", "The female stays with her eggs during the incubation period (around 40 days). ", "Hatchlings are about 2.5 cm long and grow to 3.6 cm before the yolk is completely consumed.", "\n\nSubspecies\nN. m. louisianensis Viosca, 1937 (Red River mudpuppy)\nN. m. maculosus (Rafinesque, 1818) (common mudpuppy)\nN. m. stictus Bishop, 1941 (Lake Winnebago mudpuppy)\n\nSee also\n\nCryptobranchus alleganiensis (hellbender)\nNecturus alabamensis (Alabama waterdog)\nNecturus beyeri (Gulf coast waterdog)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMudpuppy (Necturus maculosus), Natural Resources Canada\n\nCategory:Amphibians of Canada\nCategory:Proteidae\nCategory:Amphibians of the United States\nCategory:Extant Pleistocene first appearances\nCategory:Amphibians described in 1818" ]

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[ "Memorial Day 150th Observance\n\nThe tradition of honoring the nation's fallen soldiers traces back to the time after the Civil War. ", "Communities would visit the graves of the fallen, decorating them with flowers and remembering those who made the ultimate sacrifice. ", "The first Memorial Day in the northern states, also known as Decoration Day, was held on May 30, 1868. ", "The tradition continued each year on May 30th, and ceremonies were eventually held in cities and towns in every state. ", "​​\n\nMay, 2018 marks the 150th anniversary of Memorial Day. ", "Tremont City has held ceremonies since the inaugural year and hosts the 2nd-longest running parade in Ohio.", "\n\nTo mark the anniversary, Tremont City will be holding the parade on Sunday, May 27th. ", "A variety of other events are planned for Saturday, including a military vehicle show, and a band will perform on Friday and Saturday nights .", "\n\nWe are offering commemorative t-shirts for purchase. ", "VIsit our store to order your t-shirts:\nMemorial Day Store. ", "​ Commemorative caps also are available .", "\n\nThe schedule for the Memorial Day weekend is as follows:\n\nFriday, May 25th: 7:00 – 11:00 pm Band at the community park\n\nSaturday, May 26th: 12:00 pm Military Vehicle Show\n\n5:00 pm Judging for the Vehicle Show\n\nQuilts of Valor presentation\n\n6:00 pm Laying of new bricks at the Veterans Park\n\n7:00 - 11:00 pm Band at the community park\n\nWe also are raffling a Henry Military tribute rifle.", "\n\n​\n\nRaffle tickets are $10 each and may be purchased from members of the Memorial Day committee.", "\n\nRaffle rules are listed in the attached document.", "\n\nAll proceeds will help to improve our Veteran's Park in our town.", "\n\n​\n\n​We welcome visitors to join us for the celebration, especially veterans and their families. ", "If you plan to attend the weekend activities and are visiting from out of town, we ask that you register to help us plan. ", "Please fill out the registration form\nhere before May 1, 2018 and let us know that you are coming." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJquery datepicker : Selecting the value for second datepicker based on first date picker\n\nFirst date picker\n <div class=\"input-group date \" data-provide=\"datepicker\">\n <input type=\"text\" name=\"date1\" class=\"form-control datepicker1\" placeholder=\"Select pick up date\">\n </div>\n\nSecond datepicker\n <div class=\"input-group date\" data-provide=\"datepicker\">\n <input type=\"text\" name=\"date2\" class=\"form-control datepicker2\" placeholder=\"Select delivery date\">\n </div>\n\nThere are two date pickers. ", "The value of the second date picker is based on the first one. ", "If the user chooses today's date on first date picker then the date picker 2 will only allow choosing date starting from tomorrow.", "\n $(document).ready(function(){\n $('.datepicker1').datepicker( { \n\n format: 'dd-mm-yyyy',\n startDate:'+0d',\n autoclose: true,\n\n onSelect: function(date){ \n var date1 = $('.datepicker1').datepicker('getDate'); \n var date = new Date( Date.parse( date1 ) ); \n date.setDate( date.getDate() + 1 ); \n var newDate = date.toDateString(); \n newDate = new Date( Date.parse( newDate ) ); \n $('.datepicker2').datepicker(\"option\",\"minDate\",newDate); \n }\n });\n\n $('.datepicker2').datepicker( { \n format: 'dd-mm-yyyy',\n autoclose: true, \n minDate:0,\n });\n\n });\n\nif the user chooses 10-04-2019 in the first date picker then the user should only able to choose from 11-04-2019 in the second date picker.", "\nthis is the requirement\n\nA:\n\nJust set minDate option for the second datepicker input, so that user can't select that date or set date backwards.", "\nCheck my updated snippet of your code below:\n\n$(document).ready(function(){\r\n // Init first datepicker\r\n $('.datepicker1').datepicker( { \r\n format: 'dd-mm-yyyy',\r\n startDate:'+0d',\r\n autoclose: true,\r\n onSelect: function(date){\r\n // Select next day\r\n var nextDay = new Date(date);\r\n nextDay.setDate(nextDay.getDate() + 1);\r\n $(\".datepicker2\").datepicker(\"option\",\"minDate\", nextDay);\r\n }\r\n });\r\n \r\n // Init second datepicker\r\n $('.datepicker2').datepicker( { \r\n format: 'dd-mm-yyyy',\r\n startDate:'+0d',\r\n autoclose: true,\r\n onSelect: function(date){ \r\n //validate date here \r\n }\r\n });\r\n});\n<!", "doctype html>\r\n<html lang=\"en\">\r\n<head>\r\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\r\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\">\r\n <title>jQuery UI Datepicke</title>\r\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"//code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/themes/base/jquery-ui.css\">\r\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"/resources/demos/style.css\">\r\n <script src=\"https://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.12.4.js\"></script>\r\n <script src=\"https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.js\"></script>\r\n</head>\r\n<body>\r\n \r\nfirst date picker\r\n\r\n<div class=\"input-group date \" data-provide=\"datepicker\">\r\n <input type=\"text\" name=\"date1\" class=\"form-control datepicker1\" placeholder=\"Select pick up date\">\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nsecond datepicker\r\n\r\n<div class=\"input-group date\" data-provide=\"datepicker\">\r\n <input type=\"text\" name=\"date2\" class=\"form-control datepicker2\" placeholder=\"Select delivery date\">\r\n</div>\r\n \r\n \r\n</body>\r\n</html>\n\n" ]

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[ "Article content\n\nPremier Rachel Notley took a swipe Tuesday at Brad Wall, accusing the Saskatchewan premier of conducting a “political drive-by” ahead of this week’s Council of Federation premiers meeting in Whitehorse.", "\n\nIt appears to be “a summer tradition” for Wall, she said, chiding him for not simply picking up the phone and talking to her if he took issue with recently announced changes to Alberta’s beer tax.", "\n\nWe apologize, but this video has failed to load.", "\n\ntap here to see other videos from our team. ", "Try refreshing your browser, or Trouble brewin': Premier Notley 'will not be lectured' on beer prices Back to video\n\n“If he would actually like to see a solution, that is a better approach,” Notley said.", "\n\n“In the meantime, I will not be lectured about any efforts that our government might take … to support our small brewers, our economic diversification, our workers and our industries.”", "\n\nWall was quick to retaliate.", "\n\nWall said Tuesday afternoon his people did pick up the phone, contacting Notley’s office last week to discuss concerns that the tax could hit Saskatchewan businesses and cost jobs.", "\n\n“It’s not a drive-by. ", "It’s not even a walk-by,” he said.", "\n\nLast week, the Alberta government announced it would replace a sliding scale beer tax with a standard markup per-litre rate of $1.25 for all beer sold in the province, regardless of the size of the brewery or its origin.", "\n\nIt says the plan establishes a level playing field for all beer sold in Alberta, which has the most open beer market in the nation." ]

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[ "The West Manipur Region\n\nThe West Manipur Region, which is currently surrounded by dense forests, was once full of swamps and marshlands. ", "The region is home to Manipur Zoological Garden where the brow-antlered deer, an endangered species in Manipur, lives.", "\n\nVarious tribal groups live in the west, but it’s largely dominated by the Meitei people, who are considered high caste.", "\n\nWest Manipur has a variety of industries such as a spinning mill and factories for assembling bicycles, TV sets and linens. ", "There are also workshops where jewelry and bamboo items are crafted by hand.", "\n\nManipuri is the primary language used in this region, but there are other dialects spoken within the tribal communities.", "\n\nChristianity came to western Manipur in 1910 through English missionary W.R. Robert." ]

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[ "Kaiserkeller\n\nKaiserkeller is a music club in the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg, Germany, near the Reeperbahn. ", "It was opened by Bruno Koschmider on October 14, 1959. ", "The Beatles had a contract with Kaiserkeller to play there in 1960.", "\n\nBiography\nA Caribbean steel band that had played at Allan Williams Jacaranda club in Liverpool took an offer to play in Hamburg. ", "After receiving letters enthusing about Hamburg's club scene, Williams made contact with Koschmider, offering to act as a booking agent, to which Koschmider agreed. ", "Koschmider had previously booked Derry and the Seniors after seeing them perform in London, and as they were successful in Hamburg, he asked Williams to look for additional groups. ", "Rory Storm and The Hurricanes were Williams' first choice, but as they were committed to a season at Butlins holiday camp, they turned his offer down (as did Gerry & The Pacemakers) so Williams sent The Beatles to Hamburg instead. ", "They were required to play six or seven hours a night, seven nights a week. ", "The Beatles first played at Koschmider's Indra club, sleeping in small, \"dirty\" rooms in the Bambi Kino, and then moved (after the closure of the Indra) to the larger Kaiserkeller.", "\n\nAfter the summer season ended in early October 1960, Rory Storm and The Hurricanes were free to travel to Hamburg, replacing Derry and The Seniors at the Kaiserkeller. ", "They arrived in Hamburg on 1 October 1960, having negotiated to be paid more than The Seniors or The Beatles. ", "They played five or six 90-minute sets every day, alternating with The Beatles. ", "Rory Storm and The Hurricanes were later presented with a special certificate by Koschmider for their performances.", "\n\nThe St. Pauli quarter was well known as being an area where prostitutes were to be found, and was dangerous for anyone that looked different than the usual clientele. ", "The stage of the Kaiserkeller was made of planks of wood balanced on the top of beer crates, so the two groups made a bet to see to who would be the first to break it. ", "After punishing the stage for days, a slight crack appeared, and when Storm jumped off the top of the upright piano, it finally broke. ", "Storm's guitarist, Johnny 'Guitar' Byrne, remembered that as Storm hit the stage, it cracked loudly and formed a V-shape around Storm. ", "He disappeared into it, and all the amplifiers and drummer Ringo Starr's cymbals slid into the hole. ", "Koschmider was furious, and had to replace the live music with a juke box. ", "Both groups went across the road to Harold's cafe for breakfast, but were followed by Koschmider's doormen with coshes, who beat the musicians as punishment. ", "Horst Fascher was Koschmider's nightclub bouncer, whose career as a boxer had been cut short (he had unintentionally killed a sailor in a street fight) although he later became a friend of The Beatles, and protected them.", "\n\nKlaus Voormann once watched performances by The Hurricanes and The Beatles in the club, and invited photographer Astrid Kirchherr and friend Jürgen Vollmer to watch the performances the next day. ", "The Beatles bass player, Stuart Sutcliffe, met Kirchherr between sets, and began dating Kirchherr shortly thereafter. ", "Voormann was in a relationship with Kirchherr at the time, although after other visits to the Kaiserkeller their relationship became purely platonic, although she always remained close friends with Voormann.", "\n\nIn October 1960, The Beatles left Koschmider's club and worked at the Top Ten Club, which was run by Peter Eckhorn. ", "When McCartney and drummer Pete Best went back to the Bambi Kino to get their belongings they found it in almost total darkness. ", "As a snub to Koschmider, they found a condom, attached it to a nail on the concrete wall of their room, and set fire to it. ", "There was no real damage, but Koschmider reported them for attempted arson. ", "McCartney and Best spent three hours in a local jail and were deported, as was Harrison, for working under the legal age limit. ", "Lennon's work permit was revoked a few days later and he went home by train, but Sutcliffe had a cold and stayed in Hamburg, and then flew home.", "\n\nLater years\nToday the Kaiserkeller is an alternative Rock Club that belongs to the \"Große Freiheit 36\".", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nKaiserkeller website \nHarrison talking about Hamburg\nBruno Koschmider bio\nThe Tragic Story of Rory Storm & the Hurricanes by Bill Harry\nAstrid Kirchherr's book page\n Alan (Rory Storm) Caldwell\n\nCategory:Nightclubs in Hamburg\nCategory:Music in Hamburg\nCategory:Music venues in Germany\nCategory:Music venues completed in 1959\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Hamburg-Mitte\nCategory:Culture in Hamburg\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Hamburg\nCategory:1959 establishments in West Germany" ]

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[ "Technical Specialist - Boise\n\nTechnical Specialist - Boise Apply Share Posted Date: Apr- 5-2019 Job ID: 14068 Job Function: Retail Operations City: Boise State: Idaho Store: Boise What's cool about this job Want to work on building and assembling REI equipment on a daily basis? ", "Awesome, then keep on reading to learn more about our Technical Specialist role. ", "Your primary responsibility would be for the assembly of bikes and snow sports equipment to REI and vendor standards delivering extraordinary service to customers both in the shop and on the retail floor. ", "Here are the primary responsibilities of what you would do: Assembles, maintains and repairs action sports equipment meeting REI and/or/vendor standards Assesses customer needs and confirming service and product meets those needs Checking in and out shop and rental equipment based on REI standards Contributes to sales results by knowing REI products and services, accurately communicating product information and inventory response processes Reports significant quality and safety issues to the Master or Certified Technician Assists with maintaining equipment and ensuring a clean, secure and safe work environment Support team’s achievement of key goals through individual contribution Promote the benefits of REI Membership Bring your passion and expertise You live and breathe REI equipment. ", "You’re a builder. ", "You’re a safety maven. ", "At REI, the Technical Specialist is a critical role in the retail stores and has primary responsibility for the assembly, repairs, and maintenance of bikes and snow sports equipment to REI and vendor standards and to deliver extraordinary service to customers both in the shop and on the retail floor. ", "Customers frequently interact with Technical Specialists to ensure their equipment is properly fitted and maintained for their outdoor adventures. ", "Requirements of the Technical Specialist position include but are not limited to: Bike maintenance and repair experience Successful completion of certification required of the level the role, service advisor and any snow sports certifications required based on store assortment and customer need Previous snow sports equipment and/or bike assembly experience or equivalent preferred Interest in working in a team environment committed to providing excellent sales and service experience while increasing sales through service Strong attention to detail Ability to maintain open and positive relations with employees and customers Interest in developing own skills and knowledge Availability to work a flexible schedule based on business needs, including evenings and weekends Ability to periodically lift 40 pounds Why you'll love it here Real. ", "Alive. ", "Connected. ", "These are a few words that describe life at REI. ", "Whether it’s in our careers or in the great outdoors, we aspire to adventure in all ways! ", "At REI we value our customers; we work hard to earn our reputation for quality and integrity every day. ", "Our commitment remains the same as when we started out in 1938: to inspire, educate and outfit for a lifetime of outdoor adventure. ", "Join a passionate community of people who believe in one simple truth: an outdoor life is a life well-lived. ", "Get ready to harness your creativity, customer focus and enthusiasm for living life outdoors—we can’t wait to meet you! ", "Oh yeah, did we mention perks? ", "At REI, we understand that benefits matter – we offer a competitive benefit package for all employees which includes: A workplace built on respect, integrity, and balance Healthcare coverage for full-time employees A competitive bonus/ incentive program REI Retirement Plan Generous gear and merchandise discount Paid time off Professional growth and development opportunities REI is proud to be an Equal Opportunity Employer At REI we offer an enviable work environment that has been recognized on the \"100 Best Companies to Work For\" list since the award's inception – 22 years in a row! ", "Sure, we work hard, but it’s balanced with time off to play—a strategy that works for us as we continue to grow and thrive. ", "Want to enjoy a workplace where you can be yourself, be heard and be respected while having a job that challenges you? ", "This is the place. ", "With more than 150 retail locations (and growing), REI offers unique competitive benefits to its more than 13,000 employees, including healthcare, gear and apparel discounts, free equipment rentals and challenge grants to help employees reach personal outdoor goals, generous retirement plan contributions, public transit subsidy, adoptions assistance, paid sabbaticals, and more. ", "REI is an Equal Opportunity Employer Apply Back to job search Share" ]

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[ "It's been slightly more than eight years since Body Count's last speed/thrash metal assault on the world's eardrums. ", "The lengthy delay doesn't come from a lack of desire, but rather the day job that keeps founder and frontman Ice-T out of the recording studio and on the production set.", "\n\n\"I've been doing Law & Order,\" Ice-T explains during a phone interview from his East Coast home. ", "I was supposed to do four episodes, and it's been 16 years. ", "That's a five-day-a-week gig. ", "My band's in L.A. I'm in New York. ", "It threw everything into a zone.\"", "\n\nSee also: Cannibal Corpse's Death Metal Still Provoking Controversies\n\nYet Ice, as he frequently calls himself, decided that now was the time to again awaken the beast. ", "He thought this as well in 2005, when Body Count went to work on Murder 4 Hire. ", "Still reeling over the recent death of guitarist D-Roc the Executioner from leukemia (two other original band members previously passed away), founding guitarist Ernie C. fused together a band and wrote a dozen songs. ", "Ice-T, in turn, was primarily focused on his acting career. ", "The album lacked focus and true conviction. ", "Ice freely admits as much.", "\n\n\"Body Count suffered tremendous tragedies. ", "We lost three members, one at a time . . . ", "I kind of mailed it in,\" he says with some regret in his voice. \"", "They sent me tracks; I did vocals. ", "We weren't even in the same room. ", "I wasn't happy with it.\"", "\n\nWhat Murder 4 Hire lacked, Manslaughter, the group's latest, more than makes up for. ", "Sonically and lyrically, the album frequently channels the power and enraged energy of the band's 1992 eponymous debut. ", "With songs glorifying crime, violence, and freaky sex, along with tracks fighting the establishment or slamming societal issues, Ice-T sounds as pissed off as ever 22 years later.", "\n\n\"Ain't that funny?\" ", "he says with a laugh. \"", "One of the keys in doing this record is that I had to sing from a real place. ", "I had to sing about things that bother me right now. ", "I couldn't have anybody say, 'Ice, this isn't real to you anymore.' ", "I had a long time to think about things that pissed me off and what I wanted to address. ", "Every song on the record is either about something that bothers me or ticks me off. ", "Or it's something I feel should be respected and honored, like 'Bitch in the Pit' or 'I Will Always Love You.'\"", "\n\nThese tracks offer shout-outs to women braving the mosh pit and servicemen suffering the traumas of war to keep America safe. ", "The latter track's gritty details are drawn from Ice-T's personal military experience, back when he was Tracy Marrow.", "\n\n\"I think the best music can come from somebody who's been there,\" he says. \"", "I wrote this story from the eyes of the soldier. ", "I've played that to servicemen and they broke into tears because what I'm saying and the way I'm saying it. ", "They know I know . . . ", "My allegiance is to the servicemen, not the politics.\"", "\n\nManslaughter also features \"Institutionalized 2014,\" a full-on rage machine (based on the famous Suicidal Tendencies song) of venom denouncing phone bank outsourcing, vegetarianism, and senseless violence. ", "And \"Back to Rehab\" is a searing metal send-up for a \"homey . . . ", "fazed on liquor\" that Ice kicks off tour until he's clean. \"", "Talk Shit, Get Shot\" burns with ferocity at Internet bloggers and the bullshit they spew.", "\n\n\"I fuckin' hate Internet bloggers. ", "I hate people who use the Internet to talk shit and disappear into anonymity. ", "I wish I could reach through the fuckin' screen and snatch some of them,\" he says, his voice rising slightly.", "\n\n\"These songs come from real places, some more angry than others,\" he adds, calmer again. \"", "I think we'll always have shit we're pissed off at in life. ", "Music is a good release valve for some of us to let us just vent it, you know?\"", "\n\nClearly, but what of the crazed funk-metal odyssey of \"Black Voodoo Sex\"?", "\n\n\"It's an Ice-T adventure because I've always loved telling stories about sex with voodoo bitches in graveyards,\" he says with a laugh. \"", "Those are just outrageous songs. ", "You've got to remember, Body Count is grindhouse. ", "Body Count is so outrageous it can't be taken seriously. ", "It's over-the-top violent, over-the-top sexual. ", "Even back in the day with 'Cop Killer,' if you believed I killed a cop, you also believe that on the next song I dismembered my mother with a Ginsu carving knife.", "\n\n\"My buddy says, 'Ice, you've got a dark humor, and if people don't get your humor, then you'll scare the shit out of them,'\" he says. \"", "My audience, my fans, they get it and know when I'm serious. ", "They know.\"", "\n\nUnfortunately, too many people sadly accept the lyrical content as literally as a 7-year-old would -- as nothing startling reality. ", "President George H.W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle raised a stink about the perceived threat of \"Cop Killer\" -- a song about a Jason-like character seeking revenge on cops because police brutality drove him mad. ", "Neither probably ever heard the song. ", "National protests erupted along with demands that Warner Brothers censor the album.", "\n\n\"There were more people who didn't listen to my music than did and they were easily swayed,\" Ice says. \"", "So I became the villain.\"", "\n\nCould the backlash have been foretold?", "\n\n\"No! ", "Hell no!\" ", "he says emphatically. \"", "I come from a background of listening to Black Flag, and I had a T-shirt from Millions of Dead Cops. ", "I thought cops were fair game. ", "I didn't know there were things you couldn't say about them. ", "No, it blindsided me.\"", "\n\nIce eventually decided to drop the song from future re-issues. ", "Not because of label demands, but to shift the focus onto Body Count the band, and not a single song.", "\n\n\"When the president is talking shit about you, you gotta do something,\" he recalls. \"", "I had to defuse the situation or it was just going to keep going and end up ugly.\"", "\n\nIn a strange twist, given his body of work stuffed with anti-police tomes or songs glorifying crime, Ice-T's acting career has been primarily predicated on portraying cops.", "\n\n\"It's very ironic. ", "The last thing I ever thought I would be doing is acting like a cop and getting paid for it,\" he says with a laugh. \"", "Hell yeah! ", "I was a career criminal. ", "I was out there fucking up . . . ", "Life is ironic, man. ", "If I ever thought as a kid I be a rock star and headlining at the Mayhem Festival I'd say, 'Get the fuck out of here! ", "I think I'd be out in the parking lot robbing people.' ", "I've changed. ", "Now I'm handing out advice about how to be good.\"", "\n\nPerhaps, but listeners will have to dig deep through the rage, violence, and occasional freakiness to unlock that advice.", "\n\n\"On the surface [Manslaughter] looks like some brutal slasher shit, but inside, there might be some jewels that can save your life,\" he says in closing. \"", "That's what Ice-T can give you. ", "It's medicine. ", "It just don't look like medicine.\"" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nformatting events date and time on fullcalendar\n\nSupposing am getting the dates for an event from a database in what format should my event date be am thinking. ", "\nstart: 2012-03-29, 08:00am, \nend: 2012-03-30, 08:00am,\nallday: false,\nit does not recognize the end date and the time for the event\nAm I doing the wrong thing?", "\n\nA:\n\nI use the following format and it works for me:\nmm/dd/yyyy hh:mm tt\ne.g.\n03/15/2012 05:10 AM\n\nAlso make sure that in your JSon you have allDay as a boolean and not as a string\n\"allDay\"= \"false\", // this is wrong. ", "In this case you won't see any events on your calendar\n\n\"allDay\"= false, // This is correct\n\nHope this helps\n\n" ]

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[ "These job descriptions are examples. ", "Looking for work?", "\n\nSenior Mobile Interaction Designer\n\nAquent's technology client is seeking a Senior Mobile Interaction Designer. ", "Our client is seeking strategic, creative, customer-focused designers with a passion for innovation to join their team and revolutionize the way the world interfaces with their customers.", "\n\nResponsibilities:Immerse yourself in the customer experience – first use, in-product design, marketing, interactions between our client and their clients – to deliver an awesome mobile experience.", "\n\nApply strategic thinking to design and deliver innovative end-to-end user experiences that optimize among user needs, business goals, and technological realities across web & mobile platforms. ", "Take ideas and concepts, and visualize them in such that they are communicated effectively and compellingly for internal leaders, partners and customers.", "\n\nTurn visions into concepts and translate those concepts into designs that illustrate simplicity, despite complexity of the system. ", "Directly responsible for delivering User Experience visions, UI specifications, wireframes and prototypes.", "\n\nCollaborate effectively with researchers, product management, product development, marketing, and other team members. ", "Use facilitative leadership skills to drive to the best outcome for stakeholders, resulting in others learning from you, and inspiring others to want to work with you.", "\n\nParticipate in and fosters the Experience Design Community and mentor junior members of the design team. ", "Research, understand and draw insights on customers' pain points and needs through methods such as Lean Startup/rapid experiments, \"follow-me-to-office\" visits, in-depth interviews and other customer and market research tools. ", "Actively seek to leverage outside learning to create best-in-class offerings, always looking for ways to deliver a better experience and disrupt us.", "\n\nStrong knowledge and experience with driving and applying user-centered design processes while working collaboratively with customers, along with cross-functional teams including engineering, product management, and user research. ", "Seasoned in Agile development processes.", "\n\nProficient in a variety of methods to convey ideas and concepts (e.g. storyboards, wireframes, prototypes, etc.) ", "Proven track record in setting a vision for great customer experiences, inspiring others to get behind the vision, and ultimately delivering products and services that are known for their delightful experience and ease of use.", "\n\nEffective communicator, presenter, and negotiator. ", "Organized, self-directed, efficient and able to manage multiple and complex projects in a timely manner.", "\n\nExpertise with design tools such as Photoshop, Illustrator, Dreamweaver, but skilled in creating 'lo-fi' prototypes to share with users in a fast, iterative manner. ", "Familiarity with web and mobile technologies and their impact on the feasibility of design solutions; hands-on expertise with HTML, CSS, AJAX, DoJo, Flash, and/or Flex a plus A passion for creating products that resonate on an emotional level Strong online portfolio available for viewing.", "\n\nOur client is expanding its social, mobile, and global footprint with a full suite of products and services that are revolutionizing the industry. ", "Utilizing design for delight and lean startup methodologies, our entrepreneurial employees have brought more than 250 innovations to market. ", "The breadth and depth of these customer-driven innovations mean limitless opportunities for you to turn your ingenious ideas into reality." ]

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[ "Kevin Jorgeson\n\nKevin Jorgeson (born October 7, 1984) is an American rock climber.", "\n\nBiography\nJorgeson was born to Eric and Gaelena Jorgeson. ", "His father was an employee of the Santa Rosa Parks and Recreation Department, and helped to instill Kevin and his younger brother Matt with a love of the outdoors, and encouraged an 11-year-old Kevin to pursue climbing when an indoor climbing facility opened in the city. ", "He began competing in international climbing contests at 16. ", "Jorgeson is known for being able to free climb, using no equipment other than gear to protect from falling, and is well known for being able to high ball large boulders.", "\n\nJorgeson and his climbing partner Tommy Caldwell were the first two climbers to successfully complete a free climb of the Dawn Wall of El Capitan in Yosemite National Park, completing the 3,000 ft climb between December 28, 2014, and January 14, 2015. ", "The Dawn Wall is one of the most difficult big-wall climbs in the world, with multiple pitches rated 5.14 in the Yosemite Decimal System. ", "The climb had been planned since shortly after the release of the documentary film Progression in 2009, in which Caldwell, who had previously free climbed other, easier routes on El Capitan, surveyed the Dawn Wall to consider if it was possible to free climb. ", "Jorgeson wrote to Caldwell after seeing the film, and the two men began to plan out and practice for the ascent.", "\n\nThe Dawn Wall, a documentary following Jorgeson and Caldwell on their free climb of the Dawn Wall, was released on September 19, 2018. ", "The documentary was directed by Josh Lowell and Peter Mortimer.", "\n\nKevin Jorgeson is sponsored by Adidas and Five Ten.", "\n\nAs of July 2019, Jorgeson was working toward opening a new climbing facility called Session, in Sonoma County, California. ", "The project broke ground in 2018.", "\n\nHe is also a cofounder of 1Climb, an organization focused on introducing children to climbing.", "\n\nIn addition to climbing, Jorgeson performs as a keynote speaker for various corporate events, such as for The Gap, Samsung, and Alcon Laboratories.", "\n\nSee also\n Notable first free ascents\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nIMDb\n\nCategory:1984 births\nCategory:American rock climbers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Santa Rosa, California" ]

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[ "Archives\n\nThursday, April 20, 2006\n\nMother of abandoned baby found\n\nHollywood Police reported that the mother of an abandoned baby boy at a laundromat on the 1900 block of Johnson Street had been located and arrested this morning. ", "The mother of the abandoned baby is Estela Román-Morales, 28. ", "The media should be covering the story the way that they are because this is not right, and people should be made aware that there are some people who are not mentally in the right state of mind.", "\n\nTate competent to understansd legal proceedings\n\nA Broward County judge found Lionel Tate mentally competent to understand legal proceedings, even after allegations surfaced that the convicted child-killer suffered abuse at the hands of his own mother while a youngster. ", "The media is blowing this whole story out of proportion. ", "Lionel Tate is a convicted child-killer, now he will always be in the spot light for everything he does, good or bad, because the media is constantly on top of him.", "\n\nMan shot to death after chase\n\nA 54-year-old Fort Myers man was shot to death by police after a 35-mile, bullet-riddled two-county chase that reached speeds of 100 mph from the Lantana area to Margate along U.S. 441/State Road 7. ", "The media should be covering this story more becaue this man was innocently killed, and someone should be responsible for the shooting.", "\n\nThursday, April 13, 2006\n\nBeatles may finally sell their songs online\n\nThe Beatles are preparing to sell their songs online after years of refusing to take part in the Internet music boom. ", "The media should be covering this story a little more because music selling online has been a big debate for a long time. ", "And when a big band decides to sell their music after not wanting to do so for many years is a big step for the internet music industry. ", "To read more click here.", "\n\nWoman dies on Disney World ride\n\nA woman died Wednesday after going on a ride at Walt Disney World so intense that it has motion sickness bags. ", "A 49-year-old woman was riding \"Mission: Space\" on Tuesday. ", "She was taken to a hospital, and died a day later. ", "He name was not released. ", "At least the media is covering this story a lot because it involves children as well as adults going on rides that many of the public enjoy. ", "To read more click here.", "\n\nNew Orleans home are now 3 feet higher\n\nA long-awaited government projection on New Orleans' flood danger recommends that thousands of homes and businesses in areas ravaged by Hurricane Katrina be raised at least 3 feet. ", "The media should be covering this story more to let people know the current status on the ravaged New Orleans. ", "The media forgets sometimes about major disasters that are still recuperating. ", "To read more click here.", "\n\nBSO's new Fire Cheif\n\nThe BSO Fire Rescue gets a new cheif. ", "Joseph Lello was named head of BSO Fire Rescue Wednesday morning by Broward Sheriff Ken Jenne. ", "It is good that the media is letting the public know about the new people in charge of their saftey, and we all know that the media will continue to cover stories on the new cheif to see if he is doing his job well. ", "To read more click here.", "\n\nPoll shows public afraid of Nuclear weapons in Iran\n\nA poll was done by The Los Angeles Times/Bloomberg and it suggests many Americans are worried about the dangers of a nuclear-armed Iran. ", "At the same time, a majority doubted Bush's ability to make the right decision about whether to go to war with Iran. ", "The media needs to cover this story more because if they do, then the public may voice their thoughts more, and show the president what they are thinking. ", "To read more click here.", "\n\nPossible Housing aid in South Florida\n\nThere is a new proposal that would help public workers in the affordable housing crisis. ", "It would be almost $60 million in Broward County and $40 million in Palm Beach County. ", "There is a lot of money here to help the public so the media needs to keep a close eye on this stiuation epsecially since its in its last weeks of legislative session. ", "To read more on the story click here." ]

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[ "Apex/Bestcare Lift Replacement Battery & Charger\n\nReplacement batteries and battery charger works on all Apex/Bestcare Lifts with 'Legacy Electronics' and include the Genesis (PL400HE, 400H, 400E), 450LE, 650HD and Stella (SAL1230 & SAL1260HD). ", "Also fit Lumex LF2020.", "\n\nThese lifts use 2 batteries, 12V 4.5AH. ", "There are 2 batteries inside the gray control/battery box.", "\n\nBatteries sold in carton of 2 only.", "\n\nBattery Charger Notes:The new replacement chargers have a single pin connector. ", "Older style chargers have a 5-pin connector and will require the Adapter cable part #: WP-PL400EL-ADP-CABLE. ", "See below:" ]

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[ "Heres how spanish news reporting it \"An angry mob beaten yesterday by one of several suspected hijackers in the Los rails Yaguate, San Cristobal. ", "The lynching victim is an unidentified man, who in addition to administer beatings bruised in various parts of the body, the crowd on fire, causing burns to his chest and other parts of her body. ", "Held by the deceased took a gun. ", "His companions managed to escape through the bushes, so they are pursued to actively now, according to the version set in the scene. ", "Police said the deceased, accompanied by several unidentified, allegedly abducted the merchant Luis Antonio Dur�n, Los Alcarrizos, Santo Domingo Oeste, and after negotiations were about to collect the money demanded for their release. ", "At that moment, according to preliminary reports, the crowd attacked the strangers with sticks, stones and other objects, making cause injuries , who has occupied a Browning pistol, numbering filed down. ", "During the incident were slightly injured, both the alleged kidnapping and her sister Ana Rosa Dur�n.\" - noticiassin" ]

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[ "The effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on the metabolic labeling of membrane proteins in Drosophila imaginal discs.", "\n20-Hydroxyecdysone induces evagination of imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster cultured in vitro. ", "The possible involvement of cell-surface proteins in this process has prompted us to study the synthesis of membrane proteins in imaginal discs. ", "A procedure is reported for the isolation of membrane vesicle fractions from discs that are enriched for the plasma membrane enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase, and that label with the surface-labeling reagent [125I]iodosulfanilic acid. ", "20-Hydroxyecdysone alters the pattern of [35S]methionine incorporation into polypeptides in these membrane vesicle fractions. ", "Increased and decreased incorporation as well as changes in migration on two-dimensional gels of specific polypeptides are caused by the hormone. ", "These changes parallel in time the onset and the continuation of evagination." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to filter a document library based on Managed Meta Data\n\nWhat is the best way to filter a document library based on a Managed Metadata column?", "\nWhen a user clicks a link in the \"Current Navigation\", it directs them to a Page with a Document library. ", "I want the document library to already be filtered based on a value in the Managed Meta Data column. ", "Say, for example, the metadata tag I want to filter is \"Dinosaurs\", the document library needs to show all the documents with the tag \"Dinosaurs\" (+ optionally all descendent metadata terms).", "\nI know you can create a view on the document library and apply it to the document library web part, but I have many MetaData terms and this isn't an option.", "\nIs there a way to do this via code?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhat you are looking for is \"Metadata Navigation\".", "\nif you go to:\n\nLibrary settings\nMetadata navigation settings\nPick a field under Available Hierarchy Fields\n\nyou will get a treeview with terms and the library view will filter based on those terms\nyou can also have key filters\n\nSource:\nhttps://support.office.com/en-us/article/Configure-metadata-navigation-for-a-list-or-library-a8ddfcd1-a486-4e0f-b1b1-f10ca79fa9bc\n\n" ]

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[ "Wallets made of fabric and leather are, of course, known. ", "The durability of the wallet has been recognized as a function of the material from which it is composed. ", "While leather is widely used for this purpose, even after being folded a few times, the wallet shows signs of wear. ", "Textile fabric wallets are even more prone to wear." ]

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[ "Effects of [6]-shogaol on cholinergic signaling in HT22 cells following neuronal damage induced by hydrogen peroxide.", "\nCholinergic neurons play a major role in memory and attention. ", "The dysfunction and death of these neurons, especially in the hippocampus, are thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of memory deficits associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). ", "Therefore, studying the cholinergic properties and cell survival may help in treating this disease. ", "We investigated the possible effects of [6]-shogaol on cholinergic signaling in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells. ", "HT22 cells express essential cholinergic markers, including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and choline transporter (ChTp). ", "HT22 cells treated with H(2)O(2) for 3h showed an increase in ROS production (35%). ", "These features were partly recovered by [6]-shogaol. ", "Treating H(2)O(2)-treated HT22 cells with [6]-shogaol markedly increased the expression of ChAT and ChTp, an effect similar to that of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ", "Furthermore, K-252a, an inhibitor of the BDNF receptor Trk B, attenuated the effects of both [6]-shogaol and BDNF. ", "These data suggest that [6]-shogaol protects neurons by increasing ChAT and ChTp expression through a BDNF increase and thus may be useful for treating neurodegenerative diseases." ]

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[ "Chronotope\n\nIn literary theory and philosophy of language, the chronotope is how configurations of time and space are represented in language and discourse. ", "The term was taken up by Russian literary scholar M.M. Bakhtin who used it as a central element in his theory of meaning in language and literature. ", "The term itself comes from the Russian , which in turn is derived from the Greek ('time') and ('space'); it thus can be literally translated as \"time-space.\" ", "Bakhtin developed the term in his 1937 essay \"Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel\" (). ", "Here Bakhtin showed how different literary genres operated with different configurations of time and space, which gave each genre its particular narrative character. ", "For example, the chronotopic frame of the epic differed from that of the hero adventure or the comedy.", "\n\nDefinition \nIn the philosophy of language and philology, Bakhtin scholars Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist state that the chronotope is \"a unit of analysis for studying language according to the ratio and characteristics of the temporal and spatial categories represented in that language\". ", "Specific chronotopes are said to correspond to particular genres, or relatively stable ways of speaking, which themselves represent particular worldviews or ideologies. ", "To this extent, a chronotope is both a cognitive concept and a narrative feature of language.", "\n\nIn \"Forms of Time and of the Chronotope in the Novel,\" Bakhtin defines the chronotope thus:\n\nExamples \nThe concept of the chronotope has been most widely used in literary studies. ", "The scholar Timo Müller for example argued that analysis of chronotopes highlights the environmental dimension of literary texts because it draws attention to the concrete physical spaces in which stories take place. ", "Müller discusses the chronotope of the road, which for Bakhtin was a meeting place but in recent literature no longer brings people together in this way because automobiles have changed the way we perceive the time and space of the road. ", "Car drivers want to minimize the time they spend on the road. ", "They are rarely interested in the road as a physical space, the natural environment around the road, or the environmental implications of their driving. ", "This contrasts with earlier literary examples such as Robert Frost's poem \"The Road Not Taken\" or John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath, where the road is described as part of the natural environment and the travelers are interested in that environment.", "\n\nLinguistic anthropologist Keith Basso invoked \"chronotopes\" in discussing Western [Apache] stories linked with places. ", "In the 1980s when Basso was writing, geographic features reminded the Western Apache of \"the moral teachings of their history\" by recalling to mind events that occurred there in important moral narratives. ", "By merely mentioning \"it happened at [the place called] 'men stand above here and there,'\" storyteller Nick Thompson could remind locals of the dangers of joining \"with outsiders against members of their own community.\" ", "Geographic features in the Western Apache landscape are chronotopes, Basso says, in precisely the way Bakhtin defines the term when he says they are \"points in the geography of a community where time and space intersect and fuse. ", "Time takes on flesh and becomes visible for human contemplation; likewise, space becomes charged and responsive to the movements of time and history and the enduring character of a people. ...", "Chronotopes thus stand as monuments to the community itself, as symbols of it, as forces operating to shape its members' images of themselves\" (qtd. ", "in Basso 1984: 44–45).", "\n\nAnthropologist of syncretism Safet HadžiMuhamedović built upon Bakhtin’s term in his ethnography of the Field of Gacko in the southeastern Bosnian highlands. ", "In Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape, he argued that people and landscapes may sometimes be trapped between timespaces and thus \"schizochronotopic\" (from the Greek σχίζειν (skhizein): \"to split\"). ", "He described two overarching chronotopes as \"collective timespace themes\", both of which relied on certain kinds of past and laid claims to the Field’s future. ", "One was told through proximities, the other through distances between religious communities. ", "For HadžiMuhamedović, schizochronotopia is a rift occurring within the same body/landscape, through which the past and the present of place have rendered each other unbidden. ", "\n\nThe chronotope has also been adopted for the analysis of classroom events and conversations, for example by Raymond Brown and Peter Renshaw in order to view \"student participation in the classroom as a dynamic process constituted through the interaction of past experience, ongoing involvement, and yet-to-be-accomplished goals\" (2006: 247–259). ", "Kumpulainen, Mikkola, and Jaatinen (2013) examined the space–time configurations of students’ technology-mediated creative learning practices over a year-long school musical project in a Finnish elementary school. ", "The findings of their study suggest that \"blended practices appeared to break away from traditional learning practices, allowing students to navigate in different time zones, spaces, and places with diverse tools situated in their formal and informal lives\" (2013: 53).", "\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). ", "The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M.M.. Translated by Caryl Emerson & Michael Holquist, University of Texas Press.", "\n Basso, K. (1984). \"", "Stalking with Stories: Names, Places, and Moral Narratives among the Western Apache,\" in Text, Play and Story: The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society. ", "Ed. ", "Edward Bruner, Washington: American Ethnological Society.", "\n Brown, R. & Renshaw, P. (2006). \"", "Positioning Students as Actors and Authors: A Chronotopic Analysis of Collaborative Learning Activities,\" in Mind, Culture and Activity 13(3), 247–259.", "\n Dentith, Simon. (", "2001). \"", "Chronotope,\" in The Literary Encyclopedia.", "\n HadžiMuhamedović, S. (2018) Waiting for Elijah: Time and Encounter in a Bosnian Landscape. ", "New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.", "\n Kumpulainen, K., Mikkola, A., & Jaatinen, A-M. (2014). \"", "The chronotopes of technology-mediated creative learning practices in an elementary school community,\" in Learning, Media and Technology 39(1), 53–74.", "\n Morson, Gary S. (1984). ", "Narrative and Freedom: The Shadows of Time. ", "New Haven: Yale University Press.", "\n Müller, Timo (2010). \"", "Notes Toward an Ecological Conception of Bakhtin’s 'Chronotope'.\" ", "Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 1(1).", "\n Müller, Timo (2016). \"", "The Ecology of Literary Chronotopes.\" ", "Handbook of Ecocriticism and Cultural Ecology. ", "Berlin: de Gruyter, 590-604.", "\n\nCategory:Time in linguistics\nCategory:Literary theory\nCategory:Philosophy of language" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCan I sheetrock over styrofoam on a garage ceiling?", "\n\nI am buying a home with a detached garage that the original owner insulated. ", " The garage is probably 25 years old. ", "At the time of construction, 1\" expanded foam was nailed directly to the rafters to insulate the ceiling. ", " Over time, the foam has shrunk (and deteriorated to some degree) leaving 1/2 - 1\" gaps around all the seams and is not sufficient any longer. ", " The attic is vented properly.", "\nI would like to re-insulate the ceiling with standard blown-in fiberglass or cellulose. ", " I would also like to sheetrock the ceiling to provide a better finish.", "\nCan I install the sheetrock over the existing styrofoam and then blow in the insulation in the attic?", "\n\nA:\n\nYes you can sheet rock with longer screws. ", " However the screws will basically have no hold until they hit the wood. ", " Your previous insulation will continue to shrivel. ", " Your ceiling will sag (glue and screw your drywall to ceilings). ", " And you will be like - \"why didn't I prep this for a couple hours so I don't have to redo it.\" ", " Nothing worse than completing a job and knowing that something you did could (probably will) go wrong.", "\nAlso I doubt your insulation is even/flat and I think this would make hanging it flat very hard.", "\nI am all about saving time but if you are in the house for more than a year or two I think you are wasting time.", "\nAlso why are you insulating the roof of a detached garage?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Trends in residential policies and services for people with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan.", "\nIn Taiwan, 92-95% of people with an intellectual disability (ID) live with their families, with the remaining residing in residential facilities. ", "Instead of funding community-living alternatives, the Taiwanese Government funds only registered facilities as part of its residential policies and services. ", "The purpose of this study was to evaluate current policies and services trends regarding people with an ID in Taiwan. ", "Both documentary research, such as an analysis of policies, services programmes, official statistics, surveys, reports and funding provision reports, and a mail survey, were conducted to examine current trends and characteristics of the 96 residential settings available for people with an ID in Taiwan. ", "During the 1990s in Taiwan, residential programmes for people with an ID showed the biggest growth since 1952. ", "Since the first 'Community Home' was launched in 1990, the number of smaller scale residential settings with a unit size of less than 30 has grown significantly, particularly since 2000. ", "However, the rate of institutionalization of people with an ID and who live in the institutions has also risen. ", "In Taiwan, unlike in Western societies, residential services for people with an ID provided by formal care systems are tending to grow in number, and these include both large and smaller residential settings." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nNaming the capturing image third time\n\nI created a basic service to get images from a camera every 10 second. ", "The service works perfectly, but I'm trying to name the image files like ImageYYYYddmm_HHmmSS. ", "After the second file, the images are getting the same YYYYddmm_HHmmSS, thus overwriting the first image. ", "Where is my mistake?", "\npublic class CP extends Service\n{\n Camera.", "PictureCallback mCall = new Camera.", "PictureCallback()\n {\n\n public void onPictureTaken(final byte[] data, Camera camera)\n {\n\n FileOutputStream outStream = null;\n try{\n\n outStream = new FileOutputStream(\"/sdcard/Image\"+tar+\".jpg\");\n outStream.write(data); outStream.close();\n\n Log.i(\"CAM\", data.length + \" byte written: /sdcard/Image\"+tar+\".jpg\");\n camClose(sHolder); \n\n } catch (FileNotFoundException e){\n Log.d(\"CAM\", e.getMessage());\n } catch (IOException e){\n Log.d(\"CAM\", e.getMessage());\n }\n\n }\n };\n\n @Override\n public IBinder onBind(Intent intent) {\n\n return null;\n }\n\n public void camClose(SurfaceHolder sHolder) {\n\n if (null == mCamera)\n return;\n mCamera.stopPreview();\n mCamera.release();\n mCamera = null;\n Log.i(\"CAM\", \" closed\");\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nTar is never updating to the current time. ", " In your onPictureTaken, try something like this:\npublic void onPictureTaken(final byte[] data, Camera camera)\n {\n\n FileOutputStream outStream = null;\n try{\n\n Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();\n tar = (sdf.format(cal.getTime()));\n outStream = new FileOutputStream(\"/sdcard/Image\"+tar+\".jpg\");\n outStream.write(data); outStream.close();\n\n Log.i(\"CAM\", data.length + \" byte written: /sdcard/Image\"+tar+\".jpg\");\n camClose(sHolder); \n\n } catch (FileNotFoundException e){\n Log.d(\"CAM\", e.getMessage());\n } catch (IOException e){\n Log.d(\"CAM\", e.getMessage());\n }\n\n }\n\n" ]

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[ "Kerisiano Kalolo\n\nAliki Kelihiano Kalolo, also commonly referred to as Kelihiano Kalolo, is a Tokelauan politician who served as the Head of the Government of Tokelau, or Ulu, from February (or March?) ", "2012 to February (or March?) ", "2013 and again since 12 March 2019. ", "He is a member of the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau, serving as Minister for Foreign Affairs, Education, Economic Development, Natural Resources and the Environment, prior to and then simultaneously to his leadership of the government. ", "The office of Ulu rotates on an annual basis between the faipule of each of the country's three atolls; Kalolo, as faipule of Atafu, took office as Ulu for the first time in 2012.", "\n\nAs Ulu, he oversaw the replacement of Tokelau's old ship, the MV Tokelau, which was considered no longer to be safe and seaworthy, with the newer, custom-built PB Matua, provided by New Zealand. ", "In June 2012, Kalolo sacked his Minister for Transport, Foua Toloa, over the latter's insistence that the MV Tokelau was still seaworthy, and New Zealand Foreign Minister Murray McCully's indication that the New Zealand government could not work with Toloa. ", "Toloa's portfolios (Finance, Telecommunications, Energy and Transport) were taken over by the Ulu.", "\n\nKalolo also oversaw the small country's transition from diesel-powered energy to solar energy, implemented by a New Zealand company.", "\n\nIn September 2012, he was appointed Chancellor of the regional University of the South Pacific. ", "Prior to becoming Ulu, he had served as the University's co-ordinator in Tokelau.", "\n\nHis term as Ulu ends or ended in March 2013; his successor is Salesio Lui, the faipule of Nukunonu.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Heads of Government of Tokelau\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of Tokelau\nCategory:Foreign Ministers of Tokelau\nCategory:Government ministers of Tokelau\nCategory:Tokelauan politicians\nCategory:People from Atafu" ]

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[ "Acne keloidalis of the burned male face. ", "Case report.", "\nAcne keloidalis is characterized by infected keloid-like nodules in the short-cut nuchal region probably caused by recurving, ingrowing hairshafts. ", "A case with a deep, partial-thickness burn of the hair-bearing part of the face of a man is reported. ", "After healing, the patient started shaving himself thus inducing a severe state of acne keloidalis. ", "It seems advisable in males not to shave during the first eight eight to ten months after a partial-thickness burn of the face in order to avoid this troublesome condition." ]

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[ "11\n\nHurl Boulder 2nd-level transmutation Casting Time: 1 action\n\n1 action Range: 30 feet\n\n30 feet Components: V, S\n\nV, S Duration: Instantaneous You rip a Medium sized boulder out of the earth from an unoccupied space you can see within range and hurl it 30 feet in a direction of your choice. ", "The boulder moves along the path until it is stopped by a creature or object of size Large or larger. ", "Each target in its path must succeed on a Strength saving throw or take 3d6 bludgeoning damage and be pushed along with the boulder. ", "On a successful save, a target takes no damage and is moved out of the path of the boulder to the nearest unoccupied space. ", "At Higher Levels. ", "When you cast this spell using a spell slot of 5th level or higher, the boulder is size Large, it is only stopped by Huge or larger creatures or objects, and it deals 5d6 bludgeoning damage. ", "When you cast this spell using a spell slot of 7th level or higher, the boulder is size Huge, it is only stopped by Gargantuan or larger creatures or objects, and it deals 7d6 bludgeoning damage. ", "When you cast this spell using a spell slot of 9th level, the boulder is size Gargantuan, it can't be stopped by any creature or object in its way, and it deals 9d6 bludgeoning damage.", "\n\nIce Glide 1st-level Transmutation Casting Time: 1 bonus action\n\n1 bonus action Range: Self\n\nSelf Components: V, S, M (an ice pick)\n\nV, S, M (an ice pick) Duration: Concentration, up to 1 round You create a ramp of ice formed from condensed water underneath your feet as you walk. ", "The ramp continuously forms up from the ground until it reaches 20 feet in length, 15 feet in height, you stop moving, or you move through a space without some amount of water. ", "The ramp also stops forming if you attempt to move above another creature or above a space with a lower elevation than the start of the ramp. ", "The ramp is 3 feet thick. ", "When the spell ends at the start of your next turn, the ramp melts and safely brings any creatures standing on it down to the ground. ", "The ramp is an object made of ice that can be damaged. ", "The ramp has an AC of 10, 30 hit points, and vulnerability to fire damage. ", "Reducing the ramp to 0 hit points destroys it. ", "At Higher Levels. ", "When you cast this spell using a spell slot of 3rd level or higher, the ramp can be up to 30 feet in height and 40 feet in length, it has 60 hit points, and you gain a +10-foot bonus to your base walking speed for the duration. ", "When you cast this spell using a spell slot of 5th level or higher, the ramp can be up to 50 feet in height and 60 feet in length, it has 90 hit points, and you gain a +30-foot bonus to your base walking speed for the duration.", "\n\nIce Tower 4th-level Transmutation Casting Time: 1 action\n\n1 action Range: 30 feet\n\n30 feet Components: V, S\n\nV, S Duration: 1 minute Choose an unoccupied space that you can see within range. ", "The space must contain some amount of water, such as a puddle, fog, or a fountain. ", "Using the water, you create a 5-foot tall cylindrical tower of ice coming out of the ground in that space. ", "When you cast the spell, and as an action on each of your turns, you can cleave off a section of the tower and launch it as a whirling ice disc if you are within 30 feet of the tower. ", "The disc originates from the tower and travels towards the target. ", "When you do, make a ranged spell attack against a target that you can see and that is within 60 feet of the tower. ", "On a hit, the target takes 2d4 cold damage and 2d10 slashing damage. ", "When the spell ends, the ice tower melts away. ", "At Higher Levels. ", "When you cast this spell using a slot of 5th level or higher, the slashing damage increases by 1d10 for each slot level above 4th.", "\n\nJet 4th-level evocation Casting Time: 1 action\n\n1 action Range: Self\n\nSelf Components: S, M (a pinch of ash)\n\nS, M (a pinch of ash) Duration: Concentration, up to 10 minutes Jets of flames erupt from your heels. ", "You gain a flying speed of 30 feet for the duration. ", "The first time you take off from the ground on each of your turns, each creature within 5 feet of you must succeed on a Dexterity saving throw. ", "A target takes 2d10 fire damage on a failed save, or half as much on a successful save. ", "When the spell ends, you fall if you are still aloft, unless you can stop the fall. ", "At Higher Levels. ", "When you cast this spell using a spell slot of 5th level or higher, the damage increases by 1d10 for each slot level above 4th." ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention generally relates to a vehicle body structure that includes a window covering assembly. ", "More specifically, the present invention relates to vehicle body structure that defines a window opening and a window covering assembly that completely covers window glass in the window opening in response to an impact event.", "\n2. ", "Background Information\nThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has published new rules related to impact events and vehicle ejection mitigation. ", "Specifically, Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 226 Ejection Mitigation sets forth compliance criterion for countermeasures that must reduce occurrences of complete and/or partial ejections of vehicle occupants during impact events, including rollover events." ]

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[ "Yet another SL fashion blog\n\n10/08/2018 – Pastel Dream\n\nOh hello! ", "Have you seen the latest release from Cheeky Pea? ", "It’s already available in the main store so no need to fight the lag at some overcrowded event. ", "The lovely Carolyn Gazebo set features a gazebo (obviously), but also all the furniture you can see in the pictures : chair, sofa, coffee table, side table, chiminea (with flames!), ", "coffee tray, rug and mugs, cute knick-knacks, and the loveliest potted daisies. ", "I vote that Cheeky Pea start releasing more plants in the future, she’s really gifted with them!", "\n\nArchives\n\nArchives\n\nDisclaimer\n\nSecond Life® and Linden Lab® are trademarks or registered trademarks of Linden Research, Inc. All rights reserved. ", "No infringement is intended. ", "This site is not owned or operated by Second Life or Linden Lab." ]

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[ "Pakistan political leaders and military top brass today discussed security situation in the country, especially in the wake of military operation in restive North Waziristan, and pledged to evolve a strategy to eliminate terrorism and extremism on long term basis.", "\n\nPrime Minister Nawaz Sharif chaired a meeting of National Security Conference, comprising heads and representatives of all major political parties in National Assembly and the military leadership at his residence.", "\n\nIn a statement issued at the end of the day-long discussion, the civil-military leaders showed commitment to fight militancy till its end.", "\n\n\"It was noted with pleasure that the whole nation including political parties had rejected terrorists and their ideology. ", "Representatives of all political and religious parties agreed that state has to fight and eliminate militancy,\" it said.", "\n\n\"There was absolute unanimity of views on the need to evolve a strategy to eliminate terrorism on long term basis. ", "The meeting also agreed to work to address extremism,\" the statement said.", "\n\nIn the meeting, Director General Military Operations Major General Amir Riaz briefed the political leadership about the military operation Zarb-e-Azb in the North Waziristan tribal region.", "\n\nIt was the first briefing since the launch of the military operation on June 15 in which more than 600 militants and over 35 soldiers have been killed. ", "The operation has also displaced about one million people.", "\n\nThe participants of the conference were informed about the areas cleared by the armed forces during the operation.", "\n\n\"The conference was also told that the terrorists are on the run and their command and control system had been crippled,\" it said.", "\n\nThe meeting was informed that the stated policy of the armed forces during Zarb-e-Azb was to ensure no collateral damage and protect the life and property of innocent civilians." ]

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[ "Share this:\n\nLike this:\n\nLikeLoading...\n\nRelated\n\nAbout RieSheridanRose\n\nRie Sheridan Rose multitasks. ", "A lot. ", "Her short stories appear in numerous anthologies, including Nightmare Stalkers and Dream Walkers Vols. ", "1 and 2, and Killing It Softly. ", "She has authored twelve novels, six poetry chapbooks, and lyrics for dozens of songs. ", "She tweets as @RieSheridanRose." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDoes Koenig's lookup apply here?", "\n\nIs the following snippet correct C++ code?", "\n#include <sstream>\nclass Foo;\nstd::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& str, Foo x); // (A)\n\nnamespace test {\n class Message {\n public:\n std::ostringstream str;\n };\n\n template<typename T>\n Message& operator<<(Message& m, T& t)\n {\n using ::operator<<;\n m.str << t;\n return m;\n }\n}\n\nnamespace detail {\n class Class {\n public:\n int i;\n Class() : i(5) {}\n };\n}\n\nstd::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& str, detail::Class& myClass) { // (B)\n return str << myClass.i;\n}\n\nint main() {\n test::Message m;\n detail::Class c;\n m << c;\n}\n\nAccording to http://goo.gl/NkPNau GCC compiles this fine, while Clang doesn't find the operator<< (B).", "\n\nIn case you are wondering: This is from a code that uses GTest with a custom operator<< for std::set to print nice assertion messages. ", "We couldn't figure out a way to make it work with clang other than putting the operator<< (B) in std namespace (yeah I know...).", "\n\nA:\n\nClang is correct here. ", " Let's call g++'s behavior a language extension.", "\nArgument-dependent lookup (aka Koenig lookup) does apply, since m.str << t is interpreted using the best overload matching either m.str.operator<<(t) or operator<<(m.str, t), and the second case is an unqualified-id as the function name. ", " But:\n14.6.4.2:\n\nFor a function call that depends on a template parameter, the candidate functions are found using the usual lookup rules (3.4.1, 3.4.2, 3.4.3) except that:\n\nFor the part of the lookup using unqualified name lookup (3.4.1) or qualified name lookup (3.4.3), only function declarations from the template definition context are found.", "\n\nFor the part of the lookup using associated namespaces (3.4.2), only function declarations found in either the template definition context or the template instantiation context are found.", "\n\nIf the function name is an unqualified-id and the call would be ill-formed or would find a better match had the lookup within the associated namespaces considered all the function declarations with external linkage introduced in those namespaces in all translation units, not just considering those declarations found in the template definition and template instantiation contexts, then the program has undefined behavior.", "\n\nAt the template definition context, (B) is not visible. ", " (B) is visible at the template instantiation context, but the global namespace is not an associated namespace of either std::ostringstream or detail::Class.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Critics slammed President Donald Trump on Monday for using Memorial Day to praise his own performance as president, a departure from the more traditional statements issued by previous administrations.", "\n\n\"Happy Memorial Day!\" ", "Trump tweeted Monday morning. \"", "Those who died for our great country would be very happy and proud at how well our country is doing today. ", "Best economy in decades, lowest unemployment numbers for Blacks and Hispanics EVER (& women in 18years), rebuilding our Military and so much more. ", "Nice!\"", "\n\n\n\n\n\nTrending: High-Energy Physics Machine Reveals Secrets of 1.5 Million-year-old Big Cat\n\nThe unconventional tweet was sandwiched between an earlier video message that solely praised the country's veterans and a string of tweets that praised Fox News and railed against his political foes. ", "The president also visited Arlington National Cemetery on Monday, where he gave a more conventional speech. ", "Still, critics, including some conservatives, pounced on the president for what many suggested were insensitive and tone-deaf remarks delivered via social media.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"This is perhaps the most disgusting Trump tweet ever,\" tweeted Nate Bell, a conservative Arkansas politician also known for controversial remarks. \"", "Memorial Day is a solemn day to reflect on the memories of those who paid the ultimate sacrifice for freedom, liberty & justice for all. ", "It's NOT a 'Happy' day nor is it a day to tout your draft dodging 'bone spurs' self.\"", "\n\nDon't miss: Michael Avenatti Says He Is Not Delaying Michael Cohen Investigation Despite Conflicting Reports\n\nThe editor at large of the conservative magazine The Weekly Standard advised his 340,000 followers to ignore the president's message.", "\n\nStory continues\n\n\"My advice, FWIW: If you happen to have encountered this tweet, as I did--put it out of mind,\" wrote Bill Kristol. \"", "There are so many appropriate expressions of respect and appreciation on this Memorial Day that deserve your attention, and that reflect well on the country. ", "Attend to them. ", "Ignore Trump.\"", "\n\n\n\n\n\nDirect replies to the president's tweet also blasted him, with several noting that Trump avoided serving in the armed forces due to \"bone spurs,\" a medical condition affecting the feet that the president used to secure a deferment after having already received several to attend college.", "\n\nMost popular: ‘Mega Man 11’ Release Date Confirmed, Double Gear System Explained\n\n\"Well, he definitely wrote this one himself,\" wrote Jonah Goldberg, editor of the conservative-leaning National Review.", "\n\nOthers compared it to the Memorial Day statement former President Barack Obama issued during his final year in office, which did not tout his personal or presidential achievements. \"", "This Memorial Day, I hope you'll join me in acts of remembrance,\" Obama tweeted in 2016. \"", "The debt we owe our fallen heroes is one we can never truly repay.\"", "\n\nFormer President George Bush also issued statements that contained nary a mention of the economy or job numbers. \"", "Laura and I join our fellow citizens in honoring the courageous souls who have given their lives in defense of our country,\" he said in 2015, echoing a string of previous statements made by the Bush family on Memorial Day. \"", "Today our hearts go out to America's Gold Star Families, for whom every day is Memorial Day. ", "We honor your loved ones and thank you for service and sacrifice.\"", "\n\nThis isn't the first time Trump's Memorial Day message has been slammed by critics. ", "In 2015, he wrote on Twitter: \"I would like to wish everyone, including all haters and losers (of which, sadly, there are many) a truly happy and enjoyable Memorial Day!\" ", "The mention of \"haters and losers\" was a refrain invoked by Trump on numerous occasions, including the anniversary of the September 11 terrorist attacks.", "\n\nGettyImages-488226322\n\nTom Pennington/Getty Images\n\nThis story has been updated to include information about the president's visit to Arlington National Cemetery.", "\n\nThis article was first written by Newsweek\n\nMore from Newsweek" ]

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[ "Jacob Zuma resigns as South Africa’s president\n\nJacob Zuma has resigned as the president of South Africa with immediate effect, state television announced Wednesday night. ", "President Jacob Zuma announced his resignation ahead of Thursday’s no-confidence votes.", "\n\n“I have therefore come to the decision to resign as president of the republic with immediate effect even though I disagree with the decision of the leadership of my organisation … I have always been a disciplined member of the organisation,” local media quoted Zuma as saying.", "\n\nZuma further noted that he was not afraid to leave office as he did not fear the no-confidence motion.", "\n\n“I fear no motion of no confidence or impeachment for they are the lawful mechanisms for the people of this beautiful country to remove their president,” he said.", "\n\nMr. Zuma, 75, has led South Africa since 2009. ", "His resignation came a day after he was rejected by his parry, the African National Congress, ANC." ]

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[ "Characterization of human cells transformed by chemical and physical carcinogens in vitro.", "\nSeveral different classes of chemical carcinogens induced the transformation of human fibroblasts grown in vitro. ", "Characteristics of the events that occur from time of treatment through the expression of neoplastic transformation are presented. ", "The S-phase appeared to be the portion of the cell cycle most vulnerable to insult. ", "Staging of the cells by blocking them in G1 before releasing them to proceed through scheduled DNA synthesis (S) was required to induce reproducible transformation. ", "Compounds such as insulin were added to the cells upon release from the block to sensitize the cells to the carcinogen that was added during S. Growth of the transformed cells as distinct from nontransformed cells was promoted by growth in medium supplemented with 8X nonessential amino acids. ", "Carcinogen-treated cells in the early stage of transformation exhibited abnormal colony morphology and were able to grow at 41 degrees C, in air atmosphere, and in medium supplemented with only 1% serum. ", "In addition, the transformed cells were insensitive to KB cell lysate and exhibited density independent, as well as anchorage independent, growth (i.e., growth in 0.33% agar). ", "Cells that grew in soft agar also produced undifferentiated mesenchymal tumors in preirradiated nude mice." ]

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[ "Bongoville\n\nBongoville is a town in south eastern Gabon, lying east of Franceville. ", " It was known as Lewai until its renaming for President Omar Bongo, who was born in what was then a village but was greatly enlarged under his presidency. ", " It lies just west of the Bateke Plateau and is home to Stade de Bongoville, a 2,500-capacity stadium where the city's AC Bongoville football club plays its home games.", "\n\nCategory:Populated places in Haut-Ogooué Province" ]

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[ "\nThis Ridiculous Gun Was Made to Shoot 100 Birds at Once - vezycash\nhttp://gizmodo.com/this-ridiculous-gun-was-made-to-shoot-100-birds-at-once-1733331843\n======\nanngrant\nPersonally, I've never been a great fan of shooting birds. ", "I use birds for\nanother purpose - mental delight. ", "I love bird watching with burning passion.", "\nI've just purchased a great set of smart hd binos here\n[https://www.atncorp.com/smart-hd-binocular](https://www.atncorp.com/smart-hd-\nbinocular) , so now I can enjoy birding more:)\n\n" ]

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[ "News & Announcements\n\nStarting from 31st December 2014, THAI operates from new international passenger terminal (T2) at Hanoi, Noi Bai airport (HAN). ", "The minimum connecting time from international flight to domestic flight at HAN airport is increased from 90 minutes to 120 minutes. ", "HAN Airport Passenger Service Charge of USD25 per person applies to tickets issued on and after 1st January 2015.", "\n\nCheck-in counters for THAI flights are located at Row E1-E6. ", "Counters open 2 hours and 15 minutes before flight departure and close 40 minutes before flight departure." ]

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[ "Lifting smooth curves to characteristic zero\n\nThis is a continuation of the project outlined in this post yesterday of describing Grothendieck’s proof that the fundamental group of a smooth curve in characteristic has topological generators (where is the genus). ", "The first step, as I explained there, is to show that one may “lift” such smooth curves to characteristic zero, in order that a comparison may be made between the characteristic curve and something much more concrete in characteristic zero, that we can approach via topological methods. ", "This post will be devoted to showing that such a lifting is always possible.", "\n\n1. ", "Introduction\n\nIt is a general question of when one can “lift” varieties in characteristic to characteristic zero. ", "Doing so often allows one to bring in transcendental techniques (to the lift), as it will in this case of . ", "Let us thus be formal:\n\nDefinition 4Let be a proper, smooth scheme of finite type over a field of characteristic . ", "We say that a lifting of is the data of a DVR of characteristic zero with residue field , and a proper, smooth morphism whose special fiber is isomorphic to .", "\n\nThere are obstructions that can prevent one from making such a lifting. ", "One example is given by étale cohomology. ", "A combination of the so-called proper and smooth base change theorems implies that, in such a situation, the cohomology of the special fiber and the cohomology of the general fiber, with coefficients in any finite group without -torsion, are isomorphic. ", "As a result, if there is something funny in the étale cohomology of , it might not be liftable. ", "See this MO question.", "\n\nIn the case of curves, fortunately, it turns out there are no such problems, but still actually lifting one will take some work. ", "We aim to prove:\n\nTheorem 5Let be a smooth, proper curve of finite type over the field of characteristic . ", "Then if is any complete DVR of characteristic zero with residue field , there is a smooth lifting of .", "\n\nOne should, of course, actually check that such a complete DVR does exist. ", "But this is a general piece of algebra, found for instance in Serre’s Local Fields.", "\n\nThe reason there won’t be any obstructions in the case of curves is that they are of dimension one, but we’ll see that the cohomological obstructions to lifting all live in .", "\n\nThe strategy, in fact, will be to lift to a sequence of smooth schemes (where is the maximal ideal) that each lift each other, using the local nilpotent lifting property of smooth morphisms.", "\n\nThis family is an example of a so-called formal scheme, which for our purposes is just such a compatible sequence of liftings. ", "Obviously any scheme gives rise to a formal scheme (take the base-changes to ), but it is actually nontrivial (i.e., not always true) to show that a formal scheme is indeed of this form. ", "But we will be able to do this as well in the case of curves.", "\n\n2. ", "Local lifting of smooth schemes\n\nLet us start by lifting the smooth curve to a sequence of schemes , following the program outlined earlier. ", "It will be convenient to do this in a more general setting. ", "Let be a base scheme, and let be a subscheme defined by an ideal of square zero. ", "Suppose is a smooth scheme. ", "We want to know if there is a smooth scheme whose restriction to is . ", "In general, this need not exist, but the next result states that the smooth lifting does locally.", "\n\nHereafter, all schemes are noetherian.", "\n\nProposition 6 (Local lifting of smooth morphisms)Lifting to a smooth -scheme can always be done locally. ", "If , there is a neighborhood of , a smooth scheme such that .Moreover, any two liftings are locally -isomorphic. ", "If is affine, and lift the open affine , there is an -isomorphism .", "\n\nOf course, it is not very deep to lift the schemes themselves: the composite would do. ", "The point is to preserve essential properties (in this case, smoothness).", "\n\nProof: We are going to deduce it from the “équivalence remarkable de catégories” of Grothendieck, that states the following: if is a closed subscheme defined by an ideal of square zero, then base-change gives an equivalence of categories between the collection of schemes étale over and the schemes étale over . ", "In other words, étale -schemes can be lifted globally (and uniquely). ", "For smooth morphisms the statement is weaker.", "\n\nIndeed, we note that (by one characterization of smoothness) there is a neighborhood of such that the map\n\nfactors as a composite\n\nwhere is étale. ", "Now then extends uniquely to a scheme étale over . ", "This is the lifting we want.", "\n\nFinally we need to show local uniqueness of the lifting. ", "We will do this using the infinitesimal lifting property. ", "Let be affine, . ", "Suppose and are affine, without loss of generality, say where is an ideal of square zero. ", "By hypothesis, we are given two smooth -algebras (whose spectra are the two liftings ), together with an isomorphism\n\nBut here we use the infinitesimal lifting property of smooth morphisms. ", "Namely, the map\n\ncan be lifted to an -homomorphism because is -smooth. ", "This homomorphism, moreover, induces the identity mod (when both are identified with ). ", "The claim is that this is an isomorphism, which follows from the next lemma.", "\n\nLemma 7Let be a noetherian ring. ", "Let be flat -algebras, and let be an ideal of square zero. ", "If a map is such that the reduction mod , , is an isomorphism, then is itself an isomorphism.", "\n\nProof: Indeed, we note that by flatness, . ", "Similarly for . ", "That is, flatness makes the associated graded behave nicely. ", "But, again by flatness:\n\nand consequently the map is an isomorphism. ", "In particular, the map induces an isomorphism on the associated gradeds of the -adic filtration. ", "Since is nilpotent, this gives the result. ", "The point of the lemma is that determine the associated gradeds by flatness.", "\n\nIn the proof of the above result, we showed something more specific than just local unicity. ", "When the base and the target are affine, then any two smooth liftings are isomorphic (noncanonically, in general).", "\n\n3. ", "Global lifting\n\nSo we can always lift smooth things locally. ", "Of course, there will be lots of ways of doing that in general, and the question is whether we can patch them together. ", "In the étale case, there are no nontrivial automorphisms of the lifting: that is, the functor of base-changing by is fully faithful (by the infinitesimal lifting property for étale morphisms). ", "As a result, there is no problem patching local liftings.", "\n\nFor smooth morphisms, the problem is more delicate. ", "We can always lift locally, but to patch the liftings one needs a “cocycle” condition, which is not automatic. ", "As a result, there is a cohomological obstruction to lifting that comes from these automorphisms.", "\n\nLet be a smooth -scheme. ", "Suppose as a subscheme defined by an ideal of square zero. ", "We are going to define a sheaf on as follows: for each , will denote the set of -automorphisms (where is the pre-image of in ) inducing the identity on .", "\n\nWe shall use:\n\nLemma 8The sheaf is canonically isomorphic to a quasi-coherent sheaf on , which is independent of the lifting .", "\n\nThis is a remarkable statement. ", "It is clear that can be made into a sheaf of groups (since is defined by an ideal of square zero, it is easy to see that an automorphism of restricts to an automorphism of ). ", "In fact it is not even obvious a priori that this sheaf of groups is a sheaf of abelian groups.", "\n\nProof: To see this, we will start by assuming (and consequently ) affine. ", "Say . ", "Then we are looking for the set of -homomorphisms\n\nthat induce the identity . ", "Such a map is necessarily of the form , where is an -homomorphism. ", "One requires, of course:\n\nSince , this is equivalent to saying that is an -derivation.", "\n\nOne can check that the composite , as the composite of two -derivations , is always zero. ", "As a result, the group of such automorphisms is isomorphic to the group of derivations.", "\n\nSuch derivations are classified by maps of -modules\n\nHowever, these are the same as maps of -modules because is a -module, as . ", "It follows that the sheaf in question is the sheaf\n\nwhere is the ideal of square zero cut that cuts out . ", "Note that is an -module. ", "This is coherent and completely independent of : indeed, it is also isomorphic to\n\nwhere is the dual of the (locally free) cotangent sheaf and is the ideal of in . ", "This depends on the embedding but not the lifting .", "\n\nNow let us try to analyze the situation we are ultimately interested in. ", "Let be a smooth separated scheme, where is a subscheme defined by an ideal of square zero. ", "For simplicity, let us assume affine, since that is the only case we shall need. ", "We know that there is an open affine cover of consisting of schemes that lift to smooth affine -schemes such that\n\nNow, for each , we have two liftings of the affine scheme : namely, and .", "\n\nBy formal smoothness (namely, the infinitesimal lifting property), we have isomorphisms\n\nthat induce the identity . ", "This is where we have used the affineness and separatedness hypotheses. ", "The hope is that these would satisfy the cocycle condition, and that we could glue all the together. ", "Unfortunately, they needn’t.", "\n\nSo let’s recall the cocycle condition: for any three indices , one must have\n\nIf we had this, then we could just glue the and get a smooth lifting of to .", "\n\nWhat we can do is to consider the differences , which are automorphisms of . ", "By the previous lemma, this is a 2-Cech cocycle with values in the sheaf defined as above, over the open cover . (", "One should check that it is actually a 2- cocycle, but this is formal.)", "\n\nNow, if it were a boundary, then we would be done and we could make the lifting. ", "For if we have a 1-cochain in , this would be a collection of automorphisms of each such that, for each triple , one has:\n\nThe point is now that if this 2-cocycle is a coboundary, then we can use the to modify the transition maps (by, say, precomposition) so as to have satisfied the cocycle condition. ", "In particular, if the Cech of this sheaf vanishes with respect to the open cover , the lifting exists.", "\n\nNote that this is a good Cech cover of because is separated and eaech is affine. ", "It follows that if is of dimension one and , then the lifting exists.", "\n\nCorollary 9Let be a smooth curve. ", "Let be a DVR with residue field and maximal ideal . ", "Then there is a compatible system of smooth schemes .", "\n\n4. ", "From formal to actual\n\nLet be a smooth curve. ", "If is a complete DVR with residue field , then we have seen how to lift to a sequence of compatible smooth schemes by the previous section. ", "Namely, we first lift to , lift that to , and continue repeatedly. ", "This is still rather far from our ultimate goal, which is a smooth, proper scheme .", "\n\nNow, with the mechanics of the lifting procedure behind us, we want to turn the system of schemes into an actual scheme. ", "We have already stated that this is a so-called formal scheme, which we will denote by the symbol , and write formally\n\nto indicate the system of maps . ", "We shall think of formal schemes very naively; we do not need to worry about their general theory, so shall treat them as a black box here. ", "We shall write , and similarly for for .", "\n\nWe now that one way of obtaining a formal scheme is to start with an actual scheme and consider each of the reductions mod . ", "Such formal schemes are said to be algebrizable. ", "This is the formal analog of complex analytic spaces that come from algebraic varieties. ", "There are formal schemes, even proper ones, that are not algebrizable, so we are going to need a special tool in the case of curves.", "\n\nThat tool is:\n\nTheorem 10Let be a complete local ring, a formal scheme. ", "Suppose is proper. ", "Suppose moreover there is a compatible system of line bundles on each such that is very ample on .Then there is a projective morphism , such that the “formal scheme” is obtained from : that is, is algebrizable.", "\n\nThis is a consequence of Grothendieck’s “formal GAGA” and appears in EGA III.5. ", "We shall not prove this.", "\n\nBut we shall use it. ", "Consider a formal scheme obtained by successively lifting a smooth proper curve over the residue field . ", "Now is projective, so it has a very ample line bundle on it. ", "If we can lift this to each , then the above result will imply that the formal scheme is algebrizable, and then we will have lifted to characteristic zero.", "\n\nHere the fact that we are in dimension one saves us (again!), ", "because we can successively lift the ample line bundle step by step. ", "We use:\n\nLemma 11Let be a scheme of dimension one, a closed subscheme defined by an ideal of square zero. ", "Then the map is surjective.", "\n\nProof: Suppose is defined by the ideal of square zero. ", "There is an exact sequence\n\nwhere the first map sends . ", "This is a general fact about rings, even. ", "Now since (and similarly for ), the long exact sequence in cohomology and gives the result.", "\n\nIt follows that we can lift the sequence of smooth schemes to a projective scheme . ", "The only thing left to see is that is smooth over . ", "This follows because it is smooth on the special fiber: indeed, one checks flatness by the infinitesimal criterion. ", "It is a general fact that if is a finite-type morphism of noetherian schemes, and is such that the fiber is smooth over and is flat at , then is smooth at . ", "With this in mind, it is clear that is smooth on the specific fiber.", "\n\nBut this means in particular that is smooth everywhere! ", "Indeed, the smooth locus of a morphism is always open. ", "Let be the collection of points where is not smooth. ", "Then the image of is closed because is proper over , but this image does not contain the closed point; as a result, it is empty. ", "So is -smooth.", "\n\nThis completes the proof that smooth curves can be lifted to characteristic zero." ]

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[ "Garlic\n\nGarlic (Allium sativum) is a species in the onion genus, Allium. ", "Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion.", "\n\nGarlic is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran, and has long been a common seasoning worldwide, with a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use. ", "It was known to ancient Egyptians, and has been used both as a food flavoring and as a traditional medicine. ", "In Ancient Rome, it was \"much used for food among the poor\". ", "China produces some 80% of the world's supply of garlic.", "\n\nEtymology\nThe word garlic derives from Old English, garlēac, meaning gar (spear) and leek, as a 'spear-shaped leek'.", "\n\nDescription\nAllium sativum is a bulbous plant, growing up to in height. ", "If garlic is planted at the proper time and depth, it can be grown as far north as Alaska. ", "It produces hermaphrodite flowers. ", "It is pollinated by bees, butterflies, moths, and other insects.", "\n\nOrigin and major types\nAllium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become naturalized. ", "The \"wild garlic\", \"crow garlic\", and \"field garlic\" of Britain are members of the species Allium ursinum, Allium vineale, and Allium oleraceum, respectively. ", "Identification of the wild progenitor of common garlic is difficult, due to the sterility of its many cultivars, which may all be descended from the species Allium longicuspis, which grows wild in central and southwestern Asia. ", "There are at least 120 cultivars originating from Central Asia, making it the main center of garlic biodiversity.", "\n\nIn North America, Allium vineale (known as \"wild garlic\" or \"crow garlic\") and Allium canadense, known as \"meadow garlic\" or \"wild garlic\" and \"wild onion\", are common weeds in fields. ", "So-called elephant garlic is actually a wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum), and not a true garlic. ", "Single clove garlic (also called pearl or solo garlic) originated in the Yunnan province of China.", "\n\nEuropean garlic\n\nSome garlics have protected status in Europe, including:\n\nSubspecies and varieties\nThere are two subspecies of A. sativum, ten major groups of varieties, and hundreds of varieties or cultivars.", "\n\nA. sativum var. ", "ophioscorodon (Link) Döll, called Ophioscorodon, or hard-necked garlic, includes porcelain garlics, rocambole garlic, and purple stripe garlics. ", "It is sometimes considered to be a separate species, Allium ophioscorodon G.Don.", "\nA. sativum var. ", "sativum, or soft-necked garlic, includes artichoke garlic, silverskin garlic, and creole garlic.", "\n\nCultivation\n\nGarlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. ", "While sexual propagation of garlic is possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated asexually, by planting individual cloves in the ground. ", "\nIn colder climates, cloves are best planted about six weeks before the soil freezes. ", "The goal is to only have the bulbs produce roots and no shoots above the ground.", "\nHarvest is in late spring or early summer.", "\n\nGarlic plants can be grown closely together, leaving enough space for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth. ", "Garlic does well in loose, dry, well-drained soils in sunny locations, and is hardy throughout USDA climate zones 4–9. ", "When selecting garlic for planting, it is important to pick large bulbs from which to separate cloves. ", "Large cloves, along with proper spacing in the planting bed, will also increase bulb size. ", "Garlic plants prefer to grow in a soil with a high organic material content, but are capable of growing in a wide range of soil conditions and pH levels.", "\n\nThere are different varieties or subspecies of garlic, most notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic. ", "The latitude where the garlic is grown affects the choice of type, as garlic can be day-length sensitive. ", "Hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates and produces relatively large cloves, whereas softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator and produces small, tightly-packed cloves.", "\n\nGarlic scapes are removed to focus all the garlic's energy into bulb growth. ", "The scapes can be eaten raw or cooked.", "\n\nDiseases\nGarlic plants are usually hardy and not affected by many pests or diseases. ", "Garlic plants are said to repel rabbits and moles. ", "\nThe California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) conducts a certification program to assure freedom from nematode and white rot disease caused by Stromatinia cepivora, two pathogens that can both destroy a crop as well as remain in the soil indefinitely, once introduced.", "\nGarlic may also suffer from pink root, a typically non-fatal disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red; or leek rust. ", "The larvae of the leek moth attack garlic by mining into the leaves or bulbs.", "\n\nProduction\n\nIn 2017, world production of garlic was 28.2 million tonnes, with China alone accounting for 79% of the total (table).", "\n\nThe United States grows less than 1% of China's production. ", "Much of the garlic production in the United States is centered in Gilroy, California, which calls itself the \"Garlic Capital of the World\".", "\n\nProperties\n\nFresh or crushed garlic yields the sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulfides, vinyldithiins, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products, which are not sulfur-containing compounds.", "\n\nThe phytochemicals responsible for the sharp flavor of garlic are produced when the plant's cells are damaged. ", "When a cell is broken by chopping, chewing, or crushing, enzymes stored in cell vacuoles trigger the breakdown of several sulfur-containing compounds stored in the cell fluids (cytosol). ", "The resultant compounds are responsible for the sharp or hot taste and strong smell of garlic. ", "Some of the compounds are unstable and continue to react over time. ", "Among the members of the onion family, garlic has by far the highest concentrations of initial reaction products, making garlic much more potent than onion, shallot, or leeks. ", "Although many humans enjoy the taste of garlic, these compounds are believed to have evolved as a defensive mechanism, deterring animals such as birds, insects, and worms from eating the plant. ", "Because of this, people throughout history have used garlic to keep away insects such as mosquitoes and slugs.", "\n\nA large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. ", "Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the \"hot\" sensation of raw garlic. ", "This chemical opens thermo-transient receptor potential channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. ", "The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness. ", "Allicin, along with its decomposition products diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, are major contributors to the characteristic odor of garlic, with other allicin-derived compounds, such as vinyldithiins and ajoene. ", "Because of its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the \"stinking rose\". ", "When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the diner's sweat and garlic breath the following day. ", "This is because garlic's strong-smelling sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming allyl methyl sulfide. ", "Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. ", "It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. ", "Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time.", "\n\nThe well-known phenomenon of \"garlic breath\" is allegedly alleviated by eating fresh parsley. ", "The herb is, therefore, included in many garlic recipes, such as pistou, persillade, and the garlic butter spread used in garlic bread.", "\n\nBecause of the AMS in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent, but no clinically reported evidence suggests it is actually effective.", "\n\nAbundant sulfur compounds in garlic are also responsible for turning garlic green or blue during pickling and cooking. ", "Under these conditions (i.e. acidity, heat) the sulfur-containing compound alliin reacts with common amino acids to make pyrroles, clusters of carbon-nitrogen rings. ", "These rings can be linked together into polypyrrole molecules. ", "Ring structures absorb particular wavelengths of light and thus appear colored. ", "The two-pyrrole molecule looks red, the three-pyrrole molecule looks blue, and the four-pyrrole molecule looks green (like chlorophyll, a tetrapyrrole). ", "Like chlorophyll, the pyrrole pigments are safe to eat.", "\n\nUpon cutting, similar to a color change in onion caused by reactions of amino acids with sulfur compounds, garlic can turn green.", "\n\nUses\n\nCulinary uses\n\nGarlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment.", "\n\nThe garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. ", "With the exception of the single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. ", "Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. ", "They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.", "\nThe distinctive aroma is mainly due to organosulfur compounds including allicin present in fresh garlic cloves and ajoene which forms when they are crushed or chopped. ", " A further metabolite allyl methyl sulfide is responsible for garlic breath. ", "\n\nOther parts of the garlic plant are also edible. ", "The leaves and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are sometimes eaten. ", "They are milder in flavor than the bulbs, and are most often consumed while immature and still tender. ", "Immature garlic is sometimes pulled, rather like a scallion, and sold as \"green garlic\". ", "When green garlic is allowed to grow past the \"scallion\" stage, but not permitted to fully mature, it may produce a garlic \"round\", a bulb like a boiling onion, but not separated into cloves like a mature bulb. ", "It imparts a garlic flavor and aroma in food, minus the spiciness. ", "Green garlic is often chopped and stir-fried or cooked in soup or hot pot in Southeast Asian (i.e. Vietnamese, Thai, Myanmar, Lao, Cambodian, Singaporean), and Chinese cookery, and is very abundant and low-priced. ", "Additionally, the immature flower stalks (scapes) of the hardneck and elephant types are sometimes marketed for uses similar to asparagus in stir-fries.", "\n\nInedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the \"skin\" covering each clove and root cluster. ", "The papery, protective layers of \"skin\" over various parts of the plant are generally discarded during preparation for most culinary uses, though in Korea immature whole heads are sometimes prepared with the tender skins intact. ", "The root cluster attached to the basal plate of the bulb is the only part not typically considered palatable in any form. ", "An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in an oven. ", "Garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove. ", "In Korea, heads of garlic are heated over the course of several weeks; the resulting product, called black garlic, is sweet and syrupy, and is exported to the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia.", "\n\nGarlic may be applied to different kinds of bread, usually in a medium of butter or oil, to create a variety of classic dishes, such as garlic bread, garlic toast, bruschetta, crostini, and canapé. ", "The flavor varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. ", "It is often paired with onion, tomato, or ginger.", "\n\nImmature scapes are tender and edible. ", "They are also known as \"garlic spears\", \"stems\", or \"tops\". ", "Scapes generally have a milder taste than the cloves. ", "They are often used in stir frying or braised like asparagus. ", "Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. ", "The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables.", "\n\nGarlic powder has a different taste from fresh garlic. ", "If used as a substitute for fresh garlic, 1/8 teaspoon of garlic powder is approximate to one clove of garlic.", "\n\nRegions\n\nGarlic is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, southern Europe, and parts of Latin America. ", "Latin American seasonings, particularly, use garlic in sofritos and mofongos.", "\n\nOils can be flavored with garlic cloves. ", "These infused oils are used to season all categories of vegetables, meats, breads, and pasta. ", "Garlic, along with fish sauce, chopped fresh chilis, lime juice, sugar, and water, is a basic essential item in dipping fish sauce, a highly used dipping sauce condiment used in Indochina. ", "In East and Southeast Asia, chili oil with garlic is a popular dipping sauce, especially for meat and seafood. ", "Tuong ot toi Viet Nam (Vietnam chili garlic sauce) is a highly popular condiment and dip across North America and Asia.", "\n\nIn some cuisines, the young bulbs are pickled for three to six weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt, and spices. ", "In eastern Europe, the shoots are pickled and eaten as an appetizer. ", "Laba garlic, prepared by soaking garlic in vinegar, is a type of pickled garlic served with dumplings in northern China to celebrate the Chinese New Year.", "\n\nGarlic is essential in Middle Eastern and Arabic cooking, with its presence in many food items. ", "In Levantine countries such as Jordan, Palestine, and Lebanon, garlic is traditionally crushed together with olive oil, and occasionally salt, to create a Middle Eastern garlic sauce called Toum (تُوم; meaning \"garlic\" in Arabic). ", "While not exclusively served with meats, toum is commonly paired with chicken or other meat dishes such as shawarma. ", "Garlic is also a key component in some hummus varieties, an Arabic dip composed of chickpeas, tahini, garlic, lemon juice, and salt.", "\n\nLightly smoked garlic is used in British and other European cuisine. ", "It is particularly prized for stuffing poultry and game, and in soups and stews.", "\n\nEmulsifying garlic with olive oil produces aioli. ", "Garlic, oil, and a chunky base produce skordalia. ", "Blending garlic, almond, oil, and soaked bread produces ajoblanco. ", "Tzatziki, yogurt mixed with garlic and salt, is a common sauce in Eastern Mediterranean cuisines.", "\n\nStorage\n\nDomestically, garlic is stored warm [above 18 °C (64 °F)] and dry to keep it dormant (to inhibit sprouting). ", "It is traditionally hung; softneck varieties are often braided in strands called plaits or grappes. ", "Peeled cloves may be stored in wine or vinegar in the refrigerator. ", "Commercially, garlic is stored at 0 °C (32 °F), in a dry, low-humidity environment. ", "Garlic will keep longer if the tops remain attached. ", "\n\nGarlic is often kept in oil to produce flavored oil; however, the practice requires measures to be taken to prevent the garlic from spoiling which may include rancidity and growth of Clostridium botulinum. ", "Acidification with a mild solution of vinegar minimizes bacterial growth. ", "Refrigeration does not assure the safety of garlic kept in oil, requiring use within one month to avoid bacterial spoilage. ", "Garlic is also dried at low temperatures, to preserve the enzymatic activity and sold and kept as garlic granules, and can be rehydrated to reactivate it.", "\n\nStored garlic can be affected by Penicillium decay known as blue mold (or green mold in some locales), especially in high humidity. ", "Infection may first appear as soft or water-soaked spots, followed by white patches (of mycelium) which turn blue or green with sporulation. ", " As sporulation and germination are delayed at low temperature, and at -4 deg. ", "C are inhibited entirely,, in refrigerated cloves one may only see the white mycellium during early stages. ", " Penicillium hirsutum and Penicillium allii are two of the predominant species identified in blue mold.", "\n\nHistorical use\n\nThe use of garlic in China dates back thousands of years. ", "It was consumed by ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (Virgil, Eclogues ii. ", "11), and, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xix. ", "32), by the African peasantry. ", "Galen eulogized it as the \"rustic's theriac\" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), discussed it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor. ", "Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters, The Superstitious Man). ", "According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths. ", "In his Natural History, Pliny gives a list of scenarios in which garlic was considered beneficial (N.H. xx. ", "23). ", "In the 17th century Dr Thomas Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and William Cullen's Materia Medica of 1789 found some dropsies cured by it alone.", "\n\nGarlic was rare in traditional English cuisine (though it is said to have been grown in England before 1548) and has been a common ingredient in Mediterranean Europe. ", "Translations of the Assize of Weights and Measures indicate a passage as dealing with standardized units of garlic production, sale, and taxation — the hundred of 15 ropes of 15 heads each – but the Latin version of the text refers to herring rather than garlic. ", "Garlic was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World War I and World War II.", "\n\nNutrients\n\nIn the typical serving size of 1–3 cloves (3–9 grams), garlic provides no significant nutritional value, with the content of all essential nutrients below 10% of the Daily Value (DV) (table). ", "When expressed per 100 grams, garlic contains several nutrients in rich amounts (20% or more of the DV), including vitamins B6 and C, and the dietary minerals manganese and phosphorus. ", "Per 100 gram serving, garlic is also a moderate source (10–19% DV) of certain B vitamins, including thiamin and pantothenic acid, as well as the dietary minerals calcium, iron, and zinc (table).", "\n\nThe composition of raw garlic is 59% water, 33% carbohydrates, 6% protein, 2% dietary fiber, and less than 1% fat.", "\n\nResearch\n\nCardiovascular\nAs of 2015, clinical research to determine the possible effects of consuming garlic on hypertension has found no clear effect. ", "A 2016 meta-analysis indicated there was no effect of garlic consumption on blood levels of lipoprotein(a), a biomarker of atherosclerosis. ", "Because garlic might reduce platelet aggregation, people taking anticoagulant medication are cautioned about consuming garlic.", "\n\nCancer\nA 2016 meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies found a moderate inverse association between garlic intake and some cancers of the upper digestive tract. ", "Another meta-analysis found decreased rates of stomach cancer associated with garlic intake, but cited confounding factors as limitations for interpreting these studies. ", "Further meta-analyses found similar results on the incidence of stomach cancer by consuming allium vegetables including garlic. ", "A 2014 meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies found that garlic consumption was associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer in Korean people.", "\n\nA 2016 meta-analysis found no effect of garlic on colorectal cancer. ", "A 2014 meta-analysis found garlic supplements or allium vegetables to have no effect on colorectal cancers.", "\n\nA 2013 meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies found limited evidence for an association between higher garlic consumption and reduced risk of prostate cancer, but the studies were suspected as having publication bias. ", "A 2013 meta-analysis of epidemiological studies found garlic intake to be associated with decreased risk of prostate cancer.", "\n\nCommon cold\nA 2014 Cochrane review found insufficient evidence to determine the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. ", "Other reviews concluded a similar absence of high-quality evidence for garlic having a significant effect on the common cold.", "\n\nOther uses\nThe sticky juice within the bulb cloves is used as an adhesive in mending glass and porcelain. ", "An environmentally benign garlic-derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide and insecticide, including for use for control of cabbage root fly and red mite in poultry.", "\n\nAdverse effects and toxicology\nGarlic is known to cause bad breath (halitosis) and body odor, described as a pungent \"garlicky\" smell to sweat. ", "This is caused by allyl methyl sulfide (AMS). ", "AMS is a volatile liquid which is absorbed into the blood during the metabolism of garlic-derived sulfur compounds; from the blood it travels to the lungs (and from there to the mouth, causing bad breath; see garlic breath) and skin, where it is exuded through skin pores. ", "Washing the skin with soap is only a partial and imperfect solution to the smell. ", "Studies have shown sipping milk at the same time as consuming garlic can significantly neutralize bad breath. ", "Mixing garlic with milk in the mouth before swallowing reduced the odor better than drinking milk afterward. ", "Plain water, mushrooms, and basil may also reduce the odor; the mix of fat and water found in milk, however, was the most effective.", "\n\nThe green, dry \"folds\" in the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent. ", "The sulfur compound allicin, produced by crushing or chewing fresh garlic, produces other sulfur compounds: ajoene, allyl polysulfides, and vinyldithiins. ", "Aged garlic lacks allicin, but may have some activity due to the presence of S-allylcysteine.", "\n\nSome people suffer from allergies to garlic and other species of Allium. ", "Symptoms can include irritable bowel, diarrhea, mouth and throat ulcerations, nausea, breathing difficulties, and, in rare cases, anaphylaxis. ", "Garlic-sensitive people show positive tests to diallyl disulfide, allylpropyldisulfide, allylmercaptan, and allicin, all of which are present in garlic. ", "People who suffer from garlic allergies are often sensitive to many other plants, including onions, chives, leeks, shallots, garden lilies, ginger, and bananas.", "\n\nSeveral reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and acne treatment, indicate care must be taken for these uses, usually testing a small area of skin using a low concentration of garlic. ", "On the basis of numerous reports of such burns, including burns to children, topical use of raw garlic, as well as insertion of raw garlic into body cavities, is discouraged. ", "In particular, topical application of raw garlic to young children is not advisable.", "\n\nThe side effects of long-term garlic supplementation are largely unknown. ", "Possible side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, sweating, dizziness, allergic reactions, bleeding, and menstrual irregularities.", "\n\nSome breastfeeding mothers have found, after consuming garlic, that their babies can be slow to feed, and have noted a garlic odor coming from them.", "\n\nIf higher-than-recommended doses of garlic are taken with anticoagulant medications, this can lead to a higher risk of bleeding. ", "Garlic may interact with warfarin, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, the quinolone family of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications.", "\nAlliums might be toxic to cats or dogs.", "\n\nSpiritual and religious uses\nIn folklore, garlic has been regarded as a force for both good and evil. ", "In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation in folk medicine. ", "Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and vampires. ", "To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.", "\n\nIn the foundation myth of the ancient Korean kingdom of Gojoseon, eating nothing but 20 cloves of garlic and a bundle of Korean mugwort for 100 days let a bear be transformed into a woman.", "\n\nIn celebration of Nowruz (Persian calendar New Year), garlic is one of the items in a Seven-Seen table, a traditional New Year's display.", "\n\nIn Islam, it is recommended not to eat raw garlic prior to going to the mosque. ", "This is based on several hadith.", "\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n\nGarlic festivals\nGarlic Is as Good as Ten Mothers. ", "Directed by Les Blank.", "\nGarlic oil\nGarlic powder\nGarlic salt\nGarlic sauce\nHerbalism\nInternational Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants\nList of garlic dishes\nPyruvate scale\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n 01\nCategory:Allium\nCategory:Root vegetables\nCategory:Spices\nCategory:Medicinal plants\nCategory:Objects believed to protect from evil\nCategory:Plants used in Ayurveda\nCategory:Plants described in 1753\nCategory:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nVisual Scripting vs Coding\n\nHappy Thanksgiving, \nFirst of All, I have been searching to know if Visual Scripting is a new thing that have been made for game engines. ", "\nLet me show you some example of visual Scripting \nthe other thing is just regular coding like writing c++ code in IDE\nnow I tried both of them but the question that I have been trying to figure out is,\nsince I tried both of them it seems visual scripting is more easier, and more understandable for at least me I feel it makes sense when I connect nodes comparing it with when I am writing a code some thing like \"Player controller\"\nI will tell you how long it took me to write an enemy controller !", "\nwriting code for player controller in c++ it took me about 2 hours\nwhereas it took me only one hour connecting nodes to make a player controller using visual scripting it , but even though it was an easy process and fast, I did not feel good about it, and I started to think more about what would be the advantage of writing c++ code rather than just connecting nodes?", "\nso here is the question:\nWhat are the advantages of writing code ?", "\nwhat are the advantages of using Visual script?", "\nWhat are the disadvantages of both of them?", "\nI know this\nadvantages of Visual Scripting it is not as complicated as writing c++ code\nAlso would writing code be faster than the \"already created scripts\"(Visual Scripts) \nLast question if you have to choose between both what would you choose Visual or writing code?", "\nNote: I decided to ask the question here instead of game engine websites, is because here where I can find \"Programmers\" where in most games engine websites they all prefer the \"happy way\" as they call it which is (visual scripting) not the \"sad way\" which is (writing code)\nI hope this time I did not ask some \"bad\" question that will result in too many negative votes :) be easy on me it is Thanksgiving ;) \nUpdate:\nHere is some more information about the Visual Scripting that I am using in Unreal engine I got it from Unreal Engine website \n\"The Blueprints visual scripting system in Unreal Engine is a complete gameplay scripting system based on the concept of using a node-based interface to create gameplay elements from within Unreal Editor. ", "This system is extremely flexible and powerful as it provides the ability for designers to use virtually the full range of concepts and tools generally only available to programmers.", "\nThrough the use of Blueprints, designers can prototype, implement, or modify virtually any gameplay element, such as:\nGames - set up game rules, tweak gameplay conditions, etc.", "\nPlayers - create variants with different meshes and Materials or character customization.", "\nCameras - prototype new camera perspectives or change the camera dynamically during play.", "\nInput - change the player controls or allow players to pass input to items.", "\nItems - weapons, spells, pickups, triggers, etc.", "\nEnvironments - create randomized props or procedurally-generated items.\"", "\nI do not think there is such a thing like if you have to make something complicated you need to write code for it (my opinion) \n\nA:\n\nIf you look at UML, it is a modelling language that pretty much encompasses everything you can do with code, and it is great for modelling a system, however it falls short when used for program generation. ", " Basically it takes a lot more diagramming, and a lot more diagrams, to describe really complex interactions than it does to write the equivalent code.", "\nTake a simple 5 way switch statement. ", " Easy to write, complicated to draw. ", " Modelling different path-ways through a system can become very cumbersome, very quickly.", "\nThe drag-drop-connect model of code generation works very well when there is a simple data pathway, but once you are talking complex interactions between state machines, it becomes quite complex. ", " In the past I've noticed these sort of Visual Modelling system end up with scripting on the connections to cater for the complexity, which often ends up making them more difficult to understand than straight code, and much harder to find where things are happening.", "\nFinally, the higher level the language, the more trade-offs you have to make in terms of performance and control. ", " So the more important these are, the lower the level of language of choice. ", " If you are writing a highly time critical device driver function, you may end up writing assembler, while a high level menuing system for automation can happily be written in a scripting language. ", " A visual language is a very high level language, so the trade-offs are likely to be quite high. ", "However, the time to market tends to go down the higher the language level. ", " So how much time and effort you want to put into something also becomes a factor.", "\n\nA:\n\nVisual Scripting is often used in many game engines like Unity, Construct 2, Unreal Engine etc.", "\nWhy is that? ", "Because it's much easier.", "\nCode written in VS is easier to understand, often single node can replace 100 lines of normal code.", "\nTo add to that, it's much more understandable, it's easier to get your head on what's going on. ", "More importantly, it's easy to learn so a person with small knowledge can actually use it. ", "There's a lot of stuff going on behind such scripts and you actually don't need to know what's happening to use it.", "\nWhen you type normal code, you need to know what you are doing, it allows skilled user for far more flexibility and performance (visual scripting often lacks this). ", "Although it's much harder to organize such projects, and code can get easily out of hand. ", "But yeah, performance and flexibility, that's a REALLY big thing.", "\nFor example, in some engines you can just write Player Jump or something like this, and you dont care how it is happening, you dont even have to know the game mechanics, physics mechanics etc.", "\nIf I had to chose one, I would pick depending on a project. ", "It's the same question as:\nIf you could create a game in Game Engine or create it from scratch with code, which one would you chose?", "\nAll of us have their own preferences. ", "Big companies tend to create their own technology and engines so that they can work faster, and to make the work easier.", "\nSo the Adv/Disadv:\nVS:\n + Rapid development\n + Easy to maintain\n + Easy to learn\n + Easy to work on in a team\n + Often portable\n + Hidden a lot of stuff that you dont have to care about\n + Much more clear\n + Often doesnt contain \"code errors\"\n + Clumsy-friendly (you wont forget that semicolon)\n - Lack of flexibility\n - You dont really know what is happening\n - You will learn how to solve a problem but you wont be able to do it outside of specific engine\n - Often is much slower than code\n - You cant do performance updates\n - Engine dependent (each uses other way of coding)\n - You need to learn how each engine works\n - If there is an engine bug, you cant fix , you have to wait for patch\n - They are often paid, or they lack possibilities\n - Oh right, limited possibilities\nCode:\n + Allows you to learn how to actually do something\n + Give you way more possibilities\n + If you learn how to code, you can code anything\n(if you learn engine scripting you are limited to it, you wont write any other application than game)\n + Basically no limits (outside of technical stuff)\n + If you learn 1 language, its much easier to understand any other modern language\n + You are actually in control of what is happening\n + Gives you true knowledge about how to write algorithms and program stuff\n + Code is independent of companies\n + Most things are free\n + It can be MUCH faster than scripting\n - Harder to learn advanced stuff\n - Harder to maintain big projects\n - You are able to be clumsy and destroy stuff\n - Often hard for others to understand\n - Not as clear as Visual Scripting\n - At some point its hard to maintain\n - Lots of platform dependent stuff\n - To actually do something you need to learn pretty decent amount of things\nThe choice really depends on situation, company, team preferences, deadline, platform, objectives etc.", "\nI hope I kind of sorted it out for you : ). ", "\n\nA:\n\n\"Visual Programming\" is neither a \"new\" concept, nor new to game programming.", "\nIt's also a very broad concept: the idea of \"visual programming\" has many applications in many different domains.", "\nYou've mentioned \"game programming\". ", " Another is \"education\". ", "For example:\nHour of Code: Coding with Anna and Elsa\n\n" ]

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[ " IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE\n AT JACKSON\n Assigned on Briefs March 6, 2012\n\n ALBERT EVANS v. STATE OF TENNESSEE\n\n Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County\n No. ", "03-02257 W. Mark Ward, Judge\n\n\n\n\n No. ", "W2011-00366-CCA-R3-PC - Filed August 20, 2012\n\n\nThe Petitioner, Albert Evans, appeals from the Shelby County Criminal Court’s denial of\npost-conviction relief from his convictions for first degree murder and especially aggravated\nrobbery, for which he is serving life without the possibility of parole plus twenty-four years.", "\nOn appeal, the Petitioner contends that he did not receive the effective assistance of counsel.", "\nWe affirm the judgment of the trial court.", "\n\n Tenn. R. App. ", "P. 3; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed\n\nJ OSEPH M. T IPTON, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which J AMES C URWOOD W ITT,\nJ R., and A LAN E. G LENN, JJ., ", "joined.", "\n\nSean H. Muizers (on appeal) and Eran Julian (at post-conviction hearing), Memphis,\nTennessee, for the appellant, Albert Evans.", "\n\nRobert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Clarence E. Lutz, Assistant Attorney\nGeneral; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Marlinee Iverson, Assistant District\nAttorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.", "\n\n OPINION\n\n This court summarized the trial evidence in the Petitioner’s appeal of his convictions\nas follows:\n\n On November 1, 2002, the severely beaten and stabbed\n body of the victim, Damon Johnson, was discovered underneath\n a mattress next to a dumpster at his ex-girlfriend’s Memphis\n apartment complex. ", "Subsequently, the defendant was arrested\n\fand indicted for murder in the perpetration of especially\naggravated robbery, first degree premeditated murder, and\nespecially aggravated robbery.", "\n\n...\n\n The victim’s mother, Doris Johnson, testified that the\nvictim was twenty-five years old when he died and left behind\na wife and a young son.", "\n\n Lashonda Brown1 testified that, in October 2002, she was\nliving at Barron Brook Apartments in Shelby County with her\nchildren and her sisters, Shazelle Evans and Larhonda Brown.", "\nAlso living with the family were Lashonda’s boyfriend, Dedrick\nLewis, and Shazelle’s husband, the defendant, who lived “there\nduring the weekend.” ", "Lashonda testified that on October 28,\n2002, “between 8:30 and 9:15” p.m., the victim, her\nex-boyfriend, came to her apartment. ", "The victim arrived in a\n“gray Taurus” and “was upset” over an argument he had with\nhis wife. ", "Lashonda said her sisters, Lewis, the defendant, and\nthree children were at the apartment when the victim arrived.", "\nAfter staying for approximately twenty minutes, the victim left\nbut returned at “maybe almost [around] 12 midnight,” driving\nhis white Nova.", "\n\n Approximately twenty to thirty minutes after arriving for\nhis second visit, the victim took Lashonda and her baby to a gas\nstation and a doughnut shop. ", "About an hour later, the trio\nreturned to the apartment where Lashonda took the baby upstairs\nwhile the victim waited at his car.2 As she was walking back\ndownstairs to return to the victim, Lashonda saw the defendant\n“hit [the victim] in the back of the head with an iron bat.” ", "The\n\n 1\n Because witnesses Lashonda Brown and Larhonda Brown share\nthe same first initial and last name, we will utilize their first names in\nreferring to them. ", "We intend no disrespect by this procedure but do so to\navoid continually repeating the full names of the witnesses.", "\n\n\n 2\n Lashonda lived in an upstairs apartment, the steps to which were\noutside the building.", "\n\n -2-\n\fvictim “was in a daze” and “rolled over on the ground.”", "\nLashonda watched as the defendant hit the victim “again upside\nhis head . . . ", "four times in a row.” ", "She testified that there were\n“lumps in the top of [the victim’s] head, and it was just full of\nblood there.” ", "Asked if the victim tried to do anything to the\ndefendant, Lashonda said, “No,” explaining that the victim\n“tried to . . . ", "stand up. ", "But when he did, his head hit the wall. ", "It\nhit the . . . ", "bricks on the wall.” ", "After the victim hit the wall, he\nfell again and “couldn’t come out of that.” ", "She said she did not\ncall the police about the beating because she was scared.", "\n\n Lashonda identified a photograph of the victim’s “white\nNova” that he drove to her apartment that night and the victim’s\nblue zipper jacket which had the words “Dirty South School of\nHard Knocks” on it. ", "She said she was with the victim when he\npurchased the jacket and did not know of the defendant ever\nowning such a jacket. ", "She also identified a necklace as “the\nnecklace [the victim] had around his neck . . . ", "the last night that\n[she] seen him.” ", "She was with the victim when he purchased\nthis necklace, which had a pendant on it, but said she did not\nrecognize the pendant as the victim’s.3 On cross-examination,\nLashonda testified that the bat the defendant used to hit the\nvictim belonged to Larhonda, who kept it in the trunk of her car.", "\n\n Shazelle Evans,4 the defendant’s wife, testified that in\nOctober 2002, she and the defendant had been separated “[f]or\nabout a year.” ", "She explained that the defendant came to her\napartment “[m]ainly on the weekends” and that he had a\ngirlfriend, Gladys Mitchell, with whom he lived “Monday\nthrough Friday.” ", "The defendant did not keep any of his clothes\nat her apartment. ", "Shazelle said that the victim came to her\n\n\n 3\n At this point, the trial court admitted the necklace and pendant into\nevidence “conditioned upon the State calling a necessary witness to ID it\nlater.”", "\n 4\n Because witnesses Shazelle Evans and Delores Evans share the\nsame last name, we will utilize their first names in referring to them. ", "We\nintend no disrespect by this procedure but do so to avoid continually\nrepeating the full names of the witnesses.", "\n\n\n -3-\n\fapartment at “about 12 a.m.” on October 28, 2002. ", "After\nLashonda and the victim left “to go get doughnuts,” the\ndefendant told Shazelle that “he was going to rob Little D,”\nwhich was the victim’s name. ", "She testified that the defendant\nwas no longer inside the apartment when her sister came home.", "\nShazelle said when Lashonda “came up the first time, she\nbrought the baby in the house, but the second time she came, she\nwas jumping and hollering and screaming” that the defendant\nhad “hit [the victim] with a bat.” ", "The next morning, the\ndefendant returned to Shazelle’s apartment and showed her “a\nsilver chain” but did not tell her from where he had gotten it.", "\nShazelle said she had seen the victim’s necklace before but said\nit was not the necklace the defendant showed her that morning.", "\n\n On cross-examination, Shazelle testified the defendant\ncame to her apartment between 3:00 and 5:00 p.m. on October\n28, 2002, and did not leave “[u]ntil about 2:30 that morning.”", "\nShe said that he left the apartment sometime that evening for\n“[p]robably like about 20, 30 minutes” and was not in the\napartment when Lashonda returned from the store with the\nvictim. ", "On redirect examination, Shazelle acknowledged that\nshe told the police that, the morning after the victim was beaten,\nthe defendant “told [her] he took a silver link chain and a watch\nand a little plastic red light flashing thing” from the victim.", "\n\n\n Larhonda Brown testified that on the night the victim was\nattacked, Lashonda came in the apartment repeatedly screaming\nthat “[t]hey beat him,” saying that “[the defendant] hit [the\nvictim] across the head with a bat.” ", "Larhonda recalled the\ndefendant coming back inside the apartment that night and\nretrieving what “looked like a Ginsu knife,” which he never\nreturned, from the kitchen. ", "She said the defendant “threatened”\nthem that “if anybody said anything [to the police], he was going\nto hurt someone.”", "\n\n Larhonda testified that she kept an “iron bat” in the trunk\nof her car, to which no one else had access, but she kept a set of\nkeys “in the table” and “another [set] was in the door.” ", "She\n\n\n\n -4-\n\facknowledged that the defendant could have gotten inside her\ncar “[b]y the keys being in the door.”", "\n\n Gladys Mitchell, the defendant’s girlfriend, testified that\nthe defendant stayed with her “three or four times a week” and\nkept his clothes at her house. ", "Mitchell said that on the night of\nOctober 28, 2002, the defendant “came over about 12:30”\ndriving “[a] little old beige or a cream color white car,” saying\nthat it belonged to “a friend.” ", "After Mitchell told the defendant\n“[t]o get that piece of shit out of [her] yard,” the defendant\nmoved the car. ", "Mitchell acknowledged telling the police that\nthe defendant said the car was “hot” and that “he parked it on\nKimball in front of a vacant house across the street from the\ntattoo shop.” ", "She said the defendant was wearing “a light blue\njacket” that looked like the jacket Lashonda identified as\nbelonging to the victim. ", "Mitchell had never seen the defendant\nwear the jacket before and when she asked him whose jacket it\nwas, he told her it was none of her business. ", "After this\nconversation, the defendant left and did not return until “[a]bout\n3 or 3:30.”", "\n\n Mitchell identified a photograph of the victim’s car that\nshe was shown by police on November 4, 2002, and on which\nshe wrote “[l]ook [sic] like the car I saw [the defendant] in and\npushing out of driveway and into the street.” ", "She also identified\na photograph of the victim’s blue “Dirty South” jacket shown to\nher by the police on November 2, 2002, explaining that it was\n“[t]he jacket [the defendant] had on that night.”", "\n\n The victim’s mother, Doris Johnson, was recalled to the\nwitness stand by the State. ", "She identified the victim’s necklace,\nidentified by prior witnesses, Lashonda and Shazelle, as the\nvictim’s. ", "Johnson also recognized the pendant as the victim’s,\nexplaining that the victim wore the necklace and pendant\ntogether “[a]ll the time.”", "\n\n Bobby Montgomery testified that in October 2002, he\nworked at Cash America Pawn as an assistant pawn broker. ", "He\nsaid that on October 29, 2002, the defendant pawned “a pendant\ncharm, a cross.” ", "Montgomery identified a pawn ticket that\n\n -5-\n\fdescribed the pendant and contained the defendant’s personal\ninformation, signature, and thumbprint. ", "Shown the victim’s\nnecklace and pendant, Montgomery identified the pendant as the\none “pawned by [the defendant].” ", "He did not recall the necklace\nbeing with the pendant and explained that he remembered the\ncross pendant “because of the . . . ", "two-toneness of the item. . .", "\n. [", "I]t was a unique piece.”", "\n\n Deborah Howard-Hooker, a fingerprint technician with\nthe Shelby County Sheriff’s Department, testified that she\ncompared the thumbprint on the pawn ticket to the defendant’s\nthumbprint and concluded that the print on the pawn ticket was\nthe defendant’s.", "\n\n Alfred Jones, Jr. testified that at approximately 6:30 a.m.\non November 1, 2002, he found the victim’s body underneath a\nmattress by the dumpster at the Barron Brook Apartments.", "\nJones “picked [the mattress] up and peeked at it under” and saw\nthe victim on his back with his “throat cut.” ", "He informed a\npolice officer near the apartment of his discovery.", "\n\n Officer Aaron Frazier of the Memphis Police Department\ntestified that after being flagged down by Alfred Jones, he\nlocated the victim’s body underneath a mattress, saying that the\nvictim was wearing boxer shorts and had several wounds\n“around the skull and . . . ", "also on his neck.” ", "Sergeant Troy\nBerry of the Memphis Police Department testified that on\nNovember 1, 2002, he was assigned to the crime scene division\nand responded to the Barron Brook Apartments to take\nphotographs of the crime scene. ", "Berry said that the victim had\n“[g]ray duc[t] tape” on both arms “[j]ust above the wrists.”", "\n\n Officer Marcus Berryman of the Memphis Police\nDepartment Homicide Bureau testified that on November 2,\n2002, he went to Cash America Pawnshop “looking for\ninformation on a pendant. ", "A cross pendant.” ", "Berryman\nretrieved the defendant’s pawn ticket from the shop, but the\npendant was not located. ", "He subsequently went to Gladys\nMitchell’s house and ultimately to the house next door to\nMitchell’s, where “Renee” lived. ", "At that house, Berryman\n\n -6-\n\ffound the victim’s Dirty South jacket, necklace, and cross\npendant in a bedroom. ", "The necklace and pendant were “located\nin the top right dresser draw[er]” and were attached to each\nother.", "\n\n Officer Timothy Wayne Cooper of the Memphis Police\nDepartment’s Crime Response Unit identified photographs he\nmade of the crime scene on November 3, 2002, including a\nphotograph of the “breezeway area just east of 3000 Barron,”\nwhere Lashonda Brown’s apartment was located. ", "Blood was\nfound on the brick wall of the breezeway and “a large pool of\nblood” was found on the ground next to the brick wall. ", "Officer\nMary Pickens of the Memphis Police Department’s Crime Scene\nUnit testified that on November 1, 2002, she was called to a\nvacant house on Kimball to investigate a homicide and\nidentified photographs she took of the victim’s car, an “Olds\nOmega, white in color.", "”5 Pickens also collected “a red piece of\ncarpet” and red “[s]mall fibers that were taken by the trunk\nkeyhole.”", "\n\n Dr. Teresa Campbell, a Shelby County assistant medical\nexaminer, testified that she performed the autopsy of the\nvictim’s body which revealed “numerous lacerations to the top\nof the head, to the forehead, to the eye area. ", "Lacerations and\ncontusions or bruises were seen on the face.” ", "The victim also\nhad “an incision or cut to the back of the head near the neck[,]\n[s]everal incisions actually” and a laceration “on the left\nforehead caused by blunt trauma” which “was rather deep, went\nto the bone. ", "And there was a skull fracture beneath this\nlaceration.” ", "Dr. Campbell testified that although the lacerations\non the victim’s head “certainly could [have been caused by] a\nbat,” she could not “rule out other objects either.” ", "On the\nvictim’s neck was “an incised wound that went all the away\nacross” but “did not extend deeply to vital structures such as the\n\n\n 5\n The “Olds Omega” car photographed by Officer Pickens is the\nsame “white Nova” car Lashonda Brown identified as the victim’s and the\nsame car Gladys Mitchell identified to the police as the one the defendant\ndrove to her house the night the victim was killed.", "\n\n\n -7-\n\f carotid arteries.” ", "The incised wound “did get the right external\n jugular [vein]” on the right side of the victim’s neck.", "\n\n In addition, the victim had the following injuries,\n according to Dr. Campbell: “multiple flick or drag marks” on\n his chest, a “knife stab wound to the lower chest . . . ", "that\n penetrated into the liver,” “several stab wounds” on his back\n right shoulder, a “stab wound to the right side of the back,”\n abrasions on his lower back, “a bruise or contusion to the top of\n the right shoulder,” and “multiple contusions and abrasions” on\n his arms and legs. ", "The victim had “duc[t] tape wrapped around\n the forearms, both forearms. ", "But [his] arms were not tied\n together.” ", "Dr. Campbell testified that the victim “had some\n yellow abrasions to his skin in the lower extremities indicating\n scraping of the skin after death because there was no bleeding\n into it so it looked yellow.” ", "She also identified “defensive\n wounds” on the victim’s hands and said that “red fibers [were]\n recovered from [the victim’s] hair, the top of his head.” ", "The\n cause of the victim’s death was multiple injuries that included\n “the blunt trauma to the head, the incised wounds of the neck,\n and stab wounds to the abdomen.”", "\n\n Qadriyyah Debnam, a forensic scientist with the\n Tennessee Bureau of Investigation Memphis Crime Laboratory,\n testified that DNA tests of the blood located on the brick wall of\n the Barron Brook Apartments matched the victim’s DNA.", "\n Debnam also said the carpet recovered from the trunk of the\n victim’s car tested positive for human blood, but she was unable\n to get a DNA profile from this blood to match it to the victim.", "\n Linda Littlejohn, a microanalyst with the Tennessee Bureau of\n Investigation Crime Laboratory, testified that her analysis of the\n red fibers from the victim’s head, the red fibers from the trunk\n keyhole of the victim’s car, and the red carpet from the victim’s\n trunk revealed that they were all consistent with each other.", "\n\n The defendant elected not to testify and rested his case\n without presenting any proof.", "\n\nThe jury found the Petitioner guilty of first degree premeditated murder, first degree felony\nmurder, and especially aggravated robbery. ", "In the sentencing phase of the trial, the jury\n\n -8-\n\ffound three statutory aggravating circumstances and sentenced him to serve life without the\npossibility of parole. ", "The trial court merged the murder convictions and ordered that the\nPetitioner serve his twenty-four year sentence for the robbery conviction consecutively to the\nsentence for the murder. ", "The Petitioner’s appeal to this court was unsuccessful. ", "State v.\nAlbert Evans, No. ", "W2005-00161-CCA-R3-CD, Shelby County (Tenn. Crim. ", "App. ", "May 17,\n2006), perm. ", "app. ", "denied (Tenn. Oct. 16, 2006). ", "The Petitioner then filed his petition for\npost-conviction relief.", "\n\n At the post-conviction hearing, the Petitioner testified that two attorneys were\nappointed to represent him in the conviction proceedings. ", "He said that trial counsel visited\nhim in jail, that they discussed the case, and that to his knowledge, counsel investigated the\ncase with the assistance of an investigator. ", "He said he felt good about counsel’s\nrepresentation until a point at which certain evidence was admitted, after which counsel\nseemed to lose concern for the Petitioner and the Petitioner lost confidence in counsel. ", "He\nthought counsel should have asked the witnesses more questions.", "\n\n The Petitioner testified that the victim’s mother sat in the courtroom during the\ntestimony of three witnesses and later testified as a “rebuttal” witness6 about a necklace and\npendant that belonged to the victim. ", "There was evidence the Petitioner pawned the necklace,\nbut no evidence connected the pendant to the Petitioner. ", "He said that trial counsel stood up\nand said something to the judge after the testimony but that nothing was done. ", "He thought\ntrial counsel could have said more during closing argument. ", "He said counsel appeared to feel\nunwell or to have elevated blood pressure, which he thought had an effect on the trial.", "\n\n On cross-examination, the Petitioner acknowledged that his main concern was with\nthe testimony about the necklace and pendant. ", "He said that before the victim’s mother’s\n“rebuttal” testimony, the necklace had been identified by the victim’s girlfriend. ", "On redirect\nexamination, he said that the victim’s mother was a witness for the State, that she heard the\ntestimony of three other witnesses, and that she was recalled as a rebuttal witness.", "\n\n The transcript of the Petitioner’s trial was received as an exhibit. ", "It reflects that the\nvictim’s mother was the first State’s witness. ", "She identified a photograph of the victim and\nprovided information about his surviving relatives. ", "Lashonda Brown, Larhonda Brown,\nShazell Evans, Gladys Mitchell, and a police officer testified. ", "The State then recalled the\nvictim’s mother in its case-in-chief. ", "She identified herself by name and as a previous\nwitness, identified the necklace and pendant as the victim’s, and said she always saw him\n\n\n 6\n The victim’s mother testified twice during the State’s case-in-\n chief. ", "The Petitioner did not present evidence during the guilt phase of his\n trial, and there was no rebuttal proof.", "\n\n -9-\n\fwearing the items when he came to her house. ", "Her testimony covered less than two pages\nof the transcript. ", "Trial counsel did not cross-examine her. ", "As the next witness was called\nbut before he testified, trial counsel objected at the bench to the victim’s mother’s testimony\nbecause she had been in the courtroom despite the rule of sequestration having been invoked.", "\nSee Tenn. R. Evid. ", "615 (regarding sequestration of trial witnesses). ", "Counsel said, “I wasn’t\nexpecting her to come back up.” ", "The court denied trial counsel’s request for a curative\ninstruction. ", "During a jury break later that day, trial counsel moved for a mistrial. ", "With\nrespect to his actions when the witness was recalled, he stated:\n\n [I]t hadn’t been 15 minutes before I’d spoken with the State\n outside, and I was told – I was given an order of proof yesterday\n and was told that there would be no deviation with that other\n than . . . [", "a police officer] who was to testify first. ", "I say 15\n minutes. ", "It may have been more like a half an hour. ", "But before\n we started trial today, I made it a point to ask about that.", "\n\n When Ms. Johnson was called, I initially was – the name\n sounded familiar, but I didn’t recognize her. ", "She’s changed her\n hair. ", "She has something different on today. ", "I didn’t recognize\n her at first.", "\n\n And when she took the stand, I was concentrating on . .", "\n . ", "the evidence that was being put on at the time, and it didn’t\n even hit me until after she had just gotten off the stand . . . ", "what\n had happened. ", "And at the same time, I’m not 100 percent sure\n she’s been in the courtroom. ", "I just noticed that during breaks I\n would stand up, and I’ve seen her walk out before.", "\n\nDefense counsel conducted a voir dire of the victim’s mother. ", "She stated that she was\npresent during some of the previous testimony. ", "She recalled “the younger girl” but did not\nknow how many of the witnesses she heard testify because she left the courtroom when one\nof the witnesses described the victim being hit with a bat. ", "She said that when she arrived at\ncourt that morning, she was shown the necklace and told she might be called as a witness to\nidentify it. ", "The court denied the motion for a mistrial, finding that the victim’s mother did\nnot alter her testimony to conform with that of another witness and stating that it would have\nallowed her to testify, even if a timely objection had been made.", "\n\n The transcript of the closing argument reflects that trial counsel attempted to convince\nthe jury that Dedrick Lewis committed the crime because he was jealous of the victim’s\nrelationship with Lashonda Brown and that Shazell Evans, Lashonda Brown, and Larhonda\n\n -10-\n\fBrown, all sisters, were not truthful in their testimony because they were trying to protect\nthemselves and possibly Mr. Lewis. ", "He argued that the victim was brutally murdered by\nsomeone who was angry and in a state of passion, rather than someone who was trying to\nsteal a jacket or a “trinket,” but that the proof showed that the victim and the Petitioner\n“never spoke a cross word with each other.” ", "He noted that Lashonda Brown’s testimony\nabout seeing the victim being beaten from behind was inconsistent with the medical\nexaminer’s testimony that the devastating blow came from in front of the victim. ", "He noted\nother inconsistencies between Lashonda Brown’s testimony and the physical evidence and\nin the testimony about the necklace and pendant. ", "He argued that the Petitioner’s girlfriend’s\ntestimony linking the Petitioner with the victim’s jacket was not credible because she had\nmental and physical problems.", "\n\n Trial counsel testified at the post-conviction hearing that the Petitioner had no viable\ndefense to the crimes. ", "He noted that the Petitioner’s friends and relatives testified against\nhim, that physical evidence tied the Petitioner to the crimes, and that the Petitioner was seen\ndriving the victim’s car. ", "He said there was no basis for arguing self-defense, conspiracy, or\nthat there was another perpetrator. ", "All he could do was make the State prove its case. ", "He\nsaid, however, that an alternative theory came to him on the last day of the trial. ", "He did not\nknow what Lashonda Brown would have said had he asked her if she disposed of the bat\nused in the crimes.", "\n\n Trial counsel testified that the victim’s mother was the State’s first witness. ", "He said\n“the rule” for exclusion of witnesses from the courtroom had been invoked and that the\nvictim’s mother remained in the courtroom after her testimony. ", "He said that Shazell Evans,\nLarhonda Brown, and Lashonda Brown testified next. ", "One of these witnesses could identify\nthe pendant but not the necklace, one could identify the necklace but not the pendant, and he\ncould not recall the other witness’s testimony. ", "He said the State was allowed to admit the\nevidence for identification only.", "\n\n Trial counsel testified that the victim’s mother was a very well-dressed witness at the\nbeginning of the trial but that he did not recognize her when she was recalled because she\nwas wearing sweat pants, house shoes, and a t-shirt and not wearing a hat. ", "He said that by\nthe time he recognized her, she had already testified about the necklace. ", "He said her\ntestimony connected the necklace and the pendant and allowed the State to have both items\nadmitted as exhibits. ", "He objected, but the judge said he could not “unring the bell.” ", "He said\nthat on the day the victim’s mother was recalled, the prosecutor gave him an updated witness\nlist and told him that one police officer had been substituted for another officer on the list.", "\nHe noted that the witness had a common last name, Johnson, and that he was looking for\nOfficer Johnson on the witness list when she was first called. ", "Earlier that day, he saw the\n\n\n\n -11-\n\fprosecutor take the necklace into the hall and suspected the prosecutor showed it to the\nwitness to see if she could identify it. ", "He said the failure to object was an honest mistake.", "\n\n Trial counsel testified that he felt sick when he realized he had no viable defense. ", "He\nsaid it was the first time he had ever been in that position. ", "He agreed with the appellate court\nthat a rational trier of fact could have found the Petitioner guilty even absent the evidence\nabout the pendant.", "\n\n On examination by the court, trial counsel testified that he and the prosecutor had a\nhandshake agreement for the prosecutor to provide him with the order of the proof. ", "He said\nthat on the day the victim’s mother was recalled, he had asked the prosecutor that morning\nif there were changes and that the prosecutor told him “they were going to swap police\nofficers, but that the names had remained the same so they might not be in order.” ", "He said\nthat he thought the fact witnesses had testified by this point and that the only remaining\nwitnesses would be police officers. ", "He said the victim’s mother’s rebuttal testimony was so\nbrief that he was still looking through the witness list for her name by the time she finished\ntestifying.", "\n\n On cross-examination, trial counsel conceded that Lashonda Brown’s testimony could\nhave been interpreted to suggest illegal activity by the victim. ", "He did not think it would have\nhurt the defense had he asked Lashonda Brown about illegal activity, unless the question\ninflamed the jury because the victim could not have done anything to warrant the brutal way\nin which he was killed. ", "He noted the evidence showed that the victim was beaten with a\nbaseball bat, had his throat cut, was bound, had his pants removed, was taken behind a\ndumpster, and had “his face stood on with a mattress until he [quit] gurgling.” ", "He said it\n“sound[ed] right” that the victim was a drug dealer but thought that presenting evidence of\nthe fact would have inflamed the jury. ", "He said the defense was that the crime was one of\npassion, not a robbery, and that the witnesses conspired against the Petitioner. ", "He conceded\nthat the defense theory did not occur to him until the night before closing arguments. ", "He said\nthe medical examiner’s testimony about there being “flick marks” indicating torture\nprompted his revelation of a defense theory. ", "He said that it was possible that the victim’s\nmother’s testimony about the necklace and pendant could have affected the verdict, as\n“anything could have.” ", "He noted, however, that there was sufficient proof to convict the\nPetitioner aside from the evidence about the necklace and pendant.", "\n\n The trial court filed a detailed order, in which it found that trial counsel’s performance\nwas deficient in failing to object timely to the recall of the victim’s mother but that the\nPetitioner failed to establish prejudice from the lack of a timely objection. ", "The court noted\nthat the victim’s mother might have been allowed to testify even if a timely objection had\nbeen made. ", "It found, as well, that the evidence against the Petitioner was overwhelming and\n\n -12-\n\fthat there was not a reasonable probability of a different result even if the evidence had been\nexcluded. ", "The court denied the petition.", "\n\n On appeal, the Petitioner contends that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance\nby failing to object immediately when the victim’s mother was recalled by the State. ", "The\nState contends that the Petitioner failed to prove his claim. ", "We agree with the State.", "\n\n The burden in a post-conviction proceeding is on the petitioner to prove his grounds\nfor relief by clear and convincing evidence. ", "T.C.A. § 40-30-110(f) (2006). ", "On appeal, we\nare bound by the trial court’s findings of fact unless we conclude that the evidence in the\nrecord preponderates against those findings. ", "Fields v. State, 40 S.W.3d 450, 456-57 (Tenn.\n2001). ", "Because they relate to mixed questions of law and fact, we review the trial court’s\nconclusions as to whether counsel’s performance was deficient and whether that deficiency\nwas prejudicial under a de novo standard with no presumption of correctness. ", "Id. at 457.", "\nPost-conviction relief may only be given if a conviction or sentence is void or voidable\nbecause of a violation of a constitutional right. ", "T.C.A. § 40-30-103 (2006).", "\n\n Under the Sixth Amendment, when a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is\nmade, the burden is on the Petitioner to show (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient\nand (2) that the deficiency was prejudicial. ", "Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687\n(1984); see Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 368-72 (1993). ", "In other words, a showing\nthat counsel’s performance fell below a reasonable standard is not enough because the\nPetitioner must also show that but for the substandard performance, “the result of the\nproceeding would have been different.” ", "Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. ", "The Strickland\nstandard has been applied to the right to counsel under article I, section 9 of the Tennessee\nConstitution. ", "State v. Melson, 772 S.W.2d 417, 419 n.2 (Tenn. 1989).", "\n\n A petitioner will only prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel after\nsatisfying both prongs of the Strickland test. ", "Henley v. State, 960 S.W.2d 572, 580 (Tenn.\n1997). ", "The performance prong requires a petitioner raising a claim of ineffectiveness to\nshow that the counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness or\n“outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance.” ", "Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690.", "\nThe prejudice prong requires a petitioner to demonstrate that “there is a reasonable\nprobability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would\nhave been different.” ", "Id. at 694. ", "A reasonable probability means a “probability sufficient\nto undermine confidence in the outcome.” ", "Id.\n\n In Baxter v. Rose, 523 S.W.2d 930, 936 (Tenn. 1975), our supreme court decided that\nattorneys should be held to the general standard of whether the services rendered were\n“within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.” ", "Further, the court\n\n -13-\n\fstated that the range of competence was to be measured by the duties and criteria set forth\nin Beasley v. United States, 491 F.2d 687, 696 (6th Cir.1974), and United States v. DeCoster,\n487 F.2d 1197, 1202–04 (D.C. Cir. ", "1973). ", "Baxter, 523 S.W.2d at 936. ", "Also, in reviewing\ncounsel’s conduct, a “fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be\nmade to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of\ncounsel’s challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the\ntime.” ", "Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689; see Hellard v. State, 629 S.W.2d 4, 9 (Tenn. 1982).", "\nThus, the fact that a particular strategy or tactic failed or even hurt the defense does not,\nalone, support a claim of ineffective assistance. ", "Cooper v. State, 847 S.W.2d 521, 528\n(Tenn. Crim. ", "App. ", "1992). ", "Deference is made to trial strategy or tactical choices if they are\ninformed ones based upon adequate preparation. ", "See DeCoster, 487 F.2d at 1201; Hellard,\n629 S.W.2d at 9.", "\n\n In the Petitioner’s appeal of his convictions, this court ruled that the Petitioner waived\nreview of the trial court’s admission of the victim’s mother’s testimony by failing to\ninterpose a timely objection. ", "See Albert Evans, slip op. ", "at 8. ", "The record establishes that the\nwitness was in the courtroom before she was recalled. ", "Even though trial counsel did not\nrecognize the witness on sight, he should have objected when the witness identified herself\nby name and as the victim’s mother, which would have allowed the trial court to rule on the\nwitness sequestration issue before her testimony about the necklace and pendant.", "\n\n We conclude, though, that the Petitioner failed to establish prejudice. ", "The trial court\nstated in the trial that it would have overruled a timely objection to the witness’s testimony.", "\nViolation of Tennessee Rule of Evidence 615 regarding exclusion of witnesses from the\ncourtroom does not require that the witness’s testimony be excluded. ", "See Tenn. R. Evid.", "\n615; State v. Anthony, 836 S.W.2d 600, 605 (Tenn. Crim. ", "App. ", "1992). ", "Lashonda Brown\ntestified that she recognized the necklace as the victim’s, but not the pendant. ", "Shazelle\nEvans testified that the necklace the Petitioner showed her was not the one she had seen the\nvictim wear. ", "Bobby Montgomery, an employee of a pawn shop, identified the Petitioner as\nthe person who obtained a loan using the pendant as collateral on October 29, 2002. ", "Officer\nMarcus Berryman testified that on November 2, 2002, he received a telephone tip to go to\nthe Petitioner’s girlfriend’s address. ", "After the Petitioner’s girlfriend directed him next door,\nhe found the victim’s necklace with the pendant attached and the victim’s jacket. ", "Even if the\nvictim’s mother had not been allowed to testify that the necklace and the pendant were the\nvictim’s, other evidence established that the necklace was the victim’s, that the pendant was\nattached to that necklace when it was found a few days after the Petitioner was seen beating\nthe victim with a bat, and that the Petitioner used the pendant as collateral for a loan on the\nday after the beating. ", "We conclude that the Petitioner was not prejudiced by trial counsel’s\nfailure to object to the victim’s mother’s testimony.", "\n\n\n\n -14-\n\f In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, the judgment of the trial\ncourt is affirmed.", "\n\n ____________________________________\n JOSEPH M. TIPTON, PRESIDING JUDGE\n\n\n\n\n -15-\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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