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[ "Q:\n\nTomcat JVM - which memory parameter to increase after Heap Memory Statistics\n\nI am having \njava.lang.", "OutOfMemoryError: Java heap space\n\nWhich parameters would you increase for the Tomcat after knowing the following Heap Memory Statistics?", "\nHeap Memory Statistics\n\nA:\n\nThe parameter that defines maximum heap size is -Xmx but do not simply change it without knowing the reason you run out of memory! ", "Apart from it there are many other parameters that influence how your memory is structured and garbage collected. ", " \nTo give you a simple analogy, it's like a bucket of water. ", "It can only fit given amount of water. ", "If you know you need more water, you can get a bigger bucket. ", "But if you are constantly pouring more water into it than you consume, the size of the bucket does not matter - it will fill up sooner or later. ", "In programing this is called memory leak. ", "\nThat is why you should not simply increase heap size. ", "You need to do some analysis to understand why you are running out of memory and if adding more memory would solve the problem or simply postpone it. ", "Now to do perform those analysis exactly is by far too broad question to be answered here. ", " \n\n" ]

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[ "Latest Posts\n\nIf you are thinking about buying a timeshare in Mexico with the Tafer Hotels & Resorts, then you will want to know some important information so you can prevent yourself from becoming a Tafer Hotels & Resort timeshare scam victim. … ", "Continued\n\nHave you thought about cancelling your timeshare membership? ", "Make sure you read this article first to learn all you need to know about timeshare cancellations. ", "This information will help you understand if a timeshare membership cancellation is possible, and the … Continued\n\nIf you are wanting the best vacation experience to make memories that will last forever with your family and friends, then you should consider a timeshare. ", "Timeshares which are also known as vacation ownerships, are not just a way to … Continued\n\nMany people in the world think that the word ‘spa’ came from a well-known Latin term, which is ‘salus per aquae’, which actually means “health from water”, but there is village in Belgium named Spa where there are natural hot … Continued\n\nWhile the word timeshares may invoke a negative connotation for some people, the reality is that timeshares allow people to efficiently plan ahead for amazing vacations at the top resorts. ", "In Mexico, Garza Blanca is a leading luxury resort and … Continued\n\nScam Alert! ", "As an existing timeshare member, do you want to know how you can protect yourself from timeshare scams? ", "Don’t fear, there are easy ways that you can protect yourself from ever becoming a timeshare rental scam victim. ", "Who … Continued" ]

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[ "On 2/16/2011 8:08 PM, Eric Prud'hommeaux wrote:\n>\n> The IRI lineage is a but funny. ", "RDF mandates the %-encoding of any non-ASCII. ", "It preceeded 2397 so it professed a compatibility instead with XML Namespace IRIs (which includes the small non-ASCII range [\\xA0-\\xEFFFD], as well as ' '). ", "Somehow, the RDF world seemed to move as one from \"<%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9#%E5%90%8D>\" to\"<植物#名>\". ", "SPARQL declares its IRIs to \"correspond\" to RDF URI References and provides a grammar which excludes ' ', but copies XML's Name production. ", "At any rate, the world seems to have agreed to IRIs, so let's breath a sigh of relief and perpetuate this boon to I18N.\nDuring the development of the 2004 recs the I18N WG advised RDF Core\nthat we should align with the at the time unfinished IRI spec and there\nwas (IIRC) no dissent, and there has been no effective dissent to that\nplan anywhere in the community. ", "So I would date the move to \"<植物#名>\"\nas approx 2003, and we are still finishing off the plan of depending on\nIRI because the I18N guys were late to the party (but they had at least\nsaid they were coming, and did indeed turn up)\nJeremy" ]

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[ "Anyone who's read this blog knows my opinion of Mike Adams, the proprietor of the quack website known as NaturalNews.com. ", "It is not favorable, to put it mildly. ", "All you have to do to realize that is to type his name into the search box of this blog and see what comes up: Anger at his attacks on celebrities who have died of cancer; mockery of his pretending to be a scientist and attacking Jimmy Kimmel for \"hate speech\" about vaccines; alarm at his threats delivered with somewhat plausible deniability against scientists; further alarm at his \"natural biopreparedness\" and homeopathy for Ebola; and, of course amusement at his New World Order conspiracy mongering. ", "In terms of blog fodder, Adams is the gift that keeps on giving. ", "Unfortunately, in terms of his influence against science and medicine and for pseudoscience and quackery, his influence is not insubstantial, so much so that when the opportunity presents itself I feel obligated to discuss him.", "\n\nThe opportunity has presented itself in the form of an excellent summation of the empire of pseudoscience and quackery that is Mike Adams by Sacha Feinman entitled Meet The Internet Entrepreneur Profiting Off The Anti-Vaxxer Movement. ", "Of course, I have one quibble about this title. ", "Adams profits off of way more than the antivaccine movement. ", "Quackery, fear mongering about food, Scientology-like hatred of psychiatry to the point where after the Sandy Hook school massacre, he immediately blamed psychiatric medications for the rampage of Adam Lanza, the perpetrator of the massacre. ", "But that's just a quibble. ", "The article itself tells the tale quite well. ", "It also confirms something I've been writing for quite a while now, namely how Adams got his quacky start selling Y2K scams:\n\nTowards the turn of the millennium, the Y2K bug was much on the mind of the media, representing perhaps the first great conspiracy of the digital age. ", "True believers held that the seemingly simple switchover from 12/31/99 to 1/1/00 would cause computers and electronic systems the world over to crash, triggering international crises of every conceivable sort. ", "Adams saw the opportunity in the situation, and began to sell supposed “information products” that would insulate his paying audience from the oncoming chaos, which, of course, never came. ", "In a since-deleted excerpt on Adams’ site published by ZDNet, Adams boasted that in 1999, “in an effort to fine-tune his web marketing techniques, Michael [Adams] launched a six-month experiment to determine what kind of revenues are possible when combining his proprietary techniques and technologies with a high-awareness topic. ", "The result? ", "With the help of only one employee, he created a subscriber base of over 50,000 people and sold over $400,000 worth of information products while offering an open-ended, 100% moneyback [sic] guarantee.” ", "This subscriber base was largely won over by Adams’ then infamous “39 Unanswered Questions about Y2K.” In a foreshadowing of the sorts of the “listicles” that would drive traffic to both Natural News and the site’s advertisers (not to mention BuzzFeed), Adams demonstrated a remarkable ability to frame a controversial issue in a manner perfectly suited for digital consumption. ", "The widely shared email consisted of a series of fear-mongering questions such as, “Why is there not a single Fortune 1000 firm that has said, in its 10-Q SEC statement, that it is fully, unequivocally Y2K-compliant?” ", "Critics panned the listicle as, “a national spamming campaign against the press and politicians to stir up enough anxiety to clear the shelves of Y2K supplies” and, “the best publicity stunt I’ve seen.”", "\n\nSo from the beginning, Adams was talented. ", "He saw the possibilities in web marketing to drive traffic to his sites and use that to monetize them very early on, and to monetize them selling scams. ", "In this, we can see him honing his early techniques. ", "Indeed, he took it far beyond just that, mastering the dark arts of using \"black hat\" search engine optimization, running link farms, and using those skills to drive traffic back to his site. ", "It turns out that the skill set that made Adams so talented at crafting mass e-mail marketing campaigns that actually persuaded the marks to give up their money is the same skill set that he later honed to become an expert at SEO.", "\n\nBut how successful has he been? ", "According to Feinman:\n\nAccording to the service comScore, Natural News hosted over 2 million unique visitors in the month of December 2014. ", "The website’s Google PageRank is a respectable six, the same number enjoyed by other, more mainstream preachers of the “natural” space. ", "The CEO of Whole Foods John Mackey’s blog also receives a six, as do the landing pages for Andrew Weil and Deepak Chopra. ", "Adams claims that he has, “personally authored over 2,000 articles, including investigative articles, satire and op-ed,” and that “his writings have been collectively read by over 100 million people over the past decade.” ", "Every time Adams publishes a story with a headline such as, “Medical mafia calling for gunpoint quarantines of citizens who refuse vaccinations”, it’s pushed out to the newsfeeds of the nearly 1.5 million Facebook accounts who “like” Natural News. ", "This number far surpasses that of The Atlantic, and falls just short of the Los Angeles Times.", "\n\nHa! ", "Well, I've personally authored over 4,000 blog posts. ", "So there! ", "Unfortunately, even with the boost in my traffic over the last two weeks due to the Jess Ainscough post, my traffic is nowhere near what Adams' is regularly. ", "Neither is that of pretty much any skeptical blog or website that I am aware of. ", "Naturally, Adams' numbers are probably inflated due to all his SEO manipulation and link farming, but, even so, that's still impressive, impressive enough to be depressing. ", "It's particularly pressing to note that last year Adams was even featured on an episode of The Dr. Oz Show, where his not-so-mad skillz doing mass spectrometry to measure heavy metals in food were on display for real chemists to ridicule, as mentioned in the article:\n\nOpaqueness is common throughout Adams’ world, even as he consistently lobbies for greater transparency in the variety of causes he writes about. ", "The Consumer Wellness Center, a tax-exempt organization based in Wyoming, operates the labs which conducted Adams’ research on purportedly toxic levels of heavy metals in organic foods. ", "While a recent press release from the center originates from Tucson, Arizona, the organization’s website, like many in Adams’ empire, is registered to a P.O. box in Taichung City, Taiwan. ", "As for the lab itself and the instrumentation it utilizes, the website simply reads that, “our instrumentation is certified by our manufacturers, our external standards are traceable to NIST, and our methodologies are based on EPA-published laboratory protocols.” ", "The letter from Adams’ lawyers states that the lab has “applied for and anticipates receipt of ISO 17025 accreditation,” a typical standard for demonstrating the technical competency of labs. “", "With this sort of testing, you have to be able to replicate exactly what you are doing,” stresses Chris Vulpe, an associate professor at the UC Berkeley Center for Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology. “", "It has to be laid out in excruciating details.”", "\n\nYep. ", "Just as I've explained.", "\n\nI'm glad to see a mainstream website paying attention to the Mike Adams phenomenon. ", "Adams has been laying down his misinformation about science and medicine for so long and his history so shrouded in the mists of time—Internet time, that is, where traces disappear a lot faster—that it's high time that someone has looked into his background and activities. ", "Basically, this article doesn't really tell me what I didn't already know about Adams from having followed him over the years. ", "That doesn't mean it isn't useful to have the information in a convenient one-stop-shop to use whenever a clueless Facebook friend posts it on your wall. ", "I recommend using it liberally." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nspring boot starting application error\n\nhere is the error : \n\n . ", " ____ _ __ _ _\n /\\\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \\ \\ \\ \\\n( ( )\\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \\/ _` | \\ \\ \\ \\\n \\\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )\n ' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\\__, | / / / /\n =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/\n :: Spring Boot :: (v1.4.2.RELEASE)\n\n 2018-03-21 11:52:43.445 INFO 5100 --- [ main] \n com.projetPfe.imagpart.", "ProjetPfe : Starting ProjetPfe on damha-PC \n with PID 5100 (C:\\Users\\damha\\Documents\\workspace-sts\\course- \n api\\target\\classes started by damha in C:\\Users\\damha\\Documents\\workspace- \n sts\\course-api)\n 2018-03-21 11:52:43.463 INFO 5100 --- [ main] \n com.projetPfe.imagpart.", "ProjetPfe : No active profile set, falling \n back to default profiles: default\n 2018-03-21 11:52:43.576 INFO 5100 --- [ main] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Refreshing org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.", "AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@7ed7259e: startup date [Wed Mar 21 11:52:43 CET 2018]; root of context hierarchy\n2018-03-21 11:52:44.627 WARN 5100 --- [ main] ationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext : Exception encountered during context initialization - cancelling refresh attempt: org.springframework.beans.factory.", "BeanDefinitionStoreException: Failed to process import candidates for configuration class [com.projetPfe.imagpart.", "ProjetPfe]; nested exception is java.lang.", "IllegalStateException: Could not evaluate condition on org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.", "DataSourceAutoConfiguration$EmbeddedDatabaseConfiguration due to org/springframework/dao/DataAccessException not found. ", "Make sure your own configuration does not rely on that class. ", "This can also happen if you are @ComponentScanning a springframework package (e.g. if you put a @ComponentScan in the default package by mistake)\n2018-03-21 11:52:44.657 ERROR 5100 --- [ main] o.s.b.f.s.", "DefaultListableBeanFactory : Destroy method on bean with name 'org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.internalCachingMetadataReaderFactory' threw an exception\n\njava.lang.", "IllegalStateException: ApplicationEventMulticaster not initialized - call 'refresh' before multicasting events via the context: org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.", "AnnotationConfigEmbeddedWebApplicationContext@7ed7259e: startup date [Wed Mar 21 11:52:43 CET 2018]; root of context hierarchy\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "AbstractApplicationContext.getApplicationEventMulticaster(AbstractApplicationContext.java:404) [spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "ApplicationListenerDetector.postProcessBeforeDestruction(ApplicationListenerDetector.java:97) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.", "DisposableBeanAdapter.destroy(DisposableBeanAdapter.java:253) ~[spring-beans-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.", "DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.destroyBean(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:578) [spring-beans-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.", "DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.destroySingleton(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:554) [spring-beans-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.", "DefaultListableBeanFactory.destroySingleton(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:954) [spring-beans-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.", "DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.destroySingletons(DefaultSingletonBeanRegistry.java:523) [spring-beans-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.", "DefaultListableBeanFactory.destroySingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:961) [spring-beans-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "AbstractApplicationContext.destroyBeans(AbstractApplicationContext.java:1033) [spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:555) [spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.", "EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.refresh(EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.java:122) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:761) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:371) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:315) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1186) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1175) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at com.projetPfe.imagpart.", "ProjetPfe.main(ProjetPfe.java:10) [classes/:na]\n\n2018-03-21 11:52:44.797 ERROR 5100 --- [ main] o.s.boot.", "SpringApplication : Application startup failed\n\norg.springframework.beans.factory.", "BeanDefinitionStoreException: Failed to process import candidates for configuration class [com.projetPfe.imagpart.", "ProjetPfe]; nested exception is java.lang.", "IllegalStateException: Could not evaluate condition on org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.", "DataSourceAutoConfiguration$EmbeddedDatabaseConfiguration due to org/springframework/dao/DataAccessException not found. ", "Make sure your own configuration does not rely on that class. ", "This can also happen if you are @ComponentScanning a springframework package (e.g. if you put a @ComponentScan in the default package by mistake)\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.processImports(ConfigurationClassParser.java:541) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.processDeferredImportSelectors(ConfigurationClassParser.java:475) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.parse(ConfigurationClassParser.java:184) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.processConfigBeanDefinitions(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:324) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.postProcessBeanDefinitionRegistry(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:246) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.invokeBeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessors(PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.java:270) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.java:93) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "AbstractApplicationContext.invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(AbstractApplicationContext.java:686) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.support.", "AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:524) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.context.embedded.", "EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.refresh(EmbeddedWebApplicationContext.java:122) ~[spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:761) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:371) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:315) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1186) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1175) [spring-boot-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at com.projetPfe.imagpart.", "ProjetPfe.main(ProjetPfe.java:10) [classes/:na]\nCaused by: java.lang.", "IllegalStateException: Could not evaluate condition on org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.", "DataSourceAutoConfiguration$EmbeddedDatabaseConfiguration due to org/springframework/dao/DataAccessException not found. ", "Make sure your own configuration does not rely on that class. ", "This can also happen if you are @ComponentScanning a springframework package (e.g. if you put a @ComponentScan in the default package by mistake)\n at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.", "SpringBootCondition.matches(SpringBootCondition.java:55) ~[spring-boot-autoconfigure-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConditionEvaluator.shouldSkip(ConditionEvaluator.java:102) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.processConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassParser.java:202) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.processMemberClasses(ConfigurationClassParser.java:329) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.doProcessConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassParser.java:247) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.processConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassParser.java:230) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.context.annotation.", "ConfigurationClassParser.processImports(ConfigurationClassParser.java:532) ~[spring-context-4.3.4.RELEASE.jar:4.3.4.RELEASE]\n ... 15 common frames omitted\nCaused by: java.lang.", "NoClassDefFoundError: org/springframework/dao/DataAccessException\n at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.jdbc.", "DataSourceAutoConfiguration$EmbeddedDatabaseCondition.getMatchOutcome(DataSourceAutoConfiguration.java:202) ~[spring-boot-autoconfigure-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n at org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.condition.", "SpringBootCondition.matches(SpringBootCondition.java:47) ~[spring-boot-autoconfigure-1.4.2.RELEASE.jar:1.4.2.RELEASE]\n ... 21 common frames omitted\n Caused by: java.lang.", "ClassNotFoundException: \n org.springframework.dao.", "DataAccessException\n at java.net.", "URLClassLoader.findClass(Unknown Source) ~[na:1.8.0_131]\n at java.lang.", "ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source) ~[na:1.8.0_131]\n at sun.misc.", "Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source) ~ \n [na:1.8.0_131]\n at java.lang.", "ClassLoader.loadClass(Unknown Source) ~[na:1.8.0_131]\n ... 23 common frames omitted \n\nhere is my pom.xml file : \n <project xmlns=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0\" \nxmlns:xsi=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance\" \nxsi:schemaLocation=\"http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 \nhttp://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd\">\n<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>\n<groupId>com.", "PfeProject</groupId>\n<artifactId>projet_de_pfe</artifactId>\n<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>\n<name>Projet PFE chez Imagine Partners</name>\n\n<parent>\n<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>\n<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>\n <version>1.4.2.RELEASE</version>\n</parent>\n\n <build>\n <plugins>\n <plugin>\n <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>\n </plugin>\n </plugins>\n </build>\n\n <dependencies>\n <dependency>\n <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-data-jpa</artifactId>\n </dependency>\n\n <dependency>\n <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>\n </dependency> \n\n <dependency>\n <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>\n </dependency>\n\n <dependency>\n <groupId>mysql</groupId>\n <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>\n <scope>runtime</scope>\n </dependency>\n\n <dependency>\n\n <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>\n <scope>test</scope>\n </dependency>\n\n <dependency>\n <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>\n <version>4.3.8.RELEASE</version> \n </dependency> \n\n <dependency>\n <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>\n <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-tomcat</artifactId>\n <scope>provided</scope>\n </dependency>\n\n </dependencies>\n\n <properties>\n <java.version>1.8</java.version>\n </properties>\n\n </project>\n\nthis is my main class :\npackage com.projetPfe.imagpart;\n\nimport org.springframework.boot.", "SpringApplication;\nimport org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.", "SpringBootApplication;\n\n @SpringBootApplication\n public class ProjetPfe {\n\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n SpringApplication.run(ProjetPfe.class, args);\n\n }\n\n}\n\nA:\n\ni fixed it by cleaning maven repository (m2 repository)\n\n" ]

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[ "Fox News host Anna Kooiman was advised by anti-feminist crusader Suzanne Venker to quit her job and get married because women should spend more time “thanking men” for the ability to stay home and take care of children.", "\n\nIn a column on FoxNews.com last week, Venker — who is Phyllis Schalfly’s niece — argued that today’s women had been deluded into thinking that they could live without a husband.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nDuring an interview with Venker on Sunday, Fox News host Tucker Carlson was totally on board the premise of the column because he said, “I rely completely on my wife.”", "\n\nBut Kooiman wanted to know how the philosophy applied to a career-driven woman like herself.", "\n\n“I’m single, I’m 29, I’m very career oriented,” Kooiman explained. “", "What’s your advice in just a couple sentences?”", "\n\n“My advice is, as the years go on and you find that you want, if you do, to get married and settle down, to understand time is going to be your greatest enemy,” Venker opined. “", "Not your husband, not men, not the government, not your employers. ", "It’s time, there’s just not enough time in the day to do everything.”", "\n\n“So if you learn to embrace that side of yourself that isn’t about work,” she continued. “", "In other words, the nurturing side, the motherhood, all of that. ", "It’s okay to let your husband bring home that full-time income so you can have more of a balanced life.”", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n“And we should really be thanking men for this, not saying they’re in our way or not doing enough.”", "\n\nHost Clayton Morris concluded by thanking Venker for writing the column because “there’s not one thing in here I disagreed with.”", "\n\nWatch this video from Fox News’ Fox & Friends, broadcast Dec. 8, 2013.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n(h/t: Think Progress)" ]

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[ "Syracuse University men's basketball players C.J. Fair and Michael Carter-Williams were named to the All-Big East second team on Sunday. ", "Orange guard Brandon Triche was a member of the third team.", "\n\nALL-BIG EAST FIRST TEAM\n\nShabazz Napier, Connecticut, G, Jr., 6-1, 171, Roxbury, Mass.\n\n*Otto Porter, Jr., Georgetown, F, So., ", "6-8, 205, Sikeston, Mo.\n\nGorgui Dieng, Louisville, C, Jr., 6-11, 245, Kebemer, Senegal\n\nRuss Smith, Louisville, G, Jr., 6-0, 165, Briarwood, N.Y.\n\nJack Cooley, Notre Dame, F, Sr., ", "6-9, 246, Glenview, Ill.\n\nBryce Cotton, Providence, G, Jr., 6-1, 165, Tucson, Ariz.\n\n\n\nALL-BIG EAST SECOND TEAM\n\nSean Kilpatrick, Cincinnati, G, Jr., 6-4, 221, White Plains, N.Y.\n\nVander Blue, Marquette, G, Sr., ", "6-4, 200, Madison, Wisc.", "\n\nJerian Grant, Notre Dame, G, Jr., 6-5, 202, Bowie, Md.\n\nMichael Carter-Williams, Syracuse, G, So., ", "6-6, 185, Hamilton, Mass.\n\nC.J. Fair, Syracuse, F, Jr., 6-8, 215, Baltimore, Md.\n\n\n\nALL-BIG EAST THIRD TEAM\n\nMarkel Starks, Georgetown, G, Jr., 6-2, 175, Accokeek, Md.\n\nPeyton Siva, Louisville, G, Sr., ", "6-0, 185, Seattle, Wash.\n\nTray Woodall, Pittsburgh, G, Sr., ", "6-0, 190, Brooklyn, N.Y.\n\nBrandon Triche, Syracuse, G, Sr., ", "6-4,210, Jamesville, N.Y.\n\nJayVaughn Pinkston, Villanova, F, So., ", "6-6, 240, Brooklyn, N.Y.\n\n\n\nBIG EAST HONORABLE MENTION\n\nDavante Gardner, Marquette, F, Jr., 6-8, 290, Suffolk, Va.\n\nKadeem Batts, Providence, F, Jr., 6-9, 245, Powder Springs, Ga.\n\nJaKarr Sampson, St. John's, F, Fr., ", "6-8, 204, Barberton, Ohio\n\nFuquan Edwin, Seton Hall, F, Jr., G-F, 6-6, 205, Paterson, N.J.\n\n\n\nBIG EAST ALL-ROOKIE TEAM\n\nOmar Calhoun, Connecticut, G, Fr., ", "6-5, 195, Brooklyn, N.Y.\n\nD'Vauntes Smith-Rivera, Georgetown, G, Fr., ", "6-3, 227, Indianapolis, Ind.\n\nSteven Adams, Pittsburgh, C, Fr., ", "7-0, 250, Roturua, New Zealand\n\nChris Obekpa, St. John's, C, Fr., ", "6-9, 223, Makurdi, Nigeria\n\n*JaKarr Sampson, St. John's, F, Fr., ", "6-8, 204, Barberton, Ohio\n\n*Ryan Arcidiacono, Villanova, G, Fr., ", "6-3, 195, Langhorne, Pa.\n\n*Denotes unanimous selection.", "\n\nDue to a tie in the voting, an additional position was named for the rookie team." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nandroid canvas rope swing\n\nI'm creating the code, where a player swinging on a rope\nfor the moment I got this\ndouble angle = Math.atan2(player_y - center_y, player_x - center_x) - Math.atan2(end_y - center_y, end_x - center_x);\nif (direction == 'right') {\n player_x += 10;\n player_y += 10 * angle;\n} else {\n player_x -= 10;\n player_y -= 10 * angle; \n}\n\nI know that I have to add gravity, speed, etc... but I'm not very good in physics. ", "The question is How do I make rope swinging more realistic?", "\nI don't use any engines or frameworks, only native canvas.", "\nEDIT\nTried this code.", "\nonStart...\nangle0 = Math.atan2(player_y - center_y, player_x - center_x) - Math.atan2(end_y - center_y, end_x - center_x);\nlength = Math.hypot(center_x - player_x, center_y - player_y);\nswing_start = System.currentTimeMillis();\nT = 2 * Math.", "PI * Math.sqrt(length / 9.8f);\n\nonDraw...\nelapsed_time = (System.currentTimeMillis() - swing_start) / 1000;\n\n#with this player makes a very slow circle with the wrong pivot point\nplayer_x += Math.sin((2 * Math.", "PI / T) * elapsed_time);\nplayer_y += Math.cos((2 * Math.", "PI / T) * elapsed_time);\n\n#with this it makes backwards circle \ndouble angle = angle0 * Math.cos((2 * Math.", "PI / T) * elapsed_time);\nplayer_x += Math.sin(angle)\nplayer_y += Math.cos(angle);\n\nWhere am I wrong?", "\nonDraw called every 25ms\nLog...\nstart - 15:31:22.411\n﹕ T: 39.83959786319781 angle: 1.1898202456306484\n+15 the same\n﹕ T: 39.83959786319781 angle: 1.175053634797472\n+18\n﹕ T: 39.83959786319781 angle: 1.13112033295045\n+18\n﹕ T: 39.83959786319781 angle: 1.059110834176187\n+17\n﹕ T: 39.83959786319781 angle: 0.9608125282061935\n+17\n﹕ T: 39.83959786319781 angle: 0.9608125282061935\n+17\n﹕ T: 39.83959786319781 angle: 0.6957011399544965\n+17\n\nend - 15:31:29.361\n\nA:\n\nYou can use pendulum physic to approximate your rope swing.", "\nCalculate the fluctuation period (this is true for small fluctuations)\nT = 2*PI*SQRT(L/g)\n\nwhere: \nPI = 3.14\n\ng = 9.8 (if I remember) the earth gravity acceleration \nL : the rope length, or better the length from rotation fulcrum to the character hands.", "\nThen you get the fluctuation angle as function of time t as : \nangle(t) = angle0 * COS((2*PI/T)*t)\n\nwhere angle0 is the starting amptitude \n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDrupal workflow action access integrated with taxonomy access control?", "\n\nI am building a DMS for our intranet and use a taxonomy hierarchy because we need access control that way. ", "All company locations manage (upload,edit) their own documents but should be able to access all. ", "This is inherited to the child terms and works fine.", "\nAdditionally we want simple 3-step workflow (draft,published,archived). ", "So i introduced roles for editor, publisher and docadmin and set permissions for the transitions. ", "Also triggers to effectivly (un)publish documents.", "\nBut (of course) a user of role publisher can do the transition for ALL documents. ", "But we want publisher for each company location (top taxonomy level, see above).", "\nCould this be achieved? ", " Do i have to set it up by myself (i guess \"rules\" is appropriate to do this) or is there another module helping.", "\nrole inheritance was a guess, but that is only about roles (naturally).", "\n\"module grants\" i use and checked first option. ", "That way my thoughts are going. ", "I hope you get my idea resp. ", "problem.", "\ndrupal 6.16 current \nedit: \nI reread the docs and found ie. ", "http://drupal.org/node/408018 Revisioning for categorized content. ", "Will reread that.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt seems you're running into a know issue in Drupal 6's node access api. ", "Grants only work as an approval, so if any access module says a user can perform an action no other module can take it away. ", " The only other solution I can think of would be a mash of the modules to calculate based on both criteria, obviously a potentially complex task.", "\nCertainly not recommended, but you could apply your own logic to scan the grants tables to remove entries for users that don't match up with both criteria. ", " You would have to find the right hook to have it perform its work after both other modules have calculated their values and saved them to the database.", "\nGood news: this is fixed in D7. ", " Bad news: D7 will be a while.", "\nDrupal 7 will allow modules to approve, deny, or abstain from node access decisions. ", " As such, your taxonomy module could say the users are approved for these terms, denied for others. ", " As well, workflow could approve for some stages and deny for others. ", " A user would require at least one approval and no denials.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Histologic diagnosis and grading of esophageal acute graft-versus-host disease.", "\nAcute intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a serious threat after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). ", "Although criteria for the histological diagnosis and grading of GvHD are well established for most parts of the gastrointestinal tract, evidence-based criteria have not yet been defined for the esophagus. ", "Here, we evaluated esophageal biopsies obtained from 51 patients who underwent alloHSCT and compared the findings with those within the stomach and duodenum. ", "In 32 of 51 biopsy samples of the esophagus, we identified a continuum of histological features of acute GvHD, ranging from vacuolar degeneration and single-cell apoptosis to the formation of clefts and mucosa denudation in advanced cases. ", "These findings correlated with GvHD involving the stomach and duodenum and the clinical manifestations of GvHD in other organs. ", "We therefore conclude that acute GvHD and esophageal GvHD can be diagnosed and graded histologically. ", "Our findings may help to establish the histological diagnosis of acute GvHD using endoscopic biopsies from the esophagus and to explain the alterations observed in the esophageal mucosa in patients after alloHSCT." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nwhy are non singular curves used in elliptic curve cryptography?", "\n\nIt is not possible to draw tangent at all the points of a singular curve. ", "What is the specialty of this and how it is related to cryptography and elliptic discriminant?", "\n\nA:\n\nNot-so-useful answer: An elliptic curve is by definition a non-singular curve. ", "Therefore by definition we use non-singular curves in elliptic-curve cryptography.", "\nWhy not use singular curves? ", "It turns out that the group structure on those curves is isomorphic to the multiplicative group of a (quadratic extension of) a field. ", "Therefore the discrete logarithm problem is not harder than of that in a finite field, so there is little reason to use the curve in the first place.", "\nThe discriminant characterizes all curves which are non-singular. ", "In other words, the curves that are non-singular are exactly those for which the discriminant $\\Delta$ is non-zero.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Perhaps taking a cue from the thousands of phones and tablets that film him at concerts, Damon Albarn shot the video for \"Lonely Press Play,\" a track off his forthcoming solo debut Everyday Robots, by filming it entirely on his tablet. ", "He captured the footage for the video guerilla-style (or is that Gorillaz-style?) ", "in a variety of locations that one might expect to find Albarn (Tokyo, London, Dallas, Utah, Iceland, Colchester, England and Devon, England) and one unusual one (North Korea). ", "Motion is the star of the video, with shots of moving roads and airplane wings contrasting with the chill nature of the song.", "\n\nRecently, Albarn told Rolling Stone that his interest in filming his surroundings was tied to a reflective mood he found himself in while working on Everyday Robots. \"", "I started at the beginning by going back to the neighborhood where I grew up and walking around and filming stuff with my iPad,\" he said. \"", "It was like my own archaeological dig, cordoning off areas that I wanted to concentrate on.\"", "\n\nIn other Damon-Albarn-using-a-mobile-device-to-film-things news, the Blur frontman shot footage of a mariachi band playing a medley of Beatles songs – \"Yesterday,\" \"Yellow Submarine\" and \"Michelle\" – and dedicated it to Paul McCartney. \"", "I thought you might appreciate these guys,\" he said in the clip, which NME posted in association with giving McCartney the Songwriter's Songwriter trophy at its awards show.", "\n\nAlbarn will find himself on the other end of the mobile device soon enough, though, when he begins touring in support of Everyday Robots, which comes out April 29th. (", "He'll be joined by new live band the Heavy Seas.) ", "The musician recently told Rolling Stone that he would play songs from all of his bands over the years – Blur, Gorillaz, the Good the Bad and the Queen – in addition to songs on the new record. \"", "I'm thinking about playing one Blur song I'd completely forgotten: it's the B-side to 'Beetlebum' called 'All Your Life,'\" he said. \"", "We just played that today, so it's fresh in my mind.\"" ]

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[ "Maeve McDermott\n\nUSATODAY\n\nSnoop Dogg has made it clear that he's no Trump supporter, speaking out against the president through his 2016 campaign and again 50 days into his administration.", "\n\n\n\nIn Snoop's latest music video for Lavender, a remix featuring BADBADNOTGOOD and Kaytranada, the rapper literally takes aim at Trump, pointing a gun at a clown dressed like the president.", "\n\nIn an interview with Billboard, Snoop claimed that \"nobody’s dealing with the real issue with this (expletive) clown as president,\" with his rapper peers only focused on releasing \"party music.\"", "\n\nThe rapper also listed his many issues with President Trump, including the \"ban that (he) tried to put up; him winning the presidency; police being able to kill ... and get away with it (and) people being in jail for weed for 20, 30 years,\" he said.", "\n\n\n\n\"It’s a lot of clown (stuff) going on that we could just sit and talk on the phone all day about, but it’s a few issues that we really wanted to lock into (for the video) like police, the president and just life in general.\"", "\n\nThe video's director, Jesse Wellens, told Billboard that the video was inspired by the shooting of Philando Castile last summer.", "\n\nAccording to Snoop, his focus on the track was \"making a song that was not controversial but real -- real to the voice of the people who don’t have a voice.\"", "\n\n(Warning: Video contains explicit language)" ]

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[ "A specific intermolecular association between the regulatory domains of a Tec family kinase.", "\nInterleukin-2 tyrosine kinase (Itk), is a T-cell specific tyrosine kinase of the Tec family. ", "We have examined a novel intermolecular interaction between the SH3 and SH2 domains of Itk. ", "In addition to the interaction between the isolated domains, we have found that the dual SH3/SH2 domain-containing fragment of Itk self-associates in a specific manner in solution. ", "Tec family members contain the SH3, SH2 and catalytic domains common to many kinase families but are distinguished by a unique amino-terminal sequence, which contains a proline-rich stretch. ", "Previous work has identified an intramolecular regulatory association between the proline-rich region and the adjacent SH3 domain of Itk. ", "The intermolecular interaction between the SH3 and SH2 domains of Itk that we describe provides a possible mechanism for displacement of this intramolecular regulatory sequence, a step that may be required for full Tec kinase activation. ", "Additionally, localization of the interacting surfaces on both the SH3 and SH2 domains by chemical shift mapping has provided information about the molecular details of this recognition event. ", "The interaction involves the conserved aromatic binding pocket of the SH3 domain and a newly defined binding surface on the SH2 domain. ", "The interacting residues on the SH2 domain do not conform to the consensus motif for an SH3 proline-rich ligand. ", "Interestingly, we note a striking correlation between the SH2 residues that mediate this interaction and those residues that, when mutated in the Tec family member Btk, cause the hereditary immune disorder, X-linked agamaglobulinemia." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to a crystalline form of 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4-methyl-3-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienylmethyl]benzene hemihydrate useful as an inhibitor of sodium-dependent glucose transporter, to methods for its preparation and isolation, to pharmaceutical compositions which include the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and to pharmaceutical methods of treatment.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nWO 2005/012326 pamphlet discloses a class of compounds that are inhibitors of sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) and thus of therapeutic use for treatment of diabetes, obesity, diabetic complications, and the like. ", "There is described in WO 2005/012326 pamphlet 1-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-4-methyl-3-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienylmethyl]benzene of formula (I):\n\nIn general, for commercial use it is important that a product should have good handling qualities. ", "Additionally, there is a need to produce the product in a pure and crystalline form to enable formulations to meet exacting pharmaceutical requirements and specifications.", "\nAnd it is desirable that the product should be in a form that is readily filterable and easily dried.", "\nAdditionally, it is economically desirable that the product be stable for extended periods of time without the need for specialized storage conditions.", "\nBut there have been difficulties in obtaining a crystal form of the compound of formula (I) from organic solvents.", "\nIt has now been discovered that the compound of formula (I) hemihydrate can be produced in a crystalline form in a manner reproducible on a commercial scale." ]

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[ "\n512 S.W.2d 199 (1974)\nCOUNTY OF PLATTE et al., ", "Plaintiffs and Intervenors-Appellants,\nv.\nMarion W. CHIPMAN, Trustee, and Homer A. White, III, Executor, et al., ", "Defendants-Appellants.", "\nSTATE of Missouri ex rel. ", "Homer A. WHITE, III, Executor, et al., ", "Relator-Respondents,\nv.\nCOUNTY COURT OF PLATTE COUNTY, Missouri, and Henry J. Miller, et al., ", "Respondents-Appellants.", "\nNos. ", "KCD 26160, KCD 26161.", "\nMissouri Court of Appeals, Kansas City District.", "\nJuly 1, 1974.", "\n*200 James W. Farley, Farley, William Dick Fickle, Pros. ", "Atty., ", "Platte City, for Platte County and others.", "\nClevenger & Lay, David R. Clevenger, Platte City, for Homer A. White.", "\nBefore PRITCHARD, P. J., and SWOFFORD and SOMERVILLE, JJ.", "\nSWOFFORD, Judge.", "\nThis matter involves cross-appeals taken from judgments in two consolidated cases in the court below, there tried by the court.", "\nThe first of such cases numbered E-70-303 below (here No. ", "KCD 26,160) was an action brought by the County of Platte, as original plaintiff, seeking relief by injunction against the proposed use of certain land in Platte County as a mobile homes court or park, such use allegedly in violation of the zoning laws of such county. ", "Other individuals, owners of property in the area, were permitted to intervene in that suit as parties plaintiff. ", "The defendants in that action were the owners of the land proposed to be used for such alleged unlawful purpose.", "\nThe second such case, numbered E-71-145 below (here No. ", "KCD 26,161) was an action by the owners of the property upon which the mobile homes court or park was proposed to be constructed and was a petition *201 for a writ of certiorari seeking review of the records and a judgment setting aside an order of the County Court of Platte County dated March 25, 1971 with reference to the zoning of the property involved. ", "The defendants in that suit were the members of the County Court of Platte County, Missouri.", "\nThe court below entered a judgment in the first case which, among other things, made permanent a temporary injunction theretofore issued, and a judgment in the second case reversing the order of the Platte County Court of March 25, 1971. ", "The details of these judgments and the background of the cases are hereafter discussed. ", "All parties appealed.", "\nBecause of the complexity of this record and for the sake of simplicity, the owners of the land, the use of which is in controversy, and who are defendants in the first case and relators in the second, will herein be designated \"applicants\". ", "Platte County and the intervenors, owners of land in the area, plaintiffs in the first suit, and the members of the Platte County Court, defendants in the second suit, will hereafter be designated \"protestors\".", "\nAs is now apparent, the background of the litigation involves the zoning laws of Platte County, Missouri. ", "The pertinent facts are undisputed.", "\nOn January 13, 1970, the applicants filed an application with the Platte County Planning Commission requesting that the land in question be rezoned from District R-1A to District R-A for the proposed use as a site for a mobile homes court. ", "The required notice was published and a public hearing held on March 10, 1970. ", "Evidence was received which revealed that the land involved was 241 acres of land, six miles northwest of Parkville in Platte County. ", "The applicants proposed to establish on this site the \"Twin Lakes Mobile Homes Court\", to divide the tract into 839 lots or parcels, to build roads, a clubhouse, tennis courts, lakes and public open spaces; to supply each tract with utilities, and to landscape the property; to lease each lot to individuals for $70.00 per month, and up, for the purpose of establishing mobile homes; and to construct access roads.", "\nAfter a full hearing, the Platte County Planning Commission on April 14, 1970, by a vote of 7 to 1, denied the application. ", "The applicants then took the matter directly to the Platte County Court. ", "On April 24, 1970, the intervenor-protestors filed a protest to the proposed rezoning, which was signed but not acknowledged, and on the same day, apparently without further notice or hearing, two of the three judges of that court signed an order which purported to rezone the tract \"from District R-1A to District R-A, for the proposed use as a site for the location of a Mobile Homes Court.\"", "\nThe applicants thereafter in July or August, 1970, commenced preliminary work on the property and the injunction suit, No. ", "E-70-303 was filed by the protestors in the court below, sometime prior to December 8, 1970. (", "The record before us does not disclose the exact date but the application to intervene was filed on December 8, 1970).", "\nOn March 25, 1971, the Platte County Court made an order setting aside and holding its order of April 24, 1970 of no force and effect and holding that such tract was not rezoned from R-1A to R-A by the previous order.", "\nOn April 23, 1971, the applicants filed Case No. ", "E-71-145 (KCD No. ", "26,161) in the court below. ", "The writ of certiorari was issued and, as stated, the cases were consolidated for trial.", "\nA trial was had in the court below on December 17, 1971, evidence was heard, and on February 7, 1971 the court below entered its findings and judgments.", "\nIn Case No. ", "E-70-303 (KDC No. ", "26,160) the court found:\n1. ", "The land described in the County Court order of April 24, 1970 \"has *202 been rezoned from District R-1A\" and that said order \"did not amend the zoning order of Platte County, Missouri.\"", "\n2. ", "That Section 22 of the Platte County Zoning Order permits in District R-A \"tourist cabins, motels and tourist courts\" and \"the court does here specifically construe said Section 22 to include Mobile Homes Courts.\"", "\n3. ", "Section 22 provides that uses contained therein are permitted only after approval by the Board of Zoning Adjustment.", "\nInasmuch as Section 22 \"has not been complied with it is,\nTherefore, Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that said temporary injunction is made permanent.\"", "\nIn Case No. ", "E-71-145 (KCD No. ", "26,161) the court below entered the following judgment:\n\"The order of the Platte County Court of the 25th day of March 1971, is hereby reversed and the same for naught held.\"", "\nThe applicants (defendants in No. ", "E-70-303) filed their timely motion for a new trial in that case. ", "The protestors (plaintiffs in No. ", "E-70-303 and defendants in No. ", "E-71-145) filed their timely, joint motion for a new trial in both cases. ", "These motions were overruled by the court below on March 30, 1971. ", "This consolidated appeal followed.", "\nAfter a thorough study of the record and the able briefs of counsel and much independent research, we have reached the conclusion that the judgment of the trial court in Case No. ", "E-70-303 (KCD No. ", "26,160) should be affirmed insofar as it makes the temporary injunction therein permanent and reversed in all other respects. ", "The judgment in Case No. ", "E-71-145 (KCD No. ", "26,161) should be reversed and that action dismissed. ", "These conclusions are reached, not by means of the usual orthodox review of matters where zoning jurisdiction is established and procedures followed in the actions on the levels below, but rather because no such jurisdiction was established nor procedures followed. ", "As a result, we are here concerned with the basic ultimate question of whether or not the use proposed (and set in motion) by applicants violates the permissible use under the Platte County zoning laws and should therefore be enjoined. ", "Of course, to reach such decision, a review of the background of the zoning laws, tortuous facts in this record, and applicable decisions, is required.", "\nThe exercise of the right to control the use of real property by political entities (which in our modern world and in legal parlance is \"zoning\") is basically an exercise of police power which initially rests solely in the sovereign. ", "Such power is not enjoyed by lesser governing bodies, such as, counties and municipalities, in the absence of specific grant or delegation to such bodies by the sovereign. ", "State ex rel. ", "Sims v. Eckhardt, 322 S.W.2d 903, 906 (Mo.1959); Allen v. Coffel, 488 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Mo.App.1972). ", "The County of Platte has been delegated such power, however, by the sovereign State of Missouri by means of legislative enactments in Sections 64.510/64.690 RSMo 1969[1], which apply to Missouri counties of the second and third class. ", "Platte is a county of the latter class.", "\nIn brief, this subchapter of the sovereignty grant, as applicable here, provides for the adoption of a \"county (zoning) plan\" by approval of the vote of the people. ", "Section 64.510. ", "Upon the adoption of such plan there is created \"a county zoning commission\", the administrative body, the composition and powers of which are clearly defined. ", "Sections 64.520, 64.550, 64.570. ", "Such commission is empowered to adopt rules and regulations and to recommend amendments and extensions of the *203 \"county\" or \"master\" plan, or portions thereof, upon proper notice and public hearing, toward the ultimate purpose of conserving natural resources, promoting health, safety, convenience, prosperity and the general welfare of the inhabitants of the county. ", "Sections 64.550; 64.580; 64.610. ", "All plans for change of basic zoning or construction of improvements cannot be accomplished \"without first submitting the proposed plans thereof to the county planning commission and receiving the written approval or recommendations of said commission\", Section 64.570. (", "Emphasis supplied).", "\nBut this grant of sovereign power and the specific creation of the county planning commission and the definition of its functions and powers, was wisely circumscribed by mandatory provisions that the county court also establish a \"county board of zoning adjustment\" to be composed of five freeholders. ", "The function of this Board is to accept proper appeals from administrative decisions with regard to zoning, Section 64.660(1). ", "A further review was provided to the circuit court on certiorari, Section 64.660(2).", "\nUp to this point, the function of the County Court is limited to the creation of the County Planning Commission and the Board of Zoning Adjustment. ", "But the law further provides, in pertinent part, Section 64.670:\n\"The regulations imposed and the districts created under authority of sections 64.510 to 64.690 may be amended from time to time by the county court by order after the order establishing the same has gone into effect but no such amendments shall be made by the county court except after recommendation of the county planning commission * * * after hearings by such commission * * *\" (Emphasis supplied)\nThis section further provides that a favorable vote of all members of the county court is required if a written protest, signed and acknowledged by 20% of certain owners of adjoining land or land directly opposite the property directly affected by the proposed amendment, is filed with the county court.", "\nUnder the provisions of the statutes the voters of Platte County approved the adoption of county zoning, and the County Court adopted a zoning order in September, 1954. ", "To further implement its zoning functions and under the mandate of the statutes, Platte County established a County Planning Commission and a Board of Zoning Adjustment.", "\nThe provisions of the original zoning order applicable here were Section 5 and Section 22. ", "Section 5 established a District R-1A covering one-family dwellings (which included agricultural and other specific uses) and covered the property here in question. ", "As a part of this Section 5, it is provided:\n\"District R-1A Building Construction Requirements\n* * * * * *\n10. ", "No auto trailer or movable house is permitted.", "\n* * * * * *\"\nSection 22 of the original zoning order, \"Special Classes\", provided 12 classes of use which could be located \"in any district by special permission of the Board, after public hearing\", and among such uses was:\n\"12. ", "Tourist cabins, motels, or trailer courts, subject to such rules as may be adopted by the Board.\"", "\nOn March 6, 1956, the County Court amended the zoning order of September 1954 by enacting two new sections which created \"Section 5.1 District R-A Residential-Agricultural\"; added certain new uses (not applicable here); and which also permitted any use previously allowed under *204 District R-1A. This order further provided:\n\"Building Construction Requirements\n\nIn district R-A the building construction requirements shall be the same as for District R-1a, except that the minimum size of residential structures shall be seven hundred-twenty (720) square feet exclusive of attached accessory buildings.\" (", "Emphasis added)\nthus incorporating into District R-A the prohibition quoted above under R-1A against auto trailers or movable houses.", "\nOn April 5, 1956, the County Court\n\"Amended the Zoning Order of Platte County, Missouri as Adopted September 1954 by Repealing Section 22 thereof and Reclassifying the Uses of Land Listed Therein.\" (", "Emphasis supplied)\nIn this order among the uses to be permitted in established zoning districts was the following:\n\"3. ", "In District R-A: * * * tourist cabins, motels or tourist courts * * *\"\nHowever, the order further provided:\n\"The aforesaid uses shall be permitted in established zoning districts as provided herein only after approval by the Board of Zoning Adjustment, and in accord with such provisions, restrictions and/or requirements as may be established by the Board governing such use. ", "In making such a determination the Board shall re (sic) required to hold a public hearing on each application for such use.\" (", "Emphasis supplied)\nWhere variances in the general zoning plan are sought, the procedures outlined in the statutes and zoning ordinances must be followed in order for such proposed change to be valid. ", "State ex rel. ", "Luechtefeld v. Arnold, 149 S.W.2d 384, 387 (Mo.App.1941); State ex rel. ", "Day v. County Court of Platte County, 442 S.W.2d 178 (Mo.App.1969); Cohen v. Ennis, 314 S.W.2d 239, 244 (Mo.App.1958); State ex rel. ", "Walmar Inv. ", "Co. v. Armstrong, 477 S.W.2d 730 (Mo.App.1972). ", "Neither the circuit court of Platte County nor this court may review such a zoning matter unless the aggrieved party has first pursued all of the administrative procedures available. ", "Bourke v. Foster, 343 S.W.2d 208, 211 (Mo.App.1960); Hernreich v. Quinn, 350 Mo. 770, 168 S.W.2d 1054, 1058 (en banc 1943); and Evans v. Roth, 356 Mo. 237, 201 S.W.2d 357, 362 [4] (en banc 1947).", "\nIt is clear that the applicants for the rezoning in the matter before us did not exhaust the administrative procedures available to them under the Platte County Zoning Order and the amendments thereto, above noted. ", "Their application was rejected by the County Planning Commission by a vote of 7 to 1. ", "Their next mandatory procedural step was to apply to the Board of Zoning Adjustment for review of this administrative decision as provided under Section 64.660(1) and the April 5, 1956 amendment to District R-A, which repealed Section 22 of the original zoning order, as above set forth. ", "In adopting this amendment the County Court of Platte County specifically required approval of the proposed change by the Board of Zoning Adjustment before such \"uses shall be permitted in established zoning districts\". ", "The county court, therefore, had no jurisdiction to entertain the application.", "\nBut even more convincing and supportive of the judgment of the court below, that the injunction be made permanent, is the fact that in the March 6, 1956 amendment to the zoning plan creating District R-A, the County Court specifically and unequivocally adopted the \"construction Requirements\" theretofore applicable to zoning *205 for District R-1A. These requirements provided:\n\"10. ", "No auto trailer or movable house or home is permitted.\" (", "Emphasis ours)\nThe proposed use for the property was to establish a \"mobile homes\" park or court. ", "It is difficult, if not impossible, to find any valid distinction between the terms \"movable house\" and \"mobile home\". ", "We will not further burden this opinion by common definitions of these words. ", "Neither is there any substantial distinction between the generic term \"auto trailer\" and \"mobile home\".", "\nWe adopt as applicable here the definition and statement of the Supreme Court of Vermont in City of Rutland v. Keiffer, 124 Vt. ", "357, 205 A.2d 400 (1964) in a case where it had under consideration a municipal zoning ordinance. ", "The court there said, l.c. ", "403:\n\"Here, we find a specific reference in this section to automobile house trailers. ", "The words `mobile home' are of more recent origin, undoubtedly because it has more sales appeal in the trade. ", "Further, it is common knowledge that a great improvement has been made in the construction of, and equipment and facilities in, mobile house trailers. ", "But a mobile home is nothing more or less than [an] automobile house trailer. ", "Both are designed and built as a moveable family dwelling. ", "Whether they are placed on a location for use as a temporary, semipermanent, or permanent dwelling depends on the circumstances of each case.", "\"[2] (Emphasis supplied)\nIf the applicants for rezoning in this case are to come within any of the areas of permissible use under the present Platte County Zoning laws, they would be required to obtain approval of the Board of Zoning Adjustment under R-A(3) providing for \"* * * tourist cabins, motels or tourists courts.\" ", "The court below held that this term included the applicants' proposed use as a \"Mobile Homes Court\". ", "We do not agree.", "\nThe phrase above quoted from R-A(3) connotes some sort of temporary accommodations for travelers. ", "Vol. ", "2, American Law of Zoning, Section 12.11, p. 522, contains this definition:\n\n\"Motel or tourist cabin: A building or group of buildings which: (a) Contains living or sleeping accommodations used primarily for transient occupancy, and (b) Has individual entrances from outside the building to serve each such living or sleeping unit.\"", "\nThe application for rezoning here involved and the testimony and exhibits offered in support thereof clearly show that the classification of R-A (3) was not sought and is not applicable.", "\nWe therefore hold that the use contemplated by the applicants for rezoning is specifically prohibited under the Platte County Zoning laws and the court erred in holding such use to be within the provisions of R-A(3) of the law (Section 22, before repeal and amendment of April 5, 1956).", "\nProper procedures are provided to propose an amendment to the zoning laws of Platte County to permit the use under R-A for mobile home courts or parks as contemplated by applicants and to remove the specific prohibition against such use as now exists.", "\nThe sufficiency of the protest filed by landowners before the Platte County Court under Section 64.670 is called into question. ", "Such protest was not in compliance with the statute since it was signed but not acknowledged.[3] Such fact is not *206 decisive here, since we hold that the Platte County Court did not have authority to hear and decide the application, regardless of the form of the protest.", "\nThe instant proceeding by the County and the intervening property owners invoking the equity powers of the court below for injunctive relief to abate the use of the property in violation of the Platte County Zoning laws was a proper remedy. ", "No adequate remedy was afforded to them by the administrative proceedings established either under the applicable statutes or the zoning orders or amendments thereto. ", "Evans v. Roth, supra.", "\nOn the other hand, the applicants, as has been previously demonstrated, failed to exhaust their administrative remedies by review before the Board of Adjustment, after the unfavorable determination of the Planning Commission. ", "This was a condition precedent to their right to apply for certiorari and they therefore lacked capacity to maintain that action in the court below. ", "Hernreich v. Quinn, supra; Scallet v. Stock, 363 Mo. 721, 253 S.W.2d 143, 145-146 (Mo.1952). ", "By like token, neither the court below nor this court has jurisdiction to decide the certiorari proceeding in this matter. ", "Bourke v. Foster, supra.", "\nThe judgment of the court below in Case No. ", "E-70-303 (KCD No. ", "26,160) is affirmed as to the part thereof making the temporary injunction permanent and reversed in all other particulars.", "\nThe judgment in the court below in Case No. ", "E-71-145 (KCD No. ", "26,161) is reversed and the court below is directed to enter an order dismissing such case.", "\nThese consolidated appeals are, therefore, affirmed in part and reversed in part, and remanded with directions to the court below to enter appropriate judgments in each case in accordance with this opinion.", "\nAll concur.", "\nNOTES\n[1] All references to RSMo 1969, V.A.M.S.\n[2] For various definitions of the term \"mobile home\" see Vol. ", "2, American Law of Zoning, Section 12.11, p. 521.", "\n[3] As to sufficiency of acknowledgement, see Marks v. Bettendorf's, Inc., 337 S.W.2d 585, 594 and discussion in dissenting opinion at l. c. 598-599 (Mo.App.1960); Vol. ", "39, Words and Phrases, \"Signed and Acknowledged\"; Vol. ", "1A, Words and Phrases, \"acknowledged\", and cases therein cited.", "\n" ]

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[ "Mild cognitive impairment is associated with subclinical diastolic dysfunction in patients with chronic heart disease.", "\nTo examine mild cognitive impairment and its associations with subclinical cardiac dysfunction in patients with chronic heart disease yet to develop the clinical syndrome of chronic heart failure (CHF). ", "Patients from the Nurse-led Intervention for Less Chronic Heart Failure Study (n = 373 with chronic heart disease other than CHF; 64 ± 11 years, 69% men) were screened for mild cognitive impairment [Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) score <26] and underwent echocardiographic/clinical profiling. ", "We investigated associations of mild cognitive impairment and MoCA cognitive domain subscores with global cardiac status ('normal' vs. 'diastolic dysfunction' vs. 'other cardiac abnormality') and individual echocardiographic parameters. ", "Patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 161; 43%) demonstrated a higher age-adjusted prevalence of diastolic dysfunction (37% vs. 24%; P < 0.05). ", "Multivariate logistic regression (adjusted for age, sex, and other relevant clinical factors) indicated that the odds of mild cognitive impairment were two-times higher with diastolic dysfunction (P = 0.030) and 1.7-times higher with 'other cardiac abnormalities' (P = 0.082) vs. normal cardiac status. ", "In turn, mild cognitive impairment was predicted by left-ventricular (LV) filling pressure (based on the ratio of early diastolic filling and annular velocities; adjusted odds ratio 1.07 per unit increase, P = 0.022), but not LV structural parameters. ", "Specific deficits in the cognitive domains of executive functioning and visuo-constructional abilities were also independently predicted by diastolic dysfunction (P < 0.05). ", "Mild cognitive impairment is prevalent in patients with subclinical chronic heart disease at high-risk of CHF. ", "Independent associations with LV diastolic dysfunction suggest a link between cardiac and cognitive functioning beyond shared risk factors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nVB6 Read String From Resource\n\nI have text file in VB6 Application resources, and I am trying to read the text in it. ", "\nHow to do that? ", "I have been searching for hours without a proper solution. ", "Somebody please help me. ", "\nMy code is:\nPrivate Sub Command1_Click()\nDim URL As String\nURL = LoadResString(101)\nMsgBox URL\nEnd Sub\n\nThis maybe explains it more: http://i.imgur.com/wGnWCBb.jpg\nIs this even possible? ", "Somebody please spoonfeed me, I would appreciate that a lot.", "\nI am trying to read the string from resource to a variable(string) and then prompt it with messagebox. ", "\nSome simple solution would be great. ", "Also, if this is possible with FindResource API, please tell me how or point me to the right direction.", "\n\nA:\n\nI had to do something like this many years ago.", "\nI used s = StrConv(LoadResData(resId, resType), vbUnicode). ", "The resource was an ANSI (non-unicode) file.", "\nresType was a custom type I just made up when I saved the resource.", "\nI had an issue with a double null that got appended at the end of the text, and which had to be removed. ", "I can't remember the exact reason why that happens, but I presume it has to do with the resource being stored as a double-null-terminated list of C-strings.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "//\n// AppDelegate.m\n// CLPlayerDemo\n//\n// Created by JmoVxia on 2016/11/1.", "\n// Copyright © 2016年 JmoVxia. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n//\n\n#import \"AppDelegate.h\"\n#import \"CLTabBarViewController.h\"\n@interface AppDelegate ()\n\n@end\n\n@implementation AppDelegate\n\n\n- (BOOL)application:(UIApplication *)application didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary *)launchOptions {\n \n CLTabBarViewController *tabBarController = [[CLTabBarViewController alloc] init];\n self.window.rootViewController = tabBarController;\n [self.window makeKeyAndVisible];\n return YES;\n}\n\n- (UIInterfaceOrientationMask)application:(UIApplication *)application supportedInterfaceOrientationsForWindow:(UIWindow *)window{\n return UIInterfaceOrientationMaskAllButUpsideDown;\n}\n- (void)applicationWillResignActive:(UIApplication *)application {\n // Sent when the application is about to move from active to inactive state. ", "This can occur for certain types of temporary interruptions (such as an incoming phone call or SMS message) or when the user quits the application and it begins the transition to the background state.", "\n // Use this method to pause ongoing tasks, disable timers, and invalidate graphics rendering callbacks. ", "Games should use this method to pause the game.", "\n}\n\n\n- (void)applicationDidEnterBackground:(UIApplication *)application {\n // Use this method to release shared resources, save user data, invalidate timers, and store enough application state information to restore your application to its current state in case it is terminated later.", "\n // If your application supports background execution, this method is called instead of applicationWillTerminate: when the user quits.", "\n}\n\n\n- (void)applicationWillEnterForeground:(UIApplication *)application {\n // Called as part of the transition from the background to the active state; here you can undo many of the changes made on entering the background.", "\n}\n\n\n- (void)applicationDidBecomeActive:(UIApplication *)application {\n // Restart any tasks that were paused (or not yet started) while the application was inactive. ", "If the application was previously in the background, optionally refresh the user interface.", "\n}\n\n\n- (void)applicationWillTerminate:(UIApplication *)application {\n // Called when the application is about to terminate. ", "Save data if appropriate. ", "See also applicationDidEnterBackground:.", "\n}\n\n\n@end\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Jill Reeve\n\nJill Reeve (born November 1, 1969 in Hoosick Falls, New York) is a former field hockey defender from the United States, who earned a total number of 134 caps for the Women's National Team, in which she scored eight goals.", "\n\nInternational Senior Tournaments\n 1994 – World Cup, Dublin, Ireland (3rd)\n 1995 – Pan American Games, Mar del Plata, Argentina (2nd)\n 1995 – Champions Trophy, Mar del Plata, Argentina (3rd)\n 1996 – Summer Olympics, Atlanta, USA (5th)\n 1997 – Champions Trophy, Berlin, Germany (6th)\n 1998 – World Cup, Utrecht, The Netherlands (8th)\n 1999 – Pan American Games, Winnipeg, Canada (2nd)\n 2000 – Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Milton Keynes, England (6th)\n 2001 – Pan America Cup, Kingston, Jamaica (2nd)\n 2002 – Champions Challenge, Johannesburg, South Africa (5th)\n 2002 – USA vs India WC Qualifying Series, Cannock, England (1st)\n 2002 – World Cup, Perth, Australia (9th)\n 2003 – Champions Challenge, Catania, Italy (5th)\n\nReferences\n Profile on US Field Hockey\n Head Coaching Profile at Miami (OH)\n\nCategory:1969 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American female field hockey players\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Old Dominion Lady Monarchs field hockey players\nCategory:Olympic field hockey players of the United States\nCategory:People from Hoosick Falls, New York\nCategory:Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States\nCategory:Pan American Games medalists in field hockey\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 1995 Pan American Games\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 1999 Pan American Games" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Iron, neuroinflammation, and Alzheimer's disease.", "\nThe present article reviews the roles and interactions of iron and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. ", "It highlights the importance of neuroinflammatory changes in the glial scar after neuronal injury, in promoting iron accumulation, and iron-dependent oxidative damage. ", "Elevation of iron in Alzheimer's disease not only affects amyloid precursor protein processing and mitochondrial function but also induces the aggregation of Abeta peptide and abnormalities in signal transduction processes associated with oxidative damage. ", "Collective evidence suggests that although alterations in iron homeostasis may not be the primary triggering event that starts the pathological cascade of Alzheimer's disease, it is an important factor involved in neuroinflammation and progression of this disease." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Of course you know Neal McDonough, he of the piercing eyes and flinty stare. ", "He played Lieutenant Lynn “Buck” Comptonin in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers, Robert Quarles on Justified, William Parker in Mob City, and Arrowverse creep Damien Darhk on DC’s Legends of Tomorrow. ", "He was also in Minority Report and Captan America: The First Avenger. ", "Currently, he’s causing problems on Yellowstone, opposite Kevin Costner, as a casino owner who plays dirty.", "\n\nThe 53-year-old Massachusetts native and father of five knows where he fits in the Hollywood ecosystem: “I generally play Army guys in the middle of war, or villains,” he says. ", "That’s because McDonough, a devout Catholic, refuses to shoot sex scenes on film. “", "There’s no kissing. ", "My lips are meant for one woman,” he says, referring to his wife, Ruve, the mother of his five children.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nWhile he was spending a rainy Vancouver afternoon with his youngest son at a McDonald’s indoor playground, Fatherly talked to McDonough about what lessons he wants to impart on his children, and had to wonder how he’s held on to all his marbles while working full-time, coaching his kids on the weekends, and still being one seriously nice guy. “", "The sanity part is questionable,” he says. ", "Here’s what he wants to teach his kids.", "\n\n1. ", "You Never Get Lost Time Back, So Use What You Have Wisely\n\nI quit drinking about four years ago — because my kids and my wife were more important than a glass of wine. ", "And I wouldn’t feel great the next day. ", "I’ve really focused on what’s the importance of life. ", "For me, what’s important is being home. ", "I kiss my wife and coach my kids on the weekends.", "\n\nThanks for the feedback! ", "Oops! ", "Something went wrong. ", "Please contact support@fatherly.com\n\n2. ", "Your Family Is a Team, and Every Member of It Matters\n\nWe run everything on family first and me second. ", "It gives my kids a sense of teamwork under my roof. ", "It’s about everything they do. ", "We fight to be the best family we can be and make God proud. ", "When you take you out of the equation, it’s a team sport. ", "I have talent but it doesn’t make me a special person. ", "It’s a God-given talent. ", "In our house, my wife is number one, my kids are number two, and God is on top of everything.", "\n\n3. ", "Embrace Your Faith, and Practice What You Preach\n\nIt’s always God first, and me second. ", "When you put those things in perspective, you rear kids that are less spoiled and more independent and appreciative. ", "I walk the walk as much as possible. ", "We go to church. ", "I am nice and kind to people. ", "My Christian/Catholic values, I implement those in everything I do. ", "I really try to instill that into my kids. ", "I came from a really small town. ", "I’m a pretty successful guy. ", "You can be successful and be a Christian at the same time.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n4. ", "Self-Discovery and Adventure Are Essential\n\nAll the temptations are out there, but we don’t allow electronics in our house during the week. ", "On the weekends, you can get on my phone for a little bit. ", "They don’t play on our electronics. ", "I want them to ride their bikes and fall out of trees and scrape their knees. ", "Kids are so coddled nowadays. ", "It’s hard to not be a helicopter parent.", "\n\n5. ", "It’s Good to Put Yourself in High-Pressure Situations\n\nOur kids excel in sports. ", "It isn’t so much to be the next Tom Brady. ", "It’s not about the pressure to excel. ", "What I tell my kids is, I love them to put themselves into pressure situations and learn to deal with pressure. ", "I’m trying to teach them that it’s their job to do the best they can, but not be angry and emotional. ", "Take emotion out of a lot of things. ", "Enjoy the moment and don’t worry about the moment.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\n6. ", "Hard Work Builds Character\n\nOh, yeah, they do chores. ", "The toys don’t pick themselves up. ", "Ruve and I do a ton. ", "The kids should be doing more. ", "They cook dinner one night. ", "You’d be amazed how well they can cook, or burn. ", "Whatever they cook, as bad as it is, we’ll eat it. ", "They get such joy out of it. ", "It puts a smile on our faces. ", "They can make their own cereal.", "\n\n7. ", "Manners Maketh the Man\n\nWith Morgan, our oldest, we’ve always told him to be a gentleman. ", "Look into people’s eyes. ", "Remember their names. ", "Always be courteous. ", "It’s easy for boys to be lugheads. ", "We can’t over-parent. ", "We let each kids be who they are. ", "James our youngest is very different from Morgan. ", "Morgan is a young gentleman. ", "James is the fun, goofy dancing machine.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT" ]

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[ "Attarine Dishes Up Surprises with Chef’s Table\n\nCozy and laid-back, PTT Family’s contemporary dining venue Attarine “brings a world of spice” to a quaint corner of Jakarta’s leafy Gunawarman Street. ", "Chef Jacob Burrell’s creativity and love for locally grown vegetables shine through at this months-old establishment, where the menu—which features playful reinterpretations of hearty dishes—is small yet ever-changing. ", "In true PTT Family fashion, the space exudes an effortless charm, complete with soaring ceilings, hanging plants, colorful framed posters, and a vintage car parked right in the center of it all.", "\n\nInside Attarine.", "\n\nThose seeking a one-off experience will be glad to know that the restaurant has a monthly program called the Chef’s Table. ", "Dishes are kept a surprise until they’re served, making each session a real treat for both the Attarine team and hungry patrons. ", "What diners can continue to expect, though, is a multi-course meal of lovingly crafted off-menu specials, and generous pours of tipples to boot. ", "This month’s nine-course, wine-paired feast was no exception: dishes included wood-fired octopus served with lemon puree, aged beef tomahawk, crispy chicken wings stuffed with prawns, and lemon sorbet infused with turmeric.", "\n\nChef Jacob Burrell and team.", "\n\nThe limited number of spots makes the event all the more special, as does the casual counter seating by the open kitchen, as it allows guests to chat with the chefs as food is being prepared.", "\n\nMost Popular\n\nDestinAsian was established in 2001. ", "It is the leading award-winning travel magazine in the Asia-Pacific region, with a print run of 32,788 copies and a readership of 98,364 per edition. ", "DestinAsian is distributed in Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, and the rest of the world." ]

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[ "Obesity remains a serious health problem and it is no secret that many people want to lose weight. ", "Behavioral economists typically argue that “nudges” help individuals with various decisionmaking flaws to live longer, healthier, and better lives. ", "In an article in the new issue of Regulation, Michael L. Marlow discusses how nudging by government differs from nudging by markets, and explains why market nudging is the more promising avenue for helping citizens to lose weight.", "\n\nArmed with a computer model in 1935, one could probably have written the exact same story on California drought as appears today in the Washington Post some 80 years ago, prompted by the very similar outlier temperatures of 1934 and 2014.", "\n\nTwo long wars, chronic deficits, the financial crisis, the costly drug war, the growth of executive power under Presidents Bush and Obama, and the revelations about NSA abuses, have given rise to a growing libertarian movement in our country – with a greater focus on individual liberty and less government power. ", "David Boaz’s newly released The Libertarian Mind is a comprehensive guide to the history, philosophy, and growth of the libertarian movement, with incisive analyses of today’s most pressing issues and policies.", "\n\nSearch form\n\nTag: Senate\n\nThe Congressional Budget Office released a report this week that revealed that the proposed health care bill would not increase the deficit. ", "But is it that simple? ", "Cato health care policy experts have examined the bill and added up the costs. ", "Here are a few things they have found:\n\nAs I noted last week, it looks like top Democrats in the Senate are folding on even fairly mild PATRIOT Act reform for fear of disrupting ongoing investigations—and in particular a “sensitive collection program” involving Section 215 “tangible things” orders. ", "The impulse to defer to executive branch claims of necessity is powerful, and even understandable, but it ought to be resisted. ", "We normally impose neutral magistrates between law officers and search warrants precisely because we understand that the investigators, precisely because of the admirable vigor and single-mindedness we want and expect from them, are not necessarily the best judges of how much power they require. ", "The classic “not enough power” story used to justify the so-called “lone wolf” provision turned out not to hold up under scrutiny, but as I was mulling the current debate, I suddenly remembered a curious story from my days as a tech journalist.", "\n\nIn July of 2005, the Bureau was investigating Magdy Mahmoud Mostafa el-Nashar, a one-time associate of the men who had recently bombed London’s public transit system. (", "It was soon determined that el-Nashar had not been involved in the plot.) ", "According to a 2007 summary of the investigation, an agent was sent with a grand jury subpoena to recover records from North Carolina State University at Raleigh on July 13.", "\n\nBut then, it appears, something odd happened.", "”After receiving the subpoena,” the documents recount, the agent “served the subpoena and had some records in hand when he received a call” from his supervisor, who “had been notified by FBIHQ… that we were not to utilize a Grand Jury subpoena and that we must obtain a National Security Letter (NSL).” ", "The agent apparently returned the records (though there appears to be some confusion about whether the agent had actually finished serving the subpoena), and the Bureau’s Charlotte office got to work drafting an NSL.", "\n\nThat was an exceedingly odd thing to do, because the law is totally unambiguous about the kinds of records and institutions that are subject to National Security Letters. ", "And while they’re extraordinarily broad tools, anyone even passingly familiar with them should know they don’t apply to educational records. ", "The school’s lawyers, doubtless perplexed about why they were getting an invalid request for records they’d already happily turned over, nevertheless properly refused to honor the illicit NSL. ", "Agents are supposed to voluntarily report any improper NSL requests, even accidental ones, to an oversight board within 14 days. ", "This one, for some reason, took over a year to make its way up the chain. ", "And yet within a week of the event, FBI Director Robert Mueller was conspicuously well informed about the little mishap with el-Nashar’s school records:\n\nA July 21 e-mail to the North Carolina office explained: “The director would like to use this as an example tomorrow as to why we need administrative subpoenas’s [sic] to fight the war on terror. ", "In particular, he would like to know how much extra time was spent having to get the Grand Jury subpoena.”", "\n\nSo to review, a legally proper request is issued, the records sought are in hand, when suddenly the call comes down to give them back and use an obviously inappropriate NSL request, costing several days. ", "The head of the bureau is instantly aware of this—though apparently not of the flagrant impropriety—and eager to cite it as evidence that, of course, investigators need more power or their vital efforts to protect us from terrorists will be stymied.", "\n\nNow, I’m happy to suppose that the initial mix-up was just an honest mistake. ", "But it also very clearly wasn’t evidence to cite in favor of the proposition that the Bureau needed broader powers. ", "Yet nobody, at the time—neither Mueller nor the legislators before whom he testified—seemed to have the time or inclination to get particular about the facts. ", "It was, for the purposes of all concerned, one of those stories that’s “too good to check.” ", "Now that it has been checked, it’s a story to bear in mind when the boys at Justice cry “necessity.”", "\n\nAt hearings last week on reform and renewal of parts of the PATRIOT Act, Sen. Al Franken (D-MN) made a big show of reading the full text of the Fourth Amendment to Assistant Attorney General David Kris (who, just going out on a limb, had probably seen it). ", "On Thursday, a notably less vocal Franken joined his a bipartisan majority of his Senate Judiciary Committee colleagues in a lopsided vote that torpedoed even the most modest of proposals to introduce elementary civil liberties safeguards into the USA PATRIOT Act.", "\n\nAs I noted in a post earlier this week, there were two main reform proposals on the table: An impressively comprehensive and careful one floated by Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI), and a much more limited one from Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT) that nevertheless would have tightened the rules to require that so-called “pen/trap” surveillance and broad “section 215” orders for private records only target individuals with at least some plausible connection to terrorists or terrorism. ", "Some of us had nourished a foolish hope that the Committee might see fit to incorporate some of the most important elements of Feingold’s reform into the Leahy bill. ", "Instead, Sen. Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) swooped in at the last minute with substitute legislation that stripped away even the mild but important limitations that were already there. ", "There’s a single bizarre exception for records obtained from libraries, presumably because librarians have long been at the forefront of opposition to PATRIOT and section 215 authority, where the higher standard obtains. ", "So if you surf the Web or check out books from your public library, your activities enjoy greater privacy protection than when you surf the web or order books off Amazon from your home or workplace.", "\n\nThe rationale for this was the fear, articulated by Feinstein, that a higher standard might interfere with an important “ongoing investigation.” ", "First, it should be a little distressing if the current investigative methods in use would be utterly disrupted without the ability to broadly acquire records that don’t pertain to terrorists, nor to suspected activities of terrorists, nor even to people directly in contact with suspected terrorists. ", "Second, even granting that it might be better not to change the rules for investigations currently underway, this explanation doesn’t hold up to scrutiny. ", "The authority under 215 to compel the production of records or other “tangible things” (a blood or DNA sample from your doctor’s office, say) has always had a built-in expiration or “sunset” date, which all the proposals under consideration would have extended for another four years. ", "But the sunset provisions have always included a grandfather clause, allowing the new PATRIOT powers and standards to remain in place for ongoing investigations, even as they expired for new investigations. ", "There’s no reason a similar clause couldn’t have been added to Leahy’s reforms in order to avoid disrupting searches already underway. ", "Finally, Marcy Wheeler of Firedoglake has a guess as to what that “ongoing investigation” entailed, and without going into great detail, it sounds like a sufficiently narrowly tailored order probably should have been available for the kind of investigation Wheeler envisions even under the more stringent standard Leahy had proposed. ", "Back in 2005, incidentally, those slightly stricter standards had won the unanimous acceptance of the Judiciary Committee—so apparent we’ve achieved Change in the level of concern for civil liberties, albeit maybe not the sort for which some of us had Hoped.", "\n\nBut wait, it gets worse.", "\n\nThe standard established in the Feinstein substitute is, at least arguably, even less protective than current law. ", "Thanks to some anemic checks imposed under the 2005 PATRIOT reauthorization, investigators at least have to present a judge with a statement of facts “showing reasonable grounds to believe” that the records or pen/trap surveillance sought will be “relevant” to an investigation, with records pertaining to suspected terrorists or their activities or their contacts being “presumptively relevant.” ", "Feinstein’s bill scraps that language and requires “a statement of the facts and circumstances relied upon by the applicant to justify the belief of the applicant” that the information sought will be “relevant,” though it also removes the language specifying categories of “presumptively relevant” records. ", "So why bother swapping out the “reasonable grounds to believe” language for this awkward, doubly-reflexive formulation about the applicant’s belief? ", "One assumes it has to make some difference or they wouldn’t have bothered, and it sounds rather like an attempt to eliminate any hint of an objective standard of review (are the grounds objectively reasonable?) ", "in favor of something like a “good faith” test that focuses on the investigator’s subjective state of mind.", "\n\nNone of this is final yet: The Judiciary Committee will meet next Thursday, consider potential amendments for a maximum of one hour, and then vote on the final language to send to the full Senate for approval. ", "But the clear momentum at present is against any kind of meaningful change to the sweeping surveillance powers Congress has granted the government in recent years.", "\n\nWith Gov. Deval Patrick’s appointment of longtime Kennedy courtier Paul Kirk to Sen. Edward M. Kennedy’s seat in the U.S. Senate, there are now at least three close aides holding on to Senate seats while their states go through the formality of an election. ", "The governor of Delaware appointed Joe Biden’s longtime friend and former chief of staff to fill the rest of his term in the Senate. ", "Can you name him? ", "It is generally thought that he is obligingly holding on to the seat until Biden’s son Beau gets back from National Guard service and is able to run to succeed his father. ", "And in Florida, Gov. Charlie Crist named his former chief of staff to fill the seat of retiring Sen. Mel Martinez until the 2010 election in which Crist is running for the seat. ", "There are more seat-fillers in the Senate than at the Oscars.", "\n\nOf course, Kennedy himself took his seat when he attained the age of 30, after it was kept warm for him by family retainer Benjamin A. Smith III.", "\n\nMeanwhile, as of 2005 there were 18 senators who gained office at least partly through their family ties – sons, daughters, wives, nephews of former senators, governors, presidents, and so on.", "\n\nThe Founders envisioned the Senate as an assembly of wise and accomplished men, chosen for their experience and judiciousness. ", "Political campaigns that favor the handsome, the glib, the panderers, and the best fundraisers are bad enough. ", "But a Senate full of legacies and seat-warmers is especially unfortunate.", "\n\nWill Americans get “quality time” with proposed health care legislation before it passes?", "\n\nSome say no: The Senate Finance Committee recently turned back an effort to put Chairman Max Baucus’ bill online for 72 hours before the committee’s vote. ", "The Committee is on the wrong side of history.", "\n\nThe public has a way of conforming their expectations to what’s possible, and transparent law-making is entirely possible today. ", "Closed processes like the Senate Finance Committee’s consideration of health care legislation will not satisfy the public, and it will emerge from the committee with one strike against it irrespective of the merits.", "\n\nWouldn’t it save time if the Massachusetts legislature would just pass a law saying that if the governor is a Democrat, he fills any Senate vacancy, while if the governor is a Republican, a special election must be held?", "\n\nAs Tim Lynch noted earlier this week, Barack Obama’s justice department has come out in favor of renewing three controversial PATRIOT Act provisions—on face another in a train of disappointments for anyone who’d hoped some of those broad executive branch surveillance powers might depart with the Bush administration.", "\n\nBut there is a potential silver lining: In the letter to Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT) making the case for renewal, the Justice Department also declares its openness to “modifications” of those provisions designed to provide checks and balances, provided they don’t undermine investigations. ", "While the popular press has always framed the fight as being “supporters” and “opponents” of the PATRIOT Act, the problem with many of the law’s provisions is not that the powers they grant are inherently awful, but that they lack necessary constraints and oversight mechanisms.", "\n\nConsider the much-contested “roving wiretap” provision allowing warrants under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act to cover all the communications devices a target might use without specifying the facilities to be monitored in advance—at least in cases where there are specific facts supporting the belief that a target is likely to take measures to thwart traditional surveillance. ", "The objection to this provision is not that intelligence officers should never be allowed to obtain roving warrants, which also exist in the law governing ordinary law enforcement wiretaps. ", "The issue is that FISA is fairly loosey-goosey about the specification of “targets”—they can be described rather than identified. ", "That flexibility may make some sense in the foreign intel context, but when you combine it with similar flexibility in the specification of the facility to be monitored, you get something that looks a heck of a lot like a general warrant. ", "It’s one thing to say “we have evidence this particular phone line and e-mail account are being used by terrorists, though we don’t know who they are” or “we have evidence this person is a terrorist, but he keeps changing phones.” ", "It’s another—and should not be possible—to mock traditional particularity requirements by obtaining a warrant to tap someone on some line, to be determined. ", "FISA warrants should “rove” over persons or facilities, but never both.", "\n\nThe DOJ letter describes the so-called “Lone Wolf” amendment to FISA as simply allowing surveillance of targets who are agents of foreign powers without having identified which foreign power (i.e. which particular terrorist group) they’re working for. ", "They say they’ve never invoked this ability, but want to keep it in reserve. ", "If that description were accurate, I’d say let them. ", "But as currently written, the “lone wolf” language potentially covers people who are really conventional domestic threats with only the most tenuous international ties—the DOJ letter alludes to people who “self-radicalize” by reading online propaganda, but are not actually agents of a foreign group at all.", "\n\nFinally, there’s the “business records” provision, which actually covers the seizure of any “tangible thing.” ", "The problems with this one probably deserve their own post, and ideally you’d just go through the ordinary warrant procedure for this. ", "But at the very, very least there should be some more specific nexus to a particular foreign target than “relevance” to a ongoing investigation before an order issues. ", "The gag orders that automatically accompany these document requests also require more robust judicial scrutiny.", "\n\nSome of these fixes—and quite a few other salutary reforms besides—appear to be part of the JUSTICE Act which I see that Sen. Russ Feingold (D-WI) introduced earlier this afternoon. ", "I’ll take a closer look at the provisions of that bill in a post tomorrow." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhen and why should the Strategy Pattern be used?", "\n\nWhen would the Strategy Pattern be used?", "\nI see client code snippets like this:\n\nclass StrategyExample {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n\n Context context;\n\n // Three contexts following different strategies\n context = new Context(new ConcreteStrategyAdd());\n int resultA = context.executeStrategy(3,4);\n\n context = new Context(new ConcreteStrategySubtract());\n int resultB = context.executeStrategy(3,4);\n\n context = new Context(new ConcreteStrategyMultiply());\n int resultC = context.executeStrategy(3,4);\n\n }\n\n}\n\nand it looks like you could just refactor it to this:\n\nclass StrategyExample {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n // Three contexts following different strategies\n int resultA =new ConcreteStrategyAdd().execute(3,4);\n int resultB =new ConcreteStrategySubtract().execute(3,4);\n int resultC =new ConcreteStrategyMultiply().execute(3,4);\n }\n\n}\n\nThe first section of code was taken directly from the wikipedia page. ", " One big difference is the context goes away, but it wasn't doing anything in the example anyway. ", " Maybe someone has a better example where Strategy makes sense. ", " I usually like design patterns but this one seems to add complexity without adding usefulness.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe problem with toy examples such as this is that it is often easy to miss the point. ", "In this case, the code could indeed be just implemented as you have shown. ", "In a strategy pattern, the main value is in being able to switch out different implementations for different situations.", "\nThe example you have is only illustrating the objects in the pattern and the interactions between them. ", "Imagine instead that you had a component that renders graphs for a website depending on whether it was a desktop or a smartphone on the other end you would have some code that would detect the type of browser the create and set the strategy on another component that could use the strategy object in some complex code that would not need to be duplicated and would do the work in both situations leaving the details of the actual drawing of the graph to the appropriate strategy object:\ninterface GraphStrategy {\n Image renderGraph(Data graphData);\n}\n\nclass BigGraphStrategy implements GraphStrategy {\n ...\n}\n\nclass SmallGraphStrategy implements GraphStrategy {\n ...\n}\n\nThen in some other code:\nGraphStrategy graphStrategy;\n\nif (phoneBrowser == true) { \n graphStrategy = new SmallGraphStrategy();\n} else {\n graphStrategy = new BigGraphStrategy();\n}\n\nThe rest of your application code can then just use graphStrategy.renderGraph() without having to know whether full or small image rendering is being performed.", "\n\nA:\n\nAreas that come to mind:\n\nA resource allocator. ", "In manual resource management, this might be minimizing the time it takes for the resource to allocate, or minimizing fragmentation. ", "Each strategy here has an \"Allocate\" method that has the same interface, with the user making a decision about which strategy to use based on what they are trying to optimize.", "\nA method for connecting and sending network data. ", "Maybe in some cases you would prefer to connect and send UDP datagrams, maybe in other situatinos where performance was less of a factor you would send using TCP/IP. ", "\nData formatting/serialization strategy. ", "Allow the code to decide whether an object should be serialized with Json or with Xml. ", "Maybe one for machines, and the other for human-readable situations. ", "Both strategies have a \"Serialize\" method which takes an object. ", "Each serializes differently.", "\n\nThe theme is that the decision on whether to do something one way or another way is dependent on situational factors, and you or your code would choose the correct strategy based on the situation. ", "\nNow why would this be more useful than something like:\nvoid DoIt()\n{\n if (... situation1...)\n {\n DoA()\n }\n else\n {\n DoB();\n }\n}\n\nThe reason is sometimes you want to just make the decision once and forget about it. ", "The other important theme to strategy pattern is that you decouple the decision about which strategy to use from the code that needs to execute the strategy.", "\nDoItStrategy MakeDoItStrategy()\n{\n if (... situation1...)\n {\n return new DoItStrategyA();\n }\n else\n {\n return new DoItStrategyB();\n }\n}\n\nIn the last example you can just just store the strategy, passing it as just another object that implements the strategy interface. ", "For those executing the strategy, they simply have a way to perform an action. ", "They don't know what the inner workings are under the hood, only that the interface will be satisfied. ", "The users of the strategy shouldn't need to know why we made a decision. ", "They just need to do an action. ", "We make a decision once and passed the strategy to the classes that use the strategy.", "\nFor example, consider the case where we make a program-wide decision, based on a given network configuration, to connect and send data to a remote hosts with UDP. ", "Instead of each user of the network interface needing to know the logic to make the decision (the \"DoIt\" function above), we can create the UDP strategy upfront and pass it to everyone who needs to send network data. ", "This strategy then implements a simple interface with the same end result - data gets from A to B.\n\nA:\n\nThe code snippet you're quoting is a bit deceptive in that it's (slightly) out of context. ", "What you're writing below in your example is also the strategy pattern - you've just rewritten the above example a bit more concisely.", "\nThe main point in the example is that the specifics of the mathematical operation are abstracted away from the caller. ", "This way the caller can work with any binary operator by creating a new ConcreteStrategy, e.g.\n int mod = new ConcreteStrategy(){ \n public int execute(int a, int b){ return a %b; }\n }.execute(3,4);\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nBasketball is a popular sport with more than 450 million participants worldwide ([@ref-18]), making it an important sport for injury prevention research in order to improve healthy living. ", "Apart from jumping, cutting, and turning, running in a straight line is an indispensable and essential task during basketball games. ", "On average, a basketball player performs 3.4 km of running at a pace of 4 m/s per game ([@ref-4]). ", "Running exercise is one of the key elements to improve conditioning attributes of basketball players such as general fitness (endurance runs), anaerobic endurance that overcomes fatigue (interval runs) and muscle endurance (resisted runs) ([@ref-34]; [@ref-3]). ", "However, the biomechanics of running in basketball players remain unclear, especially characteristics related to impact loading. ", "Additionally, most players wear the same basketball shoes for training on the court and in the fitness room. ", "Thus, it is currently unknown to what extent basketball shoe cushioning influences impact loading during running in basketball players.", "\n\nTibial stress fracture (TSF) is one of the most common overuse injuries in collegiate basketball players, which accounts for 10 chronic injuries per 1,000 basketball games ([@ref-19]; [@ref-27]). ", "Although TSF has been extensively studied, the etiology of TSF has yet to be determined ([@ref-30]). ", "Previous research suggested that TSF may relate to high level of tibial shock ([@ref-10]), impact peak ([@ref-11]), and vertical loading rates ([@ref-32]), in the running population. ", "These kinetic parameters have been shown to be influenced by many factors in runners, including running speed ([@ref-12]), cushioning performance of the running shoes ([@ref-31]), and initial footstrike pattern ([@ref-8]). ", "It has been proposed that slower running speeds and better cushioned shoes would lower the risk of TSF in runners ([@ref-12]; [@ref-31]). ", "However, similar risk of TSF in runners with different footstrike patterns was reported in a recent computational study, despite the fact that significantly higher vertical loading rates were observed in runners with rearfoot strike compared to those with midfoot or forefoot strike ([@ref-8]).", "\n\nHowever, findings from these studies involving the running population may not be directly applicable to basketball players, simply because of the difference between runners and basketball players in terms of their muscle development, physical training regimen, functional demand of the footwear design, and postural adjustment during gait ([@ref-24]). ", "Compared to distance runners, it has been suggested that athletes who require extensive power training (e.g., basketball players, [@ref-41]) may demonstrate greater ankle stiffness ([@ref-17]). ", "This is due to the nature of how ankle stiffness is measured by looking at the kinematics and kinetics which will implicitly result in a change in biomechanics. ", "In addition, most previous basketball studies focused on cutting or jump landing ([@ref-9]; [@ref-38]; [@ref-22]), with a small amount of research being done on running biomechanics, even though it is an essential component of a basketball game or training session ([@ref-4]). ", "Since basketball players might adapt differently to running speed and footwear cushioning when compared to runners, further analysis of specific aspects of the accelerometry and ground reaction force would need to be assessed in order to analyze impact characteristics in running. ", "Some previous research has been done on basketball footwear where evaluated plantar loading was found when basketball players performed running and sprinting movements ([@ref-15]; [@ref-42]).", "\n\nHence, this study compared the tibial shock, impact peak, vertical loading rate, and initial footstrike angle of basketball players running at different speeds wearing basketball shoes. ", "Based on the previous findings in running research, it was hypothesized that slower running speeds or more cushioned basketball shoes would result in lower impact loading. ", "Another hypothesis is that basketball players would land with a rearfoot landing pattern at slower running speeds, or when they put on basketball shoes with better cushioning performance ([@ref-7]).", "\n\nMaterials and Methods\n=====================\n\nParticipants\n------------\n\nEighteen male basketball players (mean (SD) age = 25.0 (2.3) years; height = 179.0 (4.6) cm; mass = 74.4 (6.5) kg) were recruited for this study. ", "All the participants had at least four years of competitive basketball experience and attended practice for more than 4 h per week. ", "The study focused on collegiate basketball players because they represented a population closer to recreational basketball players which are more prone to injury than professional players ([@ref-27]; [@ref-29]). ", "Participants were free from any injury six months before the experiment were conducted, and had received no prior lower extremity surgery up till the time of the study. ", "Ethical approval was granted by Li Ning institutional review committee (IRB-2015BM007). ", "All participants signed an informed consent form prior to the start of the study.", "\n\nTest shoe conditions\n--------------------\n\nThree pairs of new basketball shoes were selected based on their cushioning performance in the standard mechanical impact attenuation test procedure (ASTM protocol F1976-13). ", "This was done with a mechanical impact tester (Exeter Research V2.6; Exeter Research, Brentwood, NH, USA). ", "Thirty consecutive mechanical impact trials were performed at the center of the heel region with an 8.5-kg mass dropping from a 50-mm height. ", "The cushioning properties of a shoe were averaged with the last five trials. ", "This standard assessment procedure allowed objective judgment for cross studies comparison ([@ref-38]; [@ref-43]). ", "The three test shoe models were classified as best-cushioning shoe (9.8 g-force), better-cushioning shoe (11.3 g-force), and regular-cushioning shoe (12.9 g-force), which represents the available range of impact scores among the available basketball shoes (ranged from 9.8 to 12.9 g-force) in the market. ", "Shoes with lower impact score would indicate better shoe cushioning performance.", "\n\nTesting procedures\n------------------\n\nA tri-axial accelerometer (DTS 3D, 1,500 Hz; Noraxon, Scottsdale, AZ, USA) was securely affixed onto the antero-medial aspect of the proximal one-third of right tibia, with its vertical axis aligned along the tibia ([@ref-10]). ", "In addition, reflective markers were placed over participant's right shoe with the method described in the previous running study done by [@ref-1]. ", "After a standardized warm-up protocol, participants were asked to perform five over-ground running trials with different footwear conditions (regular vs. better vs. best cushioned shoes) and at two different speeds (3.0 m/s vs. 6.0 m/s) on a flat, straight, 23-m long runway ([Fig. ", "1](#fig-1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "A successful trial was determined as a trial within 5% of the target speed and was done by placing timing gates (Smartspeed; Fusion Sport Inc., Burbank, CA, USA) before and after the force plate across the runway to determine target speed. ", "The timing gate has been shown to have good test-retest reliability (Intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88--0.97) for multiple test conditions ([@ref-14]). ", "A clean right footfall on the force plate (AMTI, Watertown, MA, USA) was needed for a successful trial. ", "The force plate was mounted flush and located at the center of the 23-m runway. ", "Test conditions were randomized using an online program (<http://www.random.org>). ", "In order to ensure the participants were adapted to the specific testing conditions, they were allowed 3 min of treadmill running in the test condition and three familiarization trials prior to the data collection ([@ref-13]). ", "Two minutes of rest were provided between each test condition.", "\n\n{#fig-1}\n\nData acquisition and processing\n-------------------------------\n\nTibial acceleration and vertical ground reaction force were recorded at 1,500 Hz. ", "Motion data were captured using an eight-camera motion capturing system (Vicon T40s; Oxford Metrics, Oxford, UK) at 240 Hz. ", "To synchronize all tibial acceleration, ground reaction forces and motion trajectory signals, each participant was asked to strike hard on the force platform with his right shoe before the data acquisition of each trial. ", "Kinetics and kinematics data were filtered using a fourth order Butterworth low pass filter at 100 and 12 Hz, respectively and vertical ground reaction force data was body mass normalized for comparison across other studies. ", "Tibial shock was defined as the maximum positive axial acceleration that occurred during the early stance phase of gait ([@ref-10]) ([Fig. ", "2A](#fig-2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Impact peak, vertical average loading rate (VALR) and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) were calculated using the method described previously used by [@ref-2], [Fig. ", "2B)](#fig-2){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "Impact peak is defined as the local maximum between foot strike and peak vertical force. ", "VALR is the slope of the line from the 20% point to the 80% point of the impact peak ([@ref-5]). ", "VILR is the maximum slope of the vertical ground reaction force curve between the successive data points in the same region (20--80%). ", "Initial footstrike angle was measured according to the method suggested by [@ref-1]. ", "The footstrike angles were defined as the difference between the angle of the foot at impact and the angle during standing. ", "A footstrike angle of \\>8° indicated a rearfoot strike. ", "A midfoot strike is determined if the footstrike angle lies between 8° and −1.6°; while foot a strike angle of \\<−1.6° indicates a forefoot strike ([Fig. ", "3](#fig-3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#fig-2}\n\n{#fig-3}\n\nData analysis\n-------------\n\nAll statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (Version 20.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). ", "Prior to a 2 (speed) × 3 (footwear) repeated measures ANOVA, normality test (Shapiro--Wilk test) and Mauchly's test of sphericity were performed the variables: tibial shock, VALR, VILR, and initial footstrike angle. ", "Greenhouse--Geisser's epsilon adjustment was used in all cases when Mauchly's test indicated that the sphericity assumption had been violated. ", "When significance was demonstrated in the ANOVA, pairwise comparisons were employed for any significant main effect. ", "Effect size (η^2^) was interpreted as small (0 \\< η^2^ ≤ 0.02), medium (0.02 \\< η^2^ ≤ 0.09) and large (η^2^ ≥ 0.09). ", "Estimated power (β) was interpreted as good when β was larger than 0.8. ", "Level of significance was set at 0.05.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nFor vertical ground reaction force ([Table 1](#table-1){ref-type=\"table\"}), interactions between speed and shoe variables related to the vertical ground reaction force was not significant (*P* = 0.28). ", "Participants experienced higher impact peaks, VALR, and VILR during the faster running speed (*P* \\< 0.001; η^2^ = 0.73; β = 1.00). ", "Significant shoe effects were found on the impact loading variables (*P* = 0.03; η^2^ = 0.38; β = 0.92). ", "Pairwise comparisons of shoe effect suggested that best-cushioning shoes resulted in a greater impact peak than regular-cushioning shoes (*P* = 0.04). ", "The better-cushioning shoes presented lowest VALR and VILAR in comparison to the regular-cushioning shoes (*P* = 0.01) and best-cushioning shoes (*P* \\< 0.001).", "\n\n10.7717/peerj.4753/table-1\n\n###### Tibial shock, vertical ground reaction force, and initial footstrike angle during each running condition in mean (standard deviation).", "\n\n![](", "peerj-06-4753-g004)\n\n Speed Shoe mechanical cushioning performance Interaction Speed Shoe \n ---------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- --------------- --------------- ------ ------ ------ ------------- ------ ------ ------------- ------ ------\n Tibial shock (g) Slow 7.04(1.60) 6.36(2.04) 7.25(1.62) 0.49 0.09 0.15 **\\<0.001** 0.80 1.00 **0.03** 0.39 0.70\n Fast 10.86(1.95) 9.85(2.15) 10.11(2.45) \n Impact peak (BW) Slow 2.05(0.30) 1.93(0.37) 1.95(0.34) 0.77 0.03 0.08 **\\<0.001** 0.87 1.00 **0.03** 0.38 0.92\n Fast 2.67(0.45) 2.57(0.40) 2.53(0.45) \n VALR (BW/s) Slow 98.78(19.59) 83.82(25.89) 100.96(27.50) 0.30 0.15 0.24 **\\<0.001** 0.77 1.00 **\\<0.001** 0.68 1.00\n Fast 142.31(29.57) 121.93(32.20) 134.03(29.81) \n VILR (BW/s) Slow 111.63(21.08) 100.14(29.53) 114.99(29.46) 0.28 0.15 0.25 **\\<0.001** 0.73 1.00 **\\<0.01** 0.61 0.98\n Fast 161.49(34.06) 140.80(35.53) 153.42(32.72) \n Footstrike angle (°) Slow 21.44 (7.50) 22.81 (9.75) 21.82(0.22) 0.14 0.27 0.38 0.14 0.13 0.31 0.48 0.09 0.16\n Fast 21.18 (10.79) 18.18(14.99) 18.18(12.58) \n\n**Notes:**\n\nBW, body weight; VALR, vertical average loading rate; VILR, vertical instantaneous loading rate; η^2^, partial eta squared; β, observed power.", "\n\nSignificant *P*-values (*P* \\< 0.05) are shown in bold.", "\n\nFor tibial shock ([Table 1](#table-1){ref-type=\"table\"}), no significant interaction effect between speed and shoe were found (*P* = 0.49). ", "A significant main effect of speed indicated that greater tibial shock was observed at a faster running speed (*P* \\< 0.001; η^2^ = 0.80; β = 1.00). ", "A significant effect with the shoe factor was found on tibial shock (*P* = 0.03; η^2^ = 0.39; β = 0.70). ", "In the pairwise comparisons, best-cushioning shoes demonstrated significant greater tibial shock than better-cushioning shoes (*P* = 0.02).", "\n\nLooking at initial footstrike angle ([Table 1](#table-1){ref-type=\"table\"}), the initial footstrike angle remained similar in all participants, regardless of the running speed and footwear conditions (*P* = 0.14). ", "According to the cutoff angle suggested by [@ref-1], all of the participants landed with a rearfoot strike pattern during all test conditions.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe present study aimed to compare the tibial shock, impact peak, vertical loading rate, and initial footstrike angle when basketball players ran at different speeds wearing basketball shoes. ", "As expected, basketball players experienced greater impact loading in terms of tibial shock, impact peak, VALR, and VILR at faster running speeds. ", "The findings partly agree with a recent basketball study ([@ref-21]), which used in-shoe pressure soles to measure plantar loading. ", "This study reported that basketball players running at faster speeds experienced significantly higher plantar loading ([@ref-21]). ", "Similar to the general running population, the greater impact loading found in the results could be explained by the increased stride length and/or step frequency when running at faster pace ([@ref-28]).", "\n\nThe relationship between mechanical and biomechanical shoe cushioning performance (i.e., mechanical impact scores vs. biomechanical impact loading) was in contrast with the original hypothesis. ", "The results found that the impact load experienced by participants did not change systematically with changes in mechanical shoe cushioning properties. ", "This is similar to previous studies where shoe cushioning performance did not systematically change with impact forces exerted on the participants during running ([@ref-35]) or landing ([@ref-38]). ", "This unsystematic relationship between cushioning and impact loading may be associated with participant's body mass distribution which may result in bottomed out (sole material reaching very thin dimensions during impact) of shoe soles ([@ref-38]; [@ref-37]; [@ref-40]). ", "The another plausible explanation is that postural control, lower limb angles, leg stiffness or muscle activation may influence the effect of cushioning on impact forces ([@ref-39]). ", "The human body could unconsciously produce these movement patterns or initiate motor programs to avoid high impacts in different activities. ", "For example, habitual rearfoot strike runners can change their natural movement pattern to a midfoot/forefoot striking pattern when running in a barefoot condition without priori instruction ([@ref-25]). ", "Although more research is needed on these paradigms, it might be possible that basketball players (similar to runners) change their kinematics in response to shoe cushioning based on their individual \"comfort filter\" and \"preferred movement path\" paradigms, which suggested that a runner intuitively selects a comfortable shoe product using their own perception to allow for their preferred movement pattern ([@ref-36]).", "\n\nThe initial footstrike pattern of the basketball players did not differ with respect to running speed and cushioning performance of the basketball shoes. ", "This finding is in contrast with previous studies found in runners, which suggested that runners tend to land with non-rearfoot strike at faster running speed ([@ref-7]) or with less cushioning shoes ([@ref-33]). ", "This finding is particularly interesting since we tested similar running speed (3.0 and 6.0 m/s) as in the study by Breine and colleagues (3.2--6.2 m/s), which suggests the different motor execution patterns between basketball players and runners even at the same physical demand. ", "One plausible explanation is that basketball players who are generally taller would adopt stride length strategy whereas runners with shorter legs would favor stride rate strategy for increasing running speed. ", "Another plausible explanation is that apart from running, basketball players perform a large number of powerful jumps, accelerations and decelerations, lay-ups, and cutting in various movement directions ([@ref-26]; [@ref-4]). ", "These powerful movements require strong muscle strength in the lower limb. ", "On the other hand, [@ref-39] compared a minimal shoe model (FiveFingers KSO; Vibram, Concord, MA, USA) with a traditional running shoe model (Noveto; Adidas, Portland, OR, USA); while we selected usual basketball shoe models available in the market. ", "The shoe cushioning performance of these basketball shoe models may not be comparable with the range covered by Paquette and colleagues.", "\n\nTibial stress fracture is one of the most common overuse injuries in basketball players. ", "Shock absorption and impact attenuation are the primary considerations in sport footwear design to prevent impact-related injuries ([@ref-20]), and these are the most important features in basketball shoes ([@ref-6]). ", "The present study suggested that shoes with a medium impact score resulted in lower tibial shock and loading rates of impact loading than shoes with low or high impact score. ", "Such findings may indicate a potential optimal band of shoe cushioning performance in lowering the risks of developing TSF among basketball players. ", "Another possibility is that the players have better proprioception with shoes that have a lower cushioning score ([@ref-36]). ", "Considering the higher tibial shock and impact loading during the fast speed used in this study, basketball players who are recovering from TSF should avoid training regimens incorporated with sprinting, as a history of stress fractures is one risk factor for recurrent TSF ([@ref-23]; [@ref-16]).", "\n\nWhen interpreting the results, it is important to consider several limitations in the current study. ", "Firstly, only male university basketball players were recruited and therefore the findings may not be generalized to female and professional basketball players before these populations are investigated. ", "Secondly, the risk of TSF due to high running impact has been shown in running populations only, but not been well developed in basketball populations. ", "In basketball, running contributes only a portion of the total impacts or loading, while other related movements such as change-of-direction running and jump landing might induce higher impacts with rapid deceleration. ", "A total impacts or loading across typical movements that is encountered by a basketball player should be carried out before a viable conclusion can be made. ", "Thirdly, the basketball shoe models used in this study were available in the market, which had different shoe constructions. ", "Considering that cushioning performance incorporates all changes related to material viscoelasticity, midsole thickness and structures, studying shoe cushioning would allow comparing results across studies, especially with different footwear used. ", "For this reason, future studies are warranted to investigate the impact loading at other isolated footwear structures (landing surface area, midsole hardness) as well as basketball related movements.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nBasketball players experience greater impact loading at faster running speeds, while impact loading did not show a significant difference between shoe cushioning properties. ", "There may be an optimal band of shoe cushioning for better protection against TSF. ", "Other footwear designs also have to be considered before better footwear recommendation can be made. ", "Basketball players may remain rearfoot strike during running, regardless of running speed and footwear conditions. ", "Our findings suggest future research on the differences between impact loading and foot strike patterns in runners versus basketball players, especially related to footwear development.", "\n\nSupplemental Information\n========================\n\n10.7717/peerj.4753/supp-1\n\n###### Total individual raw data (blinded).", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nAdditional Information and Declarations\n=======================================\n\nWing-Kai Lam is an employee of Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd.\n\n[Wing-Kai Lam](#author-1){ref-type=\"contrib\"} conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.", "\n\n[Jacobus Liebenberg](#author-2){ref-type=\"contrib\"} conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.", "\n\n[Jeonghyun Woo](#author-3){ref-type=\"contrib\"} conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.", "\n\n[Sang-Kyoon Park](#author-4){ref-type=\"contrib\"} conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.", "\n\n[Suk-Hoon Yoon](#author-5){ref-type=\"contrib\"} conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.", "\n\n[Roy Tsz-Hei Cheung](#author-6){ref-type=\"contrib\"} contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.", "\n\n[Jiseon Ryu](#author-7){ref-type=\"contrib\"} conceived and designed the experiments, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, approved the final draft.", "\n\nThe following information was supplied relating to ethical approvals (i.e., approving body and any reference numbers):\n\nEthical approval was granted by Li Ning institutional review committee (IRB-2015BM007).", "\n\nThe following information was supplied regarding data availability:\n\nThe raw data are provided as a [Supplemental File](#supplemental-information){ref-type=\"supplementary-material\"}.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ " FILED\n United States Court of Appeals\n PUBLISH Tenth Circuit\n\n December 27, 2017\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n Elisabeth A. Shumaker\n FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court\n _________________________________\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n\nv. No. ", "17-6038\n\nRICHARD M. ARNOLD, SR.,", "\n\n Defendant - Appellant.", "\n _________________________________\n\n Appeal from the United States District Court\n for the Western District of Oklahoma\n (D.C. No. ", "5:14-CR-00347-D-1)\n _________________________________\n\nSusan M. Otto, Office of the Federal Public Defender, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for\nDefendant-Appellant.", "\n\nScott E. Williams, Assistant U.S. Attorney (Mark A. Yancey, U.S. Attorney for the\nWestern District of Oklahoma, with him on the brief), Office of the United States\nAttorney, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, for Plaintiff-Appellee.", "\n _________________________________\n\nBefore TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, MATHESON, and BACHARACH, Circuit\nJudges.", "\n _________________________________\n\nMATHESON, Circuit Judge.", "\n _________________________________\n\n Richard Arnold, Sr., ", "appeals the district court’s forfeiture order following his\n\nwire fraud and conspiracy convictions and sentencing for a scheme involving\n\fvehicle-financing rebates.1 He argues the district court erred by (1) imposing an\n\norder of forfeiture after sentencing, and (2) failing to require the Government to use\n\nforfeited proceeds to offset the restitution Mr. Arnold owes his victims, which would\n\nlower the total amount of restitution and forfeiture he is required to pay. ", "Exercising\n\njurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm the district court’s forfeiture order.", "\n\n I. BACKGROUND\n\n According to the indictment, Mr. Arnold—along with his wife, Robyn, and his\n\nsons Ricky and Robert (collectively, “the Arnolds”)—devised a scheme to defraud\n\nindividuals out of the rebates paid to them when they purchased new vehicles. ", "The\n\nArnolds persuaded the victims to turn their rebates over to a charitable trust by\n\nfalsely representing they would manage the trust to pay off the victims’ car loans.", "\n\nAlthough the Arnolds made some loan payments from the trust, they eventually\n\nstopped and used the remaining rebate funds for their own personal expenses. ", "The\n\nvictims then either took over the loan payments or relinquished the vehicles to the\n\nlenders. ", "The indictment notified Mr. Arnold of the Government’s intent to seek\n\nforfeiture of “a money judgment in an amount equal to the proceeds obtained as a\n\nresult of the offenses.” ", "ROA, Vol. ", "1 at 43.", "\n\n Mr. Arnold pled guilty to one count each of wire fraud and conspiracy to\n\ncommit wire fraud. ", "See 18 U.S.C. §§ 1343, 1349. ", "He acknowledged in his plea that\n\n 1\n In a previous appeal, this court rejected Mr. Arnold’s challenge to the district\ncourt’s restitution award in this same case. ", "See United States v. Arnold, 701 F.\nApp’x 702 (10th Cir. ", "2017) (unpublished). ", "Mr. Arnold does not challenge the\nrestitution award in this appeal.", "\n\n 2\n\fthe Government would pursue forfeiture. ", "Following Mr. Arnold’s conviction but\n\nbefore sentencing, the district court granted the Government’s motion for a\n\npreliminary order of forfeiture. ", "It ordered Mr. Arnold to pay “a money judgment in\n\nan amount to be determined” later by the court. ", "ROA, Vol. ", "1 at 87. ", "The court said\n\n“this Preliminary Order of Forfeiture will be amended under Fed. ", "R. Crim. ", "P.\n\n32.2(e)(1) when the amount of the money judgment has been determined by this\n\nCourt.” ", "Id.\n\n On March 24, 2016, at the first sentencing hearing, the Government reiterated\n\nits intent to seek forfeiture once the precise amount owed could be calculated. ", "The\n\ndistrict court sentenced Mr. Arnold to 54 months in prison and postponed a final\n\ndetermination on restitution and forfeiture.2\n\n On May 16, 2016, the district court conducted a second sentencing hearing,\n\nfocused on restitution, and entered a final restitution order of $280,075.15, payable to\n\nthe victims who were entitled to compensation under the Mandatory Victims\n\nRestitution Act (“MVRA”), 18 U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(1). ", "The court again left the\n\namount of forfeiture unresolved. ", "The Government stated that it would “discuss with\n\ncounsel a number or potential resolution and submit to the Court a motion for an\n\namended order.” ", "ROA, Vol. ", "5 at 13.", "\n\n\n\n 2\n As discussed in greater detail below, criminal restitution and forfeiture are\n“separate remedies with different purposes.” ", "United States v. McGinty, 610 F.3d\n1242, 1247 (10th Cir. ", "2010). ", "Restitution is remedial in nature, and its goal is to\nrestore the victim’s loss. ", "Id. Forfeiture, by contrast, is punitive and seeks to\ndisgorge any profits that the defendant obtained from the offense. ", "Id.\n 3\n\f On June 9, 2016, the Government moved under Fed. ", "R. Crim. ", "P. 32.2(e)(1) to\n\namend the preliminary order of forfeiture, which lacked any specified amount, and to\n\nimpose a $160,136.50 forfeiture order. ", "Mr. Arnold objected, arguing the court lacked\n\njurisdiction to amend the preliminary order after sentencing. ", "The court overruled his\n\nobjection and adopted the Government’s proposed forfeiture order. ", "United States v.\n\nArnold, No. ", "CR-14-347-D, 2017 WL 187546, at *3-4 (W.D. Okla. Jan. 17, 2017)\n\n(“Rule 32.2 envisions scenarios such as the present and expressly allows orders of\n\nforfeiture to be subject to amendment [after sentencing] when the money judgment\n\nhas been calculated.”). ", "This appeal followed.", "\n\n II. ", "DISCUSSION\n\n On appeal, Mr. Arnold challenges the district court’s forfeiture order, arguing\n\n(1) the Government’s failure to establish the amount of forfeiture before sentencing\n\nviolated Rule 32.2 and thereby deprived the district court of jurisdiction to enter the\n\nforfeiture order; and (2) the order failed to require the Government to use Mr.\n\nArnold’s forfeited proceeds to reduce the amount of restitution he owes his victims,\n\nand it must therefore be vacated.", "\n\n In evaluating these arguments, “we review the district court’s forfeiture order\n\nas we would any other sentencing determination—that is, we review its legal\n\nconclusions de novo and its factual findings for clear error.” ", "United States v. Bader,\n\n678 F.3d 858, 893 (10th Cir. ", "2012); see also United States v. McGinty, 610 F.3d\n\n1242, 1245 (10th Cir. ", "2010) (concluding that we apply de novo review to the district\n\ncourt’s legal interpretation of federal forfeiture statutes).", "\n\n 4\n\f A. Rule 32.2\n\n We first consider Mr. Arnold’s argument that the Government failed to comply\n\nwith Rule 32.2 and thus the district court lacked jurisdiction to amend the preliminary\n\nforfeiture order after sentencing. ", "We find no Rule 32.2 violation and therefore affirm\n\nthe district court’s forfeiture order.3\n\n1. ", "Legal Background\n\n Criminal forfeiture is a punitive measure that forces offenders of certain\n\ncrimes to disgorge any profits obtained from their criminal activity. ", "McGinty, 610\n\nF.3d at 1247. ", "Unlike restitution, which compensates victims for their losses,\n\nforfeiture compels the offender to surrender money or substitute assets to the\n\ngovernment. ", "Id. (explaining that, given their different purposes, the amount of\n\nforfeiture and restitution may differ). ", "The parties agree that Mr. Arnold’s conviction\n\nfor wire fraud subjects him to forfeiture under 18 U.S.C. § 981(a)(1)(C) and 28\n\nU.S.C. § 2461(c). ", "See Aplt. ", "Br. ", "at 13-14; Aplee Br. ", "at 21.", "\n\n Rule 32.2 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure governs the criminal\n\nforfeiture procedure. ", "First, it requires the government to notify a defendant of its\n\nintent to seek forfeiture:\n\n (a) Notice to the Defendant. ", "A court must not enter a judgment of\n forfeiture in a criminal proceeding unless the indictment . . .", "\n contains notice to the defendant that the government will seek the\n forfeiture of property as part of any sentence in accordance with the\n applicable statute. . . . ", "The indictment . . . ", "need not . . . ", "specify the\n\n 3\n Because we find no violation of a timing requirement under Rule 32.2, we do\nnot address whether such a violation would deprive the district court of jurisdiction to\nimpose a forfeiture order.", "\n 5\n\f amount of any forfeiture money judgment that the government\n seeks.", "\n\nFed. ", "R. Crim. ", "P. 32.2(a). ", "The primary purpose of Rule 32.2 is to ensure that “a\n\ndefendant is on notice as to all aspects of his sentence, including forfeiture.” ", "See\n\nUnited States v. Martin, 662 F.3d 301, 309 (4th Cir. ", "2011).", "\n\n Second, the court determines the amount the defendant will be ordered to pay,\n\nand, if practical, enters a preliminary order of forfeiture that becomes final at\n\nsentencing:\n\n (b) Entering a Preliminary Order of Forfeiture\n\n (1) Forfeiture Phase of the Trial.", "\n\n (A) Forfeiture Determinations. ", "As soon as practical after a\n verdict or finding of guilty, or after a plea of guilty or nolo\n contendre is accepted . . . ", "the court must determine what\n property is subject to forfeiture under the applicable\n statute. . . . ", "If the government seeks a personal money\n judgment, the court must determine the amount of money\n that the defendant will be ordered to pay.", "\n\n ....\n\n (2) Preliminary Order.", "\n\n (A) Contents of a Specific Order. ", "If the court finds that\n property is subject to forfeiture, it must promptly enter a\n preliminary order of forfeiture setting forth the amount of\n any money judgment . . . .", "\n\n (B) Timing. ", "Unless doing so is impractical, the court must\n enter the preliminary order sufficiently in advance of\n sentencing to allow the parties to suggest revisions or\n modifications before the order becomes final as to the\n defendant under Rule 32.2(b)(4).", "\n\n ....\n\n 6\n\f (4) Sentence and Judgment.", "\n\n (A) When Final. ", "At sentencing—or at any time before\n sentencing if the defendant consents—the preliminary\n forfeiture order becomes final as to the defendant.", "\n\nFed. ", "R. Crim. ", "P. 32.2(b).", "\n\n In 2009, Rule 32.2 was amended to include Section 32.2(b)(2)(C), which\n\nanticipates the possibility that a court may not be able to calculate the forfeiture\n\namount owed before sentencing. ", "This provision explicitly authorizes a court to enter\n\na general order of forfeiture at sentencing and amend it later once the court\n\ndetermines the specific amount owed:\n\n (C) General Order. ", "If, before sentencing, the court cannot . . .", "\n calculate the total amount of the money judgment, the court\n may enter a forfeiture order that:\n\n ....\n\n (iii) states that the order will be amended under Rule\n 32.2(e)(1) when . . . ", "the amount of the money\n judgment has been calculated.", "\n\nId. at 32.2(b)(2)(C).", "\n\n Rule 32.2(e)(1), as referenced in Rule 32.2(b)(2)(C), provides for the later\n\namendment of a preliminary, general forfeiture order:\n\n (1) In General. ", "On the government’s motion, the court may at any time enter\n an order of forfeiture or amend an existing order of forfeiture to include\n property that:\n\n (A) is subject to forfeiture under an existing order of forfeiture but was\n located and identified after that order was entered; or\n\n (B) is substitute property that qualifies for forfeiture under an applicable\n statute.", "\n\n 7\n\fId. at 32.2(e)(1).", "\n\n The purpose of the 2009 amendments was to clarify “how the court is to\n\nreconcile the requirement that it make the forfeiture order part of the sentence with\n\nthe fact that in some cases the government will not have completed its post-\n\nconviction investigation” to determine the precise forfeiture amount. ", "Fed. ", "R. Crim.", "\n\nP. 32.2 advisory committee’s note to 2009 amendment.", "\n\n2. ", "Analysis\n\n Mr. Arnold fails to demonstrate a Rule 32.2 violation. ", "As described above,\n\nRule 32.2 anticipates the possibility that the court may not be able to determine the\n\namount of the money judgment before sentencing. ", "See Fed. ", "R. Crim. ", "P.\n\n32.2(b)(2)(C). ", "It therefore permits a court to amend a preliminary, general forfeiture\n\norder once the amount of the money judgment has been calculated. ", "See id.\n\n Ongoing disputes between the parties in this case prevented the district court\n\nfrom calculating the total amount of Mr. Arnold’s forfeiture order before sentencing.", "\n\nAlthough these disputes were specifically about restitution, they concerned the\n\namount of proceeds the Arnolds retained and thus were also relevant to the forfeiture\n\ncalculation. ", "See McGinty, 610 F.3d at 1246 (explaining that forfeiture requires a\n\ndefendant to disgorge “any and all proceeds of the offense”). ", "For example, Mr.\n\nArnold contested the Government’s initial restitution calculation, arguing it failed to\n\ncredit interest payments he had made on the victims’ car loans. ", "See ROA, Vol. ", "1 at\n\n111. ", "Resolution of this dispute would affect the amount of proceeds Mr. Arnold\n\n\n 8\n\fretained, which in turn would determine how much he must forfeit. ", "After the court\n\nsettled these disputes and entered restitution, the Government moved to amend the\n\npreliminary forfeiture order, which the court granted in compliance with Rule\n\n32.2(b)(2)(C).", "\n\n Mr. Arnold complains he lacked adequate notice of the forfeiture order the\n\ndistrict court ultimately imposed, noting that neither the indictment nor any other pre-\n\nsentencing document submitted by the Government “provided notice of an\n\napproximate amount, a method of computation, or substitute assets associated with its\n\nrequest for forfeiture.” ", "See Aplt. ", "Br. ", "at 16. ", "But nothing in Rule 32.2 requires this\n\nspecificity. ", "Nor can he claim he was caught off-guard. ", "The Government announced\n\nits intent to seek forfeiture in the indictment—as Mr. Arnold acknowledged in his\n\nguilty plea—and reiterated its intent throughout the sentencing process. ", "When the\n\nGovernment announced at the March 24, 2016 sentencing hearing that it would be\n\n“moving for final forfeiture with a precise amount for a money judgment at a later\n\ntime after we’ve resolved the restitution issues,” defense counsel raised no\n\nobjections. ", "ROA, Vol. ", "4 at 35.", "\n\n Mr. Arnold also argues the Government lacked a “logical explanation” for its\n\ninability to calculate the amount of forfeiture before sentencing. ", "See Aplt. ", "Br. ", "at 17.", "\n\nWe disagree in light of the ongoing factual disputes about the amount of illegal\n\nproceeds the Arnolds retained.", "\n\n B. Reducing Restitution Amount by Forfeiture Owed\n\n\n\n 9\n\f We next consider Mr. Arnold’s argument that the district court erred by failing\n\nto direct the Government to apply any forfeiture funds toward restitution for the\n\nvictims of his vehicle-financing scheme. ", "Instead, the Government indicated it might\n\nuse forfeited funds to repay victims from a previous case in which Mr. Arnold was\n\nconvicted of fraud. ", "Mr. Arnold asks that we remand this case to the district court\n\nwith instructions “requiring payment of any forfeited assets to the victims, with a\n\nconcomitant offset to order of restitution.” ", "Aplt. ", "Br. ", "at 25. ", "We decline to do so and\n\naffirm the district court’s order.", "\n\n1. ", "Legal Background\n\n Both forfeiture and restitution were mandatory in this case. ", "The pertinent\n\ncriminal forfeiture statute provides that “the court shall order the forfeiture of the\n\nproperty as part of the sentence in the criminal case.” ", "28 U.S.C. § 2461(c) (emphasis\n\nadded). ", "The property subject to forfeiture includes “[a]ny property, real or personal,\n\nwhich constitutes or is derived from proceeds traceable to [the] violation.” ", "18 U.S.C.\n\n§ 981(a)(1)(C). ", "Interpreting another forfeiture statute with materially similar\n\nlanguage, the Supreme Court said, “Congress could not have chosen stronger words\n\nto express its intent that forfeiture be mandatory in cases where the statute applied, or\n\nbroader words to define the scope of what was to be forfeited.” ", "United States v.\n\nMonsanto, 491 U.S. 600, 607 (1989) (interpreting 21 U.S.C. § 853(a)); see also\n\nForest Guardians v. Babbitt, 174 F.3d 1178, 1187 (10th Cir. ", "1999) (“The Supreme\n\nCourt and this circuit have made clear that when a statute uses the word ‘shall,’\n\nCongress has imposed a mandatory duty upon the subject of the command.”).", "\n\n 10\n\f The restitution statute in this case also was mandatory. ", "The MVRA states that\n\nwhen a defendant commits an offense by fraud (e.g., wire fraud), “the court shall\n\norder . . . ", "that the defendant make restitution to the victim of the offense.” ", "18 U.S.C.\n\n§ 3663A(a)(1) (emphasis added); see United States v. Quarrell, 310 F.3d 664, 677-78\n\n(10th Cir. ", "2002) (explaining that district courts are required to impose restitution for\n\noffenses that fall within the MVRA).", "\n\n2. ", "Analysis\n\n Our holding in McGinty defeats Mr. Arnold’s argument that the district court\n\nshould have required the Government to apply his forfeiture payments toward the\n\namount of restitution he owes his victims, thereby reducing the total amount—\n\nrestitution plus forfeiture—owed. ", "In McGinty, the defendant was also subject to\n\nmandatory forfeiture and restitution based on a conviction for misapplication of bank\n\nfunds in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 656. ", "McGinty, 610 F.3d at 1243, 1248; see 18\n\nU.S.C. §§ 982(a)(2), 3663A(a)(1). ", "We held the district court had erred in concluding\n\nthat mandatory forfeiture and restitution awards could be used to offset each other.", "\n\nSee 610 F.3d at 1247 (rejecting the notion that ordering both restitution and forfeiture\n\nwould be “unfair as a double recovery”). ", "The government was entitled to forfeiture\n\nin the amount of the defendant’s proceeds, and the victim—a bank—was entitled to\n\n\n\n\n 11\n\fthe restitution of its loss. ", "Id. at 1247-48. ", "Mr. Arnold fails to distinguish McGinty\n\nand cites no persuasive authority to the contrary.4\n\n Several courts have reached the same conclusion, holding that the statutes\n\nmandating restitution and forfeiture do not allow a defendant’s payments toward one\n\nto offset the amount owed to the other. ", "See, e.g., United States v. Alalade, 204 F.3d\n\n536, 540 (4th Cir. ", "2000) (holding that “the plain language of the MVRA did not grant\n\nthe district court discretion to reduce the amount of restitution” by the amount\n\nordered to be forfeited). ", "In an opinion we cited favorably in McGinty, 610 F.3d at\n\n1248, the Fifth Circuit held that a district court that imposed both forfeiture and\n\nrestitution had “properly adhered to the mandatory language found within the\n\nstatutory schemes.” ", "United States v. Taylor, 582 F.3d 558, 566 (5th Cir. ", "2009); see\n\nalso United States v. Emerson, 128 F.3d 557, 566-67 (7th Cir. ", "1997) (rejecting\n\ndefendant’s request to credit his forfeiture payment towards the restitution amount he\n\nowed). ", "The district court properly rejected Mr. Arnold’s request to mandate that his\n\nforfeiture payments be used to offset restitution.", "\n\n III. ", "CONCLUSION\n\n For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s forfeiture order.", "\n\n\n\n\n 4\n Mr. Arnold notes the victim in McGinty was a bank while the victims in the\npresent case are individuals and lenders. ", "See Aplt. ", "Reply Br. ", "at 15-16. ", "He fails to\nexplain the significance of this distinction.", "\n\n 12\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Q:\n\nField of type contact\n\nIn a form of a custom component, how can I add field of type contact instead of type user? ", "\n\nA:\n\nUse modal_contact field type from com_contact.", "\n <field \n name=\"example\"\n type=\"modal_contact\"\n addfieldpath=\"/administrator/components/com_contact/models/fields\"\n />\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "2020 Sydney Sevens\n\nThe 2020 Sydney Sevens was the fourth tournament in the 2019–20 World Rugby Sevens Series and the eighteenth edition of the Australian Sevens. ", "It was held over the weekend of 1–2 February 2019 at Western Sydney Stadium. ", " won the tournament to claim their sixth Australian title, narrowly defeating in the final by 12–10.", "\n\nThis was second tournament in 2019–20 to have only one team from each pool qualify to the cup knockout phase.", "\n\nFormat\nThe sixteen teams were drawn into four pools of four teams, with each team playing the others in their pool once. ", "The knockout round qualifications were determined by the final pool standings, with the four teams that topped their pool advancing to the semifinals to compete for berths in the cup final or third place match.", "\n\nThe remaining teams had only one further classification match each, based on their position, table points and differential in the pool standings. ", "The four teams that finished second in their pool were paired into direct playoffs for either 5th place or 7th place. ", "The teams that finished third were paired into the playoffs for 9th or 11th. ", "Teams that were last in their pool were paired into playoffs for 13th place or 15th place.", "\n\nPool stage\nAll times in AEDT (UTC+11:00)\n\nPool A\n\nPool B\n\nPool C\n\nPool D\n\nPlacement matches\n\nFifteenth place\n\nThirteenth place\n\nEleventh place\n\nNinth place\n\nSeventh place\n\nFifth place\n\nCup\n\nTournament placings\n\nSee also\n 2020 Sydney Women's Sevens\n World Rugby Sevens Series\n 2019–20 World Rugby Sevens Series\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tournament site\n World Rugby info\n\n2020\nCategory:2019–20 World Rugby Sevens Series\nCategory:2020 in Australian rugby union\nCategory:February 2020 sports events in Australia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "[Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the liver in HIV infected patient: case-report].", "\nPrimary liver non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, are extremely rare in HIV-infected patient. ", "Most of them are diffuse large-cell lymphoma with B cell type. ", "We report here the case of a 34-year-old HIV-infected patient, admitted for jaundice and fever since 15 days. ", "Abdominal computerised tomography showed numerous hypodense lesions on all liver segments. ", "The various biological, microbiological and morphological examinations (ultrasound, MRI with intravenous contrast agent specific for the liver) initially suggested a tumoral origin. ", "The liver biopsy concluded to a large B-cell lymphoma. ", "A chemotherapy (CHOP) with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) was initiated without discontinuing antiretroviral therapy. ", "This case-report does emphasize on the numerous presentations of primary liver lymphoma in HIV-Infected patient, and we illustrate the interest of MRI using a new intravenous contrast agent critical for differential diagnosis." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Prognostic significance of p53, bcl-2, and Bax expression in early breast cancer.", "\nThe use of adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast carcinoma is controversial, with most advocating its use in high-risk patients as defined by specific clinicopathologic parameters. ", "Both bcl-2 and p53, which play a role in determining tumor growth by their effects on apoptosis and cell proliferation respectively, may serve to delineate this subset more accurately. ", "The purpose of this study was to determine the prognostic value of bcl-2, Bax, and mutant p53 in stage I breast cancer. ", "A total of 75 patients with stage Ic breast carcinoma diagnosed from 1989 to 1992 were identified retrospectively and clinicopathologic parameters such as age, tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status, disease-free survival and overall survival obtained. ", "Paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tissues were immunostained with bcl-2, Bax and p53 monoclonal antibodies using a standard avidin biotin peroxidase reaction. ", "Stained slides were evaluated by two independent pathologists for staining intensity and percentage of cells staining positively. ", "Cox regression was used for multivariate survival analysis using the clinicopathologic parameters and molecular markers. ", "Chi-square tests were used for frequency tables. ", "Mean patient age was 58 years (range 29 to 79 years) with a median followup of 80 months from time of diagnosis. ", "The most common histopathology was infiltrating ductal carcinoma. ", "Neither bcl-2 nor Bax expression was associated statistically with disease-free or overall survival. ", "Expression of mutant p53 was associated with a significant decrease in both 5-year disease-free survival (70% versus 98%, p </= 0.01 in multivariate analysis) and 5-year overall survival (74% versus 100%, p = 0.03). ", "Expression of bcl-2 was associated with hormone receptor expression and tumor diploid status. ", "Of tumors expressing bcl-2, 36 of 49 (73%) were ER+ (p = 0.017, versus tumors not expressing bcl-2, 6 of 15 [40%]), 22 of 49 (45%) PR+ (p = 0.027 versus tumors not expressing bcl-2, 2 of 15 [13%]) and 28 of 44 (64%) diploid (p = 0.004 versus tumors not expressing bcl-2, 1 of 9 [11%]). ", "These results indicate that bcl-2 expression is significantly associated with hormonal receptor status and that p53 is a significant prognostic marker for survival in early breast cancer." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "The present invention relates generally to fasteners for vehicle lamp assemblies. ", "In particular, the present invention relates to a fastener for a lamp assembly that allows the lamp assembly to be more accurately positioned for mounting on a vehicle.", "\nThe present invention is particularly useful in connection with tail lamp assemblies. ", "One common method for installing a tail lamp on a vehicle involves two steps. ", "As shown in FIG. ", "1, the tail lamp 10 is first held in the position on the vehicle using guide pins or a bulbous stud 12 on the tail lamp 10 that mates with a hole or receiving socket 14 on the vehicle sheet metal 16 or other mounting surface. ", "The bulbous stud and socket effectively act as a detent to secure and fix the position of the outside edge of the tail lamp. ", "Once the outside of the tail lamp 10 is aligned, the inside of the tail lamp 10 is then secured to the vehicle using mounting screws 18.", "\nIt is preferable for the stud to socket connection to have some degree of pivoting that allows the tail lamp to hinge somewhat for ease of assembly and removal. ", "It is also preferable for the vehicle assembly plant to receive the tail lamp with the studs and sockets already attached. ", "This way vehicle assembly time is streamlined since the assembler simply needs to push the tail lamp with the sockets attached into the sheet metal holes eliminating the separate step of installing the sockets by themselves. ", "Assembly forces must be controlled between the bulbous stud and socket and between the socket to the sheet metal. ", "Too much assembly force makes installation and removal of the tail lamp difficult and too little force will result in an ineffective means of retention.", "\nAs illustrated in FIG. ", "2, the current method often leaves an uneven or excessive gap 20 between the vehicle sheet metal 16 and the tail lamp 10. ", "A gap 20 of this nature is undesirable in terms of achieving a high quality fit and finish to the vehicle. ", "This undesirable gap 20 is created because the current method does not account for variances in part tolerances and other manufacturing variables. ", "In particular, the current method for aligning the tail lamp 10 does not adequately control the outside edge of the tail lamp 10 in the proper mounting position or allow for fore-aft adjustment of the tail lamp 10 relative to the vehicle sheet metal 16 prior to securing the mounting screws 18.", "\nAccordingly, a need exists for an improved lamp assembly fastener and fastening method that solves these and other deficiencies in the prior art while maintaining efficient and easy assembly to the vehicle. ", "Of course, the present invention may be used in a multitude of situations where similar performance capabilities are required." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "/*\n * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the\n * terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License, version 2.1 as published by the Free Software\n * Foundation.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along with this\n * program; if not, you can obtain a copy at http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html\n * or from the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,\n * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.", "\n *\n * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;\n * without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.", "\n * See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.", "\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2001 - 2013 Object Refinery Ltd, Hitachi Vantara and Contributors.. All rights reserved.", "\n */\n\npackage org.pentaho.reporting.engine.classic.core.util.beans;\n\nimport org.pentaho.reporting.engine.classic.core.modules.parser.base.compat.", "CompatibilityMapperUtil;\nimport org.pentaho.reporting.libraries.base.util.", "ObjectUtilities;\n\n/**\n * A class that handles the conversion of {@link Integer} attributes to and from their {@link String} representation.", "\n *\n * @author Thomas Morgner\n */\npublic class ClassValueConverter implements ValueConverter {\n public ClassValueConverter() {\n }\n\n public String toAttributeValue( final Object o ) throws BeanException {\n if ( o == null ) {\n throw new NullPointerException();\n }\n if ( o instanceof Class ) {\n final Class c = (Class) o;\n return c.getName();\n }\n throw new BeanException( \"Failed to convert object of type \" + o.getClass() + \": Not a Class.\" );", "\n }\n\n public Object toPropertyValue( final String s ) throws BeanException {\n if ( s == null ) {\n throw new NullPointerException();\n }\n try {\n final ClassLoader loader = ObjectUtilities.getClassLoader( ClassValueConverter.class );\n return Class.forName( CompatibilityMapperUtil.mapClassName( s ), false, loader );\n } catch ( Throwable e ) {\n throw new BeanException( \"Specified class does not exist or cannot be loaded.\", ", "e );\n }\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Photos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Ukrainian soldiers sit on an armored vehicle as they take up a position in a sunflower field near Donetsk, Ukraine, on Thursday, July 10. ", "Here's a look at the upheaval that has persisted in eastern Ukraine since the election of President Petro Poroshenko. ", "Hide Caption 1 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A man rides a bike past the tail of a bombshell outside Slovyansk, Ukraine, on July 10. ", "Hide Caption 2 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Eugenia Gubareva cries on July 10 after finding clothes belonging to her parents, who were killed during a bomb shelling in Mikolaivka, Ukraine. ", "Hide Caption 3 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A man cleans up debris in his apartment after a shelling in Slovyansk on July 10. ", "Hide Caption 4 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – People walk under a destroyed railroad bridge near the village of Novobakhmutivka on Monday, July 7. ", "Hide Caption 5 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A woman cries as her house burns after a bombing in Slovyansk on Monday, June 30. ", "Hide Caption 6 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – People say goodbye to volunteer soldiers in Kiev, Ukraine, before they leave for the eastern part of the country to join the ranks of a special battalion on Monday, June 23. ", "Hide Caption 7 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – People take refuge in a bomb shelter during clashes between Ukrainian troops and pro-Russia fighters in Slovyansk on Sunday, June 22. ", "Hide Caption 8 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Riot police surround the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, an Orthodox Christian monastery in Kiev where radical masked activists gather to protest against separatists on June 22. ", "Hide Caption 9 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko awards wounded soldiers with state awards in a military hospital in Kiev on Saturday, June 21. ", "Hide Caption 10 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Debris lies scattered at an airport in Luhansk, Ukraine, on Saturday, June 14, after the crash of a Ukrainian Ilyushin-76 military transport plane. ", "A military spokesman said the aircraft was shot down by pro-Russian separatists, killing all 49 aboard. ", "Hide Caption 11 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A pro-Russian fighter collects ammunition from the debris of the downed military aircraft on June 14. ", "Hide Caption 12 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Pro-Russian fighters walk past the wreckage of the downed aircraft. ", "Hide Caption 13 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A military vehicle was destroyed during a clash between Ukrainian troops and pro-Russian separatists Friday, June 13, in Mariupol, Ukraine. ", "Hide Caption 14 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Locals in Mariupol gather around a burning military vehicle at the site of a battle between Ukrainian troops and pro-Russian fighters on June 13. ", "Hide Caption 15 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A pro-Russian fighter in Slovyansk checks a woman's documents as she leaves the city on Thursday, June 12. ", "Hide Caption 16 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A pro-Russian fighter stands guard at a checkpoint in Slovyansk on June 12. ", "Hide Caption 17 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A girl looks out of a bus window as she leaves Slovyansk on Monday, June 9. ", "Hide Caption 18 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Poroshenko holds the ceremonial mace during his inauguration ceremony Saturday, June 7, in Kiev. ", "Poroshenko was elected three months after the ouster of former President Viktor Yanukovych. ", "Hide Caption 19 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A Ukrainian tank opens fire during a battle with pro-Russian separatist fighters in Slovyansk on Friday, June 6. ", "Hide Caption 20 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A Ukrainian soldier prepares explosives during a battle with pro-Russian separatists in Slovyansk on June 6. ", "Hide Caption 21 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A Ukrainian soldier observes the road at a checkpoint outside of Amvrosiivka, Ukraine, on Thursday, June 5. ", "Hide Caption 22 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Ukrainian soldiers take position during a battle with pro-Russian separatists outside Slovyansk on June 5. ", "Hide Caption 23 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Pro-Russian militants stand guard at a barricade and checkpoint in Donetsk on Sunday, June 1. ", "Hide Caption 24 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A Ukrainian soldier shoots a grenade launcher during a battle with pro-Russian separatists in Slovyansk on Saturday, May 31. ", "Hide Caption 25 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A protester from Kiev's Independence Square gestures May 31 as fellow protesters burn tires to protect their barricades from being dismantled by communal services. ", "Hide Caption 26 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A Ukrainian armored personnel carrier takes position during a battle with pro-Russian separatist fighters May 31 in Slovyansk. ", "Hide Caption 27 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Ukrainian soldiers rest at a checkpoint outside Slovyansk on Thursday, May 29. ", "Hide Caption 28 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Smoke rises from a shot-down Ukrainian Army helicopter outside Slovyansk on May 29. ", "Hide Caption 29 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A man stands in front of a truck that was bombed by Ukrainian soldiers during clashes with armed rebels Tuesday, May 27, in Donetsk. ", "Hide Caption 30 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Medical staff prepare to clean the body of a pro-Russian militant at the Kalinina morgue in Donetsk on May 27. ", "Hide Caption 31 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – The body of a pro-Russian militant lies on a stretcher at a morgue in Donetsk on May 27. ", "He was killed in clashes around Donetsk's airport, which was seized by pro-Russian separatists a day earlier. ", "Ukrainian forces moved in and reclaimed the facility. ", "Hide Caption 32 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Firefighters work on extinguishing a fire at a local sports hall in Donetsk on May 27. ", "Hide Caption 33 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – People pile up sandbags to set up a shooting position on the road leading from the Donetsk airport on May 27. ", "Hide Caption 34 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A man dressed in a prisoner costume takes part in a protest against government corruption May 27 in Kiev. ", "Hide Caption 35 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Pro-Russian militants take position on the roof of Donetsk International Airport on Monday, May 26. ", "Hide Caption 36 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A pro-Russian militant takes position on the roof of the Donetsk airport on May 26. ", "Hide Caption 37 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A man runs for cover during fighting around the airport on May 26. ", "Hide Caption 38 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Smoke rises from the airport on May 26 after an airstrike by the Ukrainian military. ", "Hide Caption 39 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Pro-Russian gunmen take positions near the airport on May 26. ", "Hide Caption 40 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Men stand next to pro-Russian militants as a woman runs away during clashes near the airport on May 26. ", "Hide Caption 41 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A pro-Russian militant guards a checkpoint on May 26, blocking a highway that links the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv with Rostov-on-Don, Russia. ", "Hide Caption 42 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A pro-Russian militant teaches recruits how to use a machine gun in Senyonovka, Ukraine, on May 26. ", "Hide Caption 43 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A woman walks May 26 near barricades built by protesters in Kiev's Independence Square. ", "Vitali Klitschko, Kiev's future mayor and a former boxing champion, promised to dismantle the iconic protest encampment that helped oust Yanukovych but now clogs traffic and draws public complaints. ", "Hide Caption 44 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine under new elected leadership – Ukraine's newly elected president, Petro Poroshenko, talks alongside Klitschko, right, during a news conference in Kiev on May 26. ", "Poroshenko, a billionaire candy tycoon known as the \"Chocolate King,\" is a seasoned politician known for his pro-European Union views. ", "Hide Caption 45 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Election commission officials count ballots at a polling station in Kiev on Sunday, May 25. ", "Hide Caption 46 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – Artist Ivan Voronov, 91, and his wife, Svetlana Samoilechenko, 86, cast votes from their Kiev home on May 25. ", "Hide Caption 47 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – An elderly woman casts her vote May 25 as a mobile Ukrainian election committee visited Orane, a village north of Kiev. ", "Hide Caption 48 of 50\n\nPhotos: Photos: Ukraine after the election Ukraine after the election – A woman holds the hand of a pro-Russian gunman in Donetsk's Lenin Square on May 25. ", "A large separatist rally was held in Donetsk around lunchtime. ", "The protesters chanted pro-Russian slogans as they were addressed by separatist leaders. ", "Hide Caption 49 of 50" ]

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[ "A combined nurse-pharmacist managed pain clinic: joint venture of public and private sectors.", "\nChronic pain has become one of the most prevalent problems in primary care. ", "The management of chronic pain is complex and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. ", "The limited capacity of general practitioners to manage chronic pain and long waiting time for secondary care referrals further add to the complexity of chronic pain management. ", "Restricted financial and skilled human capital make it hard for healthcare systems across the world to establish and maintain multidisciplinary pain clinics, in spite of their documented effectiveness. ", "Affordability and accessibility to such multidisciplinary pain clinics is often problematic for patients. ", "The purpose of this paper is to share our experience and relevant research evidence of a community based combined nurse-pharmacist managed pain clinic. ", "The pain clinic serves as an example of public-private partnership in healthcare." ]

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[ "Cephalostenus elegans\n\nCephalostenus elegans is a species of darkling beetles in the subfamily Tenebrioninae. ", "It is found in Greece.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Cephalostenus elegans at Fauna Europaea\n\nCategory:Tenebrioninae\nCategory:Beetles described in 1832\nCategory:Beetles of Europe\nCategory:Taxa named by Gaspard Auguste Brullé" ]

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[ "# To enable ProGuard in your project, edit project.properties\n# to define the proguard.config property as described in that file.", "\n#\n# Add project specific ProGuard rules here.", "\n# By default, the flags in this file are appended to flags specified\n# in ${sdk.dir}/tools/proguard/proguard-android.txt\n# You can edit the include path and order by changing the ProGuard\n# include property in project.properties.", "\n#\n# For more details, see\n# http://developer.android.com/guide/developing/tools/proguard.html\n\n# Add any project specific keep options here:\n\n# If your project uses WebView with JS, uncomment the following\n# and specify the fully qualified class name to the JavaScript interface\n# class:\n#-keepclassmembers class fqcn.of.javascript.interface.for.webview {\n# public *;\n#}\n" ]

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[ "Do you have what it takes to save Earth? ", "Apply for NASA’s ‘planetary protection officer’ job\n\nShare this:\n\nThis is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. ", "Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.", "\n\nNASA wants you to be its real-life guardian of the planet.", "\n\nThe space agency is looking for a planetary protection officer, someone to guard the planet from “organic-constituent and biological contamination in human and robotic space exploration.”", "\n\nIn other words, the officer’s responsibilities include ensuring humans don’t contaminate space, and other organisms don’t contaminate Earth either. ", "the officer will need to stave off an alien invasion.", "\n\nDoing so will maintain worlds in their natural states and avoid contaminating explored environments, NASA says.", "\n\nThe chosen one will be “responsible for the leadership of NASA’s planetary protection capability, maintenance of planetary protection policies, and oversight of their implementation by NASA’s space flight missions,” according to the job listing." ]

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[ "Sorsby's fundus dystrophy: a case report of 24 years follow-up with electrodiagnostic tests and indocyanine green angiography.", "\nFive families with dominantly inherited macular dystrophy were originally described by Sorsby et al. ", "in 1949. ", "Key features include early bilateral central visual loss secondary to either choroidal neovascularisation or central geographical atrophy and late progressive chorioretinal atrophy. ", "We report a member of one of the original families who has been studied with a series of investigations over a long time, providing important information on differences in the phenotype and natural history of a rare genetically determined macular dystrophy. ", "The patient has been followed up for the last 24 years, from asymptomatic to full manifestation of Sorsby's fundus dystrophy. ", "Series of fundus photographs, colour vision, dark adaptation and electrodiagnostic tests were performed. ", "The disease was also studied with fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography. ", "Unlike her other family members, who were reported in other studies as all having rapid loss of vision secondary to disciform macular disease, our patient has a unique clinical course in that she has a progressive bilateral central and generalised chorioretinal atrophy with a well-preserved minute central island of fovea. ", "Nyctalopia was her early and only symptom. ", "There was evidence of central scotoma, tritanopia and mild abnormality in dark adaptation. ", "Rod function was affected earlier and to a larger degree than cone function. ", "The overall features suggest phenotypic variability within a family in this autosomal dominant macular dystrophy. ", "The findings from indocyanine green angiography and a consecutive series of electrodiagnostic tests in this condition support the theory of partial choroidal hypoperfusion and an interesting progressive rod-cone dystrophy as part of the pathophysiology." ]

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[ "Monitoring toxicity of industrial wastewater and specific chemicals to a green alga, nitrifying bacteria and an aquatic bacterium.", "\nTreatment plants may be exposed to a whole range of toxic organic and inorganic compounds that may inhibit the removal of organic matter and nitrogen. ", "In order to secure maximum treatment efficiency, the plant manager has to monitor the toxicity of the influent sewage. ", "With regard to the receiving water the manager also has to make sure that toxicity in the influent is significantly reduced during treatment. ", "Because a whole range of chemicals may be present, chemical analysis may be insufficient and expensive as a control instrument. ", "Instead, direct toxicity measurements are preferable to capture the complexity of the wastewater. ", "The monitoring methods have to be relevant and sensitive for the processes in the treatment plant, i.e. removal of organic matter and nutrients. ", "The methods also have to be simple and inexpensive. ", "The paper reports on recent results from the application of nitrification, algae and Biotox tests, and summarises the experience with monitoring of toxicity. ", "Although the sensitivity of the tests varies with respect to individual chemicals or group of chemicals, the application of a combination of the tests gives a high likelihood of detecting toxic impacts on treatment plants and receiving waters." ]

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[ "Romanian president rejects government call to sack top anti-graft prosecutor\n\nBUCHAREST (Reuters) - Romania’s President Klaus Iohannis rejected on Monday a request by the justice minister to sack the head of the country’s anti-corruption agency, the latest twist in a row over graft that has spurred large-scale street protests over the past two years.", "\n\nRomanian President Klaus Werner Iohannis arrives at a European Union leaders summit in Brussels, Belgium, March 22, 2018. ", "REUTERS/Francois Lenoir\n\nThe anti-corruption prosecution agency, the DNA, has earned the praise of the European Commission for its efforts under Laura Codruta Kovesi to tackle high-level sleaze in Romania.", "\n\nBut Justice Minister Tudorel Toader has accused Kovesi of exceeding her authority and damaging Romania’s image abroad. ", "He launched a legal bid in February to have her sacked, in a move that sparked renewed street protests by anti-graft campaigners.", "\n\n“(The minister’s) arguments for a revocation did not convince me,” Iohannis, a centrist often at odds with the leftist-led government, told reporters after his advisers had examined Toader’s request.", "\n\n“Most of the reasons do not even meet the legal provisions,” said Iohannis, who has often praised the DNA’s work.", "\n\nRomania’s judicial watchdog has also spoken out against dismissing Kovesi.", "\n\nResponding to the president’s announcement, Toader said on his Facebook page that the government would appeal to the Constitutional Court. ", "He did not say when it would act.", "\n\nDNA sent roughly 1,000 people to trial last year, Kovesi has said, including three ministers, six lawmakers and two deputy ministers. ", "A third of the defendants were accused of committing fraud with European Union funds.", "\n\nAt the same time, DNA prosecutors won 713 convictions, including for four lawmakers, 28 mayors and 30 managers of state institutions and companies. ", "Some trials were years old.", "\n\nInvestigations have shown some public works contracts are overpriced and some payments are made for fictitious works.", "\n\nTransparency International ranks Romania among the EU’s most corrupt states and Brussels keeps its justice system under special monitoring." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nActiveJob throwing error in main\n\nEarlier I was using, DelayedJobs, so whatever the exception is being thrown it never crashes server from running.", "\nBut after I moved to active jobs, exceptions are thrown in browser itself, and server crashes.", "\nIs the active job not running in background?", "\n\nA:\n\nThis sounds like you're using the inline queue adapter which will immediately execute the job. ", "\nSee the documentation for a full list of supported backends for asynchronous execution. ", "Since you're already familiar with Delayed Job, I'd recommend using that but there's no need to do so. ", "Sidekiq and others are very nice, too.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Tag: agiletourbeirut\n\nIn my previous post, I shared with you how Philippe and I prepared for our talk “Extreme Practices.” ", "In this post, I will be briefing the talk’s content; starting with the pitch and ending with the feedback! ", "Philippe has already posted a blog on the talk that you can read here.", "\n\nPitching\n\nEach of the speakers had to brief their session in a thirty seconds pitch. ", "This was mine:\n\nThis is unusual for me, because my co-presenter is in Paris! ", "Philippe and I will demonstrate how we adopted the practices of Extreme Programming in our distributed team. ", "We will also have two live demos; the first on remote pair programming and the second on remote meetings.", "\n\nThe talk\n\nThe audience started taking their seats; and in a couple of minutes, the room was full! ", "We started by engaging the audience with three simple questions!", "\n\nWho goes to work by car?", "\n\nWho goes to work by bus?", "\n\nWho goes to work on Skype?", "\n\nExtreme programming\n\nAfter introducing ourselves, our team and Murex, we spent the first half of the talk discussing four of the XP practices and their benefits.", "\n\nOnly coding what makes tests pass decreases the possibility of generating bugs\n\nIn most cases, a failing unit test is enough to detect where the bug is and thus reducing the need for debugging\n\nThe refactoring step drives to clean code\n\nFinding difficulty writing a test is an indication that refactoring is required\n\nPair Programming\n\nBenefits:\n\nNewcomers tend to learn faster and submit on their first day\n\nThe quality of our code has increased\n\nWe didn’t notice any negative any impact on productivity\n\nIt helped us build a bonded team\n\nDifficulties\n\nIt is very tiring for both the driver and navigator\n\nIt is risky because some developers prefer to work alone\n\nRetrospectives: For this part, we explained the five stages of our retrospectives\n\nCheck-in/energizer\n\nThrowback\n\nCollect insights & discuss\n\nActions\n\nROTI\n\nExtreme programming in remote mode\n\nOur second half of the talk was dedicated to sharing how we are applying XP in a remote mode, mainly focusing on Pair-Programing and Retrospectives. ", "The discussion included the difficulties we faced at the beginning and how we managed to solve them. ", "We ended the discussion on both topics by a live demo!", "\n\nRemote Pair Programming\n\nTo overcome the problem of time difference between the two cities, the pairs tend to share their calendars as well as an online document with the detailed tasks required to finish the story\n\nThe navigator might easily lose focus; that is why we try to submit frequently and switch control as much as possible\n\nIt is more tiring than local pair-programming especially if you have the headset on all day long. ", "We agreed that anyone is free to ask for a break at any time\n\nRemote Retrospectives\n\nThe whiteBoards were located in Paris, and thus it was hard for us in Beirut to effectively contribute to the meetings. ", "We managed to solve this problem by replacing our the whiteboard with an online Trello boards.", "\n\nInitially, our meetings were held over the phone lacking any visualization of the team on the other side which caused a lot of frustration. ", "To overcome this problem, our IT team installed Visio Conference rooms in both cities!", "\n\nHere is a short video of the PairProgramming demo we did!", "\n\nMain message\n\n“You don’t have to move abroad for your dream job!“.", "\n\nRemote work is becoming the trend! ", "The advancement of the collaboration tools and technologies is making it easier for companies to adopt. ", "In the future, you will see more and more developers working from home.", "\n\nThat was our message to the audience! ", "We concluded that there are three ways to organize your team when working remotely:\n\nSplit the team in two if there are enough members in each city\n\nWork in open-source mode if team members are distributed over many cities\n\nFinally, adopt our remote XP practices if it is not possible to split the team in two\n\nFeedback\n\nIn addition to the above two Kudo cards, I received several positive verbal feedback at the end of the session. ", "All that was a sign that our talk was successful!", "\n\nExtreme Practices was the name of the talk Philippe and I gave at the AgileTour in Beirut on 15th of October, which based on the feedback was a successful one! ", "Our main focus was on the practices of extreme programming and how to adopt them in a distributed team.", "\n\nAs this was my first talk, I decided to write two blog posts about it. ", "In this first blog, I will be sharing the preparation whereas in the second post (in few days) I will be talking about the talk itself.", "\n\nIt all started with a discussion\n\nEarlier this year, I attended a workshop organized by Pierre Hervouet who is also the organizer of AgileTourBeirut. ", "After the session, we had a lengthy discussion on how we are applying Extreme Programming in our distributed team. ", "We ended that conversation by agreeing that I give a talk at the AgileTour on that subject.", "\n\nThe next day I discussed with Philippe the possibility of him being my co-speaker. ", "Unfortunately, visiting Beirut during that time wasn’t possible for Philippe! ", "But later it struck us; why not giving the presentation in a remote mode (i.e. I will be in Beirut while he is in Paris) to simulate how we work on a daily basis.", "\n\nThat kicked off the preparation for the talk!", "\n\nThe content\n\nAfter a couple of brainstorming sessions, we defined our presentation’s content and agreed that having live demos of remote pair programming and remote retrospective would make the talk more valuable!", "\n\nHere is the content we agreed on:\n\nIntroduction of ourselves and our team\n\nA short definition of XP\n\nA detailed explanation of some XP practices (below) and how we are applying them\n\n10 minutes build\n\nTDD (Test Driven Development)\n\nPair Programming\n\nRetrospectives\n\nA short story on how we started the distributed team\n\nRemote pair programming\n\nExplain how we are doing it\n\nDiscuss the difficulties we faced and how we managed to solve them\n\nDo a live demo and solve parts of the FizzBuzz problem\n\nRemote retrospectives\n\nA couple of stories on how we initially started doing remote meetings\n\nAgain, mention all the difficulties and the respective solution\n\nDo a live demo\n\nFinal message\n\nAnswer questions\n\nThe next step was building up the presentation slides and preparing the demos!", "\n\nSlides design\n\nWe are both software developers. ", "Thus we have limited design skills plus we usually are busy at work and can’t spend a lot of time on the design. ", "That is why we requested the help of our Internal Communications team in the Paris office! ", "The team focused on enhancing the slides’ background and images, but the content was not modified. ", "After a couple of iterations with them, we ended up with very well designed and beautiful slides!", "\n\nThe below images show a sample of the difference!", "\n\nBefore\n\nAfter\n\nPresentation coach\n\nI usually give talks, presentations and even training sessions at work, but this was my first attempt to give a talk at a conference. ", "Yes, I was a bit worried about it! ", "Thus, we asked for training with a professional coach from our training department in Paris.", "\n\nWe had two sessions with the trainer. ", "The first one was in Paris (i.e. we were both in the same room) whereas the second one simulated the real scenario of the talk (i.e. I was in Beirut and Philippe in Paris).", "\n\nThe coach’s focus was on:\n\nThe talk’s timing, to make sure that we don’t pass our allocated time. ", "That led to the removal of some slides that were less relevance to the main message.", "\n\nThe content, to make sure our message is well received by the audience. ", "This led to the rewriting of parts of our text.", "\n\nOur presentation skills, which included how I stand on the stage, eye contact with the audience and Philippe’s intervention during the talk.", "\n\nI have to say that this training was essential to the success of our talk! ", "Some of the key points I learned from this training were:\n\nIt is ok to forget and thus don’t hesitate to look at the notes if needed\n\nLimit the notes to headlines instead of full text\n\nTry not to look at the big screen\n\nKeep eye contact with all the audience\n\nA big risk\n\nLet’s admit, doing a remote presentation especially with an unstable connection as we have in Beirut is a huge risk! ", "But we were well prepared!", "\n\nAgain here, I asked for help. ", "But this time it was from the IT department at AUB (the tour’s host). ", "They were very helpful, as they granted me a dedicated link with (relatively) high-speed Internet and performed two rehearsals to make sure everything is working as expected. (", "I took the below image from the last rehearsal)\n\nTo avoid any surprises during the talk, Philippe and I decided to record the two demos ahead of time and just play them if needed. ", "Below you can check the two recorded demos.", "\n\nPair-programming recording\n\nRetrospective recording\n\nThe preparation for the talk took a lot of time and was tiring, but it was worth as everything paid off at the end!" ]

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[ "Counterimmunoblotting: detection of non-denatured or denatured antigens in antibody-containing agarose gels following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "\nUtilizing the principles of counterimmunoelectrophoresis, a technique was devised to immunologically identify non-denatured protein antigens resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. ", "Proteins were electrophoretically transferred from polyacrylamide gel to antibody-containing agarose gel in a commercially available blotting apparatus. ", "Detection of the antigen/antibody complex by Coomassie blue staining (in the ng range for unlabeled antigen) or autoradiography (in the pg range for radiolabeled antigen) established the sensitivity and specificity of this method. ", "Similar sensitivity could be obtained following conventional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after partial removal of the detergent and possible renaturation of proteins. ", "Placement of a nitrocellulose sheet on the anodal side of the agarose gel produced a 'negative replica' (proteins/polypeptides not reacting with specific antibodies in the agarose gel). ", "Counterimmunoblotting provides an additional method for molecular weight determination of protein antigens with sensitivity and specificity comparable to established nitrocellulose blotting (unlabeled proteins) or immunoprecipitation (labeled proteins) procedures." ]

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[ "Ronald T. Farrar\n\nRonald T. Farrar (born 1935) is an American journalist and academic. ", "He was the chair of the Journalism Department at Southern Methodist University and University of Mississippi, and he later became the director of the School of Journalism at the University of Kentucky. ", "He retired from academia as the Reynolds-Faunt Professor of Journalism at the University of South Carolina (USC) in 2001. ", "He is the author of several academic books on journalism. ", "\n\nAs chair of the Journalism Department at the University of Mississippi in the 1970s, Farrar published misleading articles about apartheid in South Africa. ", "In 2011, he endowed the Ronald T. and Gayla D. Farrar Award for Media in Civil Rights History at USC.", "\n\nEarly life\nRonald T. Farrar was born in 1935 in Fordyce, Arkansas. ", "He graduated from the University of Arkansas, where he earned a bachelor of science degree in business in 1957. ", "He earned a master's degree in journalism from the University of Iowa in 1962, and a PhD in History and Journalism from the University of Missouri in 1965.", "\n\nCareer\nFarrar began his career as a journalist in Arkansas, first as a reporter for the Arkansas Democrat in Little Rock, later as the news editor of the Daly Press in Paragould, and as the editor of the Trumann Democrat in Trumann. ", "He also worked for The Daily Iowan.", "\n\nFarrar joined the Journalism Department at Indiana University Bloomington as an assistant professor in 1964, and later became a tenured associate professor. ", "He was the chair of the Journalism Department at Southern Methodist University from 1970 to 1973. ", "\n\nFarrar served as Dean of the Journalism School at the University of Mississippi from 1973 to 1977. ", "\n\nFarrar was the director of the School of Journalism at the University of Kentucky from 1977 to 1986. ", "He became the Reynolds-Faunt Professor of Journalism at the University of South Carolina in 1986, and he retired from academia in 2001. ", "In 2011, he endowed the Ronald T. and Gayla D. Farrar Award for Media in Civil Rights History at USC.", "\n\nPersonal life\nFarrar is married to Gayle Hope Dennis. ", "They have two children.", "\n\nSelected works\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1935 births\nCategory:People from Fordyce, Arkansas\nCategory:University of Arkansas alumni\nCategory:University of Iowa alumni\nCategory:University of Missouri alumni\nCategory:Indiana University Bloomington faculty\nCategory:University of Mississippi faculty\nCategory:University of South Carolina faculty" ]

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[ "Canberra’s best known pants man Australian Federal Police Commissioner Tony Negus has been caught red-handed bullying and bastardising another whistleblower within the federal police. ", "This is the same man who has been caught time and again covering up government corruption and the same man who was caught having an affair with his secretary Tamerra Mackell in 2011.", "\n\nIn the latest scandal federal police officer Brendan Thomson AFP is in the process of being driven out of the police force for sending Commissioner Negus an email blowing the whistle on the failings of the federal police in handling the Christmas Island 2011 riots. ", "As it turns out the email is explosive in that it contradicts lies that the federal police told a parliamentary enquiry.", "\n\nBackground – Brendon ThomsonIn 2010 Brendon Thomson was a federal police officer in the Operational Response Group or ORG (riot squad). ", "He was team leader on Christmas Island which has a detention centre for illegal immigrants.", "\n\nWith overcrowding the risks were starting to escalate in October and November 2010 and Mr Thomson “placed at least seven both formal and informal briefs into my chain of command that the risks were starting to increase”.", "\n\nOn the 18th November 2010 the AFP announced that it would be withdrawing the riot squad in nine days. “", "Brendan Thomson returned to Australia and sent a desperate email to his boss, Commissioner Tony Negus, warning the decision was putting thousands of people at risk.” ", "Mr Thomson sent a follow-up email to Tony Negus.", "\n\n“Within days Brendan Thomson was stood down from operational duty and faced a misconduct charge for contacting the commissioner.” “", "That stand-down then continued for nearly 13 months”\n\nThe federal police removed their forces from Christmas Island for political reasons in that they wanted “to expose the security failings of the Immigration Department and the detention centre operator, SERCO.”", "\n\nIn March 2011 there was a riot at the Christmas Island detention centre that lasted 6 days. ", "At a parliamentary enquiry into the riots the federal police told the enquiry that “its intelligence was that the centre was generally calm in the lead up to the March riots”. ", "This was clearly a lie and Commissioner Tony Negus knows it as Brendan Thomson had emailed him of the potential dangers on Christmas Island.", "\n\nThe key point for me is where it says Brendon Thomson “faced a misconduct charge for contacting the commissioner”. ", "That says it all. ", "Mr Thomson’s bastardisation and bullying has come directly from Commissioner Tony Negus and they are clearly trying to drive him to resign from the federal police which is what is known as aconstructive dismissal.", "\n\nBrendon Thomson’s crime is that he kept Tony Negus directly informed on a subject that Negus wanted to deny any knowledge of and worse still with the email there was a direct paper trail to Negus.", "\n\nRoss Fusca\n\nBrendon Thomson’s treatment is eerily similar to that of former federal police officer and whistleblower Ross Fusca who currently has proceedings before the Federal Court against the federal police. “", "As part of his evidence he alleges he was offered a promotion if he shut down the enquiry into the AWB oil-for-food scandal which he headed up when he was employed at the AFP.”", "\n\nMr Fusca also sent an email to senior officers in the federal police which read in part: “I refuse to be treated like a fool,” the email said. “", "This is a high priority AFP national investigation, the task is massive. ", "If no proper effective support is given and maintained, I recommend closing this investigation.”“", "\n\nAt 3.18pm on December 18, Ross Fusca, the acting co-ordinator of the AWB oil-for-food taskforce, hit ”send” and his 30-year career began a rapid downwards spiral. ", "Fusca was quickly disciplined and demoted. ", "Worse would come: stress leave, a humiliating return to work” and then the federal court action.", "\n\nBullying, bastardising and driving police officers out of the federal police seems to be a standard mode of operation for whistleblowers under Commissioner Tony Negus’s leadership. ", "Especially ones who send emails that could embarrass federal police management.", "\n\nTamerra Mackell\n\nIn June 2011 it was revealed that Commissioner Tony Negus had been in the habit of taking his secretary and former Newcastle Knights cheerleader Tamerra Mackell on overseas trips with him. ", "This was unprecedented as his predecessor Mick Keelty “usually travelled with a “staff officer” – a uniformed AFP officer who is a member of the Senior Executive Service, the highest ranks of the public service.”", "\n\nYet Tony Negus decided it was good idea to take his secretary who is a civilian employee and not a federal police officer for the purposes of “to provide support to” for “such as amending speeches when he is travelling overseas.” (", "Click here to read more)\n\nEveryone in Canberra knows exactly what was going on with pants man Tony Negus and Tamerra Mackell. ", "At the time the SMH reported Mr Negus “refused to answer questions about his relationship with an assistant he took on overseas business trips”(click here to read more) And that is where the story stopped with the media. ", "One suspects plenty of phone calls were made to shut the story down.", "\n\nIt was tax payers money that Tony Negus was using to facilitate his affair and he should have been made to answer the questions. ", "Having an affair is probably not a sackable offence but using tax payers money to facilitate it would be and Negus was protecting one person and one person only, himself.", "\n\nI did a post on the Negus – Mackell affair at the time in 2011 and took it down. ", "It is the only post I have ever taken down from this site and it was my own decision as I felt there was not enough in the post and it was covered by the MSM. ", "In hindsight I should have left it up as it goes to the character of the Tony Negus. ", "By failing to address the media on the issue Negus has failed his own family that has to suffer the gossip as well as Tamerra Mackell and her husband who is a federal police officer.", "\n\nUnderstanding and knowing how Negus failed his own family it becomes easy to understand how he will destroy the police careers of Brendan Thomson and Ross Fusca without even blinking.", "\n\nI did manage to get a FOI file that has the expenses for Tony Negus and Tamerra Mackell for the period 1/03/11 to 5/07/11. (", "Click here to read the file) Someone with better knowledge of travel and expenses might be able to see if there are any irregularities.", "\n\nTony Negus cannot possibly be psychologically sound to be the police commissioner. ", "The man is a nut case who only cares about himself and will destroy anything and everything in his road including his own family. ", "He is as corrupt as they come as well. ", "Mr Negus has a lot more form on the board when it comes to corruption than what is above which I have previously written about. (", "Click here to read)\n\nThere could and should be a parliamentary enquiry at the very least into Tony Negus and the issues raised above for starters. ", "Federal parliament are in the process of passing new whistleblower laws which is probably too little too late for Brendan Thomson and Ross Fusca.", "\n\nKangaroo Court of Australia is an independent website and is reliant on donations to keep publishing. ", "If you would like to support the continuance of this site, please click on the button below to donate via PayPal or go to the donations page for other donation options. (", "Click here to go to the Donations page)\n\nIf you would like to follow this website, you can by email notification at the top right of this page and about twice a week you will be notified when there is a new article.", "\n\nThe “Buck Stops at the Top” and any management culture type permeates through the whole entire organisation or organisations that that management is under or controlled from above. – ", "it is a common fact of corporate life and perhaps even more prevalent in public life as they do not answer to the same laws and regulations that a private company director or officer has to. ", "They are only answerable to the MSM and we know how ineffective that is.", "\n\nWho is Tony Negus’s boss as well as many other Government Departments and Government owned enterprises? ", "the Federal Parliament of course, who also have a union culture of bullying, bastardisation, blackmail and extortion. ", "So it is no wonder we end up people such as this running an extremely important organisation to the well being of our country as the AFP. ", "Am I reading “Mein Kampf”……?", "\n\nThankfully, of the many incidents in recent times in this regard you have also made much more clearer than the MSM and I look forward to your next post.", "\n\nLying to parliament is a federal criminal offence & yet it occurs time & time again. ", "It constantly amazes me how often this gets shown to be correct, is well known about & then is simply glossed over or ‘airbrushed’ out of the way.", "\n\nNot one of our elected politicians has the stamina, or the backbone to do anything about it. ", "The question must be asked of them – why? ", "Another question – why are they even in office if they cannot uphold the laws of this country? ", "It is their duty to do so when they are earning income off the public purse.", "\n\nWe seem to have a growing problem with the relationship between those in positions of power within the Corporation that is Australia, and with a complicit, dishonest Mainstream media. ", "At least its now becoming obvious to growing numbers of citizens.", "\n\nCases like this show time and time again that whistleblowers are treated worse than the corrupt creeps they are exposing. ", "Is it any wonder that there are so few when they see how others are treated not to mention the lack of support they receive from the media.", "\n\nNothing to see here. ", "Everything looks above board and so therefore is. ", "We all know there have been no vested Police interests and most definitely no untoward practises since the goodness of the Fitzgerald Enquiry flowed out from QLD to all corners of the nation ending cronyism forever.", "\n\nCan u believe it? ", "Another senior fed does what he wants.", "Thumbs his nose at public accountability and guess …what will get away with it. ", "Even an expose on the national broadcaster last week will result in zero. ", "Oh but I assure you this guy will receive nothing but promotion and totally outrageous fiduciary benefits even if he is called to account and found wanting u should see the “go away” packages they give themselves……………..\nI luv this site this guy is fearless I promote this site to the youth of Australia.", "\n\nFollow this site via Email\n\nEnter your email address and click on the follow button below to follow this website and receive notifications of new posts by email.", "\n\nJoin 4,367 other subscribers\n\nEmail Address\n\nIf you would like to support this site it would be greatly appreciated if you make a donation. ", "Click on the button below to donate via PayPal or go to the donation page above for other options. ", "Thank you for your support." ]

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[ "The Power of Podcasting For Authors\n\n​According to Apple, over 10 billion podcast episodes were consumed on its devices in 2016. ", "That’s 2 billion more downloads than 2015 and 3 billion more than 2014 on Apple devices alone.", "\n\nVideo: The Power of Podcasting For Authors\n\nWouldn't you like a share of that audience?", "\n\n​Your book is the best piece of content marketing you will ever have. ", "So why limit it to just the reading audience? ", "Here's an idea. ", "Create an additional piece of content by leveraging the ​gigantic podcast listener audience by turning your book into a multi-episode podcast​, without ever having to record your voice or learn complicated audio software. ", "Reach millions of new customers who may have never heard about your book and get them to subscribe to your email list, purchase your products/services, and of course, buy ​your book!" ]

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[ "American Bungalow\n\nAmerican Bungalow is a quarterly special interest magazine whose stated purpose is “preserving and restoring the modest American 20th Century home, the bungalow, and the rich lifestyle it affords.” ", " Since its introduction in 1990, the publication has been a major spur to the revitalization of interest in bungalow homes and their connection to the original and contemporary Arts and Crafts movement. ", "The magazine and its advertisers are a popular resource for bungalow owners and architects.", "\n\nHistory \nIn 1987, John Brinkmann Design Offices, Inc. moved into Twycross House, a 1914 one-owner bungalow in Sierra Madre, California. ", "The particular charm and history of Twycross House sparked owner John Brinkmann's interest in bungalows, leading him to launch American Bungalow magazine in September 1990.", "\n\nFrom the start, the magazine's appeal was assisted by renewed nationwide interest in the Arts and Crafts Movement, both in Europe in the late 19th century and in America at the turn of the 20th century. ", "Articles on the movement's philosophy and its connection to the ubiquitous bungalow house style were a revelation to many readers who owned or aspired to own modest bungalows.", "\n\nFrom its first issue, which featured a historic bungalow neighborhood in San Jose, California, the magazine has also featured historic bungalow neighborhoods around the country, encouraging their preservation and cheering their revival, including in Chicago, where in 2001 Brinkmann presented Mayor Richard Daley, Jr. with an “Award of Appreciation” honoring the city's Historic Chicago Bungalow Initiative.", "\n\nThe magazine has also championed the work of vintage and contemporary masters of Arts and Crafts furniture making, metalwork, ceramics, textiles, leather and other domestic furnishings, along the way featuring some of the most admired collections of such works in the U.S.\n\nIt was among the first national publications to draw attention to the strong affinities between these works and their makers and those produced in a similar spirit by Native Americans artisans, especially those inhabiting the continent's Southwest, which was undergoing rapid exploration and settlement at the turn of the 20th century.", "\n\nIn 2003, the editors of the Chicago Tribune’s “Tempo” cultural and arts magazine named American Bungalow one of the nation's “50 Best Magazines.”", "\n\nAmerican Bungalow’s first years were marked by sporadic publication and few advertisers, but by 1995 a widespread interest in bungalows and bungalow neighborhoods began to take hold in many areas of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, leading to increased circulation. ", "American Bungalow now enjoys a relatively small but loyal readership and is available worldwide, although its circulation is primarily within the United States and Canada.", "\n\nFinancial Difficulties \nIn 2019, American Bungalow published only 1 issue, Issue 98. ", "Typically, 4 issues are published each year. ", "On January 24, 2020, editor John Brinkmann sent an e-mail to subscribers and also posted a letter on American Bungalow's website, detailing financial difficulties and offering back issues at a substantial discount, in an effort to raise funds. ", "Brinkmann informed subscribers that Issues 99 and 100 were completed, but could not be printed due to lack of funds. ", "At this time, some readers began to doubt whether the magazine would survive into the future.", "\n\nFeatures \nAmerican Bungalow features articles on topics such as:\n\nArts and Crafts collectibles, fixtures and furnishings\nArts and Crafts philosophy\nArts and Crafts style lodges and resorts\nBungalow architecture\nBungalow décor, interiors and exteriors\nBungalow restoration\nBungalow neighborhoods and neighborhood preservation\nMission furniture\nNew construction in the Craftsman style\nPeriod graphics and posters\nRemodels and additions\nSimple living\n\nSee also\nCalifornia Bungalow\nArts and Crafts Movement\n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links \n American Bungalow\n\nCategory:1990 establishments in California\nCategory:Architecture of the United States\nCategory:Magazines established in 1990\nCategory:Architecture magazines\nCategory:Magazines published in California\nCategory:American quarterly magazines" ]

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[ "Intradural lumbar varix resembling a tumor: case report of a magnetic resonance imaging-based diagnosis.", "\nReview the presentation and diagnosis of a lumbar intradural varix. ", "To report an innovative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that enabled radiographic diagnosis in a rare case of symptomatic lumbar intradural varix. ", "Lumbar variceal veins rarely occur intradurally, and may radiographically mimic nerve-sheath tumors. ", "These lesions are typically diagnosed at surgery performed due to suspicion of tumor. ", "A 55-year-old man presented with radicular lower back pain and normal neurologic examination. ", "MRI revealed an ellipsoid intradural enhancing mass at the L2 level. ", "The patient refused to undergo the surgical procedure that was recommended. ", "Over 2-year follow-up, symptoms resolved together with weight reduction. ", "Repeat MRI revealed an unchanged lumbar lesion in addition to engorged epidural and intradural veins, thought to be related to outflow obstruction secondary to past right nephrectomy and obliterated inferior vena cava. ", "Breath-holding and Valsalva maneuvers during MRI caused a change in the shape of the intradural lesion. ", "The patient's refusal to undergo surgery led to noninvasive assessment of his lumbar spinal pathology. ", "Diagnosis of nonthrombosed intradural varix was established on MRI-based detection of a change in the shape of the lesion following breath-hold and Valsalva maneuvers. ", "We diagnosed a nonthrombosed intradural varix by demonstrating a change in the lesion's shape on MRI, following breath-hold and Valsalva maneuvers. ", "This is the first report of nonpathologic, purely radiologic diagnosis of such a lesion. ", "This is a relatively simple, noninvasive method of evaluating these patients." ]

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[ "import Vue from \"vue\"\nimport Vuex from \"vuex\"\n\nimport posts from \"./posts\"\n\nVue.use(Vuex)\n\nexport const state = {\n count: 0\n}\n\nexport const mutations = {\n increment(state) {\n state.count++\n }\n}\n\nconst store = new Vuex.", "Store({\n state,\n mutations,\n modules: {\n posts\n }\n})\n\nexport default store\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJavaFX 2 WebView: How to enhance the scrollbars\n\nI have implemented a Log-Viewer using the JavaFX WebView. ", "\nHowever there is one big issue for the users of that Log-Viewer: the scrollbars of the webviewer are very thin. ", "I even had an issue (on Windows 7 / XP, strangely not on Windows 8) that when clicking on the scroll slider, it \"hopped\" away and it is not always easy to catch that slider and sometimes the scrolling does not work.", "\nIt took me some effort and research and I found that I can change the scrollbars with CSS. ", "However I had some issues that either the automatic scrolling did not work any more or I had some \"smear\" effects and the scrollbar was not painted correctly.", "\nMaybe someone has found another solution for the problem - I will present my solution below.", "\n\nA:\n\nMy solution uses CSS to change the webkit scrollbar. ", "See\nCSS Tricks\nfor an introduction.", "\nThere are some points to be considered:\nFirst:\nWhen using position: absolute; the scrolling in javascript - like window.scrollTo will not work any more.", "\nSecond:\nThe background-color attribute for the scrollbar-track is mandatory. ", "When left out (and not using absolute positioning) the redraw functionality of the scrollbar does not work any more. ", "This seems to be a bug in the webkit.", "\n body {\n /* hide the horizontal scrollbar */\n overflow-x: hidden;\n }\n /* make the scrollbar a little wider */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar {\n width: 16px;\n }\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-track {\n background-color: white;\n }\n /* the slider or \"thumb\" has some rounded edges and a shadow and it's a little translucent */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {\n border-radius: 6px;\n box-shadow: inset 0 0 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.5); \n background: rgba(159,216,239,0.8);\n }\n /* I don't like the scrollbar to be so tiny on large documents - hence I set a minimum height */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:vertical {\n min-height: 100px;\n }\n /* Use a more translucent slider when the window is inactive */\n ::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:window-inactive {\n background: rgba(159,216,239,0.2); \n } \n\nWhen using this CSS in the <style> tag in the content of the HTML used by the WebEngine the scrollbars are new shiny glossy blue and wider scrollbars.", "\nThis also solves the issue of the \"hopping away\" of the scrollbar on Win7/XP.", "\nTo change the Horizontal scrollbar as well - the height attribute in webkit-scrollbar has to be provided and the min-width attribute in ...-scrollbar-thumb:vertical can be provided along.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "[Uterine rupture and placenta percreta in the second trimester. ", "Presentation of a case].", "\nA case report of a woman 31 years old, with 19 weeks gestation, who presented with acute abdomen signs and symptoms: we performed a laparotomy finding uterine rupture and placenta percreta. ", "It's a rare pathology, and we found few cases reported in literature. ", "None in Mexico." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat makes up a resonator of radio?", "\n\nI was reading this article about resonators. ", "\nQuote:\n\nThe sine wave that matches that particular frequency will get\n amplified by the resonator, and all of the other frequencies will be\n ignored.", "\n\nAs far as I know, in picture below, the capacitor and inductor below makes up an oscillator circuit which oscillates at some frequency so that it can be matched and amplified by resonator.", "\nSo what is this resonator that the article is talking about?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe inductor and capacitor form a resonant circuit, which will pass only a specific frequency - the one you are tuning the radio to recieve. ", "You normally tune it by making either the inductor or capacitor adjustable.", "\nedit: As described in How does radio receives signal from particular station? ", "it's very much like a pendulum.", "\nCurrent flows freely in the circuit only at one particular rate - set by the inductance and capacitance. ", "Try to make the circuit oscillate at any other frequency will just cause the energy to be absorbed by the capacitor and inductor and so only changing electrical signals at the exact right rate are passed. ", "\nThe maths are a bit complicated but there is a good explanation here.", "\nIt is surprising that you can pull a particular signal out of all the random frequencies arriving and being detected by the antennae - that was the point of my piano+morse code example in the other question.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Beperminogene perplasmid for the treatment of critical limb ischemia.", "\nTherapeutic angiogenesis for the treatment of ischemic disease can be attained through the delivery of recombinant growth factor proteins, through gene transfer or cell transplantation. ", "Gene transfer associated with adenovirus or naked plasmid DNAs has been extensively studied in clinical trials. ", "An investigational product, beperminogene perplasmid, is the naked plasmid DNA encoding the cDNA of human HGF, which has potent angiogenic activity. ", "In several clinical trials, beperminogene perplasmid showed favorable safety and efficacy profile in the treatment of critical limb ischemia. ", "This article reviews the results of pre-clinical and clinical studies of beperminogene perplasmid in the treatment of critical limb ischemia caused by peripheral arterial disease and Buerger's disease." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Stress and salivary cortisol during pregnancy.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to determine whether exposure to stressful life events was associated with changes in levels of circulating cortisol during pregnancy in a population of 603 pregnant women. ", "The participating pregnant women filled out a questionnaire and collected a morning and evening sample of saliva in early pregnancy (median 14th gestational week) and in late pregnancy (median and 30th gestational week). ", "They were asked to report the number of life events experienced during first and second trimester, respectively, and were asked to rate the intensity of the experienced events. ", "Complications related to the pregnancy such as vaginal bleeding and suspected growth retardation were registered and the women were asked about concerns about their pregnancy. ", "The salivary samples were analyzed for cortisol and the levels were higher in late than in early pregnancy. ", "In late pregnancy women exposed to more than one life event or were concerned about pregnancy complications during second trimester had a higher evening cortisol level, whereas morning values were unaffected. ", "After adjustment for smoking women who experienced more than one very stressful life event had 27% higher evening cortisol concentrations (95% confidence intervals: 1-59%). ", "Women with worries about pregnancy complications had 27% (95% confidence intervals: 2-57%) higher levels. ", "In early pregnancy women reporting stressful life events did not have higher evening cortisol levels, but tended to have a blunted morning HPA response. ", "In conclusion, we found differences in the associations between chronic stress in early and late pregnancy and cortisol levels indicating that the response to chronic stress is dependent on the stage of the pregnancy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nHigh-quality randomised controlled trials are considered the gold standard research approach to identify causality or demonstrate treatment efficacy. ", "There are many treatment uncertainties in neonatal practice \\[[@CR1]\\] that would benefit from being subjected to high-quality randomised clinical trials \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "However, the high cost of undertaking large and methodologically robust trials \\[[@CR3]\\] means that only a small number are undertaken each year: the median cost of randomised controlled trials was estimated between US\\$43 and US\\$103,254 per participant \\[[@CR4]\\] and publicly funded pragmatic neonatal trials cost £1.5--2 million \\[[@CR5]\\]. ", "A key driver of cost in clinical trials is data collection; the mean costs of trial data collection using conventional Case Record Forms have been estimated to be €1135 per participant \\[[@CR6]\\]. ", "More efficient collection; for example, using electronic Case Record Forms \\[[@CR6]\\] and routinely available clinical data \\[[@CR7]\\], provide opportunities to reduce costs and facilitate neonatal trials to improve the limited evidence base upon which much of neonatal care currently relies.", "\n\nMethods to increase the efficiency of clinical trial data collection have been described by organisations such as the Institute of Medicine \\[[@CR8]\\] and the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative \\[[@CR9]\\]; these include a targeted collection of common core data items, and extraction of trial data from existing sources, such as Electronic Patient Record (EPR) systems or disease registries; these approaches are most likely to be applicable to pragmatic trials \\[[@CR10]\\]. ", "The use of existing 'real-world' data sources such as these provides additional advantages: they can provide up-to-date incidence estimates for baseline and outcome event rates to better inform sample size calculations, and the accuracy and completeness of key data items can be estimated in advance from historical data to inform trial feasibility at the planning stage, and address widely held concerns about poor quality of data from existing sources \\[[@CR11]\\]. ", "However, because not all data items held within a routinely recorded database or registry will be relevant to clinical trials, the data items that are 'core' \\[[@CR9]\\] for clinical trials in a particular clinical area need to be established. ", "Established approaches exist for the definition of Core Outcome Sets \\[[@CR12]\\], but none for core *non-outcome* data for clinical trials; for example, baseline or background data, and items used in randomisation.", "\n\nAn increasing proportion of neonatal Cochrane reviews are inconclusive because of insufficient high-quality data from randomised trials \\[[@CR2]\\]. ", "Neonatal care in the United Kingdom is well placed to develop large, efficient trials that use existing data: all infants admitted for National Health Service (NHS) neonatal care in England, Scotland and Wales have clinical data recorded in a summary EPR system as part of routine clinical care, and predefined data \\[[@CR13]\\] are extracted to form the National Neonatal Research Database (NNRD). ", "The effectiveness and efficiency of using routinely recorded clinical data, held in the NNRD for data-enabled neonatal trials, are currently being investigated \\[[@CR14]\\]. ", "We hypothesised that a set of common data items have been reported across neonatal trials that impact clinical practice; the aim of this study was to identify common neonatal data items. ", "As there is no established approach for the identification of common baseline data items we undertook a systematic review to identify baseline data items reported in neonatal trials. ", "A secondary aim was to quantify the completeness of these commonly reported items in the NNRD to inform whether this could be used as the sole or principal data source for clinical trials.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nSystematic review {#Sec3}\n-----------------\n\nTo identify data commonly reported in neonatal trials we conducted a systematic review of neonatal clinical trials published in high-impact journals. ", "We developed a protocol with explicitly defined objectives, information to be extracted, and statistical methods. ", "We prospectively registered the protocol with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews, registration number CRD42016046138 (<https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero>), registered on 17 August 2016.", "\n\nWe searched the four most highly cited general medical journals that publish neonatal trials \\[[@CR15]\\] (*New England Journal of Medicine*, *Lancet*, *British Medical Journal* and *Journal of the American Medical Association*) over a 10-year period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2015, using the PubMed database. ", "The PubMed search strategy is described in Additional file [1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "We extracted randomised clinical trials written in English that tested an intervention delivered to newborn infants in a neonatal unit setting, with no restriction on the disease area or treatment type. ", "Prior to data extraction we changed the inclusion criteria for studies to include trials of infants born at more than 34 gestational weeks, so that the results would be more generalisable to neonatal trials. ", "We did not include trials where an intervention was applied to a pregnant mother and infant outcomes were reported. ", "Two authors (SJ and CG) independently performed the screening of each potentially relevant record and reviewed full text where necessary to assess eligibility. ", "Discrepancies between the authors were resolved through discussion.", "\n\nTwo authors (SJ, CG) independently extracted the following items from included clinical trials: baseline items, items used in stratification or minimisation (randomisation), and items used to adjust primary outcomes. ", "Other study characteristics that we extracted included whether the trial was multicentre and whether it involved preterm or term infants. ", "Outcome data were not extracted as these are the subject of other parallel work \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "A comprehensive list of reported data items and frequencies was extracted. ", "Items were combined where appropriate; for example, administration of different medications was combined into the item 'medications'. ", "Preterm studies were defined as studies involving babies with a gestational age of less than 37 weeks or weighing less than 1500 g and term studies as studies on babies born at or above 37 weeks' gestation. ", "A formal risk of bias assessment was not conducted as the interest of this study was limited to the data collected, not the interventions or the measure of efficacy.", "\n\nData completeness {#Sec4}\n-----------------\n\nData completeness in the NNRD was examined for infants born in England, Scotland and Wales during the period 1 January 1 2015 to 31 December 2015 for the first seven postnatal days. ", "The NNRD contains over 400 different data per each baby; data held in the NNRD are extracted from individual infants' EPR data routinely recorded by healthcare professionals as part of clinical care. ", "Details of the Neonatal Dataset are searchable at the following webpage \\[[@CR13]\\] and descriptive data for infants within the NNRD are available here \\[[@CR17]\\]. ", "We calculated the completeness in the NNRD of each data item reported by at least 20% of clinical trials included in the systematic review.", "\n\nWe defined incompleteness as an empty field or an implausible value. ", "Where an item identified through the systematic review (for example, *birth weight*) directly matched a corresponding NNRD field, the completeness of these items was directly calculated. ", "Where an item identified in the systematic review mapped to several fields in the NNRD (for example, *respiratory support*, identified in the systematic review, maps to several NNRD fields, including use of respiratory support, mode of ventilation, non-invasive respiratory support, nitric oxide, tracheostomy, surfactant \\[[@CR13]\\], completeness was determined by at least one value that was not missing or implausible (according to the neonatal dataset data dictionary definition) over the multiple possible NNRD fields.", "\n\nResults {#Sec5}\n=======\n\nSystematic review {#Sec6}\n-----------------\n\nWe identified 161 articles in the literature search. ", "We excluded 117 articles leaving 44 eligible to be included in the review (Fig. [", "1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Twenty-nine studies included only preterm babies, six only term babies and nine studies included both term and preterm babies (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The majority of studies (91%) were multicentre trials and overall included 30,968 participants (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Fig. ", "1Flow of studies through the systematic review Table 1The identified studies and their characteristicsAuthor and yearTitle*N*^a^Intervention armComparator armSingle/multiple centre trialAge/ weight Inclusion criteria of participantsInfant age groupDisease areaAzzopardi 2009 \\[[@CR18]\\]Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy325Total body cooling and intensive careIntensive careMultiple≥ 36 weeks' gestationTermNeurologicalAzzopardi 2014 \\[[@CR19]\\]Effects of hypothermia for perinatal asphyxia on childhood outcomes325Standard care with hypothermiaStandard careMultiple≥ 36 weeksTermNeurologicalBallard 2006 \\[[@CR20]\\]Inhaled nitric oxide in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation582Nitric oxidePlaceboMultiple\\< 32 weeksPretermRespiratoryBassler 2015 \\[[@CR21]\\]Early inhaled budesonide for the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia856Early inhaled budesonidePlaceboMultiple23^+ 0^ to 27^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryBaud 2016 \\[[@CR22]\\]Effect of early low-dose hydrocortisone on survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants (PREMILOC): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre randomised trial521HydrocortisonePlaceboMultiple24^+ 0^ to 27^+ 6^ weeks^+days^TermRespiratoryBeardsall 2008 \\[[@CR23]\\]Early insulin therapy in very-low-birth-weight infants386Early insulinStandard neonatal careMultiple\\< 1500 gPretermOther- metabolic/endocrineBenjamin 2014 \\[[@CR24]\\]Effect of fluconazole prophylaxis on candidiasis and mortality in premature infants, a randomized clinical trial361FluconazolePlaceboMultiple\\< 750 gPretermInfectionBrocklehurst 2011 \\[[@CR25]\\]Treatment of neonatal sepsis with intravenously administered immune globulin3493Polyvalent IgG immune globulinPlaceboMultiple\\< 1500 gPretermInfectionCarlo 2010 \\[[@CR26]\\]Target ranges of oxygen saturation in extremely preterm infants1316Oxygen saturation 85--89%Oxygen saturation 91--95%Multiple24^+ 0^ to 27^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryCarr 2009 \\[[@CR27]\\]Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor administered as prophylaxis for reduction of sepsis in extremely preterm, small-for-gestational age neonates (PROGRAMS): a single-blind, multicentre randomised controlled trial280Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factorStandard careMultiple≤ 31 weeksPretermInfectionCeelie 2013 \\[[@CR28]\\]Effect of intravenously administered paracetamol on postoperative morphine requirements in neonates and infants undergoing major noncardiac surgery71Continuous morphineIntermittent intravenously administered paracetamolSingle\\> 36^+ 1^ week^+days^ to 1 yearTermOther- painCosteloe 2016 \\[[@CR29]\\]*Bifidobacterium breve* BBG-001 in very preterm infants: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial1310Probiotic *B breve* BBG-001PlaceboMultiple23^+ 0^ to 30^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermInfectionDavidson 2016 \\[[@CR30]\\]Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial719Awake-regional anaesthesiaGeneral anaesthesiaMultiple≥ 26 weeks to 60 weeksBothOther- sedation/anaesthesiaFergusson 2012 \\[[@CR31]\\]Effect of fresh red blood cell transfusions on clinical outcomes in premature, very-low-birth-weight infants377Fresh red blood cell transfusionsStandard red blood cell transfusionsMultiple\\< 1250 gPretermOther- haematologicalFiner 2010 \\[[@CR32]\\]Early continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus surfactant in extremely preterm infants1316Intubation and surfactantContinuous positive airway pressureMultiple24^+ 0^ to 27^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryFivez 2016 \\[[@CR33]\\]Early versus late parenteral nutrition in critically ill children1440Late parenteral nutritionEarly parenteral nutritionMultipleTerm newborns to 17 yearsTermOther- nutritionGopel 2011 \\[[@CR34]\\]Avoidance of mechanical ventilation by surfactant treatment of spontaneously breathing preterm infants: an open-label randomised, controlled trial220Surfactant without ventilationStandard careMultiple26 to 28^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryHarris 2013 \\[[@CR35]\\]Dextrose gel for neonatal hypoglycaemia (the Sugar Babies study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial237Dextrose gelPlaceboSingle35 to 42 weeksBothOther- metabolic/endocrineHyttel-Sorenson 2015 \\[[@CR36]\\]Cerebral near infrared spectroscopy oximetry in extremely preterm infants: phase II randomised clinical trial166Cerebral near infrared spectroscopy monitoringBlinded near infrared spectroscopy monitoringMultiple\\< 27^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermNeurologicalKelleher 2013 \\[[@CR37]\\]Oronasopharyngeal suction versus wiping of the mouth and nose at birth: a randomised equivalency trial488Gentle wiping of the face, mouth and nose with a towelSuction with a bulb syringe of the mouth and nostrilsSingle≥ 35 weeksBothRespiratoryKimberlin 2011 \\[[@CR38]\\]Orally administered acyclovir suppression and neurodevelopment after neonatal herpes74Oral acyclovirPlaceboMultiple\\> 800 gBothInfectionKimberlin 2015 \\[[@CR39]\\]Valganciclovir for symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus disease96Valganciclovir therapyPlaceboMultiple≥ 32 weeksBothInfectionKirpalani 2013 \\[[@CR40]\\]A trial comparing non-invasive ventilation strategies in preterm infants1007Nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilationNasal continuous positive airway pressureMultiple\\< 30 weeks and \\< 1000 gPretermRespiratoryLeuchter 2014 \\[[@CR41]\\]Association between early administration of high-dose erythropoietin in preterm infants and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormality at term-equivalent age165Recombinant human erythropoietinPlaceboMultiple26 weeks to 31^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermNeurologicalMakrides 2009 \\[[@CR42]\\]Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants fed high-dose docosahexaenoic acid657High docosahexaenoic acid dietStandard docosahexaenoic acid dietMultiple\\< 33 weeksPretermOther- nutritionManley 2013 \\[[@CR43]\\]High-flow nasal cannulae in very preterm infants after extubation303High-flow nasal cannulaeNasal continuous positive airway pressureMultiple\\< 32 weeksPretermRespiratoryManzoni 2007 \\[[@CR44]\\]A multicentre, randomized trial of prophylactic fluconazole in preterm neonates322FluconazolePlaceboMultiple\\< 1500 gPretermInfectionManzoni 2009 \\[[@CR45]\\]Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight neonates472LactoferrinLactoferrin + *Lactobacillus rhamnosus* GG PlaceboMultiple\\< 1500 gPretermInfectionMercier 2010 \\[[@CR46]\\]Inhaled nitric oxide for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature babies (EUNO): a randomised controlled trial800Inhaled nitric oxidePlaceboMultiple24^+ 0^ to 28^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryMorley 2008 \\[[@CR47]\\]Nasal CPAP or intubation at birth for very preterm infants610CPAPIntubation and ventilation at 5 minMultiple25^+ 0^ to 28^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryMorris 2008 \\[[@CR48]\\]Aggressive versus conservative phototherapy for infants with extremely low birth weight1974Aggressive phototherapyConservative phototherapyMultiple501--1000 gPretermOther- hepaticMorris 2013 \\[[@CR49]\\]Percutaneous vesicoamniotic shunting versus conservative management for fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (PLUTO): a randomised trial31Percutaneous vesicoamniotic shuntingConservative managementMultipleNo age or weight criteriaBothGenitourinaryMoss 2006 \\[[@CR50]\\]Laparotomy versus peritoneal drainage for necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and perforation117Primary peritoneal drainageLaparotomy with bowel resectionMultiple\\< 34 weeks, \\< 1500 gPretermGastrointestinalNatalucci 2016 \\[[@CR51]\\]Effect of early prophylactic high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin in very preterm infants on neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years365Prophylactic early high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)PlaceboMultiple26^+ 0^ to 31^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermNeurologicalSchmidt 2012 \\[[@CR52]\\]Survival without disability to age 5 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity1640Caffeine therapyPlaceboMultiple500--1250 gPretermRespiratorySchmidt 2013 \\[[@CR53]\\]Effects of targeting higher versus lower arterial oxygen saturations on death or disability in extremely preterm infants1201Oxygen saturation 85--89%Oxygen saturation 91--95%Multiple23^+ 0^ to 27^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryShankaran 2012 \\[[@CR54]\\]Childhood outcomes after hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy190HypothermiaUsual careMultiple≥ 36 weeksBothNeurologicalShankaran 2014 \\[[@CR55]\\]Effect of depth and duration of cooling on deaths in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) among neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, a randomised clinical trial36432 °C for 72 h33.5 °C for 120 h32 °C for 120 h33.5 °C for 72 hMultiple≥ 36 weeksBothNeurologicalSlater 2010 \\[[@CR56]\\]Orally administered sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial44Sucrose solutionSterile waterSingle37--43 weeksTermOther- painStenson 2013 \\[[@CR57]\\]Oxygen saturation and outcomes in preterm infants2448Oxygen saturation of 85--89%Oxygen saturation of 91--95%Multiple\\< 28 weeksPretermRespiratoryTaddio 2006 \\[[@CR58]\\]Intravenously administered morphine and topically administered tetracaine for treatment of pain in preterm neonates undergoing central-line placement132Tetracaine or morphine or bothNeither tetracaine nor morphineMultipleNo age or weight criteriaBothOther- painTarnow-Mordi 2016 \\[[@CR59]\\]Outcomes of two trials of oxygen-saturation targets in preterm infants1858Lower oxygen-saturation rangeHigher oxygen-saturation rangeMultiple\\< 28 weeksPretermRespiratoryVaucher 2012 \\[[@CR60]\\]Neurodevelopmental outcomes in the early CPAP and pulse oximetry trial990Early CPAP with a limited ventilation strategyEarly surfactant administration (2 × 2 factorial)Also to: 85--89% oxygen saturation or 91--95% oxygen saturationMultiple24^+ 0^ to 27^+ 6^ weeks^+days^PretermRespiratoryZivanovic 2014 \\[[@CR61]\\]Late outcomes of a randomized trial of high-frequency oscillation in neonates319High-frequency oscillatory ventilationConventional ventilationMultiple\\< 29 weeksPretermRespiratory^a^Number of infants presenting baseline characteristics\n\nThe median number of baseline data items reported in the 44 included trials was 12. ", "Gestational age, sex and birth weight were collected as baseline items for 42 of 44 studies (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Fourteen data items were reported by at least 20% of studies; 66 baseline data items were reported by one study alone (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S1). ", "No study reported all 14 of the most common data items. ", "Table 2Data items reported in more than 20% of studies and stratified by the age of the study participantsInfant agePreterm studies\\\n(*n* = 29)Term studies\\\n(*n* = 6)Mixed-ages studies\\\n(*n* = 9)All studies\\\n(*n* = 44)Baseline Characteristics Gestational age29(100%)4(67%)9(100%)42(96%) Sex29(100%)6(100%)6(67%)41(93%) Birth weight29(100%)5(83%)6(67%)40(91%) Antenatal steroids25(86%)1(17%)1(11%)27(61%) Multiple births21(72%)1(17%)2(22%)24(55%) Respiratory support17(59%)3(50%)3(33%)23(52%) Mode of delivery14(48%)2(33%)5(56%)21(48%) Infection15(52%)3(50%)3(33%)21(48%) Drug treatment15(52%)0(0%)5(56%)20(45%) Maternal ethnicity15(52%)1(17%)3(33%)19(43%) Apgar score 5 min14(48%)0(0%)5(56%)19(43%) Age11(38%)6(100%)2(22%)19(43%) Inborn13(45%)0(0%)2(22%)15(34%) Maternal age6(21%)1(17%)6(67%)13(30%)Stratification items Neonatal unit identifier22(76%)1(17%)2(22%)25(57%) Gestational age14(48%)1(17%)3(33%)17(39%)Primary outcome adjusting items Gestational age17(59%)1(8%)1(11%)19(43%) Neonatal unit identifier10(34%)1(8%)2(22%)13(28%) Birth weight9(31%)0(0%)1(11%)10(22%)\n\nSixteen stratification items were reported by 35 trials. ", "Neonatal unit identifier (57%) and gestational age (39%) were the most common items used for stratification during randomisation. ", "Two (13%) of these stratification items were reported by more than 20% of trials and 9 (56%) were reported by one study only (Additional tables). ", "Twenty-four items were reported by 33 trials to adjust the primary outcome. ", "Of these, 3 (13%) were reported by more than 20% of all trials and 12 (50%) were reported by one study only (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"} Tables S1, S2, S3, S4). ", "Eight (50%) stratification and 9 (38%) adjustment items were in the top 14 background data items. ", "A full list of all common items can be found in the Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"} Tables S1, S2, S3, S4.", "\n\nData completeness {#Sec7}\n-----------------\n\nIn 2015, 96,699 infants were admitted to 180 neonatal units in England, Wales and Scotland. ", "Admitted infants received 472,187 days of neonatal care during the first 7 days following birth (data not shown).", "\n\nThe completeness of common data items in the NNRD are summarised by age groups in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "Data completeness in the NNRD is 99.9% for gestational age at birth, 99.9% for sex, 100% for birth weight, 99.7% for multiple birth and 100% for respiratory support on day 1 (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The majority of data items were more than 90% complete, exceptions include maternal ethnicity (70.2%), mode of delivery (81.4%) and Apgar score at 5 min (79.1%). ", "Completeness was higher for all data items for preterm (mean completeness 94.4%) compared to term babies (mean completeness 89.2%) (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Table 3Data completeness in the National Neonatal Research Database (NNRD) for the data items reported in 20% of studies or moreAgePreterm\\\n(*n* = 37,424)\\\n(%)Term\\\n(*n* = 59,130)\\\n(%)Unknown\\\n(*n* = 145)\\\n(%)All\\\n(*n* = 96,699)\\\n(%)Gestational age100.0100.0099.9Sex99.999.999.399.9Birth weight100.0100.091.7100.0Antenatal steroids94.589.74.891.4Maternal ethnicity75.666.91.470.2Multiple births100.099.811.799.7Mode of delivery90.775.72.881.4Apgar score at 5 min87.673.90.779.1Maternal age96.689.23.492.0Inborn^a^98.896.66.297.3Drug treatment in the first 1 day^bc^91.9Respiratory support in the first 1 day^c^100.0^a^Corresponding NNRD data item: place of birth^b^Corresponding NNRD data item: any medication recorded on day 1 of admission^c^For babies less than 28 weeks gestational age (*n* = 1967)\n\nDiscussion {#Sec8}\n==========\n\nWe have identified a common set of non-outcome data items reported in high-impact neonatal trials. ", "We find that 12 of these 14 data items can be obtained from the NNRD with high completeness for most items (Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The common data items identified here have previously been validated against independently collected trial data \\[[@CR17]\\] where they were shown to be highly accurate and complete in the NNRD. ", "This supports the assertion that non-outcome data held in the NNRD can be used to support large, efficient neonatal trials. ", "We recognise that the trials included in the systematic review also reported a wide range of additional non-outcome data items that were not included in the common set identified here. ", "In planning future pragmatic neonatal trials, the completeness and accuracy of additional data items critical to the integrity of a planned trial can be evaluated using approaches similar to those applied here. ", "However, the finding that reported data items were variable even between similar trials (Additional file [2](#MOESM2){ref-type=\"media\"}: Table S2) suggests that some reported data items may not have been critical to trial integrity, and that harmonisation of non-outcome data items may improve the consistency and efficiency of future neonatal trials. ", "The common non-outcome data items we identify here, and their completeness and accuracy \\[[@CR17]\\] in the NNRD, can be used to assess the suitability and feasibility of using the NNRD and other similar routinely recorded data sources for neonatal trials.", "\n\nData completeness of the NNRD has previously been calculated by Battersby et al. ", "\\[[@CR17]\\] in relation to a single clinical trial between 2008 and 2015. ", "In this study percentage completeness was very similar to that found in the present study where common data items examined multiple births, gestational age, sex and birth weight, indicating that data completeness within the NNRD for these items is consistent over time. ", "The present study builds upon this work by examining completeness for a wider range of empirically identified non-outcome data items; therefore, extending the relevance of these results to a wider range of potential clinical trials. ", "For large neonatal trials in the United Kingdom, we demonstrate that the core non-outcome data items identified here are held in the NNRD to a high degree of completeness. ", "For some core non-outcome data items, such as gestational age at birth, we show that the likelihood of missing data in clinical trials utilising the NNRD is small. ", "These results can be used to develop and apply approaches to improve the recording of critical data items with lower completeness in a targeted way; for example, mode of delivery.", "\n\nCommon datasets in other clinical and research areas have been identified using a variety of methods. ", "Doods et al. ", "\\[[@CR62]\\] identified common data groups and elements for feasibility analysis in cardiovascular medicine, diabetes, inflammatory, oncology and neurology through the use of an expert panel, but did not review the literature or include expertise from outside the field. ", "This study identified a wide range of laboratory tests for feasibility studies. ", "Diagnostic test data were not identified in our systematic review of large neonatal trials as commonly reported non-outcome data items, indicating that such data items are not as relevant to the pragmatic neonatal trials that are the focus of this work. ", "Sheehan at al \\[[@CR63]\\]. ", "outline previously developed common data element sets, and some of the challenges inherent in adopting and using such sets. ", "Chari et al. ", "\\[[@CR64]\\] conducted a systematic review of included trials and observational studies to identify common data elements in chronic subdural haematoma studies and, in keeping with our results, identified a core set of commonly reported non-outcome items. ", "The approach that we used was a more limited systematic review of trials published in high-impact journals. ", "This approach was chosen a-priori to focus on data items reported in trials that influence neonatal practice. ", "This was a pragmatic decision and there are limitations to this approach: by limiting our review to general medical journals we may have missed influential trials published in specialty journals, and have not sampled the range of outcomes reported in smaller trials. ", "Furthermore, no approach to date has sought parent or patient views on the importance of different non-outcome data items; this may be important given the different priorities identified by these groups compared to health professionals and researchers \\[[@CR65]\\]. ", "The examples cited here demonstrate the interest in, and potential value of, common sets of non-outcome data items, across different specialties. ", "The development of an established methodological approach, analogous to that developed by the COMET initiative \\[[@CR12]\\] would increase the consistency, robustness and comparability of such endeavours in future.", "\n\nOur study has focussed on defining the data items usually recorded at baseline or used as explanatory data items in clinical trials. ", "To our best knowledge there have been no previous attempts to identify core non-outcome trial data items such as these. ", "We included the most common data items used in randomisation, which are often selected to conduct pre-specified subgroup analyses, and to adjust for the primary outcome. ", "These items are often overlooked when exploring the impact of data quality in trials, despite the importance of completeness of these items for preserving statistical power and avoiding misinterpretation of results. ", "We did not focus on outcome data items because the methodology to identify these data is well developed and such work is underway in neonatal medicine \\[[@CR16]\\]. ", "A limitation of our study is that data may have been selectively reported thus introducing bias; however, this is lessened as the included journal review protocols are designed to ensure that those items listed in the protocol are presented in the main trial outcomes publication. ", "A further limitation of our study was that some items identified were dichotomous; for example, presence or absence of infection prior to trial enrolment and it was not possible to calculate completeness for such items as absence of the condition is not always actively recorded. ", "Age was found to be a common data item; however, it is calculated using gestational age which is highly complete in the NNRD and, therefore, completeness for age was not calculated. ", "An additional limitation stems from the fact that some data items collected in clinical trials did not directly align with data items in the NNRD; therefore, there may be a loss of information from aggregating several data items into a common data item held by the NNRD to assess data quality. ", "Furthermore, included trials used different approaches to ascertain commonly reported data items; for example, the most commonly reported data item -- gestational age -- may be derived from maternal reported data, ultrasound measurement or clinical evaluation. ", "Data held within the NNRD are extracted from routine clinical information used to inform clinical care, these clinically relevant data may be more appropriate for pragmatic trials than more granular data items reported in trials. ", "Differences between trials and routinely recorded data sources in how data items are ascertained and synthesised have the potential to introduce biases into clinical trials seeking to use such routinely recorded data. ", "Where such differences are randomly distributed between trial arms, the impact may be limited to lower precision, rather than systematic bias in favour of one trial arm. ", "Further exploration is needed to understand how to accurately assess and synthesise similar data items and to quantify the direction and magnitude of potential biases.", "\n\nIt is important to note that some NNRD data items had between 10 and 30% missing data. ", "The implications of such degrees of missingness depend on the role of the data item in the trial, but are likely to lead to a loss of precision \\[[@CR66]\\]. ", "Baseline variables have a role in pre-specified statistical analyses of outcomes in order that treatment effects can be estimated more precisely. ", "Where the baseline is missing, there are methods which do allow incomplete baseline variables to be included without removing the patients with missing baselines, and to achieve some increase in precision. ", "This is relevant to individually randomised trials, whereas an incomplete baseline may have a greater impact in trials randomising centre clusters when baseline completeness varies by centre. ", "Baseline variables are also used to describe the trial population; for example, to allow readers to judge generalisability, and a high level of baseline completeness may be important for this purpose. ", "Finally, baseline variables are important for subgroup analyses and missing data may limit such analyses. ", "The results presented here will allow the impact that different degrees of missingness have in neonatal trials to be further explored and modelled to better understand which trials are most suitable to use routinely recorded data. ", "The more widespread use of routinely collected data for clinical trials also has the potential to improve the recording of such data \\[[@CR67]\\]. ", "Another limitation is that we did not evaluate the accuracy of common non-outcome data items in the NNRD in this study, although this has recently been undertaken \\[[@CR17]\\]. ", "Completeness and accuracy are key factors in determining the suitability of using routinely recorded clinical data for clinical trials and should be evaluated for all data items deemed critical to any trial seeking to use such data.", "\n\nThe clinical and economic efficiency of using routinely recorded common data items has been demonstrated by trials that have used common registries such as SWEDEHEART \\[[@CR68], [@CR69]\\]. ", "Common data items, as identified here and in core outcome sets \\[[@CR70]\\], can be used to ensure that existing primary data capture systems such as EPR systems and registries capture appropriate data for trials, and in planning such trials. ", "High accuracy and completeness of data are critical for trials; it may, however, not be feasible to evaluate such metrics for all data items within a database or registry -- common data items and core outcome sets can be used to target quality assessment of data items most critical to a range of clinical trials. ", "Ongoing data-enabled pilot trials that use routinely recorded data held in the NNRD (15) should provide prospective data regarding the feasibility of such an approach in the neonatal field.", "\n\nConclusion {#Sec9}\n==========\n\nNeonatal trials in high-impact journals report a common set of non-outcome data items in their primary publications. ", "In the UK, our study indicates that these core non-outcome data can be obtained from the NNRD; the feasibility and efficiency using routinely recorded EPR data such as that held in the NNRD for neonatal clinical trials, rather than collecting these items anew, should be examined. ", "We suggest that when planning primary data collection systems such as EPR systems, registries or clinical databases, consideration is given to fostering a culture of completeness and ensuring that important items are accurately and completely captured.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec10}\n\n**Additional file 1.** ", "NeoCODE PubMed search strategy. **", "Additional file 2: Table S1.** ", "All baseline data items reported by the studies stratified by whether the study recruited preterm or term infants. ", "Data items refer to infant chanracteristics unless otherwise stated. **", "Table S2.** ", "The most common baseline data items by each identified study. ", "Black indicates that the study presented the data item at baseline. **", "Table S3.** ", "All data items used as stratifying items during randomisation reported by the studies and by the age of infants included in the studies. **", "Table S4.** ", "All data items used as confounders to adjust the primary outcome reported by the studies and by the age of infants included in the studies\n\ncaDSR\n\n: Cancer Data Standards Registry\n\nEPR\n\n: Electronic Patient Records\n\nNDAU\n\n: Neonatal Data Analysis Unit\n\nNHS\n\n: National Health Service\n\nNNRD\n\n: National Neonatal Research Database\n\nPROMIS\n\n: Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System\n\n**Publisher's Note**\n\nSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n**Supplementary information** accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13063-019-3849-7.", "\n\nDaniel Gray (data analyst and reporting specialist, Clevermed Ltd.) provided data support.", "\n\nCG and SJ conceived this project. ", "CG and SJ undertook data extraction. ", "SJ analysed data and drafted the first draft of this manuscript. ", "All authors contributed to and revised the manuscript. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nThis study is part of a PhD funded by a tuition fees grant from the Westminster Medical School Research Trust awarded to Sena Jawad. ", "Sena Jawad and Chris Gale are supported by a Medical Research Council Clinician Scientist Fellowship awarded to Chris Gale.", "\n\nThe datasets analysed during the current study are available in the National Neonatal Research Database; <https://www.imperial.ac.uk/neonatal-data-analysis-unit/neonatal-data/utilising-the-nnrd/>\n\nThe National Neonatal Research Database has Research Ethics Approval (London Queen Square Research Ethics Committee Reference number 16/LO/1930).", "\n\nNot applicable\n\nNM is Director of the Neonatal Data Analysis Unit that created and manages the NNRD. ", "CG and NM are voluntary, unremunerated members of the Neonatal Data Analysis Unit (NDAU) Steering Board which oversees the NNRD.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Sizzling and mischievous in the Backseat\n\nIt was way too romping cold too leap in the ocean today, so boy took his gf on a tiny showing venture. ", "Chloe got nude in the car, and after putting on a display for her dude, glided into the backseat to film up a lil' amateur gf porn! (", "Length video 3:01)" ]

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[ "Microbial biogeography across a full-scale wastewater treatment plant transect: evidence for immigration between coupled processes.", "\nWastewater treatment plants use a variety of bioreactor types and configurations to remove organic matter and nutrients. ", "Little is known regarding the effects of different configurations and within-plant immigration on microbial community dynamics. ", "Previously, we found that the structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) communities in a full-scale dispersed growth activated sludge bioreactor correlated strongly with levels of NO2 (-) entering the reactor from an upstream trickling filter. ", "Here, to further examine this puzzling association, we profile within-plant microbial biogeography (spatial variation) and test the hypothesis that substantial microbial immigration occurs along a transect (raw influent, trickling filter biofilm, trickling filter effluent, and activated sludge) at the same full-scale wastewater treatment plant. ", "AOB amoA gene abundance increased >30-fold between influent and trickling filter effluent concomitant with NO2 (-) production, indicating unexpected growth and activity of AOB within the trickling filter. ", "Nitrosomonas europaea was the dominant AOB phylotype in trickling filter biofilm and effluent, while a distinct \"Nitrosomonas-like\" lineage dominated in activated sludge. ", "Prior time series indicated that this \"Nitrosomonas-like\" lineage was dominant when NO2 (-) levels in the trickling filter effluent (i.e., activated sludge influent) were low, while N. europaea became dominant in the activated sludge when NO2 (-) levels were high. ", "This is consistent with the hypothesis that NO2 (-) production may cooccur with biofilm sloughing, releasing N. europaea from the trickling filter into the activated sludge bioreactor. ", "Phylogenetic microarray (PhyloChip) analyses revealed significant spatial variation in taxonomic diversity, including a large excess of methanogens in the trickling filter relative to activated sludge and attenuation of Enterobacteriaceae across the transect, and demonstrated transport of a highly diverse microbial community via the trickling filter effluent to the activated sludge bioreactor. ", "Our results provide compelling evidence that substantial immigration between coupled process units occurs and may exert significant influence over microbial community dynamics within staged bioreactors." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "be (-449)/i + 4/12. ", "Calculate the highest common factor of q and 15.", "\n15\nLet h(s) = 13*s**3 - 20*s**2 + 59*s - 185. ", "Let d be h(7). ", "What is the highest common divisor of d and 99?", "\n11\nSuppose 202*o - 203*o - 5*n = -267, 0 = 4*o - n - 1194. ", "What is the highest common factor of o and 171?", "\n9\nLet r(b) = -b**3 - 22*b**2 - 8*b - 100. ", "Let p be r(-22). ", "What is the highest common divisor of p and 931?", "\n19\nLet k = -5 + 1. ", "Let z be (102/k)/((-2)/8). ", "Let u = z + 17. ", "What is the greatest common factor of u and 17?", "\n17\nSuppose -h - 62380 = -9*h + 10812. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of h and 7.", "\n7\nLet b(w) = w**3 - 119*w**2 - 367*w + 1100. ", "Let f be b(122). ", "Calculate the highest common divisor of f and 18.", "\n6\nLet v(w) = w**2 - 5*w - 40. ", "Let g(i) = i**3 - 6*i**2 + 3*i - 5. ", "Let x be g(6). ", "Let s be v(x). ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of 64 and s.\n64\nLet m(l) = 7*l**3 - 4*l**2 + 4*l + 5. ", "Let k be m(2). ", "What is the highest common factor of k and 583?", "\n53\nLet d be 0 + 5 + (30 + -5 - 11). ", "What is the highest common factor of 1881 and d?", "\n19\nLet v(h) be the first derivative of 8*h**2 - 12 - 1148*h + 1148*h. ", "Let z be v(4). ", "Calculate the highest common factor of 8 and z.\n8\nLet v be (2/(-4))/(1/(-138)). ", "Suppose -2507 = -59*d - 459 + 666. ", "Calculate the greatest common factor of v and d.\n23\nSuppose 2*p = 6*p + 4*f - 64, 0 = -2*p - 4*f + 32. ", "Let g = -65 + 145. ", "Let n be (7/(14/g))/1. ", "What is the highest common divisor of p and n?", "\n8\nLet q = 1356 - 821. ", "Let p = 540 - q. Suppose -n = 28 - 93. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of p and n.\n5\nSuppose 4*l - 8*l + 2*c + 518 = 0, -512 = -4*l - 4*c. ", "Let q = l - 9. ", "Let y(x) = 6*x + 12. ", "Let n be y(6). ", "What is the highest common divisor of q and n?", "\n24\nSuppose 0*k - 4*z + 8 = -3*k, k = -5*z + 10. ", "Suppose -5*d + 21 + 4 = k. Suppose -75 - 95 = -d*u. ", "What is the highest common factor of u and 17?", "\n17\nLet t = 3982 - 3520. ", "Calculate the greatest common factor of 1134 and t.\n42\nSuppose -88*a = 67*a - 34258 + 12868. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of 966 and a.\n138\nSuppose 0 = 2*t + 10, -5*p + 3*t = -2*t + 6990. ", "Let b = 2003 + p. What is the highest common divisor of b and 75?", "\n75\nLet o be (-1 + 7)*(-33)/(-22). ", "Suppose 4*z = 3*z - o. Let y = z - -72. ", "Calculate the greatest common factor of 7 and y.\n7\nLet x = -9516 + 9756. ", "What is the highest common divisor of 588 and x?", "\n12\nSuppose i + 2*i = 0. ", "Let l be 3/(54/1364) - (-48)/216. ", "Suppose -4*z - 12 + l = i. Calculate the greatest common divisor of 16 and z.\n16\nLet r = 5172 + -342. ", "Suppose r = 6*c - 4578. ", "Suppose -c = -5*n - 2*n. ", "Calculate the greatest common factor of 32 and n.\n32\nSuppose -2*d - m + 836 = 0, 2*d + 14*m = 12*m + 836. ", "Let r = -56 + 94. ", "What is the highest common divisor of d and r?", "\n38\nLet d = 86 - 32. ", "Suppose -1526 = -12*b + 2*l, 469 = 4*b + 5*l - 0*l. ", "What is the highest common factor of b and d?", "\n18\nLet u = -14939 - -14957. ", "Calculate the highest common factor of u and 44262.", "\n18\nLet b = -41 + 77. ", "Let q(o) = 2*o**3 + 12*o**2 + 13*o - 9. ", "Let n be q(-4). ", "Let y be 1406/10 + n + (-18)/(-45). ", "Calculate the highest common factor of b and y.\n36\nLet n = 544 + -478. ", "Let a be (-1)/3 + 24310/n. What is the highest common divisor of a and 16?", "\n16\nSuppose 11 = -4*v - 1. ", "Let j be (-3)/(v*(-3)/(-30)). ", "Let s(u) = -u**3 + 2*u**2 + 28*u - 31. ", "Let o be s(-5). ", "What is the greatest common divisor of o and j?", "\n2\nLet o be -12 - -27 - -600 - 10*(-3)/6. ", "Calculate the greatest common factor of o and 60.", "\n20\nLet u be (288/15)/((-4)/(-50) - 0). ", "Let h be 5*(0 + u)/8. ", "Calculate the highest common factor of h and 200.", "\n50\nSuppose -24199 - 154301 = -30*c. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of c and 102.", "\n34\nLet l = 16190 - 15965. ", "Calculate the highest common divisor of l and 60.", "\n15\nLet h be ((-6)/27)/(-1) - (-5283)/(-81). ", "Let l = -56 - h. Suppose 11*t = l*t + 14. ", "Calculate the highest common factor of t and 63.", "\n7\nSuppose 20*r = -r + 819. ", "Let j = 55 - r. What is the greatest common factor of 8 and j?", "\n8\nSuppose -3*r + 249 = 3*k, -r + 9 - 773 = -10*k. ", "Calculate the highest common divisor of k and 253.", "\n11\nLet f be 80/25*(-20)/8 - -36. ", "Calculate the highest common divisor of f and 658.", "\n14\nSuppose 797 = 4*q + 3*r, 5*q = 4*r + 1188 - 184. ", "Suppose 17*m = -3*m + q. Let u = 17 + -7. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of m and u.\n10\nSuppose 0 = a + 3*a - 192. ", "Let i(v) = -v**3 + v**2 - 15*v + 96. ", "Let r be i(0). ", "What is the highest common divisor of r and a?", "\n48\nSuppose 4*y + 3618 + 3984 = 2*j, 4*j = 5*y + 15216. ", "What is the greatest common factor of j and 13?", "\n13\nLet m be 32/(-4)*(-12)/16. ", "What is the highest common divisor of m and 141?", "\n3\nSuppose 3*p = -2 + 20. ", "Let w(m) = m**2 - 27*m. ", "Let a be w(27). ", "Suppose 2*b - b - 9 = a. Calculate the highest common divisor of p and b.\n3\nLet f = -431 + 438. ", "Suppose -4*y = p - 46 - f, 0 = -3*y + p + 38. ", "What is the highest common divisor of 13 and y?", "\n13\nLet o be (-9)/(-8) + (-101370)/(-2480). ", "What is the greatest common divisor of 7798 and o?", "\n14\nSuppose t + 2*t + 2*c = 748, -2*t + 520 = -4*c. ", "Suppose -5*u + 10 = 5*f, -4*u + f + 1 = -2*f. ", "Let p = u - -27. ", "What is the greatest common divisor of t and p?", "\n28\nSuppose 90*l - 227 - 43 = 0. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of l and 417.", "\n3\nLet c = -912 + 2148. ", "Suppose 6*g = 2*g + c. Let s = g + -122. ", "Calculate the highest common divisor of s and 17.", "\n17\nSuppose 0 = -3*z + 3*d + 383 + 4336, -5*z = -d - 7881. ", "What is the highest common divisor of z and 76?", "\n19\nSuppose 2*c + 318 = 6*c - 2*y, -1 = -y. ", "Let v(t) = -4*t + 2. ", "Let h be v(-2). ", "Calculate the greatest common factor of c and h.\n10\nLet s be (1062 + -1064)/((0 - -2)/(-2)). ", "What is the highest common factor of s and 3518?", "\n2\nSuppose 4*k = -17*h + 14*h + 880, 4*h + 5*k = 1175. ", "What is the greatest common factor of h and 10?", "\n10\nLet k = 2170 - -9650. ", "Calculate the highest common divisor of 40 and k.\n20\nSuppose k - 30 = 23. ", "Let x be (-1323)/(-5) + (-6)/(-15). ", "What is the greatest common factor of x and k?", "\n53\nLet m(x) = -x**3 - 8*x**2 + 7*x + 2. ", "Suppose 3*p = 7*p + 36. ", "Let o be m(p). ", "Suppose j + o = 6*j. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of j and 36.", "\n4\nLet f(o) = 2*o**2 - 10*o + 381. ", "Let y be f(49). ", "What is the highest common divisor of y and 13?", "\n13\nSuppose 0*y = -4*y + 3*x + 11067, 5*y + 4*x = 13795. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of y and 9.", "\n9\nSuppose 2*m = -4*r + 266, 9 = 2*r + 5*m - 136. ", "Let a be (-1)/6 + 43688/48. ", "Calculate the highest common factor of r and a.\n65\nSuppose -599*c = 4*j - 597*c - 1524, 2*c = 3*j - 1136. ", "What is the highest common factor of 2185 and j?", "\n95\nLet r(c) = c**2 - 39*c + 121. ", "Let n be r(36). ", "Suppose 100 = 4*t - 2*t. ", "Let l = t + n. Calculate the greatest common factor of l and 7.", "\n7\nSuppose -c + 38 = -2*z - 16, 0 = -3*c - 2*z + 138. ", "Let o = -361444 + 361648. ", "Calculate the highest common factor of c and o.\n12\nLet k = -174 + 80. ", "Let z = -138 - k. Let t = 52 + z. What is the highest common divisor of t and 12?", "\n4\nSuppose -4*j - 5*z + 17754 = 0, -13*j = -17*j + 4*z + 17808. ", "Calculate the greatest common divisor of j and 78.", "\n78\nLet p(d) = -50*d - 4. ", "Let l be p(-4). ", "Let j be (-2)/(3239/(-14378) + 4/26). ", "Calculate the highest common divisor of l and j.\n28\nLet z be 15/2 + (-7)/14. ", "Let a(g) = -g**3 - 8*g**2 - 25*g - 199. ", "Let k be a(-8). ", "What is the greatest common factor of k and z?", "\n1\nSuppose -3*i = 5*j - 656 - 356, -810 = -4*j - 2*i. ", "Let m = 581 - j. What is the greatest common divisor of m and 84?", "\n42\nLet n be (-35 - -31) + (-72)/(-2). ", "Suppose 41*h - n*h - 72 = 0. ", "What is the greatest common factor of h and 296?", "\n8\nLet p(t) = t**2 + 2*t + 21. ", "Suppose -6*y + y = 2*x - 17, 2*y = -5*x - 10. ", "Let z be p(y). ", "Let j = -19 + 61. ", "Calculate the greatest common factor of j and z.\n14\nLet x(o) = o**2 - 6*o + 17. ", "Let u be x(5). ", "Let g be -25*u*((-204)/18 + 11). ", "What is the greatest common factor of g and 12?", "\n4\nSuppose 3446 = y - 5*a - 1279, -2*y = 5*a - 9420. ", "What is the greatest common divisor of 410 and y?", "\n205\nLet y(o) = -o. ", "Let t be y(-5). ", "Let s(u) = -241*u**2 + 488*u**2 + 35 - 246*u**2 - 36*u + 9*u. ", "Let j be s(27). ", "What is the highest common divisor of j and t?", "\n5\nLet w = 232 + 170. ", "Suppose -397*l - 240 = -w*l. ", "Calculate the highest common factor of 36 and l.\n12\nSuppose -2*k - 40 = -10*k. ", "Suppose k*x + 5*p = p + 317, -p = 5*x - 323. ", "Suppose -d + x = -0*d. ", "Calculate th" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "After creating an uproar among its subscribers for pushing out advertisement for its own T-Mobile VIP Zone service to the Android notification bar operating under T-Mobile USA’s network, the nation’s fourth largest carrier is now apologizing for its actions and states that it has stopped all advertising push to the notification bar. ", "Users had begun noticing that the notification bar ads started to appear after a recent app update to T-Mobile’s own My Account app. ", "Prior to that app update, advertisement for T-Mobile branded services were confined to within the app itself, but users began noticing that ads were more prominently pushed to the top of the notification drop down-bar on their Android smartphones after the app was updated, creating some uproar and speculation as to whether or not T-Mobile USA will continue that practice in the future and with non-branded services and goods as well.", "\n\nIn response to user outcry, T-Mobile says that the pushed ads were a mistake and vows that it won’t happen again. ", "The carrier told TmoNews:\n\nDuring a recent software update, a message to promote T-Mobile’s free VIP Zone was mistakenly sent to certain customers and appeared on the notification bar for some Android devices. ", "After T-Mobile was made aware of this mistake, the company stopped the notifications. ", "T-Mobile apologizes for the inconvenience this may have caused customers.", "\n\nThough the carrier claims that the T-Mobile VIP Zone ads were mistakenly pushed out to the notification bar, notification bar ads are not new. ", "Various third-party apps–particularly free ads–have employed this tactic in the past. ", "The practice is a bit troublesome in that it gets prominent placement next to legitimate alerts, like those for email and missed calls, and are hard to dismiss on older Android handsets. ", "On phones and tablets running older versions of the Android operating system, you cannot dismiss individual alerts and you would have to dismiss all your notifications at the same time to get rid of the ad so you cannot reserve important notification for later attention." ]

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[ "In the ADD-addled digital music ecosystem, four years could very well be four decades. ", "Daily, on music blogs and websites around the world, bands become sacrificial page view counts, lost links to forgotten musical history.", "\n\nThankfully, that's not been the case for Zach Condon and his band, Beirut. ", "A mid-aughts indie success story, Beirut's recording output has been minimal: just three full-length albums since his Eastern European-inspired 2006 debut, Gulag Orkestar. ", "While it's been four years since we last heard from Beirut, on the acclaimed The Rip Tide, the band has developed a rabid fan base, akin to those of The Decemberists and Neutral Milk Hotel. ", "With nonstop touring and captivating live performances through 2013, Beirut has managed to stay atop the music lover's market share of the mind.", "\n\nBeirut releases the long-awaited follow-up, No No No, September 11. ", "Finding a new love sparked the creativity and songwriting that went into the making of No No No. ", "Condon and his bandmates, bassist Paul Collins and drummer Nick Petree, worked on the new album in the fall of 2014, finally recording it in two weeks live in the studio. ", "The album will be supported with a tour in the U.S. and Europe starting this month and running through November.", "\n\nLast June, videos of Beirut playing several new songs at Brooklyn's Northside Festival appeared online. ", "One of them is \"No No No,\" the title track to the nine-song collection. ", "It's a jaunty, syncopated, playful tune with a simple yet anthemic melody. ", "The horn arrangements bring depth to the song's spirited repetition. ", "It's undeniably Beirut — and a joyfully welcome return.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "<?", "php\n\nnamespace Faker\\Provider\\fr_BE;\n\nclass Payment extends \\Faker\\Provider\\Payment\n{\n /**\n * International Bank Account Number (IBAN)\n * @link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number\n * @param string $prefix for generating bank account number of a specific bank\n * @param string $countryCode ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code\n * @param integer $length total length without country code and 2 check digits\n * @return string\n */\n public static function bankAccountNumber($prefix = '', $countryCode = 'BE', $length = null)\n {\n return static::iban($countryCode, $prefix, $length);\n }\n}\n" ]

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[ "Laokam\n\nLaokam is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSatellite map at Maplandia.com\n\nCategory:Populated places in Kachin State\nCategory:Chipwi Township" ]

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[ "Functional communication of children who are deaf or hard-of-hearing.", "\nThe primary aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between language levels and communication and social function skills in young children who are deaf/hard-of-hearing. ", "A cross-sectional design was used with participants sampled predominately from a single clinic setting. ", "Children between 3 and 6 years of age with permanent bilateral hearing loss were enrolled in the study. ", "All children received the Preschool Language Scales-Fifth Edition language assessment and a neurocognitive assessment using the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised at the study visit. ", "Communication and social function skills were measured using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Second Edition (VABS-II; mean 100 ± 15) and the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI; mean 50 ± 10). ", "Analysis included 65 children with mild to profound bilateral hearing loss (mean age 56.8 months, SD ± 14.1); 52% had hearing loss in the mild to moderate range. ", "The mean nonverbal intelligence quotient (IQ) was 95.7 (±18.8), the mean receptive language standard score was 83.7 (±18.6), and mean expressive language standard score was 83.0 (±18.5). ", "The mean VABS-II communication standard score was 89.1 (±17.5), and the mean PEDI social function score was 39.6 (±15.3). ", "Both nonverbal IQ and receptive language relative to nonverbal IQ (the ratio of language to IQ) were significantly associated with communication and social functioning, explaining more than 50% of the variance in communication function scores. ", "Children with language commensurate with their IQ had significantly higher communication and social function scores than children with language significantly lower than IQ. ", "This finding was consistent across different levels of IQ and independent of degree of hearing loss. ", "Even with early identification and intervention, hearing loss continues to have a life-long impact on functioning. ", "It is important to identify when language levels are not meeting a child's capabilities in order to intervene most effectively." ]

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[ "At the Mortal Engines panel at the Hulu Theater at New York's Madison Square Garden at New York Comic-Con, Fox showed off a ton of footage for the upcoming film. ", "Before the cast and minds behind the upcoming December movie came out to talk to the audience, moderator Andy Serkis (Lord of the Rings, War of the Planet of the Apes) announced they'd be watching the first 30 minutes of the film. ", "Don't worry, this is spoiler-free.", "\n\nMortal Engines takes place in the far future where modern technology as we know it has been destroyed and morphed into a steampunk-like world, where giant, moving cities traverse through Europe looking for other cities to eat, in order to use the eaten city's structures to power their gigantic machines to continue the hunt.", "\n\nThe story and world--based on the novel of the same name by Philip Reeve--is bonkers, to say the least. ", "The viewer is thrusted into this very different universe where the rules of our world barely apply. ", "It's doesn't have an exceptionally high concept, but at first glance, everything is pretty confusing. ", "Luckily, the world, its rules, and just what happened to the Earth more than 500 years earlier are incredibly fascinating and something ultimately more interesting than the character's stories. ", "The digital effects looks good from what the audience saw. ", "Nothing was muddled or hard to read on the big screen. ", "When you see a giant city that eats other cities, the effects and design makes sense and comes off looking great.", "\n\nWhere the opening act of this movie shines is in the fact that it feels like you're watching a classic fantasy/sci-fi adventure film from the '80s. ", "The mobile towns and cities and overall feeling of this world are reminiscent of something Terry Gilliam would have come up with, like Time Bandits or \"The Crimson Permanent Assurance.\" ", "While Mortal Engines takes itself a bit more serious than Gilliam's work, it does have that odd world-building sensibility where the viewer simply has to accept what's happening with the hopes of things being explained later on. ", "For some viewers, this may be a tad tough to swallow, but immersing yourself into this world sooner rather than later is a better way to go.", "\n\nHowever, the most jarring part of the opening scenes isn't the gigantic city of London travelling at what looks like to be 100 miles per hour, preparing to eat a small town, it's jumping from that high action sequence to meet the cast of characters. ", "We're introduced to Thaddeus Valentine (Hugo Weaving) who is the main antagonist of the film and seemingly in charge of London, trying to shape the world in his image. ", "In the books, he's the Head Historian. ", "There is also his daughter, Katherine (Leila George), young historian Tom Natsworthy (Robert Sheehan), and the vengeful Hester Shaw (Hera Hilmar). ", "There is a lot being tossed at the audience in the first half and hour through world-building, history of the world, and characters and their development. ", "It's borderline sensory-overload, but it's still fun.", "\n\nWe're still a few months off from Mortal Engines, as it won't hit theaters until December 14. ", "However, the movie looks promising, even if it doesn't seem to have mass appeal, those much more apt to check out something with a heavy fantasy/sci-fi bend. ", "It feels like watching something from your childhood, something with a great sense of adventure and wonderment, caked around a traditional \"get the bad guy in power\" story. ", "Just make sure to prepare yourself for a concept that is a bit out there." ]

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[ "Ads Sign Toivonen to PTO\n\nMilwaukee, WI--The Milwaukee Admirals announced today that they have signed goaltender Hannu Toivonen to a professional tryout contract (PTO).", "\n\nToivonen was selected 29th overall by the Boston Bruins in the first round of the 2002 NHL draft. ", "He has played 61 games in the NHL for the Bruins and the St. Louis Blues. ", "The last time Toivonen was in the AHL was in the 2010-11 season when he accumulated a 4-1-0-1 record in six games versus Milwaukee.", "\n\nAfter playing with the Ice Hogs Toivonen moved leagues a few times. ", "He has spent time playing overseas with the Malmo Redhawks of the top Swedish league and the Saimaan Pallo of the Finnish SM-liiga. ", "This year he has been playing for the Toledo Walleye, where he has a 7-8-0 record and 3.61 goals against average and a .899 save percentage.", "\n\nToivonen will join the team on their upcoming road trip to San Antonio and Oklahoma City before returning to the Bradley Center for a game against the Toronto Marlies on Tuesday January 21 at 7:00 pm.", "\n\nFans can order tickets by calling Ticketmaster at (800) 745-3000 or by logging on to the Admirals website at www.milwaukeeadmirals.com. ", "Groups of ten or more receive a minimum of $2 off each ticket. ", "For more information or to order group tickets fans should call (414) 227-0550.", "\n\nDon’t forget to follow the Admirals on Twitter (@mkeadmirals) and on Facebook!" ]

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[ "‘The Walking Dead’ Braces for All-Out War in Season 7 Finale Trailer\n\nOne year after The Walking Dead Season 6 built toward Negan’s arrival, the leather-clad villain is once again ready to face off with Rick; this time with armies on both sides. ", "So reveals the official trailer for Season 7 finale “The First Day of the Rest of Your Life,” along with a new clip.", "\n\nWhere Sunday’s “Something They Need” got Rick and co. the guns needed to sway Jadis and her junkyard gang, the first trailer for next week’s finale sees the group making their way to Alexandria (in a garbage truck, no less) to mount a defense against Negan’s next visit. ", "Meanwhile, it looks as if Morgan and Carol have gone full Kingdom, body-armor and all, as the royal guard (and Shiva!) ", "begin their own march in a new clip:\n\nSo reads the ultra-vague synopsis for Season 7 finale “The First Day of the Rest of Your Life”:\n\nThe stakes continue to grow higher as paths cross; the group enacts an intricate plan." ]

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[ "Radioiodinated metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy is known for its high specificity in detecting pheochromocytoma and other tumors of neural crest origin. ", "We describe herein the first case of a definite adrenocortical adenoma that demonstrated false-positive uptake on MIBG scintigraphy. ", "In addition, we reviewed all 13 reported cases showing false-positive uptake, and suggest that careful evaluation is needed before diagnosing a 'silent' or 'asymptomatic' pheochromocytoma." ]

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[ "Świerczek, Masovian Voivodeship\n\nŚwierczek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowiec, within Szydłowiec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.", "\n\nThe village has a population of 328.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Szydłowiec County" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Early results using an ePTFE membrane for pericardial closure following coronary bypass grafting.", "\nA prospective randomized trial was conducted to evaluate the early efficacy and safety of the Gortex surgical membrane. ", "Three hundred two patients (265 males, 37 females) undergoing isolated coronary bypass surgery were randomized to receive a Gortex membrane (GM = 138) or have the pericardium left open (complication [C] = 164). ", "The groups did not differ in age, gender, urgency of procedure, length of procedure, or use of arterial grafts. ", "Two deaths occurred in each group giving an overall mortality of 1.3%. ", "Fifty-three (17%) patients experienced some complication (C = 34, 21%), GM = 19 (14%). ", "Although the combined complication rate was higher in the control group, this was not statistically significant (chi2 = 2.51, p = 0.11). ", "Postoperative ischemic events (C = 8, GM = 4) observed between the groups were not significant (chi2 = 0.05, p = 0.8), and no statistically significant difference was observed between the incidences of infections (C = 7, GM = 5) or mediastinal complications (C = 3, GM = 3). ", "The Gortex surgical membrane can be used safely without increasing the risk of infection or mediastinal complications. ", "The incidence of recurrent myocardial ischemia, a possible indicator of graft compression, was not higher following membrane implantation. ", "Efficacy at injury prevention will need to be determined by a longitudinal follow-up study presently underway." ]

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[ "#!", "/bin/bash\n###########################################################\n# installs IUS Community YUM Repository\n# https://iuscommunity.org/pages/Repos.html\n# for access to git 2.16+ branch\n# https://community.centminmod.com/posts/20898/\n###########################################################\nDT=$(date +\"%d%m%y-%H%M%S\")\nCENTMINLOGDIR='/root/centminlogs'\nDIR_TMP='/svr-setup'\nFORCE_IPVFOUR='y' # curl/wget commands through script force IPv4\n###########################################################\n# set locale temporarily to english\n# due to some non-english locale issues\nexport LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8\nexport LANG=en_US.UTF-8\nexport LANGUAGE=en_US.UTF-8\nexport LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8\n\nshopt -s expand_aliases\nfor g in \"\" e f; do\n alias ${g}grep=\"LC_ALL=C ${g}grep\" # speed-up grep, egrep, fgrep\ndone\n\nCENTOSVER=$(awk '{ print $3 }' /etc/redhat-release)\n\nif [ \"$CENTOSVER\" == 'release' ]; then\n CENTOSVER=$(awk '{ print $4 }' /etc/redhat-release | cut -d . ", "-f1,2)\n if [[ \"$(cat /etc/redhat-release | awk '{ print $4 }' | cut -d . ", "-f1)\" = '7' ]]; then\n CENTOS_SEVEN='7'\n elif [[ \"$(cat /etc/redhat-release | awk '{ print $4 }' | cut -d . ", "-f1)\" = '8' ]]; then\n CENTOS_EIGHT='8'\n fi\nfi\n\nif [[ \"$(cat /etc/redhat-release | awk '{ print $3 }' | cut -d . ", "-f1)\" = '6' ]]; then\n CENTOS_SIX='6'\nfi\n\n# Check for Redhat Enterprise Linux 7.x\nif [ \"$CENTOSVER\" == 'Enterprise' ]; then\n CENTOSVER=$(awk '{ print $7 }' /etc/redhat-release)\n if [[ \"$(awk '{ print $1,$2 }' /etc/redhat-release)\" = 'Red Hat' && \"$(awk '{ print $7 }' /etc/redhat-release | cut -d . ", "-f1)\" = '7' ]]; then\n CENTOS_SEVEN='7'\n REDHAT_SEVEN='y'\n fi\nfi\n\nif [[ -f /etc/system-release && \"$(awk '{print $1,$2,$3}' /etc/system-release)\" = 'Amazon Linux AMI' ]]; then\n CENTOS_SIX='6'\nfi\n###########################################################\n# Setup Colours\nblack='\\E[30;40m'\nred='\\E[31;40m'\ngreen='\\E[32;40m'\nyellow='\\E[33;40m'\nblue='\\E[34;40m'\nmagenta='\\E[35;40m'\ncyan='\\E[36;40m'\nwhite='\\E[37;40m'\n\nboldblack='\\E[1;30;40m'\nboldred='\\E[1;31;40m'\nboldgreen='\\E[1;32;40m'\nboldyellow='\\E[1;33;40m'\nboldblue='\\E[1;34;40m'\nboldmagenta='\\E[1;35;40m'\nboldcyan='\\E[1;36;40m'\nboldwhite='\\E[1;37;40m'\n\nReset=\"tput sgr0\" # Reset text attributes to normal\n #+ without clearing screen.", "\n\ncecho () # Coloured-echo.", "\n # Argument $1 = message\n # Argument $2 = color\n{\nmessage=$1\ncolor=$2\necho -e \"$color$message\" ; $Reset\nreturn\n}\n\n###########################################################\nstarttime=$(TZ=UTC date +%s.%N)\n{\n\nif [ ! ", "-d \"$CENTMINLOGDIR\" ]; then\n mkdir -p \"$CENTMINLOGDIR\"\nfi\n\nif [[ \"$CENTOS_SIX\" = '6' ]]; then\n if [ ! ", "-f /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo ]; then\n rpm --import https://dl.iuscommunity.org/pub/ius/IUS-COMMUNITY-GPG-KEY\n yum -y install https://centos6.iuscommunity.org/ius-release.rpm\n fi\nelif [[ \"$CENTOS_SEVEN\" = '7' ]]; then\n if [ ! ", "-f /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo ]; then\n rpm --import https://dl.iuscommunity.org/pub/ius/IUS-COMMUNITY-GPG-KEY\n yum -y install https://centos7.iuscommunity.org/ius-release.rpm\n fi\nfi\n\n# disable by default the ius.repo\nsed -i 's/enabled=1/enabled=0/' /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo\n\nif [ -f /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo ]; then\ncp -p /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.", "OLD\nif [ -n \"$(grep ^priority /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo)\" ]\n then\n #echo priorities already set for ius.repo\nPRIOREXISTS=1\n else\n echo \"setting yum priorities for ius.repo\"\n ex -s /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo << EOF\n:/\\[ius/ , /gpgkey/\n:a\npriority=98\n.", "\n:w\n:/\\[ius-debuginfo/ , /gpgkey/\n:a\npriority=98\n.", "\n:w\n:/\\[ius-source/ , /gpgkey/\n:a\npriority=98\n.", "\n:w\n:q\nEOF\n\ncecho \"*************************************************\" $boldgreen\ncecho \"Fixing ius.repo YUM Priorities\" $boldgreen\ncecho \"*************************************************\" $boldgreen\necho \"cat /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo\"\ncat /etc/yum.repos.d/ius.repo\necho \"\"\nfi\nfi # repo file check\n\ncecho \"*************************************************\" $boldgreen\ncecho \"Installing Git 2.x\" $boldgreen\ncecho \"*************************************************\" $boldgreen\n\n# install Git 2.16+ package to replace Git 1.8 package\nyum -y install yum-plugin-replace --enablerepo=ius\nyum -y update git\nyum -y replace git --replace-with git2u --enablerepo=ius\n\necho\nyum versionlock git perl-Git\n\nif [[ \"$(grep '^exclude=' /etc/yum.conf | grep -o git)\" !", "= 'git' ]]; then\n NEW_GITEXCLUDES=$(echo \"$(grep '^exclude=' /etc/yum.conf) git perl-Git\")\n sed -i \"s|^exclude=.*|$NEW_GITEXCLUDES|\" /etc/yum.conf\nfi\n\necho\ngit --version\n\n} 2>&1 | tee ${CENTMINLOGDIR}/git2u-install_${DT}.log\n\nendtime=$(TZ=UTC date +%s.%N)\n\nINSTALLTIME=$(echo \"scale=2;$endtime - $starttime\"|bc )\necho \"\" >> ${CENTMINLOGDIR}/git2u-install_${DT}.log\necho \"Git 2.16+ Install Time: $INSTALLTIME seconds\" >> ${CENTMINLOGDIR}/git2u-install_${DT}.log" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "482 F.2d 1040\nFed. ", "Sec. ", "L. Rep. P 94,089SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION, Appellee,v.AMERICAN ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS, INC., ", "et al., ", "Robert Edwin Lee,Appellant.", "\nNos. ", "73-1064, 73-1065.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Sixth Circuit.", "\nArgued June 14, 1973.Decided July 31, 1973.", "\n\nRobert E. Lee, pro se; Charles V. Boarman, Lexington, Ky., on brief.", "\nJohn I. Mayer, William D. Goldsberry, Joseph L. Grant, Howard P. Alterman, S. E. C., Chicago, Ill., Paul Gonson, Asst. ", "Gen. Counsel, S. E. C., Washington, D. C., for appellee; Walter P. North, Acting Gen. Counsel, David Ferber, Sol., ", "Martin S. Berglas, Atty., ", "S. E. C., Washington, D. C., on brief.", "\nBefore PHILLIPS, Chief Judge, and CELEBREZZE and PECK, Circuit Judges.", "\nPER CURIAM.", "\n\n\n1\nDefendant-appellant, Robert E. Lee, seeks reversal of an order for permanent injunction entered against him. ", " The injunction forbids further violations of the anti-fraud provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ", " We affirm.", "\n\n\n2\nThis action, brought by the Securities Exchange Commission, originally sought permanent injunctions against three Kentucky corporations and eight individuals. ", " Default judgments were entered against the corporate defendants and permanent injunctions by consent were entered against each of the individual defendants, except Lee. ", " The findings of fact and conclusions of law of District Judge Mac Swinford are attached as an appendix to this opinion.", "\n\n\n3\nThe trial record reveals that Lee, as corporate counsel for American Associated Systems, Inc. (AASI), prepared board of directors' meeting agendas, led board discussions, drafted resolutions and was paid as a director. ", " He served also as a member of AASI's executive committee and owned the management corporation which managed AASI and its subsidiaries.", "\n\n\n4\nIn 1970, when AASI was experiencing serious cash-flow problems and Lee was aware of these problems, he prepared a quarterly report for AASI which failed to disclose the difficulties. ", " Also included in this report were false statements concerning Belva Manor, an AASI subsidiary which had diverted funds intended for construction of a nursing home to other purposes.", "\n\n\n5\nLee failed also to disclose the financial problems of AASI at the 1970 annual shareholders' meeting and the directors' meeting immediately thereafter. ", " He led discussions at both meetings. ", " Appellant also prepared a misleading registration statement and prospectus for American Associated Financial Corp., another AASI subsidiary.", "\n\n\n6\nA careful review of the record reveals substantial support for the District Court's findings and conclusions.", "\n\nAffirmed.", "APPENDIX\nFINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW\n\n7\nThis cause coming on to be heard on motion of Plaintiff, Securities and Exchange Commission, for a judgment of permanent injunction in accordance with the Complaint filed herewith as to defendant Robert E. Lee and the Court having considered the Complaint and the Answer of the defendant and having heard evidence and arguments of counsel, the Court makes Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, as follows:\n\nFINDINGS OF FACT\n\n8\n1. ", "That American Associated Systems, Inc. is a Kentucky corporation which was organized on May 29, 1967 as Educational Funds, Inc. The name was changed to American Associated Systems, Inc. on July 24, 1969.", "\n\n\n9\n2. ", "That Belva Manor, Inc. is a Kentucky corporation which was acquired by Educational Funds, Inc. on June 19, 1969.", "\n\n\n10\n3. ", "That American Associated Financial Corporation is a Kentucky corporation which was organized on March 3, 1970.", "\n\n\n11\n4. ", "That between August 1969 and December 1969, Belva Manor, Inc. had a public offering of 450,000 shares of its common stock at $2 per share. ", " The use of the mails was utilized.", "\n\n\n12\n5. ", "That approximately 1,000 persons paid $900,000 for the shares of stock offered by Belva Manor, Inc.\n\n\n13\n6. ", "That the prospectus furnished to purchasers of the securities of Belva Manor stated that Belva Manor had $100,000 on deposit with the Corbin Deposit Bank of Corbin, Kentucky. ", " This statement was, in fact, false.", "\n\n\n14\n7. ", "That the Belva Manor, Inc. prospectus stated that the proceeds from the sale of the public offering were to be utilized for the construction of a nursing home.", "\n\n\n15\n8. ", "That, in fact, prior to the completion of the offering by Belva Manor, Inc., in December 1969, monies from the public offering were being utilized for the operations of American Associated Systems, Inc., an affiliate corporation of Belva Manor, Inc., as well as for subsidiaries of American Associated Systems, Inc. and by corporations owned and controlled by officers and directors of Belva Manor, Inc.\n\n\n16\n9. ", "That Associated Management Corporation was organized under the laws of Kentucky in 1970 and was owned equally by Robert E. Lee, Joel S. Jackson, William E. Bohon, and Alvin L. Norton. ", " Associated Management Corporation was organized to provide managerial, legal, and accounting services to American Associated Systems, Inc., as well as its subsidiaries and affiliates, commencing January 1, 1970 and it was to be paid $150,000 annually for such services. ", " These services were to be provided by Robert E. Lee, William E. Bohon, Joel S. Jackson, and Alvin L. Norton. ", " Each individual was to be paid, and was paid, $3,000 per month.", "\n\n\n17\n10. ", "That Hester Finance Co., Inc. was acquired by American Associated Systems, Inc. on January 31, 1970 for 15,000 shares of the latter corporation's stock. ", " Associated Investors was the principal shareholder of Hester Finance Co. prior to its acquisition by American Associated Systems, Inc. Lee owned 40,000 shares of Associated Investors stock both prior and subsequent to January 31, 1970. ", " Two loans, totalling $25,000, were granted to Hester Finance Co. during November and December 1969. ", " These loans were not disclosed in the \"Plan of Reorganization\" dated January 31, 1970 between American Associated Systems, Inc. and Hester Finance Co.\n\n\n18\n11. ", "That Robert E. Lee attended almost all of the directors meetings of American Associated Systems, Inc., its subsidiaries and affiliates, from 1967 through August 1970. ", " Corporate minutes of American Associated Systems, Inc. provided that Lee was to be compensated at the same rate as the other directors for his attendance at the meetings of the board of directors. ", " Lee prepared agendas, presented matters to the board, proposed resolutions, and kept and maintained the corporate minute books for all of the entities.", "\n\n\n19\n12. ", "That as of January 1970, Lee had knowledge of the fact that the monies obtained from the offer and sale of the common stock of Belva Manor, Inc. to the public had been misappropriated and utilized for purposes other than that which was specified in the registration statement filed with the Commonwealth of Kentucky and prospectus furnished to the purchasers of said securities.", "\n\n\n20\n13. ", "That a board of directors meeting for Belva Manor, Inc. was held on February 21, 1970. ", " The agenda of said meeting was prepared by Robert E. Lee. ", " The board of directors was requested to authorize and approve the making of a loan of $722,295.07 to American Associated Systems, Inc. in order to permit the latter corporation to reduce its outstanding bank loans. ", " The directors, who were not also officers, were not advised or apprised of the fact that the monies had already been expended as is indicated in Finding 8. ", "It was further represented to the board of directors at said meeting that Belva Manor, Inc. would be furnished notes representing said loans and these notes would be fully secured. ", " No notes representing said loans were ever made or delivered, nor were said loans secured.", "\n\n\n21\n14. ", "That in April and May 1970, American Associated Systems, Inc., and its subsidiaries were experiencing cash flow problems. ", " At this time, Lee was being furnished with daily schedules of bank balances for American Associated Systems, Inc., and its subsidiaries.", "\n\n\n22\n15. ", "That Lee prepared the American Associated Systems, Inc., Third Quarter Report-1970 which was mailed to all the shareholders of American Associated Systems, Inc., in about May of 1970. ", " Said report did not disclose any of the cash flow problems being experienced by American Associated Systems, Inc., or its subsidiaries. ", " The report also stated that the funds of Belva Manor had been invested in short-term paper. ", " This statement was false in fact. ", " No disclosure was made by Lee that the funds had been utilized by corporations which were owned and controlled by officers and directors of Belva Manor nor was any disclosure made that any loans had been made to Associated Management Corporation which was owned and controlled by Lee, Bohon, Norton, and Jackson.", "\n\n\n23\n16. ", "That a shareholders meeting was held in June 1970 of American Associated Systems, Inc. Lee presented the agenda and led the discussions. ", " Lee stated at the shareholders meeting that the company was experiencing no financial difficulties. ", " He failed to disclose the cash flow problems which the company was then experiencing.", "\n\n\n24\n17. ", "That Lee, in May of 1970, had knowledge concerning the cash flow difficulties which American Associated Systems, Inc., and its subsidiaries were experiencing. ", " Richard Stoy was requested to join the company as a financial administrator. ", " Lee discussed the cash flow problems with Stoy and stated that the difficulties would be alleviated by a new public offering to be made by a subsidiary of American Associated Systems, Inc., American Associated Financial Corp.\n\n\n25\n18. ", "That Lee prepared the registration statement and prospectus for American Associated Financial Corporation. ", " The prospectus is dated July 15, 1970. ", " Four hundred thousand (400,000) shares of its common stock were offered to the public at $2 per share. ", " The prospectus failed to disclose the financial difficulties being experienced by American Associated Systems, Inc. and its subsidiaries. ", " It also did not disclose that the funds from the Belva Manor offering had been utilized by American Associated Systems, Inc. for purposes other than those stated in the Belva Manor prospectus or by corporations owned and controlled personally by officers and directors of Belva Manor, Inc.\n\n\n26\n19. ", "That Lee offered and sold 1,250 shares of common stock of American Associated Systems, Inc. in May, 1970 through an agent. ", " The agent was only told that Lee needed money. ", " Lee failed to disclose any of the financial difficulties being experienced by American Associated Systems, Inc. and its subsidiaries nor did he disclose that funds of Belva Manor, Inc. had been misappropriated. ", " Lee received approximately $2,500 plus stock of another corporation as the proceeds from the sale of his stock.", "\n\nCONCLUSIONS OF LAW\n\n27\nFor the foregoing facts, the Court adopts the following Conclusions of Law:\n\n\n28\n1. ", "That this Court has jurisdiction of this action under Section 22(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, (15 U.S.C. Sec. ", "77v(a)) and Section 27 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (15 U.S.C. Sec. ", "78aa), and that it has jurisdiction of the defendant.", "\n\n\n29\n2. ", "That the defendant has violated Section 17(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 (15 U.S.C. Sec. ", "77q(a)) and Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. Sec. ", "78j(b)) and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder (17 C.F.R. 240.10b-5).", "\n\n\n30\n3. ", "That a final judgment of permanent injunction should be granted in accordance with the Plaintiff's motion.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "656 F.2d 33\n11 Envtl. ", "L. Rep. 20,525\nThe SUPERIOR OIL COMPANY and Pennzoil Oil & Gas, Inc.,Plaintiffs-Appellants,v.Cecil D. ANDRUS, Secretary of the Interior, Frank Gregg,Director, Bureau of Land Management and H. WilliamMenard, Director, United StatesGeological Survey, Defendants-Appellees.", "\nNo. ", "80-2649.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit.", "\nArgued March 26, 1981.Decided July 27, 1981.", "\n\nJohn P. Mathis (argued), Charles M. Darling, IV, Marilyn Perry Jacobsen, Baker & Botts, Washington, D. C., Charles F. Richards, Jr., Richards, Layton & Finger, Wilmington, Del., for plaintiffs-appellants The Superior Oil Company and Pennzoil Oil & Gas, Inc.; R. T. Robberson, Patrick F. Timmons, John M. Young, Donald C. Bishop, Houston, Tex., ", "of counsel.", "\nAnthony C. Liotta, Acting Asst. ", "Atty. ", "Gen., Anne S. Almy, Laura Frossard (argued), Attys., ", "Dept. ", "of Justice, Washington, D. C., for defendants-appellees.", "\nBefore ADAMS, and GARTH, Circuit Judges, and FISHER,* District Judge.", "\nOPINION OF THE COURT\nGARTH, Circuit Judge:\n\n\n1\nThis appeal requires us to determine whether, under the venue provisions of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (\"OCSLA\"), 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1), the government \"may be found\" as a defendant, and therefore sued, in the District of Delaware.", "\n\n\n2\nThis action was brought by the plaintiff oil companies against various government officials under OCSLA. ", " The plaintiffs filed their complaint and alleged venue in the judicial district of Delaware. ", " The district court, in an unreported opinion and order, granted the defendants' motion to dismiss the action for improper venue, holding that even though the venue provisions of the Act were exclusive, the government defendants could not be sued in Delaware because, under the terms of the venue statute, the \"may be found\" provisions of the statute did not apply to the government. ", " Hence the government defendants could not be \"found\" in that judicial district. ", " We reverse.", "\n\nI.\n\n3\nPlaintiffs, Superior Oil Company and Pennzoil Oil & Gas, Inc. (hereinafter \"Superior\"), filed their complaint against Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary of the Interior, and two other government officials.1 The complaint, brought under OCSLA, challenged the refusal of the Secretary to award Superior a lease on Tract 135 in the Outer Continental Shelf Lease Sale 42.2 In the complaint Superior alleged that this rejection was arbitrary, capricious, and an abuse of discretion under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. ", " Superior sought a declaratory judgment and a court order requiring the Secretary to issue the lease. ", " The complaint alleged venue under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e)(4), the general venue statute.3\n\n\n4\nThe government defendants moved to dismiss the complaint for improper venue, alleging that the litigation was governed exclusively by the special venue provision of the Act, 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1), and that under that statute, the government defendants were \"not found\" in Delaware. ", " Section 1349(b)(1) provides for venue in the judicial district where any defendant resides or may be found, or in the judicial district of the State nearest the place where the cause of action arose.", "\n\n\n5\nSuperior argued that venue was proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e)(4), the general venue statute. ", " In addition, contrary to the government's argument, Superior contended that the government defendants \"may be found\" in the District of Delaware as that term appears in 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1). ", " Thus, both parties agree on the applicability of the OCSLA venue statute, § 1349(b) (1), but disagree on the interpretation to be given to its terms.", "\n\n\n6\nThe district court, as we have previously noted, held that 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b) (1) was exclusive but that under its interpretation of § 1349(b)(1), venue would not lie in Delaware with respect to the government defendants.", "\n\n\n7\nAs we have indicated, this appeal presents but one issue for resolution: Are government defendants subject to the \"may be found\" venue provision of § 1349(b)(1) so that an action against such defendants may be brought in any judicial district (here Delaware) where they are found?", "\n\nII.", "\n\n8\nThe government contends that the venue provisions of OCSLA, 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1), are exclusive. ", " Superior, while disputing exclusivity nevertheless maintains that venue is proper in Delaware under either 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1) or 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e)(4). ", " See Brief for Superior at 8. ", " Thus, neither party disagrees that, in an action such as the present one, § 1349(b)(1) is the venue statute to which we should look. ", " In this posture, the need to determine whether § 1349(b)(1) is exclusive is substantially diminished.", "\n\n\n9\nIf called upon to decide the exclusivity issue, however, we would be persuaded to agree with the district court4 that § 1349(b)(1) is exclusive. ", " We regard its exclusivity as stemming not only from the special substantive content of the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, but also from the breadth of the OCSLA venue provisions which, in large part, incorporate the relevant options of the general venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e).", "\n\n\n10\nOCSLA defines a body of law uniquely applicable to the seabed, the subsoil, and fixed structures such as artificial island drilling rigs, all of which pertain to the outer continental shelf lands. ", " This body of law clearly is distinct from the substantive law generally applicable within continental limits. ", " See Rodrigue v. Aetna Casualty & Surety Co., 395 U.S. 352, 355, 89 S.Ct. ", "1835, 1837, 23 L.Ed.2d 360 (1969). ", " The fact that OCSLA is distinctive in terms of its subject matter and the geographical areas to which it pertains, is apparent from the Act itself and the discussion in Rodrigue, supra. ", " Rodrigue touches upon various comparisons of OCSLA with other enactments involving more traditional substantive areas. ", " The Supreme Court, in Fourco Glass Co. v. Transmirra Corp., 353 U.S. 222, 228, 77 S.Ct. ", "787, 791, 1 L.Ed.2d 786 (1957), also dealt with a special substantive area for which Congress had provided particular venue options. ", " The Court there held that the venue statute applicable to patent infringement actions was special because it was \"complete, independent and alone controlling in its sphere\" because of the nature of such actions.", "\n\n\n11\nIn the context of the matters to which OCSLA pertains, we conclude that § 1349(b)(1) is also \"complete, independent and alone controlling\" in the sphere of the outer continental shelf lands. ", " Thus, even if we were to reach Superior's argument (and we do not), that the general venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e), supplements the special venue statute,5 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1), we would still be persuaded by the principles stated in Fourco :\n\n\n12\nHowever inclusive may be the general language of a statute, it 'will not be held to apply to a matter specifically dealt with in another part of the same enactment.... Specific terms prevail over the general in the same or another statute which otherwise might be controlling.' ", " Ginsberg & Sons v. Popkin, 285 U.S. 204, 208 (52 S.Ct. ", "322, 323, 76 L.Ed. ", "704); MacEvoy Co. v. United States, 322 U.S. 102, 107 (64 S.Ct. ", "890, 893, 88 L.Ed. ", "1163).", "\n\n\n13\nId. at 228-29, 77 S.Ct. ", "at 791-792.", "\n\n\n14\nMoreover, a comparison of 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1) with 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e) reveals that Congress, in enacting the venue provisions of OCSLA, incorporated into § 1349(b)(1) the relevant provisions of the general venue statute.", "\n\nSection 1349(b)(1) reads:\nJurisdiction and venue of actions\n\n15\n(b)(1) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the district courts of the United States shall have jurisdiction of cases and controversies arising out of, or in connection with (A) any operation conducted on the outer Continental Shelf which involves exploration, development, or production of the minerals, of the subsoil and seabed of the outer Continental Shelf, or which involves rights to such minerals, or (B) the cancellation, suspension, or termination of a lease or permit under this subchapter. ", " Proceedings with respect to any such case or controversy may be instituted in the judicial district in which any defendant resides or may be found, or in the judicial district of the State nearest the place the cause of action arose.", "\n\n\n16\n(emphasis supplied).", "\n\n\n17\n28 U.S.C. § 1391(e), provides, in pertinent part:\n\n\n18\n(e) A civil action in which a defendant is an officer or employee of the United States or any agency thereof acting in his official capacity or under color of legal authority, or an agency of the United States, or the United States, may, except as otherwise provided by law, be brought in any judicial district in which (1) a defendant in the action resides, or (2) the cause of action arose, or (3) any real property involved in the action is situated, or (4) the plaintiff resides if no real property is involved in the action....\n\n\n19\nThus, it can be seen that both statutes provide for venue where a defendant \"resides\". ", " The \"cause of action\" option found in 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e) also has its counterpart in 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1).6\n\n\n20\nVenue alternatives (3) and (4) in the general venue statute § 1391(e) depend upon the presence or absence of real property. ", " Such considerations have little, if any, relevance to OCSLA proceedings and thus, understandably, were not included among the venue options of § 1349(b)(1).7 Hence, with the exception of the real property provisions found in § 1391(e)(3) and (4), which we deem not to be relevant in an OCSLA action, all other provisions of the general statute appear to be included within § 1349(b)(1).", "\n\n\n21\nHaving concluded that we must focus our attention on § 1349(b)(1), we turn to a consideration of whether, under that statute, the government defendants \"may be found\" in Delaware.", "\n\nIII.", "\n\n22\nSuperior contends that venue is properly laid in the District of Delaware under 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1) because the defendants, all of whom are federal officers being sued in their official capacities, \"may be found\" in Delaware as that term is used in the statute. ", " Section 1349(b)(1), as we have observed, provides for three distinct venue alternatives. ", " Venue may be had in: (1) the district in which a defendant resides; or (2) the judicial district in which a defendant may be found; or (3) the judicial district of the State nearest the place the cause of action arose.", "\n\n\n23\nIn the present case, we are not concerned with the third venue alternative, i. e., the judicial district of the State nearest the place the cause of action arose.8 Nor are we concerned with the first alternative, i. e., the judicial district in which a defendant resides. ", " It is unchallenged that the official residence of all of the defendants is Washington, D. C., and had Superior sued in that forum, clearly there would have been venue under that provision of the statute. ", " Thus, the critical question has been narrowed down to the appropriate interpretation of the phrase \"may be found\" the second venue alternative. ", " Specifically, we must decide whether a federal official, sued in his official capacity, \"may be found\" in the District of Delaware, or indeed in any judicial district of the United States, within the meaning of § 1349(b)(1).", "\n\nA.\n\n24\nSuperior argues that we should give plain and literal meaning to § 1349(b)(1), and that the starting point in every case involving statutory construction is the language of the statute itself. ", " See e. g. Ernst & Ernst v. Hochfelder, 425 U.S. 185, 197, 96 S.Ct. ", "1375, 1382, 47 L.Ed.2d 668 (1976). ", " Superior then points out that § 1349(b)(1) gives a plaintiff a choice of options insofar as venue is concerned. ", " Here, the statute is explicit and unambiguous in providing that \"proceedings ... may be instituted in the judicial district in which any defendant resides or may be found, or in the judicial district of the State nearest the place the cause of action arose.\" ", " Superior's argument proceeds that a court must give effect to each and every clause and word of a statute, as it is drawn, and if such effect is given, then, contrary to the government's position, the broad term \"may be found\" cannot be equated to or with, the narrower term \"resides\".", "\n\n\n25\nApparently recognizing the force of this logic, the government contends that § 1349(b)(1) has the potential for providing a broader range of venue choices in a suit by the Secretary against a private corporation, than it does in a suit by a private corporation against the Secretary. ", " Indeed, the government argues that it considers the \"may be found\" provision to apply fully to corporate defendants. ", " Thus, according to the government's interpretation of § 1349(b) (1), if the United States was the plaintiff in an action rather than the defendant, it could sue any other defendant, be it a corporate or foreign defendant, where that defendant could be \"found\" in terms of constitutional contacts.", "\n\n\n26\nThe government supports this position with the following policy argument:\n\n\n27\n(I)nterpreting the language of 43 U.S.C. 1349(b)(1) to mean that venue for suits against the Secretary lies anywhere Interior owns land or maintains an office would produce the absurd result that every plaintiff would have a choice of suing the Secretary in an OCSLA case in virtually any of the United States judicial districts. ", " Forum shopping would result in suits relating to a lease off the coast of Massachusetts being brought in forums having no nexus with the case, such as Oklahoma or Hawaii.", "\n\n\n28\nBrief for government at 7.", "\n\n\n29\nConsistent with its analysis, the government concludes that Congress did not intend to permit suits against the Secretary in his official capacity in every district where the Department of Interior has an office. ", " Accordingly, the government argues that the second venue option of § 1349(b)(1), providing for suit where a defendant \"may be found\", has no application to the government.", "\n\n\n30\nThe district court, in granting the government's motion to dismiss Superior's complaint, noted that both parties to the action agreed that an objective of the \"may be found\" venue option in § 1349(b)(1) was to insure that corporate defendants could be sued in any district in which they were conducting continuing business activities. ", " See Opinion of the District Court at A. 34-35. ", " The court then went on to accept the government's argument that the \"may be found\" venue option cannot be applied in an equally broad manner to a suit against a federal employee in his official capacity. ", " The court observed: \"(G)iven the setting in which section 1349(b)(1) was enacted, ... it (is) highly unlikely that Congress intended such a radical departure from the then existing practice.\" ", " Opinion of the District Court A. 35.", "\n\n\n31\nAlthough we do not discount the concerns expressed by the government, we suggest that these concerns are more properly addressed to the Congress than to us.9 In light of the explicit language of the statute, which provides three discrete and distinct venue options, we are not persuaded by the government's position that the government defendants should be treated differently than any other defendant. ", " Moreover, as we demonstrate below, we do not believe the legislative history provides a sufficient basis for interpreting the statute in the manner urged by the government.", "\n\nB.\n\n32\nContrary to the government's argument, the statute fails to distinguish between non-government defendants and government defendants. ", " The statute by its express terms does not draw that distinction. ", " Nor does the legislative history indicate such a distinction, and to the extent that the district court concluded that it did, we believe the district court erred.", "\n\n\n33\nIn the original OCSLA, enacted in 1953, 43 U.S.C. §§ 1337(j) and 1335(d) provided that persons \"complaining of a cancellation of a lease by the Secretary\" or of \"a negative determination\" by the Secretary regarding maintenance or validation of a prior lease, could secure judicial review only in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, thereby restricting venue, in effect to the place where the government defendant resides. ", " See 43 U.S.C. § 1337(j) (cancellation of lease), and § 1335(d) (negative determination) of the 1953 enactment.", "\n\n\n34\nSection 1333(b) of the original Act, which provided general venue for all remaining actions arising out of the statute (presumably excepting lease cancellations and negative determinations), did not limit judicial review to the District of Columbia but provided the same three venue options now provided by § 1349(b)(1). ", " In relevant part, 43 U.S.C. § 1333(b) of the 1953 Act read:\n\n\n35\n(P)roceedings ... may be instituted in the judicial district in which any defendant resides or may be found, or in the judicial district of the adjacent state nearest the place where the cause of action arose.", "\n\n\n36\nIn 1978, Congress deleted the cancellation of lease venue provision, 43 U.S.C. § 1337(j), from the original Act, but added a cancellation of lease venue provision to the present § 1349(b)(1), thereby broadening venue for that purpose. ", " In addressing itself to this change in venue, Congress did not, however, amend or delete § 1335(d) of the original Act, which continued to restrict and still limits to the District of Columbia, review of negative determinations made by the Secretary.", "\n\n\n37\nBoth parties rely on inferences to be drawn from these Congressional actions to support their arguments that the legislative history bolsters their respective positions. ", " Superior contends that by incorporating the lease cancellation review provision into § 1349(b)(1) and retaining the more restricted venue provision in § 1335(d), Congress intended not only that different results would obtain under the two provisions, but also that the broadened venue provision would apply to the Secretary (a putative federal defendant), since it is the Secretary who has the substantive authority to cancel a lease under 43 U.S.C. § 1337(o). ", " Thus, Superior argues that Congress specifically contemplated that the \"may be found\" venue language would apply to government defendants. ", " See Brief for Superior at 20-21.", "\n\n\n38\nThe government, however, asserts that there is no evidence in either the 1953 Act or the 1978 Amendments that Congress intended that the Secretary could be sued in every judicial district. ", " It contends that a lack of any discussion of the reason for a special venue provision is an indication that Congress did not intend to change the venue status quo. ", " See Brief for Government at 8-9.", "\n\n\n39\nWe believe that whatever implications may be drawn from Congress's actions in 1978 support the position taken by Superior. ", " Certainly, in distinguishing between the restricted venue provision of § 1335(d), which in the case of a negative determination permitted review, and thus venue, only in Washington, D. C., and the new all-inclusive OCSLA venue statute, § 1349(b)(1), Congress had to have considered the \"may be found\" venue option to which it has now made lease cancellations subject. ", " Moreover, if Congress had intended government defendants to be treated differently from any other defendant, or if Congress had intended different venue provisions to be applied when the government was a plaintiff rather than a defendant, it could have so specified. ", " Congress could have easily said, for example, that proceedings \"may be instituted in the judicial district in which the defendant United States resides or in the judicial district where any defendant other than the United States resides or may be found.\" ", " By the express terms of § 1349(b)(1), however, Congress made no such distinctions either between plaintiffs and defendants or between private corporations and the government.", "\n\nC.\n\n40\nThe government, in effect, would have us ignore the \"may be found\" venue option. ", " Superior responds that if the government's argument were to prevail, in effect, the \"may be found\" venue option would be identical with the \"resides\" option. ", " If it were, the statute would then read: \"Proceedings ... may be instituted in the judicial district where any defendant resides or resides, or in the judicial district of the State nearest the place the cause of action arose.\" ", " See Brief for Superior at 19. ", " Such a construction, Superior argues, is patently absurd.", "\n\n\n41\nWe agree with Superior that neither the government nor a court may construe the words of a statute so as to give no meaning to an express term. ", " Just as we are not at liberty to add to a Congressional enactment, so too we are not at liberty to delete significant terms from a statute. ", " See Arkansas Valley Industries, Inc. v. Freeman, 415 F.2d 713, 718 (8th Cir. ", "1969). ", " If we were to read § 1349(b)(1) as the government would have us read it, we would be obliterating any difference in content between the terms \"resides\" and \"may be found\", and we would be required to interpret those terms as being synonymous. ", " This we decline to do. ", " The cases which have discussed the difference between the terms \"reside\" and \"may be found\" have focused on the general venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e)(1), which provides for bringing an action where a defendant \"resides\", but not where a defendant \"may be found\". ", " Consequently, those cases have rejected venue where it has been asserted on a \"may be found\" basis. ", " Nevertheless, such cases highlight the very distinction between the terms \"resides\" and \"may be found\" which the government here seeks to blur.", "\n\n\n42\nIn Reuben H. Donnelley Corp. v. FTC, 580 F.2d 264 (7th Cir. ", "1978), Donnelley filed an action in the Northern District of Illinois against the FTC and each of its five individual commissioners in order to enjoin the commencement of certain administrative hearings. ", " The FTC challenged venue brought under § 1391(e)(1), claiming that the federal defendants in the action did not reside in Illinois even though the FTC maintained a regional office in that locale. ", " The district court held that the FTC was a resident within the meaning of § 1391 on the basis of its regional office. ", " The Seventh Circuit reversed that holding, reasoning that no such expansive interpretation of residency was intended by Congress and that such a holding would, as a practical matter, render superfluous three of the four venue options provided in § 1391(e). ", " See also Hartke v. Federal Aviation Administration, 369 F.Supp. ", "741, 746 (E.D.N.Y.1973) (the statutory reference to the district in which a defendant \"resides\" may not reasonably be construed to include every district where some subordinate has an office); Kings County Economic Community Development Association v. Hardin, 333 F.Supp. ", "1302, (N.D.Cal.1971), (court determined that § 1391(e)(1) cannot be interpreted so as to permit venue on the basis that two of the government officials named as defendants had offices within the district in question).", "\n\n\n43\nWe refuse to ignore an express provision of a statute which Congress has enacted, just as we decline to give a meaning to that provision which would distort the clear language of the statute. ", " We believe there is a fundamental distinction between the terms \"resides\" and \"may be found\", and until such time as Congress changes the scope and plain meaning of 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1), we will give it effect as it is drawn. ", " \"It is our judicial function to apply statutes on the basis of what Congress has written, not what Congress might have written.\" ", " United States v. Great Northern Railway Co., 343 U.S. 562, 575, 72 S.Ct. ", "985, 993, 96 L.Ed. ", "1142 (1952). ", " (emphasis supplied)\n\nIII.", "\n\n44\nHaving concluded that effect must be given to the \"may be found\" venue option of § 1349(b)(1), the last question to be addressed is whether the government defendants are indeed found in Delaware. ", " We are satisfied that the government defendants here, even though personally they may not be found within the District of Delaware, are officially \"found\" in that District, by reason of their ultimate responsibility for the services rendered there. ", " See Green v. Carlson, 581 F.2d 669, 676 (7th Cir. ", "1978), aff'd, Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 100 S.Ct. ", "1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 15 (1980). ", " Although normally we are reluctant to make such a determination ourselves, we do so in this case because of the position taken by the government. ", " The government has never seriously disputed that, if it were held subject to the \"may be found\" venue provision, it indeed is \"found\" in the District of Delaware. ", " The government's argument has never been predicated upon \"not being found\", but instead, the government, as we have indicated, has focused on the policy argument that to allow venue to lie in every judicial district, would be unreasonable and does not reflect congressional intent. ", " It has thus virtually conceded, as indeed it must, that the government defendants are to be \"found\" in Delaware.", "\n\nIV.", "\n\n45\nIn rejecting the government's policy argument, we acknowledge that actions arising under OCSLA may, as a practical matter, be brought in every judicial district. ", " As the government has pointed out, once effect is given to the second venue option of § 1349(b)(1), there is no judicial district in which the United States may not be found in an OCSLA proceeding. ", " Such a result is necessarily mandated by the inclusion of the \"may be found\" option in § 1349(b)(1).", "\n\n\n46\nOur holding should not place any greater burdens or any undue strains upon the federal government, for it is evident that in such actions the Department of Justice would appear for the government defendants, and each judicial district in which an action could be brought has a United States Attorney. ", " See, e. g., Stafford v. Briggs, 444 U.S. 527, 544, 100 S.Ct. ", "774, 784, 63 L.Ed.2d 1 (1980). ", " If, however, we have underestimated the extent of such burdens, it is Congress's function, if Congress deems it appropriate, to strike the balance in favor of the government. ", " As the Supreme Court stated in Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 194-95, 98 S.Ct. ", "2279, 2301-2302, 57 L.Ed.2d 117 (1978):(A court's) appraisal of the wisdom or unwisdom of a particular course consciously selected by the Congress is to be put aside in the process of interpreting a statute.... We do not sit as a committee of review, nor are we vested with the power of veto....\n\n\n47\n(I)n our constitutional system the commitment to the separation of powers is too fundamental for us to pre-empt congressional action by judicially decreeing what accords with \"common sense and the public weal.\" ", " Our Constitution vests such responsibilities in the political branches.", "\n\n\n48\nMoreover, if a particular forum does prove to be inconvenient or burdensome, a district court has broad discretionary power under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a)10 to transfer any civil action to any other district where it might have been brought \"(f)or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of (justice.)\"", "\n\nV.\n\n49\nWe conclude that the term \"may be found\" as it is used in § 1349(b)(1) applies to the United States in the same manner as it does to all other defendants and therefore must be given the same effect regardless of whether the government or a private corporation is the defendant. ", " Because the federal government \"may be found\" in the District of Delaware, venue in this proceeding properly lies under § 1349(b)(1).", "\n\n\n50\nThe October 22, 1980 order of the district court which dismissed Superior's action by reason of improper venue will be reversed and we will remand this case to the district court for further proceedings.", "\n\n\n\n*\n The Honorable Clarkson S. Fisher, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, sitting by designation\n\n\n1\n The complaint recites that Superior Oil Co. is incorporated in Nevada with its principal place of business in Houston. ", " Pennzoil is incorporated in Delaware with its principal place of business in Houston\nIn addition to the Secretary of the Interior, plaintiffs sued Frank Gregg, Director, Bureau of Land Management, and H. William Menard, Director, United States Geological Survey.", "\n\n\n2\n The tract is located in the Georges Bank area of the federal Outer Continental Shelf in the North Atlantic\n\n\n3\n The provisions of the general venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e), and the text of the OCSLA venue statute, 43 U.S.C. § 1349(b)(1), are quoted in text infra, at 36\n\n\n4\n The district court, in deciding this issue, said no more than:\nWhile Section 1391 does apply to actions against government officials, it applies \"except as otherwise provided by law.\" ", " Where a statute relating to the subject matter of the action contains its own venue provision, that provision controls. ", " Paley v. Wolk, 262 F.Supp. ", "640 (D.Ill.1965); Wright & Miller, Federal Practice § 3815, p. 98. ", " The OCSLA contains such a special venue provision in Section 1349(b)(1), and this case, involving as it does lease and mineral rights in the Outer Continental Shelf, clearly comes within that provision.", "\nOpinion of the District Court at A. 32-33.", "\n\n\n5\n Superior argues that when Congress enacts a special venue statute that is more liberal in scope than the general venue statute, the general venue provisions may be deemed to supplement and expand the venue alternatives available under the special statute. ", " Brief for Superior at 22. ", " Superior relies on Pure Oil Co. v. Suarez, 384 U.S. 202, 86 S.Ct. ", "1394, 16 L.Ed.2d 474 (1966), as support for this proposition. ", " We note that in Suarez, unlike here, the general venue statute was the more liberal. ", " Nevertheless, Suarez rationale has been extended by several district courts in this and other circuits, and applied in instances where, as here, the special venue statute is the more liberal. ", " For example, the general venue provisions in Title 28 have been held to supplement the antitrust venue provisions of 15 U.S.C. §§ 15 and 22, and the venue provisions of the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. ", " See, e. g., Farmers Bank v. Bell Mortgage Corp., 452 F.Supp. ", "1278, 1280 (D.Del.1978) (Organized Crime Control Act); Fox-Keller, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc., 338 F.Supp. ", "812, 814-15 (E.D.Pa.1972) (antitrust action); California Clippers, Inc. v. United States Soccer Football Association, 314 F.Supp. ", "1057, 1062 (N.D.Cal.1970) (antitrust action)\n\n\n6\n The option which appears in § 1391(e) is restricted to \"where the cause of action arose\", obviously contemplating a situs within an existing judicial district. ", " Section 1349(b)(1) provides for venue \"in the judicial district of the State nearest the place the cause of action arose\", thereby giving recognition to the unique circumstances of OCSLA litigation, which as the very title of the Act signifies, involves proceedings pertaining to the outer continental shelf lands. ", " Obviously, no judicial districts could have been created in the outer continental shelf lands\n\n\n7\n We recognize that Superior has argued that its action could be maintained in Delaware because Pennzoil was incorporated in Delaware, and therefore Pennzoil, as a plaintiff, could sue in the district of its residence under § 1391(e)(r) if no real property was involved in the action. ", " It has been held that only one plaintiff need satisfy the residency requirement of § 1391(e) (4). ", " Exxon Corp. v. FTC, 588 F.2d 895, 898-99 (3d Cir. ", "1978). ", " Although questions may be presented in future litigation respecting whether OCSLA suits involving leases constitute interests in real property, as indicated in text, such contentions are irrelevant in an OCSLA venue context\nIn the first place, complex problems would arise with respect to the choice of law to be applied in determining whether such leases or other proceedings (e. g., exploration, development of the seabed, etc.) ", "involve real property. ", " The ambiguous physical nature of the seabed and the subsoil and the lack of fixed boundaries in the outer Continental Shelf is such that selecting the appropriate state law and determining the applicable boundaries would, without more, involve a proliferation of collateral litigation. ", " It could be argued that such determinations should be made according to federal law, but we have serious reservations as to whether Congress had ever envisioned the development of a separate outer Continental Shelf jurisprudence when it amended § 1391(e) in 1962 to provide broader venue options for more conventional actions implicating continental oil and gas leases. ", " Secondly, if a court were to conclude that such proceedings indeed involve real property, there are no judicial districts in the outer Continental Shelf where such \"property\" is located. ", " Thus, for these and other reasons, we do not believe that Congress intended venue options (3) and (4) of § 1391(e) to be applied to OCSLA proceedings. ", " In any event, we do not find it necessary to reach or resolve this issue in this case, as neither party claims that OCSLA venue statute is inapplicable to this proceeding.", "\n\n\n8\n The government contends that venue under this alternative is authorized in the District of Massachusetts because that state is the nearest state to the location of the lease. ", " It also contends that venue could have been brought in the Southern District of New York, claiming that the office handling the lease sale is located there. ", " Superior, however, chose neither New York nor Massachusetts as judicial districts in which to bring this action. ", " Rather, Superior laid venue in the District of Delaware\n\n\n9\n The government explained in its Supplemental Brief that, until the present action no previous forum choice made by a plaintiff had conflicted with the government's views on venue. ", " Hence, no clarification of § 1349(b)(1) has been sought in Congress. ", " Government's Supplemental Brief at 6\n\n\n10\n That statute provides:\nFor the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought.", "\n\n\n" ]

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[ "THE SAKER 762 WAS DISCONTINUED IN 2016 AND REPLACED BY THE SILENCERCO SAKER ASR 762\n\n\n\nTHESE SAKERS ARE HEAVILY DISCOUNTED, BRAND NEW IN BOX AND CARRY SILENCERCO'S LIFETIME WARRANTY. ", "EACH SAKER COMES WITHOUT A MOUNT. ", "MOUNTS ARE REQUIRED FOR USE AND HEAVILY DISCOUNTED WHEN PURCHASED WITH SUPPRESSOR - SEE BELOW.", "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWith the Saker series, SilencerCo has set the bar for one handed installation, durability, and modularity on everything from bolt action to full-auto weapons. ", "It is built to be incredibly strong, standing up even to the full-auto abuse on a 7\" barrel while still providing great sound suppression.", "\n\nVersatility is a key feature on the SilencerCo Saker 762 suppressor. ", "It features the unique removable MAAD cap for user adaptability, including the aggressive standoff or compact flash hider front caps. ", "Using their proprietary MAAD mounting system, this Saker 556 can mount to the common AAC 51t flash hider / muzzle brake, YHM Y-Mount, ASR, direct thread, or their proprietary Trifecta Flash Hider which reduces the tuning fork ringing found on other flash hiders. ", "SilencerCo Saker baffles are made from Stellite which is approximately 30% stronger than Inconel®. ", "The 762 front cap can be replaced with a 556 front cap to even further reduce decibel output when used on 556 / 223 platforms.", "\n\nMuzzle Average dB:\n\n123.4 (.300 BLK)\n\n134.6 (5.56 NATO)\n\n137.8 (.308 WIN)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to select max(date) in Big query without using a window function?", "\n\nI am trying to select the latest date in a string field called stamp: '20160523'. ", "I can transform it by DATE(stamp), but when I try to query MAX(DATE(stamp)) it doesn't select the latest date, but just outputs the transformed timestamp '2016-05-23'.", "\n{SELECT MAX(DATE(stamp)) FROM WHERE a=b... }\nAny ideas what am I doing wrong and how to do it without using a window function? ", "\nMany many thanks ina dvance!", "\nG\n\nA:\n\nSorry, but it's not clear what is exactly your problem because it's works perfectly for me\nSELECT MAX(a) FROM (SELECT DATE('20160523') as a), (SELECT DATE('20170301') as a)\n\nYou can copy-paste it and run, it's very useful for understanding how operators work. ", "\nBut I don't recommend use MAX for string (as DATE returns string). ", "Use MAX with timestamps like\nselect date(max(a)) from (select TIMESTAMP('20160523') as a), (select TIMESTAMP('20170301') as a)\n\n" ]

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[ "Jon Appears on CNBC To Talk About Facebook’s Redesigned News Feed\n\nFacebook’s News Feed has slowly evolved over its short lifetime, eventually transforming into the cluttered information hoard millions of people say everyday. ", "But that’s changing, and Zuck and co. revealed on Thursday what we can expect the new News Feed to look like as it rolls out to its nearly 1 billion strong userbase.", "\n\nWhen you go on Facebook you want your News Feed to tell you what your friends are eating, watching, listening to and the places they’ve been. ", "But it’s mutated into something more complicated, and even something of an annoyance. ", "The new News Feed totally reinvents the way things look, and even adds some mobile flare into the mix. ", "Facebook said it’s moved the clutter away, and put the things people care about at the forefront.", "\n\nJon appeared on CNBC following Facebook’s announcement to discuss the changes, and what it means for the social network’s future. ", "We definitely like the new-look Facebook, so we’re definitely excited to take it for a spin. ", "The new News Feed began rolling out yesterday, slowly, so keep an eye out for its redone look soon." ]

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[ "The Yandex Elements extension melds seamlessly into the standard navigation panel. ", "Users don’t need to switch between two bars for searching and for navigating the internet, but can simply use a single toolbar for typing a search query or a website address. ", "Yandex Elements also allows users to choose the source for searching – a dictionary for a new word, for instance, or Wikipedia for a famous person.", "\n\nYandex is also another source to find and access cached web pages.", "\n\nAbout Gary Price\n\nGary Price (gprice@mediasourceinc.com) is a librarian, writer, consultant, and frequent conference speaker based in the Washington D.C. metro area. ", "Before launching INFOdocket, Price and Shirl Kennedy were the founders and senior editors at ResourceShelf and DocuTicker for 10 years. ", "From 2006-2009 he was Director of Online Information Services at Ask.com, and is currently a contributing editor at Search Engine Land." ]

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[ " FILED\n United States Court of Appeals\n Tenth Circuit\n\n October 29, 2010\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSElisabeth A. Shumaker\n Clerk of Court\n TENTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n No. ", "09-2269\n (D. C. No. ", "CR-07-2236)\n v.\n (District of New Mexico)\n VICENTE MONTES,\n\n Defendant - Appellant.", "\n\n\n ORDER AND JUDGMENT*\n\n\nBefore BRISCOE, Chief Judge, and HOLLOWAY, Circuit Judge, and MELGREN,\nDistrict Judge.**", "\n\n\n Defendant-appellant, Vicente Montes, appeals his conviction and sentence from\n\nthe United States District Court for the District of New Mexico. ", "The district court had\n\njurisdiction of the matter pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. ", "We have jurisdiction over this\n\nappeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.", "\n\n\n\n\n *\n This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of\nlaw of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. ", "It may be cited, however, for its\npersuasive value consistent with Fed. ", "R. App. ", "P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. ", "R. 32.1.", "\n **\n The Honorable Eric F. Melgren, United States District Judge for the District of\nKansas, sitting by designation.", "\n\f I. BACKGROUND\n\n On July 30, 2007, at about 12:50 a.m., Vicente Montes was driving in\n\nAlbuquerque with his girlfriend, Lorissa Quintana. ", "Sheriff’s Deputies Elder Guevara and\n\nLarry Harlan were sitting in their respective patrol cars talking to each other through open\n\nwindows when they observed Montes’ vehicle turn left on a red light. ", "Deputy Guevara\n\nfollowed Montes’ vehicle and signaled for Montes to pull over. ", "Deputy Harlan followed\n\nDeputy Guevara’s vehicle and pulled over on the opposite side of the road from Deputy\n\nGuevara.", "\n\n After Montes pulled over, Deputy Guevara walked over to the passenger side of\n\nMontes’ vehicle. ", "Deputy Harlan stood by the driver’s side of Montes’ vehicle. ", "Deputy\n\nGuevara asked Montes for his license, registration, and proof of insurance. ", "Montes told\n\nDeputy Guevara that he did not have his registration or proof of insurance. ", "Montes did\n\nhave his license, which he handed to Deputy Guevara. ", "Montes’ hand shook “quite a bit”\n\nwhen he handed Deputy Guevara his license. ", "Supp. ", "R. Vol. ", "2 at 13. ", "Deputy Guevara\n\nasked Montes a few questions about where he was traveling from and where he was\n\ngoing. ", "Montes stuttered and looked at the ground when he responded. ", "Deputy Harlan\n\nnoticed that Montes was sweating from the side of his head and from his forehead.", "\n\n Deputy Guevara and Deputy Harlan then returned to Deputy Guevara’s vehicle.", "\n\nDeputy Guevara entered Montes’ license plate number into his computer, which verified\n\nthat Montes owned the vehicle he was driving. ", "Deputy Guevara also verified that\n\nMontes’ driver’s license was valid and that there were no warrants outstanding for his\n\n -2-\n\farrest. ", "While Deputies Guevara and Harlan were verifying Montes’ information, Deputy\n\nHarlan saw Montes looking at the deputies through his mirror and then leaning forward.", "\n\nBoth deputies observed Montes’ left shoulder “dip” forward, as though he were hiding or\n\nretrieving something under his seat. ", "The dip was “very pronounced” and the “whole front\n\nof his body… moved towards the steering wheel.” ", "Id. at 16.", "\n\n After observing Montes’ shoulder dip, Deputy Guevara testified that he then\n\nbecame concerned for his and Deputy Harlan’s safety. ", "Deputy Guevara told Deputy\n\nHarlan he was going to “pull” Montes out of the vehicle. ", "Id. at 76. ", "Deputy Guevara\n\nreturned to Montes’ car and asked, “[h]ey, what are you hiding?” ", "Id. at 17. ", "Deputy\n\nGuevara asked Montes twice whether he could search Montes’ vehicle. ", "Deputy Guevara\n\nthen asked Montes to step out of his vehicle. ", "The parties dispute whether or not Montes\n\nconsented to a search of his vehicle. ", "After Deputy Guevara asked Montes to step out of\n\nhis vehicle, Montes complied, and left the driver’s side door of his car open when he got\n\nout of his car. ", "Deputy Guevara then indicated to Deputy Harlan that they had consent to\n\nsearch Montes’ vehicle. ", "Montes and Deputy Guevara walked to the rear of Montes’\n\nvehicle where Deputy Guevara did a pat-down of Montes and did not find any weapons.", "\n\nDeputy Guevara then asked Montes to sit on the hood of his patrol car.", "\n\n Meanwhile, Deputy Harlan walked around the front of Montes’ car and saw that\n\nthe driver’s side door was open. ", "He shined his flashlight inside the open door towards the\n\nfront seat and testified that “looking at the driver’s seat, I could see what appeared to be\n\nthe grip of a handgun sticking out from underneath the seat.” ", "Id. at 69. ", "Deputy Harlan\n\n -3-\n\fthen gave Deputy Guevara a visual cue that Deputy Guevara needed to secure Montes.", "\n\nDeputy Harlan told Deputy Guevara “10-80,” meaning that he had found a weapon or gun\n\nin the vehicle. ", "Id. at 21, 70.", "\n\n Deputy Guevara placed Montes in handcuffs and read him his Miranda rights.", "\n\nDeputy Guevara then asked Montes, “[a]re you a convicted felon?” ", "Id. at 23. ", "Montes\n\nresponded that he was a convicted felon and had served ten years in prison. ", "Montes\n\nacknowledged that the gun belonged to him. ", "Deputy Guevara then placed Montes under\n\narrest. ", "Deputy Harlan then retrieved the gun from the car. ", "Both deputies testified that the\n\nlength of time between when Montes’ vehicle was pulled over and when he was arrested\n\nwas less than five minutes.", "\n\n A federal grand jury indicted Montes on one count of being a felon in possession\n\nof a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). ", "Montes filed a motion\n\nto suppress the evidence obtained after his initial stop for the traffic violation. ", "The\n\ndistrict court denied Montes’ motion. ", "Montes pled guilty to the indictment pursuant to a\n\nplea agreement, but reserved his right to appeal the district court’s order denying his\n\nmotion to suppress. ", "Montes was then sentenced to 188 months in prison followed by\n\nthree years of supervised release. ", "The district court entered its judgment on October 15,\n\n2009.", "\n\n\n\n\n II. ", "ANALYSIS\n\n\n -4-\n\f On this appeal, Montes argues that the district court erred in holding that his\n\nprolonged detention was justified based solely on his nervousness and shoulder “dip.”", "\n\nMontes further argues that the district court erred in applying the plain view exception to\n\nthe handgun seized because the district court did not make an explicit finding that\n\nMontes’ consent to search his car was validly given. ", "We will address each of these\n\narguments in turn.", "\n\n\n A. The District Court Did not Err in Concluding that the Prolonged\n Detention and Questioning of Montes were Justified by Reasonable\n Officer Safety Concerns\n The Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures\n\napplies to traffic stops. ", "A traffic stop constitutes a seizure and must be both justified at its\n\ninception and reasonably limited in scope. ", "United States v. Rice, 483 F.3d 1079, 1082\n\n(10th Cir. ", "2007) (citing United States v. Holt, 264 F.3d 1215, 1220 (10th Cir. ", "2001)). ", "A\n\njustifiable stop must not exceed the reasonable duration required to complete the purpose\n\nof the stop. ", "Id. (citing United States v. Stewart, 473 F.3d 1265, 1269 (10th Cir. ", "2007)).", "\n\nAn officer must allow the driver to continue on his way without further questioning so\n\nlong as the driver has provided a valid license and proof of his right to operate the\n\nvehicle. ", "United States v. Zabalza, 346 F.3d 1255, 1259 (10th Cir. ", "2003) (citation\n\nomitted). ", "Law enforcement officers may not extend a traffic stop beyond the reasonable\n\ntime necessary to accomplish the purpose of the stop unless the officers have reasonable\n\nsuspicion of other criminal activity, or the driver consents. ", "Rice, 483 F.3d at 1083-84\n\n(citing United States v. Alcaraz-Arellano, 441 F.3d 1252, 1259 (10th Cir. ", "2006)). ", "The\n\n -5-\n\frequired reasonable suspicion “is based upon the totality of the circumstances, taking into\n\naccount an officer’s reasonable inferences based on training, experience, and common\n\nsense.” ", "Id. at 1083 (citing United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002)). ", "Inchoate\n\nsuspicions and unparticularized hunches do not provide reasonable suspicion. ", "United\n\nStates v. Fernandez, 18 F.3d 874, 878 (10th Cir. ", "1994) (citing United States v. Sokolow,\n\n490 U.S. 1, 7 (1989), Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)). ", "When reviewing a district\n\ncourt’s decision on a motion to suppress, we “accept the district court’s factual findings\n\nunless they are clearly erroneous.” ", "Rice, 483 F.3d at 1082 (quoting Alcaraz-Arellano,\n\n441 F.3d at 1258). ", "We review de novo the reasonableness of a search or seizure under\n\nthe Fourth Amendment. ", "United States v. DeJear, 552 F.3d 1196, 1200 (10th Cir. ", "2009)\n\n(citing United States v. Lyons, 510 F.3d 1225, 1234 (10th Cir. ", "2007)).", "\n\n As the district court held, the initial stop of Montes’ vehicle was justified at its\n\ninception because Deputy Guevara stopped Montes for turning left on a red light. ", "Order\n\nDen. ", "Def.", "’s Mot. ", "to Suppress 2-3, March 16, 2009, ECF. ", "No. ", "64 (“Order”). ", "The district\n\ncourt further held that Montes’ prolonged detention was justified by Deputy Guevara’s\n\nreasonable concern for officer safety based on the totality of the circumstances. ", "Id. at 4.", "\n\nMontes does not challenge the constitutionality of the initial traffic stop, the nature or\n\nextent of the prolonged detention, or the underlying factual findings by the district court.", "\n\nRather, Montes argues that the two grounds giving rise to the officers’ safety concerns,\n\nnervousness and a “shoulder dip,” without more, are insufficient to provide a reasonably\n\narticulable suspicion of criminal activity as a matter of law.", "\n\n -6-\n\f Montes argues that nervousness, on its own, is insufficient to provide a reasonable\n\nsuspicion, and the addition of a “shoulder dip” similarly falls short of generating a\n\nreasonable suspicion under the totality of the circumstances in the instant case.", "\n\nAppellant’s Br. ", "12 (citing United States v. Hall, 978 F.2d 616, 622 (10th Cir. ", "1992)).", "\n\nMontes argues that leaning or reaching motions by the driver of a vehicle in a traffic stop\n\nshould be interpreted with caution because “such movements may be consistent with ‘a\n\nperfectly lawful action that is to be expected when one is pulled over by the police,’ such\n\nas reaching for or replacing a wallet or identification.” ", "Id. (quoting United States v.\n\nMcKoy, 428 F.3d 38, 40 (1st Cir. ", "2005)). ", "Rather, in cases where courts have found\n\nleaning or reaching movements to support a reasonable suspicion, Montes argues that it is\n\nthe other circumstances, such as “informants’ tips, a high crime location, or the officers’\n\npersonal knowledge of the defendant,” that support an inference that the defendant is\n\narmed or a danger to officer safety. ", "Id. at 13. ", "Montes points out that those accompanying\n\ncircumstances are lacking in the instant case because there is no evidence that his traffic\n\nstop took place in a high-crime area, Montes pulled over without delay when Deputy\n\nGuevara signaled for him to do so, Montes’ car was properly registered under his name,\n\nthere were no outstanding warrants for his arrest, and there were no other indications that\n\nhe was or was known to be armed or dangerous.", "\n\n Montes’ argument, however, is unpersuasive for two reasons. ", "First, the\n\nreasonableness of an officer’s suspicions is analyzed under the totality of the\n\ncircumstances rather than circumstance-by-circumstance. ", "In this case, the traffic stop\n\n -7-\n\foccurred late at night. ", "When Deputy Guevara first questioned Montes about his travel\n\nplans and requested his license and registration, both deputies noticed that Montes was\n\nuncommonly nervous. ", "Montes’ hands shook as he handed Deputy Guevara his license.", "\n\nHe stuttered and avoided eye contact with Deputy Guevara when Deputy Guevara asked\n\nhim routine traffic stop questions. ", "Deputy Harlan noticed that Montes was sweating\n\nprofusely. ", "After Deputies Guevara and Harlan returned to Deputy Guevara’s vehicle to\n\nverify Montes’ information, Deputy Harlan observed Montes watching them through his\n\nrearview mirror just before he leaned forward. ", "Furthermore, Montes’ shoulder “dip” was\n\ndescribed by both deputies as atypical for traffic stops. ", "Deputy Guevara testified that,\n\n“[n]ormally when somebody is driving, it’s normal for people to like reach within the car.", "\n\nBut for [Montes’] left shoulder to actually dip, that’s not common practice when I do\n\ntraffic stops.” ", "Supp. ", "R. Vol. ", "2 at 16. ", "Deputy Harlan similarly testified that Montes’\n\nshoulder dip was “not a normal action that we observe on traffic stops.” ", "Id. at 76. ", "Given\n\nthe unusual nature of Montes’ movements and the officers’ inferences, based on their\n\nexperience and training, that their safety could be in danger, we find that under the\n\ntotality of the circumstances, the officers’ safety concerns were reasonable.", "\n\n Second, the deputies’ return to Montes’ vehicle following Montes’ shoulder dip\n\nwas reasonable. “", "While a traffic stop is ongoing . . . ", "an officer has wide discretion to take\n\nreasonable precautions to protect his safety.” ", "Rice, 483 F.3d at 1084 (citing Holt, 264\n\nF.3d at 1221-23). “", "Since police officers should not be required to take unnecessary risks\n\nin performing their duties, they are ‘authorized to take such steps as [are] reasonably\n\n -8-\n\fnecessary to protect their personal safety and to maintain the status quo during the course\n\nof [a Terry] stop.’” ", "United States v. Shareef, 100 F.3d 1491, 1502 (10th Cir. ", "1996)\n\n(quoting United States v. Perdue, 8 F.3d 1455, 1462 (10th Cir. ", "1993)). ", "In determining\n\nwhether police conduct during an investigatory stop is reasonable, a court “should take\n\ncare to consider whether police are acting in a swiftly developing situation, and in such\n\ncases the court should not indulge in unrealistic second-guessing.” ", "Id. at 1505 (citing\n\nUnited States v. Sharpe, 470 U.S. 675, 686 (1985)). ", "In this case, Deputies Harlan and\n\nGuevara were acting in response to a perceived threat to their safety. ", "They returned to\n\nMontes’ vehicle in order to maintain the status quo and to protect their safety. ", "As the\n\ndistrict court found significant, “Deputy Guevara testified, ‘I felt that [Montes] might be\n\nconcealing either a handgun or something, so for my safety I reapproached the vehicle.’”", "\n\nOrder 4. ", "Under these circumstances, we decline to hold that the deputies’ safety concerns\n\nwere unreasonable or that their return to Montes’ vehicle was unreasonable because of the\n\nlack of circumstances that Montes has cited.", "\n\n Both deputies testified that the length of the detention between Montes’ being\n\npulled over until he was arrested was less than five minutes. ", "Given the short duration of\n\nthe stop and the circumstances as reviewed above, we hold that the prolonged detention\n\nof Montes was not unreasonable.", "\n\n\n B. The District Court Did not Err in Applying the Plain View Exception to\n the Seizure of the Handgun in Montes’ Vehicle\n\n\n\n\n -9-\n\f The plain view exception permits a law enforcement officer to seize evidence\n\nwithout a warrant if: “(1) the officer was lawfully in a position from which to view the\n\nobject seized in plain view; (2) the object’s incriminating character was immediately\n\napparent—i.e., the officer had probable cause to believe the object was contraband or\n\nevidence of a crime; and (3) the officer had a lawful right of access to the object itself.”", "\n\nUnited States v. Sparks, 291 F.3d 683, 690 (10th Cir. ", "2002) (quoting United States v.\n\nCarey, 172 F.3d 1268, 1272 (10th Cir. ", "1999)).", "\n\n The district court applied the plain view exception to Deputy Harlan’s warrantless\n\nseizure of Montes’ handgun. ", "Deputy Harlan saw Montes’ handgun in plain view under\n\nMontes’ seat after Montes exited his vehicle, leaving the driver’s side door of his car\n\nopen. ", "Montes argues that the only reason the deputies had for asking him to exit his\n\nvehicle was his purported consent to search the vehicle. ", "Thus, Montes contends that the\n\ndistrict court erred by applying the plain view exception to Deputy Harlan’s seizure of his\n\nhandgun without making an explicit finding that Montes’ consent was validly given.1\n\nWithout his valid consent, Montes argues that Deputy Harlan was not lawfully in a place\n\nfrom which to view the handgun, as required by the first prong of the plain view\n\nexception. ", "In response, the government argues that the deputies did not need Montes’\n\nconsent to ask him to exit his vehicle because they were authorized to do so out of a\n\n\n 1\n The government concedes Montes’ second claim of error, that to the extent the district\ncourt found that Montes exited his vehicle and then gave his consent, those events happened in\nthe opposite order. ", "Appellee Br. ", "17 n.9. ", "However, because we hold that the deputies did not\nneed Montes’ consent to ask him to step out of his vehicle, to the extent the district court erred in\nthe ordering of Montes’ consent and his exiting his vehicle, such error was harmless.", "\n\n - 10 -\n\fconcern for their safety, regardless of Montes’ consent. ", "Appellee Br. ", "17. ", "Montes objects\n\nto the government’s officer safety argument as one forfeited because it is raised for the\n\nfirst time on appeal. ", "We disagree that the government’s argument was forfeited.", "\n\nAlthough the argument was not artfully stated, we find that it was sufficiently raised\n\nbelow.", "\n\n The district court’s order denying Montes’ motion to suppress tied much of its\n\nreasoning to the officers’ safety concerns. ", "Although the government did not raise the\n\nissue of officer safety in its response to Montes’ motion to suppress (Response to Def.", "’s\n\nMot. ", "to Suppress 7-8 Oct. 23, 2008, ECF No. ", "39), the government did raise the issue in its\n\nsupplemental brief following the evidentiary hearing on Montes’ motion. ", "United States’\n\nSupp. ", "Resp. ", "to Def.", "’s Mot. ", "to Suppress 4 Jan. 27, 2009, ECF No. ", "57. ", "When the district\n\ncourt issued its order denying Montes’ motion to suppress, it found that officer safety\n\nconcerns motivated the deputies’ prolonged detention of Montes. ", "This detention included\n\nthe deputies’ return to Montes’ vehicle, asking Montes to step out of his vehicle,\n\nconducting a Terry pat-down of Montes, and then asking Montes to sit on the hood of\n\nDeputy Guevara’s patrol car. ", "Order 2, 4. ", "Montes does not argue that the district court’s\n\nfactual findings on the officer safety concerns were erroneous, and our review of the\n\ndeputies’ testimony at the evidentiary hearing support the district court’s findings.", "\n\nTherefore, we will consider the government’s argument.", "\n\n On the merits, we agree with the government that Deputy Guevara was authorized\n\nto ask Montes to exit his vehicle out of a concern for both his and Deputy Harlan’s safety.", "\n\n - 11 -\n\fIt is well-established that during a routine traffic stop, an officer has the discretion to\n\n“order the driver and passengers out of the vehicle in the interest of officer safety, even in\n\nthe absence of any particularized suspicion of personal danger.” ", "Holt, 264 F.3d at 1222\n\n(citing Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408, 415 (1997), Pennsylvania v. Mimms, 434 U.S.\n\n106, 111 (1977) (per curiam)); see also New York v. Class, 475 U.S. 106, 115-116 (1986)\n\n(citing Mimms, 434 U.S. at 108-111). ", "The district court found that Deputy Guevara asked\n\nMontes to step out of his vehicle out of a concern for his safety. ", "Order 2. ", "Similarly,\n\nDeputy Harlan testified that before he and Deputy Guevara reapproached Montes’\n\nvehicle, Deputy Guevara told him that he was going to pull Montes out from his vehicle.", "\n\nIn view of the district court’s findings of fact and the record on appeal, Deputy Guevara\n\nwas thus authorized to ask Montes to step out of the car because of his safety concerns.", "\n\n Because Deputy Guevara acted within his authority when he asked Montes to step\n\nout of his car, the district court did not commit reversible error in neglecting to explicitly\n\nfind that Montes validly consented to the search of his vehicle. ", "Montes left his door open\n\nwhen he was asked to exit his vehicle, leaving the grip of his handgun in plain view.", "\n\nDeputy Harlan was therefore lawfully in a place from which he could see the grip of the\n\nhandgun under Montes’ seat, and he did not violate the Fourth Amendment in arriving at\n\nthat place. ", "Thus, the district court did not err in applying the plain view exception to\n\nDeputy Harlan’s seizure of the handgun.", "\n\n\n\n\n - 12 -\n\f III. ", "CONCLUSION\n\n\n Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Montes’ motion to suppress\n\nevidence.", "\n\n\n Entered for the Court\n\n\n William J. Holloway, Jr.\n Circuit Judge\n\n\n\n\n - 13 -\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "4)/n. ", "Round q to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n700000\nLet q be ((-1)/(-3))/(5/(7 - -38)). ", "Suppose q*m - 3*i = -1311, -5*m + m - 1776 = 3*i. ", "Round m to the nearest 100.", "\n-400\nSuppose -32*w + 42*w - 3630 = 0. ", "Round w to the nearest 100.", "\n400\nLet m = 2.14304796 - 2.143. ", "What is m rounded to five decimal places?", "\n0.00005\nSuppose -3*y = -2*y - 517. ", "Suppose 0 = -3*j - 4*h + 395 + y, -3 = -h. ", "Suppose 0*i + j = -i. ", "What is i rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n-300\nLet b = -474 + 474.00004. ", "Round b to 4 dps.", "\n0\nLet h = 654.03364 + -654. ", "What is h rounded to 2 decimal places?", "\n0.03\nLet k = 7.2 + -10. ", "Let t = k + 1.2. ", "What is t rounded to 0 dps?", "\n-2\nSuppose -h + 7 = 2*c, 4*h + 2*c - 28 = -2*c. ", "Let i(t) = -h*t - 12 - 18*t + 12*t + 56249*t**2. ", "Let a be i(-12). ", "Round a to the nearest 1000000.", "\n8000000\nLet f be ((-112)/(-24))/(2/3). ", "Let k be 26/f - (-4)/14. ", "Suppose 2056670 = -k*l - 5623330. ", "Round l to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n-1900000\nSuppose 0 = -j + 4. ", "Suppose j*c - 4 = 4. ", "Suppose 4*o + 4*n = -1536, -1148 = c*o + o + 2*n. ", "What is o rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n-400\nLet o = 16 + -14. ", "Let x be -3 + -3 + o + -3236. ", "Round x to the nearest 100.", "\n-3200\nLet p be (0 - (-30)/(-9))*(-6)/4. ", "Suppose -9*f = -p*f - 316000. ", "Round f to the nearest 100000.", "\n100000\nSuppose -4*w - 6*f = -f - 27, -30 = -5*w - 5*f. ", "Suppose 75117010 = w*z + 13917010. ", "Round z to the nearest one million.", "\n20000000\nLet y = -2.1 - -2.100000648. ", "What is y rounded to seven dps?", "\n0.0000006\nLet w = -23 + -6. ", "Let s = -29.07 - w. What is s rounded to one decimal place?", "\n-0.1\nLet o = -15 - -1. ", "Let j = o + 16. ", "Let p = j - 2.00085. ", "Round p to 4 dps.", "\n-0.0009\nLet z = 15483 - 9597. ", "Suppose 5*a + 3*x = 16144, z + 7036 = 4*a - x. What is a rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n3200\nSuppose -i + 3*g - 4 = 0, 2*g = -5*i + 5*g + 16. ", "Suppose 13*t - 114400000 = i*t. ", "Round t to the nearest one million.", "\n14000000\nLet z = 71 - 71.079. ", "Let k = z + 0.0789922. ", "What is k rounded to 6 dps?", "\n-0.000008\nLet v = 226 + -92. ", "Round v to the nearest one hundred.", "\n100\nLet m = -20 - -20.02. ", "Let g = 0.114 - m. Round g to two decimal places.", "\n0.09\nSuppose 2*p + 2688 = -3*n, 578 = 2*p + 2*n + 3264. ", "What is p rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n-1300\nLet q = -28363157.9999576 + 28363072. ", "Let a = q + 86. ", "What is a rounded to 6 decimal places?", "\n0.000042\nLet v = -478.911 + 379.9412. ", "Let a = v - -99. ", "What is a rounded to 3 dps?", "\n0.03\nLet w be (3/(-2))/(10/(-20)). ", "Let v be 3781/(-3) - 2*w/(-18). ", "What is v rounded to the nearest 100?", "\n-1300\nSuppose 3*g = -a, 0 = -g + 5*a - 4*a - 4. ", "Let f be (4/10)/g*-5. ", "Suppose -5*o - 1805 = -f*c - 0*c, -4*o = 3*c - 2696. ", "What is c rounded to the nearest 1000?", "\n1000\nLet r = -13.888 - 0.212. ", "Let b = r + 14.1543. ", "What is b rounded to 2 dps?", "\n0.05\nLet f(n) = -75199*n**3 + 8*n**2 - 14*n - 145. ", "Let y be f(-5). ", "What is y rounded to the nearest 1000000?", "\n9000000\nLet z = 2.163 + -0.775. ", "Let t = -0.068 + z. What is t rounded to one decimal place?", "\n1.3\nLet x = -646678334 + 646678263.0000043. ", "Let d = x + 71. ", "Round d to 6 decimal places.", "\n0.000004\nLet f = -164384 + -327067. ", "Let w = 491451.05999965 + f. Let j = -0.06 + w. What is j rounded to 7 dps?", "\n-0.0000004\nSuppose -3*n - j + 7 = -3, 2 = -n + 5*j. ", "Let z(w) = -43*w**3 - 10*w + 3. ", "Let s be z(n). ", "Round s to the nearest one hundred.", "\n-1200\nSuppose -35*c = -2*c + 66. ", "Let d(o) be the third derivative of -21749*o**4/12 + 2*o**3/3 - o**2. ", "Let b be d(c). ", "Round b to the nearest 10000.", "\n90000\nLet t = -3665 - -3664.997927. ", "What is t rounded to three dps?", "\n-0.002\nLet g = -28.412 - 5.565. ", "Let v = g - -34. ", "What is v rounded to two dps?", "\n0.02\nLet g = -6460 + 6407.62. ", "Let j = -63 - -116. ", "Let t = g + j. Round t to 1 decimal place.", "\n0.6\nLet o = -2.5603 + 118.4893. ", "Let p = 116 - o. Let q = p + -0.071094. ", "What is q rounded to 5 dps?", "\n-0.00009\nLet h = 2.4 - 2.3962. ", "Let g = 0.5422 + h. Round g to one decimal place.", "\n0.5\nLet j = 176.93 + -176. ", "Let l = -1 + j. Round l to two decimal places.", "\n-0.07\nSuppose -14*b = -1484583 + 33390583. ", "Round b to the nearest one million.", "\n-2000000\nSuppose y - 20 = -4*y. ", "Let p be -3 - (57600/y)/4. ", "Let q = -2113 - p. Round q to the nearest 100.", "\n1500\nLet z(d) = -1221*d - 25. ", "Let q(o) = 1222*o + 25. ", "Let l(a) = 4*q(a) + 3*z(a). ", "Let p be l(11). ", "Round p to the nearest one thousand.", "\n14000\nSuppose 6*j - 2*o = 2*j + 32, -4*j - 2*o = -24. ", "Suppose -13*t + j*t = 240. ", "What is t rounded to the nearest ten?", "\n-40\nLet z = 9.9261 - 9.87. ", "Round z to 2 decimal places.", "\n0.06\nLet i = 43 - 26. ", "Let h = -811492649.00000018 + 811492666. ", "Let a = i - h. Round a to seven decimal places.", "\n0.0000002\nLet b = -2 + -15. ", "Let g = 16.92 + b. Let c = g + 0.0788. ", "What is c rounded to 3 dps?", "\n-0.001\nLet d = 128331766 + -128331879.999882. ", "Let r = d + 114. ", "Round r to 5 dps.", "\n0.00012\nLet n = 15343523353638.4 - 15343510903905.0999994. ", "Let t = n + -12449720.3. ", "Let m = t + -13. ", "What is m rounded to six decimal places?", "\n0.000001\nLet x = 2881649.4619992 + -2880670.032. ", "Let y = -979.38 + x. Let t = -0.05 + y. What is t rounded to six dps?", "\n-0.000001\nLet k = -22 + 20. ", "Let p be (11/(-33))/(k/(-66)). ", "Let m be (4/(-6))/(p/(-13695000)). ", "Round m to the nearest one hundred thousand.", "\n-800000\nLet q = -73 + -7. ", "Let s = 44 + q. Let m = s + 35.99999804. ", "What is m rounded to 7 decimal places?", "\n-0.000002\nLet m = -18853716.00000055 - -18853712. ", "Let l = m + 4. ", "What is l rounded to 7 decimal places?", "\n-0.0000006\nLet n be (-12)/16*-17726*34. ", "Suppose 0*m - 3*m = -n. ", "Let j = m - -549329. ", "What is j rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n1000000\nLet b = -0.23 - -0.2279. ", "What is b rounded to three decimal places?", "\n-0.002\nLet s(a) = 3790001*a**2 - 12*a + 20. ", "Let k be s(2). ", "What is k rounded to the nearest one million?", "\n15000000\nLet i = -0.019 - -0.619. ", "Let p = i + -6.8. ", "What is p rounded to the nearest 10?", "\n-10\nLet o(q) = -4 + 10*q - 15*q + 58*q**2 - 15*q - 682*q**2. ", "Let w be o(-17). ", "What is w rounded to the nearest ten thousand?", "\n-180000\nLet o = -2594.08 - -2530. ", "Let c = -65 - o. What is c rounded to 1 decimal place?", "\n-0.9\nLet m be 4 - ((3 - -2) + -4). ", "Suppose -3*c = -4*j + c + 1076, -m*j = -4*c - 806. ", "What is j rounded to the nearest one hundred?", "\n300\nLet y = -600.775 + 16.915. ", "Let h = 456.2 + y. Let v = -126 - h. What is v rounded to 1 decimal place?", "\n1.7\nLet f = -89790 - -233736. ", "Suppose 2*o + 159738 = -5*b - 0*o, 5*b = 4*o - 159714. ", "Let v = b + f. Round v to the nearest ten thousand.", "\n110000\nLet p = 0.06406342 + -0.0641. ", "Round p to 6 decimal places.", "\n-0.000037\nLet y = 3337.012773 + -3337. ", "Let k = y + -0.0125. ", "Round k to four dps.", "\n0.0003\nLet z = -73.121 + 4.781. ", "Let q = -59 - z. Let c = q + -9. ", "Round c to 1 dp.", "\n0.3\nLet w = -297 + 297.002388. ", "Round w to 3 decimal places.", "\n0.002\nLet n = 49701 - 83921. ", "Let h = n + 7820. ", "Round h to the nearest one thousand.", "\n-26000\nLet m = -118 + 111. ", "Let r = -21.4 - -24. ", "Let a = m + r. What is a rounded to zero dps?", "\n-4\nLet y(a) = 12128*a**2 + 37*a + 12. ", "Let j be y(8). ", "What is j rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?", "\n800000\nLet s = -3251.2275 - -3264. ", "Let v = s - 15.58. ", "Let j = v - -2.8. ", "What is j rounded to 3 decimal places?", "\n-0.008\nLet t = 15.67 - 0.07. ", "Let j = t + -16. ", "Let x = j + 0.474. ", "Round x to 2 dps.", "\n0.07\nLet q = 979.8 - 983.873. ", "Round q to one decimal place.", "\n-4.1\nLet b = -353 - -352.9999335. ", "Round b to five dps.", "\n-0.00007\nLet d = 0.069 + 52.931. ", "Let g = -53.0000118 + d. What is g rounded to six dps?", "\n-0.000012\nLet y = -449.6 - -503. ", "Let t = y - 10.4. ", "Let k = t + -38.2. ", "Round k to zero dps.", "\n5\nLet h(m) be the third derivative of m**6/24 + m**5/10 - m**4/4 + 5*m**3/3 - 4*m**2. ", "Let n be h(10). ", "What is n rounded to the nearest one thousand?", "\n6000\nSuppose 3*u - 8370000 = 3*f, 11160000 = -4*f + 3*u - 0*u. ", "What is f rounded to the nearest one hundred thousand?", "\n-2800000\nLet u = -153.302 + 0.302. ", "Let p = -1143.7133 + 1296.722. ", "Let x = u + p. Round x to three decimal places.", "\n0.009\nLet v = -3.83 - -0.03. ", "Let o = 44 + -41.9. ", "Let h = v + o. What is h rounded to the nearest integer?", "\n-2\nLet c(t) = -6*t - 11. ", "Let d be c(-3). ", "Let a = -7 + d. What is a rounded to 1 dp?", "\n0\nLet s = -0.028 + 0.149. ", "Let q = 0.55 - 0.5. ", "Let g = q - s. What is g rounded to two decimal places?", "\n-0.07\nLet f = 11.939 + 0.061. ", "Let y = 12.0069 - f. What is y rounded to three decimal places?", "\n0.007\nSuppose 13*d + 4 = 56. ", "Suppose -d*l = -7*l + 152700. ", "What is l rounded to the nearest ten tho" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics" }

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[ "client\nauth-user-pass /config/openvpn-credentials.txt\nping 5\ndev tun\nresolv-retry infinite\nnobind\n;user nobody\n;group nobody\npersist-key\npersist-tun\n;http-proxy-retry # retry on connection failures\n;http-proxy [proxy server] [proxy port #]\n;mute-replay-warnings\nns-cert-type server\nverb 3\n;mute 20\nroute-metric 1\n\ncomp-lzo yes\ncomp-noadapt\n\ncipher AES-256-CBC\n\n<ca>\n-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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\nyUgzpAgr7q3iJghthPkS4oxw9NtNvnbQweKIF37HIHiuJRsTRO4jhlX4\n-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n</ca>\n<cert>\n-----BEGIN 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CERTIFICATE-----\n</cert>\n<key>\n-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE 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[ "Happy Friday! ", "To get the weekend started I thought I'd share this photo from Amy & James' Wayfarers Chapel wedding in Rancho Palos Verdes. ", "To view more from this stunning wedding be sure to check out the Studio EMP blog." ]

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[ "More and more new converts are hopping in, buying a few coins and trying their hands at the market, looking to make a quick buck with a profitable And back in the early days, if you could get free power to run it from your dorm room, library, or office, and the exchange rate was high enough (a buck or two), you could stand to make some spare pocket change. ", "And I hope you'll know when you need a day off, too. ", "PHOTOS | TV Return — 23 Shows We Want Remade and Revived Right Now haha~! ", "Happy early New Year's to everyone! ", "I could have gotten some practical skills, a career of some kind, some earnings; whereas now I'm just starting out.” ", "He puts “We knew things were good when Friday rolled around and it was time to have a few refreshments, and one of the participants said, 'I can't stay. ", "It's too soon to know whether the changes are having an impact, but Dr. For two days for my cousin's wedding, and am now on my way back to NYC for New Year's Eve before returning back to D.C. It's not too late to fix that show. ", "It was in its prime in late 2011. ", "She's the closest thing I had to a sister, and if you told 13 year old “stealing booze from our parents and riding around on our bikes” me that I'd see this girl have a freaking kid someday and things would pretty much still be the same old . ", "Brouwer says the university's time-to-completion rates, based on a five-year-rolling average, are “moving in the right direction. ", "I totally agree with you, the whole four series in my view never started going downhill, I would much rather know what is going on, at the very least they should have a follow on episode and make it the last one, instead of .. By Gena on December 30 , 2012 Earlier this year, I ran into an old babysitter of mine–someone who had looked after me when I was eight, nine, and ten. ", "And I want the same characters too…..new ones are gonna suck, I loved the old cast…was the reason I watched the show! ", "Too Soon Old, Too Late Smart by Dr. Its value is dropping, spiking, dropping again.", "\n\nDoes your blog have a contact page? ", "I'm having a tough time\nlocating it but, I'd like to send you an email. ", "I've\ngot some creative ideas for your blog you might be interested in hearing.", "\nEither way, great site and I look forward to seeing it grow over\ntime." ]

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[ "Estimating the time of death in stillborn fetuses: II. ", "Histologic evaluation of the placenta; a study of 71 stillborns.", "\nTo determine whether placental histologic examination is useful for predicting the approximate time of death in stillborn fetuses. ", "Hematoxylin and eosin slides of 71 placentas of stillborns with accurately timed deaths were studied retrospectively. ", "Fifty-one placentas (learning set) were used to develop proposed histologic criteria for the timing of fetal death, which were then tested in the remaining 20 placentas (test set). ", "Among 15 histologic variables assessed in the learning set, three features appeared to correlate well with specific death-to-delivery intervals: 1) villous intravascular karyorrhexis (6 or more hours); 2) vascular lumen abnormalities of stem villi, including fibroblast \"septation\" and total luminal obliteration (multifocal, 2 or more days; extensive, 2 or more weeks); and 3) extensive fibrosis of terminal villi (2 or more weeks). ", "When the placentas in the test set were evaluated using the three histologic criteria, 18 of 20 cases were classified correctly with respect to the approximate time of fetal death. ", "Placental histologic examination seems to be useful for determining the approximate time of death in many stillborn fetuses." ]

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[ "/*\n * grunt\n * http://gruntjs.com/\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2014 \"Cowboy\" Ben Alman\n * Licensed under the MIT license.", "\n * https://github.com/gruntjs/grunt/blob/master/LICENSE-MIT\n */\n\n'use strict';\n\n// Requiring this here modifies the String prototype!", "\nrequire('colors');\n// The upcoming lodash 2.5+ should remove the need for underscore.string.", "\nvar _ = require('lodash');\n_.str = require('underscore.string');\n_.mixin(_.str.exports());\n// TODO: ADD CHALK\n\n// Static methods.", "\n\n// Pretty-format a word list.", "\nexports.wordlist = function(arr, options) {\n options = _.defaults(options || {}, {\n separator: ', ',\n color: 'cyan'\n });\n return arr.map(function(item) {\n return options.color ? ", "String(item)[options.color] : item;\n }).join(options.separator);\n};\n\n// Return a string, uncolored (suitable for testing .length, etc).", "\nexports.uncolor = function(str) {\n return str.replace(/\\x1B\\[\\d+m/g, '');\n};\n\n// Word-wrap text to a given width, permitting ANSI color codes.", "\nexports.wraptext = function(width, text) {\n // notes to self:\n // grab 1st character or ansi code from string\n // if ansi code, add to array and save for later, strip from front of string\n // if character, add to array and increment counter, strip from front of string\n // if width + 1 is reached and current character isn't space:\n // slice off everything after last space in array and prepend it to string\n // etc\n\n // This result array will be joined on \\n.", "\n var result = [];\n var matches, color, tmp;\n var captured = [];\n var charlen = 0;\n\n while (matches = text.match(/(?:(\\x1B\\[\\d+m)|\\n|(.))([\\s\\S]*)/)) {\n // Updated text to be everything not matched.", "\n text = matches[3];\n\n // Matched a color code?", "\n if (matches[1]) {\n // Save last captured color code for later use.", "\n color = matches[1];\n // Capture color code.", "\n captured.push(matches[1]);\n continue;\n\n // Matched a non-newline character?", "\n } else if (matches[2]) {\n // If this is the first character and a previous color code was set, push\n // that onto the captured array first.", "\n if (charlen === 0 && color) { captured.push(color); }\n // Push the matched character.", "\n captured.push(matches[2]);\n // Increment the current charlen.", "\n charlen++;\n // If not yet at the width limit or a space was matched, continue.", "\n if (charlen <= width || matches[2] === ' ') { continue; }\n // The current charlen exceeds the width and a space wasn't matched.", "\n // \"Roll everything back\" until the last space character.", "\n tmp = captured.lastIndexOf(' ');\n text = captured.slice(tmp === -1 ? ", "tmp : tmp + 1).join('') + text;\n captured = captured.slice(0, tmp);\n }\n\n // The limit has been reached. ", "Push captured string onto result array.", "\n result.push(captured.join(''));\n\n // Reset captured array and charlen.", "\n captured = [];\n charlen = 0;\n }\n\n result.push(captured.join(''));\n return result.join('\\n');\n};\n\n// Format output into columns, wrapping words as-necessary.", "\nexports.table = function(widths, texts) {\n var rows = [];\n widths.forEach(function(width, i) {\n var lines = this.wraptext(width, texts[i]).split('\\n');\n lines.forEach(function(line, j) {\n var row = rows[j];\n if (!", "row) { row = rows[j] = []; }\n row[i] = line;\n });\n }, this);\n\n var lines = [];\n rows.forEach(function(row) {\n var txt = '';\n var column;\n for (var i = 0; i < row.length; i++) {\n column = row[i] || '';\n txt += column;\n var diff = widths[i] - this.uncolor(column).length;\n if (diff > 0) { txt += _.repeat(' ', diff); }\n }\n lines.push(txt);\n }, this);\n\n return lines.join('\\n');\n};\n" ]

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[ "The Columbus, Ohio suburb of Whitehall is awash in controversy over a proposal to designate February as “Science Month.”", "\n\nAccording to the Columbus Dispatch , Councilwoman Jacquelyn Thompson originally proposed that the city declare February 12 to be “Darwin Day” in Whitehall. ", "This February 12 marks the 200th anniversary of Darwin’s birth. (", "2009 is also special in marking the 150th anniversary of the publication of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species .) ", "After other council members raised the inevitable objections, Thompson modified her proposal to declare February as \"Science Month\" in honor of both Darwin and Galileo, whose birthday falls on February 15. ", "Yet even this modified and modest proposal has divided the council, which is scheduled to vote on a final resolution sometime in February.", "\n\nWhat could be wrong with a bland recognition of the value of science and open inquiry? ", "Other council members have trotted out every conceivable objection, apparently without regard to credibility. ", "Councilman Jim Graham reportedly charges that it would be unfair “to the hundreds if not thousands of other scientists to not name them” in addition to science giants Darwin and Galileo. ", "Others object that the proposed declaration would conflict with other February designations, including Black History Month.", "\n\nOne exchange between councilwoman Thompson and her detractors, as reported by the Columbus Dispatch, is both illuminating and depressing:\n\n\"The whole idea of this was to recognize the events,\" [Thompson] said at a council meeting yesterday. \"", "I thought it was a great opportunity to show that we value science, we value inquiry and we encourage our students to open up to the world.\"", "\n\nA few council members replied with shouts of \"Not my children!\"", "\n\n\n\nOf course the unspoken controversy is evolution versus creationism. ", "The Whitehall controversy appears to have captivated the attention of creationists across the U.S. Ray Comfort, the southern California evangelical TV host and proponent of creationism’s famed and cunning Banana Argument , charges that the Whitehall city council is “trying to deitize [sic] Darwin.\" ", "He characterizes the proposed declaration as a celebration of “atheist Christmas.” ", "Tom Flynn, are you listening?" ]

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[ "Intel Core i5-660/661 Processors Review\n\nThe new processors have a greal potential for price cuts, especially as their process technology matures. ", "The second important benefit is original architectural features which let dual-core processors feel all right among quad-core ones. ", "The third benefit is that the new processors are actually new. ", "Their rollout will allow the company to introduce proper order in its market share, because three similar chipsets is too much." ]

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[ "Infinit Nutrition Canada - Premium Sport-Specific Nutrition\n\nMonday, December 19, 2016\n\nAs athletes, you know how important\nnutrition is for maximizing your health and performance. ", "However, at this time\nof year, it’s a bit more difficult for some to continue to eat healthy due to\nso many parties and dinners to attend. ", "You don’t need to completely avoid all\ntreats, but rather find a proper balance and be mindful about portion sizes.", "\nOtherwise, poor nutrition may lead to feeling more tired, sick and compromise\nrecovery and training. ", "Think about the 80/20 rule – 80% healthy foods and 20%\nholiday treats. ", "Here are some tips to help you practice moderation and stay on\ntrack:\n\n1. ", "Eat Balanced Meals and Snacks During the\nDay\n\nSkipping meals or eating less during the\nday to save up your calories for the evening is not a good tactic! ", "Cravings\nwill be higher and it will be difficult to practice moderation and balance with\nyour food choices. ", "This will also lead to overeating and consuming even more\ncalories than if you ate during the day. ", "Continue to have healthy, balanced\nmeals and snacks leading up to holiday dinners and parties so you aren’t\nstarving by the time you arrive at a party. ", "High fibre foods like fruits and vegetables\nlean proteins and healthy fats can help keep you energized and satisfied. ", "Some\nhealthy snack ideas include a handful of raw nuts, berries and yogurt, or apple\ndipped in almond butter.", "\n\n2. ", "Stay Consistent with Your Healthy Eating\nand Exercise Routines\n\nOur habits of meal planning, batch cooking,\nexercise and eating meal and snacks at proper times can sometimes be thrown off\nbalance during the holidays, so try your best to keep a regular schedule. ", "This\nmakes it easy to keep up with those healthy habits during hectic times.", "\n\n3. ", "Stay Hydrated\n\nYou are likely well aware how important hydration\nis to your performance, heatlh and just feeling your best. ", "Dehydration can\ncause fatigue and you may confuse this with hunger. ", "Prioritize drinking enough\nfluids throughout the day, and watch out for high calories beverages like alcohol,\neggnog, pop, juice.", "\n\n4. ", "Eat Mindfully.", "\n\nAt parties, if you are standing or seated\nnext to the table of food you may be more likely to mindlessly eat the\nappetizers or whatever food is available. ", "Position yourself away from the\ntable.", "\n\n5. ", "Find Ways to De-Stress\n\nHolidays can be busy and stressful.", "\nSchedule in downtime to allow your self to de-stress, whether it be reading,\nexercise, yoga, etc.", "\n\n6. ", "Bring Healthy Options to Parties\n\nIf you have the chance to bring an\nappetizer, dish or dessert to a party or potluck, bring something nutritious!", "\nFruit or vegetable trays, quinoa salad or hummus and veggies are simple\noptions. ", "If you want something both healthy and festive, here are some great\nideas:\n\nMake a veggie tray in the shape of a\nChristmas tree\n\nEdamame Cranberry Feta Salad is a very\nsimple but flavourful recipe and full of fibre and protein. ", "To make, mix 2 cups\nedamame with 1 cups dried cranberries, 1 cup crumbled feta, 1 tbsp olive oil\nand a pinch of black pepper. ", "Simple, healthy and delicious!", "\n\n7. ", "Load up on vegetables\n\nTry to fill 1/3 to ½ your holiday plates\nwith vegetables! ", "The high water content and fibre will help to keep you feeling\nfull. ", "This leaves less room on the plate for other foods and will help you to\nportion size.", "\n\n8. ", "Keep Your Immune System Healthy\n\nWe are right into flu season and with the\nstress, busyness and possibly poor nutrition during this time of year, we may\nbe more likely to get sick. ", "Some nutrients important for keeping immune system\nhealthy:\n\nWhen faced with so many options, we may\nwant to try a sample of everything, which can lead to overeating. ", "Choose to eat\nthe foods or desserts you absolutely love, as opposed to ones that just seem\nso-so. ", "Be sure to savour the treats and enjoy them without the guilt because a\ntreat or two shouldn’t hurt. ", "Ask yourself which desserts can you have anytime,\nand which are special and only really available around the holidays? ", "Have the\nlatter!", "\n\nAndrea Docherty is a Registered Dietitian,\nSports Nutritionist and owner of a private practice nutrition consulting\nbusiness in Windsor, ON called Andrea Docherty Nutrition. ", "Visit www.andreadochertyrd.com\nfor more information!", "\n\nFriday, December 16, 2016\n\nTeam Infinit has had a pretty spectacular year - with a number of records being set and personal bests being achieved. ", "A common factor? ", "Hard work and Infinit in their bottle. ", "Here are a few success stories of some of our athletes:\n\nLionel Sanders - Lionel has another fantastic year of Ironman Racing! ", "He kicked off his 2015/16 season with 6 straight wins; including Ironman Arizona 2015 and Texas 70.3 2016, which earned him a spot in the Ironman World Championships and the 70.3 World Championships this fall.", "\n\nIt was at the Texas 70.3 in 2015 that Lionel had his traumatizing experience that led him to us. ", "Since then, we have nailed down Lionel's nutrition plan for training and race day and he has since gone on to set a World Record in Ironman Racing - 7:44:29 at the 2016 Ironman Arizona in November. ", "Read more about why Lionel made the switch to Infinit and how it has helped his training and race performance.", "\n\nBobby Tran - Since fuelling on Infinit, Bobby has seen his performance skyrocket. ", "Just this year he has hit a number of personal bests, and so have the other athletes at CrossFit WHL. ", "Some of the most notable ones for Bobby - 380 lbs bench, 600 lbs deadlift, 470 lbs back squat, 365 front squat, 265 lbs push press, 215 lbs strict press, 315 lbs split jerk and a 290 lbs clean and jerk. ", "These numbers are impressive, especially when you compare to his max efforts before fuelling on Infinit. ", "He upped his bench by 80 lbs, back squat by 95 lbs and push press by 60 lbs - awesome!", "\n\nJay Kinsella - What a year it has been for Jay. ", "For those of you who don't know, Jay is an ultra-runner and his most recent race was at the Tahoe 200. ", "That's 205.5 miles of running. ", "You can read Jay's full race report from the event here, but we will give you the low-down. ", "Jay went into the race with no game plan - you really can't predict what will happen throughout a race that takes over 2 days to complete, so Jay just prepares to run, and run he does. ", "At each aid station, Jay would fuel with Infinit, as well as coffee, coke, lentil soup, apples, ginger bars and some sushi (provided by his lovely wife). ", "As the finish line neared, Jay was in the lead and was ahead of the then current course record by two hours, which was 60 hours, 50 minutes. ", "He crossed the line with Canadian Flag in hand in a time of 59 hours, 3 minutes. ", "What an unreal feat. ", "Read more about ultra-running and Jay's journey here.", "Liam O'Beirne - This is one of our favourite stories. ", "Liam competes in CrossFit and has made exponential gains since fuelling with Infinit. ", "Two years ago, he competed in the 14-15 division in the CrossFit Open and finished 2nd overall in Canada West. ", "Fast forward one year and Liam was now competing in the 16-17 age group but was one of the youngest in this division, having just turned 16 a few months prior. ", "He finished 7th overall in Canada West after a hard fought Open. ", "His main struggle was in the deadlift component of the competition - the boys had to DL 185 lbs 55 times. ", "At this time, Liam's deadlift max was only 205 lbs. ", "Liam struggled through the workout - but did finish it.", "\n\nIt was during the 2016 Open that they were introduced to Infinit Nutrition by CrossFit North Vancouver. ", "They were told that Infinit was better than any Strength fuel on the market, so they got in touch with us and Liam began fuelling with Rescue post workout. ", "He noticed immediately that his recovery time was much faster and he was able to perform better. ", "However, he still wasn't getting in enough calories throughout the day or putting on more weight. ", "That's when he also began supplementing with Gainz - a sleep drink packed with carbs and protein intended to help you rebuild muscle and put on weight while you sleep. ", "His performance skyrocketed. ", "He went from a DL max of 205 to a new max of 290 in under 7 months. ", "His clean and jerk max is now 190 lbs. ", "He feels great, is recovering faster, has increased muscular endurance, and has improved in every component of his CrossFit training. ", "We're excited to follow his journey through the Open this year and hopefully to the Games!", "\n\nCorey Bellemore - Coreyhad an exciting 2016 season that saw him break lots of records and personal bests - some that were very unexpected to say the least. ", "We began working with Corey shortly after he went \"viral\" for his Beer Mile World Record run this past summer. ", "On just a typical afternoon, him and some friends set out to a local high school's track with intent for Corey to try out the infamous Beer Mile - run 1 mile, but before each lap you must chug 1 beer. ", "Turns out, Corey was pretty good - he broke the former World Record by 8 seconds. ", "His video went viral around the internet and soon he found himself on a plane to England to race the Beer Mile World Classic, where he shaved another 5 seconds off the record he set just days before. ", "Pretty impressive.", "\n\nWhat's more impressive is what Corey has done since that day. ", "We partnered with him with intent to fuel his potential on the cross country course and middle-distance track. ", "Corey just concluded his XC season, which saw him earn the OUA Men's Cross Country title - his first as a University athlete. ", "He helped lead his team to a 2nd place finish at the Regional tournament, and earned a birth to the Sports Championships 2 weeks later. ", "At Nationals, Corey earned first-team honours, All-Canadian honours, and a 7th place finish. ", "Next up for Bellemore? ", "Another Beer Mile on the 17th of December, then some rest time over the Holidays before the University indoor Track and Field season kicks off in the New Year. ", "Follow more of Corey's journey here.", "\n\nOlympians\nWe had 8 athletes qualify for the 2016 Rio Olympic Games this year - wow! ", "Read more about their journey to the big show...\n\nMelissa Bishop - Melissa capped off a stellar 2015/16 season with her second trip to the Olympic Games. ", "Last summer, Melissa competed in the World Championships and Pan American Games and took home a silver and gold, respectively. ", "Melissa also broke several personal records, and 2 national records (indoor and outdoor) this past season.", "\n\nAt the Olympic Games, Melissa dominated her heats, easily moving on to the finals. ", "Despite her best efforts, Melissa fell just shy of the podium, finishing a strong 4th. ", "Read more about Melissa's Infinit Journey here.", "\n\nRyan Cochrane - Ryan had a notable final season as a competitive swimmer after qualifying for his third Olympic Games - Ryan had previously swam in the 2008 Beijing games (Bronze in 1500m free) and the 2012 London games (Silver in 1500m free). ", "Though he found disappointment at the 2016 Rio games, missing the final for the 400m and finishing 6th in the 1500m, Ryan still secured 2 Gold and a Bronze at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto to conclude his career medal count - a lengthy list! ", "Read more about Ryan's Infinit Journey here.", "\n\nNoelle Montcalm - It was a great, yet suspenseful year for hurdler Noelle Montcalm. ", "In order to qualify for the Olympic Games, Noelle not only had to podium finish in her 400mH race at the Canadian Track and Field Championships, one month before the kick off for the Games, but she also had to hit the Olympic Standard of 56.20. ", "Without the OS, it wouldn't matter whether Noelle was first, second or third - she wouldn't be travelling to Rio. ", "However it all came together in the event finals - Noelle raced her best race of the season, clocking in at 55.83, good enough for a first place finish. ", "The Windsor-Essex Native was Rio bound!", "\n\nAt the games, Noelle competed individually in the 400mH and also was a part of the 4X400 team team that earned a 4th place finish. ", "To read more on Noelle's story, click here.", "\n\nCindy Ouellet - Cindy is a badass. ", "Cindy is a 3X Para-lympian who competes for the Canadian National Wheelchair Basketball team. ", "She made her Olympic debut in 2008, and has also competed on the 2012 Para-lympic basketball team. ", "This year, she was apart of the team which finished 5th at the Games. ", "Cindy has most recently been named the 2016 Wheelchair Basketball Canada Female Athlete of the Year.", "\n\nAlong with basketball, Cindy also dominates in the CrossFit scene. ", "Find out more about Cindy's Olympic journey and CrossFit success by clicking here.", "\n\nKate O'Brien - Kate made her Olympic debut in 2016 as a Track Cyclist, after narrowly missing her shot at the 2014 Games in Sochi as a bobsleigh brakeman - that's right, Kate has only been competing in Cycling for a couple years! ", "Kate kicked off her Olympic year with a pair of medals at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto. ", "She also earned a 6th place finish in the sprint at the UCI World Championships. ", "At the games, she competed in all three track events and made an impressive performance at her first Olympics. ", "Read more about Kate here.", "\n\nBen Saxton & ChaimSchalk - This duo also made their first Olympic apperance in 2016, competing in Men's Beach Volleyball. ", "Leading up to the Games, the pair competed in a number of Major Series events, including the Porec Major, where they finished 3rd overall. ", "At the Games, the pair had impressive performances which landed them a spot in the 'Sweet 16' before they fell to their opponents, to conclude their Olympic run. ", "Read more on Team Saxton Schalk here.", "\n\nAntoine Valois-Fortier - Coming off two bronze medal finishes in 2015 at the World Championships and Pan American Championships, Antoine made his second Olympic appearance in 2016 (2012 games Bronze medallist in Judo). ", "At the Rio Games, Antoine won his first two bouts before falling to the eventual gold medallist. ", "In his repechage match, Antoine had a hard fought battle but succumbed to the future bronze medallist. ", "More on Antoine's journey here.", "\n\nWednesday, December 7, 2016\n\nA proper, well-balanced diet is essential\nfor athletes to keep up with and recover from the physical demands of exercise.", "\nOne vitamin of particular importance is Vitamin D. Many people, including\nathletes, have insufficient Vitamin D levels, and this can have a negative\nimpact on health and athletic performance. ", "While its well known that Vitamin D\nplays an important role in keeping our bones strong, there are a number of\nother mechanisms in which Vitamin D is needed. ", "Maximize your health and recovery\nso you can train for best – read on to find out how.", "\n\nWhat is Vitamin D?", "\n\nVitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin,\nalthough it’s technically not a vitamin because we don’t need food to make it. ", "It’s\ncommonly known as the “Sunshine Vitamin”, because UVB rays from the sun convert\na cholesterol in our skin to vitamin D3. ", "Our liver and kidneys are then\ninvolved in transforming this to the active form of vitamin D.\n\nFunctions of Vitamin D and Implications for\nAthletes\n\nVitamin D is well known for helping our\nbodies absorb calcium and phosphorous which in turn helps to keep our bones\nstrong. ", "Vitamin D acts like a hormone and is used by almost every tissue and\ncell in our body. ", "Vitamin D receptors are found in the heart, liver, kidneys,\nbrain, muscle, immune cells and more. ", "These are some of the ways adequate\nVitamin D is essential for athletes:\n\nBone strength and minimizing risk of\nfractures. ", "This is very important for athletes, as some studies have shown a\ncorrelation between the number of fractures and vitamin D levels.", "\n\nKeeping our immune system healthy. ", "When\nyour sick you can’t train, so having adequate Vitamin D stores, especially in\nthe winter, is important\n\nReducing blood pressure\n\nImproving muscle mass and strength\n\nInflammation – low levels of Vitamin D can\ncontribute to inflammation in the body.", "\n\nRisk Factors for Low Vitamin D Levels\n\nMany people have low levels of Vitamin D,\nand there are a number of factors:\n\nWhere you live – Those living at higher\nlatitudes and in cold climates because of lack of sun exposure\n\nWhere you train – If you often train\nindoors, like hockey players, or before the sun rises, you may not get enough\nsunlight meaning your body won’t make enough Vitamin D\n\nYour age – As we age, our ability to convert\nVitamin D to the active form decreases\n\nSkin colour – Pale skin makes vitamin D\nmore quickly than dark skin\n\nSunscreen use - SPF 15 or higher blocks UVB\nrays\n\nAlso of note – If you think that you get a\nlot of sun while driving in the car, glass actually blocks UVB rays.", "\n\nHow Much Vitamin D is Recommended\n\nHealth Canada’s RDA (Recommended Daily\nAllowance) is 600IU for children aged 1-70 and 800IU for those over 70. ", "The\nsafe upper limit set by Health Canada is 4000IU. ", "It also recommends everyone\nover the age of 50 should take a 400IU supplement.", "\n\nOsteoporosis Canada recommends healthy\nadults aged 19-50 to consume 400-1000IU per day, and those over 50 or younger\nand at risk of osteoporosis to consume 800-2000IU daily. ", "They also recommend\nCanadian adults to supplement all year.", "\n\nThe Vitamin D Council recommends 5000IU\nper day and a safe upper limit of 10 000IU.", "\n\nThe Institute of Medicine recommends\n600IU daily for adults up to 70, and 800IU for adults over 70, with an upper\nlimit of 4000IU\n\nThere are varying recommendations because\nsome researchers believe lower amounts are not enough to achieve the correct\nlevel of Vitamin D, while others think that the research does not have enough\nevidence to support high levels.", "\n\nYou can get too much of a good thing. ", "We cannot\nreach toxic levels from sunlight (our body can regulate how much is converted\nto Vitamin D if we have enough), but you can from supplements. ", "Most often I\nrecommend 1000IU because it is very difficult to get enough from your diet (see\nbelow), but the best of way to make sure you have adequate levels is to get\ntested by your doctor. ", "Tests measure the level of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in your\nblood.", "\n\nSources of Vitamin D\n\nFood\n\nIt is pretty much impossible to meet all of\nyour vitamin D needs with food alone, but its still a good idea to include\nthese Vitamin D rich sources regularly in your diet:\n\nMushrooms – these contain a very small\namount, but more than other vegetables\n\nEgg yolk\n\nVitamin D fortified dairy and non-dairy\nproducts\n\nUsing Health Canada’s Vitamin D RDA for\nadults, to meet your needs you would have to eat:\n\nA serving of wild salmon per day\n\nAbout 15 egg yolks per day\n\n2300g of cooked Shitake mushrooms per day,\nor\n\n1.5 L of milk every day\n\nThese really aren’t the makings of a well\nbalanced diet! ", "Vitamin D really is the sunshine vitamin, but thankfully there\nare supplements available if the sun is not always an option.", "\n\nVitamin D supplements\n\nThere are both pills and drops – purchase\nthem in the form of Vitamin D3. ", "You need fat to absorb it, so eat pills with a\nmeal that contains some fat. ", "Vitamin D drops are already emulsified in fat so\nyou can take this at any time.", "\n\nSunlight\n\nExpose a large area of your skin, like arms\nand legs, for about half the time it takes for your skin to turn pink a few\ntimes a week (could be 15-20 mins depending on skin colour). ", "You can build up\nreserves that will last a few weeks. ", "In the winter months when you don’t get\nsun, you likely will need to supplement.", "\n\nTakeaways\n\nIf you are at risk of being deficient or\nhaving low levels, in order to maintain your health and performance it would be\na good idea to get your blood levels tested. ", "Your doctor can provide some\ndirection on how to correct this if you need to bring your levels up. ", "Even with\na very healthy diet, you may not be getting all of the Vitamin D that you need.", "\nFor maintaining bone health, immunity and much more, consider supplementing\nwith Vitamin D but remember that you can consume too much since it is fat\nsoluble.", "\n\nAndrea Docherty is a Registered Dietitian,\nSports Nutritionist and owner of Andrea Docherty Nutrition, a professional\nnutrition consulting and coaching business in Windsor, Ontario. ", "For more\ninformation or to contact her, visit www.andreadochertyrd.com\n\nMonday, December 5, 2016\n\nTeam Infinit athlete and Ultra-marathon phenom Jay Kinsella and his wife Jessica have put in hours of work to host their 2nd annual Turkeys on the Trail event - a fundraising run to help their local food bank. ", "We are honoured to be apart of their event this year! ", "This years event will take place on Sunday, December 11th. ", "Find out more about Turkeys on the Trail below!", "\n\n\"Turkeys on the Trail started as an idea to help our local\nfood bank to feed families at Christmas. ", "In one year alone, Turkeys on the\nTrail has grown exponentially. ", "In December 2015, we had 108 participants come\nout and a little over a dozen volunteers. ", "This year, with the need and\nexpectations so much higher, we challenged ourselves to grow. ", "To do that, we\nneeded great companies to help sponsor our event. ", "We are proud to say that\nDarcy Haggith and the Infinit team have stepped up to assist us. ", "Our two aid\nstations will be fully stocked with Infinit, and we will have a vendor booth\nmanned by Jay that will be handing out drink samples and answering questions\nabout Infinit Nutrition. ", "We are also awarding one lucky participant a\nPro-Nutritional Consult! ", "We feel so lucky to have found a product that works\nfor us, and we are proud to share that with our fellow runners and community.", "\nIt helped us achieve our dreams of going big; in this case competing and\nwinning the 2016 Tahoe 200 Endurance Run. ", "We have our sights set on even more\nexciting races for 2017, and we hope our participants will enjoy the Infinit as\nmuch as we do! ", "Thank you to Darcy Haggith and the Infinit Team for aiding our\ncharity run and for sponsoring Jay Kinsella to represent your brand!", "\n\nThanks to the generosity of sponsors like Infinit, Fast Trax\nRun & Ski Shop, Track ‘N Trail and Albert’s Family Restaurant; we have\ngrown to nearly 300 participants and 50 volunteers in the second year of this\nevent! ", "The course has become more trail, technical and fun! ", "We will have fruit,\ncoffee, juice and food at the finish. ", "We will also have a “mini-market” with\napproximately a dozen vendors from the community who will showcase their\nbusiness and products. ", "We are also partnering this year with BeaverTails food\ntruck, who will be on site to serve up delicious pastries and poutine, and the\ncost? ", "ONE FROZEN TURKEY or equivalent value in non-perishable food items. ", "We\nwill have draw prizes, a small silent auction, and a raffle draw for 3 entries\ninto Destination Trail Race: Orcas Island 50 miler, Marathon and Half Marathon.", "\nThere really will be something for EVERYBODY!", "\n\nWe look forward to seeing everything come together and\npulling off a great day! ", "Thank you all, runners and sponsors for your support!\" - ", "Jessica." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSilly question about mixing\n\nLet $T$ be a measure-preserving transformation on a probability space $(\\Omega,\\mathcal B,\\mu)$. Assume that for any pair of measurable sets $A,B\\in\\mathcal B$ with $\\mu(A), \\mu(B)>0$, one can find $N$ such that $T^{-n}(A)\\cap B\\neq\\emptyset$ for all $n\\geq N$. Is $T$ mixing with respect to $\\mu$? ", "This is likely to be a simple exercise. ", "So, apologies, and thanks in advance.", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is a condition known to be intermediate between the one you mention and mixing. ", " A transformation is lightly mixing if $\\liminf_{n\\to\\infty} \\mu(T^{-n}(A)\\cap B) > 0$ for all $A$ and $B$ of positive measure. ", " For a transformation which is lightly mixing but not mixing, see for example Friedman and King's paper \"Rank One Lightly Mixing\".", "\n\nA:\n\nThe authors left out that $T$ is ergodic in Lemma 2.4. ", " If $T$ is ergodic and $\\liminf_{n\\to \\infty}\\mu (T^nA\\cap A) > 0$ for all sets $A$ of positive measure, then $T$ is lightly mixing. ", "In other words, $\\liminf_{n\\to \\infty}\\mu (T^nA\\cap B) > 0$ for all sets $A,B$ of positive measure. ", "Proof: Suppose there exists sets $A,B$ of positive measure such that $\\liminf_{n\\to \\infty}\\mu (T^nA\\cap B)=0$. There exists a sequence $n_k$ such that $\\lim_{k\\to \\infty} \\mu (T^{n_k}A\\cap B)=0$. Since $T$ is ergodic choose, $\\ell$ such that $\\mu (A\\cap T^{\\ell}B)>0$. Let $A'=A\\cap T^{\\ell}B$. Thus, $\\mu (T^{n_k+\\ell}A'\\cap A')\\leq \\mu (T^{n_k+\\ell}A\\cap T^{\\ell}B) = \\mu (T^{n_k}A\\cap B)$. The last equality holds by measure preservance. ", "Therefore, $\\lim_{k\\to \\infty} \\mu (T^{n_k+\\ell}A'\\cap A')=0$.\n\n" ]

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[ "Mechanisms of function of neural grafts in the adult mammalian brain.", "\nEvidence for the survival, growth and function of grafted neural tissues in the adult mammalian brain is reviewed. ", "In addition to considering the viability of grafts in the different model systems that have been investigated, consideration is given to alternative mechanisms by which the grafts might exert a functional influence over the host brain and the host animal's behaviour: (a) acute influence over spontaneous recovery of function, (b) chronic but diffuse secretion of neurochemicals into the host neuropile, (c) tonic reinnervation of the host brain, (d) bridging grafts, and (e) reciprocal reinnervation and full incorporation of graft tissue into host circuitry. ", "It is concluded that no one mechanism is primary, but that different levels of reorganization can take place in different graft paradigms and neural systems." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one\n// or more contributor license agreements. ", " See the NOTICE file\n// distributed with this work for additional information\n// regarding copyright ownership. ", " The ASF licenses this file\n// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the\n// \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance\n// with the License. ", " You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,\n// software distributed under the License is distributed on an\n// \"AS IS\" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY\n// KIND, either express or implied. ", " See the License for the\n// specific language governing permissions and limitations\n// under the License.", "\n\npackage org.apache.doris.persist.gson;\n\nimport org.apache.doris.common.io.", "Text;\nimport org.apache.doris.common.io.", "Writable;\nimport org.apache.doris.persist.gson.", "GsonUtils.", "HiddenAnnotationExclusionStrategy;\nimport org.apache.doris.persist.gson.", "GsonUtils.", "PostProcessTypeAdapterFactory;\n\nimport com.google.common.collect.", "Maps;\nimport com.google.gson.", "Gson;\nimport com.google.gson.", "GsonBuilder;\nimport com.google.gson.annotations.", "SerializedName;\n\nimport org.junit.", "After;\nimport org.junit.", "Assert;\nimport org.junit.", "Test;\n\nimport java.io.", "DataInput;\nimport java.io.", "DataInputStream;\nimport java.io.", "DataOutput;\nimport java.io.", "DataOutputStream;\nimport java.io.", "File;\nimport java.io.", "FileInputStream;\nimport java.io.", "FileOutputStream;\nimport java.io.", "IOException;\nimport java.util.", "Map;\n\n/*\n * This unit test shows how to serialize and deserialize inherited class.", "\n * \n * ParentClass is the parent class of 2 derived classes:\n * ChildClassA\n * ChildClassB\n * \n * User need to create a RuntimeTypeAdapterFactory for ParentClass and\n * register 2 derived classes to the factory. ", "And then register the factory\n * to the GsonBuilder to create GSON instance.", "\n * \n * \n * \n */\npublic class GsonDerivedClassSerializationTest {\n private static String fileName = \"./GsonDerivedClassSerializationTest\";\n \n @After\n public void tearDown() {\n File file = new File(fileName);\n file.delete();\n }\n\n public static class ParentClass implements Writable {\n @SerializedName(value = \"flag\")\n public int flag = 0;\n\n public ParentClass(int flag, String clazz) {\n this.flag = flag;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {\n String json = TEST_GSON.toJson(this);\n System.out.println(\"write: \" + json);\n Text.writeString(out, json);\n }\n\n public static ParentClass read(DataInput in) throws IOException {\n String json = Text.readString(in);\n System.out.println(\"read: \" + json);\n return TEST_GSON.fromJson(json, ParentClass.class);\n }\n }\n\n public static class ChildClassA extends ParentClass implements GsonPostProcessable {\n @SerializedName(value = \"tag\")\n public String tagA;\n\n public String postTagA;\n\n public ChildClassA(int flag, String tag) {\n // pass \"ChildClassA.class.getSimpleName()\" to field \"clazz\"\n super(flag, ChildClassA.class.getSimpleName());\n this.tagA = tag;\n }\n\n @Override\n public void gsonPostProcess() {\n this.postTagA = \"after post\";\n\n }\n }\n\n public static class ChildClassB extends ParentClass {\n @SerializedName(value = \"mapB\")\n public Map<Long, String> mapB = Maps.newConcurrentMap();\n\n public ChildClassB(int flag) {\n // pass \"ChildClassB.class.getSimpleName()\" to field \"clazz\"\n super(flag, ChildClassB.class.getSimpleName());\n this.mapB.put(1L, \"B1\");\n this.mapB.put(2L, \"B2\");\n }\n }\n\n public static class WrapperClass implements Writable {\n @SerializedName(value = \"tag\")\n public ParentClass clz;\n\n public WrapperClass() {\n clz = new ChildClassA(1, \"child1\");\n }\n\n @Override\n public void write(DataOutput out) throws IOException {\n String json = TEST_GSON.toJson(this);\n System.out.println(\"write: \" + json);\n Text.writeString(out, json);\n }\n\n public static WrapperClass read(DataInput in) throws IOException {\n String json = Text.readString(in);\n System.out.println(\"read: \" + json);\n return TEST_GSON.fromJson(json, WrapperClass.class);\n }\n }\n\n private static RuntimeTypeAdapterFactory<ParentClass> runtimeTypeAdapterFactory = RuntimeTypeAdapterFactory\n // the \"clazz\" is a custom defined name\n .of(ParentClass.class, \"clazz\")\n // register 2 derived classes, the second parameter will be the value of \"clazz\"\n .registerSubtype(ChildClassA.class, ChildClassA.class.getSimpleName())\n .registerSubtype(ChildClassB.class, ChildClassB.class.getSimpleName());\n\n private static Gson TEST_GSON = new GsonBuilder()\n .addSerializationExclusionStrategy(new HiddenAnnotationExclusionStrategy())\n .enableComplexMapKeySerialization()\n // register the RuntimeTypeAdapterFactory\n .registerTypeAdapterFactory(runtimeTypeAdapterFactory)\n .registerTypeAdapterFactory(new PostProcessTypeAdapterFactory())\n .create();\n\n @Test\n public void testDerivedClassA() throws IOException {\n // 1. ", "Write objects to file\n File file = new File(fileName);\n file.createNewFile();\n DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));\n\n ChildClassA childClassA = new ChildClassA(1, \"A\");\n childClassA.write(out);\n out.flush();\n out.close();\n\n // 2. ", "Read objects from file\n DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));\n ParentClass parentClass = ParentClass.read(in);\n Assert.assertTrue(parentClass instanceof ChildClassA);\n Assert.assertEquals(1, ((ChildClassA) parentClass).flag);\n Assert.assertEquals(\"A\", ((ChildClassA) parentClass).tagA);\n Assert.assertEquals(\"after post\", ((ChildClassA) parentClass).postTagA);\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testDerivedClassB() throws IOException {\n // 1. ", "Write objects to file\n File file = new File(fileName);\n file.createNewFile();\n DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));\n\n ChildClassB childClassB = new ChildClassB(2);\n childClassB.write(out);\n out.flush();\n out.close();\n\n // 2. ", "Read objects from file\n DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));\n ParentClass parentClass = ParentClass.read(in);\n Assert.assertTrue(parentClass instanceof ChildClassB);\n Assert.assertEquals(2, ((ChildClassB) parentClass).flag);\n Assert.assertEquals(2, ((ChildClassB) parentClass).mapB.size());\n Assert.assertEquals(\"B1\", ((ChildClassB) parentClass).mapB.get(1L));\n Assert.assertEquals(\"B2\", ((ChildClassB) parentClass).mapB.get(2L));\n }\n\n @Test\n public void testWrapperClass() throws IOException {\n // 1. ", "Write objects to file\n File file = new File(fileName);\n file.createNewFile();\n DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(file));\n\n WrapperClass wrapperClass = new WrapperClass();\n wrapperClass.write(out);\n out.flush();\n out.close();\n\n // 2. ", "Read objects from file\n DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream(file));\n WrapperClass readWrapperClass = WrapperClass.read(in);\n Assert.assertEquals(1, ((ChildClassA) readWrapperClass.clz).flag);\n }\n\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Elachista dieropa\n\nElachista dieropa is a moth of the family Elachistidae that is endemic to Australia.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 2011\nCategory:Endemic fauna of Australia\ndieropa\nCategory:Moths of Australia" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "By\n\nRecently I wrote a profile of writer John Warner, who was on tour promoting The Funny Man, his satirical first novel.", "\n\nThe Funny Man is “a funny novel about a funny man who sticks his whole hand in his mouth in a funny way,” writes Brock Clarke, author of An Arsonist's Guide to Writers’ Homes in New England. “", "But it's much more than that—a wise, rueful, surprisingly tender book about what happens when we get what we want, and then what happens when we keep on wanting things. ", "A very American novel, in other words, a novel that reminds me of Walker Percy's and Saul Bellow's very American novels.”", "\n\nToday I’m pleased to bring you an interview with John Warner, my second with him; the first, four years ago, is here.", "\n\n***\n\nWelcome back, John. ", "I’ve been meaning for two months to get you here, but I think my differential is filled with bananas. ", "How’s tricks?", "\n\nMy tricks are old and a little tired, my stop at Hinterland next-to-last on my arduous trek around the country flogging my wares. ", "It’s good to be back home even though no one here is asking me to read and the dogs don’t have any special reverence for published authors.", "\n\nListen, you’ve got these strange Midwestern notions of modesty, reserve and privacy, so I was blissfully toiling along and this book jumped out from behind the hay bales and flailed me. ", "How’d it come about?", "\n\nThe first words (what ultimately became the second chapter) hit the page sometime in 2002. ", "I’m sure I thought it was a short story at the time since that was the only kind of fiction I was writing, but it managed to grow incrementally over the years as I would periodically get discouraged over its possibilities, put it away, and then, with the passage of time, become re-encouraged as to its possibilities. ", "My method, which is likely madness, is to be simultaneously working on twenty things, each in various stages of incompletion, and periodically picking things up and seeing how much closer I can carry them towards the finish line. ", "At one point, this book was neck-and-neck with two others in terms of word count (about 35k), and I finally got sick of my non-novel-finishing self and declared that I’d complete a manuscript, no matter how crappy, by the end of Summer 2009.", "\n\nAt your reading here you told a story about finding the form that allowed you to finish the book, using alternating first- and third-person narration. ", "Can you repeat that here?", "\n\nWhen I made that declaration to myself, I intended to complete another one of the partial manuscripts because I felt permanently stuck when it came to The Funny Man. ", "Everything I’d done up to that time was in third-person, and every time I looked at it, I had that stomach-sick feeling that the whole was decidedly less than the sum of its parts, and that as a novel it simply didn’t work. ", "I needed a solution to the problem of structure and had no ideas of my own, so I pulled a dozen or so of my favorite novels off the shelf and started looking at how they were organized.", "\n\nOne was The Water Method Man, by John Irving, a novel I’ve read at least half a dozen times. ", "It’s episodic, with two overlapping storylines covering the past and present of the protagonist Fred “Bogus” Trumper. ", "The past, written in third-person, tells the sad and hilarious tale of a failed starter marriage that produced an unplanned child and an ABD PhD in Old Low Norse. ", "The present, written in first-person, shows Bogus confronting the dilemma of another unplanned (on his part) pregnancy, this time with his girlfriend Tulpen. ", "He’s at a moment of crisis where we’re going to find out if he makes the same mistakes all over again, even as he’s trying to undo some from the past. ", "I realized that one of the things that makes that novel work is the juxtaposition of past and present, demonstrating how we carry the past with us every moment of the day.", "\n\nSo I stole that. ", "I started conjuring a first-person present for my character, and immediately the shape and events that would fill out the rest of the book came into view—hazy, but definitely not a mirage. ", "I wrote just under half of the book in six weeks that summer, not at all worried if it was any good (which had been holding me back), but just trying to get to this finish line on the horizon. ", "I’ll probably never have so much fun writing again.", "\n\nThere was a middle-aged man in the audience at your reading clutching a sheet of paper with questions scrawled on it, but he deferred to the many students there. ", "I managed to read a question on his sheet. ", "Would you like to answer it now, in case he’s reading?: “", "Mr. Warner, you seem like a nice man, a gentle man, a genial man; you’re amiable, considerate, cordial, courteous, pleasant, kindly, well-mannered, a likable man, for a tertiary syphilitic. ", "I was wondering why you write about bad, not happy, stuff?”", "\n\nBut my book is a comedy! ", "Ha! ", "Ha! ", "Big laughs, or “laffs” as we now say. ", "Except that even the people who like the book don’t seem to be ROFLMAO.", "\n\nOn the macro level, I have a very low opinion of humanity. ", "We are, I believe, a pestilence, a plague, an unstoppable death-dealing parade of misery and destruction. ", "The historical and contemporary evidence of such is incontrovertible. ", "Crusades, pogroms, genocides, internments, the BCS…etc.", "\n\nAs I write this, the Jerry Sandusky/Penn St. situation remains the rage in the news, and each new story seems to expose more and deeper rot, moral failings upon moral failings. ", "It all seems inexplicable, except that in the larger context, it’s actually pretty common when humans have failed other humans. ", "Sandusky is just this week. ", "Next week it will be the failure of the “Supercommittee” to reach a “compromise” even though our stalled government threatens the national welfare. ", "As an experiment, humankind will only and inevitably end in collapse. ", "Bang, whimper, it won’t really matter. ", "I’m betting on some combination of the two.", "\n\nThinking about these things has the potential to make me physically ill, to bring upon a crippling bout of weltschmerz.", "\n\nSo I write about them and try to mine something funny from them, because to do this is to exert some element of control over the uncontrollable. ", "And while I recognize this control is illusory, it’s an illusion I’ve grown comfortable with and therefore cling to.", "\n\nI’m going to just go ahead and admit that while I have an extremely low opinion of humankind, I firmly believe in the capability of individual humans to express and experience what I like to call “grace” of the non-divine variety. ", "See here for an example.", "\n\nWe live in darkness, and the human experiment will ultimately fail, but life is not without light, and it’s some of those moments that I’m drawn to.", "\n\nYou were a student of Pulitzer-winner Robert Olen Butler’s, I believe. ", "A writer friend, also a former student of Butler’s, stayed with us recently, and we discussed our models for writing and teaching. ", "Can you speak to the relative influence of undergrad and MFA creative writing teachers on your own writing and teaching?", "\n\nI think any of us is the product of our influences, and I include my undergraduate teachers (most notably your colleague Philip Graham) and graduate teachers (Bob Butler and John Wood) as some of my greatest influences. ", "The biggest influence all three of them had was to demonstrate what writers do, which is to write and read and work, and that these things are not separate but parts of a whole. ", "They demonstrated best practices by exemplifying the work of being a writer. ", "The service they did for me was to demystify that part of the process.", "\n\nAesthetically, it’s hard to say how they’ve influenced me, other than I’m sure it’s heavy, but at the same time, to have any success, I had to throw them overboard and find my thing. ", "This isn’t always an easy process. (", "Notice my shift to present tense.) ", "Bob’s presence loomed very large during my time as an MFA student, partly because he was our only fiction writer on faculty, and partly because his aesthetic is so strong and he’s so good at articulating it. ", "It makes sense. ", "Except that, for me, it didn’t always make sense, or rather there’s huge parts of it that make sense but which I just need to think about in different ways sometimes. ", "That anxiety of influence was paralyzing for a time, but the experience was probably also necessary to come out the other side with something of my own.", "\n\nAs for teaching, since I deal primarily with undergraduates and beginning writers, I try my best to demystify writing as much as possible, that it’s something that you do and work at, as opposed to a gift from above, or something where we just sit around and wait for inspiration to strike. ", "At the same time, I try to champion the deep pleasures of writing for its own sake, that the means are indeed the ends.", "\n\nYour protagonist’s in love with someone like Anna Kournikova, his mugshot looks like Nick Nolte’s, and he’s in an OJ-style trial with nods to those of Michael Jackson, Mel Gibson, Kobe, Rush, Paris Hilton, Lindsay, Gary Coleman, and Martha Stewart. ", "There are many, many other references in the book to pop culture, including Di’s funeral and the Simpson’s “football to the groin” bit (here a Bob Gibson fastball), and the funny man, like Homer, admits, “It’s funny because it’s true.” ", "Pop culture appropriates everything in its path, even itself, and your hero’s comedy act resembles cannibalism, or at least self-consumption.", "\n\nDo you believe in an inevitable spiraling-down by all this? ", "Is there a bottom to the pit?", "\n\nShort answer, no, there is no bottom. ", "Periodically, I think we’ve hit bottom and then something happens that disabuses me of that notion, which makes me wonder if we really are looking at some kind of decline.", "\n\nRealms that used to be at least somewhat removed from popular culture (news, politics, etc.) ", "are now simply part of them. ", "News is news/entertainment, emphasis on the entertainment. ", "In Herman Cain we have a reality show contestant-type personality running competitively for the presidency. ", "He is popular precisely because he is entertaining and doesn’t know much.", "\n\nESPN has been covering this Sandusky debacle 24/7 in very serious and sober tones, but it is ESPN which provides the fuel (bottomless amounts of money) that drives the cartel that is big-time intercollegiate athletics that creates the conditions favorable to this kind of institutional corruption.", "\n\nI say these things not as someone above the fray, but as a participant in it. ", "The problem is that we, or at least I, am pretty fascinated by popular culture. ", "It entertains me. ", "It distracts me. ", "It is what I and many Americans spend most of our time on.", "\n\nSo to ask if there’s a bottom is like asking if we’re going to see a fundamental change in the American psyche. ", "I think probably not.", "\n\nIt’s perfectly appropriate that you invent the narrative equivalent to the kitschy poster that puts James Dean, Marilyn, Bogie and Elvis into Hopper’s Nighthawks. ", "Your version however is both a little dangerous and moving; I’ll always be grateful you’ve given John Lennon an afterlife and permit JFK and John-John their time together. ", "Are you of the camp that believes celebrities are our Greek gods, and while they sometimes behave badly on Earth, that they also recline on eternal Olympus?", "\n\nOne of the conceits of the novel is that fame is the de facto “American Dream,” and following my own logic, the achievement of fame is about the best thing we could ever hope for.", "\n\nNot to be crass, but part of really lasting fame is a properly timed death. ", "Just today I saw a “news” story about the rented home Michael Jackson died in, and how the owners were going to auction some of the items that Michael used. ", "These things have become relics with both emotional and monetary value to the right people. ", "Michael Jackson’s life, particularly toward the end, was more than a bit of a mess, but those elements have been sandblasted off the statuary. ", "He became famous for his talent, but he’s far more remembered for the fact of his fame, rather than his abilities as a singer/dancer/composer.", "\n\nThe book makes this critique of media: “He started to realize the truth about television, which is that the images on screen were far more real than reality since these were the things everyone could share: Our collective spirit. ", "There was no objective truth outside what some critical mass of people believed.”", "\n\nLater our hero, trying to have his say online about what he believes is truth, “is beset by savages who can type more quickly than him.” ", "Is reality now whoever has the most bandwidth?", "\n\nThe old saw is that [media executives] are only giving the people what they ask for, but I’m not so sure about this. ", "Maybe if we ask for it, it’s only because we don’t know how to ask for anything else because we’ve been so conditioned to want it.", "\n\nClearly, the media has the ability to “drive the narrative.” ", "I don’t want to get all political, but there’s a television network that starts with “Fox” and ends with “News” that successfully disseminates several metric tons of bullshit that is lapped up as though it is ambrosia.", "\n\nTo some degree the Internet could be democratizing in its dissemination of image and information, since in theory there is no gatekeeper, but I think the Internet largely acts as a megaphone for the media narrative. ", "There are of course voices in the wilderness, but they don’t call it the wilderness for nothing.", "\n\nThe novel goes a little meta in places. ", "You write, “The goal, as far as I can see it, is to make the book as true as possible, as faithful to one’s experience as you can get, but I’ve found this often entails straying from the precise way events may have unfolded since the memory falls short of the truth of the matter.”", "\n\nHow’s this work with satire? ", "And how do you out-real the “reality” of digital “irreality,” in order to make a truthful point about about its lies? ", "Wait—where am I?", "\n\nThis is a nod to Tim O’Brien’s “How to Tell a True War Story,” one of those stories that blew me away when I read it, for its critique of “realism,” and continues to resonate with how I look at the purposes of literature. ", "The line you quote is the funny man realizing that he’s probably not getting his story “right,” but that doesn’t mean it isn’t “true.” ", "To me, satire is an impulse towards seeking some kind of “truth” that reality isn’t capable of illuminating. ", "I make no claims to my work doing this, but I can say that it is indeed the goal.", "\n\nThe book says something is “a real catch-22” and has parallels with Heller’s great satirical novel. ", "For example, the funny man tallies what is luck or not luck in much the same manner as Colonel Cathcart itemizes his “black eyes” and “feathers in his cap.” ", "Your funny man gets bored signing memorabilia for fans and begins writing nonsensical messages to them, as Yossarian does when he’s assigned to be a censor for men’s letters home. ", "You’re a Heller fan? ", "Which other comic novelists do you see as influences?", "\n\nI wish I could say that those moments were so directly inspired by Catch-22, except that none of it was conscious. ", "Though, given that I believe that Catch-22 is the novel of the 20th (and maybe 21st) century(ies), I can’t imagine I would’ve escaped without having some echo of the novel in there. ", "If you’re going to write something that makes claims to satire, you need to grapple with that book.", "\n\nDo you know what the New York Timesreviewer said about Heller’s novel at the time of its release?", "\n\nCatch-22 has much passion, comic and fervent, but it gasps for want of craft and sensibility. ", "If Catch-22 were intended as a commentary novel, such sideswiping of character and action might be taken care of by thematic control. ", "It fails here because half its incidents are farcical and fantastic.", "\n\nI love that, partially panned for being too farcical and fantastical when really what it signaled was the ground opening beneath our feet and swallowing us into something new.", "\n\nAs I said, John Irving, particularly early Irving, is hugely influential on me. ", "Francine Prose is one of the best contemporary satirists when she’s working in that mode (Blue Angel, My New American Life), though I don’t know how influential she is other than I strive for the same sharpness of tone.", "\n\nElsewhere I wrote about the “White Male Fuck-up Novel” (WMFuN), of which I consider The Funny Man to be one, and which is a genre that holds a lot of my favorite books. ", "A Fan’s Notes may be my favorite out of that bunch. ", "I love books that can do funny/sad, or even funny/hopelessness. ", "That’s just the kind of guy I am.", "\n\nThe funny man has a certain flexibility. ", "Not only can he get his whole fist in his mouth, but in one of the funniest sections in the book he invents a comeback act that consists of dislocating his joints and flailing all the loose parts. ", "His agent tells him it’s grotesque, not funny, but he performs it anyway in a club:\n\n[S]oon there is the sound of glass breaking as the woman in the front row falls into a dead faint and takes out the cocktail table with her. ", "From somewhere in the back a keening wail like a harpooned seal rises in intensity. ", "Other people appear to be fainting as well, or holding back their hurl with hands over mouths…. ", "His last image is of a young couple…the young man has wrapped his arm around the young woman’s shoulder and with his free hand, he covers her face by pulling it to his chest. ‘", "They’re going to make it,’ the funny man thinks.", "\n\nAll this seems to parallel a pattern we’ve come to expect: Celebrities are provided a certain [moral] flexibility, and when they abuse it, they become publicly alienated from those who nurtured them in the first place. ", "Are we setting those poor people up to fail? ", "Some kind of elemental Killing of the Divine King martyrdom?", "\n\nShort answer, yes. ", "Short example, Kim Kardashian.", "\n\nThere are lines that we don’t want crossed and the excommunication is often swift (but rarely final). ", "The Kardashian/Humphries wedding/divorce is a current and handy example. ", "Kim Kardashian was first made famous through a “private” sex tape, the origin of which is quite possibly Kamp Kardashian.", "\n\nOver time that fame morphed this young woman into a brand spokeswoman for—I’m not sure what, but I see her all the time. ", "Her life is now apparently interesting enough to dramatize on television. ", "She is not American royalty per se, but reportedly 8-10 million people watched her wedding. ", "I was among them. ", "As long as we could believe the (apparent) fiction that it was about love, she is an object of fascination and interest. ", "Unfortunately, the divorce exposed the subtext everyone already knew was there, that this union was as much about money as love, and the removal of this scrim of respectability means we must turn on her.", "\n\nIt’s like we knew we were suckers all along, but only when someone makes it public do we get mad about it.", "\n\nIt’s convenient how the entertainment world seems to give up handy examples for me to use just in time to respond to your questions, but truth is, regardless of when we might have this conversation, there some timely thing would fit your question. ", "It’s just how we’re wired these days.", "\n\nThe funny man’s lawyer is named Barry. ", "Like, say, Bob Shapiro, he thrives on the offal created by the culture and becomes a celebrity himself. ", "Barry says he will have a legacy in arguing this case, that:\n\n“[O]thers will come behind me to study what I do…I am creating newer realities that others will live by. ", "I will be one of history’s actor’s.”", "\n“Like Hitler,” I say.", "\n“We’ll see,” Barry replies. “", "We shall see.”", "\n\nAt one point Barry wants the jury to say to themselves that they would have done “the exact same thing” the funny man did:\n\n“I would have shot that man, disarmed, on his knees, allegedly begging for his life, six times, allegedly.”", "\n“It’ll never work,” the funny man says. “", "I’m a monster, aren’t I?”", "\n“Barry perches a single buttock on the table and looks both ways even though we both know we are alone and no one can hear us before he leans toward me, so close that our noses almost touch. ", "I can smell his lunch, egg salad. ‘", "Let me tell you a secret,’ he says.”", "\n“What?”", "\n“We’re all monsters.”", "\n\nAnd while the book is dark enough to suggest that that’s true, do you think the celebrity lawyer’s type—the carrion-eater—is the worst of all?", "\n\nBarry’s quote about being one of history’s “actors” is inspired by a quote from a Bush Administration official to reporter Ron Suskind:\n\n“Guys like you are ‘in what we call the reality-based community’—people who believe that solutions emerge from your judicious study of discernible reality. ", "That’s not the way the world really works anymore. ", "We’re an empire now, and when we act, we create our own reality. ", "And while you’re studying that reality—judiciously, as you will—we’ll act again, creating other new realities, which you can study too, and that’s how things will sort out. ", "We’re history’s actors… and you, all of you, will be left to just study what we do.”", "\n\nI don’t believe there will ever be a purer expression of hubris, and since Barry was constructed as a purely hubristic character, I wanted to give him this quote. ", "When hubris is combined with an absence of scruples, we get a Bush-era Department of Justice official or the celebrity lawyer.", "\n\nFollowing Bob Costas’ interview with Jerry Sandusky, the entire world wondered why Sandusky’s lawyer would allow his client to throw the first couple of shovelfuls of his own grave over his shoulder.", "\n\nThe “why” is because Sandusky’s lawyer was sitting next to Bob Costas, being seen by millions of people, and is now on his way to becoming famous himself. ", "Is he worse than a child rapist? ", "I can’t imagine what’s worse than that, but he’s pretty damn bad.", "\n\nThe book has Barry saying:\n\n“I was on a reef dive, really beautiful, like two-hundred-million-year-old coral there, thinking about your case and it came to me, the perfect defense.”", "\n“I thought we already had the perfect defense.”", "\n“We did, but now this one is more perfect…. ", "The old thing was perfect, the new thing is better, therefore, more perfect. ", "The perfect defense…plus…. ", "Not guilty by reason of celebrity.", "\n“Think about it,” Barry says. “", "Celebrity is just like a disease. ", "You can catch it, so it’s communicable like a disease. ", "It can also be hereditary like a disease. ", "And I know I don’t have to explain to you how it does its damage. ", "The world is fundamentally different for someone with celebrity, and honest-to-god alternate reality. ", "An irreality, even. ", "Also, celebrity is tenacious, incurable. ", "Once it has you in its grasp, it will not let you go. ", "At the very least any celebrity by definition has a prima facie case of diminished capacity.”", "\n\nThat nearly sounds plausible. ", "You been hanging out with lawyers lately?", "\n\nThis is one of the handful of moments of on-the-spot inspiration in the book. ", "For the most part, as you’ve experienced yourself, the creation of a novel is a bit of a slog, things coming into focus very slowly over time. ", "In this case, I remember writing the scene and just letting Barry go on a bit and the “not guilty by reason of celebrity” notion popped into my head and I knew that it fit instantly. ", "The world of the celebrity is not the same as ours. ", "They are often damaged by celebrity and certainly run the risk of the loss of their humanity (at least as I understand the word). ", "This had definitely happened to my character, so it really seemed to fit. ", "It’s one of those things I decided not to look at too hard, gift horses and all that business.", "\n\nThe book points continuously to delusion, whether it’s from hope, fantasy, the cult of celebrity, media distortion, mental illness, or even the American Dream: “Isn’t most everyone’s life the product of delusion, a delusion that things are progressing, that they are prospering, or if not prospering presently, will be prosperous in the future?”", "\n\nThe funny man finds himself on the cover of a magazine, looking awful, and the headline reads: “WHEN WILL HE STOP FALLING?” ", "In my profile of your visit I already pointed out the echo I hear in The Funny Man and the “Falling Man” I guess maybe it goes too far to say this is your 9-11 novel, but how consciously is this book about the fall of American life? ", "And is that apparent decline fated or willed in your opinion?", "\n\nYou’re getting all of my most embarrassing admissions out of me, Churm. ", "The file with the first words that ultimately wound up in the finished manuscript is called “An American Saga,” which was some part of my lizard brain saying that what I was writing about had something to do with the American condition, as much or more than one specific character’s life, that somehow this individual experience was meant to emblemize something larger. ", "Eve ate the apple, which sucked for her and Adam for sure, but it managed to visit a whole lot of bad shit on the rest of us.", "\n\nDespite all my kvetching above, I’m actually sort of hesitant to call what’s happening to the culture “decline,” since I think it’s more a matter of changing into something different, as opposed to objectively “worse.” ", "We see it as decline because of our particular historical vantage point, but someone with a longer view would probably already think we’ve hit bottom and we’re in the midst of our dead cat bounce. ", "That said, our ultimate un-pretty end is fated. ", "What could be the alternative? ", "Do we honestly believe that we’re heading towards some kind of endless cultural flourishing?", "\n\nThe world loves to hate the funny man, when fate’s script turns the page for him. ", "Protestors outside his place hold up a bedsheet with letters in black spray paint: “DO THE WORLD A FAVOR AND JUM! [", "sic]” I think of the telegram to a widow in Chekhov’s “The Darling”: “IVAN PETROVITCH DIED SUDDENLY TO-DAY. ", "AWAITING IMMATE [sic] INSTRUCTIONS FUFUNERAL [sic] TUESDAY,” that mysterious and paranoiac sense the universe is sending messages.", "\n\nThe funny man thinks messages from his (imaginary?) ", "girlfriend “continue to arrive disguised in more and more elaborate ways. ", "Yesterday it was in a news story about her preparations for the upcoming major season. ", "The first letter of each word in her quote, removed, arranged into thinking of you.” ", "What hazards do you see in looking for meaning in a nonsensical world? ", "Are you Vonnegutian? ", "Beckettian? ", "The world merely a bad joke at best or an existential nothing?", "\n\nSince I’m pretending it’s just you and me talking here, old Churm, and there isn’t anyone listening in or reading…\n\nHow’d you know, Estragon?", "\n\n…I’ll reiterate my earlier hopefulness in the possibility of grace for the individual. ", "I believe this makes me firmly more Vonnegutian than Beckettian. ", "The scene in Slaughterhouse Five where they are being transported in the cattle car, and food and water is passed through the slats, and we are told that they “shared,” makes tears well in my eyes.", "\n\nDespite some truly heinous behavior by the funny man, we come to like and care for him, in large part due to his (sometimes) tenderness toward and genuine affection for his wife and child. ", "He’s not really a cynic or manipulator as much as he is an innocent abroad in his own country. ", "Even his reasons for performing are sort of lovely, almost like what we might get from teaching: “He loved the proximity to the audience, seeing the jokes land and their faces open up with surprise.”", "\n\nThe book ends, again in the spirit of Catch-22, with the funny man’s active choice to have life on his own terms. “", "Everyone’s got a story and the best ones are those we tell ourselves,” he concludes. “", "I imagined it and then after the imagining it had come true. ", "It is not a perfect substitute for what I had [in my previous life], but it will have to do.” ", "Is this a happy ending you’ve written us?", "\n\nI hope so, “hope” being the key word, because my aim is for it to be a hopeful end. ", "Let’s face it, he’s pretty doomed and on some level he knows it, but he’s choosing to take a shot at a life that he thinks is going to be worth living. ", "That’s about the best any of us can do.", "\n\nYou’re newly on the move from Clemson, finished with the public success of a book tour. ", "What’s next in your own story, my friend?", "\n\nI have dreams, but I try not to put too much stock in them. ", "More books, I hope. ", "I’m writing them, and it’s an open question whether or not someone will want to publish them. ", "Only the writing-them aspect is in my control, so I’m trying to concentrate on that.", "\n\n***\n\nMy thanks to guest John Warner. ", "Buy his novel, The Funny Man, here or at your favorite bookseller." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nStoring string value (consisting of integers) seperatated by space into byte array in java\n\nI am writing a java program where I need to store the value of the string into a byte array (integer values are in string seperated by space). ", "Could anyone please help me in resolving this issue.", "\nex:\nInput:\n String str = \"71 17 -93 -104\";\nRequired Output:\n// Byte array variable, byte[] myByte\n\nmyByte[0] = 71,\n\nmyByte[1] = 17,\n\nmyByte[2] = -93,\n\nmyByte[3] = -104\n\nHowever I have stored the string value in integer array, but i am feeling difficulty in storing it in byte array.", "\nCode that i have used to store String value in integer array:\n `String numbers = \"71 17 -93 -104\";\n String[] nums = numbers.split(\" \");\n for(int i=0; i< nums.length; i++)\n {\n System.out.println(nums[i]); \n }\n int StrArrLen = nums.length;\n int[] myArray = new int[StrArrLen];\n for(int i=0; i< StrArrLen; i++)\n {\n myArray[i] = Integer.parseInt(nums[i]); \n }\n System.out.println(\"\\nResult:\");\n for(int i=0; i< StrArrLen; i++)\n {\n System.out.println(myArray[i]); \n }`\n\nRegards\n\nA:\n\nJust typecast the integer into byte like this. ", "You have to make sure the integer is between -128 to 127.", "\nString numbers = \"71 17 -93 -104\";\n String[] nums = numbers.split(\" \");\n for(int i=0; i< nums.length; i++)\n {\n System.out.println(nums[i]); \n }\n int StrArrLen = nums.length;\n byte[] myArray = new byte[StrArrLen];\n for(int i=0; i< StrArrLen; i++)\n {\n myArray[i] = (byte)Integer.parseInt(nums[i]);\n\n }\n System.out.println(\"\\nResult:\");\n for(int i=0; i< StrArrLen; i++)\n {\n System.out.println(myArray[i]); \n }\n\n" ]

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[ "tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-154364572018-10-29T08:36:05.228+01:00LARS KIRSTEINThoughts on being creative - in all aspects of lifeLars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.comBlogger483125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-53628944448605014272018-10-19T10:03:00.001+02:002018-10-19T10:03:00.431+02:00Follow my blog<a href=\"https://www.bloglovin.com/blog/6839657/?claim=rn8hkugqxbf\">Follow my blog with Bloglovin</a>Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-60381614670076693682018-04-23T10:10:00.001+02:002018-10-19T09:20:23.028+02:00Find dine værdier<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rlBmhLFIxHo/Wt2UerLk7PI/AAAAAAAAaQ0/dO3zNVzu_yI3tL1NbpJRKo5ibDc_AsCWQCLcBGAs/s1600/Find_dine_v%25C3%25A6rdier.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"636\" data-original-width=\"1130\" height=\"225\" src=\"https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-rlBmhLFIxHo/Wt2UerLk7PI/AAAAAAAAaQ0/dO3zNVzu_yI3tL1NbpJRKo5ibDc_AsCWQCLcBGAs/s400/Find_dine_v%25C3%25A6rdier.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />På LinkedIN har jeg har skrevet en <a href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/er-du-klar-over-dine-k%C3%A6rne-v%C3%A6rdier-lars-kirstein-andersen/\" target=\"_blank\">artikel omkring personlige værdier</a> og vigtigheden af at kende disse samt efterleve dem.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-21424447680541027552017-10-31T08:38:00.000+01:002017-10-31T08:38:20.099+01:00The story behind the iconic Steve Jobs photo<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><iframe width=\"320\" height=\"266\" class=\"YOUTUBE-iframe-video\" data-thumbnail-src=\"https://i.ytimg.com/vi/s7znNPbGqk8/0.jpg\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/s7znNPbGqk8?feature=player_embedded\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen></iframe></div><br />Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-49151074327402000272017-10-28T13:27:00.001+02:002018-10-19T09:10:18.242+02:00The Broad View - A thought on the work/life balance after the age of 55<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sRhTBmAnhi8/WfRl37UoK4I/AAAAAAAAYt4/hDSpcDWl8gIRkZMQ61RrX51y-slVp0ZgACLcBGAs/s1600/Scape%2BIII%2B-%2Blarskirsteinphoto.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1024\" data-original-width=\"1534\" height=\"266\" src=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sRhTBmAnhi8/WfRl37UoK4I/AAAAAAAAYt4/hDSpcDWl8gIRkZMQ61RrX51y-slVp0ZgACLcBGAs/s400/Scape%2BIII%2B-%2Blarskirsteinphoto.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><br />Does ones view on the professional career change when you get older? ", "For me it did. ", "The title, salary and CxO responsibilities started to be of less importance. ", "The task at hand, the mission, who I work together with (and why) and my personal impact on the final result is now of higher importance. ", "I guess I'm adapting a broader view on how I spent my working hours.<br /><br />Returning home I want to be able to let my work load stay at the office but still keep my mind working on developing the business and look at several creative aspects of the tasks currently at hand.<br /><br />This also underlines why I'm are building a career as professional board member and continue to act as external advisor at the Executive MBA program at the Copenhagen Business School, where I also plan to return before turning 60 to achieve the Doctor of Business Administration title. ", "My goal for an active \"retirement period\" is to be part of young business peoples education in some form of capacity at CBS.<br /><br />Equipment: Nikon D800, AF-S 24-70mm f/2.8 (58mm)<br />Exposure: 30 sec at f/22, 1 EV, ISO 100Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-77796794725722590622017-10-28T11:40:00.002+02:002018-10-19T09:10:48.685+02:00Portrait of executive for LinkedIN and CV<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CXSx4IbgbLs/WfROv2oNWWI/AAAAAAAAYtY/0kqfxMkvbT8M4hhwt52OTKscAJxtvw-8ACLcBGAs/s1600/Finn%2BLund-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"892\" data-original-width=\"1600\" height=\"222\" src=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CXSx4IbgbLs/WfROv2oNWWI/AAAAAAAAYtY/0kqfxMkvbT8M4hhwt52OTKscAJxtvw-8ACLcBGAs/s400/Finn%2BLund-1.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Finn has some strong facial features that fits well to a high contrast b&amp;w photo. ", "I asked Finn to pose facing both with the left and right side tilting his face slightly to give him som options depending on where the photo need to be uploaded.<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ucb8orqlS5k/WfRPWMsIkuI/AAAAAAAAYtg/BZJxM_8BZIUJNWcqvoOn5x9GpRa6ciDyACLcBGAs/s1600/Finn%2BLund-2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1024\" data-original-width=\"1482\" height=\"276\" src=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ucb8orqlS5k/WfRPWMsIkuI/AAAAAAAAYtg/BZJxM_8BZIUJNWcqvoOn5x9GpRa6ciDyACLcBGAs/s400/Finn%2BLund-2.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><br />The we tried a more direct pose showing his strong hands and with less contrast.<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VQrG6kty_4E/WfRPbuOfRFI/AAAAAAAAYtk/UJHCfOpveLgPNpBOL6Knjnn0TUO3KV5IACLcBGAs/s1600/Finn%2BLund-3.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"1024\" data-original-width=\"683\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VQrG6kty_4E/WfRPbuOfRFI/AAAAAAAAYtk/UJHCfOpveLgPNpBOL6Knjnn0TUO3KV5IACLcBGAs/s400/Finn%2BLund-3.jpg\" width=\"266\" /></a></div><br />If you live near Copenhagen give me a ping if you want a new set of portrait photos for your CV or LinkedIN.Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-22496452575396072812017-09-26T09:11:00.000+02:002018-10-19T09:24:55.199+02:00Time for more mergers in the photography retail sector?<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XAOSSKOLlb0/Wcn3AAnX_TI/AAAAAAAAYWk/yBNeik58w547tzXNvgaaotrCABsfxXxJACLcBGAs/s1600/Sk%25C3%25A6rmbillede%2B2017-09-26%2B08.39.13.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" data-original-height=\"886\" data-original-width=\"1184\" height=\"239\" src=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XAOSSKOLlb0/Wcn3AAnX_TI/AAAAAAAAYWk/yBNeik58w547tzXNvgaaotrCABsfxXxJACLcBGAs/s320/Sk%25C3%25A6rmbillede%2B2017-09-26%2B08.39.13.png\" width=\"320\" /></a></div>Today it was announced that two of the largest photography retailers in the UK - Calumet and Wex Photography - has decided to merge. ", "This event was initiated by the acquisition of Wex Photography by the owner of Calumet - Aurelius.<br /><br />The photography industry has always been slow to adapt to changes in consumer behavior and market conditions. ", "In Denmark this is quiet obvious through the poor performance of many small and independant photography retailers. ", "Tools like PriceRunner is forcing prices down to zero-margin level faster than you can say \"please buy from me I have the new product in stock\" after a new product has been launched.<br />Consumers are not necessary loyal to a specific retailer and will shop around if they can save 10€ on a camera, a lens or any other photography equipment. ", "It doesn't have to been an expensive purchase for the discount hunters to go for the cheapest retailer.<br /><br />As a solution photography retailers has established their own purchasing company - co-owned by all participating members - to facilitate better purchasing prices. ", "But the market for photography equipment is global, logistics cheap and you don't have to buy volume in China to get good prices and fast delivery - even with your own brand stamped on the product. ", "As a consequence even a small stand alone photography retailer can buy directly from a number of manufactures and distributors and get similar or better prices than a \"purchasing organisation\".<br /><br />The margin structure is simple: Manufactor -&gt; master distributor -&gt; distributor -&gt; purchasing organisation -&gt; retailer -&gt; consumer. ", "Guess who is making the smallest margin in this chain?<br /><br />The only way to improve the gross margin is by skipping a few margin steps in the purchasing process - also to be able to afford keeping stock, as fast delivery is also a competitive factor.<br /><br />Photography retailers in Denmark and other countries need to grow big fast by own means. ", "And one way is to merge through a stock exchange program (cash free) and group under a shared brand.<br /><br />The small independant photography store is dying fast and many are only keep alive by using the equity funds the owner has builded over the past 10-20 years.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-65580636378757828262016-05-27T21:15:00.002+02:002016-05-27T21:15:37.552+02:00Be serious about your LinkedIN profile photo<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g54sJldx8kw/V0iYVeb-GuI/AAAAAAAAVw0/z2P7-9XmjY8S4Il48W2kRjwwZEB5p-8KwCLcB/s1600/IMJ__DSC0225_140325_-2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g54sJldx8kw/V0iYVeb-GuI/AAAAAAAAVw0/z2P7-9XmjY8S4Il48W2kRjwwZEB5p-8KwCLcB/s400/IMJ__DSC0225_140325_-2.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />I use <a href=\"http://linkedin.com/\" target=\"_blank\">LinkedIN</a> - the business world's social media - every day. ", "And 8 out of 10 times a profile is accompanied by a very bad \"selfie\" taken with a bad mobile phone camera. ", "Funny selfies or snapshots belong to Facebook. ", "If you are serious about your professional life and LinkedIN profile then you not only curate the text but also go for a professional profile portrait - as you would look to a job interview or at a meeting with a big client.<br /><br />Inger Marie Jensen - who I know from my tenue at <a href=\"http://www.cbs.dk/efteruddannelse/mba\" target=\"_blank\">Copenhagen Business School</a> where we both has been involved in the Executive MBA-program, asked my to \"do a proper business portrait\".<br /><br />The lighting set-up is simple: Using an Elinchrome D-Lite-it 2/4 To Go Kit I mounted a&nbsp;beauty dish as main/key light and a rectangular soft box to lighten the back drop from left to right adding a light fall off to her left side and creating a soft gradient. ", "Equipment wise I used a Nikon D810/MB-D12 and a Sigma AF 70-200mm f/2.8. ", "The back drop is toned &nbsp;\"platinum\". ", "Camera and lens was attached to a <a href=\"http://photodanica.com/da/store/joby-gorillapod-ultrafit-sling-strap-mand\" target=\"_blank\">Joby Sling Strap</a> - otherwise my back who hurt for several days hurling around this equipment.<br /><br />She looks very trustworthy :-)Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-11281560689609454892016-01-23T16:00:00.000+01:002016-01-23T16:00:11.118+01:00Three beautiful girls<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1cTkKZ-FaC0/VqOUmBTL2WI/AAAAAAAAVYQ/KXq5D40DeGg/s1600/CCC__LKA0283_151219_.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"266\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1cTkKZ-FaC0/VqOUmBTL2WI/AAAAAAAAVYQ/KXq5D40DeGg/s400/CCC__LKA0283_151219_.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Family portrait for mother-father and grand parents. ", "Shot at my home studio in Hørsholm. ", "Give me a call or an email if you need a portrait done - either for personal use or as a gift.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-26726241939849662932016-01-23T15:40:00.001+01:002016-01-23T15:40:59.659+01:00Photographer to watch<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ubYyWQU2k4A/VqOQvSAD3NI/AAAAAAAAVYE/zno-q_W5VvU/s1600/Sk%25C3%25A6rmbillede%2B2016-01-23%2B15.39.35.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"268\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ubYyWQU2k4A/VqOQvSAD3NI/AAAAAAAAVYE/zno-q_W5VvU/s400/Sk%25C3%25A6rmbillede%2B2016-01-23%2B15.39.35.png\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Portrait photography is my big passion. ", "I still have a lot to learn from other photographer. ", "so I'm always on the look for inspiration among fellow photographers - amateurs as professionals.<br /><br />I got a new follower on Twitter. ", "That is always nice :-) His name is Aaron Anderson. ", "I went straight to his portfolio and was blown away, Just my style og superb handling of light and retouching.<br /><br /><a href=\"http://www.aaronandersonphoto.com/blog/\" target=\"_blank\">Aaron Andersen blog</a><br /><a href=\"http://www.aaronandersonphoto.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Aaron Andersen portfolio</a>Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-54699162415348945592015-06-27T15:13:00.001+02:002015-06-27T15:15:26.605+02:00MÆND<div class=\"mobile-photo\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--Kft-zmt9wk/VY6hYcWAfDI/AAAAAAAAUY0/bX-lzoDxYsE/s1600/FullSizeRender-785150.jpg\"><img alt=\"\" border=\"0\" height=\"320\" id=\"BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_6165042381214219314\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--Kft-zmt9wk/VY6hYcWAfDI/AAAAAAAAUY0/bX-lzoDxYsE/s320/FullSizeRender-785150.jpg\" width=\"320\" /></a></div><div class=\"mobile-photo\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><br /></div>Portrætfotografering er en af mine fotografiske interesser. ", "Derfor var det ned spænding, at jeg på Lousiana købte fotobogen \"MÆND\" med portrætter taget af fotografen Robin Skjoldborg.<br /><br />Magen til unik samling af intense mandlige portrætter skal man lede længe efter. ", "Meget inspirerende. ", "Billeder af musikere og skuespillere er ligeledes ledsaget at interessant tekster.<br /><br />Robin mestre det intense og dragende element i sine portrætter. ", "Man har svært ved at slippe billedet.<br /><br />Bravo - en dansk fotobog, som alle portrætfotografer bør unde dig selv som inspirationskilde.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-66314786417228195332015-06-01T17:17:00.002+02:002015-06-01T17:17:30.441+02:00Photo assignment: Gro Coaching<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0F0HTYjHqAM/VWx3LR3kmWI/AAAAAAAAUWE/E_hsTmGBgww/s1600/GroCoaching_Final_1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"266\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-0F0HTYjHqAM/VWx3LR3kmWI/AAAAAAAAUWE/E_hsTmGBgww/s400/GroCoaching_Final_1.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Coaching is a very personal interaction between two people - the trusted adviser and the answer seeking person, who need guidance.<br /><br />This assignment was a series of photos to be used on a company webpage. ", "Gro Coaching is advising teenagers and hence the photos has to signal a calm, relaxed and easy environment.<br /><br />The gross photo collection was app. ", "250 photos. ", "My first sorting reduced this to 218 photos. ", "The client selected 18 for the final delivery. ", "My task was not to crop - just to do basic adjustments and exposure corrections.<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-efVemEXus2c/VWx3STWd42I/AAAAAAAAUWM/8n_vrStXWgo/s1600/GroCoaching_Final_6.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"266\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-efVemEXus2c/VWx3STWd42I/AAAAAAAAUWM/8n_vrStXWgo/s400/GroCoaching_Final_6.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><br />I used a Nikon D800 with two SB-910, soft box on one flash (direct light) and the built-in diffuser on the second&nbsp;flash (indirect light to the wall). ", "Both flash was controlled by PocketWizard Flex TT + MiniTT1 + AC3.<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vKLZz1LlqwE/VWx3Z_pmBnI/AAAAAAAAUWU/1vSfFeeYIp0/s1600/GroCoaching_Final_13.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"266\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-vKLZz1LlqwE/VWx3Z_pmBnI/AAAAAAAAUWU/1vSfFeeYIp0/s400/GroCoaching_Final_13.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-85047659335733066922015-02-17T20:58:00.000+01:002015-02-17T20:58:05.743+01:00Photo assignment: GTS Nordic<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HKivx235uK0/VOOciLqdNoI/AAAAAAAAUM8/hHd7smS4EdQ/s1600/Sk%C3%A6rmbillede%2B2015-02-17%2B20.54.29.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-HKivx235uK0/VOOciLqdNoI/AAAAAAAAUM8/hHd7smS4EdQ/s1600/Sk%C3%A6rmbillede%2B2015-02-17%2B20.54.29.png\" height=\"216\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><br /><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jDjOM1ulFJY/VOObmsG5zvI/AAAAAAAAUMs/lRh8TDjRqqg/s1600/_LKA8122-Edit.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jDjOM1ulFJY/VOObmsG5zvI/AAAAAAAAUMs/lRh8TDjRqqg/s1600/_LKA8122-Edit.jpg\" height=\"266\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Working as a professional photographer is rewarding. ", "Not two work situations are alike, and you get to meet interesting people. :", "-)<br /><br />Recently I was asked to shoot both some pack shots (various \"dead\" objects) and a male model in various work situations in the office of the company - <a href=\"http://gtsnordic.com/\" target=\"_blank\">GTS Nordic</a> - who is a service provider of employment and payroll solutions. ", "They help both Danish and international companies and expats with compliance when having temporary work in Denmark.<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EpZ0EEvwv8k/VOOcvW0QssI/AAAAAAAAUNE/FrvNTPI2r5s/s1600/Sk%C3%A6rmbillede%2B2015-02-17%2B20.55.28.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-EpZ0EEvwv8k/VOOcvW0QssI/AAAAAAAAUNE/FrvNTPI2r5s/s1600/Sk%C3%A6rmbillede%2B2015-02-17%2B20.55.28.png\" height=\"216\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><br /></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uSxOtTs0-h8/VOOXc-eOa-I/AAAAAAAAUMg/3d4LsopWQGs/s1600/_LKA8091.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uSxOtTs0-h8/VOOXc-eOa-I/AAAAAAAAUMg/3d4LsopWQGs/s1600/_LKA8091.jpg\" height=\"266\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><br /></div>I faced two challenges - the lighting set-up and the 16:9 format often used for modern webpages.<br /><br />For the lighting set-up I used two <a href=\"http://www.elinchrom.com/product/index.php\" target=\"_blank\">Elinchrome</a> compact flash units and some soft boxes:<br /><ul><li>Elinchrome D-Lite-it 2/4 To Go Kit + ELS Transmitter</li><li>Elinchrom Portalight Softbox</li><li>Elinchrom EL-Strip 33 x 175 cm</li></ul><div>My Nikon D800 is set to M-mode and exposure is set to ISO 100, 1/60 - 1/80 sec and somewhere between f/7.1 - f/16. ", "It is all about trying to place the light in various angles to the subject to achieve the desired light effect. ", "My main task was to get the light correct on the skin of the model, and an even light on the pack shots, where the shot of the rocket also need some nice reflections.</div><div><br /></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MM-aIE0Rt1w/VOOdBx0aF5I/AAAAAAAAUNM/vvFgEfXIpUY/s1600/Sk%C3%A6rmbillede%2B2015-02-17%2B20.56.41.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MM-aIE0Rt1w/VOOdBx0aF5I/AAAAAAAAUNM/vvFgEfXIpUY/s1600/Sk%C3%A6rmbillede%2B2015-02-17%2B20.56.41.png\" height=\"247\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tjcpdwLq8c8/VOOb_L2EcLI/AAAAAAAAUM0/c4ltnhQwxAg/s1600/_LKA8026.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tjcpdwLq8c8/VOOb_L2EcLI/AAAAAAAAUM0/c4ltnhQwxAg/s1600/_LKA8026.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"266\" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>The I had to frame the picture so as to leave enough free space around the model enabling a cropped 16:9 photo.</div><div><br /></div><div>Above three photos are only a small subset of the final images that where delivered to the client. ", "Post production was not done by me. ", "Please visit the webpage of GTS Nordic and see how the photos turned out and how they have chosen to apply them. ", "I'm satisfied with the result.</div>Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-79484989786035475232014-12-27T13:19:00.000+01:002014-12-27T13:19:37.472+01:00Morning impressions from \"Dyrehaven\", CopenhagenWinter has finally arrived in Denmark, and the sun rose at 8.39 today. ", "So I grabbed my trusted Nikon D800 and mounted the new Sigma AF 24-105mm f/4 ART and went to \"Dyrehaven\" - a public park and animal reservat - north of Copenhagen for some - hopefully - beautiful winter morning photographs.<br /><br />You be my judge.<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1THOBQVOPNQ/VJ6iw0bCCJI/AAAAAAAAUEs/IY_4rQLaovo/s1600/Dyrehaven-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1THOBQVOPNQ/VJ6iw0bCCJI/AAAAAAAAUEs/IY_4rQLaovo/s1600/Dyrehaven-1.jpg\" height=\"266\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G-PjtisiEpI/VJ6i0lYNWVI/AAAAAAAAUFA/F36IdLe_PE0/s1600/Dyrehaven-2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-G-PjtisiEpI/VJ6i0lYNWVI/AAAAAAAAUFA/F36IdLe_PE0/s1600/Dyrehaven-2.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tuecTsHjqzQ/VJ6i187Pw6I/AAAAAAAAUFM/r_gJIFzeS_c/s1600/Dyrehaven-3.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tuecTsHjqzQ/VJ6i187Pw6I/AAAAAAAAUFM/r_gJIFzeS_c/s1600/Dyrehaven-3.jpg\" height=\"225\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Bs_L7VmvDQg/VJ6i66EgQDI/AAAAAAAAUFc/fjLGYcI8YZs/s1600/Dyrehaven-4.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Bs_L7VmvDQg/VJ6i66EgQDI/AAAAAAAAUFc/fjLGYcI8YZs/s1600/Dyrehaven-4.jpg\" height=\"266\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-doxlatHNBIE/VJ6i6De_2AI/AAAAAAAAUFU/BA2VKzfF8C4/s1600/Dyrehaven-5.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-doxlatHNBIE/VJ6i6De_2AI/AAAAAAAAUFU/BA2VKzfF8C4/s1600/Dyrehaven-5.jpg\" height=\"225\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rEwxjuUiIxM/VJ6i8Xc2X4I/AAAAAAAAUFk/tlym8hlH7xc/s1600/Dyrehaven-6.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-rEwxjuUiIxM/VJ6i8Xc2X4I/AAAAAAAAUFk/tlym8hlH7xc/s1600/Dyrehaven-6.jpg\" height=\"266\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mIe-hjLmmqk/VJ6jDOhQqcI/AAAAAAAAUFs/crpWCUccyag/s1600/Dyrehaven-7.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-mIe-hjLmmqk/VJ6jDOhQqcI/AAAAAAAAUFs/crpWCUccyag/s1600/Dyrehaven-7.jpg\" height=\"225\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pl7dsu__paQ/VJ6jE-NlgXI/AAAAAAAAUF0/xMtMh7OrsYM/s1600/Dyrehaven-8.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pl7dsu__paQ/VJ6jE-NlgXI/AAAAAAAAUF0/xMtMh7OrsYM/s1600/Dyrehaven-8.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"325\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R9HqOl7InHA/VJ6jHHGwfiI/AAAAAAAAUF8/XkLXoSevH_0/s1600/Dyrehaven-9.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-R9HqOl7InHA/VJ6jHHGwfiI/AAAAAAAAUF8/XkLXoSevH_0/s1600/Dyrehaven-9.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"266\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jHQNgo3ZRjc/VJ6it5ozsCI/AAAAAAAAUEk/Wka0c-fixqw/s1600/Dyrehaven-10.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jHQNgo3ZRjc/VJ6it5ozsCI/AAAAAAAAUEk/Wka0c-fixqw/s1600/Dyrehaven-10.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XK7dMIKIVUA/VJ6i0JbwEPI/AAAAAAAAUE8/Za8ZcApmxvg/s1600/Dyrehaven-11.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-XK7dMIKIVUA/VJ6i0JbwEPI/AAAAAAAAUE8/Za8ZcApmxvg/s1600/Dyrehaven-11.jpg\" height=\"266\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MV3HRU_a-aU/VJ6ixaVKgnI/AAAAAAAAUEw/VQuz_fouesY/s1600/Dyrehaven-12.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MV3HRU_a-aU/VJ6ixaVKgnI/AAAAAAAAUEw/VQuz_fouesY/s1600/Dyrehaven-12.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-25859599623329701512014-11-29T12:56:00.000+01:002018-10-19T09:21:10.393+02:00A Ghost From The Past...<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DPNPMQrCTow/VHmxZ49za-I/AAAAAAAAUBc/xaioV9kwdBk/s1600/Lake%2BMirror.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"225\" src=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DPNPMQrCTow/VHmxZ49za-I/AAAAAAAAUBc/xaioV9kwdBk/s1600/Lake%2BMirror.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />A ghost from the past just entered my life and hindered an interesting possibility, that could have ment a lot to my future - both professional and as a human.<br /><br />It is mind boggling as past \"mistakes\" can haunt you for a lifetime. ", "Is it fair that one human, that I interacted with many years ago and with whom you might not have been in agreement over \"strategic and operational issues\" still can make sure, that when an exiting opportunity arise - it suddenly disappear again due to \"the ghost from the past\" whispering some words?<br /><br />We are but floating leaves on the stream of life, and both past and present direct your future. ", "That is a fact I have to accept and now have felt directly.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-14554476037318779302014-10-11T01:26:00.000+02:002018-10-19T09:23:19.187+02:00SnapScan 9000 - be prepared for a laugh<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c5-d9hjYbPw/VDhog1aj7wI/AAAAAAAAT0Q/ioktjsP2ZnI/s1600/Scan%2Baf%2Bfoto-2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-c5-d9hjYbPw/VDhog1aj7wI/AAAAAAAAT0Q/ioktjsP2ZnI/s1600/Scan%2Baf%2Bfoto-2.jpg\" width=\"266\" /></a></div><br />Can you guess who the nice young man is in the image? ", "It is me as a high school student - important years - where my passion for photography really took off. ", "My god - 35 years has passed since those happy years.<br /><br />I have just scanned b/w negatives and color slides from these years, and it has been hilarious to see the pictures again. ", "Since many of the images are not something to boast about, the mission was only to get the old negatives and slides converted to digital format. ", "Since I have many pictures from my analog years this conversion process must also go quickly.<br /><br />Therefore I have just tested JOBO Snapscan 9000. ", "It took med just 5 minutes to unpack it and set up. ", "The scanning process is extremely simple. ", "You install an SD card in the scanner, and then feed negatives or slides into the scanner by the help of various rails and frames - one at a time. ", "The scan process only takes 4 seconds per negative / slide. ", "The scanner has some simple correction options such as built-in color correction (step 6), exposure compensation (6 steps) and rotation, but as such is not intended to edit the picture.<br /><br />Snapscan 9000 uses a 9 MP CMOS sensor and scanned at 2400 dpi (10 bits per color channel). ", "This does not generate super high resolution but since the objective is convert several thousand negatives and slides into digital form so that they can be displayed on a monitor, then 2400 dpi is sufficient.<br />On the small 2.4 \"screen you can see a preview of the image and if it looks good you click the big red button. ", "Four seconds later, the scan is completed.<br /><br />The scanner has USB 2.0 and TV-out output. ", "It is very compact with a size of 82 x 6 x 152 mm and weight of 410 grams. ", "Manual in English, German, French and Swedish is included.<br /><br />But the next photo is proof that Snapscan actually can deliver a great result. ", "It was captured recently with my Nikon FE on Ilford FP4 Plus.<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1cTuEk1ZV0M/VDhqh784clI/AAAAAAAAT0g/XFug-TrdLdE/s1600/Scan%2Baf%2Bfoto-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-1cTuEk1ZV0M/VDhqh784clI/AAAAAAAAT0g/XFug-TrdLdE/s1600/Scan%2Baf%2Bfoto-1.jpg\" width=\"266\" /></a></div><br />So - if you hold many negatives or slides, then it might be a good idea to purchase a JOBO Snapscan 9000 and have those memories digitized, so you can have a laugh at how silly we looked when we were young and invincible.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-8193747623325281382014-10-05T23:19:00.000+02:002018-10-19T09:22:01.877+02:00Fall is here - a life changing event happened<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--zETeFRfP0w/VDGwz6JnZgI/AAAAAAAATyw/I04LprJcfO4/s1600/Fall%2Bis%2Bhere-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://2.bp.blogspot.com/--zETeFRfP0w/VDGwz6JnZgI/AAAAAAAATyw/I04LprJcfO4/s1600/Fall%2Bis%2Bhere-1.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />I'm 53 years old. ", "Yet another year is coming to an end. ", "Some weeks ago our little family was hit by a life changing event as my wife got ill. ", "Everything stopped - I was in chock - we are not immortal and will live forever - as young people or people with a young mind are inclined to believe. ", "I'm sure my wife will overcome this illness, but our family has stopped up for a brief moment to reflect upon our life and way of living.<br /><br />One of my many reflections can be comprised into one sentence - \"Don't waste time\". ", "It sound banal but priorities must change when you realize that life has an expiration date. ", "Maximize time with the ones you love and have fun while working.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-53265166580308672332014-09-14T16:04:00.000+02:002014-09-14T16:04:14.345+02:00Business portraits for detailkarriere.dk<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B4tn1Fv5U5c/VBWdh3KUrFI/AAAAAAAATtU/cEOrmqmqwis/s1600/Detailkarriere_portr%C3%A6t_beska%CC%8Aret_web-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-B4tn1Fv5U5c/VBWdh3KUrFI/AAAAAAAATtU/cEOrmqmqwis/s1600/Detailkarriere_portr%C3%A6t_beska%CC%8Aret_web-1.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"320\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eyX3BLnw3Q4/VBWdkJCVshI/AAAAAAAATtc/mETdx0jL6lM/s1600/Detailkarriere_portr%C3%A6t_beska%CC%8Aret_web-2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eyX3BLnw3Q4/VBWdkJCVshI/AAAAAAAATtc/mETdx0jL6lM/s1600/Detailkarriere_portr%C3%A6t_beska%CC%8Aret_web-2.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"320\" /></a></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><br /></div>Yet again I was hired to do some people portraits for the company <a href=\"http://detailkarriere.dk/\">detailkarriere.dk</a> in Denmark. ", "It's a basic lighting setup, with two SB-910 through a white umbrella on the left and a white reflector on the right. ", "<br /><br /><b>Exposure settings for both photos are:</b> 1/60 sec, at f/8.0, ISO 100, 0EV, A<br /><b>Equipment:</b> Nikon D800, AF-S Nikkor 24-70mm f/2.8G, Nikon SB-910, &nbsp;PocketWizard Flex TT5, PocketWizard Mini TT1 &nbsp;and PocketWizard AC3.<br /><br />Highlights are well controlled with the help of the PocketWizards. ", "In post I have added a bit more light to the male model, as I thought this suited him well. &", "nbsp;The client and I have agreed that tonality doesn't have to be 100% identical for the six portrait photos I've made for this company. ", "It is more important that the shooting angle, b/w settings and framing to enhance the models personality.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-3315306435712118692014-07-25T23:44:00.002+02:002014-07-25T23:44:47.748+02:00B/W photos from antique market in Nizza, Italy<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UExB-dJ_TKs/U9LO5NOSwDI/AAAAAAAATl0/dBhivi6tL_Y/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UExB-dJ_TKs/U9LO5NOSwDI/AAAAAAAATl0/dBhivi6tL_Y/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-1.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"271\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eG-FswHgVNI/U9LO40uSoyI/AAAAAAAATlk/nDgsHjpQzwM/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eG-FswHgVNI/U9LO40uSoyI/AAAAAAAATlk/nDgsHjpQzwM/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-2.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"271\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FJrmXxEA6fE/U9LO41vf-KI/AAAAAAAATlo/2n9bmVtF8Z0/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-3.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FJrmXxEA6fE/U9LO41vf-KI/AAAAAAAATlo/2n9bmVtF8Z0/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-3.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"271\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Mo-zNELcDbY/U9LO8CNdwxI/AAAAAAAATmA/POTbIH9cN-A/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-4.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Mo-zNELcDbY/U9LO8CNdwxI/AAAAAAAATmA/POTbIH9cN-A/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-4.jpg\" height=\"272\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eQzaFEJkO6k/U9LO7pMZABI/AAAAAAAATl4/3vcokqpmfp0/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-5.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-eQzaFEJkO6k/U9LO7pMZABI/AAAAAAAATl4/3vcokqpmfp0/s1600/Nizza_Antique_Market-5.jpg\" height=\"272\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />A series of b/w photos of old tools from the <a href=\"http://www.mercatinonizza.com/#!home-e/c1us\" target=\"_blank\">Nizza Antique Market</a> in Nizza Monferrato.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-55088644633317261272014-07-25T01:12:00.002+02:002014-07-25T01:12:47.882+02:00Why not create a composite photo?<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rhqzu7iRrm8/U9GQnQV_2CI/AAAAAAAATlQ/yOHyFicVJpo/s1600/FlowerMix.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rhqzu7iRrm8/U9GQnQV_2CI/AAAAAAAATlQ/yOHyFicVJpo/s1600/FlowerMix.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Hmmmm - it's summertime and I'm on vacation in Italy. ", "Plenty of time to experiment with Photoshop. ", "I read an article on <a href=\"http://lenscratch.com/\" target=\"_blank\">LENSCRATCH</a> about the Japanese photographer <a href=\"http://lenscratch.com/2014/07/japan-week/?utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+lenscratch%2FZAbG+%28L++E++N++S++C++R++A++T++C++H%29\" target=\"_blank\">Michiko Makino</a> and her stunning composite or double exposure photos.<br /><br />This photo is an experiment of mine trying to create something special with a base photo (see previous blog article) and nine identical photos of a another flower subject blended in two different ways.<br /><br />If we don't experiment - we don't learn and evolve as a photographer and artist.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-29742528910368931412014-07-23T20:39:00.000+02:002018-10-19T09:27:44.350+02:00Why not try manual focus?<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sS04dIr6lJ4/U9AAR7FlZdI/AAAAAAAATj0/RsnJPmSU3dU/s1600/Red-Leaf.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sS04dIr6lJ4/U9AAR7FlZdI/AAAAAAAATj0/RsnJPmSU3dU/s1600/Red-Leaf.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><div><br /></div>I've been photographing for over 30 years - and for the past 8 years it has been primarily digital. ", "And with the constant improvement in the AF-system of DSLRs that fit nearly every situation and equipment combination I have not given manual focus a lot of thoughts.<br /><div><br /></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ADa6qTfb0g4/U9AAfHqA4TI/AAAAAAAATj8/WE78QXqQuFI/s1600/Tree-Cut.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ADa6qTfb0g4/U9AAfHqA4TI/AAAAAAAATj8/WE78QXqQuFI/s1600/Tree-Cut.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Yesterday during the golden hours - while walking in the beautiful surroundings of my home in Italy looking for suitable subjects for nature close-ups (not macro) - I found it difficult to rely on the AF-system of my Nikon D800 for various reasons (light, physical positioning, wind etc.)&nbsp;</div><div>I set the AF-S 24-70mm f/2.8 lens to manual focus. ", "And from that point on I just kept shooting focusing on getting the right exposure and the best framing rather than making the AF-system lock-in so I could take a photo.&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Obtz-txAdTk/U9AAqKHVLKI/AAAAAAAATkE/twGe4GUhV1Q/s1600/Brown-Stone.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Obtz-txAdTk/U9AAqKHVLKI/AAAAAAAATkE/twGe4GUhV1Q/s1600/Brown-Stone.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>I'm now ready to try manual focus while doing portrait photography.</div>Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-9336066771178972602014-05-27T22:39:00.000+02:002018-10-19T09:23:50.142+02:00Old photos from Italy or...<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7iMLBafNKk/U4T2FINy2wI/AAAAAAAATRg/UY47e2QweT0/s1600/_LKA4000-Edit.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q7iMLBafNKk/U4T2FINy2wI/AAAAAAAATRg/UY47e2QweT0/s1600/_LKA4000-Edit.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MY7gEZusi0U/U4T2FqMO2aI/AAAAAAAATRk/wsDeOIBewVw/s1600/_LKA4002-Edit.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"266\" src=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MY7gEZusi0U/U4T2FqMO2aI/AAAAAAAATRk/wsDeOIBewVw/s1600/_LKA4002-Edit.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />I took those photos in July 2013 while visiting a restaurant nearby our Italian home - Casa Galeazzo.<br />The new <a href=\"https://www.google.com/nikcollection/\">Analog Efex Pro 2</a> has a range of old camera profiles - and among those you find the very interesting \"Wet Plate\" effect. ", "You have a multitude of control methods to alter the appearance of the wet plate effect, so it is possible to develop your own wet plate style.<br /><br /><a href=\"http://petapixel.com/2014/05/15/google-unveils-new-improved-analog-efex-pro-ii-step-forward-past/\">PetaPixel made a good review</a> of this new addition to the Google Nik Collection.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-1820022456515422782014-04-24T23:37:00.001+02:002018-10-19T09:30:58.026+02:00Nikon Coolpix A - a compact wonder<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4q-Lb0S3MmM/U1mCMaGycUI/AAAAAAAATHY/2xr62vAKr0E/s1600/Vivi_Graffiti-1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"285\" src=\"https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4q-Lb0S3MmM/U1mCMaGycUI/AAAAAAAATHY/2xr62vAKr0E/s1600/Vivi_Graffiti-1.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div><br />Nikon Coolpix A is my traveller companion. ", "I don't bring my D800 anymore. ", "Beside the tack sharp files straight out of the camera I'm impressed with its ability to hit the correct white balance each time and the color reproduction. ", "The colors are just spot on - not too saturated our pale. ", "Especially skin colors are realistic.<br /><br />The photo my beautiful wife Vivi is a good example of a \"snap shot\" I took at a train station. ", "Exposure = 1/125 sec f/4.5, 0 EV, ISO 100. ", "Bang - no sharpening or other correction (except Lens Correction) in Lightroom.<br /><br />If you are shooting D700, D600, D610, D800, D3 or D4. ", "Buy a Nikon Coolpix A as your traveling companion. ", "It is worth every dollar.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-61862255429195973082014-04-21T14:52:00.002+02:002014-04-21T14:52:29.515+02:00Miller Mobley<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bMZVf7lv9Xc/U1UT-RuzyaI/AAAAAAAATGQ/3nXfPVTx0ZM/s1600/Philip-Seymour-Hoffman-by-Mobley.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-bMZVf7lv9Xc/U1UT-RuzyaI/AAAAAAAATGQ/3nXfPVTx0ZM/s1600/Philip-Seymour-Hoffman-by-Mobley.jpg\" height=\"400\" width=\"313\" /></a></div><br />On the growing list of portrait photographer that I admire - the young an very talented <a href=\"http://www.millermobley.com/\">Miller Mobley</a> has just been added. ", "The enclosed portrait og late Philip Seymour Hoffman is a good example of a composition and perfect light technique that emphasizes a unique personality and personal situation. ", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-15084054492107544182014-02-15T23:40:00.002+01:002014-04-21T14:47:44.001+02:00Mia Blichfeldt<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lmx0mj75bM4/Uv_nJAYe_bI/AAAAAAAASx0/ZKre_kg4XnI/s1600/Nyta%CC%8Ar+2013-2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" src=\"http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lmx0mj75bM4/Uv_nJAYe_bI/AAAAAAAASx0/ZKre_kg4XnI/s1600/Nyta%CC%8Ar+2013-2.jpg\" height=\"640\" width=\"425\" /></a></div><br />Sometimes you get lucky. ", "I shot this natural portrait of <b>Mia Blichfeldt</b> - a very gifted and up-coming badminton player at a private party - just a month before she <a href=\"http://badmintonbladet.dk/mia-blichfeldt-det-er-en-droem/\">became the youngest Danish Champion in Badminton</a> in the senior league - and she is only 16!<br /><br />Of course you can find many photos of Mia \"in action\", but only very few where she is being just herself - outside the badminton arena.", "Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15436457.post-80697700832778721612014-01-12T00:52:00.003+01:002018-10-19T09:24:07.440+02:00Analog Efex Pro - a new addition to the Nik Collection<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g1geKVLSgvo/UtHVlMQbWCI/AAAAAAAASqY/xjfXhqnmnhs/s1600/untitled-35-Edit.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-g1geKVLSgvo/UtHVlMQbWCI/AAAAAAAASqY/xjfXhqnmnhs/s1600/untitled-35-Edit.jpg\" width=\"266\" /></a></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><br /></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\">It's no secret - I'm a big fan of the <a href=\"http://www.google.com/nikcollection/\">Nik Collection</a>&nbsp;from Google. ", "And recently a new addition to this collection has been made - <a href=\"http://www.google.com/nikcollection/products/analog-efex-pro/\">Analog Efex Pro</a>.&nbsp;</div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: left;\">The GUI of all programs in the Nik Collection is simple and very intuitive to use - but once you start playing around with the controls and see just how subtle the small tweaks can be, you&nbsp;realize&nbsp;the true power of this collection.&nbsp;</div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><br /></div><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FgW1qHHmJF0/UtHTF2uc7rI/AAAAAAAASqM/-ao__S30-lQ/s1600/Screenshot+2014-01-12+00.24.26.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"264\" src=\"https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FgW1qHHmJF0/UtHTF2uc7rI/AAAAAAAASqM/-ao__S30-lQ/s1600/Screenshot+2014-01-12+00.24.26.png\" width=\"320\" /></a></div><br />The GUI of the Analog Efex Pro is no exception. ", "It's fun to select an analog camera preset from the list (Classic Camera, Wet Plate, Toy Camera, Vintage Camera) or select the \"Camera Kit\" and design your own preset. ", "Create professionally stylized images by picking a preset, then diving in to fine-tune your approach. ", "Adjust bokeh, textures, frames and other elements, then pinpoint the location of your effects with precise on-image controls.<br /><br />And additional cameras, films, bells, and whistles will be added.<br /><br />Below is another example:<br /><br /><div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pwVXwkKrYcA/UtHYBANiXCI/AAAAAAAASqk/g2coCbbSz9Y/s1600/untitled-34-Edit.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"><img border=\"0\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pwVXwkKrYcA/UtHYBANiXCI/AAAAAAAASqk/g2coCbbSz9Y/s1600/untitled-34-Edit.jpg\" width=\"400\" /></a></div>Lars Kirstein Andersenhttps://plus.google.com/101553963265583698755noreply@blogger.com0" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nTransfer funds from a PayPal linked account\n\nIt is possible to programatically transfer funds (debit and credit) between PayPal and its associated bank account ?", "\nTo be more precise; PayPal X has bank account Y associated with it. ", "\nIs it possible to programatically transfer funds between them (without the need to initiate the transfer at the eBanking of account Y) ?", "\nThank you in advance\nEduardo. ", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is no API that will do this, however, if you call PayPal and request that they enable \"auto-sweep\" for you, it will automatically transfer your PayPal balance to your bank at the end of each day.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Author\nTopic: Chances Of... (Read 3533 times)\n\nReally bored, so I'll start a little discussion before the season begins.", "\n\nKnowing that a girl/girl team can land in the final three teams, what are the chances of them actually winning their season? ", "All of the teams that have won are either guy/guy or guy/girl. ", "And I believe that the All-Star season had two girl/girl teams in the final three. ", "So it's possible, but it's never happened.", "\n\nBut is a girl/girl team ever going to win the race? ", "And if so, will it be done before CBS stops making seasons?", "\n\nIt's an interesting topic because it's hard to apply probability to the race; as Marc/Rovilson pointed out, no matter how good you are, one bad taxi driver and your team is history. ", "All of us can think of at least one good team that was eliminated early, and conversely one mediocre team that went to the final 3 (or even won the race). ", "As for your particular point, I think the BQs were the strongest F/F team ever fielded; I don't hold much hope this season for the Belles and I think the Divorcees will make the top half--but maybe not the final 3.", "\n\nIt's already happened with Zabrina and Joe Jer in the Amazing Race Asia. ", "They were the first all-female team to win any edition of the race so it is possible.", "\n\nFor the US version, the Beauty Queens had the best shot and almost won All-Stars. ", "I do think it's possible. ", "It will have to take some effort, but I do think if the race casts a strong all-female team (and I don't mean physically) like the BQ's, I think it will happen.", "\n\nI think that taking a look at probabilities is instructive. ", "I believe that teams with two females are at a disadvantage compared to both straight male/male teams and to male/female teams. ", "I will assign an arbitrary factor to incorporate what the history of the Amazing Race tells us(but the not 0% that actual statistics would use). ", "Let's assign a probability of them as 50% less than either of the other 2 types. ", "So in AR13 by applying that information mathematically to a 11 team race, we have this for probabilities of winning:\n\neach of two M/M team has a 10% chance of winningeach of seven M/F team has a 10% chance of winningeach of two F/F team has a 5% chance of winning\n\nThat feels about right to meas it says that an Amazing Race with two F/F in is has a 10% chance of F/F victory. ", "None has occurred in 12 prior races.", "\n\nIn Amazing Race Asia 3, the statistics will be somewhat different because F/F teams have done much better there for whatever reason. ", "I would say the F/F teams have a probability of only 20% less than either of the other 2 types of winning ARA3 (possibly beacuse their M/M teams are traditionally weaker than those who ran the early U.S. Amazing Races as the casting decisions were made to give the ARA F/F teams a higher chance of succeeding). ", "So by applying that information to a 10 team race, we have this for probabilties of winning:\n\neach of three M/M has a 10.6% chance of winningeach of four M/F teams has a 10.6 % chance of winningeach of three F/F teams has a 8.5% chance of winning\n\nThis indicates that an Amazing Race Asia with three F/F teams in it (traditionally there are more than for a regular Amazing Race) has a 25% chance of a F/F victory. ", "One out of two have happened that way.", "\n\nThe mathematics indicated here are not complex. ", "If you have a different set of assumptions on probabilities for each class of team, then you can run an alternative analysis and come to different conclusions.", "\n\nok, this may fall under the category of \"statistics abuse\" : (not quite the jumpy i was looking for, but i like this one!!) ", "but if a F/F team has only a 50% chance of winning as any other combo, then each F only brings to the table a 0.25 chance - so by extension, the male in a M/F team brings the other 0.75? ", "That seems too high, unless somehow the F/F team is LESS than the sum of its parts, which seems unlikely? ", "So we must assign them a higher chance. ", "Maybe rather than assigning this in a arbitrary way, we can assign each of the 28 F/F teams (yes, i counted! ", "in case you want to know, here's the breakdown (TAR1 : 3, 2:3, 3:2, 4:2, 5:3, 6;2,7:2, 9:3,10:3, 11:2, 12:3) an \"ability\" value based on their finishing position, do the same for the other types, normalize to the winning probability of the M/F teams (6/11), and then..oooh oooh my head hurts already!! ", "someone else needs to do this calculation.. help!", "\n\nsunnyca, I am not following your mathematical logic. ", "In order for a F/F to have half the probability of either a M/F or M/M team of winning the race, for 11 teams with 2 F/F teams the proabilities are 10% for each of 9 teams and 5% for each of 2 teams, giving a total probability of 100%. ", "Your numbers do not add up to 100%, which is essential in such an analysis.", "\n\nIn order for a F/F to have half the probability of either a M/F or M/M team of winning the race\n\nThis is the part I was talking about. ", "Instead of assuming that a F/F team has 50% of the probability of a M/F team, is it possible to calculate some sort of ability scale based on the finishing positions of the F/F vs M/F teams? ", "For example, if we assign teams scores in reverse order of finishing position, in TAR12, Ari & Stella (M/F) get 1 while TK & Rach (M/F) get 11 & so on: Then the 3 F/F teams get 2, 3, 5 for an average of 3.33 and the 7 M/F teams get 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 for an average of 6.7 - so the F/F teams were 6.7/3.3 = 0.5 times as good as the M/F - so in this case your 50% assumption is dead on! ", "But in TAR11, it was F/F = 9.5, M/F=5.16 and M/M=8, so the all-female teams were way better. ", "In TAR10, it was F/F 7.3, M/F 7.0, M/M 6.5 -pretty close but the F/F teams did better. ", "I think if we average over all 12 seasons, this might reflect the \"ability\" of the F/F teams better. ", "I'm still afraid that the F/F teams might do better overall than the M/F teams, which means they're way underperforming relative to the M/F and M/Ms in terms of actually winning!", "\n\nIt's already happened with Zabrina and Joe Jer in the Amazing Race Asia. ", "They were the first all-female team to win any edition of the race so it is possible.", "\n\nFor the US version, the Beauty Queens had the best shot and almost won All-Stars. ", "I do think it's possible. ", "It will have to take some effort, but I do think if the race casts a strong all-female team (and I don't mean physically) like the BQ's, I think it will happen.", "\n\nThe Southern Belles don't look like that team, but you never know.", "\n\nthey have been casting pretty strong f/f teams in the last 3 US races TAR 10, 11, 12 - at least in terms of finishes. ", "the three before that - TAR 6, 7, 9 were pretty dismal (though people seem to think that lena/kristy was robbed). ", "and the f/f teams in TAR 4 & 5 did pretty well too - i think if Tian had had a better partner, she might have had a very good shot that year - at least made the final 3 for sure - she had to do some of the toughest tasks in india. ", "and of course the bowling moms were incredible, but did anyone seriously think they would win it all? ", "and there you have the crux of the matter - when you looked at the teams at the beginning of the season (like we are now), did you ever think of any f/f team, ok, this team look like they're pretty strong- they could win this one? ", "other than the BQs (well actually, even them - but BEFORE the race started airing?). ", "for me, the one time i thought that was debbie/bianca in TAR7, especially since they started in Latin America. ", "but i was cruelly let down..\n\nLast night before RFF ate my post as a result of timing out while I was posting, I completed an anlysis of each Amazing Race according to the sunnyca point system. ", "I normalized the results by dividing to get the average score for F/F teams and for other (M/F and M/M) teams. ", "They showed pretty much what you already know per the snippets cited by sunnyca above. ", "The only seasons where F/F teams ahead on that score were AR11, AR10, and AR5. ", "AR4 was close but no cigar. ", "Here is the points summary:\n\nOne thing to keep in mind is not just how many F/F teams there are in the group, but what the OTHER teams consist of. ", "I had a discussion last month on another board concerning the fact that if there is a young M/M team in the competition, it greatly reduces the chance of any other combination of team of winning.", "\n\nOut of 12 seasons, 4 seasons did not have any young M/M teams. (", "i included season 6 as Avi & Joe were knocked out first eppy). ", "So out of 8 seasons with a young M/M team racing, 6 of the 8 had a young M/M team WIN!! ", "That's 75% of the time! ", "The only 2 seasons that had a young M/M racing that didn't go on to win were #3 and #7 with the young M/M teams finishing 4th and 5th respectively. ", "So by that history, if there's a young M/M team on the race, there's a 75% chance a M/M will win and 100% chance they'll end up in at least the Top 5.", "\n\nAND of all 12 seasons, only TWO of them had winners that were not young. (", "chip & Kim and Uchenna & joyce)." ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'There appears to be an insatiable desire for spawning new bespoke blockchains to harness the functionality provided by blockchain technologies, resulting in a constant stream of blockchain start-up companies entering the market with their own unique vision and mission. ", "Some target a particular niche market such as supply chain and financial services, while others strive to differentiate themselves from the increasingly saturated market by offering new functionality. ", "This dynamic and constantly changing blockchain ecosystem makes it very challenging to keep abreast of all the latest breakthroughs and research. ", "It is evident that there is also a growing desire to collaborate with others developing blockchain solutions, which brings new impetus to blockchain interoperability research. ", "We review the strategies that some key players in the blockchain ecosystem have implemented, or are proposing to develop, to satisfy this increasing demand for cross-chain communication and transactions between sidechains. ", "Interoperability presents a complex and challenging stumbling block to the wider uptake of blockchain technology. ", "We find that although there is a plethora of blockchains and interoperability implementations, or proposals, at a higher level of abstraction there is only a handful of approaches. ", "However, the way they are implemented can differ quite substantially. ", "We present a summary of the reviews we conducted in a table for ease of comparing and contrasting.'", "\nauthor:\n- \n- \n- \nbibliography:\n- 'IEEEabrv.bib'\n- 'sidechains.bib'\ntitle: 'Sidechains and interoperability\\'\n---\n\nblockchain, sidechain, cross-chain, communication, interoperability\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn public blockchains, such as Ethereum MainNet, all transactions and participants are visible, and any node can join the network. ", "By contrast, private permissioned blockchains keep the transactions and participants secret and restrict the network to only approved nodes. ", "The term ‘sidechains’ is often used to refer to such blockchains and frequently used in the context of private consortium blockchains. ", "This paper reviews the many techniques used for communicating between sidechains.", "\n\nWe will use the term ‘sidechain’, although this technology may also be referred to in the literature as ‘satellite chains’, ‘child chains’, or ‘sub-chains’, albeit that they may represent slightly different concepts, the overarching concept is similar in as far as they typically aim at taking traffic off a public blockchain, which increases transaction throughput and decreases latency, and pinning back to the public blockchain periodically to take advantage of its strong repudiation properties [@Li2017b]. ", "The paper ‘Enabling Blockchain innovations with Pegged Sidechains’ [@Back2014], is generally perceived to be the first paper to be published about sidechains [@Lee2018].", "\n\nThis review is not purporting to be all encompassing, but rather a snapshot at the time of writing of the key players that the authors are aware of, and of the technologies most closely related to the *Ethereum private sidechains project* that the authors are involved in.", "\n\nSidechains and Interoperability\n===============================\n\nIn reviewing the state of play we assimilated information from various sources: self-publication, technical reports, online articles, recorded videos of presentations, Github documentation, conference papers and academic journals. ", "We summarise the main features of *Ethereum Private Sidechains*, *Plasma*, *Polkadot* and *Ethereum 2.0 Sharding*, as well as proposals and implementations for handling cross-chain interoperability. ", "Additionally, we provide a brief overview of other interesting and relevant projects and implementations. ", "We acknowledge that we may have overlooked some notable advances in this field, and endeavour to continually update our knowledge base as new information comes to light.", "\n\nEthereum Private Sidechains\n---------------------------\n\nThe *Sidechains* project at ConsenSys (PegaSys) is currently developing a Proof of Concept (PoC) to deliver on-demand, ephemeral, private, permissioned Ethereum sidechains that promises to ensure confidentiality of both in-flight and at-rest data.", "\n\nThere are several novel concepts being introduced by this technology, such as being able to establish a sidechain between participants ‘on-demand’, i.e. creating a unique sidechain in a matter of seconds or minutes, rather than days [@Robinson2018b]. ", "The sidechain is created using domain name information which resides within the *Ethereum Registry Authority* [@Robinson2018b]. ", "Other authorised participants may join the sidechain once it has been created. ", "Alternatively, participants may opt to leave the sidechain voluntarily, or they may be forced to leave if they are voted out by the other sidechain participants due to misbehaviour.", "\n\nEthereum Private Sidechains leverage the non-repudiation properties of Ethereum MainNet, by periodically pinning the block hash of the sidechain state back to the public blockchain to prevent the sidechain participants colluding to revert the state of the sidechain [@Robinson2019]. ", "The pinning approach gives participants the ability to contest posted pins without revealing the identities of all of the sidechain participants [@Robinson2019]. ", "The system also allows for cross-chain transactions, allowing function calls between sidechains, atomically updating state across chains. ", "Another novel concept is the ephemeral nature of an Ethereum Private Sidechain. ", "The sidechain may only be required for a certain time, and thereafter no activity will take place on the sidechain. ", "In this situation, a request is sent to archive the sidechain, which has to be verified by all the sidechain participants, before pinning the final state back to Ethereum MainNet and archiving other sidechain specific information. ", "All of the features of Ethereum Private Sidechains have been designed to restrict the list of participants of the chain using permissioning, keeping the identities of the participants secret, and upholding the decentralisation ethos of the Ethereum platform.", "\n\nPlasma\n------\n\nButerin and Poon published a white paper to propose the Plasma framework using Proof of Stake (PoS) [@King2012] with economic incentives for chain participants to exhibit good and efficient behaviour, and to operate autonomously [@Poon2017]. ", "The motivation for Plasma is primarily scalability and runs ‘child chains’ which reports back to the Ethereum MainNet periodically [@Zhang2018]. ", "It minimises the data required to confirm transactions, organising Plasma chains into a tree hierarchy and using MapReduce functionality to speed up computation [@Poon2017]. ", "Plasma chains can be private or public blockchains [@Poon2017].", "\n\nThe key characteristics of a Plasma framework are: smart contracts with cryptographic verification, transactions running on child chain instead of MainNet, periodic reporting back to Ethereum MainNet, dispute settlement uses mathematically verifiable methods to reward the correct party, and ensuring that only the owner can retrieve funds.", "\n\nThe first implementation of Plasma, Minimal Viable Plasma (MVP), is a simple unspent transaction output (UTXO) chain with the majority of the work being done ‘off-chain’, i.e. on the sidechain rather than on Ethereum MainNet [@Buterin2018]. ", "MVP blockchains use proof-of-authority (PoA) for consensus. ", "The smart contract only deals with deposits and withdrawals which are the entry and exit points, with all other transactions being performed on the sidechain [@LearnPlasma]. ", "OmiseGO announced plans to use Plasma MVP to build a decentralised exchange (DEX), and mentioned that only PoA consensus was available at that stage, but that PoS would be added later [@Knott2018]. ", "Plasma MVP exit criteria requires immediate exit from a child chain if an invalid transaction has been included. ", "Moreover, the child chain relies on Ethereum for block finality [@Knott2018].", "\n\nAnother version of a Plasma implementation is Plasma Cash. ", "Using the word ‘cash’ reflects the concept of cash denominations, for example \\$100, \\$50 or \\$20 bank notes, which all have a unique serial number [@LearnPlasma]. ", "It has non-fungible tokens (NFTs), since when a user deposits Ether (ETH) into a smart contract they get a unique identifier so that they are able to store information pertaining only to their tokens, or coins, and this deposit cannot be merged with another deposit and cannot be divided into smaller denominations. ", "The transactions are “stored in either a simple sparse Merkle tree or a patricia tree, with the index being the ID of the coin that is spent” [@Buterin2018a].", "\n\nLoom built PlasmaChain (aka Zombie Chain), a hub that bridges multiple sidechains into Ethereum, to enable faster and cheaper token transactions with a built-in decentralised exchange (DEX), and a more performant chain for developers to deploy their Solidity DApps. ", "In addition to PlasmaChain, Loom created GameChain for interactive mobile games and SocialChain for social applications [@Duffy2018]. ", "Loom is currently running all three in production as sidechains, linked to Ethereum MainNet by Plasma Cash for “native ETH, ERC20, and NFT (ERC721) support” with plans to integrate bitcoin payments [@Duffy2018]. ", "Moreover, they propose the concept of “sidechains of sidechains” where the role currently being performed by Ethereum MainNet will be replaced by a PlasmaChain parent chain so that transactions across the various sidechains are processed without having to pin back to MainNet [@Duffy2018]. ", "This concept is analogous to Beacon chains in Ethereum 2.0 and the Relay Chain in Polkadot [@Wood2017; @Edgington2018].", "\n\nLoom also introduced the concept of a DAppChain, which is a DApp running as its own sidechain [@Konstantopoulos2018]. ", "For example, DelegateCall.com is a DAppChain running a SocialChain sidechain on the Loom Network [@Duffy2018].", "\n\nThe Plasma XT implementation provides the means to reduce storage requirements and to maintain crypto-economic aggregate signatures and checkpointing. ", "A successful checkpoint enables a user to discard the history prior to this checkpoint [@Zhang2018; @Fichter2018]. ", "Other implementations are Plasma Debit and More Viable Plasma. ", "Plasma Debit allows the exchange of divisible amounts, which were not possible in any of the previous Plasma frameworks.", "\n\nChoice of the most suitable version of Plasma depends on each particular use case as there are many intricacies of the technology. ", "Some key challenges remain, such as infinite scaling and mass exiting from a child chain under certain circumstances. ", "Careful consideration of time to challenge, and operators fronting money also need to be taken into account.", "\n\nPolkadot\n--------\n\nThe Polkadot network topology consists of *relay chains*, *parachains* and *bridges*. ", "A relay chain coordinates consensus and transaction delivery between chains, parachains receive and process transactions, and bridges are special parachains that link two chains with their own consensus [@Wood2017].", "\n\nParachains are added to the network by bonding tokens which can be removed when the parachain is no longer relevant [@Web3Foundation2017]. ", "Polkadot uses a Proof of Stake (PoS) interface contract by taking the Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus mechanism and turning it into a PoS mechanism with logic to decide who the decision-making authorities are based on criteria such as DOT tokens staked, when they were staked, and the reward taken for their work [@Wood2017a]. ", "Polkadot smart contracts are coded in languages that compile to WebAssembly (Wasm), with Rust the preferred language [@Wood2017a].", "\n\nThe primary parachain protocol is a parachain that exists within the native Polkadot infrastructure and has a Wasm execution environment. ", "Polkadot proposes two protocol alterations: the first is to have ‘chromatic gas’ that would vary depending on requirements, e.g. computation or storage. ", "The second protocol alteration is to remove ‘dust accounts’, which are accounts with no real value attached to them [@Wood2017a].", "\n\nBridging enables communication between Polkadot and legacy or proprietary blockchains that already have their own consensus mechanisms in place, such as Ethereum, via ‘break-in’ and ‘break-out’ contracts. ", "These contracts (aka gateway contracts) enable Ethereum to forward and receive messages from the outside world into Ethereum smart contracts [@Wood2017a]. ", "Bridging uses light client block proofs (essentially Ethereum light clients) to guarantee, in the absence of knowledge of the current blockchain state, that a transaction executed as expected, or that “a particular part of the state has a particular piece of data in it” [@Wood2017a]. ", "Polkadot bridging uses a multi-signature system to enable validators to operate as a whole, coordinating and cooperating to spend jointly owned funds. ", "Validators may own funds in another network, e.g. Ether in Ethereum, or BTC in Bitcoin. ", "Each of the validators, or a subset of validators, has part of a key which is used to coordinate the signing of a transaction on behalf of the full set of validators. ", "In order to spend validator funds a predetermined fraction (e.g. $\\tfrac{2}{3}$) of the full set of validators has to approve the transaction to spend the funds. ", "Polkadot assumes that no more than 20% of the validators are nefarious, but if there are more than 20% bad validators, then the spend can be blocked. ", "However, if 80% or more are bad, then the funds can be spent. ", "This decentralised secret store and signer is “effectively a way of allowing authority or validators nodes to be able to own an address without any one of them owning that address.” [", "@Wood2017a]\n\nThe Polkadot network is maintained by two key classes of participants: *collators* and *validators* with complementary roles being performed by *nominators* and *fishermen* [@Web3Foundation2017].", "\n\nEach collator manages a specific parachain, and performs functions analogous to miners. ", "They fish around for parachain transactions, bundle them together, and provide a proof of validity so that a validator (which doesn’t maintain any particular parachain), regardless of the state they are in, can check that the block is valid. ", "The collators in all the parachains provide proposals for blocks, so that there may be many blocks coming from each of the parachains, but only one block from each of the parachains must to be chosen to be validated and put into the finalised block. ", "This is the task performed by a ‘parallelised and decentralised multi-chain aggregator’ to provide the means by which validators can agree on which block from each of the parachains will be included in the final block of the relay chain [@Wood2017a].", "\n\nCollators submit state transition proofs to the validators. ", "Similar to fishermen, they monitor the network for misbehaviour that they then prove to the validators. ", "Validators route cross-chain messages by providing proofs that a particular parachain has a particular output queue, and proofs that a transaction in that output queue should be in another parachain’s input queue, and in the next block. ", "Validators secure the relay chain by staking DOT tokens. ", "They validate proofs from the collators and participate in the consensus. ", "Nominators stake DOTs when nominating validators to ensure the selection of honest validators. ", "Fishermen primarily monitor the network and prove misbehaviour to validators [@Web3Foundation2017].", "\n\nIn the relatively early stages developing Polkadot the decision was taken to split the codebase into two distinct repositories: Substrate and Polkadot [@ParityTechnologies2018d]. ", "Substrate aims to be a generic framework for creating blockchains, providing the functionality to perform on-chain upgrades and to run a Light Client. ", "Polkadot is a Rust Substrate implementation[@ParityTechnologies2018b]. ", "Substrate uses libp2p for peer to peer networking and is adopting a progressive consensus methodology, leveraging the fact that every block in a blockchain references the entire history of the blocks before it. ", "Therefore, a validator’s signature on one block also provides security on all the blocks preceding that block. ", "The proposed Substrate consensus model is a hybrid consensus model of Aurand providing predictable chain growth with probabilistic finality, and practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) providing full, deterministic finality [@ParityTechnologies2018a]. ", "Substrate has launched two test nets: BBQ Birch, which includes a Polkadot smart-contract runtime module and Charred Cherry, a testnet for Substrate 1.0 Beta which includes a combined Aura/GRANDPA consensus algorithm [@ParityTechnologies2018b].", "\n\nPolkadot has launched three test nets: PoC-1 had a Wasm-based state-transition execution engine and dynamic on-chain upgrades, used to create the PoC-2 test net, Krumme Lanke. ", "The PoC-3 test net, Alexander, includes the GRANDPA (GHOST-based Recursive Ancestor Deriving Prefix Agreement) finalisation algorithm, improved cryptography and governance logic such as lock-voting and delayed-enactment. ", "GRANDPA provides instant finality under favourable conditions and eventual finality under adverse conditions [@Wood2018]. ", "The fourth test net, due for release in April 2019, should include inter-chain message passing (ICMP) [@Wood2018].", "\n\nSharding - Ethereum 2.0\n=======================\n\nThe ability to scale is an important goal of Ethereum 2.0, and the proposed way to achieve scaling is through sharding. ", "Adapting the concept of database sharding, and borrowing from the Omniledger sharding design [@Kokoris-Kogias2018], the sharding proposal for Ethereum is to split the network’s computational requirements into shards, each with a capacity as high as the current Ethereum 1.0 chain. ", "Every node in the Ethereum 2.0 network will not have to “process (download, compute, store and read) every transaction in the history of the blockchain in order to make (write and upload) a new transaction” [@Edgington2018b; @EthereumFoundation2018].", "\n\nEthereum shard chains can be viewed as a special type of sidechain. ", "Integral to the functioning of Ethereum shard chains is the PoS beacon chain [@Edgington2018]. ", "The beacon chain maintains a registry of validators and their deposits, rewarding well behaved validators, but removing or penalising misbehaving validators [@Edgington2018; @Ethereum.org2018]. ", "It generates random numbers based on a RANDAO scheme to allocate block proposers and to assign validators to shards from the pool of validators [@Edgington2018; @Ethereum.org2018; @Skidanov2018]. ", "The two key roles that validators perform are as a block proposer and as an attester [@Ethereum.org2018].", "\n\nNetwork participants can become validators in Ethereum 2.0 once a deposit receipt of 32 ETH into an Ethereum 1.0 deposit contract is processed by the beacon chain [@Ethereum.org2018]. ", "Amounts much larger than 32 ETH may be staked to acquire more seats in the validator pool. ", "For example, if a participant stakes 320 ETH then 10 validator entities will be added to the pool. ", "However, since validators are assigned randomly to shard chains, an attacker would need to put up a high proportion of the total stake in order to manipulate a shard chain by having a majority of the validators operating on that chain [@Skidanov2018]. ", "Moreover, functionality will be added to the beacon chain to appoint shard sub-committees at random, whose task it is to ensure that validators are behaving correctly [@Edgington2018]. ", "Apart from the requirement that Ethereum 2.0 validators need to stake ETH in Ethereum 1.0, the beacon chain is not reliant on Ethereum 1.0 [@Edgington2018]\n\nA validator is assigned to propose a block for a specific time slot (each slot is currently 6 seconds), and all the other validators in the shard’s committee need to cast their vote, i.e. “attest” to it, by signing it [@Ethereum.org2018; @Skidanov2018]. ", "Rather than including the signature of every validator that attested to a block, an aggregate signature is included in the block by means of the BLS signature aggregation scheme (using 128-bit security BLS12-381 curve) for each epoch [@Ethereum.org2018; @Skidanov2018; @Drake2018]. ", "At the same time as creating the aggregated signature, a crosslink is created between the shard chain and the beacon chain to include information about which validators voted for that shard block, their aggregated signature, and other data [@Drake2018]. ", "To verify a crosslink poses very little overhead on the beacon chain, as the verification of any one crosslink is very quick (in the order of milliseconds). ", "Moreover crosslinks are expected to be created on the beacon chain for every epoch (64 slots) and therefore confirms the shard chain up to that validated shard block. ", "In this way a beacon chain keeps track of the updated state of the shard chains [@Ethereum.org2018; @Drake2018]. “", "Crosslinks also serve as infrastructure for asynchronous cross-shard communication” [@Ethereum.org2018].", "\n\nStaking to the main chain from the beacon chain and shard chains will use the full Casper Friendly Finality Gadget (FFG) logic [@EthereumFoundation2018; @Buterin2017], and the fork choice rule for all chains will use the Latest Message Driven (LMD) Greediest Heaviest Observed Sub-Tree (GHOST) rule [@Ethereum.org2018; @Tsao2018]. ", "LMD GHOST “is a block-vote weighted function” [@Tsao2018] and is reliant on the block that is referenced in the most recently accepted crosslink [@Ethereum.org2018], “treating those latest messages as votes to cast decisions on a potential beacon chain head” [@Tsao2018].", "\n\nOther Proposals\n===============\n\nBlockchain Router Proposal\n--------------------------\n\nWang et al (2017) proposes a blockchain router to manage cross chain communication [@Wang:2017:BRC:3070617.3070634]. ", "All communication between chains are routed via the blockchain router and the sub-chains connect to it using a cross-chain communication protocol. ", "All participants in the blockchain router perform a specific role: validators ‘verify, concatenate and forward blocks’, nominators contribute funds to validators they trust, surveillants monitor blockchain router activity and report bad behaviour, connectors facilitate the flow of information between sub-chains and the router: sending and receiving information, executing transactions, signing results and collecting them into blocks to send to the validators. ", "Each connector maintains a full node for a specific sub-chain. ", "Their delegated stake-PBFT (DS-PBFT) consensus algorithm is a variation of the PBFT algorithm to include validators’ voting rights [@Wang:2017:BRC:3070617.3070634].", "\n\nTo incentivise participation in the system The value of a participant’s stake is subject to inflation, so the expectation is that they will participate to prevent their stake devaluing. ", "The rewards for participants in the blockchain router system varies according to the role that they play: validators get the largest reward, followed by collectors and then nominators [@Wang:2017:BRC:3070617.3070634]. ", "Surveillants may also receive rewards, although they do not directly participate in the system, when they witness and report bad behaviour [@Wang:2017:BRC:3070617.3070634].", "\n\nDecentralised Cloud Computing Blockchain Network\n------------------------------------------------\n\naelf. ", "is a decentralised cloud computing blockchain network (aelf.io) [@Lee2018]. ", "The white paper outlines its blockchain ecosystem architecture which consists of a P2P linked network, with the main chain using Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and sidechains catering for a range of consensus protocols appropriate to each business case and trust level [@Aelf.2018]. ", "They mention cross-chain transactions and optimisation, and claim to be able to interact with, amongst others, Bitcoin and Ethereum, through messaging [@Aelf.2018]. ", "At aelf. ", "sidechains are constructed to perform a particular business task, and only performs one type of transaction [@Aelf.2018]. ", "Interaction between the main chain and the sidechains is through “dynamic indexing” so that it can cope with sidechains having different block generation speeds [@Aelf.2018].", "\n\nClearmatics\n-----------\n\nThe Clearmatics research project, Ion, focuses mainly on interoperability between private permissioned blockchains [@Clearmatics2018]. ", "The first release of Ion, Ion Stage 1, implemented cross-chain atomic swaps for ERC-223 tokens between two Ethereum chains which identified several practical issues with atomic swaps [@Clearmatics2018a], including the need for a centralised exchange which is ideologically opposed to blockchain decentralisation. ", "They explored ways in which the reliance on a third party, such as an exchange, can be removed and tokens swapped directly between the two chains. ", "The various scenarios they examined all presented challenges when one or both of the parties involved in the swap were nefarious. ", "They presented use cases for a one-way swap, a bonded lock chain exchange, and a refunded hash-lock scenario to demonstrate the challenges for atomic swaps with malicious actors, and to ensure that the transaction is ‘rolled back’ for incomplete or fraudulent swaps, and parties are refunded as required [@Clearmatics2018a].", "\n\nThe second iteration of Ion provided a library of tools to enable the development of cross-chain smart contracts for blockchain interoperability, such as atomic swaps or decentralised exchanges, using the concept of ‘continuous execution’ [@Clearmatics2018c]. ", "The three key parts of Ion Stage 2 are a modular validation contract, an Ion hub contract and continuous execution contracts.", "\n\nInteroperability between two chains requires that the state is passed in a trustless manner between them. ", "Within the Ion framework a cross-chain smart contract should only execute if it can be verified (via a smart contract) that a particular state transition has occurred. ", "Therefore Ion provides interfaces for developers to create proofs of state for state validation and state transition verification [@Clearmatics2018c]. ", "The state validation layer ensures that the blockchain state that has been passed has been checked for validity and correctness. ", "Once the state has been passed, the state transition layer invokes code execution based on whether certain conditions have been met, e.g. account balance checking on another chain, “or asserting that some transaction has been fulfilled” [@Clearmatics2018c]. ", "The concept of executing a function on one blockchain if and only if a specific state transition has been proved to have occurred on another blockchain, is referred to by Clearmatics as ‘continuous execution’ [@Clearmatics2018]. ", "Therefore, to verify that an expected computation took place, Ion checks for the presence of an event in a transaction and any further processing is dependent on the successful verification thereof [@Clearmatics2018c]. ", "The Ion GitHub repository includes example functional cross-chain smart contracts for interoperability between Ethereum and Rinkeby, which uses a Clique PoA consensus for validation on Rinkeby Testnet [@Clearmatics2018c].", "\n\nMetronome\n---------\n\nMetronome operates on Ethereum and is being developed by Bloq, whose co-founder, Jeff Garzik, is one of the early developers of Bitcoin [@Dale2018]. ", "Metronome has a cross-chain currency token, MET [@Metronome2018; @Dale2018]. ", "Metronome claims that it is: (i) the first cryptocurrency that is not tied to a specific blockchain network (although as far as we are aware, it currently only runs on the Ethereum platform) and (ii) the first cryptocurrency that can potentially be secured by the “best blockchain networks, without permanent commitment to any one blockchain” [@Dale2018]. ", "The owner’s manual [@Metronome2018] has a lot of detail on the processing and planned functionality of Metronome, but the one most relevant to this review is the portability aspect of Metronome across different chains [@Metronome2018]. ", "The processing sequence for transferring Metronome from one blockchain, Blockchain A, to another blockchain, Blockchain B starts with the user initiating the transfer of MET tokens by committing to the target blockchain (Blockchain B), and obtaining a ‘proof of exit’ merkle receipt from the smart contract when removing their tokens from the source chain (Blockchain A). ", "The user then presents this receipt to the smart contract on the target blockchain (Blockchain B) to claim their MET tokens on Blockchain B [@Metronome2018].", "\n\nThe key components of Metronome are: exporting, importing, and validation [@Metronome2018]. ", "The export function enables an owner of MET tokens to remove their tokens from the source chain and issues an export Merkle receipt. ", "The owner pays the validator of this transaction a small fee. ", "The import function on the destination chain processes the export receipt, which can be presented by any user, to deliver the MET tokens to the recipient on the target chain, and they can then claim the fee as witness of the transaction. ", "Validation of import and export of MET tokens perform several duties: when there is a hard fork, validators need to attest to the valid chains, and they need to provide event proofs for import validation, amongst other responsibilities. ", "Metronome has various phases of validation: phase 1 checks and validates export receipts; phase 2 creates a merkle tree of the hashes of the receipts, and validates the merkle root of the trees so that importers can provide a proof of import comprising of the “merkle receipt and pairwise hashes attesting the root of the events” to validators and users; phase 3 involves the validation of blockchain hashes of every chain that has MET tokens. ", "Importers provide proofs by means of a merkle tree path to demonstrate that an export event is in a particular block header, and that the event in the block is the one that corresponds to the validated chain hashes [@Metronome2018]. ", "It appears that the validation phases are still under development, with mention that a combination of Proof of Stake and Proof of Work are likely to be adopted, along with “both soft and hard consensus for bad actors” [@Metronome2018].", "\n\nNEC Blockchain: Satellite Chains on Hyperledger Fabric\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nLi et al. ", "propose a blockchain architecture where a ‘regulator’ manages membership of sidechains (‘satellite chains’), stores information about members (e.g. node ID, IP address, TCP port), contains a policy directory smart contract that enforces various policy smart contracts such as transaction validation and collection of validation results, and keeps a list of the sidechains registered to it [@Li2017b].", "\n\nThey claim to have successfully coded a PoC for sidechains which they integrated with the Hyperledger Fabric platform, running different consensus protocols in parallel with a regulator who oversees the entire network [@Li2017b]. ", "The chains are essentially ‘sub-chains’ of a main blockchain, with their own private ledger. [", "@Li2017b]. ", "A node will request to join a sidechain (satellite chain) if they want to transact with the other nodes on the sidechain. ", "However, there is no suggestion on how this dynamic list of nodes attaching and detaching to the sidechain would operate. ", "They claim to be able to run an ‘unbounded number of active chains’, but again no in-depth explanation of how this is achieved, nor what is meant by ‘active’ or ‘inactive’ chains.", "\n\nAsset transfer between sidechains is via a direct connection between the sidechains using transport layer security (TLS) to send the transfer messages [@Li2017b]. ", "The transaction payload includes the chain id of the target sidechain. ", "The node receiving the transaction broadcasts the transaction to all the other participating nodes on the destination sidechain, and then invokes the relevant smart contract for the sidechain and transaction type [@Li2017b].", "\n\nThe work presented in the paper [@Li2017b] appears to have been implemented by NEC according to the blockchain offerings on their website, including the transfer of assets between connected sidechains [@NEC2018]. ", "They also claim to be able to achieve rates of around 100,000 transactions per second for a sidechain with 200 nodes. ", "Moreover, the consensus is Byzantine Fault tolerant (BFT) using secure hardware, and sidechain participants are hidden from other sidechains, so that a stakeholder in one sidechain will be unaware of the existence of another sidechain and its participants [@NEC2018].", "\n\nToken Atomic Swap Technology (TAST) research project\n----------------------------------------------------\n\nThe Distributed Systems Group at TU Wien (Technische Universität Wien) in Vienna, Austria have written three white papers [@Borkowski2018d; @Borkowski2018; @Borkowski2018c] about their research into cross-chain communication. ", "The first paper briefly reviews 20 blockchains that they consider to be the most prominent ones, and also 14 projects that are relevant to their proposed research project, TAST (Token Atomic Swap) [@Borkowski2018d]. ", "They plan to introduce a cross-chain token, called PAN, which will be pivotal to their blockchain interoperability proposal. ", "The challenges they identify that still need to be addressed by their research concern the issuance of tokens, the lifetime, states and balances of tokens, identification of suitable blockchains for their interoperability proposals and for cross-chain transfers, especially if there is a lack of “Turing-complete smart contracts” [@Borkowski2018d]. ", "They identify the Metronome project [@Metronome2018] as being most closely aligned to their project and research, and the only other project in their list that uses a cross-chain token for asset transfers [@Borkowski2018d; @Borkowski2018]. ", "For the PoC they nominated Ethereum as one blockchain and the other blockchain as either Ethereum Classic, Bitcoin, Neo or Waves [@Borkowski2018d].", "\n\nThe second paper articulates the problems with a cross-blockchain proof and outlines a protocol for cross-blockchain asset transfers by means of ‘claim-first transactions’ [@Borkowski2018]. ", "They demonstrate in detail that it is not possible to verify on one blockchain, $C_A$, that data, $D$, have been recorded on another blockchain, $C_B$. They refer to this as the ‘cross-blockchain proof problem’. ", "Stated formally in the paper as the ‘Lemma of Rooted Blockchains’, the lemma requirements are that in order to verify from $C_A$ that specific data, $D$, are included in $C_B$ you need to be able to verify “(i) the presence of a subset of the block lineage of $C_B$ on $C_A$, and (ii) the verifiability of the transaction consensus of $C_B$ by the transaction consensus of $C_A$” [@Borkowski2018]. ", "These are the typical problems with ‘spend first’ transactions where the recipient of a transfer of funds, or assets, on one blockchain is unable to verify that the funds, or assets, have been marked as spent on the originating blockchain. ", "Their proposal is to reverse this intuitive sequence of processing by creating a claim transaction for the funds on the target chain first. ", "However, this introduces a different set of challenges [@Borkowski2018]:\n\n- *Proof of Intent (PoI)* - a proof to demonstrate the sender’s intent to transfer the funds, which is a signed authorisation for the transfer of funds, using the sender’s private key, which can then be verified publicly, at the time of posting the CLAIM transaction.", "\n\n- *Balances* - to ensure that a SPEND transaction to transfer the funds or assets at the time that the CLAIM transaction was created is possible, they propose that the account balances of all the participating parties, i.e. sender, receiver and witnesses, are recorded in all the blockchains that will be allowing cross-chain asset transfers. ", "The SPEND transaction is created by a ‘witness’ of the CLAIM transaction on the target chain.", "\n\n- *Double spending* - it is feasible that two CLAIM transactions could be created on two different blockchains for the same funds, if the spender signs more than one PoI, each on a different blockchain. ", "To address double spending they suggest a finite time period for the validity of a PoI. Any overlapping PoIs from that sender will be marked as invalid by means of a VETO transaction.", "\n\n- *Double destruction* - it is not infeasible that two witnesses of a CLAIM transaction on the target chain could create duplicate SPEND transactions on the source chain, which will mark as spent twice the amount of funds as should be spent. ", "This situation could be circumvented by having a way of distinguishing between different instances of a PoI.\n\n- *Reward Assets* - to incentivise witnesses to create SPEND transactions, they propose a witness reward, which could be paid from the transferred asset (e.g. a small fraction), or by having “a dedicated reward asset”.", "\n\nThe third white paper presents a use case for a ‘claim-first’ transaction, showing how ‘witness rewards’ could be assigned, and providing an “algorithm for creating a cryptographically verifiable PoI”, demonstrating that a cryptographic PoI for cross-chain asset transfer could be implemented [@Metronome2018]. ", "Their initial PoC uses blockchains that have smart contracts, as they facilitate signature verification, which is needed for claim-first transactions because they are reliant on the PoI from the sender being verified [@Metronome2018]. ", "Note that their claim-first transaction proposal requires balances of all the wallets to be present on all the participating blockchains, and not only on the target blockchain [@Metronome2018]. ", "The assumption is that assets exist as tokens (e.g. ERC20 tokens) on the blockchains, independent of the blockchain’s native currency [@Metronome2018]. ", "They state that only one non-malicious witness is necessary to maintain consistency across the blockchains [@Metronome2018]. ", "When there is more than one witness of the claim-first transaction, the one with the shortest distance between the signature and the public key is the one who will win and be rewarded with a payment that uses the transferred asset [@Metronome2018].", "\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- ----------------\n ***Project*** ***Blockchain Features*** ***Interoperability*** ***Implementation status*** ***Platform***\n aelf.io (ELF) [@Aelf.2018] - main chain consensus DPoS - cross-chain transactions in production: Ethereum\n - sidechains have a range via main chain - offer decentralised cloud Bitcoin\n of consensus protocols - dynamic indexing for computing services on \n - P2P linked network sidechains with different company website \n block generation times \n Blockchain router [@Wang:2017:BRC:3070617.3070634] - participant roles: - blockchain router no evidence of a PoC unknown,\n validators, nominators, manages cross chain Bitcoin &\n surveillants, connectors communication via Ethereum\n - unclear whether private or connectors linking router mentioned\n public to sidechains \n - delegated stake-PBFT \n consensus \n Clearmatics (Ion) - Clique PoA consensus - atomic cross chain swaps - PoC: cross-chain smart Ethereum\n [@Clearmatics2018b; @Clearmatics2018a; @Clearmatics2018] - private and permissioned via DEX contracts between \n blockchains - continuous execution Ethereum & Rinkeby \n Ethereum private - on-demand creation - atomic function calls - PoC in development Ethereum\n sidechains [@Robinson2018b; @Robinson2019] - private and permissioned for transactions and \n - ephemeral with archiving messaging \n - anonymous pinning to MainNet - detailed specification \n - Ethereum Registration Authority under development \n - IBFT consensus \n Ethereum 2.0 - main chain (staking) - cross-shard communication - PoC in development. ", " Ethereum\n Sharding [@EthereumFoundation2018] - beacon chain (random numbers) via beacon chain, with - production implementation \n - shard chains (data) detailed specification still after Ethereum 1.x \n - PoS consensus (BFT) under development \n - participant roles: proposers, \n attesters, validator committees \n Metronome [@Metronome2018] - Combined PoS & PoW - interoperability via partially implemented, some Ethereum,\n consensus export receipt & functionality still under potentially\n - unclear whether public import redemption development platform\n or private - cross-chain token (MET) agnostic\n NEC Laboratories [@Li2017b] - Run BFT consensus protocols - direct asset transfer - PoC (pseudo code provided) Hyperledger\n (unspecified) in parallel via sidechains (using TLS) - PoC integrated with HF Fabric (HF)\n - ‘Hands-off’ regulator - website markets ‘satellite chains’ \n overseeing network as a product \n - private and permissioned \n Plasma MVP - UXTO-based chain - smart contract for deposits - in production: Jan 2018 Ethereum\n (Minimal Viable Plasma) - PoA consensus and withdrawals - implementation by OmiseGO \n [@Poon2017; @Buterin2018; @LearnPlasma; @Konstantopoulos2018; @Knott2018] - majority of work ‘off-chain’ for a decentralised exchange \n - tree hierarchy & MapReduce \n Plasma Cash - non-fungible tokens (ERC721) - propose PlasmaChain as - in production on Mar 2018 Ethereum\n [@Buterin2018a; @Duffy2018] ETH & ERC20 tokens parent chain for cross- - three sidechains in production: \n - sparse Merkle tree chain transactions, without PlasmaChain (aka ZombieChain), \n pinning back to MainNet GameChain & SocialChain \n PlasmaXT - reduced storage requirements - in production: May 2018 Ethereum\n [@Zhang2018; @Fichter2018] - aggregated signatures \n - checkpointing \n PlasmaDebit - exchange of divisible amounts - in production: Jun 2018 Ethereum\n [@LearnPlasma] \n PlasmaMoreVP - confirmation signatures - in production: Jun 2018 Ethereum\n (More Viable Plasma) no longer required \n [@LearnPlasma] - reorganised exit priority \n Polkadot - participant roles: nominators, - interoperability via relay chain PoC-1: May 2018 Ethereum\n [@Wood2017; @Wood2017a; @Web3Foundation2017] validators (rewarding & - inter-chain message PoC-2: Krumme Lanke (Jul 2018) used for PoC,\n slashing), fishermen, collators passing (ICMP) still PoC-3: Alexander (Jan 2019) but plan to be\n - topology: parachains, in development Substrate built using Rust & LLVM platform\n relay chains, bridges - ICMP PoC implementation agnostic\n - PoS consensus scheduled for April 2019 \n TAST [@Borkowski2018d; @Borkowski2018; @Borkowski2018c] - cross-chain token (PAN) - interoperability via PAN tokens PoC for cross-chain asset transfer Ethereum\n - transferable & blockchain - transfer PAN between chains using claim-first transaction with used for PoC,\n independent token - atomic token transfers cryptographic proof of intent but plan to be\n - PAN used to trade assets - claim first transactions platform\n between native currencies with deterministic witness agnostic\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- ----------------\n\n\\[tab1\\]\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nAs is evident from Table \\[tab:summary\\]: ** on page , there are various ‘flavours’ of blockchains with a steady stream still entering the market. ", "Despite individual variations in setting up and running sidechains, the overarching concepts are very similar. ", "The sheer number of public and permissioned blockchains is driving a growing desire and urgency to be able to transact and communicate amongst these disparate blockchains. ", "However, researchers and developers recognise that blockchain interoperability is very challenging and complex. ", "Several solutions have been proposed, some of which are summarised in the table, and each has its own unique set of problems to solve, but in essence there are only a few high level approaches to interoperability. ", "A common strategy is facilitating message passing via a management chain, e.g. Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain, and Polkadot’s relay chain, others use a decentralised exchange (DEX), e.g. for Clearmatics atomic swaps, and blockchains such as Metronome and the TAST project use a cross-chain cryptocurrency for atomic asset transfers. ", "Another strategy is direct communication via hardware connections using TLS, as implemented by NEC, or via smart contracts using atomic function calls, as proposed by Ethereum private sidechains.\\\n\nAcknowledgment {#acknowledgment .unnumbered}\n==============\n\nThis research has been undertaken while the authors have been employed by ConsenSys. ", "We would like to thank Ben Edgington for his careful review and helpful comments.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

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[ "Gwere language\n\nGwere, or Lugwere, is the language spoken by the Gwere people (Bagwere), a Bantu people found in the eastern part of Uganda. ", " It has a close dialectical resemblance to Soga and Ganda, which neighbour the Gwere.", "\n\nGwere, though closest in dialect to its eastern neighbours, also has many words similar to those used by tribes from the western part of Uganda.", "\nFor example, musaiza (a man) resembles mushiiza used by the western languages with the same meaning.", "\n\nThe Ruli, a somewhat distant people living in central Uganda, speak a language that has almost exactly the same words used in Lugwere, but with a very different pronunciation.", "\n\nOrthography and alphabet \n a - a - [ɑ]\n aa - aa - [ɑː]\n b - ba - [β]\n bb - bba - [b]\n c - ca - [c]\n d - da - [d]\n e - e - [e]\n ee - ee - [eː]\n f - fa - [f]\n g - ga - [g]\n i - i - [i]\n ii - ii - [iː]\n j - ja - [ɟ]\n k - ka - [k]\n l - la - [l]\n m - ma - [m]\n n - na - [n]\n ny - nya - [ɲ]\n ŋ - ŋa - [ŋ]\n o - o - [o]\n oo - oo - [oː]\n p - pa - [p]\n r - ra - [r]\n s - sa - [s]\n t - ta - [t]\n u - u - [u]\n uu' - uu - [uː]\n v - va - [v]\n w - wa - [w]\n y - ya - [j]\n z - za - [z]\n\nReferences\n\nThe members of the Basimba Leopard Clan with the names Katunku, Ngulya, Mwati, Ntembe, Namuyonjo, Kabolesa, Kaabya of Lupada Naboa Sub-County, budaka County, Budaka District are not Bagwere but live among the Bagwere and their clan is among the minority clans of Uganda with their origin traced back to Tanzania and Zambia. ", "See references of books with information on them.", "\n\nCustomary Law of the Haya Tribe, Tanganyika Territory - Page 287\nhttps://books.google.com/books?isbn=0714624764\nHans Cory, M. M. Hartnoll - 1945 - Preview - More editions\nFor example, the omugurusi of the Basimba clan is Mauwe. ", "On the day of his birth a dog had puppies. ", "The dog of ten washed the child by licking it. ", "Mauwe later, out of gratitude, ordered his descendants to consider the dog as their friend, and ...\n\nTanzania Notes and Records - Issues 42-45 - Page 54\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=xxIOAQAAMAAJ\n1956 - Snippet view - More editions\nAccording to local tradition the original inhabitants were a clan called the Basimba who lived in the area of Busere on the south-east of the island, but it is not known what language they spoke and there are none of their descendants surviving ...\n\nTanganyika Notes and Records - Issues 38-50 - Page 167\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=rKsaAQAAMAAJ\n1955 - Snippet view - More editions\nAccording to local tradition the original inhabitants were a clan called the Basimba who lived in the area of Busere on the south-east of the island, but it is not known what language they spoke and there are none of their descendants surviving ...\n\nOrigins of Kingship Traditions and Symbolism in the Great Lakes ...\nhttps://books.google.com/books?isbn=9155472958\nBirgitta Farelius - 2008 - Snippet view - More editions\nMany clans still recount this etymological devise. ", "Cory and Hartnoll note with surprise that although every clan has its totem in Buhaya (and Karagwe) and there are many clans, ... For example, the omugurusi of the basimba clan is Mauwe.", "\n\nHistory of the Bukoba District - Page 101\nhttps://books.google.com/books?id=PZcMAQAAIAAJ\nHans Cory - 1959 - Snippet view\nLocal tradition about the origin of this feature does not exist except that it goes back sometimes to the omuguruzi who adopted a secondary totem on account of certain events in his life. ", "For instance; the secondary totem of the Basimba clan is ...\n\nCategory:Languages of Uganda\nCategory:Nyoro-Ganda languages" ]

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[ "COVID-19 deaths cross 56,000-mark, Trump raises forecast to 70,000\n\nAs the number of people killed by COVID-19 in the US reached 56,144, US President Donald Trump raised the forecast for deaths from the deadly disease sweeping the world to 70,000.", "\n\n\"It's far too many... one person is too many for this,\" Trump said on Monday.", "\n\n\"But if you look at what original projections were, 2.2 million, we are probably heading to 60,000 to 70,000,\" he said raising the forecast from the 50,000 to 60,000 he made eight days ago.", "\n\nSome of the early models had predicted up to 2.2 million COVID-19 deaths in the US if adequate measures like social distancing were not taken.", "\n\nDespite the total number of deaths in the US continuing to rise, the pandemic shows signs of plateauing with new cases reported holding almost steady for about 20 days with a few blips.", "\n\nThe number of people infected by the coronavirus in the US reached 987,022, almost a third of the 3 million reported affected worldwide on Monday night, according to the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 tracker.", "\n\nGlobally, the death toll went past another milestone, hitting 210,842.", "\n\nThat slowing of new cases in the US has encouraged visions of the nation reopening, while fears of a deadly flareup persist.", "\n\nAsked at his Monday briefing about his recommendation to the states, Trump said: \"We recommend that they do it as quickly as possible, but safely. ", "We want everyone to be safe.\"", "\n\nTrump, who had a teleconference with governors earlier in the day, said, \"I think you'll see a lot of schools open up even if it's for a very short period of time.\"", "\n\nMontana, which has had only 449 cases and 14 deaths has announced plans to allow schools to reopen on May 7.", "\n\nAs the month comes to an end, at least five other states announced firm plans for restarting the economy in May, some more gradually than others mostly starting with limited opening of retail stores.", "\n\nTexas, the second-most populous state with a population of 28 million, went the furthermost with plans to allow cinemas, libraries and museums to open under social distancing restrictions.", "\n\nLast week, Georgia allowed various businesses, including tattoo parlours and hairdressing salons to open, drawing criticism even from Trump, who thought the state was not ready for it.", "\n\nThe federal guidelines call for a three-phase opening for states if they meet certain criteria like declining rates of new infections over a 14-day period and continuing to meet certain standards before moving on to the next phase.", "\n\nOne of the requirements to qualify is testing and states have been complaining that they did not have enough.", "\n\nVice President Mark Pence said that enough was available to the states to meet the needs for opening up.", "\n\nTrump paraded a group of top executives of retail and pharmaceutical chains who said that they were participating in a joint programme with the government to offer testing at their shops.", "\n\nBut Democrats and some experts were sceptical that the tests will be available.", "\n\nThere have been scattered protests across the nation by people wanting the COVID-19 restrictions lifted in the name of \"liberating\" their states, which received muddled tweets of support from Trump.", "\n\nThe prevalence of the pandemic varies greatly across the nation, sometimes giving a distorted picture.", "\n\nNew York state with a population of 19 million alone accounts for 22,668 of the nation's 56,144 deaths and neighbouring New Jersey for 6,044 fatalities.", "\n\nIn contrast, California, the nation's most populous state with 38 million, has had only 1,779 COVID-19 deaths." ]

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