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[ "Thank you for noticing and glad you appreciate it! ", "Yes it took more than two days on foot to reach this remote mountaintop." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do I greet the user when they log into my website?", "\n\nI'm trying to greet the user when they log into my django website, but using the django login has made it too difficult to send a message to my template and redirect to the new url behind the scenes. ", "How can I greet the user(preferrably with that user's name) on the template of the url I redirect to?", "\nI've tried working with messages, but redirecting to the new url always overrides the message and it never appears. ", "Regular logging in and out works fine, I'm just trying to figure out how to display welcome text to the user to let them know they have successfully logged in and are using their own account.", "\nviews.py\ndef loginPage(request):\n return render(request, \"registration/login.html\")\n\ndef login(request):\n username = request.", "POST['username']\n password = request.", "POST['password']\n user = authenticate(request, username=username, password=password)\n if user is not None:\n #Success!", "\n messages.success(request, \"Welcome \" + user) #NOT WORKING :(\n login(request, user)\n else:\n return HttpReponseRedirect(\"/DataApp/accounts/login/\")\n\nsettings.py\n# Application definition\n\nINSTALLED_APPS = [\n 'DataApp.apps.", "DataappConfig',\n 'session_security',\n 'django.contrib.admin',\n 'django.contrib.auth',\n 'django.contrib.contenttypes',\n 'django.contrib.sessions',\n 'django.contrib.messages',\n 'django.contrib.staticfiles',\n]\n\nMIDDLEWARE = [\n 'django.middleware.security.", "SecurityMiddleware',\n 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.", "SessionMiddleware',\n 'django.middleware.common.", "CommonMiddleware',\n 'django.middleware.csrf.", "CsrfViewMiddleware',\n 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.", "AuthenticationMiddleware',\n 'session_security.middleware.", "SessionSecurityMiddleware',\n 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.", "MessageMiddleware',\n 'django.middleware.clickjacking.", "XFrameOptionsMiddleware',\n]\n\nROOT_URLCONF = 'WebscrapeApp.urls'\n\nTEMPLATES = [\n{\n 'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.", "DjangoTemplates',\n 'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, '/DataApp/templates')],\n 'APP_DIRS': True,\n 'OPTIONS': {\n 'context_processors': [\n \"django.template.context_processors.debug\",\n 'django.template.context_processors.request',\n 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',\n 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',\n ],\n },\n },\n]\n\nWSGI_APPLICATION = 'WebscrapeApp.wsgi.application'\n\n# Database\n# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/#databases\n\nDATABASES = {\n 'default': {\n 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',\n 'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),\n }\n}\n\n# Password validation\n# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators\n\nAUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [\n {\n 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.", "UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',\n },\n {\n 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.", "MinimumLengthValidator',\n },\n {\n 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.", "CommonPasswordValidator',\n },\n {\n 'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.", "NumericPasswordValidator',\n },\n]\n\n# Internationalization\n# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/i18n/\n\nLANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'\n\nTIME_ZONE = 'America/New_York'\n\nUSE_I18N = True\n\nUSE_L10N = True\n\nUSE_TZ = True\n\n# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)\n# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/howto/static-files/\n\nSTATIC_URL = '/static/'\n\nLOGIN_URL = \"/DataApp/accounts/login/\"\nLOGIN_REDIRECT_URL = \"/DataApp/search/\"\n\nSESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = True\n\nSESSION_SECURITY_WARN_AFTER = 900\nSESSION_SECURITY_EXPIRE_AFTER = 1200\n\nMEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')\nMEDIA_URL = '/media/'\n\nbase.html\n<!-- ", "This is nested in a div tag inside of the html class body -->\n{% if messages %}\n <ul class=\"messages\">\n {% for message in messages %}\n <li{% if message.tags %} class=\"{{ message.tags }}\" {% endif %}>\n {{ message }}</li>\n {% endfor %}\n </ul>\n{% endif %}\n\nI wanted the message to appear within base.html after passing it but it appears django's login function overrides the sending of the message behind the scenes.", "\nSolution:\nbase.html\n<p>\n {% if not user.is_anonymous %}\n <font color=\"#00ccff\">\n Welcome {{ user }}\n </font>\n {% endif %}\n</p>\n\nviews.html\ndef login_view(request):\n username = request.", "POST['username']\n password = request.", "POST['password']\n user = authenticate(request, username=username, password=password)\n if user is not None:\n #Success!", "\n login(request, user)\n context = {\n \"user\": user\n }\n return render(request, \"base.html\", context)\n else:\n return HttpReponseRedirect(\"/DataApp/accounts/login/\")\n\nA:\n\nfirst rename login function, like login_view etc.", "\nif that doesn't solve your problem, do these also\nif user is not None:\n login(request, user)\n context = {\n \"user\": user\n }\n return render(request, \"base.html\", context)\n\n{% if user %}\n Welcome {{ user }}\n{% endif %}\n\n" ]

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[ "To Mangere Bridge with ♥\n\nThe last time we used this wonderful ♥ was when we were in Hackney last March.", "\n\nThis afternoon, we rode to Mangere Bridge from town to check out the “new” bridge’s walking and cycle path. ", "It’s only been there 3 years now but we recently discovered it and were keen to get out of town.", "\n\nThrough regular downpours and moments of sunshine, we left the CBD to ride to and through an intriguing and colourful bridge. ", "We say colourful because who needs murals when you’ve got vandals to tag the bridge for you. ", "Also, all the fluorescent lights have been ripped out. ", "Another sad thing is that we were there for over an hour and were the only people to use it that whole time. (", "Sorry if you wanted to use and thought we were stalking you!)", "\n\nWe think it’s an absolute shame because the bridge provides a beautiful and scenic ride with two bays. ", "It even has seating in the middle of the bridge, where you can catch your breath, view the harbour and have lunch. ", "The obvious benefit is that the entire trip is sheltered so if you get “varying” Auckland weather, you’re able to enjoy it and watch it as you walk or ride.", "\n\nThe green graffiti is above one of the bays.", "\n\nWe’re interested to hear from you whether you’ve ever used this cycleway and if so, when and why so please answer our humble poll below." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSpring boot application for background workers\n\nI have defined the following Spring boot application:\n@SpringBootApplication\npublic class Application implements CommandLineRunner {\n\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n new SpringApplicationBuilder(Application.class).web(WebApplicationType.", "NONE).run(args);\n }\n\n public void run(String... args) throws Exception {\n Thread.currentThread().join();\n }\n}\n\nI also have a package of workers (i.e. could be classes which implements Runnable). ", "They are supposed to run indefinitely.", "\nWhat is the \"Spring way\" to run them? (", "and doing so automatically, without explicitly knowing them)\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nand doing so automatically, without explicitly knowing them\n\nThere's no mechanism to automatically run some Runnables from a certain place. ", "You need to find a way to inform Spring about these classes.", "\nThree common scenarios:\n\nExecute some code during the application startup: ApplicationRunner and CommandLineRunner.", "\n\nYou either congregate Runnables and wrap them up into an [Application|CommandLine]Runner which should be a bean (e.g. @Bean, @Component, etc) or make each Runnable a separate [Application|CommandLine]Runner.", "\n\nExecute some code at some point of time: TaskExecutor.", "\n\nYou inject a TaskExecutor and give it previously gathered Runnables.", "\n\nExecute some code repeatedly: TaskScheduler.", "\n\nYou inject a TaskScheduler and give it previously gathered Runnables, plus a trigger.", "\nMore details: Task Execution and Scheduling\n\nA:\n\nYou could (1) have your classes that implement Runnable be annotated with @Component, so that Spring can find them. ", " You can then (2) write a WorkManager, annotated with @Service, with an @Autowired List - which Spring would initialize with a list instances of all your classes from (1). ", " And could (3) write a @PostConstruct method in your WorkManager that would iterate over that list of Runnables, and pass each one to a TaskExecutor to run...\n\n" ]

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[ "\n\nShow HN: Facebook Legacy - telecuda\nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdoJxA0Pw3E\n\n======\nface7hill\nThis is a pretty compelling idea. ", "I hope you implement it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Efficient role of BacTN635 on the safety properties, sensory attributes, and texture profile of raw minced meat beef and chicken breast.", "\nBacteriocin BacTN635, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum sp. ", "TN635, was purified and characterised in previous work. ", "In this study we report the biotechnological application of this bacteriocin as a biopreservative during storage at 4°C of raw minced meat beef and chicken breast. ", "Overall, the results obtained showed that the addition of the semi-purified BacTN635 at 500 or 1000 AU g(-1) in raw minced meat beef and chicken breast can delay the proliferation of spoilage microorganisms, suppress the growth of the pathogenic microorganism Listeria monocytogenes, improve sensory quality, texture attributes, and extend the shelf-life of these two meat products during refrigerated storage. ", "BacTN635 at 1000 AU g(-1) could extend the shelf-life, and the meat showed good sensory characteristics. ", "Therefore, treatment with semi-purified BacTN635 can be used as a safe method for preservation of raw minced meat beef and chicken breast." ]

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[ "Lazio: 'Candreva asked to leave'\n\nBy Football Italia staff\n\nLazio confirmed Antonio Candreva “has asked to leave” after agreeing a deal with Napoli, but he’s still working out personal terms.", "\n\nIt was already expected that the Italy winger would move on this summer amid interest from Napoli, Inter and Chelsea.", "\n\n“With regards to Candreva, he has asked to leave and we’ve already secured a replacement if he does go,” director of sport Igli Tare explained in a Press conference.", "\n\nNew Coach Simone Inzaghi also added “Candreva asked to go. ", "He had seven good games with me, but then there are other needs.”", "\n\nCandreva’s agent admitted Lazio and Napoli had agreed on a transfer fee, so now he is discussing personal terms with the Partenopei.", "\n\nIt’s reported the 29-year-old is valued at €28m, including bonuses.", "\n\nThe wages on offer from Napoli appear to be €2m per year compared to Candreva’s request of €2.5m.\n\nWatch Serie A live in the UK on Premier Sports for just £9.99 per month including live LaLiga, Eredivisie, Scottish Cup Football and more. ", "Visit: https://www.premiersports.com/subscribenow" ]

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[ "The effects of Crenotherapy and exercise in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. ", "A comparison with simple exercise training.", "\nConservative therapies for patients affected by Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease (PAOD) aim first to correct the risk factors and to slow down the disease progression. ", "Among these, exercise has positive effects on blood flow, muscle metabolism and well demonstrated systemic effects. ", "These include reduction of chronic inflammation markers, improvement of walking mechanics and heart function. ", "Controlled physical training increases the ability to perform the daily activities improving life expectancy of these patients. ", "The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects and the effectiveness of physical training performed in thermal water compared to traditional treadmill walking exercise. ", "98 patients affected by IIb stage PAOD, according to Leriche-Fontaine classification, were enrolled. ", "Patients were randomized into two groups: the first arm carried out an intensive training program under medical supervision (group A); the second one carried out a rehabilitative exercise associated with crenotherapy (group B). ", "The following parameters were detected: Ankle-Brachial pressure index (ABI), actual claudication distance (ACD), maximum walking distance (MWD), flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and the intima-media thickness (IMT). ", "All patients underwent Doppler echocardiography and complete biochemical assay. ", "In both groups, there was a statistically significant improvement of lipidaemia compared to baseline. ", "When compared with each other, the two groups did not show statistically significant differences. ", "There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding echocardiographic findings. ", "Vascular reactivity study showed a statistically significant improvement of FMD after 3 months of exercise in both groups. ", "In crenotherapy group (B) FMD values were significantly higher than the treadmill ones (A). ", "In both groups a statistically significant improvement in ACD was observed CONCLUSIONS: Our experience shows that crenotherapy has similar effects compared to traditional physical training in the treatment of PAOD, being equally well tolerated and safe; it gives an advantage over conventional physical training in terms of ACD and MWD improvement, although not statistically significant, and it is extremely welcome to patients compared to traditional physical training. ", "Arterioscleroses, Intermittent Claudicatio, Peripheral Arterial Diseasen, Physical Exercise, Rehabilitation." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nApplying XML coloration style on TextMergeViewer Eclipse\n\nI recently found this guy's website, claiming he had found a way to set XML syntax coloration in a TextMergeViewer, a thing that is not \"naturally possible\" in Eclipse.", "\nHere is the URL of his website : https://vzurczak.wordpress.com/2010/09/25/merge-compare-dialogs-and-xml-syntax-highlighting/\nHowever, the way he dealt with the issue seems to be not applicable right now (in 2016, and I am running Eclipse 4.4.0). ", "The two major problems I found are the following ones :\n\nStructuredTextViewer cannot be resolved as a type (I see many forums telling that we cannot/could not access it)\nIt looks impossible to cast a StructuredTextViewerConfigurationXML to a SourceViewerConfiguration.", "\n\nI am not pretending that he is a liar, but I guess that I missed something, or Eclipse performed some internal changes affecting his code, written in 2010.", "\nIf someone knows how to solve these issues, his help would be welcomed.", "\nThanks for reading.", "\n\nA:\n\nStructuredTextEditor and related classes are part of the Eclipse Web Tools. ", "In particular the 'Eclipse XML Editors and Tools' feature.", "\nSome downloads of Eclipse include this, other don't. ", "If you don't have it you can install it using 'Install New Software...'. ", "Choose you main Eclipse site and look for 'Eclipse XML Editors and Tools' in the 'Web, XML, Java EE and OSGi Enterprise Development' section.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Menu\n\nAge Regression used in Secret Space Programs confirmed as Scientifically Feasible\n\nDue to recent breakthroughs in genetic research, the claims of three whistleblowers, who say they underwent an age-regression process in secret space programs, have become that much more plausible. ", "The whistleblowers, Corey Goode, Randy Cramer and Michael Relfe, all say that they were age-regressed to become 20 years younger at the end of their respective tours of duty in secret space programs.", "\n\nRecently, geneticists have identified the genes that control the aging process, and in stunning experiments, the results of which have been released in peer reviewed scientific journals, have demonstrated that they were able to reverse the aging process to varying degrees of success.", "\n\nThe results of these experiments make it plausible that the three whistleblowers did indeed undergo an age-regression process using classified medical technologies in secret space programs, as they claimed.", "\n\nThe lead genetic scientist in the publicly announced age reversal studies is Dr. David Sinclair, who discussed in an interview the results of his genetic experiments first conducted on mice:\n\nWe’ve discovered genes that control how the body fights against ageing and these genes, if you turn them on just the right way, they can have very powerful effects, even reversing ageing – at least in mice so far… We fed them a molecule that’s called NMN and this reversed ageing completely within just a week of treatment in the muscle, and now we’re looking to reverse all aspects of ageing if possible.", "\n\nWe’ve gone from mice into early human studies actually. ", "There have been some clinical trials around the world, and we’re hoping in the next few years to know if this will actually work in people as well … They show that the molecules that extend lifespan in mice are safe in people.", "\n\nProfessor Sinclair went on to say in his interview that drugs based on the nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) molecule could be successfully developed “to restore youthfulness in human cells.”", "\n\nSinclair’s view that NMN based drugs will eventually be developed for safe use by humans is stunning in its implications. ", "He may well be in the midst of developing the fabled elixir of life, which accounts for him quickly being elevated into the world’s 100 most influential people according to Time Magazine.", "\n\nIt’s important to point out that Sinclair’s pioneering genetic research is open source and unclassified. ", "This means that is very likely, if not almost certain, that classified research in the field of age reversal/regression technology is far more advanced than anything achieved by Sinclair and his peers.", "\n\nIn several private interviews with William Tompkins, a former U.S. Naval Intelligence operative who subsequently worked with leading aerospace contractors for more than four decades, he revealed that he worked on a classified study developed by the company, TRW, on age regression drugs from 1967-1971.", "\n\nTompkins said that he first came across the development of age-regression technologies when he participated in the debriefings of U.S. Navy spies, from 1942 to 1945, at the Naval Air Station, San Diego. ", "These spies revealed the existence of age-regression studies that were then secretly underway in Nazi Germany.", "\n\nAt the time, Tompkins job was to distribute briefing packets to U.S. companies and think tanks with expertise in the areas used by the Nazis for developing their breakthrough technologies. ", "Tompkins said that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was among the academic research centers delivered briefing packets by him. ", "Therefore it is possible that scientists at MIT have been aware of the Nazi age-regression studies since 1942!", "\n\nSignificantly, Sinclair’s breakthrough in age-regression studies was achieved while he was a post-doctoral fellow at MIT under Dr. Leonard Guarente at M.I.T. Was this merely coincidence, or was Sinclair helped or encouraged while at MIT to develop the insights into the age reversal potential of genetic manipulation?", "\n\nRecently, Tompkins has privately disclosed to me that classified “age-regression” drugs have been developed. ", "He says these drugs have been used for some time in the “20 year and back” tours of duty in secret space programs. ", "This is consistent with the age-regression process described by Goode, Cramer and Relfe, which involved medication administered to them over a two week period where they were physically immobilized.", "\n\nEven more recently, Tompkins says the drugs have been refined so that they can be used for more extensive age-regression periods. ", "For example, reversing a 90 year old back to where s/he has the physical body of a 27 year old is now possible. ", "Tompkins says that there is a covert U.S. Navy sanctioned disclosure process underway to release these age-regression technologies into the public sector. ", "It is, therefore, possible that Sinclair’s research may have been stimulated by this covert Navy initiative during his time at MIT.", "\n\nAt the very least, Sinclair’s pioneering age-reversal experiments and identification of the NMN molecule that can be used for developing “age-regression” drugs means that the claims of Goode, Cramer and Relfe no longer appear so outlandish, and are indeed scientifically feasible." ]

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[ "Sexuality in the lives of older people.", "\nThis article aims to explore some of the physical, psychological and social aspects of sex and sexuality in later life. ", "It hopes to raise nurses' awareness and understanding of sexuality in older people." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow do you set up javapns (push notifications for iOS)?", "\n\nI have had a look at the documentation / wiki for javapns. ", "http://code.google.com/p/javapns/\nUnfortunately, what should be obvious is anything but obvious to me.", "\nHow do I set up a working push notification server? ", "As in, there's a .jar file, but I would appreciate more info than that. ", "Do I need to run this in Tomcat? ", " Is there a working example?'", "\nThanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nI have used Java APNS in the past. ", "It has a BSD License and did a perfect job and was quite easy to use once the certificates were set up. ", "All in all it is not a dead-simple task to set up Push notifications, but I usually got usable debug output if there was anything not quite working yet.", "\nA good thing about this solution is that you can run it stand alone java -jar MyAPNSPusher and trigger it with some cron job or include the logic in some .war file. ", "I also found that the library was quite lightweight and I guess you can also find it in a maven repo.", "\nExample from the Readme.markdown\nTo send a notification, you can do it in two steps:\n\nSetup the connection\nApnsService service =\n APNS.newService()\n .withCert(\"/path/to/certificate.p12\", \"MyCertPassword\")\n .withSandboxDestination()\n .build();\n\nCreate and send the message\nString payload = APNS.newPayload().alertBody(\"Can't be simpler than this!\").build();\nString token = \"fedfbcfb....\";\nservice.push(token, payload);\n\n[...]\nAlternatives\nIf hosting your own server solution is too cumbersome then you can fallback to a thirdparty service which might often be a good thing because hosting a server with such a service running on it is probably often underestimated. ", "With those services you usually pay a tiny amount (fractions of a cent) for a push message. ", "Two that I have come across are\n\nhttp://www.ilime.com\n\nEdit As of July 1, 2011, the iLime API has been discontinued as a public service.", "\n\nhttp://urbanairship.com/\n\nA:\n\nJavaPNS is a java library used within your project. ", "It can only be used to connect to the Apple Push Notification Servers, using the certificates that you create on the Apple Developer Tools Website.", "\nSo, if I'm reading your question properly, this is not a stand-alone program and probably not what you want.", "\nIf you are trying to send push notifications to Apple iOS devices, then this IS what you want, but you need to write the rest of your application first, then add this library to it.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Stay on Top of Enterprise Technology Trends Get updates impacting your industry from our GigaOm Research Community\n\nThe Big 4 carriers took a lot of swipes at one another at CTIA Wireless, arguing over which had the faster mobile broadband service and whose networks were and weren’t really 4G. Clearwire(s clwr) stayed out of the debate, but according to CTO John Saw the carrier is putting together an LTE network to shame all four of them. ", "In 2014, Saw said Clearwire will have a 4G network capable of supporting peak speeds of 168 Mbps.", "\n\nClearwire may not have the most ideal spectrum in the world for a nationwide launch – its higher frequency 2.5 GHz airwaves don’t propagate as far as the low-frequency licenses everyone else owns – but it is certainly blessed with a lot of it. ", "Consequently, Clearwire can string those frequencies together to build some enormously fat pipes, Saw said.", "\n\nSaw said Clearwire plans to use the LTE-Advanced technique know as carrier aggregation to deploy an LTE pipe — which in wireless speak is called a carrier — 40 MHz in width. ", "Verizon(s vz)(s vod) and AT&T’s(s t) largest carrier size is 20 MHz. (", "Clearwire’s TD-LTE is a different technology than its competitors, but in terms of speed and data capacity those differences come out in the wash).", "\n\nTheoretically at least, Clearwire’s network will support peak speeds of 168 Mbps, twice as fast as anything Verizon, AT&T, Sprint(s s) and T-Mobile can throw at us, Saw said. ", "Still, Clearwire has to wait for the technology to be ready. ", "While carrier aggregation is already being used widely in HSPA+ — and is, in fact, the secret sauce in T-Mobile’s dual-carrier 42 Mbps service – it will take a few years for the technology to percolate into commercial LTE gear. ", "Saw says he expects it to be ready for Clearwire’s network by 2014.", "\n\n“We’re going to start with 20 MHz carriers,” he said. “", "When carrier aggregation comes along we will go to 40 MHz, which will essentially leave the competition in the dust.”", "\n\nClearwire doesn’t have to stop there. ", "Technically it can keep stacking carriers on top of one another to create 60 MHz and even 80 MHz pipes. ", "It certainly doesn’t lack the spectrum. ", "At CTIA, Nokia Siemens Networks(s nok)(s si) had rigged up a demo that squeezed 1 Gbps out of Clearwire’s spectrum by not only piling on the carriers but using multiple antennas and several other technologies in LTE-Advanced’s bag of tricks. ", "Saw said Huawei has accomplished similar feats using Clearwire’s airwaves, but he also acknowledged that such outsized throughput demos are really intended to be proofs of concept. ", "Sixty MHz or 80 MHz carriers “would be overkill,” he said — at least in the near term.", "\n\nWhy don’t Verizon and AT&T do carrier aggregation as well? ", "They have the technical capability, and they have unused spectrum to play with. ", "The problem is their spectrum isn’t in the right places. ", "For carrier aggregation to work initially all of the frequencies involved need to be contiguous, but most of the spectrum holdings of the Big 4 are scattered across the airwaves. ", "Eventually the LTE standards will allow for non-contiguous aggregation – splicing together bands from all over the electromagnetic spectrum – but that’s a few steps further along the LTE roadmap.", "\n\nAt the end of the day, all of this speed talk is a bit silly. ", "It’s great for bragging rights, but at today’s mobile data prices, no one could actually make regular use of such enormous throughputs without going broke. ", "The near-term goal here isn’t to provide 500 Mbps or 1 Gbps to a single customer, but rather a consistent 5-10 Mbps to 100 different customers in the same cell. ", "To hit that goal operators will need lots of spectrum and they’ll need to deploy lots of carriers, but it won’t matter if those carriers are bound together.", "\n\nSpeedometer image courtesy of Shutterstock user Sashkin" ]

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[ "Tie it together: Give your Clients What They Need When They Need It!", "\n\nI have always been invested in improving the value of my services by fine tuning my client's experience. ", "In the last year it has become my priority to ensure client retention by increasing the relevance of their sessions. ", "To be relevant is to provide meaningful services that meet your client's needs when they need them the most. ", "For those of us who incorporate therapeutic spa, it's an opportunity to guide our clients into taking our services from an indulgence to a necessity.", "\n\nLet's say my client has decided to make a lifestyle change. ", "I can dig into my toolbox of ways to help maximize their goals, perhaps suggesting an aromatherapy wrap as a perfect enhancement to further support their progress as part of their massage.", "\n\nI can take this uncomplicated protocol and adapt it to my client's needs by first actively listening to them and then choosing an appropriate complex. ", "For example, dietary changes -incorporate a detoxification wrap; a new work out regime - sore muscle relief wrap; reaching their weight loss goal - a wrap with firming complex.", "\n\nFinally, when they are dealing with a lot of stress at work and concerned they may lose focus, I can support them with a stress relief wrap.", "\n\nMaking our sessions relevant is much more than just giving a great massage and having an extensive spa menu. ", "It's about really listening to our clients and then skillfully combining treatments to both enhance their experience and meet their ongoing needs. ", "Taking the extra time and care to compile personalized care for our clients will let them know their needs are important to us, and we then become important to them.", "\n\nI look forward to hearing from everyone, and what you have done that has been successful." ]

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[ "A dihydropyrane compound is an important industrial raw material for perfumes. ", "For example, .alpha.-phenyl-dihydropyrane can be converted to 5-phenylpentanol which is particularly important as perfume by reductive ring opening of the pyrane ring (Swiss Patent 655932). ", "Further, dihydropyrane compounds such as 6-phenyl -4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrane, 6-phenyl-2,4-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrane and 6-butyl-2,4-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrane are useful themselves (U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,681,263 and Arm. ", "Khm. ", "Zh. (", "1976), 29 (3), p. 276 to 277).", "\nAs described in the literatures described above, these dihydropyrane compounds can be obtained in the form of a mixture of the double bond isomers by reacting aldehyde compounds such as benzaldehyde and valeraldehyde (pentanal) with 3-butene-1-ol compounds such as isoprenol in the presence of a catalytic amount of an acid. ", "However, 3-butene-1-ol compounds are expensive, and therefore a method for preparing these dihydropyrane compounds from readily available and inexpensive raw materials has been desired.", "\nA method by a hetero Diels-Alder reaction of aldehyde compounds with conjugated diene compounds is known as such a method. ", "In this case, conjugated diene compounds such as isoprene and 2-methylpentadiene are readily available. ", "In general, however, in this kind of the hetero Diels-Alder reaction, the products have been able to obtain at practical reaction yield only when high reactive aldehyde compounds such as glyoxylic ester and trichloroacetaldehyde are used (Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, Vol. ", "5, p. 431 Pergamon Press 1991).", "\nA reaction of aldehyde compounds with diene compounds using a Lewis acid as a catalyst is available as an improving method thereof. ", "For example, a method in which aluminum chloride or tin tetrachloride is used as a Lewis acid catalyst and an aliphatic or aromatic nitro compound is further used as a co-catalyst is known (JP-A 1-238578). ", "In this method, however, wastes are produced in large quantities after the reaction, and the reaction yield is as low as about 50%. ", "Accordingly, this method has not yet been sufficiently satisfactory in the viewpoint of reaction yield and productivity. ", "In recent year, known as well is a method in which rare earth metal perfluoroalkanesulfonate such as scandium perfluorate as a catalyst is used to carry out the hetero Diels-Alder reaction (New Journal of Chemistry, 1995, vol. ", "19, 707). ", "However, this method uses an expensive catalyst and therefore is uneconomical and industrially unsuitable.", "\nTetrahedron Letters vol. ", "38, No. ", "14, pages 2569-2572, published on, Apr. 7th, 1997, discloses reaction of an aromatic aldehyde with an excess amount of a diene with a catalsyt of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid.", "\nAccordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a simple process for preparing a dihydropyrane compound by the hetero Diels-Alder reaction of an aldehyde compound with a diene compound, in view of a high productivity, a high reaction yield and an economic save." ]

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[ "Bosstown Sound\n\nThe Bosstown Sound (or Boston Sound) was the catchphrase of a marketing campaign to promote psychedelic rock and psychedelic pop bands in Boston, Massachusetts, in the late 1960s. ", "The concept was conceived by the record producer Alan Lorber as a marketing strategy intended to establish several underground musical artists native to the city on the national charts and compete with the popular San Francisco Sound. ", "Lorber chose Boston for his plan because of the several bands developing in the city, the abundance of music venues (such as the Boston Tea Party), and the proximity of MGM Records, which had signed the core groups.", "\n\nThe Bosstown Sound was promoted as harnessing the hallucinogenic essence of psychedelia, also known at the time as acid rock. ", "Numerous bands were involved, but the groups Ultimate Spinach, the Beacon Street Union, and Orpheus were the most prominent. ", "The Boston music scene briefly captured the interest of the youth culture, and recordings by bands from Boston achieved positions on the Billboard 200 chart. ", "However, by the end of 1969, the campaign faltered, its advertisements rejected by listeners. ", "Critics panned the groups involved, and few of the Bosstown bands survived after the scene collapsed. ", "Opinions are still mixed, but the music of these bands has received more positive assessments in recent years.", "\n\nHistory\n\nPre-scene\nPrior to the Bosstown Sound, Boston had a burgeoning garage rock scene with bands such as the Remains, the Rising Storm, Teddy and the Pandas, and the Rockin' Ramrods at the forefront. ", "The most commercially successful group in the area was the proto-punk teen band the Barbarians, who reached the Billboard Hot 100 twice with the singles \"Are You a Boy or Are You a Girl\" and \"Moulty\". ", "The heyday of these bands pre-dated the Bosstown Sound, and they did not have much involvement in the Sound's development, with the notable exception of the album Basic Magnetism, by Teddy and the Pandas. ", "The main problem was a lack of viable rock music venues to bring the groups together into a unified music scene. ", "Also missing were the local and regional record labels often associated with a developing rock scene. ", "Perhaps more evident in what grew into the Bosstown Sound was the city's equally active folk scene which was led by key figures like Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, and Mimi Farina. ", "Their influences later emerged in the music by mainstay Bosstown bands Orpheus and Earth Opera.", "\n\nWhat became the genesis of the Bosstown Sound is said to exist, at least in rudimentary form, as early as June 1967, when journalist Mel Lyman's first issue of Avatar was pressed. ", "His newspaper carried an advertisement promoting a scheduled event, headlined by two of Boston's earliest psychedelic rock bands, Ill Wind and the Hallucinations, at the Boston Tea Party. ", "Ill Wind and the Hallucinations' performances helped establish the Boston Tea Party as a must-go-to venue for the city's psychedelic scene, and soon other like-minded musical acts—among them the Velvet Underground, the Peanut Butter Conspiracy, and Lothar and the Hand People—became frequent attractions. ", "Journalist Earl Greyland, described the Boston Tea Party's importance in Boston After Dark: \"[It] occurred on March 15, 1968, when, as the staid WBCN audience sat listening to its usual Muzak, the voice of Frank Zappa asked, 'Are you hung up?' ", "and Cream launched into 'I Feel Free'. ", "That was the beginning of the American Revolution, a daily seven-hour program originating from the dressing room of the Tea Party. ", "The combination of providing an established performance setting and radio exposure made the Tea Party a gig second in importance only to the Fillmore\". ", "Other psychedelic venues that contributed to the promotion of the underground music scene in Boston include the Psychedelic Supermarket, the Crosstown Bus, the Catacombs, and the Unicorn.", "\n\n\"The Sound Heard Around the World\"\nRecord producer Alan Lorber materialized a concept to congregate several progressive Boston bands, and promote them as a new unique music scene, in a similar fashion that led to the birth of the San Francisco Sound. ", "In his article Bosstown Sound 1968 - The Music and Time, Lorber wrote Boston was a logical epicenter for his marketing plan \"since it was a place for new and progressive music forms from the folk days, and had an exceptionally strong initial sales potential in the 250,000 college students in residence in Boston's 250 colleges and universities\". ", "Lorber also mentioned that Boston \"had a large number of performance clubs where artists could develop before touring nationally. ", "There were many pop music college and commercial radio stations which could expose the new product on a grass-roots level\". ", "Based on his past successes with the label, MGM Records agreed to showcase the bands Lorber signed. ", "Conviently, the company's studio was situated in New York City, making it easier for Lorber to manage and record several groups.", "\n\nAnother important figure in the Bosstown Sound was Dick Summer, one of Boston's most popular deejays working for WMEX Radio. ", "Summer was directly responsible for the initial radio boom that Bosstown musical acts would experience, and arranged concerts and outdoor festivals in the Boston area where the local bands could hone their skills in anticipation of being signed to a recording deal. ", "It was also Summer who coined the \"Bosstown Sound\" phrase to create a sense of cohesion among the bands. ", "On January 20, 1968, MGM Records commenced its advertisement campaign for the Bosstown Sound by funding for a patriotic-style ad in Billboard magazine that read: \"The Sound Heard Around the World; Boston!!\". ", "On the same date, three Boston-based groups known well to the underground scene -- Ultimate Spinach (better known as Underground Cinema prior to the album), Beacon Street Union, and Orpheus had their debut albums released on the MGM label.", "\n\nThe anticipation of the Bosstown Sound's debut to the record-buying public generated a booming market for Boston-based bands. ", "Beacon Street Union's The Eyes of the Beacon Street Union charted at number 75 on the Billboard 200, and Orpheus's self-titled debut reached number 119. ", "Although Orpheus is pegged as a part of the Bosstown Sound, music historian Richie Unterberger notes they were \"sentimental pop writers at heart\" reminiscent of the Association, rather than the psychedelic bands that comprised much of the Sound. ", "Later benefiting from their more commercially accessible sound, Orpheus was among the few Bosstown bands to have a single (\"can't Find The Time\" in 1968 and 1969, since covered by the Rose Colored Glass and by Hootie and the Blowfish, and the minor 1969 hit \"Brown Arms in Houston\") chart on the Billboard Hot 100. ", "Emerging from the original three MGM-signed groups, Ultimate Spinach—masterminded by singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist Ian Bruce-Douglas—achieved the most commercial success from their debut effort, which peaked at number 35 and sold approximately 110,000 copies in 1968. ", "Despite sharp criticism from music critics upon release, overtime the album, now regarded as an acid rock classic, has become a cult favorite among psychedelic aficionados and is the highlight of the Bosstown Sound.", "\n\nFollowing in the trend set by the first three Bosstown groups on their label, MGM Records released other material by local groups such as Chamaeleon Church and Kangeroo. ", "Attempting to cash-in on the sudden craze, other major labels like Elektra Records and ABC Records signed their own assortment of bands native to the city. ", "Among them was Eden's Children, which released a Jimi Hendrix-inspired album in 1968 that charted in the Billboard 200 at 196. ", "Apple Pie Motherhood Band deviated from the psychedelic sound, recording two LPs that incorporated an assortment of bluesy originals and covers. ", " Young teen group, the Freeborne recorded the album Peak Impressions, an ambitious, but somewhat unpredictable, piece that experimented with a variety of instruments. ", "Another group known as Listening recorded a self-titled album in late-1968, which encompassed performances by former Velvet Underground bassist Walter Powers and guitarist Peter Malick. ", "Several additional groups were also associated with the scene such as Earth Opera, the Tangerine Zoo, the Art of Lovin', and Ill Wind.", "\n\nDecline and reception\nAlmost immediately following the success of the Bosstown Sound campaign, music critics began to comment on the apparent lack of originality of some of the bands. ", "Another issue discussed was the diversity among Boston's musical artists, which brought to question whether there was an actual effort to create a unified scene or a manufactured attempt to cash in on the popularity of psychedelia. ", "Music journalist Paul Williams, writing for Crawdaddy!, ", "homed in on the concern: \"[T]here isn't any common consciousness in the Boston rock scene -- there isn't even any Boston rock scene. ", "There are good groups coming out of that area but there isn't the spiritual unity that San Francisco had\". ", "A Jazz & Pop article remarked that \"the sound doesn't exist except in the head of Alan Lorber\". ", "The newly established Rolling Stone magazine questioned \"whether or not there is anything lying beneath the hype\", describing the Boston groups as pretentious and boring. ", "A few articles, such as one in Newsweek, attempted to defend the scene, saying a sense of unity was found in \"subdued, artful electronic sound, an insistence on clear, understandable lyrics, the spice of dissonance and the infusion of classical textures\".", "\n\nBy early 1969, nearly all the Bosstown groups had either disbanded or disappeared from the public view as a consequence of media and youth culture backlash. ", "Ultimate Spinach barely managed to chart at number 198 with their album Behold & See, which noticeably lacked the organ-driven instrumentals that were featured on their debut. ", "Following Bruce-Douglas's departure from the band, Ultimate Spinach released one third and final album called Ultimate Spinach III''', but directionless, in 1969 with a almost completely reconstructed lineup. ", "The Beacon Street Union's The Clown Died in Marvin Gardens was plagued by the Sound's negative stigma, and only reached number 175. ", "Orpheus was among the few groups to remain active into the 1970s, and has since conducted reunions in the 1980s and, again, in the 2000s.", "\n\nIn the aftermath of the Bosstown Sound, reviews remain mixed, but critics have begun to describe the scene in a better light. ", "In 1988, Rolling Stone magazine, while reevaluating the Sound, conceded it was perhaps \"easier to put down Ultimate Spinach and the other Boston groups than it had been to like them\". ", "Music critic Steve Nelson notes that after \"the hype died down, Boston in fact turned out to be a great incubator of musical talent, producing acts like J. Geils, Aerosmith, and The Cars\". ", "While interviewing Bruce-Douglas in 2001, critic Gary Burns stated Ultimate Spinach, which received the brunt of the media stigma focusing on Bosstown, \"deserved a much better fate. ", "The Bosstown hype was not their idea, and their records are some of the best psychedelic music available then or now. ", "Their brief time in the spotlight brought them not well-earned glory but unexpected trauma, which fractured an already-fragile band\". ", "Others, like Richie Unterberger, dismissed the bands' work as \"poor third cousins to the West Coast psychedelic groups that served as their obvious inspirations\".", "\n\nIn 1996, Big Beat Records released the compilation album Bosstown Sound, 1968: The Music & the Time, which included an assortment of Bosstown and pre-scene bands. ", "In 2001, Best of the Bosstown Sound'' followed with a more condensed track listing.", "\n\nAssociated acts\n\n Apple Pie Motherhood Band\n The Art of Lovin'\n The Bagatelle\n Beacon Street Union\n Bead Game\n Bo Grumpus\n Chamaeleon Church\n Earth Opera\n Eden's Children\n Flat Earth Society\n Ford Theatre\n The Freeborne\n Front Page Review\n Ill Wind\n Kangeroo\n Listening\n Orpheus\n Puff\n Phluph\n The Tangerine Zoo\n Teddy and the Pandas\n Ultimate Spinach\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Music scenes\nCategory:Psychedelic rock" ]

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[ "Four years of experience with antiretroviral therapy in adult patients in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.", "\nThe Sindh AIDS Control Program (SACP) in Pakistan began dispensing combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in May 2006 in Karachi. ", "This study aimed to assess the management and outcomes of ART-treated patients. ", "Data were extracted from medical records of adult patients registered with the SACP who received ART between May 2006 and May 2010. ", "In total, 300 patients received ART, of whom 77.7% were men. ", "The median CD4 cell count at the time of joining the SACP was 130 cells/mm(3). ", "ART was nevirapine-based in 69.1% of cases and was correctly prescribed in 97.3%. ", "Of 257 patients who received ≥1 month of ART, >90% were regular with their medications and appointments. ", "Of the 300 patients, 70 (23.3%) had HIV-related deaths and 4 (1.3%) had non-HIV-related deaths, whereas 32 (10.7%) transferred out and 16 (5.3%) stopped attending the clinic and could not be traced. ", "Estimated survival in the first 6 months stratified by initial CD4 lymphocyte count ≥50 cells/mm(3) and <50 cells/mm(3) was 85.8% (95% CI 80.8-90.0%) and 52.2% (95% CI 40.9-63.1%), respectively. ", "Viral suppression was achieved in 95.4% of those who survived beyond 3 months of starting ART. ", "ART can be managed adequately with excellent patient adherence and satisfactory clinical outcomes in a resource-limited setting." ]

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[ "The Starry Sky Above and the Moral Life Within\n\nPost navigation\n\nThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions\n\nWe may, to be more precise, have to relinquish the notion, explicit or implicit, that changes of paradigm carry scientists and those who learn from them closer and closer to the truth.", "\n\n– Thomas Kuhn\n\nThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) is a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas S. Kuhn. ", "Its publication was a landmark event in the history, philosophy, and sociology of scientific knowledge. ", "Kuhn challenged the then prevailing view of progress in “normal science”. ", "Normal scientific progress was viewed as “development-by-accumulation” of accepted facts and theories. ", "Kuhn argued for an episodic model in which periods of such conceptual continuity in normal science were interrupted by periods of revolutionary science. ", "The discovery of “anomalies” during revolutions in science leads to new paradigms. ", "New paradigms then ask new questions of old data, move beyond the mere “puzzle-solving” of the previous paradigm, change the rules of the game and the “map” directing new research.", "\n\nFor example, Kuhn’s analysis of the Copernican Revolution emphasized that, in its beginning, it did not offer more accurate predictions of celestial events, such as planetary positions, than the Ptolemaic system, but instead appealed to some practitioners based on a promise of better, simpler, solutions that might be developed at some point in the future. ", "Kuhn called the core concepts of an ascendant revolution its “paradigms” and thereby launched this word into widespread analogical use in the second half of the 20th century. ", "Kuhn’s insistence that a paradigm shift was a mélange of sociology, enthusiasm and scientific promise, but not a logically determinate procedure, caused an uproar in reaction to his work. ", "Kuhn addressed concerns in the 1969 postscript to the second edition. ", "For some commentators, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions introduced a realistic humanism into the core of science, while for others the nobility of science was tarnished by Kuhn’s introduction of an irrational element into the heart of its greatest achievements.", "\n\nIn a sense that I am unable to explicate further, the proponents of competing paradigms practice their trades in different worlds.", "\n\nHistory\n\nThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions was first published as a monograph in the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, then as a book by University of Chicago Press in 1962. ", "In 1969, Kuhn added a postscript to the book in which he replied to critical responses to the first edition. ", "A 50th Anniversary Edition (with an introductory essay by Ian Hacking) was published by the University of Chicago Press in April 2012.", "\n\nKuhn dated the genesis of his book to 1947 when he was a graduate student at Harvard University and had been asked to teach a science class for humanities undergraduates with a focus on historical case studies. ", "Kuhn later commented that until then, “I’d never read an old document in science.” ", "Aristotle’s Physics was astonishingly unlike Isaac Newton’s work in its concepts of matter and motion. ", "Kuhn wrote “… as I was reading him, Aristotle appeared not only ignorant of mechanics, but a dreadfully bad physical scientist as well. ", "About motion, in particular, his writings seemed to me full of egregious errors, both of logic and of observation.” ", "This was in an apparent contradiction with the fact that Aristotle was a brilliant mind. ", "While perusing Aristotle’s Physics, Kuhn formed the view that in order to properly appreciate Aristotle’s reasoning, one must be aware of the scientific conventions of the time. ", "Kuhn concluded that Aristotle’s concepts were not “bad Newton,” just different. ", "This insight was the foundation of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.", "\n\nPrior to the publication of Kuhn’s book, a number of ideas regarding the process of scientific investigation and discovery had already been proposed. ", "Ludwik Fleck developed the first system of the sociology of scientific knowledge in his book The Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (1935). ", "He claimed that the exchange of ideas led to the establishment of a thought collective, which, when developed sufficiently, served to separate the field into esoteric (professional) and exoteric (laymen) circles. ", "Kuhn wrote the foreword to the 1979 edition of Fleck’s book, noting that he read it in 1950 and was reassured that someone “saw in the history of science what I myself was finding there.”", "\n\nKuhn was not confident about how his book would be received. ", "Harvard University had denied his tenure, a few years before. ", "However, by the mid-1980s, his book had achieved blockbuster status.", "\n\nOne theory to which Kuhn replies directly is Karl Popper’s “falsificationism,” which stresses falsifiability as the most important criterion for distinguishing between that which is scientific and that which is unscientific. ", "Kuhn also addresses verificationism, a philosophical movement that emerged in the 1920s among logical positivists. ", "The verifiability principle claims that meaningful statements must be supported by empirical evidence or logical requirements.", "\n\nScientists work from models acquired through education and through subsequent exposure to the literature often without quite knowing or needing to know what characteristics have given these models the status of community paradigms.", "\n\nBasic Approach\n\nKuhn’s approach to the history and philosophy of science focuses on conceptual issues like the practice of normal science, influence of historical events, emergence of scientific discoveries, nature of scientific revolutions and progress through scientific revolutions. ", "What sorts of intellectual options and strategies were available to people during a given period? ", "What types of lexicons and terminology were known and employed during certain epochs? ", "Stressing the importance of not attributing traditional thought to earlier investigators, Kuhn’s book argues that the evolution of scientific theory does not emerge from the straightforward accumulation of facts, but rather from a set of changing intellectual circumstances and possibilities. ", "Such an approach is largely commensurate with the general historical school of non-linear history.", "\n\nKuhn did not see scientific theory as proceeding linearly from an objective, unbiased accumulation of all available data, but rather as paradigm-driven. “", "The operations and measurements that a scientist undertakes in the laboratory are not ‘the given’ of experience but rather ‘the collected with difficulty.’ ", "They are not what the scientist sees—at least not before his research is well advanced and his attention focused. ", "Rather, they are concrete indices to the content of more elementary perceptions, and as such they are selected for the close scrutiny of normal research only because they promise opportunity for the fruitful elaboration of an accepted paradigm. ", "Far more clearly than the immediate experience from which they in part derive, operations and measurements are paradigm-determined. ", "Science does not deal in all possible laboratory manipulations. ", "Instead, it selects those relevant to the juxtaposition of a paradigm with the immediate experience that that paradigm has partially determined. ", "As a result, scientists with different paradigms engage in different concrete laboratory manipulations.”", "\n\nHistory, if viewed as a repository for more than anecdote or chronology, could produce a decisive transformation in the image of science by which we are now possessed.", "\n\nHistorical Examples of Chemistry\n\nKuhn explains his ideas using examples taken from the history of science. ", "For instance, eighteenth century scientists believed that homogenous solutions were chemical compounds. ", "Therefore, a combination of water and alcohol was generally classified as a compound. ", "Nowadays it is considered to be a solution, but there was no reason then to suspect that it was not a compound. ", "Water and alcohol would not separate spontaneously, nor will they separate completely upon distillation (they form an azeotrope). ", "Water and alcohol can be combined in any proportion.", "\n\nUnder this paradigm, scientists believed that chemical reactions (such as the combination of water and alcohol) did not necessarily occur in fixed proportion. ", "This belief was ultimately overturned by Dalton’s atomic theory, which asserted that atoms can only combine in simple, whole-number ratios. ", "Under this new paradigm, any reaction which did not occur in fixed proportion could not be a chemical process. ", "This type world-view transition among the scientific community exemplifies Kuhn’s paradigm shift.", "\n\nTo my complete surprise, that exposure to out-of-date scientific theory and practice radically undermined some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science and the reasons for its special success.", "\n\nCopernican Revolution\n\nA famous example of a revolution in scientific thought is the Copernican Revolution. ", "In Ptolemy’s school of thought, cycles and epicycles (with some additional concepts) were used for modeling the movements of the planets in a cosmos that had a stationary Earth at its center. ", "As accuracy of celestial observations increased, complexity of the Ptolemaic cyclical and epicyclical mechanisms had to increase to maintain the calculated planetary positions close to the observed positions. ", "Copernicus proposed a cosmology in which the Sun was at the center and the Earth was one of the planets revolving around it. ", "For modeling the planetary motions, Copernicus used the tools he was familiar with, namely the cycles and epicycles of the Ptolemaic toolbox. ", "Yet Copernicus’ model needed more cycles and epicycles than existed in the then-current Ptolemaic model, and due to a lack of accuracy in calculations, his model did not appear to provide more accurate predictions than the Ptolemy model. ", "Copernicus’ contemporaries rejected his cosmology, and Kuhn asserts that they were quite right to do so: Copernicus’ cosmology lacked credibility.", "\n\nKuhn illustrates how a paradigm shift later became possible when Galileo Galilei introduced his new ideas concerning motion. ", "Intuitively, when an object is set in motion, it soon comes to a halt. ", "A well-made cart may travel a long distance before it stops, but unless something keeps pushing it, it will eventually stop moving. ", "Aristotle had argued that this was presumably a fundamental property of nature: for the motion of an object to be sustained, it must continue to be pushed. ", "Given the knowledge available at the time, this represented sensible, reasonable thinking.", "\n\nGalileo put forward a bold alternative conjecture: suppose, he said, that we always observe objects coming to a halt simply because some friction is always occurring. ", "Galileo had no equipment with which to objectively confirm his conjecture, but he suggested that without any friction to slow down an object in motion, its inherent tendency is to maintain its speed without the application of any additional force.", "\n\nThe Ptolemaic approach of using cycles and epicycles was becoming strained: there seemed to be no end to the mushrooming growth in complexity required to account for the observable phenomena. ", "Johannes Kepler was the first person to abandon the tools of the Ptolemaic paradigm. ", "He started to explore the possibility that the planet Mars might have an elliptical orbit rather than a circular one. ", "Clearly, the angular velocity could not be constant, but it proved very difficult to find the formula describing the rate of change of the planet’s angular velocity. ", "After many years of calculations, Kepler arrived at what we now know as the law of equal areas.", "\n\nGalileo’s conjecture was merely that — a conjecture. ", "So was Kepler’s cosmology. ", "But each conjecture increased the credibility of the other, and together, they changed the prevailing perceptions of the scientific community. ", "Later, Newton showed that Kepler’s three laws could all be derived from a single theory of motion and planetary motion. ", "Newton solidified and unified the paradigm shift that Galileo and Kepler had initiated.", "\n\nOnly when they must choose between competing theories do scientists behave like philosophers.", "\n\nCoherence\n\nOne of the aims of science is to find models that will account for as many observations as possible within a coherent framework. ", "Together, Galileo’s rethinking of the nature of motion and Keplerian cosmology represented a coherent framework that was capable of rivaling the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic framework.", "\n\nOnce a paradigm shift has taken place, the textbooks are rewritten. ", "Often the history of science too is rewritten, being presented as an inevitable process leading up to the current, established framework of thought. ", "There is a prevalent belief that all hitherto-unexplained phenomena will in due course be accounted for in terms of this established framework. ", "Kuhn states that scientists spend most (if not all) of their careers in a process of puzzle-solving. ", "Their puzzle-solving is pursued with great tenacity, because the previous successes of the established paradigm tend to generate great confidence that the approach being taken guarantees that a solution to the puzzle exists, even though it may be very hard to find. ", "Kuhn calls this process normal science.", "\n\nAs a paradigm is stretched to its limits, anomalies — failures of the current paradigm to take into account observed phenomena — accumulate. ", "Their significance is judged by the practitioners of the discipline. ", "Some anomalies may be dismissed as errors in observation, others as merely requiring small adjustments to the current paradigm that will be clarified in due course. ", "Some anomalies resolve themselves spontaneously, having increased the available depth of insight along the way. ", "But no matter how great or numerous the anomalies that persist, Kuhn observes, the practicing scientists will not lose faith in the established paradigm until a credible alternative is available; to lose faith in the solvability of the problems would in effect mean ceasing to be a scientist.", "\n\nIn any community of scientists, Kuhn states, there are some individuals who are bolder than most. ", "These scientists, judging that a crisis exists, embark on what Kuhn calls revolutionary science, exploring alternatives to long-held, obvious-seeming assumptions. ", "Occasionally this generates a rival to the established framework of thought. ", "The new candidate paradigm will appear to be accompanied by numerous anomalies, partly because it is still so new and incomplete. ", "The majority of the scientific community will oppose any conceptual change, and, Kuhn emphasizes, so they should. ", "To fulfill its potential, a scientific community needs to contain both individuals who are bold and individuals who are conservative. ", "There are many examples in the history of science in which confidence in the established frame of thought was eventually vindicated. ", "It is almost impossible to predict whether the anomalies in a candidate for a new paradigm will eventually be resolved. ", "Those scientists who possess an exceptional ability to recognize a theory’s potential will be the first whose preference is likely to shift in favor of the challenging paradigm. ", "There typically follows a period in which there are adherents of both paradigms. ", "In time, if the challenging paradigm is solidified and unified, it will replace the old paradigm, and a paradigm shift will have occurred.", "\n\nSuddenly the fragments in my head sorted themselves out in a new way, and fell into place together. ", "My jaw dropped, for all at once Aristotle seemed a very good physicist indeed, but of a sort I’d never dreamed possible. ", "Now I could understand why he had said what he’d said, and what his authority had been.", "\n\nPhases\n\nKuhn explains the process of scientific change as the result of various phases of paradigm change.", "\n\nPhase 1 – It exists only once and is the pre-paradigm phase, in which there is no consensus on any particular theory. ", "This phase is characterized by several incompatible and incomplete theories. ", "Consequently, most scientific inquiry takes the form of lengthy books, as there is no common body of facts that may be taken for granted. ", "If the actors in the pre-paradigm community eventually gravitate to one of these conceptual frameworks and ultimately to a widespread consensus on the appropriate choice of methods, terminology and on the kinds of experiment that are likely to contribute to increased insights.", "\n\nPhase 2 – Normal science begins, in which puzzles are solved within the context of the dominant paradigm. ", "As long as there is consensus within the discipline, normal science continues. ", "Over time, progress in normal science may reveal anomalies, facts that are difficult to explain within the context of the existing paradigm. ", "While usually these anomalies are resolved, in some cases they may accumulate to the point where normal science becomes difficult and where weaknesses in the old paradigm are revealed.", "\n\nPhase 3 – If the paradigm proves chronically unable to account for anomalies, the community enters a crisis period. ", "Crises are often resolved within the context of normal science. ", "However, after significant efforts of normal science within a paradigm fail, science may enter the next phase.", "\n\nPhase 4 – Paradigm shift, or scientific revolution, is the phase in which the underlying assumptions of the field are reexamined and a new paradigm is established.", "\n\nPhase 5- Post-Revolution, the new paradigm’s dominance is established and so scientists return to normal science, solving puzzles within the new paradigm.", "\n\nA science may go through these cycles repeatedly, though Kuhn notes that it is a good thing for science that such shifts do not occur often or easily.", "\n\nPhilosophers of science have repeatedly demonstrated that more than one theoretical construction can always be placed upon a given collection of data. ", "History of science indicates that, particularly in the early developmental stages of a new paradigm, it is not even very difficult to invent such alternates.", "\n\nIncommensurability\n\nAccording to Kuhn, the scientific paradigms preceding and succeeding a paradigm shift are so different that their theories are incommensurable — the new paradigm cannot be proven or disproven by the rules of the old paradigm, and vice versa. (", "A later interpretation by Kuhn of ‘commensurable’ versus ‘incommensurable’ was as a distinction between languages, namely, that statements in commensurable languages were translatable fully from one to the other, while in incommensurable languages, strict translation is not possible.) ", "The paradigm shift does not merely involve the revision or transformation of an individual theory, it changes the way terminology is defined, how the scientists in that field view their subject, and, perhaps most significantly, what questions are regarded as valid, and what rules are used to determine the truth of a particular theory. ", "The new theories were not, as the scientists had previously thought, just extensions of old theories, but were instead completely new world views. ", "Such incommensurability exists not just before and after a paradigm shift, but in the periods in between conflicting paradigms. ", "It is simply not possible, according to Kuhn, to construct an impartial language that can be used to perform a neutral comparison between conflicting paradigms, because the very terms used are integral to the respective paradigms, and therefore have different connotations in each paradigm. ", "The advocates of mutually exclusive paradigms are in a difficult position: “Though each may hope to convert the other to his way of seeing science and its problems, neither may hope to prove his case. ", "The competition between paradigms is not the sort of battle that can be resolved by proofs.” ", "Scientists subscribing to different paradigms end up talking past one another.", "\n\nKuhn states that the probabilistic tools used by verificationists are inherently inadequate for the task of deciding between conflicting theories, since they belong to the very paradigms they seek to compare. ", "Similarly, observations that are intended to falsify a statement will fall under one of the paradigms they are supposed to help compare, and will therefore also be inadequate for the task. ", "According to Kuhn, the concept of falsifiability is unhelpful for understanding why and how science has developed as it has. ", "In the practice of science, scientists will only consider the possibility that a theory has been falsified if an alternative theory is available that they judge credible. ", "If there is not, scientists will continue to adhere to the established conceptual framework. ", "If a paradigm shift has occurred, the textbooks will be rewritten to state that the previous theory has been falsified.", "\n\nKuhn further developed his ideas regarding incommensurability in the 1980s and 1990s. ", "In his unpublished manuscript The Plurality of Worlds, Kuhn introduces the theory of kind concepts: sets of interrelated concepts that are characteristic of a time period in a science and differ in structure from the modern analogous kind concepts. ", "These different structures imply different “taxonomies” of things and processes, and this difference in taxonomies constitutes incommensurability. ", "This theory is strongly naturalistic and draws on developmental psychology to “found a quasi-transcendental theory of experience and of reality.”", "\n\nScientific revolutions are inaugurated by a growing sense… that an existing paradigm has ceased to function adequately in the exploration of an aspect of nature to which that paradigm itself had previously led the way.", "\n\nExemplar\n\nKuhn introduced the concept of an exemplar in a postscript to the second edition of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970). ", "He noted that he was substituting the term ‘exemplars’ for ‘paradigm’, meaning the problems and solutions that students of a subject learn from the beginning of their education. ", "For example, physicists might have as exemplars the inclined plane, Kepler’s laws of planetary motion, or instruments like the calorimeter.", "\n\nAccording to Kuhn, scientific practice alternates between periods of normal science and revolutionary science. ", "During periods of normalcy, scientists tend to subscribe to a large body of interconnecting knowledge, methods, and assumptions which make up the reigning paradigm. ", "Normal science presents a series of problems that are solved as scientists explore their field. ", "The solutions to some of these problems become well known and are the exemplars of the field.", "\n\nThose who study a scientific discipline are expected to know its exemplars. ", "There is no fixed set of exemplars, but for a physicist today it would probably include the harmonic oscillator from mechanics and the hydrogen atom from quantum mechanics.", "\n\nBy now it may be clear that the position I’m developing is a sort of post-Darwinian Kantianism.", "\n\nKuhn on Scientific Progress\n\nThe first edition of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions ended with a chapter titled “Progress through Revolutions”, in which Kuhn spelled out his views on the nature of scientific progress. ", "Since he considered problem solving to be a central element of science, Kuhn saw that for a new candidate paradigm to be accepted by a scientific community, “First, the new candidate must seem to resolve some outstanding and generally recognized problem that can be met in no other way. ", "Second, the new paradigm must promise to preserve a relatively large part of the concrete problem solving activity that has accrued to science through its predecessors.", "\n\nWhile the new paradigm is rarely as expansive as the old paradigm in its initial stages, it must nevertheless have significant promise for future problem-solving. ", "As a result, though new paradigms seldom or never possess all the capabilities of their predecessors, they usually preserve a great deal of the most concrete parts of past achievement and they always permit additional concrete problem-solutions besides.", "\n\nIn the second edition, Kuhn added a postscript in which he elaborated his ideas on the nature of scientific progress. ", "He described a thought experiment involving an observer who has the opportunity to inspect an assortment of theories, each corresponding to a single stage in a succession of theories. ", "What if the observer is presented with these theories without any explicit indication of their chronological order? ", "Kuhn anticipates that it will be possible to reconstruct their chronology on the basis of the theories’ scope and content, because the more recent a theory is, the better it will be as an instrument for solving the kinds of puzzle that scientists aim to solve. ", "Kuhn remarked: “That is not a relativist’s position, and it displays the sense in which I am a convinced believer in scientific progress.”", "\n\nThe man who is striving to solve a problem defined by existing knowledge and technique is not, however, just looking around. ", "He knows what he wants to achieve, and he designs his instruments and directs his thoughts accordingly. ", "Unanticipated novelty, the new discovery, can emerge only to the extent that his anticipations about nature and his instruments prove wrong… There is no other effective way in which discoveries might be generated.", "\n\nIf these out-of date beliefs are to be called myths, then myths can be produced by the same sorts of methods and held for the same sorts of reasons that now lead to scientific knowledge." ]

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[ "Bruce Hopkins (rugby league)\n\nBruce Hopkins (6 December 1924 – 26 December 2013) was an Australian rugby league footballer who played in the 1940s. ", "He played for the Canterbury Bulldogs for three seasons between 1947–1949, the Balmain Tigers for two seasons between 1950–1951, the St. George Dragons for one season in 1954.", "\n\nHopkins represented New South Wales in 1947 and 1948 and for the Australian national side in 1948. ", "He attended Sydney Boys High School, graduating in 1942. ", "While serving in the Australian Army in Townsville, he played for Centrals ASA rugby league club during 1945 and 1946. ", "Hopkins played for Canterbury-Bankstown at halfback in the 1947 NSWRFL season's grand final, losing to Balmain. ", "The following year he was first selected to play for Australia, but did not appear in any Test matches. ", "He is remembered as the first ever Canterbury-Bankstown player to be selected for a Kangaroo Tour.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Sportsmen from New South Wales\nCategory:Rugby league players from Sydney\nCategory:Balmain Tigers players\nCategory:St. George Dragons players\nCategory:Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players\nCategory:New South Wales rugby league team players\nCategory:People educated at Sydney Boys High School\nCategory:Australia national rugby league team players\nCategory:1924 births\nCategory:2013 deaths\nCategory:Rugby league halfbacks" ]

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[ "Testimonials\n\n“Quite simply an efficient and effective solution for the teaching of times tables.”", "\n\nAfter seeing Number.fy in use at another school, I knew we had to implement it. ", "Ten minutes a day soon resulted in super progress in key number skills. ", "The impact was also clearly evident in their wider use of mathematics: children were no longer held back by recall of key number facts.", "\n\n— Rob Weightman, Headteacher\n\n“We saw rapid improvement.”", "\n\nWe implemented Number.fy in-class for a month long Y6 trial and saw rapid improvement in the accuracy and speed of times tables, as well as identifying a SEN referral..\n\n— Sue Teague, Headteacher\n\n\"Ultimately a more successful way of helping our children learn their multiplication tables.\"", "\n\nNumber.fy is a new, interesting - and ultimately, more successful - way of helping our children learn their multiplication tables. ", "The children are fully engaged with the app and it provides regular, consistent practice to ensure the facts are retained in their long term memory. ", "For teachers, the website provides an in-depth breakdown for each child and each multiplication table so that the next steps for learning are easily identifiable.", "\n\n— Adam Burgess, Teacher\n\n\"Number.fy increases children's mental agility and resilience.\"", "\n\nHaving been involved with Flurrish from the very start it has been great to see children continue to engage with this app and the skills it teaches. ", "Far more than just times tables and number bonds, Number.fy increases children's mental agility and resilience. ", "Daily game play increases children's motivation for Maths and allows for competitions between peers and other classes.", "\n\n— Richard Kingham, Teacher\n\n\"As a teacher the analysis website is great.\"", "\n\nWe have been using Number.fy for over a year and seen some significant improvements in our KS2 children's knowledge of the times tables. ", "The effect is seen in maths lessons and also in SATS tests. ", "The children are enthused by the challenge and simplicity which makes Number.fy accessible to all. ", "Once the children have understood the challenge of getting a balance between speed and accuracy they can really flourish!!", "\n\nAs a teacher the analysis website is great. ", "So many answers checked and marked quickly with the ability to quickly identify issues and weaknesses. ", "Teaching and learning can then be targeted directly.", "\n\nThe only issue now is getting enough devices into school for everyone to use !!", "\n\n— Marcus Ray, Assistant Headteacher\n\nPupils using Number.fy can be up and running in the classroom within seconds meaning they spend the maximum amount of time learning and the minimum amount of time fighting technology." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nELCUIApplication timeout issue\n\nI am new for ios.", "\nI have an app in which i have a login. ", "After login user can use application.", "\nNow i have functionality that if user have no user intraction for 2 mins than app will navigate to login screen.", "\nI have used -\nhttp://www.icodeblog.com/2011/09/19/timing-out-an-application-due-to-inactivity/\nFor implementing it.", "\nEverything is working fine expect when user login in the app and then use apple button so now app is in background and not uses the device for few minutes and now iphone is in lock mode.", "\nNow if user open lock and open app, I can see a black screen,UI is not present over there.", "\nBut if i click on keyboard is shown so it is my login screen's textview but nothing is visible.", "\nMy code of main.m\nNSAutoreleasePool *pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];\n int retVal = UIApplicationMain(argc, argv, @\"ELCUIApplication\", nil);\n [pool release];\n return retVal;\n\nWhen ever the timer of inactivity fires i pop the view controller to Root.", "\nThanks for Help.", "\n\nA:\n\nFirst check the background color.", "\nIf it is black, then make it Clear color.", "\nI had similar problem and i solved it this way. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "/*\n * Copyright (C) 2016 Apple Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n *\n * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions\n * are met:\n * 1. ", "Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n * 2. ", "Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright\n * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the\n * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n *\n * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY APPLE INC. ", "AND ITS CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS''\n * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,\n * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR\n * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE INC. ", "OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS\n * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR\n * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF\n * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS\n * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN\n * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)\n * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF\n * THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n */\n\n#include \"config.h\"\n#include \"JSIDBIndex.h\"\n\n#if ENABLE(INDEXED_DATABASE)\n\n#include \"IDBIndex.h\"\n#include <JavaScriptCore/HeapInlines.h>\n\nnamespace WebCore {\nusing namespace JSC;\n\nvoid JSIDBIndex::visitAdditionalChildren(SlotVisitor& visitor)\n{\n visitor.addOpaqueRoot(static_cast<IDBIndex&>(wrapped()).objectStoreAsOpaqueRoot());\n}\n\n} // namespace WebCore\n\n#endif // ENABLE(INDEXED_DATABASE)\n" ]

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[ "Bernanke: Economy still needs Fed stimulus\n\nPaul Davidson | USA TODAY\n\nFederal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said Wednesday the central bank will likely keep at least some of its easy-money policies going \"for the foreseeable future.\"", "\n\nNoting that unemployment is still too high and inflation too low, Bernanke said, \"both sides of our mandate are saying we need to be more accommodative.\"", "\n\nHe spoke about Fed policies in a Q&A session after a speech in Cambridge, Mass., to the National Bureau of Economic Research.this\n\nBernanke rattled stock and bond markets last month when he said the Fed likely will reduce its stimulus later this year and end it by mid-2014, assuming the 7.6% jobless rate falls to 7% by then. ", "The Fed is buying $85 billion a month in government bonds to hold down long-term interest rates.", "\n\nFinancial markets assumed that Bernanke's roadmap also meant that the Fed likely will raise its benchmark short-term interest rate in late 2014, instead of mid-2015 as anticipated.", "\n\nBut Bernanke reiterated that the Fed won't consider raising short-term rates until the unemployment rate reaches 6.5%.", "\n\nThe Fed chairman also suggested that policymakers could keep the bond-buying program at full throttle longer if the economy wobbles. ", "While the housing market is improving and buoying consumer wealth, federal spending cuts still could dampen growth, he said. \"", "it's still too early to say we have weathered the fiscal restraint,\" he said.", "\n\nAnd if interest rates continue to rise in anticipation of Fed actions, hobbling the economy, \"we'll have to push back against that,\" Bernanke said.", "\n\nIn his prepared speech earlier, Bernanke says the 2008 financial crisis showed the Federal Reserve that it must strengthen its approach to both regulation and interest-rate policies.", "\n\nBernanke says the U.S. economy has yet to fully recover from the downturn.", "\n\nHis speech focused on the Fed's successes and failures in managing the economy over the past 100 years. ", "Bernanke told the audience he would not address the Fed's current policies in his speech but that he expected to be asked about it during a question and answer period.", "\n\nContributing: Associated Press" ]

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[ "Details\n\nPeriodic brake bleeds are necessary to maintain consistent stopping performance, and Avid's Professional Disc Brake Bleed Kit has everything you need to keep your Avid Juicy, Code or Elixir hydraulic discs running strong. ", "And, this pro version is designed to stand up to heavy use with high-volume syringes and steel fittings." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nWhat's the point of a DataContract in WCF?", "\n\nVS.net creates a template when you create a WCF project.", "\nIt adds a class to the iService1.cs file:\n// Use a data contract as illustrated in the sample below to\n// add composite types to service operations.", "\n[DataContract]\npublic class CompositeType\n{\n bool boolValue = true;\n string stringValue = \"Hello \";\n\n [DataMember]\n public bool BoolValue\n {\n get { return boolValue; }\n set { boolValue = value; }\n }\n\n [DataMember]\n public string StringValue\n {\n get { return stringValue; }\n set { stringValue = value; }\n }\n}\n\nSince a WCF service can return any user defined class, why use a DataContract and CompositeType class?", "\nI can return something like:\n [OperationContract]\nMyUserCollection GetUsers();\n\nWhat am I missing?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe DataContract is just a formal definition of a type that can be understood on both sides of the service boundary.", "\nIf you return, as in your example, a \"MyUserCollection\" object, the consumers of your service will need to reference the innards of your service/system, which is a violation of the SOA tenet of explicit boundaries. ", " By using a DataContract, you are publishing the structure of your return types in a loosely-coupled way.", "\n\nA:\n\nAnother interesting thing to notice, is if you decorate your code with DataContract, you have a lot of control about what the client can see and must send back to your service. ", "For example:\n[DataContract]\npublic class SampleClass\n{\n [DataMember(IsRequired=true)]\n public int MyRequiredProperty { get; set; }\n\n [DataMember]\n public int MyOptionalProperty { get; set; }\n\n public int MyInternalProperty { get; set; }\n}\n\nOn the example above, you defined that when receiving data, you MUST have MyRequiredProperty, and you can have or not MyOptionalProperty. ", "Also, the client will never see MyInternalProperty (this can be for example some property that helps with your logic internally, but you don't want it being exposed at the client level).", "\n\nA:\n\nThere is another important use, You can change the Name of class and properties. ", "It's a handy feature during serialization and deserialization. ", " \n[DataContract(Name=\"EmployeeName\")]\npublic class Person\n{\n [DataMember(Name=\"FullName\")]\n public string Name { get; set; }\n\n [DataMember(Name=\"HomeAddress\")]\n public string Address { get; set; }\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "In my column this week, I asked why police officers should be allowed to have so-called high-capacity magazines if they have no defensive value. ", "Since \"no one needs\" to fire more than X number of rounds before reloading (and assuming that \"need\" should define what people are allowed to possess), why not apply the same limit to everyone? ", "It looks like the New York legislature, which this week reduced the state's magazine limit from 10 rounds to seven, did take an evenhanded approach—but only by accident. ", "According to DNAinfo.com and WABC, the ABC station in New York, legislators were in such a rush to impose new gun restrictions that they forgot to exempt active-duty and retired law enforcement officers from the new magazine rule. ", "Whoops.", "\n\nCops are complaining about the lack of a double standard:\n\n\"As a law enforcement officer for over 20 years, I understand the importance of instituting a new policy on mandating the limits of bullets that a regular citizen can possess, but as a matter of fact the bad guys are not going to follow this law,\" said Norman Seabrook, president of the correction officers union, the city's second largest. \"", "The way the current legislation is drafted, it actually handcuffs the law enforcement community from having the necessary ammunition needed to save lives,\" he said. \"", "We must not allow this to happen.\" ", "Roy Richter, president of the Captains Endowment Association and a lawyer, said, \"It puts retired officers in a position that the clip they were issued by the NYPD, carried for their careers and were fully trained on, is now considered contraband.\" ", "Michael J. Palladino, who is head of the NYPD's 6,000-member detectives union and president of the state's Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, which represents 50,000 members, joined in calling for Cuomo and the legislature to immediately amend the law. \"", "Gun reform must prevent criminals and the deranged from getting illegal weapons—not restrict law-abiding retired cops from protecting themselves and the public,\" Palladino said. \"", "I support the governor in gun reform, however the new legislation restricts law enforcement officers who retire, and that could jeopardize the safety of the public.\"", "\n\nDNAinfo.com calls the absence of a law-enforcement exemption a \"loophole in the law,\" but in fact it is the very opposite of a loophole: Cops are outraged at the possibility that they might be treated the same as \"a regular citizen\" under the law. ", "One has to wonder: If, as Seabrook says, the new magazine limit will have no impact on criminals and if, as Seabrook and Palladino agree, more than seven rounds sometimes are necessary to \"save lives,\" what justification can there be for imposing this arbitrary restriction not just on \"law-abiding retired cops\" but on law-abiding citizens in general?", "\n\nA spokesman for Gov. Andrew Cuomo told WABC, \"We are still working out some details of the law, and the exemption will be included. ", "Currently no police officer is in violation.\" ", "I'm not sure why he says that, since the part of the law that bans pre-existing magazines holding more than 10 rounds is \"effective immediately.\" ", "According to WABC, \"Nearly every law enforcement agency in the state carries handguns that have a 15-round capacity.\" ", "The provision covering magazines that hold eight, nine, or 10 rounds takes effect on April 15. ", "Contrary to what Richter says, such magazines won't actually be \"contraband\" for people who already have them, but their owners will be expected to put no more than seven rounds in them at a time. ", "I am serious: That is what the law says. ", "A prohibited \"large capacity ammunition feeding device\" is, among other things, a magazine legally obtained before April 15 that \"contains more than seven rounds of ammunition.\"", "\n\nIt is implausible enough to suggest that a criminal—who by definition has no compunction about breaking the law, who is not legally permitted to possess firearms to begin with (if he has a felony record), and who is highly motivated to obtain the tools of his trade—would be deterred from obtaining a 10-round magazine by the legislature's new dictate, especially since plenty of them will remain in circulation. ", "It is beyond fanciful to suppose that, having obtained a 10-round magazine, a criminal would think twice about putting more than seven rounds in it because legislators said he shouldn't. ", "But in New York state, that whiff of a pretext suffices to abridge people's Second Amendment rights and, according to the cops clamoring for an exemption to the new limit, put lives at risk.", "\n\nThe Patrolmen's Benevolent Association says it is \"actively working to enact changes to this law that will provide the appropriate exemptions from the law for active and retired law enforcement officers.\" ", "State Sen. Eric Adams (D-Brooklyn), who is a former NYPD captain but nevertheless does not know which constitutional amendment protects us against unreasonable searches and seizures, told WABC he will introduce legislation restoring the double standard to which cops have become accustomed. \"", "You can't give more ammo to the criminals,\" he explains. ", "I thought that was the whole point of this law." ]

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[ "/* Capstone Disassembly Engine */\n/* By Nguyen Anh Quynh <aquynh@gmail.com>, 2013-2014 */\n\n#if defined(CAPSTONE_HAS_OSXKERNEL)\n#include <libkern/libkern.h>\n#else\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#endif\n#include <string.h>\n\n#include \"utils.h\"\n\n// create a cache for fast id lookup\nstatic unsigned short *make_id2insn(insn_map *insns, unsigned int size)\n{\n\t// NOTE: assume that the max id is always put at the end of insns array\n\tunsigned short max_id = insns[size - 1].id;\n\tunsigned short i;\n\n\tunsigned short *cache = (unsigned short *)cs_mem_malloc(sizeof(*cache) * (max_id + 1));\n\n\tfor (i = 1; i < size; i++)\n\t\tcache[insns[i].id] = i;\n\n\treturn cache;\n}\n\n// look for @id in @insns, given its size in @max. ", "first time call will update @cache.", "\n// return 0 if not found\nunsigned short insn_find(insn_map *insns, unsigned int max, unsigned int id, unsigned short **cache)\n{\n\tif (id > insns[max - 1].id)\n\t\treturn 0;\n\n\tif (*cache == NULL)\n\t\t*cache = make_id2insn(insns, max);\n\n\treturn (*cache)[id];\n}\n\nint name2id(name_map* map, int max, const char *name)\n{\n\tint i;\n\n\tfor (i = 0; i < max; i++) {\n\t\tif (!", "strcmp(map[i].name, name)) {\n\t\t\treturn map[i].id;\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\t// nothing match\n\treturn -1;\n}\n\n// count number of positive members in a list.", "\n// NOTE: list must be guaranteed to end in 0\nunsigned int count_positive(unsigned char *list)\n{\n\tunsigned int c;\n\n\tfor (c = 0; list[c] > 0; c++);\n\n\treturn c;\n}\n\nchar *cs_strdup(const char *str)\n{\n\tsize_t len = strlen(str)+ 1;\n\tvoid *new = cs_mem_malloc(len);\n\n\tif (new == NULL)\n\t\treturn NULL;\n\n\treturn (char *)memmove(new, str, len);\n}\n\n// we need this since Windows doesnt have snprintf()\nint cs_snprintf(char *buffer, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...)\n{\n\tint ret;\n\n\tva_list ap;\n\tva_start(ap, fmt);\n\tret = cs_vsnprintf(buffer, size, fmt, ap);\n\tva_end(ap);\n\n\treturn ret;\n}\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#s1}\n============\n\nSchmallenberg virus (SBV) is a teratogenic virus, transmitted by *Culicoides* biting midges, that infects ruminants.[@R1] The first reports of SBV came from Germany and the Netherlands in autumn 2011 where cattle presenting with diarrhoea, febrile episodes and a reduced milk yield tested negative for all known bovine pathogens. ", "Following this initial description, reports of SBV quickly emerged throughout Europe, with transmission facilitated by the dispersal of the *Culicoides* vectors by wind and a completely naïve host population.[@R4]\n\nInfections of adult ruminants are typically asymptomatic, or present with only mild clinical signs, as observed in cattle.[@R5] However, if a naïve animal is infected for the first time during the vulnerable period of gestation, infection can result in stillbirths and fetal abnormalities, including arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly.[@R8] Infection early in pregnancy has also been linked to lower conception rates, abortions and reduction in weaning rates.[@R9] These associated clinical signs of disease are particularly problematic for block breeding production systems, with high reported losses from the disease in early lambing sheep flocks in 2011/2012.[@R10]\n\nFarm-level disease incidence is known to vary significantly, as does the resulting impact. ", "The UK Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) found 6 per cent of farmers from SBV confirmed or SBV suspected farms were less likely to farm sheep again the next year, compared with only 1.8 per cent of farmers from farms unaffected by SBV in the initial outbreak.[@R16] Economic costs may also be higher than originally considered due to the difficulties in quantifying certain types of losses. ", "For example, higher barren rates and reduced fertility are reported in some studies.[@R10] Furthermore, due to the associated deformities, dystocia is relatively common, potentially resulting in additional losses of ewes while birthing malformed lambs.[@R3] Critically, all studies estimating the impact of SBV have acknowledged the issue of under-reporting; SBV is not a listed notifiable disease by the World Organisation for Animal Health, with farmers from many member states of the EU voluntarily submitting samples and paying for confirmation testing and therefore accurate estimates of the true impact of disease are hard to establish.[@R14]\n\nThe unpredictable and intermittent nature of SBV has impacted on farmer uptake of vaccination; the main effective control measure. ", "Having circulated and successfully overwintered between the 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 lambing seasons, SBV reports in the UK reduced dramatically in 2014. ", "Several studies in Europe described very low circulation between 2014 and 2015.[@R19] These studies highlighted large SBV-naïve populations vulnerable to reinfection, particularly as time progressed and vaccinations became no longer available.", "\n\nAfter three years of low SBV circulation SBV re-emerged in Europe; by December 2016 deformed lambs were confirmed positive for SBV in the UK.[@R22] With the vaccines withdrawn from the market due to poor uptake, and the duration of natural immunity unknown, the UK national flock was likely to be susceptible to infection.", "\n\nThis study aimed to measure and compare the impact of the 2016/2017 re-emergence of SBV on sheep flocks in the UK with the impact reported during the initial 2011/2012 outbreak. ", "Expanding on a study following the initial outbreak,[@R16] a questionnaire was designed to determine the impact of SBV during the 2016/2017 lambing period on lamb and ewe losses, farmer perceived emotional, financial and welfare costs and views on vaccination.[@R16]\n\nMaterials and methods {#s2}\n=====================\n\nTo directly compare the impact of SBV on the 2016/2017 lambing season with that reported in 2011/2012 a questionnaire was designed to closely match that of Harris and others.[@R16] Additional questions were designed by the authors. ", "The questionnaire was tested by four sheep farmers and feedback incorporated into the final questionnaire (online supplementary information). ", "Questionnaire participation was voluntary and open to all UK sheep farmers. ", "The final version was launched online on March 24, 2017 using SurveyMonkey (California, USA). ", "The online questionnaire was publicised periodically through Twitter, with support from AHDB Beef and Lamb, Sheep Veterinary Society and the APHA. ", "A link to the online questionnaire was also handed out by veterinary students from both universities while on Easter lambing placements. ", "A further 250 questionnaires were sent out by the APHA to farmers who had submitted samples for SBV testing in England and Wales on June 1, 2017.", "\n\nA total of 32 questions were asked to determine farm demographics, lambing productivity and mortality, ewe mortality, vaccination history, the farms' SBV status and farmers' perception towards the impact of SBV on flock welfare, financial performance and the farmers' own emotional wellbeing. ", "The farms' SBV status was determined by responses to two questions within the questionnaire and coauthors' opinions of additional comments. ", "The categories were:\n\nSBV confirmed: Farms where a suspected lamb was confirmed positive for SBV by laboratory testing (at the time of the study the APHA were offering the RT-PCR testing of cerebral cortex or fresh brainstem from lambs).", "\n\nSBV suspected: SBV was suspected by the farmer or their veterinarian. ", "This includes farms that had positive testing of ewe blood samples for ELISA serology, and those that had lambs sent off for laboratory testing (with relevant clinical signs) that were not confirmed positive.", "\n\nSBV not suspected (by respondent): No report of suspected SBV (based on a lack of farmer observed clinical signs) and did not send off any samples for SBV testing.", "\n\nData analysis {#s2a}\n-------------\n\nAll online results were downloaded from SurveyMonkey on June 19, 2017. ", "All paper versions were manually entered to create a master copy. ", "Responses were checked for consistency, any insufficiently completed responses were removed from the working copy.", "\n\nMortality definitions {#s2b}\n---------------------\n\nTo allow direct comparison to the previous 2011/2012 study[@R16] the same calculations and definitions were applied, briefly:\n\nLamb mortality (%)=100\\*(lambs dead from any cause within one week/total lambs born)\n\nLambing mortality (%)=100\\*(lambs dead from any cause within one week/non-barren ewes)\n\nEwe mortality (%)=100\\*(number of ewes that died during lambing/non-barren ewes)\n\nResponses for farm demography, lambing productivity, lamb mortality, ewe mortality and the farmers' impact perception questions were compared across SBV categories. ", "All maps were created in QGIS V.2.2.0 and all statistical analyses were completed in R, V.3.4.1.[@R23] Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc tests were used to compare differences across the SBV categories for continuous data. ", "If the Levene's test for homogeneity of variance was significant the alternative Welch test was used with a Games-Howell post hoc test. ", "For categorical data and vaccination history, Pearson's χ^2^ tests were completed. ", "Where the assumptions of the χ^2^ were violated a Fisher's exact test was used.", "\n\nMalformation definitions {#s2c}\n------------------------\n\nFarmers were asked to describe any malformations seen in lambs on farm, regardless of SBV status. ", "These descriptions were then coded separately by the authors (JES, RET and JSD) into five groups previously described[@R16] and 'Other'. ", "Themes resulting from the 'Other' group created two more groups: fused joints and eye-related deformities. ", "The coding was undertaken blind and SBV category masked to reduce the possibility of bias. ", "The coded results were then combined; those that did not match exactly (n=33) were reviewed and a consensus reached between authors.", "\n\nResults {#s3}\n=======\n\nIn total, 318 respondents participated in the survey, 232 online and 86 via post (postal response rate 34.4 per cent). ", "All 86 postal responses were included in the survey; however, only 129 of the online responses were completed in sufficient detail to be included, leaving 215 useable responses. ", "Not all participants answered every question.", "\n\nFarm demographics {#s3a}\n-----------------\n\nThe majority of respondents were from the west of England and Wales (n=214, 65.0 per cent). ", "In total, 27.4 per cent of respondents were from SBV confirmed farms, 38.1 per cent from SBV suspected farms and 34.4 per cent from SBV not suspected farms (n=215) ([figure 1](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Flock types did not significantly differ in SBV categories (P=0.17, [table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}) with a total of 56.5 per cent of respondents defining their flock as crossbreeds/commercial animals. ", "There was a non-significant trend towards a difference between the SBV categories of the two farm types (P=0.07, [table 1](#T1){ref-type=\"table\"}): specifically, there was a greater proportion of upland/hill farms in the SBV not suspected category than lowland farms.", "\n\n###### \n\nFarm type and flock type by SBV category\n\n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Description (n) SBV confirmed\\ SBV suspected\\ SBV not suspected\\ P values\n n=59 (%) n=82 (%) n=74 (%) \n ---------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------------- ----------\n Farm type (214)[\\*](#tblfn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.07\n\n  Lowland (164) 47 (79.7) 67 (82.7) 50 (67.6) \n\n  Upland/hill (50) 12 (20.3) 14 (17.3) 24 (32.4) \n\n Flock type (214)[\\*](#tblfn1){ref-type=\"fn\"} 0.17\n\n  Crossbreeds/commercials (121) 39 (66.1) 45 (55.6) 37 (50.0) \n\n  Pedigree/pure bred (93) 20 (33.9) 36 (44.4) 37 (50.0) \n ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\*Farmers had to select one option to describe their flock. ", "Not all farmers answered every question. ", "Percentages may not equal to 100 due to rounding.", "\n\nSBV, Schmallenberg virus.", "\n\n{#F1}\n\nBreeding seasons, scanning rates and lambing percentages {#s3b}\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe earliest reported date for the ram to be put in with the ewes was the May 18, 2016; the latest date of ram removal was April 16, 2017. ", "The reported duration of the mating season was similar, but slightly shorter for SBV not suspected farms when compared with confirmed and suspected farms ([table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nFarm breeding demographics by SBV category\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Summary description SBV confirmed (n=59) SBV suspected\\ SBV not suspected (n=74) P values\n (n=82) \n -------------------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------ -------------------------- -----------\n **Duration of mating season** 0.09\n\n Responses (n) 58 79 69 \n\n  Earliest start date June 10, 2016 May 18, 2016 July 28, 2016 \n\n  Latest end date February 2, 2017 April 1, 2017 April 16, 2017 \n\n  Season duration \n\n   Median (days) 77 61 56 \n\n   Min (days) 15 14 21 \n\n   Max (days) 174 264 148 \n\n   IQR 50.3--96.5 42.0--88.5 41.0--84.0 \n\n **Duration of lambing season** \\<0.001\\*\n\n Responses (n) 58 79 64 \n\n  Earliest start date October 30, 2016 October 10, 2016 January 3, 2017 \n\n  Latest end date June 2, 2017 June 4, 2017 June 30, 2017 \n\n  Season duration \n\n   Median (days) 64.5 52.0 40.0 \n\n   Min (days) 9 6 5 \n\n   Max (days) 161 153 115 \n\n   IQR 38.3--88.8 40.0--81.0 26.8--57.3 \n\n **Tupped ewes that were barren (%)** 0.561\n\n Responses (n) 48 57 38 \n\n  Median 3.7 4.3 3.2 \n\n  Min 0 0 0 \n\n  Max 27.3 35.2 66.7 \n\n  IQR 1.9--6.3 2.7--7.3 1.9--5.1 \n\n **Lambing percentage** 0.725\n\n Responses (n) 59 72 63 \n\n  Median 174.3 173.0 166.7 \n\n  Min 100.0 110.2 50.0 \n\n  Max 212.4 242.9 264.4 \n\n  IQR 157.6--185.0 152.3--185.9 146.2--185.6 \n\n **Scanning percentage** 0.750\n\n Responses (n) 50 58 41 \n\n  Median 175.0 172.5 176.0 \n\n  Min 118.0 100.0 100.0 \n\n  Max 223.0 214.0 250.0 \n\n  IQR 160.0--188.0 159.3--187.0 160.0--187 \n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\\*Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted except where Levene's test determined non-homogeneity of variance where instead the alternative Welch ANOVA was conducted.", "\n\nSBV, Schmallenberg virus.", "\n\nThe start dates for mating were grouped into four categories: 'May/June' (spring/early summer), 'July/August' (mid-summer), 'September/October' (early autumn) and 'November/December' (late autumn/winter) to allow comparison by SBV category for different seasonal mating strategies. ", "There was a significant difference between the mating start dates on SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms compared with SBV not suspected farms (P\\<0.001; post hoc test with Bonferroni's correction P\\<0.001) with earlier mating start dates reported on SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms ([figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nThe median duration of lambing season was significantly different across the categories, with SBV not suspected farms recording a median lambing duration of 24.5 days less than SBV confirmed farms (P\\<0.001, [table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nThere was no significant difference between the SBV categories and barren rates, scanning percentages or lambing percentages ([table 2](#T2){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nLamb mortality {#s3c}\n--------------\n\nSignificantly higher lamb mortality was observed on SBV confirmed farms (median of 9.1 lamb deaths per 100 born) and SBV suspected farms (median of 7.6 per cent) than on SBV not suspected farms (median of 5.7 per cent) (P*\\<*0.001, [table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nLamb mortality and lambing mortality by SBV category\n\n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Summary SBV confirmed\\ SBV suspected\\ SBV not suspected\\ P values\n (n=59) (n=82) (n=74) \n ------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------------- ----------\n **Lamb mortality (per lambs born)** \\<0.001 \n\n Responses (n) 56 70 50 \n\n  Median 9.1 7.6 5.7 \n\n  Min 0 0 0 \n\n  Max 63.4 47.4 28.6 \n\n  IQR 6.8--15.2 4.5--13.1 1.5--9.1 \n\n **Lambing mortality (per pregnant ewes)** \\<0.001 \n\n Responses (n) 56 70 50 \n\n  Median 15.2 12.7 8.4 \n\n  Min 0 0 0 \n\n  Max 126.8 100.0 53.3 \n\n  IQR 10.9--24.8 8.1--20.7 2.3--15.2 \n -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) was performed for all significant analyses of variance (ANOVA) to determine the observable difference.", "\n\nSBV, Schmallenberg virus.", "\n\nLambing mortality was also significantly higher on SBV confirmed farms (median of 15.2 lamb deaths per 100 pregnant ewes) than SBV suspected (median 12.7 per cent) or SBV not suspected farms (median 8.4 per cent) (P\\<0.001, [table 3](#T3){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nParticularly high lambing mortality (more than 40 per cent lambing mortality) was observed more frequently on SBV confirmed farms (13.8 per cent) and SBV suspected farms (8.3 per cent) than on SBV not suspected farms (3.2 per cent). ", "Far more outliers were observed for SBV confirmed farms than SBV not suspected farms ([figure 3](#F3){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F3}\n\nAbnormalities in lambs {#s3d}\n----------------------\n\nA greater number of malformations were reported by SBV suspected than SBV confirmed or SBV not suspected farms. ", "Twisted limbs were the most frequently reported malformation on SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms, a curved back was the most frequently reported malformation on SBV not suspected farms ([figure 4](#F4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The most common reported eye deformities on SBV confirmed and suspected farms (n=9) were a lack of eyes (three and two reports, respectively) and blindness (one and two reports, respectively). ", "One farmer who did not suspect SBV on farm also reported a lack of eyes on one lamb.", "\n\n{#F4}\n\nAt least one malformation was described by 84.7 per cent (50/59) of SBV confirmed farms, 87.8 per cent (72/82) of SBV suspected farms and 31.1 per cent (23/74) of SBV not suspected farms.", "\n\nEwe losses {#s3e}\n----------\n\nEwe mortality during the lambing period was not significantly different across the SBV categories; however, the number of ewes that died while giving birth to a deformed lamb was significantly different between the groups (P=0.011). ", "In total, 30.9 per cent (n=17) respondents from SBV confirmed farms reported one or more ewe deaths due to birthing a malformed lamb, similarly 26.4 per cent (n=19) reported the same for SBV suspected farms, while only 5.6 per cent (n=3) of respondents on SBV not suspected farms reported any ewe deaths due to birthing malformed lambs ([table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nEwe mortality and assisted births by SBV category\n\n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Summary SBV confirmed\\ \\% SBV suspected\\ \\% SBV not suspected\\ \\% P values\n (n=59) (n=82) (n=74) \n -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------ ---------------- ------ -------------------- ------ ----------\n Breeding ewes that died during the lambing period (n) 0.108 \n\n  0 16 28.6 25 32.5 25 41.0 \n\n  1--5 19 33.9 34 44.2 28 45.9 \n\n  6--10 7 12.5 8 10.4 3 4.9 \n\n  \\>10 14 25.0 10 13.0 5 8.2 \n\n Ewes that died giving birth to a deformed lamb (n) 0.011 \n\n  0 38 69.0 53 73.6 51 94.4 \n\n  1 4 7.3 7 9.7 1 1.9 \n\n  \\>1 13 23.6 12 16.7 2 3.7 \n\n Ewes that gave birth to deformed lambs alone (n) 0.482 \n\n  0 25 55.6 25 47.1 17 65.4 \n\n  1 7 15.6 13 24.5 5 19.2 \n\n  \\>1 13 28.9 15 28.3 4 15.4 \n\n Ewes assisted by farmer because of a deformed lamb (n) \\<0.001 \n\n  0 8 20 12 21.8 18 66.7 \n\n  1 4 10 15 27.3 8 29.6 \n\n  \\>1 28 70 28 50.9 1 3.7 \n\n Ewes assisted by vet because of a deformed lamb (n) 0.082 \n\n  0 28 60.9 34 66.7 24 88.9 \n\n  1 10 21.7 10 19.6 3 11.1 \n\n  \\>1 8 17.4 7 13.7 0 0.0 \n\n Caesarean sections because of deformed lamb (n) 0.008 \n\n  0 31 67.4 37 75.5 24 100 \n\n  1 11 23.9 5 10.2 0 0 \n\n  \\>1 4 8.7 7 14.3 0 0 \n -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nPercentages may not add to 100 due to rounding.", "\n\nSBV, Schmallenberg virus.", "\n\nThe difference in the number of caesarean sections between categories was significant (P=0.008), with 32.6 per cent (n=15) of respondents on SBV confirmed farms reporting one or more caesarean sections due to birthing a deformed lamb, 24.5 per cent (n=12) of respondents reporting the same on SBV suspected farms, compared with no caesareans due to birthing deformed lambs on SBV not suspected farms ([table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nThere was also a significant difference (P\\<0.001) between the number of respondents reporting farmer assistance of one or more ewes during lambing due to birthing a deformed lamb; 80 per cent (n=32) on SBV confirmed farms, 78.2 per cent (n=43) on SBV suspected farms and only 33.3 per cent (n=9) on SBV not suspected farms ([table 4](#T4){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nFarmer perceived impacts {#s3f}\n------------------------\n\nThere was a significant difference between SBV category responses to the farmer perceived impact of SBV on the welfare of the flock, financial performance of the flock and farmers' emotional wellbeing (P\\<0.001) ([table 5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n###### \n\nPerceived impact of SBV on the flocks' welfare, the financial performance of flocks, the farmers' emotional wellbeing and whether the respondent intends to give up sheep farming due to the impact of SBV this year by SBV category\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Summary SBV confirmed\\ \\% SBV suspected\\ \\% SBV not suspected\\ \\% P values\n (n=59) (n=82) (n=74) \n ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- ------ ---------------- ------ -------------------- ------ ----------\n Impact of SBV on sheep flocks' welfare \\(58\\) \\(81\\) \\(67\\) \\<0.001\n\n  No impact 11 19.0 31 38.3 60 90.0 \n\n  Strong positive impact 0 0.0 1 1.2 0 0.0 \n\n  Some positive impact 1 1.7 1 1.2 0 0.0 \n\n  Some negative impact 34 58.6 34 42.0 5 7.5 \n\n  Strong negative impact 12 20.7 14 17.3 2 3.0 \n\n Impact of SBV on sheep flocks' financial performance \\(58\\) \\(81\\) \\(67\\) \\<0.001\n\n  No impact 9 15.5 29 35.8 59 88.1 \n\n  Strong positive impact 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 \n\n  Some positive impact 1 1.7 1 1.2 1 1.5 \n\n  Some negative impact 31 53.4 36 44.4 7 10.4 \n\n  Strong negative impact 17 29.3 15 18.5 0 0.0 \n\n Impact of SBV on farmers' emotional wellbeing \\(58\\) \\(81\\) \\(66\\) \\<0.001\n\n  No impact 16 27.6 27 33.3 43 65.2 \n\n  Strong positive impact 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 \n\n  Some positive impact 1 1.7 0 0.0 1 1.5 \n\n  Some negative impact 23 39.7 37 45.7 21 31.8 \n\n  Strong negative impact 18 31.0 17 21.0 1 1.5 \n\n Less likely to sheep farm next year because of SBV \\(59\\) \\(82\\) \\(69\\) 0.014\n\n 6 10.2 3 3.7 0 0.0 \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSBV, Schmallenberg virus.", "\n\nIn total, 10.2 per cent of farmers on SBV confirmed farms and 3.7 per cent of farmers on SBV suspected farms reported that they were less likely to farm sheep again next year because of SBV. ", "No farmer reported being less likely to farm sheep again next year because of SBV from SBV not suspected farms ([table 5](#T5){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nVaccination history {#s3g}\n-------------------\n\nThere was no significant difference between SBV category and reported vaccination history (P=0.558). ", "The majority of respondents had never previously vaccinated against SBV (79.6 per cent), with the most reported vaccinations against SBV occurring in 2013 (13.3 per cent) ([figure 5](#F5){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\n{#F5}\n\nCurrent demand for vaccination {#s3h}\n------------------------------\n\nThere was a small significant difference between the SBV categories and the price they would be willing to pay to vaccinate now against SBV (P=0.046). ", "A higher proportion of respondents from SBV not suspected farms stated they would not vaccinate than respondents from SBV confirmed or SBV suspected farms ([table 6](#T6){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Roughly a third of respondents from SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms stated they would consider vaccinating now if the vaccine costs less than £1, whereas just over a quarter of respondents from SBV not suspected farms would do the same.", "\n\n###### \n\nRespondents' willingness to vaccinate against SBV at different prices for different SBV categories\n\n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Summary SBV confirmed (n=59) \\% SBV suspected\\ \\% SBV not suspected (n=67) \\% P values\n (n=81) \n ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------- ------ ---------------- ------ -------------------------- ------ ----------\n Would you consider vaccinating your sheep against Schmallenberg virus if it was available now? ", " 0.046 \n\n No 11 18.6 13 15.9 21 31.3 \n\n Yes, if it costs less than £1 19 32.2 29 35.8 18 26.9 \n\n Yes, if it costs between £1 and £2 8 13.6 19 23.5 16 23.9 \n\n Yes, if it costs between £2 and £3 12 20.3 13 16.0 5 7.5 \n\n Yes, if it costs between £3 and £4 2 3.4 4 4.9 0 0.0 \n\n Yes, if it costs between £4 and £5 7 11.9 3 3.7 7 10.4 \n ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSBV, Schmallenberg virus.", "\n\nDiscussion {#s4}\n==========\n\nThis study has investigated the farm-level impact of SBV re-emergence on the 2016/2017 lambing season in the UK, allowing for comparisons to the initial 2011/2012 impact study by utilising the same methodology.[@R16] Both this study and the original are limited by the reliance on farmer self-reporting of disease status rather than targeted testing. ", "This survey focused on the impacts of the virus on lamb deformities, subsequent lambing problems and mortality events rather than monitoring for the effects of infection of adults outside of the susceptible period of gestation for deformities. ", "SBV is not a notifiable disease in the UK, meaning that national-level systematic surveillance data are not available. ", "It seems likely that most flocks were exposed to SBV in 2016/2017 as positive diagnostic submissions were reported across most areas of England, Wales and Southern Scotland.[@R22] The respondents within this survey may be considered typical of the UK sheep farming community, as distribution of farm responses reflects the known density of sheep holdings in England and Wales, the respondents represented a range of farm sizes (from 3 to 3500 breeding ewes) and all major types of sheep farm were represented (hill, lowland, upland, pedigree and commercial farms).[@R25] Therefore, in the absence of national disease prevalence data, the study can be considered a useful source of information on the farmer perceived, farm-level impact of SBV in the UK in 2016/2017 and allows comparison with the impact of the initial 2011/2012 outbreak.", "\n\nAs these survey data are farmer reported, there is the potential for reporting and recall bias. ", "To address this possibility the categorisation of respondents into 'SBV confirmed', 'SBV suspected' and 'SBV not suspected' was highly conservative. ", "Only respondents reporting cases on farm confirmed by the laboratory testing of a lamb were included in 'SBV confirmed', to ensure only RT-PCR confirmed cases were included in this grouping. ", "All confirmed antibody serological testing of adult stock (ELISA and virus neutralisation test) was considered 'suspected', as it would be impossible to rule out historic antibodies, indicating exposure prior to the 2016/2017 outbreak. ", "Only farmers answering 'No' and confirming no laboratory testing had been undertaken were designated 'SBV not suspected'. ", "False negatives in testing of lambs cannot be ruled out as this is a known issue with SBV testing.[@R27] It is also very likely that many of the 'SBV not suspected' farms have had animals seroconvert (possibly outside of the period of pregnancy where malformations would be a risk) but as they had not seen the typical deformities and not tested for the virus were unaware of this. ", "Similarly, false positives in the 'suspected' category may have occurred as not all congenital lamb malformations are due to SBV.", "\n\nThe significant difference observed between the SBV categories for lamb abnormalities provides justification for the current groupings, as if these were poorly differentiated then no observed differences in abnormalities would be seen. ", "The fact that the SBV confirmed farms in general lambed earlier (and therefore would have had animals in the susceptible stages of pregnancy when the virus is thought to have circulated) when compared with the 'not suspected' group which generally lambed later and outside of this window also provides support for the current groupings.", "\n\nIn the present study the effects of SBV, reported by farmers, were increased neonatal lamb mortality, lambing mortality, dystocia and associated ewe deaths. ", "In addition, farmers from SBV confirmed and suspected farms perceived that SBV had a significant negative impact on sheep welfare, the farms' financial performance and their own emotional wellbeing. ", "Farmers whose flocks were affected by SBV reported that they were less likely to farm again next year. ", "Importantly, SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms in this study typically described an earlier mating period than SBV not suspected farms, providing supportive evidence for the suggested period of disease re-emergence in the UK. ", "The findings of the impact of the 2016/2017 SBV outbreak on sheep farms reported in the present study are largely comparable to the findings reported in the 2011/2012 outbreak, with the exception of ewe mortality. ", "A comparative summary of results is presented in [table 7](#T7){ref-type=\"table\"} and is discussed below.", "\n\n###### \n\nA comparison table to directly compare the results of both studies for the studied factors\n\n Factor Harris and others' 2011/2012 study[@R16] This 2016/2017 study\n ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Percentage of mated ewes that were barren\\* No difference in median numbers between SBV confirmed (4), suspected (4.3) or not suspected (3.3) farms No difference in median numbers between SBV confirmed (3.7), suspected (4.3) or not suspected (3.2) farms\n Mating season N/A Difference between mating start date groups between SBV categories ([figure 2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"})\n Lambing season No difference in median days between SBV confirmed (49.5), suspected (48.5) or not suspected (44.5) farms Difference in median days between SBV confirmed (64.5), suspected (52.0) and not suspected (40.0) farms\n Lambing percentage\\* No difference in median numbers between SBV confirmed (169.1%), suspected (166.7%) or not suspected (164.2%) farms No difference in median numbers between SBV confirmed (174.3%), suspected (173.0%) or not suspected (166.7%) farms\n Scanning percentage NA No difference in median numbers between SBV confirmed (175.0%), suspected (172.5%) or not suspected (176.0%) farms\n Lamb mortality\\* Higher mortality SBV confirmed (10.4%), suspected (7.0%) than not suspected (5.3%) Higher mortality SBV confirmed (9.1%), suspected (7.6%) than not suspected (5.7%)\n Lambing mortality\\* Higher mortality SBV confirmed (18.2%), suspected (11.3%) than not suspected (8.6%) Higher mortality SBV confirmed (15.2%), suspected (12.7%) than not suspected (8.4%)\n Number of breeding ewes that died during the lambing period More ewes dying on SBV confirmed (66.7%), SBV suspected (67.1%) than not suspected (54.5%) farms No difference SBV confirmed (71.4%), suspected (67.5%) or not suspected (59%) farms\n Number of ewes died giving birth to deformed lambs\\* More dying on SBV confirmed (36.9%), suspected 16.8%) than not suspected (7.2%) farms More dying on SBV confirmed (30.9%), suspected (28.4%) than not suspected (5.6%) farms\n Number of ewes that gave birth to deformed lambs alone NA No difference between SBV confirmed (44.4%), suspected (52.9%) or not suspected (34.6%) farms\n Number of ewes assisted by farmer because of a deformed lamb NA More ewes assisted on SBV confirmed farms (80%), suspected (78.2%) than not suspected (33.3%) farms\n Number of ewes assisted by vet because of a deformed lamb More ewes assisted on SBV confirmed farms (35.8%), suspected (19.5%) than not suspected (4.8%) farms No difference between SBV confirmed (39.1%), suspected (33.3%) or not suspected (11.1%) farms\n Number of caesarean sections because of deformed lambs\\* More caesareans on SBV confirmed (12.3%), suspected (11%) than not suspected (1.6%) farms More caesareans on SBV confirmed (32.6%), suspected (24.5%) than not suspected (0%) farms\n Farmer perceived impact of SBV on sheep welfare† Higher impact (4 or 5) on SBV confirmed (36.8%), suspected (17.8%) than not suspected (0.5%) farms Higher negative impact on SBV confirmed (79.3%), suspected (59.3%) than not suspected (10.5%) farms\n Farmer perceived impact of SBV on financial performance† Higher impact (4 or 5) on SBV confirmed (32.8%), suspected (20.1%) than not suspected (2.3%) farms Higher negative impact on SBV confirmed (82.7%), suspected (62.9%) than not suspected (10.4%) farms\n Farmer perceived impact of SBV on farmers' emotional wellbeing† Higher impact (4 or 5) on SBV confirmed (49.3%), suspected (25.6%) than not suspected (6.5%) farms Higher negative impact on SBV confirmed (70.7%), suspected (61.7%) than not suspected (33.3%) farms\n Less likely to sheep farm next year because of SBV No difference between SBV confirmed (5.7%), suspected (5.9%) than not suspected (1.8%) farms Higher numbers less likely to sheep farm next year on SBV confirmed (10.2%), suspected (3.7%) than not suspected (0%) farms\n\n\\*Similar findings reported in both studies.", "\n\n†Methodology differs so not directly comparable.", " Differences were at the P\\<0.05 significance. ", "Data summarised for 2011/2012 outbreak.[@R16]\n\nNA, not applicable; SBV, Schmallenberg virus.", "\n\nMating start dates and lambing season duration were found to be significantly different between the SBV categories. ", "Importantly, SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms typically started mating in July/August (61 and 44 per cent, respectively), whereas the majority of SBV not suspected farms (69 per cent) reported mating in September/October; this would put the vulnerable period of gestation for fetal deformities (approximately days 28--56 of pregnancy) for these later mated flocks largely outside of the autumn activity peak of the SBV *Culicoides* vector species.[@R18] As SBV was determined to have circulated in *Culicoides* in August 2016 in Belgium,[@R29] and due to confirmed SBV malformations in lambs in south England beginning in December, peaking across England in January and February 2017,[@R22] it is likely that SBV circulated widely in England in September/October 2016.[@R22] This is further supported by unpublished data from the University of Nottingham flock, demonstrating seroconversion to SBV and viral RNA in October 2016. ", "This timing of circulation agrees with the results of this study: that those worst affected by fetal malformations were flocks mating in August/September 2016.", "\n\nQuestions have been raised regarding the impact of SBV on early reproductive losses in sheep flocks.[@R17] However, in the present study there was no difference in the reported barren ewe rate between SBV categories, nor was a difference reported in the previous 2011/2012 study. ", "Indeed, the reported median barren rates in this study (3.7 per cent) were very similar to those reported for the 2011/2012 outbreak (4 per cent)[@R16] and although these barren ewe rates are higher than industry guidelines,[@R30] they appear to be typical of UK sheep flocks.[@R25] A study on SBV infection and early ewe reproductive performance in the Netherlands also failed to find associations.[@R10]\n\nThe lamb mortality and lambing mortality were significantly higher on SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms, with almost double the median lamb mortality and lambing mortality on SBV confirmed farms (median 15.2 and 9.1 per cent, respectively) compared with SBV not suspected farms (median 8.4 and 5.7 per cent, respectively). ", "These results were very similar to those reported in the UK during 2011/2012 lambing and in European studies.[@R10] The lamb mortality on SBV not suspected farms reported here was comparable to industry figures and studies of lamb mortality in UK flocks, prior to the 2011 SBV outbreak.[@R25]\n\nIncreased lamb mortality observed on SBV affected farms is likely an effect of the associated congenital malformations and behavioural abnormalities on the lamb's ability to adapt to postnatal life. ", "Several congenital malformations were associated with SBV infection in the present study. ", "Twisted limbs were the most frequently reported malformation of lambs on SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms, followed by curved backs and deformed heads. ", "This agrees with the previous UK experience of SBV. ", "Several farmers reported eye deformities, including blindness; previously reported by farmers in the 2012/2013 study and in an SBV clinical investigation of a calf.[@R16] Some farms in the not suspected category did have lambs with deformities that could be consistent with SBV, though at a very much lower rate than the SBV farms. ", "Some of these may have been assumed to be due to teratogens like Border disease that farmers are more familiar with in the UK and that can produce similar deformities. ", "This highlights the need for testing as congenital malformations in lambs are not exclusive to SBV infection and can be the result of a wide range of teratogenic, genetic or nutritional factors.[@R34] This also helps to prevent the assumption that all malformations are SBV, ensuring the cause is properly investigated and diagnosed. ", "The data from such testing also provide passive surveillance, which can act as an alert for an increase in viral circulation or reduction in national flock immunity to SBV.", "\n\nOverall there was no difference in ewe mortality across SBV categories in the present study. ", "Although unsurprisingly, both ewe mortality associated with birthing malformed lambs and the number of assisted births (both by the farmer and by caesarean) were greater on SBV affected farms. ", "More caesarean sections were also reported on SBV confirmed and SBV suspected farms in this study (33 and 25 per cent, respectively) than reported during the initial 2011/2012 outbreak (12 and 11 per cent, respectively).[@R16] Certainly the delivery of malformed lambs presents increased risk to ewe health, although there was no evidence for an impact on overall ewe mortality as previously reported.[@R16] This could be due to improved farmer/veterinary awareness of the risk to ewe health, and therefore earlier appropriate obstetrical intervention.", "\n\nAs expected the perceived welfare, economic and emotional impact of SBV to farmers was generally high on SBV confirmed and suspected farms, and low on SBV not suspected farms. ", "The greatest reported negative impact was on farmers' emotional wellbeing. ", "As SBV is no longer novel, the distressing nature of the associated malformations is well known among farming communities. ", "It is likely that this awareness, along with potential previous experience of the disease, is likely to have contributed to the high proportion of negative emotional impact of SBV reported, even on unaffected farms. ", "A total of 4.3 per cent respondents stated they were less likely to sheep farm next year because of SBV. ", "This is comparable to the proportion of respondents stating the same after the previous SBV outbreak (3.7 per cent).[@R16]\n\nAlthough the data do not provide a complete description of the 2016/2017 UK outbreak, it is interesting that the geographic distribution of SBV confirmed farms in this sample did deviate from the previous 2011/2012 outbreak distribution. ", "In 2011/2012 the outbreak began in south-east England and rapidly spread in a north-westerly direction covering the majority of England and Wales to the Scottish Border.[@R35] Here, despite the survey being distributed nationally, the majority of SBV positive farms were in the west of England and Wales. ", "Perhaps the difference in response distribution between the surveys reflects a different route or timing of disease introduction between the 2011/2012 and 2016/2017 outbreaks.[@R22]\n\nVaccination history against SBV was also explored. ", "Only one-fifth (20.2 per cent) of respondents stated they had vaccinated against SBV previously; however, over 78 per cent of respondents stated they would consider paying to vaccinate against SBV if the vaccine was available. ", "Interestingly, more respondents from SBV confirmed farms stated they had vaccinated in 2013 than SBV suspected or SBV not suspected farms. ", "It may be the farm management practices place them at higher risk of SBV and therefore they are more conscious of disease risk and more likely to vaccinate.", "\n\nUnder-reporting of SBV cases is recognised as an issue for measuring the impact of the disease on populations.[@R14] The number of suspected cases in this study that were not sent off for testing, in areas where confirmed positives existed, also highlights the potential extent of under-reporting. ", "Surveys such as this represent the only way to estimate the potential extent of impact on farm of non-notifiable diseases. ", "Although many farmers would send off a single suspected case for testing, it would be unusual, due to the upfront and time costs of testing during an extremely busy period for sheep farms (lambing), to send off all suspected cases on farm for confirmatory testing.[@R14] Additionally, as infection of adult ruminants is typically asymptomatic it is likely that infection occurred on many unsuspecting farms, just outside of the vulnerable period of gestation for deformities. ", "This may account for why no significant differences were observed between SBV categories and early oestrus factors such as barren rates, lambing percentages and scanning percentages.", "\n\nThe results of this survey clearly demonstrate an impact of SBV on the 2016/2017 lambing season, comparable to that reported for the 2011/2012 lambing season.[@R16] If SBV transmission continues to be cyclical in nature, the associated animal welfare and subsequent economic costs to the UK sheep farming industry will continue every few years if intervention is not taken. ", "Controlling the *Culicoides* vector has so far been unfeasible, subsequently the importance of timely vaccination (if available) or coinciding mating with colder periods will continue to be necessary to reduce the impact of future SBV outbreaks. ", "National surveillance programmes, particularly collaborative surveillance programmes with European member states, are increasingly important for the application of timely vaccination programmes; however, vaccination production ceases when demand is low. ", "Future studies should aim to address this cyclical epidemiology, particularly identifying where the virus persists between outbreaks to allow the development of predictive early-warning models.", "\n\nThe authors extend their gratitude to K Harris and others for granting permission to replicate several questions from the original study. ", "The authors particularly thank all farmers who participated in the study.", "\n\n**Funding:** This study was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant number BB/M011186/1).", "\n\n**Competing interests:** None declared.", "\n\n**Ethics approval:** This study was reviewed and approved by the University of Liverpool internal ethics committee (VREC537).", "\n\n**Provenance and peer review:** Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Synthesis of 8-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridin-9-ol (Isoaaptamine) and analogues.", "\n8-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridin-9-ol, isoaaptamine, a PKC inhibitor isolated from sponge was synthesized. ", "The synthesis parallels a synthesis of 8,9-dimethoxybenzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine, aaptamine, but uses a nitromethyl substituent as a precursor of the key 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one intermediate. ", "The quinolone intermediates were prepared by thermolysis (220-240 degrees C) of anilinomethylene derivatives of Meldrum's acid. ", "The quinolone intermediates were N-methylated prior to cyclization to the benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives. ", "Aaptamine and several analogues of aaptamine and isoaaptamine were prepared including 9-demethylaaptamine, 1-methyl-8-demethylaaptamine, 1-methylaaptamine, and the 8,9-methylenedioxy analogues of aaptamine and 1-methylaaptamine." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nAssigning to int from Compatible type int\n\nIn the bolded part, I am having compile error. ", "some one help to find out error?", "\nmy code is given below...\nvoid _multiDimensionalArray(){\n\n int row = 10;\n int column = 10;\n cout << \"\\n\\n For a 2-Dimensional Array:>>>>\" << endl;\n\n // 2D array is basically an array of pointers to arrays\n // dynamic array of size 100\n int pDoubleArray = new int*[row];\n for (int i=0; i<column; i++) {\n pDoubleArray[i] = new int[column];\n }\n // e) exchange rows: 0<------>9 and 3<------>4\n int (*ptemp)[10][1]; // temp is a pointer to an array of 10 ints\n ptemp = pDoubleArray;\n\n for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {\n ptemp[i][0] = *(ptemp+4);\n }\n for (int i=0; i<10; i++) {\n cout << ptemp[i] << \" \" ;\n }\n\n } // end of _multiDimensionalArray function\n\nA:\n\nYou need to only reference the first value of the pointer. ", "Once you reference the first pointer, at every other word length depending upon the data type, the reference is made. ", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "\n604 F.3d 929 (2010)\nRaymond SAVOY, Plaintiff-Appellant,\nv.\nUNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.", "\nNo. ", "08-6240.", "\nUnited States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.", "\nSubmitted: April 28, 2010.", "\nDecided and Filed: May 12, 2010.", "\n*931 ON BRIEF: R. Leigh Grinalds, Assistant United States Attorney, Jackson, Tennessee, for Appellee. ", "Raymond Savoy, Fort Worth, Texas, pro se.", "\nBefore: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge; MOORE and COOK, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\n*932 OPINION\nKAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge.", "\nRaymond Savoy appeals the district court's partial denial of his motion for return of property. ", "This matter arises as a proceeding ancillary to Savoy's criminal prosecution for child-pornography related charges in the United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee. ", "United States v. Savoy, 280 Fed. ", "Appx. ", "504, 506 (6th Cir.), ", "cert. ", "denied, ___ U.S. ___, 129 S.Ct. ", "742, 172 L.Ed.2d 739 (2008). ", "This court has previously affirmed Savoy's convictions for violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 2251(a) and 2252(a)(4)(B) for using minors to engage in sexually explicit conduct to produce videotapes and for possessing those videotapes, which stemmed from evidence seized at the Rocky Top Tavern, Savoy's place of business. ", "While executing a search warrant at the Rocky Top Tavern for \"`intoxicating liquors and all records, papers, ledgers, pictures, or devices used in the storage, sale, transportation, distribution or manufacture of [said liquors] ... contrary to the Laws of the State of Tennessee,'\" officers discovered videotapes in Savoy's locked office that Savoy indicated were used for his video-surveillance system in the Tavern. ", "Id. at 506 (alteration in original). ", "The officers seized \"[s]ixty VHS tapes ..., two hundred ninety-one photographs, the components of the surveillance system, and a television.\" ", "Doc. ", "8 (Dist. ", "Ct. ", "Order at 1 n. 2). ", "The government used four of the videotapes depicting minors as evidence in Savoy's criminal prosecution.", "\nAfter his conviction, Savoy, now a federal prisoner, filed a Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g) motion for return of property, seeking the return of all of the seized property not admitted into evidence in his trial, with the exception of the surveillance system. ", "The district court engaged in an in camera review of the photographs and videotapes and granted Savoy's motion with regard to all items except those videos and photographs whose subjects were minors and those videos whose subjects were adults who were not aware that they were being recorded. ", "The district court found that Savoy was not entitled to lawful possession of those adult videotapes under Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-605. ", "Savoy appeals the district court's judgment with regard to the adult videos only.", "\n\nI. DISCUSSION\n\nA. Partial Denial of Savoy's Motion to Return Property\nWe review for abuse of discretion the denial of a Rule 41 motion for return of property, which involves \"essentially a civil equitable proceeding.\" ", "United States v. Duncan, 918 F.2d 647, 654 (6th Cir.1990) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted), cert. ", "denied, 500 U.S. 933, 111 S.Ct. ", "2055, 114 L.Ed.2d 461 (1991); United States v. Headley, 111 Fed.", "Appx. ", "808, 809 (6th Cir.2004) (unpublished order). \"", "What we are concerned with is whether the district court properly balanced the competing equities in deciding whether return was in order.\" ", "Duncan, 918 F.2d at 654. \"", "`The general rule is that seized property, other than contraband, should be returned to its rightful owner once the criminal proceedings have terminated.'\" ", "United States v. Hess, 982 F.2d 181, 186 (6th Cir.1992) (quoting United States v. LaFatch, 565 F.2d 81, 83 (6th Cir.1977)). ", "Under Rule 41, \"`[a] district court has both the jurisdiction and the duty to return the contested property once the government's need for it has ended.'\" ", "United States v. Bowker, 372 F.3d 365, 387 (6th Cir.2004) (quoting Hess, 982 F.2d at 187), vacated on other grounds by 543 U.S. 1182, 125 S.Ct. ", "1420, 161 L.Ed.2d 181, reinstated by 125 Fed.", "Appx. ", "701 (2005). \"", "However, the person seeking return of *933 property must show that they are lawfully entitled to possess it.\" ", "United States v. Headley, 50 Fed.", "Appx. ", "266, 267 (6th Cir. ", "2002) (unpublished order); accord Sovereign News Co. v. United States, 690 F.2d 569, 577 (6th Cir.1982), cert. ", "denied, 464 U.S. 814, 104 S.Ct. ", "69, 78 L.Ed.2d 83 (1983); United States v. Francis, 646 F.2d 251, 262 (6th Cir.) (", "holding that Rule 41 places the burden on the claimant), cert. ", "denied, 454 U.S. 1082, 102 S.Ct. ", "637, 70 L.Ed.2d 616 (1981).", "\nRule 41 provides, in relevant part:\n(g) Motion to Return Property. ", "A person aggrieved by an unlawful search and seizure of property or by the deprivation of property may move for the property's return. ", "The motion must be filed in the district where the property was seized. ", "The court must receive evidence on any factual issue necessary to decide the motion. ", "If it grants the motion, the court must return the property to the movant, but may impose reasonable conditions to protect access to the property and its use in later proceedings.", "\nFED.R.CRIM.P. 41(g). ", "We have held \"that Rule 41(g) `clearly contemplates a hearing \"on any issue of fact necessary to the decision of the motion.\"'\" ", "Bowker, 372 F.3d at 387 (quoting Hess, 982 F.2d at 186). ", "Here, the district court looked to state law to determine whether Savoy was entitled to lawful possession of the adult videotapes. ", "Under Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-605,\n(a) It is an offense for a person to knowingly photograph, or cause to be photographed an individual, when the individual is in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy, without the prior effective consent of the individual ... if the photograph:\n(1) Would offend or embarrass an ordinary person if such person appeared in the photograph; and\n(2) Was taken for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification of the defendant.", "\n(b) As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires, \"photograph\" means ... any videotape or live television transmission of any individual so that the individual is readily identifiable.", "\n(c) All photographs taken in violation of this section shall be confiscated and, after their use as evidence, destroyed.", "\nTENN.CODE ANN. § ", "39-13-605. ", "The district court found that \"the tapes were made using a hidden camera, and the females were not aware that they were being taped in various stages of nudity and/or performing sex acts.\" ", "Doc. ", "8 (Dist. ", "Ct. ", "Op. ", "at 3). ", "But the court did not make an explicit finding as to whether the females were \"`in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy'\" as required under § 39-13-605. ", "Savoy argues \"that the individual's [sic] in the video's [sic] did not have an expectancy of privacy in a public tavern that was equipped with video surveillance.\" ", "Appellant Br. ", "at 3. ", "The government responds that \"while it is not reasonable to expect that one's nude body would not be viewable by those present, there is a reasonable expectation of privacy from recording.", "\"[1] Appellee Br. ", "at 7. *", "934 Savoy thus argues that the \"reasonable expectation of privacy\" inquiry requires a single analysis of the circumstances presented by the \"place,\" and the government counters that the inquiry requires a separate analysis of the circumstances of each \"individual\" recorded in the \"place.\"", "\nWe conclude that Savoy's approach is closer to the plain language of the statute and that under the plain language of the statute we must decide what is \"a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy\" under § 39-13-605 and whether the Rocky Top Tavern would meet that standard.[2]\n\n1. ", "Statutory Language: \"when the individual is in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy\"\nOur research uncovered only four Tennessee cases that even mention § 39-13-605,[3] and only two that state the facts of conviction. ", "In State v. Castrejon, No. ", "M2005-01886-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 1097486 (Tenn.Crim.", "App. ", "Apr.6, 2006) (unpublished opinion), the court upheld the defendant's consecutive sentence for conviction under § 39-13-605 for videotaping himself touching a minor while she slept. ", "Id. at * 1. ", "In State v. Dickens, No. ", "M2003-00783-CCA-R3-CD, 2004 WL 735025 (Tenn.Crim.", "App. ", "Apr.6, 2004), the court upheld, against a sufficiency challenge, the defendant's conviction for criminal attempt to commit unlawful photographing in violation of § 39-13-605 for attempting to take a picture of a naked woman over the top of the wall in a closed, locked tanning-booth stall that was \"designed to ensure privacy.\" ", "Id. at *1-2, *4. ", "Neither court engaged in any analysis of whether the offense occurred in \"a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy.\" ", "However, the Dickens court's sufficiency analysis focused not on the woman's expectation of privacy within the tanning booth but rather on the place itself, stating \"that each tanning room is designed to ensure privacy. ", "The doors lock from the inside and, although the walls do not extend all the way to the ceiling, it would be difficult *935 to see over them without standing on something.\" ", "Id. at *4. ", "The court thus focused on whether the place itself—the tanning room—could give rise to a reasonable expectation of privacy and not whether the individual then in the place had a reasonable expectation of privacy. ", "Although the statute seems designed to protect the privacy interests of the individual subject to the photograph, the statute considers that privacy interest with reference to the individual's presence \"in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy.", "\"[4]\nThe Tennessee courts have produced a wealth of case law on places where a person may or may not have \"a reasonable expectation of privacy.\" ", "Most recently, the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld the Court of Criminal Appeals's decision \"rejecting the Sixth Circuit bright-line rule that a resident always has a reasonable expectation of privacy in a secured common area\" in favor of \"the totality of the circumstances test ... for determining the reasonableness of an expectation of privacy.\" ", "State v. Talley, 307 S.W.3d 723, 732-34, 2010 WL 987072, at *6-7 (Tenn. 2010). ", "Applying this test, the court held that \"the Defendant [resident] did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the commonly shared, interior hallway of a condominium complex\" because no resident \"could unilaterally exclude others rightfully within the hallway,\" residents had collectively allowed non-residents to have intermittent access to the common areas, and there was \"no evidence that the defendant had taken any precautions to maintain his privacy in the common areas of the building.\" ", "Id. 307 S.W.3d at 734, at *7-8. ", "The court noted that \"[a]s a general rule, unlocked or unsecured common areas of apartment buildings do not qualify for any reasonable expectation of privacy.\" ", "Id. 307 S.W.3d at 732, n. 4., ", "at *6 n. 4.", "\nBased on the Tennessee Court of Criminal Appeals's application of § 39-13-605 and the Tennessee Supreme Court's approach to the privacy inquiry, we conclude that a totality-of-the-circumstances test should apply for determining whether a place may give rise to a reasonable expectation of privacy under § 39-13-605, recognizing that \"[t]he Fourth Amendment protects people, not places, and provides sanctuary for citizens wherever they have a legitimate expectation of privacy.\" ", "Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 96 n. 5, 110 S.Ct. ", "1684, 109 L.Ed.2d 85 (1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). \"", "But the extent to which the Fourth Amendment protects people may depend upon where those people are.\" ", "Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. 83, 88, 119 S.Ct. ", "469, 142 L.Ed.2d 373 (1998). ", "Therefore we must determine whether, under the totality of the circumstances at issue in each videotape, an individual in the Rocky Top Tavern would be justified in asserting that he or she is \"in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy.\"", "\n\n2. ", "The Rocky Top Tavern\nAlthough the district court did not make findings with respect to the contents of the videos aside from their unsuspecting adult female subjects, this court has previously *936 stated the facts related to the videotapes as follows:\nDuring the search, officers discovered a locked room, which Defendant Savoy opened for them. ", "Mr. Savoy described this room as his office. ", "The room contained a single bed, a desk, a television (TV), a video cassette recorder (VCR), and several videotapes. ", "Defendant advised officers that the TV and VCR were used in relation to his video-surveillance system. ", "According to the officers, Mr. Savoy consented to the officers viewing the videotapes on his TV and VCR. ", "Agents played the tapes to determine whether they contained illegal liquor or beer sales. ", "However, the tapes actually depicted sex acts between Mr. Savoy and unknown females, what appeared to be minor females removing their clothing and dancing, and sexual acts between a male and what appeared to be a minor female. ", "Officers then found a camera and microphone hidden in a hollowed-out two-by-four (2 x 4) stud behind the bar. ", "The camera and microphone were not readily visible to persons inside the bar, and were recovered only after Defendant Savoy advised agents of their respective location. ", "The officers seized all of the videotapes for further review.", "\nSavoy, 280 Fed.", "Appx. ", "at 506 (footnote omitted). ", "Because Savoy was charged with child-pornography related offenses, this court discussed only the contents of the videos admitted into evidence at trial, and those tapes depicted only minors—not the adult females in the videotapes at issue here. ", "However, this court recounted that the videotapes admitted into evidence at trial depicted minor females in various states of nudity and/or engaged in sex acts \"behind the bar.\" ", "Id. at 507. ", "None of the four videotapes admitted into evidence contained footage from within the \"locked room,\" and it seems that the camera captured events solely in the area \"behind the bar\" because the camera was located \"behind the bar.\" ", "See id. at 506-07.", "\nOur inquiry is therefore confined to the business premises of the Rocky Top Tavern. \"", "An expectation of privacy in commercial premises ... is different from, and indeed less than, a similar expectation in an individual's home.\" ", "New York v. Burger, 482 U.S. 691, 700, 107 S.Ct. ", "2636, 96 L.Ed.2d 601 (1987); see also Carter, 525 U.S. at 90-91, 119 S.Ct. ", "469; Autoworld Specialty Cars, Inc. v. United States, 815 F.2d 385, 388 (6th Cir.1987) (\"`[Proprietor] did not have any reasonable expectation of privacy in areas of the store where the public was invited to enter and to transact business.'\" (", "quoting Maryland v. Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 469, 105 S.Ct. ", "2778, 86 L.Ed.2d 370 (1985))). ", "Tennessee courts have recognized that even when a person visits \"another's [private] home for a short period of time and is essentially at the location to conduct a business transaction, the [person] possesses no expectation of privacy in the home.\" ", "Kyles v. State, No. ", "W2004-00374-CCA-R3-PC, 2005 WL 645161, at *5 (Tenn. Crim.", "App. ", "Mar.16, 2005) (unpublished opinion) (citing Carter, 525 U.S. at 89-91, 119 S.Ct. ", "469). ", "And the Tennessee courts abide by the \"now-classic principle: `What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection.... But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected.'\" ", "State v. Medford, No. ", "W2002-00226-CCA-R3-CD, 2003 WL 22446575, at *8 (Tenn. Crim.", "App. ", "Oct.21, 2003) (unpublished opinion) (quoting Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351, 88 S.Ct. ", "507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967)); see State v. Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 843 & n. 9 (Tenn.2001). \"", "Public accessibility, in other words, does not invariably defeat a reasonable expectation of privacy.\" ", "Medford, 2003 WL 22446575, at *8; see State v. Munn, 56 S.W.3d 486, 494-95 *937 (Tenn.2001) (holding that defendant who requested to be alone with parent in police-station interview room and to have the recording equipment turned off had reasonable expectation of privacy from being recorded by hidden audio and video recording system after police complied with both requests and closed the door behind them when they left the room); State v. Roode, 643 S.W.2d 651 (Tenn.1982) (holding that helicopter surveillance of area of defendant's property within public view did not violate reasonable expectation of privacy). ", "However, there is no reasonable expectation of privacy \"in areas of [a business] where the public was invited to enter and to transact business.\" ", "Maryland v. Macon, 472 U.S. 463, 469, 105 S.Ct. ", "2778, 86 L.Ed.2d 370 (1985); see State v. Heller, No. ", "W2007-01455-CCA-R3-CD, 2008 WL 2901581, at *7-9 (Tenn.Crim.", "App. ", "July 24, 2008) (unpublished opinion) (holding that defendant had standing to challenge search of his person at a business but not to challenge the search of the business itself because present only as casual visitor without a reasonable expectation of privacy); State v. Norton, No. ", "E2001-01903-CCA-R3-CD, 2002 WL 1585634, at *8 (Tenn.Crim.", "App. ", "July 18, 2002) (unpublished opinion) (noting that owner had no reasonable expectation of privacy in his tavern because it was open to the public at the time the search warrant was executed, but expressly not ruling on privacy interests of customers present).", "\nThe district court failed to make findings of fact to support that the \"reasonable expectation of privacy\" element of § 39-13-605 was satisfied under the totality of the circumstances here. ", "Without such findings, we are unable to determine whether the district court abused its discretion in assuming that the element was satisfied because each videotape presents a unique set of circumstances that requires a fact-intensive totality-of-the-circumstances inquiry to determine whether the Rocky Top Tavern qualifies as \"a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy\" under the circumstances of each recording. ", "The videotapes were entered into the record in the district court, but neither Savoy nor the government has presented any evidence as to whether the adult females in the requested videos were present at the Rocky Top Tavern for anything other than business purposes at the time that the nudity and/or sexual activity occurred and was recorded. ", "Because findings of fact are the province of the district court, and the district court has already conducted a review of the twenty videotapes at issue, we vacate the district court's judgment with regard to the adult videotapes and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. ", "The district court must determine whether each videotape in question was recorded while the Rocky Top Tavern was open to the public for business purposes, what specific areas of the bar premises the hidden camera captured in each video (whether the videos contain only footage from \"behind the bar\" or within public view), and whether any steps were taken in an attempt to maintain the privacy of the activities that occurred in each video. ", "See Heller, 2008 WL 2901581, at *8;[5]Carter, 525 *938 U.S. at 88-91, 119 S.Ct. ", "469 (holding that defendant's expectation of privacy in premises owned by another depends on the purpose of the visit); Lowe v. Clift, 2007 WL 2112672, at *4 (E.D.Tenn.2007) (unpublished opinion) (\"Moreover, patrons of a venue into which the public is invited do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy—they necessarily encounter others who observe their presence and behavior.\" (", "citing Macon, 472 U.S. at 469, 105 S.Ct. ", "2778)). ", "Only after the district court makes findings of fact that enable it to determine whether the \"reasonable expectation of privacy\" element of Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-605 was satisfied under the totality of the circumstances for each videotape individually may the court determine whether Savoy is or is not entitled to lawfully possess each videotape for purposes of his Rule 41(g) motion for return of property.", "\n\nB. Consideration of Search Warrant for Rule 41 Analysis\nSavoy argues that the district court in reviewing his Rule 41(g) motion should have \"consider[ed] the validity of the State Search Warrant, and whether it went outside the scope of `things to be searched,[] and/or items to be seized[]' before deciding to only return some of the property to Appellant's designee\" because the search warrant was \"obtained because of the sale of liquor in an establishment licensed for the sale of beer only.\" ", "Appellant Br. ", "at 3; see also id. at 4. ", "This argument has no merit because this court has already decided that the videotapes that were used in Savoy's prosecution were properly seized, Savoy, 280 Fed.", "Appx. ", "at 510-11, and the same rationale applies to the adult videotapes at issue here. ", "An earlier panel of this court held that the \"seizure of Defendant's videotapes was valid because the tapes were reasonably related to the offense that formed the basis of his search warrant,\" in accordance with the Supreme Court's holding in Harris v. United States, 331 U.S. 145, 67 S.Ct. ", "1098, 91 L.Ed. ", "1399 (1947), \"that a law enforcement agent in making a valid search may seize property found on the premises being searched which is the subject matter of a different crime, even though the officer was not aware that such property was on the premises when the search was initiated.\" ", "Savoy, 280 Fed.", "Appx. ", "at 511. ", "The fact that the adult videotapes were not later used in Savoy's prosecution for child pornography charges does not impact our analysis.[6]\n\nC. Additional Request Not Filed with District Court\nSavoy acknowledges that he did not include in his Motion for Return of Personal Property a specific request for the return of his video surveillance equipment, but he argues that the district court should have addressed its return anyway because \"[a] Pro se litigant should not be required to list every little piece of property that was seized.\" ", "Appellant Br. ", "at 5. ", "Although \"we are mindful to construe [pro se] arguments liberally,\" El Bey v. Roop, 530 F.3d 407, 413 (6th Cir.2008), a claimant may abandon a claim to seized items by not requesting their return in the request filed for the other items seized, see McBean v. United States, 43 Fed.", "Appx. ", "853, 855 (6th Cir.2002) (unpublished order). ", "Aside from the liberal construction afforded pro *939 se filings, Savoy presents no arguments on appeal as to why the district court should have returned his video surveillance equipment. ", "Savoy's motion was not a general request for all property seized but rather made specific requests for the return of the videotapes, photographs, and negatives.[7] Savoy's failure to request the return of his surveillance equipment in the district court precludes us from considering the propriety of return of that property in the first instance. ", "See Fed.", "R.Crim.", "P. 41(g); El Bey, 530 F.3d at 412. ", "Savoy may present this request to the district court on remand.", "\n\nII. ", "CONCLUSION\nFor the above reasons, we vacate the district court's judgment with regard to the twenty videotapes at issue in this appeal, and we remand for the district court to make findings of fact that will enable it to determine whether, consistent with Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 41(g), Savoy is entitled to lawful possession of the videotapes under Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-605.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The government, noting the dearth of case law related to § 39-13-605, attempts to utilize an analogy to the Wisconsin Court of Appeals's treatment of a \"similar\" Wisconsin statute, Wisconsin Statute § 942.09. ", "Appellee Br. ", "at 7-8 (citing State v. Jahnke, 316 Wis.2d 324, 762 N.W.2d 696 (2008)). ", "However, the relevant language of the Wisconsin statute— \"`while that person is nude in a circumstance in which he or she has a reasonable expectation of privacy'\"—justified the court of appeals's inquiry into the viewpoint of the individual subject to the recording at issue. ", "Jahnke, 762 N.W.2d at 698 & n. 4 (quoting Wis. Stat. § ", "942.09(2)(am)1) (emphasis added). ", "This language in Wisconsin differs from the language at issue in Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-605 in a materially significant way. ", "Even so, we note that the Wisconsin Court of Appeals distinguished the reasonable expectation of privacy held by a private person recorded in the defendant's private bedroom from the lack of a reasonable expectation of privacy that an exotic dancer \"who dance[s] nude before multiple patrons in a club open to the public\" would enjoy. ", "Id. at 700 (emphasis added).", "\n[2] The district court also did not make an explicit finding that the videos, if made in violation of § 39-13-605, constituted \"contraband,\" but instead seemed to assume that if it was a crime to make the videos then it was a crime to possess the videos. ", "See Doc. ", "8 (Dist. ", "Ct. ", "Op. ", "at 2-3). ", "Although Savoy does not raise this issue on appeal, we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in treating the videotapes as contraband. ", "BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (9th ed.2009) defines contraband in part as \"[g]oods that are unlawful to possess\" and \"derivative contraband\" as \"[p]roperty whose possession becomes unlawful when it is used in committing an illegal act.\" ", "Under Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-605(c), \"[a]ll photographs taken in violation of this section shall be confiscated and, after their use as evidence, destroyed.\" ", "We read this provision to imply that it is also unlawful to possess such items and that they are contraband. ", "See One 1958 Plymouth Sedan v. Pennsylvania, 380 U.S. 693, 699-700, 85 S.Ct. ", "1246, 14 L.Ed.2d 170 (1965) (distinguishing between \"per se contraband\" and \"derivative contraband\").", "\n[3] Tennessee Code Annotated § 39-13-607 utilizes the same language—\"in a place where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy\"—to codify the offense of observation without consent. ", "Unfortunately the Tennessee courts have not interpreted the phrase under this statute, either.", "\n[4] The Tennessee Legislature has proposed an amendment that replaces \"is in a place where there is\" with \"has\" such that the provision would read \"when the individual has a reasonable expectation of privacy.\" ", "S.B. 3219, 106th Leg., ", "2d Sess. (", "Tenn.2009); H.B. 3277, 106th Leg., ", "2d Sess. (", "Tenn.2009). ", "This amendment, if it passes, would support the government's position that we must analyze the reasonable expectation of privacy held by each individual on the videotapes. ", "However, we are bound to interpret the statute as it was written at the time applicable to Savoy's claim, i.e., in 2005 when the videos were seized and Savoy was prosecuted.", "\n[5] In determining whether a business patron had standing to challenge the search of the business itself, the Heller court specifically listed \"seven factors to be considered when determining if a legitimate expectation of privacy exists,\" including:\n\n(1) ownership of the property; (2) whether the defendant has a possessory interest in the thing seized; (3) whether the defendant has a possessory interest in the placed [sic] searched; (4) whether the defendant has the right to exclude other[s] from the place; (5) whether he has exhibited a subjective expectation that the place would remain free from intrusion by the state; (6) whether the defendant took normal precautions to maintain his privacy; and (7) whether he was legitimately on the premises.", "\nHeller, 2008 WL 2901581, at *8 (quoting State v. Oody, 823 S.W.2d 554, 560 (Tenn.Crim. ", "App.1991)); accord Talley, 2010 WL 987072, at *5.", "\n[6] The legality of the initial seizure of the adult videotapes would not alter our analysis under Rule 41(g) because the same analysis applies \"where the initial seizure was lawful and where it was unlawful.\" ", "Francis, 646 F.2d at 262 n. 7.", "\n[7] Although Savoy's motion did not reference the television, the district court ordered the television's return because the government had no objection to its return—this stands in contrast with the government's objection in the district court to the return of the surveillance system. ", "See Doc. ", "7 (Dist. ", "Ct. ", "Order at 1-2).", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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