Datasets:

tomekkorbak

/

pile-detoxify

like 1

[ "While a number of biodegradable polymers have been found to possess the desirable characteristics of biodegradability and compostability, they often lack additional properties that are desired or necessary to provide more commercially acceptable products. ", "At room temperature many biodegradable polymers are either too brittle to provide the desired puncture and tear resistance necessary for many applications, or they do not have adequate stability for storage and transport. ", "In addition, many biodegradable polymers are difficult to process into films using commercial manufacturing lines.", "\nIn attempts to overcome such difficulties, blends of polymeric materials with other polymers or with naturally biodegradable components have been attempted in efforts to develop thermoplastic films with improved degradable properties. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,133,784 to Otey et al. ", "describes degradable mulch films with improved moisture resistance prepared from starch and ethylene/acrylic acid copolymers. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,091,262 to Knott et al. ", "describes a multilayer polyethylene film containing a starch filled inner layer, and prodegradant filled outer layers. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,108,807 to Tucker describes a multilayer thermoplastic film having a core layer made of polyvinyl alcohol, and outer layers made of polyethylene and prodegradant. ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,391,423 to Wnuk et al. ", "describes multilayer films prepared from various biodegradable polymers for use in disposable absorbent products, such as diapers, incontinent pads, sanitary napkins, and pantyliners.", "\nTypical, non-degradable or slowly degradable plastic products in the form of sheets and films (e.g., as in plastic trash bags and package wrapping materials) are made primarily from hydrocarbon polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, or polyvinyl polymers. ", "The combination of such hydrocarbon polymers with starch has not been very widely accepted. ", "For example, trash bags incorporating starch with other hydrocarbon components can be physically degradable, which means they are broken into many small parts as the starch biodegrades. ", "See, for example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,016,117 to Griffin, and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,337,181 to Otey et al. ", "See also Pettijohn (1992), “Starch/Polyolefin Blends as Environmentally Degradable Plastics,” Chemtech, 627; Willett (1994) J. Appl. ", "Polym. ", "Sci. ", "54:1685-1695. ", "Initially, the starch particles exposed at, or adjacent to the surface of these starch-containing products, are initially biodegraded and leached away. ", "This is followed by successive biodegradation of starch particles at the interior of the product to provide a cellular structure that is more readily attacked by the processes of oxidation, hydrolysis, direct enzyme action or combinations of these processes. ", "However, such starch-containing products still leave behind a non-biodegradable polymer residue as recognized in the art, for example by U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,219,646 to Gallagher et al. ", "The hydrocarbon components remain resistant to degradation and to mineralization. ", "In certain circumstances, it is believed that the hydrocarbon component even has a tendency to encapsulate the starch and thereby preventing further biodegradation of the starch. ", "Furthermore, materials incorporating large amounts of starch can be very sensitive to moisture and can have mechanical properties that vary considerably with humidity levels. ", "Accordingly, improved polymeric compositions for making better biodegradable films are needed.", "\nThere is also a need for degradable fibers that can be widely used without polluting the environment. ", "Such improved fibers are needed as fishing materials, such as fishing lines and fish nets; in agricultural materials such as insect or bird nets and as vegetation nets; in cloth fibers and non-woven fibers for articles for everyday life; in personal care products such as diapers, incontinence pads, sanitary napkins, pantyliners, tampons, and diapers; and in medical supplies such as operating sutures that are not removed, operating nets and suture-reinforcing materials. ", "Fibers that are degradable by the action of microorganisms have been described. ", "Examples of such fibers comprising lactones or polyester fibers are described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "6,235,393 to Kimura et al. ", "However, such fibers are difficult and/or expensive to manufacture while maintaining quality control, and some products are difficult to use due to insufficient flexibility. ", "A recently popular form of fiber made from synthetic polymers is referred to as “bicomponent” fibers. ", "A bicomponent fiber comprises a core fiber made from one polymer that is encased within a thermoplastic sheath made from a different polymer. ", "The polymer comprising the sheath often melts at a different, typically lower, temperature than the polymer comprising the core. ", "As a result, such bicomponent fibers can provide thermal bonding by controlled melting of the sheath polymer, while retaining the desirable strength characteristics of the core polymer. ", "An outer sheath is typically comprised of polyethylene, polypropylene, certain polyesters, and the like, that often have softening and/or melting points in the range of about 50° C. to about 200° C. Generally, however, such fibers are still difficult and/or expensive to manufacture.", "\nThere are a number of other polymer-based products for which degradability and/or compostability would be desirable. ", "For example, films and laminates that are used in packaging materials, as topsheets and backsheets in diapers, and as agricultural ground coverings are intended to survive intact for only a short period of use. ", "Other polymer-based products for which degradability is desirable are molded articles such as tampon applicators, disposable syringes, milk bottles, shopping bags, food wrappers, beverage “six-pack” rings, and the like. ", "Ideally, such molded articles would be substantially degraded in the sewage system or septic tank, or would decompose at the site of disposal so as to avoid causing visual litter problems or hazards to wildlife.", "\nPlastic film products for agricultural mulching are representative of the problems that can be caused by the persistence of synthetic polymers. ", "Polyethylene is the most common polymer used in making agricultural mulch products, and blends with starch have similar drawbacks to those described above for trash bag containers. ", "Like flexible film products for packaging and garbage bags, such agricultural mulch products can persist for many years and become a nuisance. ", "There is a need for plastic mulch products that can decompose by the end of a growing season. ", "Improved degradability would also be desirable to provide items for “controlled release” of active agents from other agricultural products, such as encapsulated pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.", "\nSeveral approaches to enhance the environmental degradability of polymers have been suggested and tried. ", "Photosensitizing groups have been added into the molecular structure of the polymer, and small amounts of selective additives have been incorporated to accelerate oxidative and/or photo-oxidative degradation. ", "However, photodegradation only works well if the plastic is exposed to light, and provides no benefit if the product is disposed of in a dark environment such as ground water, soil or a standard landfill. ", "Also, oxidative accelerators can cause unwanted changes in the mechanical properties of the polymer, such as embrittlement, prior to or during use.", "\nAnother approach to environmental degradability of articles made with synthetic polymers is to make the polymer itself biodegradable or compostable. ", "See Swift (1993) Acc. ", "Chem. ", "Res. ", "26:105-110 for a general overview on biodegradable polymeric compositions. ", "Most of this work has been based on hydrolyzable polyester compositions, chemically modified natural polymers such as cellulose or starch or chitin, certain polyamides, or blends thereof. ", "See, for example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,219,646 to Gallagher et al. (", "blend of hydrolyzable polyester and starch). ", "Polyvinyl alcohol is the only synthetic high molecular weight addition polymer with no heteroatom in the main chain generally acknowledged as biodegradable, but consistent polymeric production is difficult. ", "See also Hocking (1992) J. Mat. ", "Sci. ", "Rev. Macromol. ", "Chem. ", "Phys. ", "C32(1): 35-54, Cassidy et al. (", "1981) J. Macromol. ", "Sci.—Rev. ", "Macromol. ", "Chem. ", "C21(1):89-133, and “Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering,” 2nd. ", "ed.; ", "Wiley & Sons: New York, 1989; Vol. ", "2, p 220. (", "Limited reports add poly (alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates) to this list of biodegradable synthetic polymers.)", "\nNatural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) is also readily biodegradable. ", "Natural rubber retains carbon-carbon double bonds in the polymer backbone, which are believed to facilitate attack by either oxygen and/or microbes/fungi, leading subsequently to chain scission, molecular weight reduction, and eventually total degradation of the polymer. ", "See Heap et al. (", "1968) J. Appl. ", "Chem. ", "18:189-194. ", "The precise mechanism for the biodegradation of natural rubber is not known. ", "Enzymatic and/or aerobic oxidation of the allylic methyl substituent may be involved. ", "See Tsuchii et al. (", "1990) Appl. ", "Env. ", "Micro., ", "269-274, Tsuchii et al. (", "1979) Agric. ", "Biol. ", "Chem. ", "43(12): 2441-2446, and Heap et al., ", "supra. ", "By contrast, nonbiodegradable polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyacrylonitrile, poly(meth)acrylates and polystyrene have saturated carbon-carbon backbones that do not facilitate attack by either oxygen and/or microbes. ", "This biodegradability has been recognized only for the natural form of rubber.", "\nUnfortunately, natural rubber is biodegradable to the extent that it is too unstable for most uses. ", "Natural rubber also suffers from poor mechanical properties (e.g., strength, creep resistance). ", "Indeed, stabilizers, fillers, and/or crosslinking agents are routinely added to natural rubber to enhance its mechanical properties. ", "Crosslinkers are typically required in order to provide sufficient mechanical integrity for practical use. ", "However, the most common crosslinking process creates a polysulfide linkage, i.e., by vulcanization, that virtually eliminates the biodegradability of natural rubber. ", "See Tsuchii et al. (", "1990) J. Appl. ", "Polym. ", "Sci. ", "41:1181-1187. ", "Crosslinked natural rubber is also elastomeric and thermosetting, thus making it unsuitable for blown or extruded films, injection molded articles, fibers or other melt-processed articles.", "\nIt would be desirable to provide polymer-containing products that: (1) are biodegradable in the environment, as well as degradable or compostable during municipal waste handling operations; (2) are thermoplastic so that they can be molded, cast, extruded, or otherwise melt-processed into various forms including films, fibers, coatings, foams, and the like; (3) can be manufactured at reasonable cost; and (4) have sufficient toughness, strength and stability during use until they are appropriately disposed of. ", "Therefore, polymers or copolymers are needed that provide reproducible and predictable properties with respect to degradation and environmental hydrolysis, and that hydrolyze to a very significant extent to provide small, soluble, and generally nontoxic polymer fragments.", "\nFor many purposes, the superior physical properties provided by polyolefins prepared by addition polymerization are desirable. ", "To date, however, the incorporation of polar moieties, e.g., hydrolyzable polar linkages, into such polymers has had limited success, since many polar monomers poison, or competitively coordinate with, the organometallic polymerization catalysts that are typically used. ", "Copolymers of olefins, such as ethylene, with polar monomers such as acrylates, were initially limited to block copolymers, formed by two-stage polymerization, e.g., by post-polymerization of an acrylate or methacrylate monomer onto a previously formed polyolefin chain. ", "See U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "5,563,219 to Yasuda et al., ", "EP 0799842 to Yasuda et al., ", "EP 0462588 to Goto et al., ", "and EP 0442476 to Hajime et al. ", "JP Kokai 4-45108 pertains to the preparation of an ethylene copolymer containing 4.7 mole % ethyl acrylate (number average molecular weight Mn of 9,100, weight average molecular weight Mw of 22,500) that is described as exhibiting improved adhesion relative to homopolymeric polyethylene. ", "Johnson et al. (", "1996), J. Am. ", "Chem. ", "Soc. ", "118:267-8, described the formation of random olefin-acrylate copolymers using Brookhart-type catalysts. ", "None of these polymers, however, include hydrolyzable linkages in the backbone of the polymer, and therefore they would not be hydrolytically degradable.", "\nOuchi et al. (", "1968), J. Chem. ", "Soc. ", "Japan 71(7): 1078-82, described free radical copolymerization of styrene and other vinyl monomers with a monomer containing a hydrolyzable linkage, diallylidene pentaerythritol (DAPE). ", "However, the process resulted in a copolymer (1) in which relatively little hydrolyzable monomer was incorporated, or (2) exhibiting a significant loss in intrinsic viscosity at higher levels of incorporation. ", "Higher levels of hydrolyzable monomer incorporation were also found to be associated with a lower polymerization rate. ", "Additionally, the reaction conditions employed would be expected to result in a non-stereoregular polymer.", "\nAustin et al., ", "in International Patent Publication No. ", "WO 92/12185, describes a method for making biodegradable and photodegradable polymers containing ester linkages. ", "The disclosed polymerization method involves a radical-initiated ring-opening copolymerization reaction between ethylene and a cyclic ketene acetal, 2-methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDOP). ", "The resulting copolymer contains both ethylene monomer units (—CH2—CH2—) and ester-containing monomer units having the structure —(CO)—O—(CH2)4—. The maximum amount of the ester-containing monomer units incorporated into the copolymer, however, was only 3.20 mole %, even when the amount of MDOP in the feed was increased to 25 wt. %. ", "Such a copolymer would hydrolyze to a very limited extent and be of minimal utility in providing degradable products." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0006273225881159306, 0.0006119529716670513, 0.0005907295271754265, 0.0006109052337706089, 0.0007750851800665259, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007892471039667726, 0.0015479907160624862, 0.0010884626535698771, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007568809087388217, 0.0017609130591154099, 0.0010884626535698771, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0008476544753648341, 0.0010884626535698771, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0008229664526879787, 0.004452803637832403, 0.0009949266677722335, 0.0008595613180659711, 0.009811999276280403, 0.0006766352453269064, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007433999562636018, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.000688436150085181, 0.0007512902957387269, 0.0012476982083171606, 0.0008689719252288342, 0.0006823468138463795, 0.0008180439472198486, 0.0007820596219971776, 0.001153036137111485, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007037148461677134, 0.000577184371650219, 0.0009743729024194181, 0.0012012298684567213, 0.0012422079453244805, 0.0013115147594362497, 0.0024114511907100677, 0.000657329335808754, 0.0006394607480615377, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007474065641872585, 0.0006220085197128356, 0.0005919938557781279, 0.0006449760985560715, 0.00060310895787552, 0.0006051213131286204, 0.0006629614508710802, 0.0009394425433129072, 0.003283555619418621, 0.0010685850866138935, 0.0006940808380022645, 0.0006029896903783083, 0.0029921545647084713, 0.003861963516101241, 0.000661068013869226, 0.0006690322188660502, 0.0006427170592360198, 0.0006376639357767999, 0.0006275154300965369, 0.0006644102395512164, 0.0011494248174130917, 0.0006220565410330892, 0.0011037613730877638, 0.000981261720880866, 0.000574246805626899, 0.000670046778395772, 0.0006766352453269064, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0006036785780452192, 0.0019730820786207914, 0.0008056593360379338, 0.0007955063483677804, 0.0008689719252288342, 0.0008478545350953937, 0.0011037613730877638, 0.0012429299531504512, 0.0006362160784192383, 0.000755195040255785, 0.0008564888848923147, 0.001251964713446796, 0.0011037613730877638, 0.0006169728003442287, 0.0007816877914592624, 0.0006664827815257013, 0.0007077961345203221, 0.0007058349438011646, 0.0009278251091018319, 0.0005659646703861654, 0.0006290891324169934, 0.0007561708916909993, 0.0011037613730877638, 0.0008730942499823868, 0.0007964327814988792, 0.0006373105570673943, 0.0005849403096362948, 0.0008207751670852304, 0.0007784853805787861, 0.0008740866323933005, 0.0005877841031178832, 0.0010809560772031546, 0.001023407094180584, 0.0011037613730877638, 0.0007685877499170601, 0.0014854506589472294, 0.0008676886209286749, 0.0007288199267350137, 0.0010491851717233658, 0.0014234492555260658, 0.0005975748063065112, 0.000581909145694226, 0.0007486580871045589, 0.0005849403096362948, 0.0007213554927147925, 0.0012476982083171606, 0.0008689719252288342, 0.0007979942602105439, 0.0007089204154908657, 0.0006520855822600424, 0.0005852024187333882, 0.000623642117716372, 0.0007022045901976526, 0.0009757910156622529, 0.0006608825642615557, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007212592172436416, 0.0006757263327017426, 0.0006643821252509952, 0.0006535078282468021, 0.0006785337463952601, 0.0006249603466130793, 0.0007612264598719776, 0.0011037613730877638, 0.0007810515817254782, 0.0006347037851810455, 0.000659203331451863, 0.0006355082732625306, 0.0007574481423944235, 0.0007810515817254782, 0.0007072897278703749, 0.000663468730635941, 0.0006456171977333724, 0.0006409641937352717, 0.0006671914597973228, 0.0006414619274437428, 0.0008145459578372538, 0.0008127556648105383, 0.0007755414117127657, 0.002291003242135048 ]

[ "This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. ", "To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues, clients or customers, click the \"Reprints\" link at the bottom of any article.", "\n\nDiebold to pay $48 million, as DOL recovers more than $4 million over ESOP scam\n\nMore On Legal & Compliance\n\nfrom The Advisor's Professional Library\n\nRIAs and Customer Identification\nJust as RIAs owe a duty to diligently protect their clients’ privacy and guard against theft, firms also play a vital role in customer identification. ", "Although RIAs are not subject to an anti-money laundering rule, securities regulators expect advisors to address these issues in their policies and procedures.", "\n\nAnti-Fraud Provisions of the Investment Advisers Act\nRIAs and IARs should view themselves as fiduciaries at all times, whether they meet the legal definition or not. ", "Deviating from the fiduciary standard of full disclosure while courting clients may cause the advisor significant problems.", "\n\nAmong recent enforcement actions were the Department of Labor’s recovery of $4 million for an employee stock ownership plan and charges by the SEC against the collateral manager of a CDO for fraud and against Diebold for FCPA violations.", "\n\nAlso, in the wake of a previous SEC action, a Minneapolis-based attorney, his advisory firm and a real estate lending fund were found liable for fraud in a jury trial.", "\n\nFrom 2005 to 2010, Diebold subsidiaries in China and Indonesia, according to the SEC, sent government-owned bank officials on all-expense-paid junkets to such tourist destinations as the Grand Canyon, Napa Valley, Disneyland, Las Vegas, New York and Hawaii, as well as Paris, Amsterdam, Venice, Rome, Australia and Bali.", "\n\nThe company spent more than $1.6 million on bribes for Chinese officials and more than $147,000 for Indonesian officials; it also hid these expenses as legitimate training expenses. ", "Its Chinese subsidiary also dropped annual cash gifts on dozens of officials that ranged from $100 to more than $600.", "\n\nAnd in Russia, from 2005 to 2008, the company spent another $1.2 million in bribes to employees at privately owned banks in connection with the sale of ATMs to those banks, and then cooked the books to cover up the fact.", "\n\nDiebold has agreed to pay more than $48 million to settle the SEC’s charges and resolve a parallel criminal matter announced today by the U.S. Department of Justice. ", "That includes $22.9 million in disgorgement and prejudgment interest, and an additional $25.2 million fine in the parallel criminal proceeding. ", "The company has also agreed to appoint an independent compliance monitor.", "\n\nMedical Technology Company Stryker Also Caught in FCPA Violation\n\nThe SEC charged a Michigan-based medical technology company with violating the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act when subsidiaries in five different countries bribed doctors, health care professionals, and other government-employed officials in order to obtain or retain business.", "\n\nAn SEC investigation found that Stryker Corp.’s subsidiaries in Argentina, Greece, Mexico, Poland and Romania made illicit payments totaling approximately $2.2 million that were incorrectly described as legitimate expenses in the company’s books and records. ", "Descriptions varied from a charitable donation to consulting and service contracts, travel expenses, and commissions. ", "Stryker made approximately $7.5 million in illicit profits as a result of the improper payments.", "\n\nWithout admitting or denying the allegations, Stryker has agreed to pay more than $13.2 million to settle the SEC’s charges.", "\n\n“Stryker’s misconduct involved hundreds of improper payments over a number of years during which the company’s internal controls were fatally flawed,” said Andrew Calamari, director of the SEC’s New York Regional Office. “", "Companies that allow corruption to occur by failing to implement robust compliance programs will not be allowed to profit from their misconduct.”", "\n\nThe SEC’s order instituting settled administrative proceedings details improper payments by employees of Stryker’s subsidiaries as far back as 2003. ", "They used third parties to make the payments in order to win or keep lucrative contracts for the sale of Stryker’s medical technology products. ", "For example, in January 2006, Stryker’s subsidiary in Mexico directed a law firm to pay approximately $46,000 to a Mexican government employee in order to secure the winning bid on a contract. ", "The result was $1.1 million in profits for Stryker. ", "The subsidiary reimbursed the Mexico-based law firm for the bribe and booked the payment as a legitimate legal expense. ", "However, no legal services were actually provided and the law firm simply acted as a funnel to pay the bribe.", "\n\nAccording to the SEC’s order, Stryker’s subsidiary in Greece made a purported “donation” of nearly $200,000 in 2007 to a public university in Greece to fund a laboratory that was a pet project of a public hospital doctor. ", "In exchange for the payment, the doctor agreed to provide business to Stryker.", "\n\nThe SEC’s investigation also found that Stryker’s subsidiaries bribed foreign officials by paying their expenses for trips that lacked any legitimate business purpose. ", "For example, in exchange for the promise of future business from the director of a public hospital in Poland, Stryker paid travel costs for the director and her husband in May 2004. ", "This included a six-night stay at a New York City hotel, attendance at two Broadway shows, and a five-day trip to Aruba.", "\n\nThe SEC’s order requires Stryker to pay disgorgement of $7,502,635, prejudgment interest of $2,280,888, and a penalty of $3.5 million. ", "Without admitting or denying the allegations, Stryker agreed to cease and desist from committing or causing any violations and any future violations of Sections 13(b)(2)(A) and 13(b)(2)(B) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.", "\n\nDOL Recovers Over $4 Million for ESOP\n\nA settlement obtained by the Department of Labor requires the fiduciaries of the Parrot Cellular Employee Stock Ownership Plan to pay $4.2 million to the plan. ", "The order comes after an investigation by the Employee Benefits Security Administration and an April 2012 lawsuit that alleged that plan fiduciaries caused or permitted the ESOP to purchase Parrot Cellular stock for more than fair market value.", "\n\nThe defendants in the suit were Dennis Webb, the principal owner of California-based Entrepreneurial Ventures Inc.; Matthew Fidiam and Robert Gallucci, EVI executives and ESOP trustees; and Consulting Fiduciaries Inc., an Illinois company that served as the independent fiduciary for the ESOP during a November 2002 stock purchase. ", "EVI operates Parrot Cellular telephone retail stores and is the sponsor of the worker retirement plan.", "\n\nUnder the terms of the settlement agreement, Consulting Fiduciaries agreed to pay $2 million to the ESOP to settle the allegations. ", "Webb, Fidiam and Gallucci agreed to collectively pay $1.5 million to the ESOP, and Webb agreed to pay an additional $681,818 to the ESOP.", "\n\nAdvisory Firm and Owner Charged With Fraud\n\nInvestment advisory firm Harding Advisory and its owner Wing Chau were charged by the SEC with fraud after they misled investors in a collateralized debt obligation (CDO) and breached their fiduciary duties.", "\n\nChau and his firm, according to the agency, compromised their independent judgment as collateral manager to a CDO named Octans I CDO Ltd. so that they could accommodate trades requested by a third-party hedge fund firm, Magnetar Capital LLC, whose interests were not necessarily aligned with the debt investors.", "\n\nHarding agreed to give Magnetar rights in the process of selecting and acquiring a portfolio of subprime mortgage-backed assets to serve as collateral for debt instruments issued to investors in the CDO. ", "These rights, which Chau failed to disclose to investors, included the right to veto Harding’s proposed selections during the “warehouse” phase that preceded issuance of the CDO’s debt instruments. ", "Magnetar’s influence led Harding to choose assets against the advice of its own credit analysts.", "\n\nMagnetar took advantage of its selection rights, choosing assets that would pay off as hedges, bets against the debt issued by the CDO, rather than by being profitable in their own right. ", "Investors in the debt tranches of Octans I, on the other hand, would only benefit if the assets were profitable.", "\n\nChau knew this and disregarded his firm’s own analyst recommendations to allow Magnetar to follow its hedging strategy. ", "He also failed to tell investors what Harding was allowing Magnetar to do, in both this case and in the case of other CDOs.", "\n\nThe SEC’s investigation is continuing. ", "Proceedings before an administrative law judge will determine penalties that are in the public interest.", "\n\nMinneapolis attorney Todd Duckson, Capital Solutions Monthly Income Fund, a Minneapolis-based real estate lending fund, and Transactional Finance Fund Management, a company owned by Duckson that became the fund's investment advisor in November 2008, were found liable by a jury for fraud in a case brought by the SEC.", "\n\nAccording to the agency, from approximately March 2008 through December 2009, the fund raised $21.6 million from investors in a series of unregistered offerings. ", "During most of the period of the fund's existence, it made \"mezzanine loans\"—loans subordinate to more senior loans—to a single borrower, who ran into money troubles in 2007 and defaulted on those loans by May of 2008. ", "That meant that the fund had no meaningful income-producing assets.", "\n\nIn written documents provided to investors between March 2008 and late 2009, the defendants hid the fund's deteriorating financial condition. ", "In addition, the fund would use proceeds raised in offerings primarily to make real estate loans and other investments, instead of using the money to pay senior lenders on properties it had acquired and to make interest payments to existing investors.", "\n\nDuckson played a key role in drafting those written documents provided to investors, first as the attorney for the fund and, in and after November 2008, as the fund's manager.", "\n\nAll three were found liable after a five-week trial; the case was originally filed in September of 2010." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0008454257622361183, 0.0005877530202269554, 0.0025439250748604536, 0.0006535399006679654, 0.000843241810798645, 0.0009148407261818647, 0.0007165255956351757, 0.0007415440049953759, 0.0005998293636366725, 0.0006873976672068238, 0.0006382147548720241, 0.0006601498462259769, 0.000697119627147913, 0.001255686511285603, 0.0005405425326898694, 0.0007840433390811086, 0.0005780757637694478, 0.0005347433616407216, 0.000681229867041111, 0.000769778445828706, 0.0008127049659378827, 0.0012891931692138314, 0.0006146148080006242, 0.0005941055133007467, 0.0005957465036772192, 0.0006428625201806426, 0.0008244027849286795, 0.0011334032751619816, 0.0005949186743237078, 0.0005621590535156429, 0.0007958542555570602, 0.0005326444515958428, 0.000588655355386436, 0.001176347490400076, 0.0006933347904123366, 0.0007070528226904571, 0.0007248439942486584, 0.0007260006386786699, 0.0006228879792615771, 0.0009846747852861881, 0.0007218124228529632, 0.0012310129823163152, 0.0006271775928325951, 0.0005774892633780837, 0.0006638143677264452, 0.000601294101215899, 0.0006716412608511746, 0.000668804335873574, 0.0007507631089538336, 0.0006457123090513051, 0.0007248910260386765, 0.0006297826184891164, 0.0007540368824265897, 0.000552143610548228, 0.00066520826658234, 0.0008467761799693108, 0.0005378861096687615, 0.0005872776382602751, 0.0005832284223288298, 0.000634081952739507 ]

[ "Hungry Hill (disambiguation)\n\nHungry Hill may refer to:\n\nPlaces \n Hungry Hill, a hill in County Cork, Ireland\n A hill west of Aldershot, Hampshire, UK owned by the MOD\n A neighborhood in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA populated by Irish immigrants from southwestern Ireland\n\nOther \n Hungry Hill (novel), a novel by Daphne du Maurier\n Hungry Hill (film), a 1947 film adaptation of the novel\n\nSee also \n Hunger Hill (disambiguation)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0005965070449747145 ]

[ "Q:\n\nWhy does music start playing when I log in?", "\n\nWhen I login I suddenly start to hear music. ", "I haven't configured anything to do this. ", "As I start to do things the music stops. ", "What causes this?", "\n\nA:\n\nWhen you login your cursor is positioned at the center of your desktop.", "\nIf there happens to be an sound file there your system can helpfully preview (play) it.", "\nIt may sound trivial or silly but when it happened it astonished me until I realized the reason. ", "It also surprised one other person I've corresponded with.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007383215706795454, 0.0007041633944027126, 0.0007238844409584999, 0.001007836894132197, 0.0009019824210554361, 0.0009450511424802244, 0.0006473729736171663, 0.001056102686561644, 0.0005592110101133585, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Q:\n\nThe conditional expectation of a random variable\n\nThe conditional expectation of a random variable $\\xi$ given $B$ is defined as its expectation with respect to the conditional probability measure given $B$: $\\Bbb{E}[\\xi|B]=\\int\\xi(\\omega) P(d\\omega|B)$. Can anyone show me why $\\Bbb{E}[\\xi|B]=\\Bbb{E}[\\xi1_B]/P(B)$ ?", "\n\nA:\n\nThe conditional probability measure given $B$ is defined as (assuming $P(B)>0)$)\n$$\nP(A\\mid B)=\\frac{P(A\\cap B)}{P(B)}=\\int_A1_B\\frac{1}{P(B)}\\,\\mathrm dP,\\quad A\\in\\mathcal{F},\n$$\nmeaning that the probability measure $A\\mapsto P(A\\mid B)$ has density $1_B\\frac{1}{P(B)}$ with respect to $P$. Now, apply how you integrate with respect to a measure that has density.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0009109847014769912, 0.001120278611779213, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Benzoyl germanium derivatives as novel visible light photoinitiators for dental materials.", "\nThe objective of this study was to investigate the use of benzoyl germanium derivatives as a novel visible light photoinitiator of resin-based dental composites. ", "Selected mechanical properties, such as flexural strength and flexural modulus, setting time, storage stability, and UV light stability, of the composites based on the novel photoinitiators benzoyltrimethylgermane (BTMGe) or dibenzoyldiethylgermane (DBDEGe) were investigated and compared to the properties of materials that are cured with a mixture of camphorquinone (CQ) and ethyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoate (EMBO). ", "The flexural strength and flexural modulus of elasticity were determined according to ISO 4049. ", "For this purpose, test specimens (2 mm x 2 mm x 25 mm) of the composites investigated were prepared in stainless steel moulds and light-cured (150 mW/cm2, 2 s x 180 s). ", "The flexural strength and flexural modulus of elasticity were measured after immersing the cured specimens in water for 24h at 37 degrees C and in certain cases, after they had been boiled for 24h in water. ", "In addition, the setting time, curing depth, storage and UV stability of selected composites were determined. ", "The novel photoinitiators BTMGe or DBDEGe can be used to substitute the binary photoinitiator CQ/EMBO in visible light-cured restorative composites. ", "Especially, DBDEGe showed a significantly higher photocuring activity in composites with a filler load of about 60 wt. % ", "in comparison to that of CQ/EMBO. ", "In addition, composites based on BTMGe or DBDEGe showed an improved UV stability and a storage stability comparable to that of CQ/EMBO-based composites." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006467239581979811, 0.0005938318208791316, 0.0006320715765468776, 0.0005730365519411862, 0.0005896045477129519, 0.0006061057792976499, 0.0005437678773887455, 0.0006915998528711498, 0.0007248232723213732, 0.0006689021829515696, 0.000631644856184721 ]

[ "Comment on UK treasurer: Euro crisis is killing our recovery\n\n(06-10) 05:08 PDT LONDON, United Kingdom (AP) -- Britain's Treasury chief says that uncertainty over the future of Europe's single currency is threatening to keep Britain from returning to economic growth. ", "In an article...\n\nMore News\n\nFacebook is on top. ", "No other tech company is executing so well across so many areas at once — from product development to business management to public relations. ", "Take a look: Users are addicted. ", "Facebook has more than 968 million active daily users, the company said on its earnings call this week.", "\n\nAt the end of 2014, Mexico’s 16 billionaires were worth an average of nearly $9 billion. ", "That same year, the bottom 20% of Mexicans — nearly 25 million people — were worth an average of $80. ", "Economic hardship is widespread in Mexico, which is home to more than 120 million people, more than half of whom lived in poverty at the end 2012.", "\n\nKazan (Russia) (AFP) - China's superstar Sun Yang successfully defended his 400m freestyle title with gold in Sunday's final as he opened his world swimming championship campaign in style. ", "The Olympic champion clocked three mins 42.58 seconds with Britain's James Guy taking silver at 1.17secs back and Canada's Ryan Cochrane won bronze at 2.01 secs as the first medals of these championships were decided in Kazan.", "\n\nLook around and it seems pretty obvious that technology has made daily life easier. ", "We can watch almost any film or listen to any song at the press of a button. ", "People pay their bills on their mobile phones. ", "Stressed parents get to dodge trolley tantrums by swapping the supermarket run for online shopping.", "\n\nA few weeks back, a group of New York City transit advocates took New York Governor Andrew Cuomo for a ride on the subway. ", "Not the actual governor, mind you. ", "He’s more likely to have his flesh-and-blood presence transported by an SUV than the IRT, and had ignored repeated invitations from the group, the Riders Alliance, to come on down into the nation’s largest public transportation system." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0013248027535155416, 0.0006805507000535727, 0.0007108796271495521, 0.0018086961936205626, 0.0006650570430792868, 0.0009044506005011499, 0.011211236007511616, 0.0008948940085247159, 0.0006442714366130531, 0.0007992979371920228, 0.0006683152751065791, 0.0006430494249798357, 0.0016339857829734683, 0.008382747881114483, 0.0006557666347362101, 0.011275851167738438, 0.005789971444755793 ]

[ "Carnival in Germany, Switzerland and Austria\n\nA variety of customs and traditions are associated with Carnival celebrations in the German-speaking countries of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. ", "They can vary considerably from country to country, but also from one small region to another. ", "This is reflected in the various names given to these festivities occurring before Lent.", "\n\nNames\nIn parts of East and South Germany, as well as in Austria, the carnival is called Fasching. ", "In Franconia and Baden-Württemberg as well as some other parts of Germany, the carnival is called Fas(t)nacht, Fassenacht or Fasnet; in Switzerland, Fasnacht.", "\n\nWhile Germany's carnival traditions are mostly celebrated in the predominantly Roman Catholic southern and western parts of the country, the Protestant North traditionally knows a festival under the Low Saxon names Fastelavend , Fastelabend and Fastlaam (also spelled Fastlom) . ", "This name has been imported to Denmark as Fastelavn and is related to Vastenoavond in the Low-Saxon-speaking parts of the Netherlands. ", "It is traditionally connected with farm servants or generally young men going from house to house in the villages and collecting sausages, eggs and bacon, which were consumed in a festivity on the same evening. ", "While going from house to house they wore masks and made noise. ", "The old tradition vanished in many places, in other places under influence of German carnival traditions it came to resemble carnival with its parades.", "\n\nBeginning and peak of the festival season\nThe carnival session, also known as the \"Fifth Season\", begins each year on 11 November at 11:11 a.m. and finishes on Ash Wednesday of the following year with the main festivities happening around (Rose Monday).", "\n\nAlthough the festivities and parties start as early as the beginning of January, the actual carnival week starts on the Fat Thursday () before Ash Wednesday (in Germany). ", "The big German carnival parades are held on the weekend before and especially on , the day before Shrove Tuesday, and sometimes also on Shrove Tuesday ( or ) itself in the suburbs of larger carnival cities.", "\n\nVariations\nIn German-speaking countries, there are essentially 2 distinct variations of Carnivals: the Rhenish Carnival in the west of Germany, centred on the cities of Cologne, Mainz and Düsseldorf, and the Alemannic or Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht in Swabia (Southwestern Germany), Switzerland, Alsace and Vorarlberg (Western Austria).", "\n\nThe Rhenish Carnival (, mainly in the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate) is famous for celebrations such as parades and costume balls. ", "Cologne Carnival is the largest and most famous. ", "Cologne, Düsseldorf and Mainz are held in the public media to be Germany's three carnival strongholds, but carnival celebrations are also widespread elsewhere in the Rhineland.", "\n\nRhineland \n\nIn the Rhineland festivities developed especially strongly, since it was a way to express subversive anti-Prussian and anti-French thoughts in times of occupation, through parody and mockery. ", "Modern carnival there began in 1823 with the founding of a Carnival Club in Cologne. ", "Most cities and villages of the Rhineland have their own individual carnival traditions. ", "Nationally famous are the carnival in Cologne (Köln), Düsseldorf and Mainz.", "\n\nIn the Rhineland, the culmination of the carnival around is considered to be the \"fifth season of the year\". ", "Clubs organize show events called Sitzung with club members or invited guests performing dance, comedy and songs in costumes. ", "Around Mainz the most frequently performed piece of music during such a \"Sitzung\" is the \"Narrhallamarsch\". ", "The committee that organizes the events in each town consists of a president and 10 junior members and is called the \"Council of Eleven\" or . ", "The number eleven, in German, is significant in Carneval celebrations because it is an acronym for the French Revolution values of .", "\n\nThe carnival spirit is then temporarily suspended during Advent and Christmas, and picks up again in earnest in the New Year. ", "The time of merrymaking in the streets is officially declared open at the during the Cologne Carnival on the Thursday before the beginning of Lent. ", "The main event is the street carnival that takes place in the period between the Thursday before Ash Wednesday and Ash Wednesday. ", "Carnival Thursday is called Altweiber (Old women day) in Düsseldorf or Wieverfastelovend (The women's day) in Cologne. ", "This celebrates the beginning of the \"female presence in carnival\", which began in 1824, when washer-women celebrated a \"workless day\" on the Thursday before carnival. ", "They founded a committee in 1824 to strengthen their presence in the still male-dominated carnival celebrations. ", "In each city, a woman in black storms the city hall to get the \"key\" for the city-/townhalls from its mayor. ", "In many places \"fools\" take over city halls or municipal government and \"wild\" women cut men's ties wherever they get hold of them. ", "Also, as a tradition, women are allowed to kiss every man who passes their way. ", "On the following days, there are parades in the street organized by the local carnival clubs. ", "The highlight of the carnival period however is Rose Monday (Rosenmontag). ", "Although Rose Monday is not an official holiday in the Rhineland, in practice most public life comes to a halt and almost all workplaces are closed. ", "The biggest parades are on Rose Monday, the famous (Rose Monday Parade), e.g. in Cologne, Düsseldorf, Mainz, and many other cities. ", "During these events, hundreds of thousands of people celebrate in the streets, even if temperatures are low, most of them dressed up in costumes. ", "Many regions have special carnival cries (Cologne, Bonn and Aachen: Alaaf!; ", "Düsseldorf and Mainz: Helau!). ", "The carnival in the Netherlands is partially derived from the Rhenish carnival.", "\n\nAlemannic Fastnacht\n\nThe Swabian-Alemannic carnival is known as Fastnacht, where means the eve of the Fastenzeit (lent). ", "Variants of the name are Fasnacht, Fasnet, or Fasent.", "\n\nFastnacht is held in Baden-Württemberg, parts of Bavaria, Alsace, German Switzerland, and Austrian Vorarlberg. ", "The festival starts on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday, known in these regions as Schmutziger Donnerstag, Schmotziger Donnerstag, Schmutzige-Dunschdig or Fettdonnerstag. ", "In standard German, schmutzig means \"dirty\", but actually the name is from Alemannic dialects where schmotz means \"lard\" (Schmalz), or \"fat\". ", "It continues in some parts with the Shrove Monday, though often differently called, e.g. Güdismontag (literally: Paunch Monday) in Lucerne, and the last day before Ash Wednesday on Fat Tuesday (Mardi Gras), in Lucerne known as Güdisdienstag (literally: Paunch Tuesday), often the most intense Fasnacht day. ", "Also, in Germany, this used to be the time of year at the end of winter when the last of the meat from the previous year was the Schmalz (lard), or rendered fat, and this is consumed before the start of Lent. ", "The name – Fasnacht – in its different variations is the reference to the time before the coming fasting time of Lent. ", "However, in the Protestant Basel, the Basler Fasnacht astonishingly begins on the Monday Ash Wednesday.", "\n\nSee also\n Carnival (disambiguation)\n Schembart Carnival\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\n \n \nCategory:Carnivals in Austria\nCategory:Festivals in Austria\n\nde:Karneval in Deutschland" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.000560551299713552, 0.0005698023014701903, 0.0005483119748532772, 0.0008415289339609444, 0.0014295160071924329, 0.0008018662338145077, 0.0007030944689176977, 0.0007820443715900183, 0.008928620256483555, 0.0005969261983409524, 0.0005884304409846663, 0.0006052470416761935, 0.0007463254733011127, 0.0005960208363831043, 0.0006502832984551787, 0.0006586964591406286, 0.0005881206598132849, 0.0008453134214505553, 0.0005654430133290589, 0.0006553736748173833, 0.0005468993331305683, 0.000640711048617959, 0.0008254973799921572, 0.004510193131864071, 0.0005634854314848781, 0.0005870728055015206, 0.0006114818970672786, 0.0006580774788744748, 0.0007691628998145461, 0.0011319784680381417, 0.0036859980318695307, 0.0006301848916336894, 0.0010525524849072099, 0.4587556719779968, 0.4543430805206299, 0.0006148316315375268, 0.0006335452781058848, 0.0008928711758926511, 0.0005728312535211444, 0.0005536851240321994, 0.0005970826605334878, 0.0007195161306299269, 0.0006911919917911291, 0.0011504616122692823, 0.002764337696135044, 0.000596383644733578, 0.0026477740611881018, 0.14236092567443848, 0.0013174314517527819, 0.0017991404747590423, 0.000983468140475452, 0.001459553837776184, 0.0005886564613319933 ]

[ "Q:\n\nPlace button above list container, right justified\n\nI am trying to get a button to appear above an unordered list, and I want it right justified. ", " With CSS style \"float:right\", it appears on the right, but it is overlapping the list. ", " How can I get the button to appear on the right without overlapping the list?", "\nCode:\n<style>\n.mylist { list-style-type: none; width: 100%; }\n.mylist li { margin: 2px; padding: 2px; border: 1px solid black;}\n</style>\n\n<button style=\"float:right; display:block;\">Preview</button>\n<UL class='mylist'>\n <LI>Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test Test</LI>\n <LI>Test</LI> \n</UL>\n\nA:\n\nAdd clear:both to mylist style.", "\nDemo: http://jsfiddle.net/JgeTm/\nCSS\n.mylist{list-style-type:none;width:100%;clear:both}\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007844600477255881, 0.000585059926379472, 0.000976226176135242, 0.0009934513363987207, 0.0006780811818316579 ]

[ "Diastereoselective intramolecular SmI2-H2O-amine mediated couplings.", "\nThe SmI2-H2O-amine mixture has been shown to be effective for intramolecular couplings providing diastereoselectivities of up to 100% de in the coupling of O-cyclohexenyliodophenol derivatives into heterocycles." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0010774610564112663, 0.0008195880218409002 ]

[ "Selina Ozuzun Dogan is a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the Republican People's Party. ", "She is campaigning for a no vote in Turkey's referendum on constitutional reform Sunday. ", "The opinions in this article belong to the author.", "\n\n(CNN) Ever since last summer's failed attempt to overthrow Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan , the country has been sliding toward a seemingly inevitable presidential system.", "\n\nThe ruling Justice and Development Party, or AKP, has since deliberately discredited and paralyzed Turkey's parliament.", "\n\nNone of the opposition's propositions in parliament have even been considered. ", "Our parliament has instead been used as a voting machine to impose the AKP's agenda.", "\n\nIn the aftermath of thefailed coup, the government declared a state of emergency. ", "Nine months have passed, and now, under these extraordinary circumstances, the country faces a referendum on constitutional reform this weekend.", "\n\nEver since its implementation, the AKP has abused the state of emergency, making permanent decisions through decree laws.", "\n\nErdogan has lost any sense of impartiality since the June 2015 elections, which saw the AKP lose its parliamentary majority, forcing him to call a second snap election four months later. ", "He is now acting only in his own party's interests.", "\n\nHe is using the state of emergency to control the media, the judicial system, Turkey's parliament and the bureaucracy.", "\n\nThat, perversely, is why supporters of his referendum are saying that Turkey needs to vote yes: to legalize what has become a de facto presidential system.", "\n\nDemocracy means having checks and balances. ", "If the referendum passes, there will eventually be none.", "\n\nMy party, the Republican People's Party, or CHP, which opposes the referendum, is not claiming that Turkey's parliamentary system is perfect -- indeed we would like to see improvements that allow for more stable government.", "\n\nBut making these improvements will not be possible unless we have a healthy separation of powers that allows parliament to hold the President to account and forces the President to act impartially.", "\n\nJUST WATCHED Erdogan: What you need to know Replay More Videos ... MUST WATCH Erdogan: What you need to know 01:42\n\nHere is why I will be voting no Sunday:\n\nA true, democratic, presidential system relies on a separation of powers.", "\n\nThe legislature, the executive and the judiciary must be completely separated with a system of checks and balances between them.", "\n\nWhat the AKP is proposing is that all of these powers are concentrated in the hands of one person: The President of the republic. ", "This system is not a presidential system. ", "This is a dictatorship.", "\n\nDespite its flaws, Turkey at present is a democratic republic. ", "The amendments proposed by Erdogan do not aim to repair our democracy -- rather they will give the President total power with no one to restrain him.", "\n\nPresidential elections are not in themselves a sufficient mechanism for granting total power to a head of state.", "\n\nThe President is elected by winning a majority of votes. ", "This means he or she might be elected by less than 51% of the people.", "\n\nAs he or she has party political ties, it's obvious he or she will represent a certain political view -- not the people as a whole.", "\n\nThe Grand National Assembly of Turkey, our parliament, is comprised of members from both ruling and opposition parties, so more accurately represents the country as a whole. ", "This means that parliament can scrutinize the President's actions through the prism of what we deem to be in the interests of the people whom we represent in parliament.", "\n\nUnder the existing system, executive duties are shared between the President and the Council of Ministers (the Prime Minister and ministers). ", "The Council of Ministers has executive responsibility.", "\n\nUnder the proposed system, executive powers are entitled to the President of the republic. ", "The act of governing is given to the President alone.", "\n\nIf Turkey votes yes this weekend, the Office of the Prime Minister will be repealed. ", "The Council of Ministers will also be repealed. ", "Their ministries will no longer exist.", "\n\nThe President will be allowed to appoint vice Presidents at his own discretion, with no parliamentary approval required. ", "He will also become nearly impossible to hold to account -- to impeach a President, the constitution requires that one third of parliament propose the impeachment and three quarters approve it. ", "But with no Prime Minister and the President acting as chair of the majority party, the President himself will control the parliamentary group, making the necessary numbers impossible to achieve.", "\n\nAs President of the republic with political party ties, he will nominate candidates for parliament and therefore change the composition of the assembly.", "\n\nHe will also be able to design the judiciary as he sees fit: appointing the members of the Council of Judges and Prosecutors himself.", "\n\nIf Turkey votes yes this weekend, not only will a president who has abused his state of emergency and cracked down any political opposition be immediately handed more power than any other democratically elected leader, he will also be given the authority to change the state around him in a way that will strip its ability to hold him to account.", "\n\nBefore voting Sunday, Turkish people must ask themselves, however they are dissatisfied with the current state of Turkish democracy, they would be happier giving it up and handing total authority to one untouchable man?" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0014216258423402905, 0.0008602828020229936, 0.0005574739770963788, 0.0006273452891036868, 0.0008897988591343164, 0.0007011332781985402, 0.0007440673070959747, 0.00141044647898525, 0.0006625600508414209, 0.000934462936129421, 0.00087644875748083, 0.001327439327724278, 0.0010672910138964653, 0.0015637550968676805, 0.0007238090038299561, 0.0008055760990828276, 0.0008321162895299494, 0.0006545540527440608, 0.0007013023132458329, 0.0005509552429430187, 0.000706637219991535, 0.0008118628757074475, 0.11100316792726517, 0.0022757980041205883, 0.0008043721900321543, 0.0009053235989995301, 0.0007881855126470327, 0.0011491270270198584, 0.0006372880889102817, 0.0006034732214175165, 0.0007263999432325363, 0.0005561508587561548, 0.0006308798911049962, 0.0006060505984351039, 0.0005663048941642046, 0.0006037792772985995, 0.0005547965411096811, 0.0008596870466135442, 0.0006019486463628709, 0.0009676416520960629, 0.0006379073020070791, 0.0006216748151928186, 0.0005374254542402923, 0.0008057027007453144, 0.0006947750807739794 ]

[ "Roche’s haemophilia drug a breakthrough, says FDA\n\nRoche’s bid to enter the $11 billion haemophilia market has been boosted by the award of breakthrough status for one of its drug candidates by the US FDA.", "\n\nThe designation has been given to ACE910, a double-headed (bispecific) antibody which simultaneously binds to both Factor IXa and Factor X and mimics the effect of Factor VII, the usual treatment for haemophilia A.\n\nAnalysts have suggested it could disrupt a market currently dominated by Factor VIII products from Baxalta, Bayer and Novo Nordisk as well as new entrant Biogen, with UBS recently issuing a research note suggesting that it has the potential to render current drugs obsolete.", "\n\nThe promise for the new drug lies in the fact that it is thought to work regardless of whether the patient has developed neutralizing antibodies to Factor VIII products, which can occur in as many as 30 per cent of those with severe haemophilia A.\n\nThe development of inhibitors is a serious complication of haemophilia A treatment, according to Roche, as it makes it very difficult to achieve a level of Factor VIII sufficient to control bleeding with traditional replacement therapies.", "\n\nEarlier studies have suggested that ACE910 was able to completely prevent bleeding episodes in half of patients (nine of 18) with haemophilia A treated with a subcutaneous injection of the drug given once a week.", "\n\nPreliminary data suggest that the drug could also have potential for once-monthly dosing, which trumps the once-weekly dosing of even the newest haemophilia A therapies, such as Biogen’s Eloctate (efmoroctocog alfa).", "\n\nSome patients on the drug have developed antibodies to it, but these were non-neutralising and did not appear to affect the activity of the drug.", "\n\nRoche is preparing to initiate a phase III trial of ACE910 in patients with haemophilia A and factor VIII inhibitors by the end of the year, followed by a phase III trial in patients without inhibitors in 2016. ", "Additionally, a trial in paediatric patients with haemophilia A is scheduled for 2016. ", "The drug has come out of Roche’s long-standing partnership with Japan’s Chugai.", "\n\nHaemophilia A is a rare, inherited blood clotting disorder that can lead to prolonged bleeding, bruising and joint and tissue damage. ", "It is caused by having substantially reduced, or no, factor VIII activity, which is needed for normal blood clotting.", "\n\nA World Federation of Haemophilia global survey published in 2012 estimates that approximately 142,000 people worldwide are identified as living with haemophilia A." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000655135081615299, 0.0006799022085033357, 0.0008322693756781518, 0.0008148277411237359, 0.0006936133722774684, 0.0005551864160224795, 0.0006329305469989777, 0.0009705162956379354, 0.0012707713758572936, 0.011150983162224293, 0.0011638147989287972, 0.0019557590130716562 ]

[ "#\n# Copyright (C) 2010-2015 Jo-Philipp Wich <jow@openwrt.org>\n#\n# This is free software, licensed under the GNU General Public License v2.", "\n# See /LICENSE for more information.", "\n#\n\ninclude $(TOPDIR)/rules.mk\n\nPKG_NAME:=uhttpd\nPKG_VERSION:=2015-11-08\nPKG_RELEASE=$(PKG_SOURCE_VERSION)\n\nPKG_SOURCE_PROTO:=git\nPKG_SOURCE_URL:=git://nbd.name/uhttpd2.git\nPKG_SOURCE_SUBDIR:=$(PKG_NAME)-$(PKG_VERSION)\nPKG_SOURCE_VERSION:=fe01ef3f52adae9da38ef47926cd50974af5d6b7\nPKG_SOURCE:=$(PKG_NAME)-$(PKG_VERSION)-$(PKG_SOURCE_VERSION).tar.gz\nPKG_MAINTAINER:=Felix Fietkau <nbd@openwrt.org>\nPKG_LICENSE:=ISC\n\nPKG_BUILD_DEPENDS = ustream-ssl\n\ninclude $(INCLUDE_DIR)/package.mk\ninclude $(INCLUDE_DIR)/cmake.mk\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd/default\n SECTION:=net\n CATEGORY:=Network\n SUBMENU:=Web Servers/Proxies\n TITLE:=uHTTPd - tiny, single threaded HTTP server\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd\n $(Package/uhttpd/default)\n DEPENDS:=+libubox +libblobmsg-json +libjson-script\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd/description\n uHTTPd is a tiny single threaded HTTP server with TLS, CGI and Lua\n support. ", "It is intended as a drop-in replacement for the Busybox\n HTTP daemon.", "\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd/config\n config PACKAGE_uhttpd_debug\n bool \"Build with debug messages\"\n default n\nendef\n\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-tls\n $(Package/uhttpd/default)\n TITLE+= (TLS plugin)\n DEPENDS:=uhttpd \\\n\t+PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls_polarssl:libustream-polarssl \\\n\t+PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls_cyassl:libustream-cyassl \\\n\t+PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls_openssl:libustream-openssl\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-tls/description\n The TLS plugin adds HTTPS support to uHTTPd.", "\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-tls/config\n choice\n depends on PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls\n prompt \"TLS Provider\"\n default PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls_polarssl\n\n config PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls_polarssl\n bool \"PolarSSL\"\n\n config PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls_cyassl\n bool \"CyaSSL\"\n\n config PACKAGE_uhttpd-mod-tls_openssl\n bool \"OpenSSL\"\n endchoice\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-lua\n $(Package/uhttpd/default)\n TITLE+= (Lua plugin)\n DEPENDS:=uhttpd +liblua\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-lua/description\n The Lua plugin adds a CGI-like Lua runtime interface to uHTTPd.", "\nendef\n\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-ubus\n $(Package/uhttpd/default)\n TITLE+= (ubus plugin)\n DEPENDS:=uhttpd +libubus +libblobmsg-json\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-ubus/description\n The ubus plugin adds a HTTP/JSON RPC proxy for ubus and publishes the\n session.* ", "namespace and procedures.", "\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd/conffiles\n/etc/config/uhttpd\n/etc/uhttpd.crt\n/etc/uhttpd.key\nendef\n\nifneq ($(CONFIG_USE_GLIBC),)\n TARGET_CFLAGS += -D_DEFAULT_SOURCE\nendif\n\nTARGET_LDFLAGS += -lcrypt\n\nCMAKE_OPTIONS = -DTLS_SUPPORT=on\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd/install\n\t$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/etc/init.d\n\t$(INSTALL_BIN) ./files/uhttpd.init $(1)/etc/init.d/uhttpd\n\t$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/etc/config\n\t$(INSTALL_CONF) ./files/uhttpd.config $(1)/etc/config/uhttpd\n\t$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/usr/sbin\n\t$(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/uhttpd $(1)/usr/sbin/uhttpd\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-tls/install\n\ttrue\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-lua/install\n\t$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/usr/lib\n\t$(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/uhttpd_lua.so $(1)/usr/lib/\nendef\n\ndefine Package/uhttpd-mod-ubus/install\n\t$(INSTALL_DIR) $(1)/usr/lib $(1)/etc/uci-defaults\n\t$(INSTALL_BIN) $(PKG_BUILD_DIR)/uhttpd_ubus.so $(1)/usr/lib/\n\t$(INSTALL_DATA) ./files/ubus.default $(1)/etc/uci-defaults/00_uhttpd_ubus\nendef\n\n\n$(eval $(call BuildPackage,uhttpd))\n$(eval $(call BuildPackage,uhttpd-mod-tls))\n$(eval $(call BuildPackage,uhttpd-mod-lua))\n$(eval $(call BuildPackage,uhttpd-mod-ubus))\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007678420515730977, 0.0005582878366112709, 0.004033908247947693, 0.0007782758329994977, 0.0020180908031761646, 0.0014444098342210054, 0.0008109488990157843, 0.0006278474465943873, 0.0032501639798283577 ]

[ "Thapsigargin stimulates increased NO activity in hypoxic hypertensive rat lungs and pulmonary arteries.", "\nThis study addressed the controversy of whether endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) activity is increased or decreased in the hypertensive pulmonary vasculature of chronically hypoxic rats. ", "Thapsigargin, a receptor-independent Ca2+ agonist and stimulator of endothelial NO production, was used to compare NO-mediated vasodilation in perfused lungs and conduit pulmonary artery rings isolated from adult male rats either kept at Denver's altitude of 5,280 ft (control pulmonary normotensive rats) or exposed for 4-5 wk to the simulated altitude of 17,000 ft (chronically hypoxic pulmonary hypertensive rats). ", "Under baseline conditions, thapsigargin (10(-9)-10(-7) M) caused vasodilation in hypertensive lungs and vasoconstriction in normotensive lungs. ", "Whereas the sustained vasodilation in hypertensive lungs was reversed to vasoconstriction by the inhibitor of NO synthase N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA; 10(-4) M), a transient vasodilation to thapsigargin in acutely vasoconstricted normotensive lungs was potentiated. ", "As measured by a chemiluminescence assay, the recirculated perfusate of hypertensive lungs accumulated considerably higher levels of NO-containing compounds that did normotensive lungs, and thapsigargin-induced stimulation of NO-containing compounds accumulation was greater in hypertensive than in normotensive lungs. ", "Similarly, low concentrations of thapsigargin (10(-10)-10(-9) M) caused greater endothelium-dependent L-NNA-reversible relaxation of hypertensive than of normotensive pulmonary artery rings. ", "The increased sensitivity of hypertensive arteries to thapsigargin-induced relaxation was eliminated in nominally Ca(2+)-free medium and was not mimicked by ryanodine, a releaser of intracellular Ca2+. ", "These results with thapsigargin, which acts on endothelial cells to stimulate Ca2+ influx and a sustained rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, support the idea that pulmonary vascular endothelium-derived NO activity is increased rather than decreased in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0016833175905048847, 0.0016312894877046347, 0.001015668036416173, 0.000824552436824888, 0.0008288480457849801, 0.01694486476480961, 0.0011536628007888794, 0.0008184236357919872, 0.0009405638556927443 ]

[ "Q:\n\nhamburgermenu checkbox doesn't get unchecked if i click far away\n\nto keep it short and simple:\nMy hamburger menu doesn't close if i click somewhere else.", "\nI tried it in jquery and tried to make it with removeClass and so on, but even with removeClass it didnt work.", "\nHere's the code:\nhttps://jsfiddle.net/dtgd551q/\n\nAnd i think to just uncheck the checkbox is the simplest way to do it.", "\nThanks to everyone who can give me help.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can do this : \n\n$(document).on('click', function(e){\r\n if(e.target.type == \"checkbox\")\r\n return;\r\n else{\r\n var elem = $('#menuToggle').find('input[type=checkbox]');\r\n if($(elem).prop('checked')){\r\n $(elem).trigger('click');\r\n }\r\n } \r\n});\nbody\r\n{\r\n overflow-x: hidden;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n padding: 0;\r\n font-family: \"Avenir Next\", \"Avenir\", sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\na\r\n{\r\n text-decoration: none;\r\n color: white;\r\n transition: color 0.1s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\na:hover\r\n{\r\n color: black;\r\n}\r\nnav {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n}\r\n#menuToggle\r\n{\r\n display: block;\r\n position: relative;\r\n top: 50px;\r\n left: 50px;\r\n \r\n z-index: 1;\r\n \r\n -webkit-user-select: none;\r\n user-select: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#menuToggle input\r\n{\r\n display: block;\r\n width: 40px;\r\n height: 32px;\r\n position: absolute;\r\n top: -7px;\r\n left: -5px;\r\n \r\n cursor: pointer;\r\n \r\n opacity: 0; /* hide this */\r\n z-index: 2; /* and place it over the hamburger */\r\n \r\n -webkit-touch-callout: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n/*\r\n * Just a quick hamburger\r\n */\r\n#menuToggle span\r\n{\r\n display: block;\r\n width: 33px;\r\n height: 4px;\r\n margin-bottom: 5px;\r\n position: relative;\r\n \r\n background: black;\r\n border-radius: 3px;\r\n \r\n z-index: 1;\r\n \r\n transform-origin: 4px 0px;\r\n \r\n transition: transform 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.77,0.2,0.05,1.0),\r\n background 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.77,0.2,0.05,1.0),\r\n opacity 0.55s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#menuToggle span:first-child\r\n{\r\n transform-origin: 0% 0%;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#menuToggle span:nth-last-child(2)\r\n{\r\n transform-origin: 0% 100%;\r\n}\r\n\r\n/* \r\n * Transform all the slices of hamburger\r\n * into a crossmark.", "\r\n */\r\n#menuToggle input:checked ~ span\r\n{\r\n opacity: 1;\r\n transform: rotate(45deg) translate(-2px, -1px);\r\n background: white\r\n}\r\n\r\n/*\r\n * But let's hide the middle one.", "\r\n */\r\n#menuToggle input:checked ~ span:nth-last-child(3)\r\n{\r\n opacity: 0;\r\n transform: rotate(0deg) scale(0.2, 0.2);\r\n}\r\n\r\n/*\r\n * Ohyeah and the last one should go the other direction\r\n */\r\n#menuToggle input:checked ~ span:nth-last-child(2)\r\n{\r\n opacity: 1;\r\n transform: rotate(-45deg) translate(0, -1px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n/*\r\n * Make this absolute positioned\r\n * at the top left of the screen\r\n */\r\n#menu\r\n{\r\n position: absolute;\r\n width: 400px;\r\n margin: -100px 0 0 -50px;\r\n padding: 50px;\r\n padding-top: 125px;\r\n \r\n background: black;\r\n list-style-type: none;\r\n -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\r\n /* to stop flickering of text in safari */\r\n \r\n transform-origin: 0% 0%;\r\n transform: translate(-100%, 0);\r\n \r\n transition: transform 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.77,0.2,0.05,1.0);\r\n}\r\n\r\n#menu li\r\n{\r\n padding: 10px 0;\r\n font-size: 22px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n/*\r\n * And let's fade it in from the left\r\n */\r\n#menuToggle input:checked ~ ul\r\n{\r\n transform: scale(1.0, 1.0);\r\n opacity: 1;\r\n}\n<script src=\"https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js\"></script>\r\n<nav role=\"navigation\">\r\n <div id=\"menuToggle\">\r\n <input type=\"checkbox\" />\r\n <span></span>\r\n <span></span>\r\n <span></span>\r\n <ul id=\"menu\">\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>Home</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>About</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>Info</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>Contact</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>Contact</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>Contact</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>Contact</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"#\"><li>Contact</li></a>\r\n <a href=\"https://erikterwan.com/\" target=\"_blank\"><li>Show me more</li></a>\r\n </ul>\r\n </div>\r\n</nav>\n\nYou can detect click on any part of the page except the checkbox as click on checkbox is already working. ", "So, return command inside e.target.type == \"checkbox\" confirms that the clicked element is not the checkbox. ", "Now, if it's not checkbox then check if the menu is already opened. ", "If it is opened then $(elem).trigger('click'); will generate a click on the checkbox which will close it.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.00115165242459625, 0.0008126224856823683, 0.0007036032620817423, 0.0005414828774519265, 0.0014721531188115478, 0.0007012753048911691, 0.0013175036292523146, 0.000709380314219743, 0.0006621888605877757, 0.0009637828334234655, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "1929 Twickenham by-election\n\nThe Twickenham by-election, 1929 was a parliamentary by-election held on 8 August 1929 for the British House of Commons constituency of Twickenham in Middlesex.", "\n\nVacancy\nThe seat had become vacant when the constituency's Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Sir William Joynson-Hicks, had been elevated to the peerage as Viscount Brentford. ", "He had held the seat since its creation for the 1918 general election.", "\n\nCandidates\nThe Liberal Party ran 55 year-old Frederick Graham Paterson. ", "He was a barrister of Gray's Inn, educated at New College, Oxford. ", "He had been Liberal candidate here at the last general election and had previously contested Lowestoft in 1923 and 1924.", "\n\nResult \nThe result was a narrow victory for the Conservative candidate Sir John Ferguson, from whom the Conservative Central Office withdrew support over his advocacy of Empire free trade. ", "Ferguson died in office three years later, triggering the 1932 Twickenham by-election.", "\n\nSee also\n Twickenham constituency\n Twickenham\n 1932 Twickenham by-election\n 1934 Twickenham by-election\n 1955 Twickenham by-election\n List of United Kingdom by-elections\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n\nCategory:Elections in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames\nCategory:By-elections to the Parliament of the United Kingdom in London constituencies\nCategory:Twickenham\nCategory:1929 elections in the United Kingdom\nCategory:1929 in London\nCategory:20th century in Middlesex" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0008735578157939017, 0.000676784198731184, 0.000808298063930124, 0.000995852635242045, 0.0008618248393759131, 0.0009727065335027874, 0.0006858785054646432, 0.0010442119091749191, 0.0006809539627283812 ]

[ "Conquering Pre-Kindergarten\n\nISBN: 9781425835255\n\nGrades:\n\nPK\n\nPages:\n\n168\n\nDESCRIPTION:\n\nGive all young learners the foundational skills they need to succeed! ", "Based on today's standards, the activities in this book are designed to develop students' skills in reading, word study, language, writing, mathematics, social studies, and science. ", "It also features fun, yet challenging, critical-thinking and extension activities and games. ", "Divided into 10 engaging units, one for each month of the school year, this book is designed to supplement students' learning to help solidify the concepts they are learning in pre-kindergarten and strengthen the connection between home and school.", "\n\nYou Might Also Like\n\nConquering Pre-Kindergarten\n\nGrade: PK\n\nInterest Level: PK-1\n\nISBN: 9781425817145\n\nPrice: $19.99\n\nDevelop students' foundational skills in reading, word study, language, writing, math, social studies, and science using this must-have resource. ", "It also features fun critical-thinking and extension activities and games." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0012633035657927394, 0.0006359604885801673, 0.0005891414475627244, 0.000572808610741049, 0.0009062616736628115, 0.0005920319235883653 ]

[ "\nTHIRD DIVISION\n\nAugust 04, 1999\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNo. ", "1-97-2121 and 1-97-2384, Consolidated\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCGE FORD HEIGHTS, L.L.C.\n1\n, and CGE FULTON, L.L.C.,\n\n\n\nPlaintiffs-Appellants,\n\n     v.\n\n\n\nDAN MILLER\n1\n, RUTH KRETSCHMER, WILLIAM DICKSON\n1\n, RICHARD KOLHAUSER and KARL McDERMOTT\n1\n, in Their Individual and Official Capacities as Members of the Illinois Commerce Commission,\n\n\n\nDefendants-Appellees\n\n\n\n(Commonwealth Edison Company, \n\n\n\nDefendant).", "\n\n---------------------------------------\n\nTHE VILLAGE OF ROBBINS and ROBBINS RESOURCE RECOVERY PARTNERS, L.P.,\n\n\n\nPlaintiffs-Appellants,\n\nv.\n\n\n\nJAMES EDGAR\n2\n, in His Official Capacity as the Governor of the State of Illinois; WILLIAM DICKSON\n1\n, RICHARD KOLHAUSER, RUTH KRETSCHMER, KARL MCDERMOTT\n1\n, and DAN MILLER\n1\n, in Their Official Capacities as Commissioners of the Illinois Commerce Commission; KEN ZEHNDER\n2\n, in His Official Capacity as Director of the Department of Revenue, \n\n\n\nDefendants-Appellees\n\n\n\n(Commonwealth Edison Company, \n\n\n\nDefendant).", "\n\n\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n)\n\n\n\nAppeal from the\n\nCircuit Court of\n\nCook County\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNos. ", "96 CH 2560 and        96 CH 12873,          Consolidated\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHonorable\n\nRobert Boharic,\n\nJudge Presiding.", "\n\n\n\n\n\nMODIFIED ON DENIAL OF REHEARING\n\nPRESIDING JUSTICE CAHILL delivered the opinion of the court:\n\n1\nThe court granted a motion changing CGE Ford Heights, L.L.C. to New Heights Recovery & Power, L.L.C., and substituting Terry Harvill, Richard Mathias and Edward Hurley for Karl McDermott, Dan Miller and William Dickson.", "\n\n\n\n      \n2\nThe court granted a second motion substituting George Ryan and Glen Bower for James Edgar and Ken Zehnder.", "\n\n\n\nPlaintiffs appeal the dismissal of several counts of their complaints for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. ", " The counts were directed to the governor, members of the Illinois State Commerce Commission (ISCC) and the Director of the Department of Revenue. ", " In response to a motion under section 2-619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 1996)), the trial court dismissed the state defendants based on sovereign immunity. ", " Counts against Commonwealth Edison (ComEd) remain pending in the trial court. ", " We affirm dismissal of some of the counts on grounds other than sovereign immunity, reverse the dismissal of others, and remand with directions.", "\n\nPlaintiffs, CGE Ford Heights L.L.C., CGE Fulton, L.L.C. (CGE), the Village of Robbins, and Robbins Resource Recovery Partners (Partnership), filed two separate complaints, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief to prevent what they allege is retroactive application of Public Act 89-448. ", " Pub. ", "Act 89-448, §5 (eff. ", "March 14, 1996). ", " Public Act 89-448 took effect on March 14, 1996, amending a section of the Public Utilities Act commonly referred to as the \"Retail Rate Law\" (220 ILCS 5/8-403.1 (West 1996)).", "\n\nThe \"Retail Rate Law\" was first amended in 1987 to encourage burning used tires as a source of energy. ", " The 1987 amendment authorized qualified solid-waste-to-energy facilities (QSWEF) to enter into 20-year contracts with Illinois electrical utilities for the sale of electricity generated by incinerator plants. ", " The statute and the parties refer to these incinerator plants as \"QSWEFs.\" ", " For lack of a livelier acronym, we will live with QSWEF in this opinion, but will more often call them \"plants.\" ", " The \"retail rate\" is substantially higher than the wholesale rate the utilities would otherwise pay for electricity bought from private generators of electricity. ", " Under the statutory scheme, ComEd receives tax credits from the state equal to the difference between the retail rate ComEd pays the plants and the wholesale rate. ", " The law further requires the plants to reimburse the state for the amount of the tax credits, but only after the debt incurred to build the plant is retired. ", " \t\n\nPublic Act 89-448 abolished subsidies for tire burning plants. ", " The amendment redefined QSWEFs as plants that use methane gas generated from landfills. ", " Plaintiffs, which burn tires, no longer qualify as QSWEFs under the amendment and are not entitled to the retail rate. ", " While the legislation was pending, ComEd notified plaintiffs that if the bill became  a law, ComEd would no longer pay them the retail rate for electricity. ", " On the date Public Act 89-448 took effect, each of the plaintiffs had in hand signed contracts with ComEd to supply electricity at the retail rate. ", " Two of the three plants were up and running. ", " One was in the planning stage. ", " Each contract, appended to the complaints, contained the following clause:\n\n\"Service and billing, hereunder, *** shall continue for 20 years from the date Customer's Qualified Solid Waste to Energy Facility begins commercial operations, unless terminated by the written agreement of the parties, \nthe Customer loses its status as a Qualified Solid Waste to Energy Facility *** or the company ceases to obtain full Public Utilities Revenue tax Credits *** associated with the purchase under this contract for any reason.\"", "\n  (Emphasis added.)", "\n\nPlaintiffs never refer to this contract clause in their briefs. ", " The day after the law was signed, ComEd stopped paying the retail rate.", "\n\nPlaintiffs allege in their complaints that they built their plants in reliance on the old law. ", " Plaintiffs allege that, without the retail rate, their plants cannot meet daily operating expenses or service their loans. ", " \n\nThe Robbins plant was certified by the ISCC as a QSWEF on February 20, 1992. ", " The plant began to generate electricity in October 1996, about six months after Public Act 89-448 became law. ", " Full commercial operation began in 1997. ", "   \n\nCGE Ford Heights was certified by the ISCC as a QSWEF on June 2, 1992. ", " Ford Heights entered into a 20-year contract with ComEd and started up in December 1995. ", " Twelve days after the 1996 amendment became law, the Ford Heights plant closed and the owners filed for chapter 11 reorganization. ", " Ford Heights remained a debtor-in-possession during the bankruptcy proceedings. ", " Ford Heights is now reorganized and known as \"New Heights.\" ", "  \n\nCGE Fulton entered into a 20-year contract with ComEd on January 26, 1995, effective when the plant began to generate electricity. ", " To date, the plant has not been built. ", " The complaint alleges that funding for construction of the plant \"unraveled\"  after the amendment became law.", "\n\nCGE filed a six-count complaint on March 14, 1996. ", " Counts I and II allege breach of contract claims against ComEd. ", " Count III alleges that retroactive application of Public Act 89-448 to CGE's plants violates due process rights. ", " Count IV alleges that retroactive application of Public Act 89-448 impairs CGE's contracts with ComEd. ", " Count V alleges that retroactive application of Public Act 89-448 impairs CGE's rights under a contract with the state. ", " Count VI alleges that Public Act 89-448 was passed by the General Assembly in violation of the three-readings rule. ", " Ill. Const. ", "1970, art. ", "IV, §8(d). ", "\n\nThe Partnership filed a similar action in federal court that was dismissed on eleventh amendment grounds. ", " The Partnership then filed a nine-count complaint in circuit court in November 1996. ", " \n\nCount I asks the court to declare that Public Act 89-448 does not apply to electrical service contracts executed before it was enacted. ", " Count II alleges an impairment by the state of a contract between the Partnership and ComEd in violation of article I, section 10, of the United States Constitution and article I, section 16, of the Illinois Constitution. ", " U.S. Const., ", "art. ", "I, §10; Ill. Const. ", "1970, art. ", "I, §16. ", " Count III alleges that the disparate treatment of incinerator plants under the present law is an equal protection violation under the fourteenth\n amendment of the United States Constitution, and article I, section 2, of the Illinois Constitution because the distinction is not rationally related to a legitimate government purpose. ", " U.S. Const., ", "amend. ", "XIV; Ill. Const. ", "1970, art. ", "I, §2. ", " Count IV is similar to count II in that it alleges Public Act 89-448 \"abrogates\" the contract between the Partnership and ComEd in violation of the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution. ", " It also alleges that Public Act 89-448, in creating a subsidy for methane fuel incinerators and denying a subsidy to incinerators that burn tires, creates an unconstitutional classification unrelated to a governmental purpose, violating the fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution, and article I, section 2, of the Illinois Constitution. ", " U.S. Const., ", "amend. ", "XIV; Ill. Const. ", "1970, art. ", "I, §2. ", " Count V alleges that Public Act 89-448 amounts to an unconstitutional \"taking\" of private property in violation of the\n fifth and\n fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution insofar as the plaintiff cannot generate a profit under an electrical service contract without the retail rate. ", " U.S. Const., ", "amends. ", "V, XIV. ", " Count VI alleges that Public Act 89-448 is special legislation prohibited by article IV, section 13, of the Illinois Constitution. ", " Ill. Const. ", "1970, art. ", "IV, §13. ", " Count VII alleges a violation of the three readings rule. ", " Ill. Const. ", "1970, art. ", "IV, §8. ", " Count VIII is directed to ComEd and alleges that ComEd’s refusal to pay the retail rate is in violation of the Public Utilities Act (220 ILCS 5/8-403.1 (West 1996)) and the Illinois Administrative Code. ", " Count IX alleges a section 1983 violation against both the state defendants and ComEd. ", " 42 U.S.C.A. §1983 (West 1984). ", " The allegation against the state defendants in count IX is unclear,  but seems to allege that the state defendants \"intend\" to enforce Public Act 89-448, and that the enforcement will violate the Partnership’s federal constitutional rights and section 1983. ", " 42 U.S.C.A. §1983 (West 1984). ", " Count IX also alleges that ComEd will comply with the new law, violating the Partnership’s rights under section 1983. ", " 42 U.S.C.A. §1983 (West 1984). ", " Insofar as count IX alleges a section 1983 violation against ComEd, an enforceable contract with ComEd is presumed. ", " \n\n \tThe state defendants, the Governor, and the named commissioners of the ISCC, alleged in their motion to dismiss that the State Lawsuit Immunity Act (745 ILCS 5/1 \n(West 1996)) deprived the circuit court of jurisdiction over the claims and vested exclusive jurisdiction in the Court of Claims. ", " \n\nThe state defendants also moved to dismiss the section 1983 claim made by the Partnership, contending it is barred both by sovereign immunity and the eleventh amendment. ", " The trial court granted the motions after a hearing and dismissed all counts against the state for lack of subject matter jurisdiction based on sovereign immunity. ", " The dismissal order contained Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 304(a)) language. ", " \n\nThe state defendants filed separate section 2-619 motions to dismiss, directed at different counts of both complaints. ", " The state defendants also filed section 2-615 motions that were not ruled on. ", " 735 ILCS 5/2-615, 2-619 (West 1996). ", " At least one of the dismissed counts, count IX of the Partnership complaint, was also against ComEd. ", " The trial court failed to designate which counts of the complaints were subject to dismissal. ", " The court also failed to address the claims against ComEd in count IX of the Partnership complaint. ", " An order entered January 31, 1997, required the plaintiffs to maintain separate dockets and judgments. ", " The trial court's dismissal order, granting defendants' separate motions on plaintiffs' individual complaints, made no reference to the January 31 order. ", " \n\nWe review dismissals under section 2-619 \nde novo\n. ", " \nIn re Chicago Flood Litigation\n, 176 Ill. 2d 179, 188, 680 N.E.2d 265 (1997). ", " \n\nThe 1970 Illinois Constitution abolished sovereign immunity except as provided by the legislature. ", " \nPeople ex rel. ", "Manning v. Nickerson\n, 184 Ill. 2d 245, 248, 702 N.E.2d 1278 (1998). ", " \nThe State Lawsuit Immunity Act (745 ILCS 5/1 (West 1996)) reinstated sovereign immunity, prohibiting lawsuits against the State of Illinois except as provided by the Court of Claims Act (705 ILCS 505/1 \net\n \nseq\n. (", "West 1996)). ", " \nManning\n, 184 Ill. 2d at 248. ", " The Court of Claims Act vests exclusive jurisdiction in the Court of Claims over actions against the state based on contracts with the state, state laws and torts. ", " 705 ILCS 505/8(a),(b),(d) (West 1996). ", "\n\nWhether an action is, in fact, one against the state that may only be brought in the Court of Claims depends, not on the formal designation of the parties, but on the issues involved and the relief sought. ", " \nSenn Park Nursing Center v. Miller\n, 104 Ill. 2d 169, 186, 470 N.E.2d 1029 (1984). ", " There is no immunity when a complaint alleges that a state agent acted in violation of statutory or constitutional law or in excess of his authority. ", " \nSenn Park\n, 104 Ill. 2d at 188. ", " The Attorney General argued in this case, and the trial court agreed, that whatever face plaintiffs attempt to put on their complaints, they are, in the words of the trial court, “boiled down to basics[,] *** suits against the state.” ", " We must disagree. ", " The dismissal order made no attempt to distinguish the various theories underlying the several counts. ", " The allegations in the complaints before us are not so easily boiled down. ", " \t\n\nAll parties to this appeal agree on the general rule governing sovereign immunity analysis: whether a plaintiff has asserted claims that are, in fact, against the state turns on an analysis of the issues involved and the relief sought, rather than the formal designation of the parties. ", " \nSenn Park\n, 104 Ill. 2d at 186. ", " See also \nSass v. Kramer\n, 72 Ill. 2d 485, 490-91, 381 N.E. 975 (1978). ", " State immunity generally is not triggered by an action to stop a state official from unconstitutional or unauthorized conduct. ", " \nSenn Park\n, 104 Ill. 2d at 188. ", " \n\nWith that background, the Attorney General successfully argued before the trial court that the run-up language common to the specific counts in the Partnership complaint and counts V and VI of the CGE complaint allege a breach of contract by the State of Illinois. ", " The trial court agreed and relied on two cases in its ruling, \nBrucato v. Edgar\n, 128 Ill. App. ", "3d 260, 470 N.E.2d 615 (1984), and \nWestshire Retirement & Healthcare Center v. Department of Public Aid\n, 276 Ill. App. ", "3d 514, 658 N.E.2d 1286 (1995). ", " In \nBrucato\n the plaintiff alleged the Secretary of State had entered into a collective bargaining agreement that created classifications of state employees with different pay scales for Cook County and downstate employees. ", " Plaintiff alleged that the classifications and wage differentials were arbitrary and discriminatory and a denial of  her \"constitutional right to due process and equal protection.\" ", " \nBrucato\n, 128 Ill. App. ", "3d at 262. ", " The complaint did not allege that the Secretary acted under color of an unconstitutional law. ", " The appellate court correctly analyzed the complaint as an attempt to block the discretionary authority of the Secretary to enter into a collective bargaining agreement. ", " Relying on \nBoards of Education of School Districts 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73½, 74 & 219 v. Cronin\n, 54 Ill. App. ", "3d 584, 370 N.E.2d 19 (1977), \nLocal 3236 v. Illinois State Board of Education\n, 121 Ill. App. ", "3d 160, 459 N.E.2d 300 (1984), and \nMcGuire v. Board of Regents\n, 71 Ill. App. ", "3d 991, 390 N.E.2d 632 (1979), the court pointed out that where the complaint seeks to control a state officer's discretionary authority (entering into a collective bargaining contract), and if a judgment for the plaintiff would control the action of the state or subject it to liability, the action will be deemed one against the state. ", " \nBrucato\n, 128 Ill. App. ", "3d at 264. ", "  \tIn \nWestshire\n, plaintiffs sought to enjoin enforcement of certain amendments to the Illinois Administrative Code adopted to conform to the Public Aid Code (Code) (305 ILCS 5/5-1 \net\n \nseq\n. (", "West 1992)). ", " \nWestshire\n, 276 Ill. App. ", "3d at 518. ", " The Code itself was not challenged. ", " The court found, as in \nBrucato\n, and citing \nSass\n, that the plaintiff sought to enjoin the Department of Public Aid from performing an act it was empowered to perform. ", " This, coupled with a claim for damages, as in \nBrucato\n, made the lawsuit an action against the state. ", " \nWestshire\n, 276 Ill. App. ", "3d at 520-23.", "\n\nA reading of the complaints before us leads us to conclude that \nBrucato\n and \nWestshire\n are not on point. ", " The constitutionality of a statute, as here, was not raised in either \nBrucato\n or \nWestshire\n. ", " Nor are damages sought in the complaints before us. ", " \nSenn Park\n makes clear that a sovereign immunity analysis depends upon the issues raised and the relief sought. ", " \nSenn Park\n, 104 Ill. 2d at 186. ", " The predicate upon which both complaints before us rests is that the state officials, whom the plaintiffs would have us enjoin, will act in reliance on an unconstitutional statute enacted by the General Assembly. ", " Our courts have consistently held that where an actual controversy exists, a declaratory judgment action is an appropriate way to adjudicate the validity of a statute. ", " \nBlase v. State of Illinois\n, 55 Ill. 2d 94, 302 N.E.2d 46 (1973);  \nFollett's Illinois Book & Supply Store, Inc. v. Isaacs\n, 27 Ill. 2d 600, 190 N.E.2d 324 (1963). ", " See also \nNorthwestern v. State of Illinois\n, 56 Ill. App. ", "3d 305, 371 N.E.2d 1046 (1977); \nCommonwealth Edison v. Community Unit School District 200, DuPage County\n, 44 Ill. App. ", "3d 665, 358 N.E.2d 688 (1976); \nHoagland v. Bibb\n, 12 Ill. App. ", "2d 298, 139 N.E.2d 417 (1957). ", "     \n\nThat one plaintiff has analogized the behavior of the state in this case to a “breach of contract” and the other has actually pled it does not alter an “issues raised” analysis under \nSenn Park\n. ", " The counts of the complaint must be read to determine if facts have been pled that state a cause of action.", "\n\n  \tThe Partnership complaint, in the prefatory allegations common to all counts, alleges a breach of contract by the state. ", " But none of the numbered counts alleges a breach of contract by the state or pleads facts that would support the allegations. ", " Conclusions of law or fact unsupported by specific factual allegations are disregarded on a motion to dismiss. ", " \nDoe v. Calumet City\n, 161 Ill. 2d 374, 385, 641 N.E.2d 498 (1994). ", " \n\nCount V of the CGE complaint is captioned \"breach of contract\" by the state, but when the count is read, we learn that the General Assembly amended a law that allegedly impairs an existing contract with ComEd and so will prevent state officials from enforcing an earlier law in effect when the contract was signed. ", " The count of the CGE complaint alleging breach of contract by the State of Illinois does not state a cause of action for breach of contract. ", " To state a cause of action for breach of contract a plaintiff must allege a valid contract, plaintiff's performance, defendant's breach and damages. ", " \nElson v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co\n., ", "295 Ill. App. ", "3d 1, 6, 691 N.E.2d 807 (1998). ", " Count V of the CGE complaint reads in part:\n\n\"111. ", " The ICC defendants' application of the new definition of QSWEF contained in House Bill 1523 to the Ford Heights and Fulton Facilities so as to remove the QSWEF certification of these facilities will destroy plaintiffs' respective contractual rights and obligations under their contracts with the State of Illinois.", "\n\n112. ", " Removal of the QSWEF certifications of the Ford Heights and Fulton Facilities will deprive plaintiffs of the retail rate for electricity produced by the Ford Heights and Fulton Facilities. ", " The very basis, inducement, and consideration to plaintiffs of their contracts with the State of Illinois would thereby be eliminated. ", " \n\n113. ", " Application of the new definition of QSWEF contained in House Bill 1523 to plaintiffs' waste-tire-\n\nto-energy facilities would violates the Contract Clause of the Illinois Constitution, Ill. Const. ", "Art. ", "1, §16, and the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution, U.S. Const. ", "Art. ", "1, §10, cl. ", "1.\"", "\n\nA complaint that does not state a cause of action should be dismissed for that reason. ", " \nIllinois Graphics Co. v. Nickum\n, 159 Ill. 2d 469, 487, 639 N.E.2d 1202 (1994). ", " There is no need to reach the issue of sovereign immunity. ", " The complaints do not state a cause of action against the state for breach of contract.", "\n\nThe cases relied on by defendants, other than \nBrucato\n and \nWestshire\n, are distinguishable because each was based on an actual contract with the state. ", " \nG.H. Sternberg & Co. v. Bond\n, 30 Ill. App. ", "3d 874, 875, 333 N.E.2d 261 (1975) (action to enjoin state from exercising contract rights under its construction contract with plaintiff was \"action against the state\"); \nLocal 3236 v. Illinois State Board of Education\n, 121 Ill. App. ", "3d 160, 459 N.E.2d 300 (1984) (action to enforce the terms of contract between plaintiffs and state agency is an \"action against the state\"); \nSmith v. Jones\n, 113 Ill. 2d 126, 497 N.E.2d 738 (1986) (action to enjoin Director of the Illinois State Lottery from distributing funds was an \"action against the state\" where  plaintiff alleged that Director breached contract with plaintiff); \nPresident Lincoln Hotel Venture v. Bank One, Springfield\n, 271 Ill. App. ", "3d 1048, 649 N.E.2d 432 (1994) (action to enforce loan restructuring agreement under Illinois Insured Mortgage Pilot Program was \"action against the state\" where contract was entered into with the Treasurer, who had contractual authority to declare a default). ", "\n\nIn its dispositive order, the trial court concluded that sovereign immunity barred the actions and the proper forum for the complaints was the Court of Claims. ", " Without contract counts or a plea for damages, only the injunctive and declaratory counts remain. ", " It is difficult to see what the Court of Claims would do with such a complaint. ", " While the Court of Claims does have injunctive powers (see \nManagement Association of Illinois, Inc. v. Board of Regents\n, 248 Ill. App. ", "3d 599, 618 N.E.2d 694 (1993)), the balance of this opinion reaches the conclusion that the injunctive counts directed at the state are based on conclusory allegations of possible state action based on the enactment of an allegedly unconstitutional statute. ", " Since the Court of Claims has no power to construe the constitutionality of a statute, its injunctive powers lack a predicate in this case. ", " See \nRosetti Contracting Co. v. Court of Claims\n, 109 Ill. 2d 72, 485 N.E.2d 332 (1985) (Court of Claims is not a court within the meaning of the judicial article and the supreme court is the final arbiter of the constitution). ", "   \tAbsent counts that plead a contract with the state, we must conclude that the counts in both complaints seeking to enjoin state action and a declaration that Public Act 89-448 is unconstitutional were improperly dismissed on a sovereign immunity analysis.", "\n\nBut that is not the end of the matter. ", " We believe it is necessary to examine the counts individually, sovereign immunity aside, to determine if they state a cause of action for injunctive or declaratory relief. ", " On a motion to dismiss we may affirm the trial court on any basis found in the record. ", " \nMaterial Service Corp. v. Department of Revenue\n, 98 Ill. 2d 382, 387, 457 N.E.2d 9 (1983). ", "   \n\nFrom the allegations of both complaints we learn the following facts, which we accept as true for purposes of deciding a motion to dismiss.", "\n\nPlaintiffs were issued permits by the Illinois Commerce Commission to operate their incinerator plants as QSWEFs entitled to the retail rate. ", " The complaints do not allege that these permits have ever been revoked. ", "  Plaintiffs affirmed this at oral argument. ", " Nor is there an allegation that the state told plaintiffs their permits will be revoked. ", " Plaintiffs entered into 20-year contracts with Commonwealth Edison that entitled them to receive the retail rate for electricity generated and sold to ComEd. ", " The statute directing that plants such as those operated by plaintiffs receive the retail rate for electricity generated, and that the utility paying the rate was entitled to a state tax credit, was amended on March 14, 1996, to delete these provisions. ", " ComEd notified plaintiffs on March 14 that it would no longer pay the retail rate to plaintiffs. ", " CGE immediately closed its Ford Heights plant and filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. ", " CGE then  stopped preparations to open the Fulton plant. ", " \n\nNotably absent from the complaints are allegations that: (1) permits granting plaintiffs their QSWEF status have been revoked; (2) the state or its named officers are enforcing the amendatory act of 1996 against the plaintiffs or ComEd; (3) a state official told plaintiffs or ComEd that the state intends to enforce the amendatory act against them (in the case of CGE Ford Heights, now  \"New Heights,\" in bankruptcy, and CGE Fulton, which does not exist, it is difficult to see how the state could enforce the amendatory act against them); (4) ComEd has been denied tax credits allowed under the pre-amended law; and (5) any state official told plaintiffs that the amendatory act of 1996 applies retroactively to impact upon the ComEd contracts. ", " \n\nWhat we have before us is a complaint that seeks an advisory opinion from the court on the impact the 1996 amendatory act will have on the contracts between plaintiffs and ComEd before state action has been announced or taken. ", " \n\nA court should not decide a case where the judgment would have an advisory effect. ", " \nBerlin v. Sarah Bush Lincoln Health Center\n, 179 Ill. 2d 1, 8, 688 N.E.2d 106 (1996). ", " Resolving a question of law that is not presented by the facts of the case results in an advisory opinion. ", " \nPeople ex rel. ", "Partee v. Murphy\n, 133 Ill. 2d 402, 408, 550 N.E.2d 998 (1990). ", " We will not render advisory opinions or decide cases merely to establish precedent. ", " \nBerlin\n, 179 Ill. 2d at 8. ", " \n\nPlaintiffs' complaints, as to the counts seeking to enjoin future state action, ask us to give an advisory opinion about possible future events: the impact of Public Act 89-448 on plaintiffs' contracts with ComEd should the state decide to enforce the amended law against them. ", " \n\nWhat is clear is that ComEd and plaintiffs took the only actions alleged in the complaint. ", " The only harm suffered by plaintiffs so far is a direct consequence of ComEd’s unilateral decision to stop paying the retail rate, presumably in reliance on the escape clauses in its contracts, although to be fair, this presumption was never pled. ", " We believe that the injunctive counts of both complaints directed at the state are premature. ", " See \nNational Marine, Inc. v. Illinois Environmental Protection Agency\n, 159 Ill. 2d 381, 390, 639 N.E.2d 571 (1994). ", " This finding applies to counts I, II, IV and IX of the Partnership complaint. ", " It also applies to counts III, IV and V of CGE’s complaint. ", " \n\nPlaintiffs maintain in a supplement to their briefs and at oral argument, where the issue of prematurity was first raised, that they have pled an actual controversy with the State of Illinois. ", " They cite the recent supreme court decision in \nFirst America Bank, Rockford, N.A. v. Netsch\n, 166 Ill. 2d 165, 651 N.E.2d 1105 (1995), in support. ", " \n\nIn that case, the bank filed a declaratory judgment action to resolve conflicting interpretations of the scope of the comptroller’s authority under three statutes. ", " \nNetsch\n, 166 Ill. 2d at 168. ", " The bank alleged that the Comptroller interpreted the statutes and adopted policies that would have a negative impact on certain mortgages held by the bank. ", " Our supreme court noted that, \"[a]ccording to the allegations in the complaint, the Comptroller’s office had made statements to the Bank indicating that the Bank *** would be liable for trust fund shortages and that no license would issue to a purchaser who did not replenish the funds.\" ", " \nNetsch\n, 166 Ill. 2d at 170. ", " The supreme court found that the bank’s complaint “sets forth an actual controversy which stems from the parties' conflicting interpretations of the scope of the Comptroller’s authority.\" ", " \nNetsch\n, 166 Ill. 2d at 174. ", " We note in passing that the jurisdiction of the court to entertain a suit challenging the scope of a state officer's authority under a statute went unquestioned. ", "  \n\nThe complaint before us does not allege that a state official announced a policy or took action to implement Public Act 89-448 adverse to plaintiff. ", " Plaintiffs at oral argument drew our attention to the Governor’s message when he signed the bill. ", " The Governor noted that the bill would work a hardship on owners such as plaintiffs. ", " We decline to read a Governor's signatory message, in the absence of authority, as a prediction of what the state might do. ", " \n\nWhile no one disputes the Governor’s opinion about the intended impact of the bill, absent is any reference to the issue framed by plaintiffs’ complaints: the impact the new law would have on contracts executed in reliance on the old law. ", " What is clear from the allegations of the complaints is that the state officials charged with enforcing the new law have said and done nothing to suggest that it would be enforced against plaintiffs. ", " Absent these allegations, this case does not fit the facts that support the \nNetsch\n holding. ", " There, comptroller officials told the bank what they thought the law meant and how they intended to enforce it. ", " \n\nThe actual controversy requirement, however, does not mean that a wrong must have been committed and injury inflicted. ", " Instead, a plaintiff must show that the underlying facts and issues of the case are not moot, hypothetical or premature, so as to require the court to give legal advice about future events. ", " \nMessenger v. Edgar\n, 157 Ill. 2d 162, 170, 623 N.E.2d 310 (1993). ", " The dismissal on sovereign immunity grounds foreclosed plaintiffs' opportunity to argue this issue in the trial court or amend their complaints to plead an actual controversy. ", " While we believe plaintiffs have not pled an actual controversy in their injunctive counts and dismiss them for that reason, the issue was raised by the court for the first time on appeal. ", " In keeping with \nGeaslen v. Berkson, Gorov & Levin, Ltd\n., ", "155 Ill. 2d 223, 613 N.E.2d 702 (1993), the dismissal is without prejudice with leave to replead on remand.", "\n\nWhat happened in this case as we read the complaints in their present form had nothing to do with state action. ", " Private parties triggered this litigation by anticipating what the state might do. ", " Plaintiffs filed their complaints in response to actions taken by ComEd, a private utility, which interpreted the amendatory act to relieve it of obligations under contracts with the plaintiffs. ", " Whether ComEd read these contracts correctly remains an issue in the counts pending before the trial court. ", " A decision by us on these facts would be nothing more than legal advice about possible future events. ", " \t\n\nAn examination of the contracts between ComEd and plaintiffs lends support to our position that the complaints against the state are premature. ", " The trial court may find, when it addresses the escape clauses in the contracts, that as a matter of law ComEd was relieved of its obligations under the contracts when the amendatory act took effect. ", " On the other hand, a question of fact may be found with respect to the escape clauses. ", " Whatever happens, to frame an actual controversy with the State of Illinois, plaintiffs may be required to have in hand an enforceable 20-year contract with ComEd. ", " We will not speculate about the viability of the ComEd contracts, other than to note that a court may conclude  that plaintiffs entered the contracts fully aware that they were contingent upon the continuation of then existing law, and plaintiffs entered the contract at their peril. ", "     \n\nOne issue remains:  we must distinguish those counts in which the plaintiffs seek to enjoin future state action under color of an allegedly unconstitutional law and those counts that ask the court to declare the act unconstitutional. ", " We believe the former are premature. ", " The latter are not, if plaintiffs have standing. ", " \n\nA declaratory judgment action will lie to determine rights under a statute even though the act is not yet in effect. ", " \nHoaglund\n, 12 Ill. App. ", "2d at 303. ", " It is presumed that a validly enacted statute will be enforced. ", " \nKerr-McGee Chemical Corp. v. Department of Nuclear Safety\n, 204 Ill. App. ", "3d 605, 561 N.E.2d 1370 (1990). ", "   \n\nThe counts of both complaints addressing the constitutionality of Public Act 89-448 do not ask the court to render an advisory opinion based on what plaintiffs think the state might do. ", " The court is asked instead to determine whether alleged infirmities in the statute itself (and the way it was passed) make it unconstitutional. ", " Plaintiffs alleged that they are members of the class to which the statute applies. ", " These counts, and plaintiffs' standing to raise them, were not addressed by the trial court and are remanded for that purpose. ", " The facts pled in support of standing are taken as true for purposes of section 2-615 and section 2-619 motions.", "\n\nTo sum up:  counts I and II of the CGE complaint for breach of contract against ComEd are not before us and remain pending. ", " The dismissals of count III, seeking to enjoin retroactive application of Public Act 89-448 by the state, and count IV, alleging impairment of the ComEd contract by future state action, are affirmed, not on sovereign immunity grounds, but because they are premature. ", " They are dismissed without prejudice, with leave to replead. ", " The dismissal of count V, alleging impairment of a contract with the state, is affirmed, not on sovereign immunity grounds, but for failure to state a cause of action. ", " Count VI, alleging a violation of the three-reading rule, was only addressed in a separate section 2-615 motion not ruled on by the trial court. ", " This count, as we read the dismissal order, is not before us on appeal but remains pending in the trial court as part of the unaddressed section 2-615 motion. ", "   \n\nAs to the Partnership complaint, the dismissal of count I, alleging retroactive application of Public Act 89-448 by future state action, is  affirmed, not on sovereign immunity grounds, but because it is premature. ", " The dismissal is without prejudice, with leave to replead. ", " The dismissal of count II, alleging impairment of a contract with the state, is affirmed, not on sovereign immunity grounds, but for failure to state a cause of action. ", " The dismissal of count III, alleging an arbitrary and irrational distinction between plants subject to the act, is vacated. ", " The count is remanded with directions that the trial court address it. ", " The dismissal of count IV, alleging a due process violation to the extent that the amendment amounts to an abrogation of the plaintiffs' contracts (whatever the undefined \"abrogation\" might mean), is affirmed, not based on sovereign immunity, but for failure to state a cause of action. ", " While we affirm the dismissal of counts II and IV, but on grounds other than sovereign immunity, plaintiffs should be given the opportunity to replead them. ", " Count V, alleging an unconstitutional \"taking,\" attacks the statute itself based on the fifth and fourteenth amendments. ", " The dismissal is vacated and the count is remanded with directions that the trial court address it. ", " The dismissal of count VI, alleging that Public Act 89-448 is special legislation, and count VII, alleging a three-\n\nreading-rule violation, are vacated. ", " The counts are remanded with directions that the trial court address them. ", " Count VIII is not before us. ", " As to the state defendants' dismissal under count IX, we affirm, not on grounds of sovereign immunity, but because the count is premature, no action by the state amounting to a section 1983 violation having been pled. ", " 42 U.S.C.A. §1983 (West 1994). ", " The dismissal is without prejudice, with leave to replead. ", " Insofar as the order of the trial court can be read to dismiss the section 1983 claim against ComEd, the order is vacated and remanded with directions to address it. ", "  \n\nAffirmed in part and vacated in part; cause remanded with directions.", "\n\n     GORDON and McBRIDE, JJ., ", "concur.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.00082252430729568, 0.0006288478616625071, 0.0006618184852413833, 0.0014611710794270039, 0.0007269681664183736, 0.0006502643809653819, 0.0008084899163804948, 0.0007395214634016156, 0.000686071056406945, 0.0006834547966718674, 0.0006995841395109892, 0.0006182728102430701, 0.0006783989374525845, 0.001007356564514339, 0.0009558835299685597, 0.0007000753539614379, 0.0006281706737354398, 0.0007156183128245175, 0.001146722468547523, 0.0014091555494815111, 0.0006152833229862154, 0.0007022356730885804, 0.0006134280120022595, 0.0006396125536412001, 0.0007116551278159022, 0.0010307594202458858, 0.001467033987864852, 0.0006899895961396396, 0.0006055730627849698, 0.0006944066844880581, 0.0005902100820094347, 0.0022786103654652834, 0.000597973121330142, 0.0006748587475158274, 0.0009430755162611604, 0.0007146287243813276, 0.0006638675113208592, 0.0005634897388517857, 0.0005851491005159914, 0.0005724814254790545, 0.000608700152952224, 0.0005920733674429357, 0.0006500410381704569, 0.0008998389821499586, 0.000729167542885989, 0.0006141543271951377, 0.0006114909774623811, 0.0006848921766504645, 0.0008346030372194946, 0.0008732715505175292, 0.0006799850962124765, 0.0009156521409749985, 0.0008576702093705535, 0.0006773032946512103, 0.007616825867444277, 0.0007634955691173673, 0.000712900364305824, 0.0007166112773120403, 0.0007537401979789138, 0.0006382308201864362, 0.0007366646896116436, 0.0008424516418017447, 0.001342528616078198, 0.0009828854817897081, 0.0007634955691173673, 0.0007770819938741624, 0.0007925844402052462, 0.0008424516418017447, 0.0008489603642374277, 0.0015932718524709344, 0.0007634955691173673, 0.0007975893677212298, 0.0006999966572038829, 0.0008434275514446199, 0.0008424516418017447, 0.0008489603642374277, 0.0015932718524709344, 0.0007634955691173673, 0.0007975893677212298, 0.000781769398599863, 0.0008424516418017447, 0.0007513124728575349, 0.0008612883975729346, 0.0007076605106703937, 0.007616825867444277, 0.0007634955691173673, 0.0008128374465741217, 0.0006707453867420554, 0.007616825867444277, 0.0007634955691173673, 0.0008293295395560563, 0.0007196965743787587, 0.0006887133931741118, 0.0007152255857363343, 0.0006452497327700257, 0.0007152255857363343, 0.0006865455652587116, 0.0007152255857363343, 0.0007495689205825329, 0.0006786045269109309, 0.0006633539451286197, 0.0007065607933327556, 0.0007189380703493953, 0.0006926159258000553, 0.0006857448606751859, 0.0007681780261918902, 0.0008444556151516736, 0.0008272230625152588, 0.0006992085836827755, 0.0006086117355152965, 0.0006157215102575719, 0.0005763806984759867, 0.0006726018036715686, 0.0006671879673376679, 0.0014776692260056734, 0.0008158719865605235, 0.0006799552938900888, 0.0007630577310919762, 0.0009018738055601716, 0.0006917052669450641, 0.0006746536237187684, 0.0006201107753440738, 0.0007349758525379002, 0.0008628951036371291, 0.0008711896371096373, 0.000650084693916142, 0.0006125487852841616, 0.0006358623504638672, 0.0007223670836538076, 0.0005542022990994155, 0.0008699105819687247, 0.0006582251517102122, 0.0007098803762346506, 0.0008711896371096373, 0.0006106758373789489, 0.0007171660545282066, 0.0007207157905213535, 0.0007489166455343366, 0.0006696488126181066, 0.0009835186647251248, 0.0010302745504304767, 0.0006935842684470117, 0.0007784089539200068, 0.00073769420851022, 0.0010577721986919641, 0.0008600144064985216, 0.0009742233669385314, 0.000690871209371835, 0.0010302745504304767, 0.0006733778864145279, 0.0006443469901569188, 0.000757190166041255, 0.0009666000260040164, 0.0007193111814558506, 0.0006281820242293179, 0.0007759401923976839, 0.0009725040872581303, 0.0009666000260040164, 0.0006314351339824498, 0.0006135526346042752, 0.0006517674773931503, 0.0007430581608787179, 0.0005679744062945247, 0.0008699105819687247, 0.0006095541175454855, 0.0006615312886424363, 0.0008357270853593946, 0.0006932666874490678, 0.0009238225175067782, 0.0012157277669757605, 0.0007338309078477323, 0.0006848230259492993, 0.0006303476984612644, 0.000707580940797925, 0.0007965747499838471, 0.0008579002460464835, 0.0009000460850074887, 0.0006559150642715394, 0.0009189133998006582, 0.00080321409041062, 0.0009220110368914902, 0.0012541403993964195, 0.0007108288700692356, 0.0015193057479336858, 0.0006449288339354098, 0.0009848276386037469, 0.0007088454440236092, 0.0005961933056823909, 0.0010364959016442299, 0.0012823994038626552, 0.001342528616078198, 0.000757126952521503, 0.001342528616078198, 0.0008410952868871391, 0.0008153539965860546, 0.0008548207115381956, 0.0007652394706383348, 0.0006217645714059472, 0.0007956597837619483, 0.0005871631437912583, 0.001004192978143692, 0.0008068478782661259, 0.0008322024368681014, 0.0007087741396389902, 0.000629838730674237, 0.0009780070977285504, 0.0007174289203248918, 0.0007957625784911215, 0.0007868403336033225, 0.0008349633426405489, 0.0006985072395764291, 0.0006775860674679279, 0.0008323153597302735, 0.0005701135378330946, 0.0006980137550272048, 0.0007958876667544246, 0.0006509418599307537, 0.0006527966470457613, 0.0006928040529601276, 0.0006105763604864478, 0.0007479028427042067, 0.0006327701266855001, 0.0006300606182776392, 0.000733247899916023, 0.001270834356546402, 0.0006983861094340682, 0.0006567902164533734, 0.000617088342551142, 0.000699843221809715, 0.0008073213393799961, 0.0005850306479260325, 0.0014776692260056734, 0.0007861699559725821, 0.0006927294889464974, 0.0008947064052335918, 0.0006703448016196489, 0.0007752706296741962, 0.0007813459960743785, 0.0007833294803276658, 0.0006580969202332199, 0.0006403758889064193, 0.000932310416828841, 0.0006328442832455039, 0.0006336315418593585, 0.000674021546728909, 0.0011880735401064157, 0.0006130250985734165, 0.0006910401280038059, 0.0011410079896450043, 0.0007260497659444809, 0.0011092049535363913, 0.000618005869910121, 0.0006823191652074456, 0.000567106471862644, 0.0006825366872362792, 0.0006354888319037855, 0.0006157244788482785, 0.000633128744084388, 0.0007429590914398432, 0.000594171229749918, 0.0007555082556791604, 0.000606773653998971, 0.000797209853772074, 0.0006159577751532197, 0.0006345410365611315, 0.0007026490638963878, 0.0007480710628442466, 0.0005775263998657465, 0.0005512672942131758, 0.0006463246536441147, 0.0006909140502102673, 0.00064159429166466, 0.0005615921691060066, 0.0005629751249216497, 0.0005723458016291261, 0.0005744821974076331, 0.0009090009261853993, 0.0007063598022796214, 0.0006210926221683621, 0.0007013104041106999, 0.0007241101702675223, 0.0012275249464437366, 0.0006853509112261236, 0.0006328579038381577, 0.0008622232126072049, 0.0007200124673545361, 0.0006807930767536163, 0.0006939184968359768, 0.0009838363621383905, 0.0006411352078430355, 0.0006047502974979579, 0.0007285487372428179, 0.00067410699557513, 0.000892226118594408, 0.0007644733996130526, 0.0007090169820003211, 0.0006162090576253831, 0.0006109858513809741, 0.0007722849841229618, 0.0007418995373882353, 0.0007087920093908906, 0.0007317508570849895, 0.0007237944519147277, 0.0005842830869369209, 0.0007730128709226847, 0.0006824726006016135, 0.0006296670762822032, 0.0008023328264243901, 0.0008636945858597755, 0.0005929218023084104, 0.0007173133199103177, 0.0007722849841229618, 0.0006532693514600396, 0.0006418331176973879, 0.0007559903897345066, 0.0006776442169211805, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Inhibition of fluorouracil-induced stomatitis by oral cryotherapy.", "\nMucositis is a significant dose-limiting toxicity associated with fluorouracil (5FU), particularly when it is combined with leucovorin. ", "We hypothesized that oral cryotherapy would cause local vasoconstriction and would temporarily decrease blood flow to the oral mucous membranes. ", "If cryotherapy were used during the time of peak serum 5FU levels, then the oral mucous membranes would have less exposure to 5FU and thus develop less mucositis. ", "To test this hypothesis, 95 patients scheduled to receive their first cycle of 5FU plus leucovorin were randomized to have oral cryotherapy at the time of chemotherapy administration or to serve as a control group. ", "Subsequent mucositis was significantly reduced in the group assigned to receive cryotherapy as judged by the attending physicians (P = .0002) and by the patients themselves (P = .0001). ", "We now routinely recommend this cryotherapy procedure for our patients receiving daily bolus 5FU plus leucovorin." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0026484555564820766, 0.007925769314169884, 0.004550643265247345, 0.013990267179906368, 0.0007351478561758995, 0.001959232147783041, 0.009917762130498886 ]

[ "// Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage datastore\n\nimport (\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"reflect\"\n\t\"time\"\n\n\t\"google.golang.org/appengine\"\n\tpb \"google.golang.org/appengine/internal/datastore\"\n)\n\nvar (\n\ttypeOfBlobKey = reflect.", "TypeOf(appengine.", "BlobKey(\"\"))\n\ttypeOfByteSlice = reflect.", "TypeOf([]byte(nil))\n\ttypeOfByteString = reflect.", "TypeOf(ByteString(nil))\n\ttypeOfGeoPoint = reflect.", "TypeOf(appengine.", "GeoPoint{})\n\ttypeOfTime = reflect.", "TypeOf(time.", "Time{})\n)\n\n// typeMismatchReason returns a string explaining why the property p could not\n// be stored in an entity field of type v.Type().", "\nfunc typeMismatchReason(p Property, v reflect.", "Value) string {\n\tentityType := \"empty\"\n\tswitch p.Value.(type) {\n\tcase int64:\n\t\tentityType = \"int\"\n\tcase bool:\n\t\tentityType = \"bool\"\n\tcase string:\n\t\tentityType = \"string\"\n\tcase float64:\n\t\tentityType = \"float\"\n\tcase *Key:\n\t\tentityType = \"*datastore.", "Key\"\n\tcase time.", "Time:\n\t\tentityType = \"time.", "Time\"\n\tcase appengine.", "BlobKey:\n\t\tentityType = \"appengine.", "BlobKey\"\n\tcase appengine.", "GeoPoint:\n\t\tentityType = \"appengine.", "GeoPoint\"\n\tcase ByteString:\n\t\tentityType = \"datastore.", "ByteString\"\n\tcase []byte:\n\t\tentityType = \"[]byte\"\n\t}\n\treturn fmt.", "Sprintf(\"type mismatch: %s versus %v\", entityType, v.Type())\n}\n\ntype propertyLoader struct {\n\t// m holds the number of times a substruct field like \"Foo.", "Bar.", "Baz\" has\n\t// been seen so far. ", "The map is constructed lazily.", "\n\tm map[string]int\n}\n\nfunc (l *propertyLoader) load(codec *structCodec, structValue reflect.", "Value, p Property, requireSlice bool) string {\n\tvar v reflect.", "Value\n\t// Traverse a struct's struct-typed fields.", "\n\tfor name := p.Name; ; {\n\t\tdecoder, ok := codec.byName[name]\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn \"no such struct field\"\n\t\t}\n\t\tv = structValue.", "Field(decoder.index)\n\t\tif !", "v.IsValid() {\n\t\t\treturn \"no such struct field\"\n\t\t}\n\t\tif !", "v.CanSet() {\n\t\t\treturn \"cannot set struct field\"\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif decoder.substructCodec == nil {\n\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tif v.Kind() == reflect.", "Slice {\n\t\t\tif l.m == nil {\n\t\t\t\tl.m = make(map[string]int)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tindex := l.m[p.", "Name]\n\t\t\tl.m[p.", "Name] = index + 1\n\t\t\tfor v.Len() <= index {\n\t\t\t\tv.Set(reflect.", "Append(v, reflect.", "New(v.", "Type().Elem()).Elem()))\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tstructValue = v.Index(index)\n\t\t\trequireSlice = false\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tstructValue = v\n\t\t}\n\t\t// Strip the \"I.\" from \"I.X\".", "\n\t\tname = name[len(codec.byIndex[decoder.index].name):]\n\t\tcodec = decoder.substructCodec\n\t}\n\n\tvar slice reflect.", "Value\n\tif v.Kind() == reflect.", "Slice && v.Type().Elem().Kind() !", "= reflect.", "Uint8 {\n\t\tslice = v\n\t\tv = reflect.", "New(v.", "Type().Elem()).Elem()\n\t} else if requireSlice {\n\t\treturn \"multiple-valued property requires a slice field type\"\n\t}\n\n\t// Convert indexValues to a Go value with a meaning derived from the\n\t// destination type.", "\n\tpValue := p.Value\n\tif iv, ok := pValue.(indexValue); ok {\n\t\tmeaning := pb.", "Property_NO_MEANING\n\t\tswitch v.Type() {\n\t\tcase typeOfBlobKey:\n\t\t\tmeaning = pb.", "Property_BLOBKEY\n\t\tcase typeOfByteSlice:\n\t\t\tmeaning = pb.", "Property_BLOB\n\t\tcase typeOfByteString:\n\t\t\tmeaning = pb.", "Property_BYTESTRING\n\t\tcase typeOfGeoPoint:\n\t\t\tmeaning = pb.", "Property_GEORSS_POINT\n\t\tcase typeOfTime:\n\t\t\tmeaning = pb.", "Property_GD_WHEN\n\t\t}\n\t\tvar err error\n\t\tpValue, err = propValue(iv.value, meaning)\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn err.", "Error()\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\n\tswitch v.Kind() {\n\tcase reflect.", "Int, reflect.", "Int8, reflect.", "Int16, reflect.", "Int32, reflect.", "Int64:\n\t\tx, ok := pValue.(int64)\n\t\tif !", "ok && pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif v.OverflowInt(x) {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.", "Sprintf(\"value %v overflows struct field of type %v\", x, v.Type())\n\t\t}\n\t\tv.SetInt(x)\n\tcase reflect.", "Bool:\n\t\tx, ok := pValue.(bool)\n\t\tif !", "ok && pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\t\tv.SetBool(x)\n\tcase reflect.", "String:\n\t\tswitch x := pValue.(type) {\n\t\tcase appengine.", "BlobKey:\n\t\t\tv.SetString(string(x))\n\t\tcase ByteString:\n\t\t\tv.SetString(string(x))\n\t\tcase string:\n\t\t\tv.SetString(x)\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\tif pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\tcase reflect.", "Float32, reflect.", "Float64:\n\t\tx, ok := pValue.(float64)\n\t\tif !", "ok && pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif v.OverflowFloat(x) {\n\t\t\treturn fmt.", "Sprintf(\"value %v overflows struct field of type %v\", x, v.Type())\n\t\t}\n\t\tv.SetFloat(x)\n\tcase reflect.", "Ptr:\n\t\tx, ok := pValue.(*Key)\n\t\tif !", "ok && pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif _, ok := v.Interface().(*Key); !", "ok {\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\t\tv.Set(reflect.", "ValueOf(x))\n\tcase reflect.", "Struct:\n\t\tswitch v.Type() {\n\t\tcase typeOfTime:\n\t\t\tx, ok := pValue.(time.", "Time)\n\t\t\tif !", "ok && pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tv.Set(reflect.", "ValueOf(x))\n\t\tcase typeOfGeoPoint:\n\t\t\tx, ok := pValue.(appengine.", "GeoPoint)\n\t\t\tif !", "ok && pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\tv.Set(reflect.", "ValueOf(x))\n\t\tdefault:\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\tcase reflect.", "Slice:\n\t\tx, ok := pValue.([]byte)\n\t\tif !", "ok {\n\t\t\tif y, yok := pValue.(ByteString); yok {\n\t\t\t\tx, ok = []byte(y), true\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tif !", "ok && pValue !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif v.Type().Elem().Kind() !", "= reflect.", "Uint8 {\n\t\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t\t}\n\t\tv.SetBytes(x)\n\tdefault:\n\t\treturn typeMismatchReason(p, v)\n\t}\n\tif slice.", "IsValid() {\n\t\tslice.", "Set(reflect.", "Append(slice, v))\n\t}\n\treturn \"\"\n}\n\n// loadEntity loads an EntityProto into PropertyLoadSaver or struct pointer.", "\nfunc loadEntity(dst interface{}, src *pb.", "EntityProto) (err error) {\n\tprops, err := protoToProperties(src)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\tif e, ok := dst.(PropertyLoadSaver); ok {\n\t\treturn e.Load(props)\n\t}\n\treturn LoadStruct(dst, props)\n}\n\nfunc (s structPLS) Load(props []Property) error {\n\tvar fieldName, reason string\n\tvar l propertyLoader\n\tfor _, p := range props {\n\t\tif errStr := l.load(s.codec, s.v, p, p.Multiple); errStr !", "= \"\" {\n\t\t\t// We don't return early, as we try to load as many properties as possible.", "\n\t\t\t// It is valid to load an entity into a struct that cannot fully represent it.", "\n\t\t\t// That case returns an error, but the caller is free to ignore it.", "\n\t\t\tfieldName, reason = p.Name, errStr\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\tif reason !", "= \"\" {\n\t\treturn &ErrFieldMismatch{\n\t\t\tStructType: s.v.", "Type(),\n\t\t\tFieldName: fieldName,\n\t\t\tReason: reason,\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn nil\n}\n\nfunc protoToProperties(src *pb.", "EntityProto) ([]Property, error) {\n\tprops, rawProps := src.", "Property, src.", "RawProperty\n\tout := make([]Property, 0, len(props)+len(rawProps))\n\tfor {\n\t\tvar (\n\t\t\tx *pb.", "Property\n\t\t\tnoIndex bool\n\t\t)\n\t\tif len(props) > 0 {\n\t\t\tx, props = props[0], props[1:]\n\t\t} else if len(rawProps) > 0 {\n\t\t\tx, rawProps = rawProps[0], rawProps[1:]\n\t\t\tnoIndex = true\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tbreak\n\t\t}\n\n\t\tvar value interface{}\n\t\tif x.Meaning !", "= nil && *x.Meaning == pb.", "Property_INDEX_VALUE {\n\t\t\tvalue = indexValue{x.", "Value}\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tvar err error\n\t\t\tvalue, err = propValue(x.", "Value, x.GetMeaning())\n\t\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\t\treturn nil, err\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t}\n\t\tout = append(out, Property{\n\t\t\tName: x.GetName(),\n\t\t\tValue: value,\n\t\t\tNoIndex: noIndex,\n\t\t\tMultiple: x.", "GetMultiple(),\n\t\t})\n\t}\n\treturn out, nil\n}\n\n// propValue returns a Go value that combines the raw PropertyValue with a\n// meaning. ", "For example, an Int64Value with GD_WHEN becomes a time.", "Time.", "\nfunc propValue(v *pb.", "PropertyValue, m pb.", "Property_Meaning) (interface{}, error) {\n\tswitch {\n\tcase v.Int64Value !", "= nil:\n\t\tif m == pb.", "Property_GD_WHEN {\n\t\t\treturn fromUnixMicro(*v.", "Int64Value), nil\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\treturn *v.Int64Value, nil\n\t\t}\n\tcase v.BooleanValue !", "= nil:\n\t\treturn *v.BooleanValue, nil\n\tcase v.StringValue !", "= nil:\n\t\tif m == pb.", "Property_BLOB {\n\t\t\treturn []byte(*v.", "StringValue), nil\n\t\t} else if m == pb.", "Property_BLOBKEY {\n\t\t\treturn appengine.", "BlobKey(*v.", "StringValue), nil\n\t\t} else if m == pb.", "Property_BYTESTRING {\n\t\t\treturn ByteString(*v.", "StringValue), nil\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\treturn *v.StringValue, nil\n\t\t}\n\tcase v.DoubleValue !", "= nil:\n\t\treturn *v.DoubleValue, nil\n\tcase v.Referencevalue !", "= nil:\n\t\tkey, err := referenceValueToKey(v.", "Referencevalue)\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn nil, err\n\t\t}\n\t\treturn key, nil\n\tcase v.Pointvalue !", "= nil:\n\t\t// NOTE: Strangely, latitude maps to X, longitude to Y.\n\t\treturn appengine.", "GeoPoint{Lat: v.Pointvalue.", "GetX(), Lng: v.Pointvalue.", "GetY()}, nil\n\t}\n\treturn nil, nil\n}\n\n// indexValue is a Property value that is created when entities are loaded from\n// an index, such as from a projection query.", "\n//\n// Such Property values do not contain all of the metadata required to be\n// faithfully represented as a Go value, and are instead represented as an\n// opaque indexValue. ", "Load the properties into a concrete struct type (e.g. by\n// passing a struct pointer to Iterator.", "Next) to reconstruct actual Go values\n// of type int, string, time.", "Time, etc.", "\ntype indexValue struct {\n\tvalue *pb.", "PropertyValue\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006751352921128273, 0.0005779231432825327, 0.0006534940912388265, 0.000776425760705024, 0.0008241180330514908, 0.0006834509549662471, 0.0010033251019194722, 0.000776425760705024, 0.0007578340009786189, 0.0006837857654318213, 0.0007342326571233571, 0.0010016103042289615, 0.0009320963290520012, 0.0006230978760868311, 0.0006154642323963344, 0.0007553123286925256, 0.0007935789762996137, 0.000886001973412931, 0.0006521856412291527, 0.0006729374290443957, 0.0008127979235723615, 0.000997845665551722, 0.0010252665961161256, 0.0006289161392487586, 0.0006925993948243558, 0.001071906415745616, 0.0011940053664147854, 0.0013816870050504804, 0.0009516235440969467, 0.0012077309656888247, 0.0008955597295425832, 0.0017692357068881392, 0.0021608162205666304, 0.0014587491750717163, 0.0007884567603468895, 0.0007339112926274538, 0.0007641215925104916, 0.0008556817192584276, 0.004463482182472944, 0.0008967329631559551, 0.0007631643093191087, 0.0010680309496819973, 0.0006951250834390521, 0.0008924747817218304, 0.0008556817192584276, 0.0007708662888035178, 0.0007803448243066669, 0.0008629748481325805, 0.0011137345572933555, 0.000947466935031116, 0.0012184480438008904, 0.000833809666801244, 0.0018662330694496632, 0.002072896109893918, 0.0008256798610091209, 0.0007093952153809369, 0.0007263092556968331, 0.0007098395144566894, 0.0007189908064901829, 0.0010617297375574708, 0.004464052617549896, 0.0031066120136529207, 0.000762883631978184, 0.002487237099558115, 0.004464052617549896, 0.0010413497220724821, 0.0008596752304583788, 0.00509300222620368, 0.0010576058411970735, 0.0006704425322823226, 0.0009316798532381654, 0.004464052617549896, 0.0018971313256770372, 0.000732630433049053, 0.001066282857209444, 0.004464052617549896, 0.002049199305474758, 0.0008887482108548284, 0.0006417203112505376, 0.0007664705626666546, 0.0009652774897404015, 0.004464052617549896, 0.0013148648431524634, 0.0009299978846684098, 0.0007901802309788764, 0.004464052617549896, 0.0013148648431524634, 0.0009835903765633702, 0.0007992514874786139, 0.01931929774582386, 0.004464052617549896, 0.00431043328717351, 0.0006951250834390521, 0.0015446888282895088, 0.0008215604466386139, 0.0006601184140890837, 0.0010137786157429218, 0.0009760066750459373, 0.0009308045846410096, 0.024072209373116493, 0.0006217053160071373, 0.0007984575349837542, 0.0007251601200550795, 0.0011943893041461706, 0.001076224842108786, 0.0009690803708508611, 0.0007353503606282175, 0.0008782641380093992, 0.004149028565734625, 0.006471720524132252, 0.00826714001595974, 0.000948159140534699, 0.0018029484199360013, 0.0013981143711134791, 0.00293363188393414, 0.006658253725618124, 0.0007264345185831189, 0.0008338804473169148, 0.02041793055832386, 0.0009074061526916921, 0.0009163481881842017, 0.006218165624886751, 0.0009713692707009614, 0.003090720158070326, 0.001967302756384015, 0.006218165624886751, 0.0009198086918331683, 0.0012881659204140306, 0.0012781900586560369, 0.0012919016880914569, 0.0012881659204140306, 0.002543044276535511, 0.001724362256936729, 0.0011191953672096133, 0.000721386750228703, 0.0008426138083450496, 0.0015747830038890243, 0.000798368884716183, 0.0006744913407601416, 0.0007098864880390465, 0.0010901354253292084, 0.0007340357988141477, 0.0008849195437505841, 0.0007021877681836486, 0.0006556356674991548, 0.0009129033423960209, 0.000859932042658329 ]

[ "This item has been removed from the community because it violates Steam Community & Content Guidelines. ", "It is only visible to you. ", "If you believe your item has been removed by mistake, please contact Steam Support\n\nThis item is incompatible with Tabletop Simulator. ", "Please see the instructions page for reasons why this item might not work within Tabletop Simulator.", "\n\nCurrent visibility: Hidden This item will only be visible to you, admins, and anyone marked as a creator.", "\n\nCurrent visibility: Friends-only This item will only be visible in searches to you, your friends, and admins.", "\n\nNot enough ratings Pokemon TCG 2016 Expanded Format Deckbuilder\n\nDescription Discussions Comments Change Notes\n\nAward Award Favorite Favorited Unfavorite Share Add to Collection This item has been added to your Favorites File Size Posted Updated 2.675 MB 21 Oct, 2015 @ 8:13am 19 Sep, 2016 @ 10:55am ( view ) 14 Change Notes\n\nCreated by Blushing Boo\n\nOffline See all 13 collections created by Blushing Boo and other people (some may be hidden) 666 Unique Visitors 1,276 Current Subscribers 11 Current Favorites" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006463230820372701, 0.0006940560415387154, 0.0006564785144291818, 0.0005519586848095059, 0.0007358539733104408, 0.0007080359500832856, 0.0008562938892282546 ]

[ "Because these products are so common, it’s nearly impossible for most people to rid their home of poisonous substances, but there are ways to limit the risks.", "\n\nTypes of common household poison\n\nMedications, both prescription and over-the-counter drugs, are the cause of most poisonings. ", "These include painkillers, sedatives, antidepressants, antihistamines, cardiovascular drugs, stimulants and vitamins/supplements.", "\n\nCleaning substances are a known cause of dangerous poisonings. ", "These include bleach, toilet and drain cleaner, polishes and waxes, all-purpose cleaners, dish soap and laundry detergent. ", "Laundry detergent pods can be especially dangerous for children. ", "Many are brightly colored, small enough to be swallowed and contain a concentrated amount of product.", "\n\nPesticides, rodenticides, plants, wild mushrooms, animal/insect bites and stings and carbon monoxide are also common poisons.", "\n\nWhat about lead poisoning?", "\n\nWhile lead poisoning is becoming less common in Western states — bans on lead in paint and most gasolines have helped to greatly reduce the instances of exposure — a new source of lead poisoning is on the rise: indoor shooting ranges.", "\n\n“Lead-based bullets and primer can shed toxins which can be exacerbated by poor or inadequate ventilation. ", "The toxic dust settles on skin, hair, clothing and car interiors, where it can be carried home and exposed to family members,” Murawsky said.", "\n\nSteps to keeping you and your loved ones safe\n\nChildren under age 6 are at the highest risk for poisoning — this age group accounted for 47 percent of exposures in 2015.", "\n\nIf you have children in the home, especially little ones under age 6, it’s important to use the utmost care when storing and disposing of any poisonous product, according to Safe Kids Clark County.", "\n\n“Ibuprofen, multivitamins, and diaper care and rash products are commonly ingested by toddlers and can be very harmful,” Murawsky said. ", "He also warns that children find misplaced medication on nightstands, the floor or in purses, often in grandparents’ or other relatives’ homes.", "\n\nBe sure to properly store any medication, personal/cosmetic products and any other poisonous substance out of a child’s reach and eyesight, and in sealed containers. ", "Keep a close eye on children when in the homes of relatives and friends to avoid any swallowing hazards.", "\n\nAlso, take out the garbage immediately after throwing away anything that poses a poison hazard, such as cleaning wipes.", "\n\nAlways follow product instructions and dispose of all medication and products properly, as outlined by the manufacturer.", "\n\nOther tips\n\nUse any dosing devices that come with medication to avoid accidental overdoses, and never combine any medications without discussing it with your physician first.", "\n\nPut all medication away and out of sight. ", "This includes vitamins, supplements, eye drops and similar products that may not seem immediately dangerous.", "\n\nWhen using aerosols, always do so in spaces with lots of ventilation, and wear mouth/eye covers when appropriate.", "\n\nStore cleaning products in their original containers and never combine them. ", "Never mix cleaning products while using them. ", "For instance, bleach- and ammonia-based products are both common, but when combined, they can create a toxic vapor.", "\n\nWrite clear instructions for caregivers about medication for children or aging adults living at home.", "\n\nBe careful if you have a teen who is managing his or her own medicine — Murawsky noted that teens self-administering over-the-counter medicine is a common reason for emergency room visits.", "\n\nSymptoms\n\nSymptoms of a poisoning depend on the type of poison, and how it was consumed, but the most common symptoms include:\n\nNausea, vomiting and diarrhea\n\nHeadache\n\nDizziness\n\nBlurred vision\n\nFatigue\n\nLow blood pressure\n\nRapid heart rate\n\nShortness of breath\n\nConfusion or disorientation\n\nIf you think you or a loved one might be experiencing any of these, or other typical symptoms, after being exposed to a poisonous substance, call Poison Control immediately at 1-800-222-1222.", "\n\nUnless you have celiac disease, you might want to rethink that gluten-free diet. ", "In a study of more than 100,000 US adults without celiac disease, researchers found that eating gluten was not related to heart disease risk. ", "September is Whole Grains Month, learn more about the benefits of a whole grains diet: http://ow.ly/e66630f8De8." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006963059422560036, 0.0008505571749992669, 0.0010739946737885475, 0.001462510321289301, 0.015011582523584366, 0.0061629642732441425, 0.0005991725483909249, 0.0026182536967098713, 0.001497408258728683, 0.001363808405585587, 0.0022503638174384832, 0.0016725987661629915, 0.01033654436469078, 0.000965496466960758, 0.08080912381410599, 0.0007557768258266151, 0.0010299462592229247, 0.0008187727071344852, 0.4820629060268402, 0.0006133330753073096, 0.0006808544276282191, 0.013049818575382233, 0.0005837896023876965, 0.0012585291406139731, 0.0007500944775529206, 0.0009139128960669041, 0.0017600724240764976, 0.001315980451181531, 0.0011772711295634508, 0.0015285196714103222, 0.23890428245067596, 0.008824273943901062, 0.0009983833879232407 ]

[ "Q:\n\nApply margin to running CSS position\n\nI'm using the following CSS code to position my footer at the bottom of the page:\n<style type=\"text/css\">\n @page {\n @bottom-center { content: element(footer); }\n }\n #footer {position: running(footer);}\n</style>\n\nIs there a way to display it slightly higher? ", "Adding margin-bottom: 50px doesn't seem to have an effect.", "\nupdate: the page will be converted to PDF using iText\n\nA:\n\nI finally managed to get it working with the following CSS:\n <style type=\"text/css\">\n @page { \n margin-bottom: 100px;\n @bottom-center { \n content:element(footer);\n }\n }\n\n #footer {\n position: running(footer);\n }\n</style>\n\nPreviously, I only tried to add margin-bottom to the @bottom-center and #footer.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006886743358336389, 0.0006772368215024471, 0.0006336439400911331, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Q:\n\nJboss 7.1.1: NamingException class can't be found\n\nThis RESTservice project is deployed on a Jboss 7.1.1 with Liferay SDK 6.2. ", "\n'javax.api' has already been added as dependency to the jboss-deployment-structure.xml, but this error appears anyway:\n 09:11:28,741 ERROR [org.jboss.msc.service.fail] (MSC service thread 1-7) MSC00001: Failed to start service jboss.deployment.unit.", "\"RESTtest.war\".", "POST_MODULE: org.jboss.msc.service.", "StartException in service jboss.deployment.unit.", "\"RESTtest.war\".", "POST_MODULE: Failed to process phase POST_MODULE of deployment \"RESTtest.war\"\n at org.jboss.as.server.deployment.", "DeploymentUnitPhaseService.start(DeploymentUnitPhaseService.java:119) [jboss-as-server-7.1.1.Final.jar:7.1.1.Final]\n at org.jboss.msc.service.", "ServiceControllerImpl$StartTask.startService(ServiceControllerImpl.java:1811) [jboss-msc-1.0.2.GA.jar:1.0.2.GA]\n at org.jboss.msc.service.", "ServiceControllerImpl$StartTask.run(ServiceControllerImpl.java:1746) [jboss-msc-1.0.2.GA.jar:1.0.2.GA]\n at java.util.concurrent.", "ThreadPoolExecutor.runWorker(Unknown Source) [rt.jar:1.7.0_51]\n at java.util.concurrent.", "ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.run(Unknown Source) [rt.jar:1.7.0_51]\n at java.lang.", "Thread.run(Unknown Source) [rt.jar:1.7.0_51]\nCaused by: java.lang.", "RuntimeException: Error getting reflective information for class de.foo.soa.myfoo.sales.", "MyfooSalesSF with ClassLoader ModuleClassLoader for Module \"de.foo.soa.myfoo.modules:main\" from local module loader @41c61c91 (roots: C:\\fooTest\\liferay-portal-JBOSS6.2-ce-ga2\\jboss-7.1.1\\modules)\n at org.jboss.as.server.deployment.reflect.", "DeploymentReflectionIndex.getClassIndex(DeploymentReflectionIndex.java:70) [jboss-as-server-7.1.1.Final.jar:7.1.1.Final]\n at org.jboss.as.ee.metadata.", "MethodAnnotationAggregator.runtimeAnnotationInformation(MethodAnnotationAggregator.java:58)\n at org.jboss.as.ee.component.deployers.", "InterceptorAnnotationProcessor.handleAnnotations(InterceptorAnnotationProcessor.java:85)\n at org.jboss.as.ee.component.deployers.", "InterceptorAnnotationProcessor.processComponentConfig(InterceptorAnnotationProcessor.java:70)\n at org.jboss.as.ee.component.deployers.", "InterceptorAnnotationProcessor.deploy(InterceptorAnnotationProcessor.java:55)\n at org.jboss.as.server.deployment.", "DeploymentUnitPhaseService.start(DeploymentUnitPhaseService.java:113) [jboss-as-server-7.1.1.Final.jar:7.1.1.Final]\n ... 5 more\nCaused by: java.lang.", "NoClassDefFoundError: javax/naming/NamingException\n at java.lang.", "Class.getDeclaredFields0(Native Method) [rt.jar:1.7.0_51]\n at java.lang.", "Class.privateGetDeclaredFields(Unknown Source) [rt.jar:1.7.0_51]\n at java.lang.", "Class.getDeclaredFields(Unknown Source) [rt.jar:1.7.0_51]\n at org.jboss.as.server.deployment.reflect.", "ClassReflectionIndex.<init>(ClassReflectionIndex.java:57) [jboss-as-server-7.1.1.Final.jar:7.1.1.Final]\n at org.jboss.as.server.deployment.reflect.", "DeploymentReflectionIndex.getClassIndex(DeploymentReflectionIndex.java:66) [jboss-as-server-7.1.1.Final.jar:7.1.1.Final]\n ... 10 more\nCaused by: java.lang.", "ClassNotFoundException: javax.naming.", "NamingException from [Module \"de.foo.soa.myfoo.modules:main\" from local module loader @41c61c91 (roots: C:\\fooTest\\liferay-portal-JBOSS6.2-ce-ga2\\jboss-7.1.1\\modules)]\n at org.jboss.modules.", "ModuleClassLoader.findClass(ModuleClassLoader.java:190) [jboss-modules.jar:1.1.1.GA]\n at org.jboss.modules.", "ConcurrentClassLoader.performLoadClassUnchecked(ConcurrentClassLoader.java:468) [jboss-modules.jar:1.1.1.GA]\n at org.jboss.modules.", "ConcurrentClassLoader.performLoadClassChecked(ConcurrentClassLoader.java:456) [jboss-modules.jar:1.1.1.GA]\n at org.jboss.modules.", "ConcurrentClassLoader.performLoadClass(ConcurrentClassLoader.java:398) [jboss-modules.jar:1.1.1.GA]\n at org.jboss.modules.", "ConcurrentClassLoader.loadClass(ConcurrentClassLoader.java:120) [jboss-modules.jar:1.1.1.GA]\n ... 15 more\n\n09:11:28,748 INFO [org.jboss.as.server] (DeploymentScanner-threads - 1) JBAS015870: Deploy of deployment \"RESTtest.war\" was rolled back with failure message {\"JBAS014671: Failed services\" => {\"jboss.deployment.unit.\\\"RESTtest.war\\\".", "POST_MODULE\" => \"org.jboss.msc.service.", "StartException in service jboss.deployment.unit.\\\"RESTtest.war\\\".", "POST_MODULE: Failed to process phase POST_MODULE of deployment \\\"RESTtest.war\\\"\"}}\n09:11:28,757 INFO [org.jboss.as.server.deployment] (MSC service thread 1-1) JBAS015877: Stopped deployment RESTtest.war in 9ms\n09:11:28,758 INFO [org.jboss.as.controller] (DeploymentScanner-threads - 1) JBAS014774: Service status report\nJBAS014777: Services which failed to start: service jboss.deployment.unit.", "\"RESTtest.war\".", "POST_MODULE: org.jboss.msc.service.", "StartException in service jboss.deployment.unit.", "\"RESTtest.war\".", "POST_MODULE: Failed to process phase POST_MODULE of deployment \"RESTtest.war\"\n\nA look in the module.xml of javax/api shows that javax/naming/NamingException is added as dependency, so everything should be fine:\n <dependencies>\n <system export=\"true\">\n <paths>\n ...\n <path name=\"javax/naming\"/>\n <path name=\"javax/naming/directory\"/>\n <path name=\"javax/naming/event\"/>\n <path name=\"javax/naming/ldap\"/>\n <path name=\"javax/naming/spi\"/>\n ...\n </paths>\n </system>\n </dependencies>\n\nI look forward to any constructive suggestion.", "\n\nA:\n\nIt seems you have added the javax api dependency to the jboss-deployment-structure.xml of your deployment, but if you look at your exception message:\nClassNotFoundException: javax.naming.", "NamingException from\n [Module \"de.foo.soa.myfoo.modules:main\"\n\nit is missing from \"de.foo.soa.myfoo.modules\" module, not from your deployment. ", "The modules module.xml file is where you need to add the dependency.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007648956961929798, 0.0007496296311728656, 0.0090987803414464, 0.0007371408864855766, 0.0007605068385601044, 0.0090987803414464, 0.0007481153006665409, 0.0007914372254163027, 0.0007846603402867913, 0.0008489729952998459, 0.0006903443718329072, 0.0007151979953050613, 0.0006497264257632196, 0.0017691969405859709, 0.002003846224397421, 0.0008387223351746798, 0.0011759547051042318, 0.0008972008363343775, 0.0009600551566109061, 0.0008808025158941746, 0.0008115267846733332, 0.001073688268661499, 0.0007186773582361639, 0.000729757419321686, 0.0008254868444055319, 0.0008724340004846454, 0.0008762668003328145, 0.0007871080888435245, 0.0009504619520157576, 0.0008625921909697354, 0.0009593638242222369, 0.0008772981236688793, 0.000864163797814399, 0.0009959560120478272, 0.0007582023972645402, 0.0021622665226459503, 0.0007574682822450995, 0.0090987803414464, 0.0007371408864855766, 0.0007605068385601044, 0.0090987803414464, 0.0006336729857139289, 0.0006840849528089166, 0.0010202242992818356, 0.0006033613462932408, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Touch, awareness of touch, and compliance with a request.", "\nIn certain situations it has been shown that touch has a positive effect on the compliance with a request expressed by a stranger. ", "However, the difference between the effect of touch on request compliance between people who had noticed and those who had not noticed this contact has never been taken into account. ", "In this experiment a female confederate asked 227 women to answer a questionnaire. ", "When asking for their collaboration the forearm was or was not touched for a brief period of 1 to 2 seconds. ", "Analysis showed that touch was associated with significantly higher compliance to the request but no difference was found between subjects who had noticed the tactual contact and subjects who had not noticed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006557872402481735, 0.000536167761310935, 0.0005734345759265125, 0.0018145957728847861, 0.0005278174066916108, 0.0006042637396603823 ]

[ "0 receivers\n4 sources\n6 well color\n3 caustic rays\n2 rays\n4 interfaces\n\n\n\nkey: (CWP's xgraph colors)\n0 black\n1 white \n2 red\n3 green\n4 dark blue\n5 light blue\n6 violet\n7 yellow\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0011317385360598564 ]

[ "Q:\n\njavamail fetch mail pop3 android\n\nI want to fetch emails in android by using javamail.", "\nbut I encountered some problems.", "\nin POP3, if I want to fetch the content of a certain mail, the javamail will download all the content of the mail including the attachments. ", "if the attachments are large enough, the android program will throw oom exception. ", "But I tried in IMAP protocal, it only fetch the skeleton of the content first and even if there are some large attachments, it works well.", "\nso, how could I fetch the content of a certain email using pop3 protocal when there are large attachment in the email?", "\nfollowing codes work well with imap, but not with pop3.", "\npublic void getContent(Part part) throws Exception {\n String contentType = part.getContentType();\n int nameindex = contentType.indexOf(\"name\");\n boolean conname = false;\n if (nameindex !", "= -1)\n conname = true;\n if (part.isMimeType(\"text/plain\") && !", "conname) {\n bodytext.append((String) part.getContent());\n } else if (part.isMimeType(\"text/html\") && !", "conname) {\n String html = (String) part.getContent();\n Spanned plainText = Html.fromHtml(html);\n bodytext.append(plainText);\n } else if (part.isMimeType(\"multipart/*\")) {\n Multipart multipart = (Multipart) part.getContent();\n int counts = multipart.getCount();\n for (int i = 0; i < counts; i++) {\n BodyPart mpart = multipart.getBodyPart(i);\n Log.d(\"type,\",\" \"+ i+mpart.getContentType());\n\n String disposition = mpart.getDisposition();\n if ((disposition !", "= null)\n && ((disposition.equals(Part.", "ATTACHMENT)) || (disposition\n .equals(Part.", "INLINE))))\n continue;\n String contype = mpart.getContentType();\n if(contype.toLowerCase().indexOf(\"application\")!=-1||contype.toLowerCase().indexOf(\"name\")!=-1)\n continue;\n\n getContent(multipart.getBodyPart(i));\n }\n } else if (part.isMimeType(\"message/rfc822\")) {\n getContent((Part) part.getContent());\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nI do not know the specifics of JavaMail, however:\nIMAP provides methods in it's protocol for downloading MIME Parts of a message, allowing the message to be picked apart on the server and downloaded in parts.", "\nPOP3s basic protocol only has support for downloading the entire message. ", " With the optional TOP extension, it will allow you to download the first n lines of a message.", "\nIf JavaMail has specific extensions to stream the download of a message to disk (rather than all in memory), that should allow you to get around your Out Of Memory error.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.000878802384249866, 0.0006711255991831422, 0.0006701911333948374, 0.0008011578465811908, 0.0006089664530009031, 0.0006824309821240604, 0.0006349231698550284, 0.007496707607060671, 0.0008341212524101138, 0.0010752917733043432, 0.0011553472140803933, 0.0021388523746281862, 0.0007024040096439421, 0.0008652691612951458, 0.0007269199704751372, 0.0006047592614777386, 0.0009724716655910015, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "A biology teacher drowned her three-year-old daughter to “protect” her from her father after the breakdown of their marriage.", "\n\nClaire Colebourn, 36, hit \"rock bottom\" after her high-flying husband Michael, who she met at university, ended their 16-year-relationship, a court heard.", "\n\nShe woke their daughter Bethan at their home in Fordingbridge, Hampshire, in the early hours of October 19 last year, led her to the bath and drowned her by holding her body down under the water, before making multiple suicide attempts.", "\n\nShe was found guilty of murder by a unanimous verdict at Winchester Crown Court yesterday and will be sentenced on Monday morning.", "\n\nThe ex-sixth form teacher initially denied all memory of the incident, but later recalled how Bethan agreed to have a bath in the middle of the night at her mother's instruction, telling police: \"Sadly, my little girl trusted me completely.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.02710319310426712, 0.0014868482248857617, 0.00501263327896595, 0.0031594650354236364, 0.0011252921540290117 ]

[ "Monday, October 28, 2013\n\nRIP Lou Reed\n\n\"Her life was saved by rock & roll,\" is a sentiment felt by many of us at Berklee, which makes the October 27 death of Lou Reed, who penned those lyrics, particularly poignant.", "\n\nThe Velvet Underground, Reed's band with John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Maureen \"Moe\" Tucker and Nico, created the concept of the permanent underground in popular music, a destination unto itself rather than as a way station to mainstream fame. ", "Reed sang overly of drugs (\"Heroin\") and sex (\"Venus in Furs\") when others had merely alluded to it. ", "Brian Eno famously observed that few people bought their 1967 debut The Velvet Underground & Nico (CD 241), but “everyone who bought one of those 30,000 copies started a band.” ", "Their intentional minimalism set the stage for punk, earning Reed the designation as a godfather of the genre. \"", "Sweet Jane\" from Loaded (CD 11410) contains the riff that launched a thousand ships. ", "Their influence can be heard in every band that glorifies droning or that harnesses feedback, m b v (CD 35402) by My Bloody Valentine being just one of the most recent examples.", "\n\nAs a solo artist, Reed would have his biggest hit with \"Walk on the Wild Side\" from his 1972 album Transformer (CD 13384). ", "1975's Metal Machine Music (CD 23521) was notoriously unlistenable but showed his willingness to experiment. ", "Reed continued to earn acclaim later in his career with albums such as New York (CD 219), which celebrated the grittiness of his home, Songs for Drella (CD 23523), his reunion with John Cale to pay homage to their deceased mentor Andy Warhol, and Magic & Loss (CD 464), a moving rumination on mortality inspired the cancer deaths of close friends.", "\n\nDive into our collection for more materials by and about the Velvet Underground or by and about Reed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0009589132969267666, 0.0006607667310163379, 0.051881223917007446, 0.0006314673228189349, 0.0017092418856918812, 0.0006899790605530143, 0.0012855851091444492, 0.000986783066764474, 0.0006732280016876757, 0.000743382959626615, 0.000692410976625979 ]

[ "In response to \"numerous fan requests\", Techland has announced Bad Blood—a battle royale-inspired PvP mode that's due next year. ", "Independent of the developer's ongoing free DLC drive, Bad Blood is a standalone expansion.", "\n\nCapitalising on the recent popularity of battle royale games , the incoming expansion will play into what makes the likes of PUBG and Fortnite Battle Royale work, while \"retaining the core of what made people fall in love with Dying Light in the first place,\" so says Techland in a statement. ", "In doing so, Bad Blood promises \"violent and dynamic\" online bouts that mix PvP with PvE mechanics.", "\n\n\"Our aim is both to satisfy players’ demands for competitive PvP gameplay and to explore new directions for Dying Light’s multiplayer experience,\" says Techland producer Tymon Smektala. \"", "Since Bad Blood was inspired by fan requests, we want player feedback to be an integral part of our development. ", "That's why we’re inviting Dying Light fans to take part in our Global Playtest. ", "They can play the expansion early and share their thoughts, knowing their feedback will have a major influence on Bad Blood's development.\"", "\n\nBad Blood is for now without screens or moving pictures, however those interested can sign up for its global PC playtest in this direction.", "\n\nAgain, Dying Light: Bad Blood is due at some point in 2018. ", "In the meantime, here's Chris' thoughts on the base game and its The Following expansion." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0007463478832505643, 0.003397185355424881, 0.0007888181717135012, 0.004099743906408548, 0.0006458107964135706, 0.0006771888001821935, 0.0007358185830526054, 0.0005817835335619748, 0.0009872306836768985, 0.13486090302467346, 0.0006203986704349518 ]

[ "Evaluation of various biomarkers as potential mediators of the association between coffee consumption and incident type 2 diabetes in the EPIC-Potsdam Study.", "\nThe inverse association between coffee consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is well established; however, little is known about potential mediators of this association. ", "We aimed to investigate the association between coffee consumption and diabetes-related biomarkers and their potential role as mediators of the association between coffee consumption and T2D. We analyzed a case-cohort study (subcohort: n = 1610; verified incident T2D cases: n = 417) nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study involving 27,548 middle-aged participants. ", "Habitual coffee consumption was assessed with a validated, semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. ", "We evaluated the association between coffee consumption and several T2D-related biomarkers, such as liver markers (reflected by γ-glutamyltransferase, fetuin-A, and sex hormone-binding globulin), markers of dyslipidemia (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides), inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP)], an adipokine (adiponectin), and metabolites, stratified by sex. ", "Coffee consumption was inversely associated with diacyl-phosphatidylcholine C32:1 in both sexes and with phenylalanine in men, as well as positively associated with acyl-alkyl-phosphatidylcholines C34:3, C40:6, and C42:5 in women. ", "Furthermore, coffee consumption was inversely associated with fetuin-A (P-trend = 0.06) and CRP in women and γ-glutamyltransferase and triglycerides in men. ", "Coffee consumption tended to be inversely associated with T2D risk in both sexes, reaching significance only in men [HR (95% CI): women: ≥4 compared with >0 to <2 cups coffee/d: 0.78 (0.46, 1.33); men: ≥5 compared with >0 to <2 cups coffee/d: 0.40 (0.19, 0.81)]. ", "The association between coffee consumption and T2D risk in men was slightly reduced after adjustment for phenylalanine or lipid markers. ", "Coffee consumption was inversely associated with a diacyl-phosphatidylcholine and liver markers in both sexes and positively associated with certain acyl-alkyl-phosphatidylcholines in women. ", "Furthermore, coffee consumption showed an inverse trend with CRP in women and with triglycerides and phenylalanine in men. ", "However, these markers explained only to a small extent the inverse association between long-term coffee consumption and T2D risk." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005465509602800012, 0.0005602887249551713, 0.0005532933864742517, 0.0005696553853340447, 0.0006702984101139009, 0.0010880532208830118, 0.0009843891020864248, 0.0006144728395156562, 0.0007689195917919278, 0.0018456033430993557, 0.0010186751605942845, 0.0006022927118465304 ]

[ "// CodeMirror, copyright (c) by Marijn Haverbeke and others\n// Distributed under an MIT license: http://codemirror.net/LICENSE\n\n// Depends on csslint.js from https://github.com/stubbornella/csslint\n\n// declare global: CSSLint\n\n(function(mod) {\n if (typeof exports == \"object\" && typeof module == \"object\") // CommonJS\n mod(require(\"../../lib/codemirror\"));\n else if (typeof define == \"function\" && define.amd) // AMD\n define([\"../../lib/codemirror\"], mod);\n else // Plain browser env\n mod(CodeMirror);\n})(function(CodeMirror) {\n\"use strict\";\n\nCodeMirror.registerHelper(\"lint\", \"css\", function(text, options) {\n var found = [];\n if (!", "window.", "CSSLint) {\n if (window.console) {\n window.console.error(\"Error: window.", "CSSLint not defined, CodeMirror CSS linting cannot run.\");", "\n }\n return found;\n }\n var results = CSSLint.verify(text, options), messages = results.messages, message = null;\n for ( var i = 0; i < messages.length; i++) {\n message = messages[i];\n var startLine = message.line -1, endLine = message.line -1, startCol = message.col -1, endCol = message.col;\n found.push({\n from: CodeMirror.", "Pos(startLine, startCol),\n to: CodeMirror.", "Pos(endLine, endCol),\n message: message.message,\n severity : message.type\n });\n }\n return found;\n});\n\n});\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007582603138871491, 0.0013529512798413634, 0.0008483567507937551, 0.0007836651057004929, 0.0016924362862482667, 0.0006390933995135128, 0.0008317536558024585 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to find and delete products in magento that have no image\n\nCan anyone help me find products that have no images assigned to them.", "\nEither a list of products with no images or a way to delete them using a PHP script would be ideal\nThank you\n\nA:\n\n$collection = Mage::getResourceModel('catalog/product_collection')\n ->addAttributeToFilter('media_gallery', array('isnull' => true))\n\nshould give you all the products.", "\n$collection->delete();\n\nshould delete them all.", "\nBut be careful, if the filter is wrong, you might delete all products!", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0008935481891967356, 0.0005936179077252746, 0.0033668349497020245, 0.0062092668376863, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "Synthesis, in vitro kinetics, and in vivo studies on protein conjugates of AZT: evaluation as a transport system to increase brain delivery.", "\nOur method to increase the delivery of polar drugs to the central nervous system is via drug-protein conjugates with proteins that interact with and cross brain capillary endothelial cells. ", "As a model for drugs containing a reactive hydroxyl group, AZT was conjugated via a succinate linker to two such protein carriers, the highly cationic histone H1 and an anti-transferrin receptor antibody, OX-26. ", "The protein carriers were selected on the basis of their ability to interact with brain capillary endothelial cells by absorptive or receptor-mediated events, respectively. ", "An in vitro pH profile of the rate of AZT release indicated that the observed hydrolysis proceeds by a specific base-catalysis mechanism. ", "At 37 degrees C, the release of AZT proceeded at a rate approximately 10-fold faster (Kobs approximately 8 x 10(-4) min-1) than expected for a simple ester (AZT succinate; Kobs approximately 1.25 x 10(-4) min-1). ", "Using simple model systems, product analysis revealed that intramolecular cyclization of the succinate linker accounts for the observed rate enhancement. ", "Drug delivery in vivo was assessed using immunohistochemical techniques and quantitative brain uptake measurements with singly and doubly labeled AZT-OX-26 conjugates. ", "Immunohistochemical staining of brain sections showed the colocalization of AZT and OX-26 in the brain vasculature. ", "Therefore, drug can be linked to the antibody without affecting the targeting property of the antibody. ", "Furthermore, an in vivo time course using radiolabeled conjugate showed that AZT is delivered to the brain capillaries but is not transported into the brain parenchyma with the antibody.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005968257901258767, 0.0010964835528284311, 0.0008573196828365326, 0.0007086251862347126, 0.0005752495490014553, 0.0006509167142212391, 0.0005716389860026538, 0.0007814941345714033, 0.0015443682204931974, 0.000647367094643414, 0.0007178437081165612 ]

[ "Cervical pregnancy managed by placement of a Shirodkar cerclage before evacuation. ", "A case report.", "\nCervical pregnancy can be managed by cervical cerclage placement before evacuation. ", "Prophylactic cerclage placement in the first trimester of cervical pregnancy may obviate further intervention to control bleeding." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005983978044241667, 0.0006291955942288041, 0.0005536996177397668, 0.0007805113564245403 ]

[ "The veiled racism I sense in the United States today is couched, in public discourse at least, in terms that allow for plausible deniability of racist intent. ", "And those who resist any policy initiative from the Obama administration engage in a scorched-earth policy that reminds me of the self-centered white flight, the abandonment of public schools, and the proliferation of private schools, that followed the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision to desegregate public schools. ", "The very people, like my own rural, working-class family back in East Texas, who stand to gain from the efforts of the Obama administration and the Democratic Congress are, because of their racism, willing to oppose policies that would benefit them the most. ", "Their racism outweighs their own self-interest." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0017621297156438231, 0.00104987109079957, 0.00547929760068655, 0.18142646551132202 ]

[ "Evaluation of proliferating cells in acute leukemia with antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies.", "\nThe percentage of proliferating leukemic cells was evaluated in 32 patients with acute leukemia; this percentage was measured by flow cytometry and immunostaining with antibodies to proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies. ", "In the peripheral blood samples, the mean proportion of cells that stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen was 10%, the mean proportion of cells that stained for Ki-67 was 12%, and the mean proportion of cells in the S phase was 5.9%; in the bone marrow samples, these means were 15%, 15%, and 10.1%, respectively, all of which were higher than in the peripheral blood samples. ", "There was a correlation between the proportion of cells that stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cells that stained for Ki-67, and there was no correlation between the proportion of cells that stained for proliferating cell nuclear antigen or Ki-67 and the proportion of cells in the S phase." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006112470873631537, 0.000683790014591068, 0.0006670690490864217, 0.0006950105307623744 ]

[ "Preston (speedway)\n\nPreston were a British speedway team that existed from 1929 to 1932.", "\n\nBrief history\nThey first competed in the English Dirt Track League (effectively the Northern League) in 1929 when they were runners-up to Leeds Lions. ", "In the same season they won the English Dirt Track Knockout Cup beating Halifax in the final. ", "They were based at Farringdon Park, New Hall Lane, Preston, Lancashire.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Defunct British speedway teams\nCategory:Sport in Preston" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0006608960684388876, 0.0007061022915877402, 0.0008623452740721405, 0.0007493025623261929, 0.000600790255703032 ]

[ "In 1987, the Associated Press voters were faced with a difficult choice. ", "This was a year disrupted by the players’ strike, which led to a 15-game season that included three games featuring replacement players. ", "Jerry Rice was the rare unanimous first-team All-Pro selection at wide receiver, courtesy of a record-breaking 22 touchdown receptions in 12 games. ", "How remarkable was that? ", "Eagles receiver Mike Quick was second in the league in receiving touchdowns with *11*, and no other player had more than 8! ", "And for good measure, Rice scored a 23rd touchdown on a rush against the Falcons.", "\n\nAnd it’s not as though all Rice did was catch touchdowns. ", "Cardinals wide receiver J.T. Smith crossed the picket line and played in all 15 games; he wound up leading the league in receiving yards, but Rice led the NFL in receiving yards per game for the second straight season. ", "A remarkable year from the greatest receiver in NFL history is certainly worthy of MVP honors.", "\n\nThe biggest threat to Rice capturing the MVP award appeared to be his own quarterback, Joe Montana. ", "The 49ers lost on opening day in Pittsburgh, but the 49ers went 10-0 in Montana’s remaining starts. ", "In part, this is because this was a dominant San Francisco team on both sides of the ball, but Montana led the NFL in completion percentage, touchdowns, touchdown rate, and passer rating. ", "He also ranked 2nd in ANY/A, behind Cleveland’s Bernie Kosar (the Browns went 8-4 in his starts, and Kosar received minimal MVP attention). ", "Montana had three 4th quarter comebacks and three game-winning drives, while Kosar had none. ", "And in a head-to-head game on Sunday Night Football, Montana outclassed Kosar. ", "And Montana was Montana, so it’s no surprise that peak Montana on a 10-game winning streak was considered the best quarterback in the NFL.", "\n\nThere were really just two knocks on Montana that year. ", "One was that he crossed the picket line after a week: that means two of his ten starts came in those games, slightly inflating his stats. ", "The other was was that his backup — future HOFer in Steve Young — was insanely efficient on 69 pass attempts and three starts. ", "How efficient? ", "Despite playing in 1987, Young posted what remains today as the single-greatest ANY/A average of the modern era, among players with at least 50 pass attempts.", "\n\nHow far ahead of the pack was the San Francisco passing attack with Montana, Rice, and an assist from Young? ", "Below are the NFL team passer ratings from the last 10 games of the season, which is when all regular players returned. ", "The 49ers lapped the field with a passer rating that would still be outstanding 30 years later:\n\nQuery Results Table Passing Rk Tm Year G W L T W-L% Cmp Att Cmp% Yds TD Int Sk Yds Rate\n\n▼ 1 SFO 1987 10 9 1 0 0.900 213 335 63.6 2596 32 8 17 115 110.7 2 CLE 1987 10 7 3 0 0.700 196 324 60.5 2444 18 7 17 101 94.7 3 NOR 1987 10 9 1 0 0.900 147 258 57.0 1910 14 6 18 116 90.7 4 SEA 1987 10 6 4 0 0.600 151 251 60.2 1630 19 12 24 216 88.2 5 NYG 1987 10 6 4 0 0.600 193 324 59.6 2417 19 14 38 258 87.7 6 STL 1987 10 5 5 0 0.500 227 373 60.9 2390 19 11 40 287 87.4 7 MIA 1987 10 6 4 0 0.600 230 393 58.5 2822 20 12 8 68 85.7 8 PHI 1987 10 6 4 0 0.600 183 338 54.1 1985 20 9 48 337 84.5 9 BUF 1987 10 5 5 0 0.500 200 336 59.5 2054 13 8 20 181 82.4 10 DEN 1987 10 7 3 0 0.700 175 339 51.6 2436 15 10 23 164 79.5 11 RAI 1987 10 2 8 0 0.200 177 311 56.9 2144 13 13 41 312 78.9 12 KAN 1987 10 3 7 0 0.300 175 319 54.9 2150 14 12 31 238 77.9 13 NYJ 1987 10 3 7 0 0.300 193 336 57.4 1819 10 7 41 311 77.6 14 CHI 1987 10 7 3 0 0.700 195 339 57.5 2256 14 15 34 223 75.8 15 NWE 1987 10 5 5 0 0.500 175 321 54.5 2039 17 14 24 174 75.7 16 WAS 1987 10 7 3 0 0.700 175 351 49.9 2378 18 13 22 186 75.7 17 IND 1987 10 7 3 0 0.700 163 290 56.2 1800 7 8 18 138 73.3 18 DAL 1987 10 4 6 0 0.400 203 354 57.3 2157 12 14 30 249 73.0 19 HOU 1987 10 6 4 0 0.600 157 313 50.2 2259 17 16 22 163 72.9 20 TAM 1987 10 1 9 0 0.100 187 367 51.0 2141 14 11 34 289 72.4 21 RAM 1987 10 5 5 0 0.500 158 291 54.3 1929 11 12 15 120 72.1 22 CIN 1987 10 2 8 0 0.200 209 385 54.3 2719 13 18 22 186 70.5 23 GNB 1987 10 3 7 0 0.300 168 327 51.4 1999 11 11 23 151 69.5 24 MIN 1987 10 6 4 0 0.600 153 291 52.6 1850 12 14 28 193 68.9 25 SDG 1987 10 4 6 0 0.400 212 369 57.5 2294 9 18 26 214 66.1 26 DET 1987 10 3 7 0 0.300 187 344 54.4 2038 9 17 14 110 61.5 27 PIT 1987 10 5 5 0 0.500 138 274 50.4 1541 5 16 14 115 51.0 28 ATL 1987 10 1 9 0 0.100 153 308 49.7 1733 9 22 28 200 49.6 Provided by Pro-Football-Reference.com: View Original Table\n\nMontana had a 103.8 passer rating, while Young had a 120.8 rating! ", "Now, was Young’s performance enough to cost Montana the MVP? ", "In 2011, Aaron Rodgers was remarkable, with a 122.5 passer rating, but seeing Matt Flynn torch the Lions for 480 yards and 6 touchdowns (and a 136.4 passer rating) in his only start didn’t cost Rodgers the award. ", "From ’99 to ’01, Kurt Warner had a 103.4 passer rating and averaged 7.87 ANY/A and won two AP MVP awards, while his backup Trent Green had a 101.8 passer rating and 7.63 ANY/A in 8 games and 5 starts for those same Rams. ", "Heck, last season, Tom Brady received 15 of 50 All-Pro votes despite not having the best passer rating on his own team! ", "Brady averaged 8.81 ANY/A and had a 112.2 passer rating, while Jimmy Garoppolo had a 113.3 passer rating and averaged 8.59 ANY/A on a Young-like 63 attempts.", "\n\nMontana was still widely viewed as the best quarterback in football that season. ", "He was named the first-team All-Pro quarterback by the Associated Press, the Pro Football Writers of America, Pro Football Weekly, the Football Digest, Sports Illustrated (Dr. Z), USA Today (Gordon Forbes), the New York Daily News (Bryan Burwell), the Washington Post (Michael Wilbon), Newsday (a young Peter King), the Buffalo News (Larry Felser), and NFL Films.", "\n\nBut he was not a unanimous first-team choice. ", "The Newspaper Enterprise Associated, The Sporting News, College and Pro Football Newsweekly, Gannett News Service’s Joel Buchsbaum, and National Sports Daily all chose John Elway as its first-team All-Pro quarterback.", "\n\nIs there anyone else to consider? ", "If you really want a fourth candidate, it’s not another offensive player, , but Eagles defensive end Reggie White, who like Rice, was a historically great player having a historically great season. ", "White had 21 sacks in 12 games, while no other player had more than 12.5 sacks! ", "White also had a 70-yard strip-sack touchdown against the eventual Super Bowl MVP that year, too. ", "But let’s be real: this was a three-man race.", "\n\nThe Results\n\nThe Football News, NFLPA (poll of league players), and Washington Touchdown Club named Players of the Conference. ", "All three named Elway the MVP of the AFC, of course, while Rice was the NFC MVP for two of the three organizations, with the WTC going with Montana. ", "That splitting of the vote for 49ers players would be a sign of things to come, at least when it came to the Associated Press. ", "For just about everyone else, the answer was pretty easy.", "\n\nEight organizations — the Pro Football Writers of America, the Newspaper Enterprise Association & Jim Thorpe Athletic Club (voting as a collective entity), The Sporting News, Sports Illustrated, the Football Digest, the Maxwell Club of Philadelphia Bert Bell Award, the New York Daily News, and the Minneapolis Star Tribune (Robert Sansevere) — named Rice their MVP.", "\n\nMichael Wilbon, writing for the Washington Post, put out his column with one game left in the regular season. ", "He named Rice, with 20 touchdown receptions in 11 games, his Most Outstanding Player, and Elway his most valuable player. “", "Yes, it’s a copout to pick an MVP and an outstanding player, but where would the Denver Broncos be without John Elway? ", "He’s completed 56 percent of his passes with 19 touchdowns and only 11 interceptions. ", "Without Elway, the Broncos probably would be the Raiders.” ", "Had Wilbon waited another week, his vote may have gone to Rice alone, as he caught two more touchdowns in the final game (we’ll get to Elway’s final game later).", "\n\nAt Newsday, Peter King went with Elway as his MVP, with Montana 2nd, Rice 3rd, and White 4th.", "\n\nKing appears off on an island. ", "The only other outlet to name Elway MVP that year? ", "Well, that happened to be the Associated Press. ", "Of the 84 AP voters, 43% named Elway MVP, with the remaining 57% voting for one of the 49ers stars. ", "Of course, 30 votes went to Rice and 18 to Montana, allowing Elway and his 36 votes to narrowly take the award.", "\n\nHere was the story from the AP on January 1, 1988:\n\nJohn Elway of the Denver Broncos, who carried the injury-decimated Denver Broncos to the best record in the AFC, was named the NFL’s Most Valuable Player by The Associated Press on Thursday. ", "Elway was one of only three players to receive votes for the award, beating out wide receiver Jerry Rice of San Francisco, who was named the AP’s offensive player, and 49ers quarterback Joe Montana. ", "Elway was beaten out by Montana for the first-team quarterback spot on the AP’s All-Pro team “It’s very flattering,” Elway said in Denver. “", "But without the team behind you, you don’t have a chance to win an award like this. ", "A quarterback tends to get more credit than he deserves sometimes.” ", "Of 84 votes cast — by three broadcasters and sports writers from each NFL city — Elway received 36 votes to 30 for Rice. ", "Montana got 18 votes. ", "Elway carried the Broncos to a 10-4-1 record this season, good enough for the home-field advantage throughout the playoffs, even after losing to injury such stars as running backs Gerald Willhite and Steve Sewell , safety Dennis Smith , wide receiver Steve Watson and center Bill Bryan. ", "Also, five defensive players from the team that went to the Super Bowl last season retired. ", "Elway entered the league as the first choice in the 1983 draft, but got off to a shaky start, thrown in as the savior of the Denver franchise. ", "Still, in his last four years, the Broncos have been 44-17-1 with him as the starter. “", "It makes me feel like I’ve come a long way in five years,” Elwav said. “", "As a rookie, I hit rock bottom. ", "When you start down-and-out and then come back to this level, it makes all the hard work seem worthwhile. ", "That makes this award seem even more special.” ", "How far he has come was evident during a four-game stretch in mid season when he carried the Broncos to four straight victories after a loss in Buffalo that dropped the Broncos to 4-3-1. ", "He threw for 341 yards and three touchdowns in a 31-29 win over the Bears and 347 and two TDs in a key 31-17 victory in San Diego. “", "Since he’s been here he’s played an awful lot of good games” Coach Dan Reeves said after the San Diego game. “", "But I don’t know that he’s been as consistent as he’s been in these past three.” ", "With his running backs hurt, Elway relied principally on three fast wide receivers Vance Johnson, Mark Jackson and rookie Ricky Nattiel, who were nicknamed “The Three Amigos”. ", "He finished with 224 completions in 410 attempts and 19 touchdowns. ", "He also finished as the team’s second leading rusher behind Sammy Winder, carrying 66 times for 304 yards, a 4.6 average. ", "On numerous occasions, he scrambled his way to first downs on third down situations and ran for four touchdowns. ", "Against San Diego, for example, he carried six times for 40 yards and against the Bears, he was five for 35.", "\n\nSo was Elway a deserving MVP choice by the Associated Press? ", "Remember, nearly every organization chose Rice as MVP, and even the AP only narrowly selected Elway over Rice. ", "There’s no doubt who sportswriters as a group thought was the most valuable player in 1987. ", "The AP is the “name” award, but there’s no reason to take the votes of 36 men as superior to those of other organizations. ", "The Maxwell Club MVP polled 640 people, and there Rice actually received a majority of first-place votes (which, of course, Elway did not in the AP poll):\n\nIn ballots for the Bert Bell Award cast by sports writers, football coaches and club members, Rice received 326 first-place votes and 1,996 total points to become the first wide receiver to win the prize since it was first awarded in 1959. ", "White had 105 first-place votes and 905 points, Elway received 133 first-place votes and 833 points and Montana garnered 49 first-place votes and 421 points.", "\n\nIf four AP voters selected Rice over Elway — or seven of the Montana voters went for Rice, or some combination of the two — then Rice would have been the AP, NEA, PFW, Sporting News, Sports Illustrated, and Maxwell Club MVP. ", "And no one would ever associated Elway with being the most valuable player in the NFL in 1987. ", "Perhaps the most remarkable note: Elway didn’t even account for more touchdowns than Rice that season: both were responsible for 23 touchdowns.", "\n\nThe Case For Elway\n\nThat said, let’s end with some reasons why Elway won the award. ", "Elway’s numbers may not look great to you — 3,198 yards, 19 passing touchdowns, 12 interceptions, 83.4 passer rating — but they are better than they appear at first glance. ", "He finished 4th in ANY/A and actually led the NFL in net yards per pass attempt. ", "He had a better interception rate than Montana, but a mediocre 4.6% touchdown rate hurt his ANY/A average. ", "That low touchdown, however, was due in part to all the injuries to the Denver running backs that turned the Broncos in a pass-happy team that ranked 2nd in pass attempts.", "\n\nIt’s also probably fair to throw out Elway’s terrible numbers from the last game of the season, played in absolutely miserable conditions, that the Broncos won 24-0 over a Chargers team that appeared frozen. ", "He was 7 of 20 for 98 yards with an interception in a game that had 14 inches of snow, but also a game that was never in doubt. ", "It’s not hard to imagine that the voters ignored his stats from the game. ", "And without those bad numbers, Elway’s ANY/A jumps to 7.00, which was narrowly ahead of Montana’s ANY/A.\n\nLet’s operate under the assumption that the voters paid little attention to the first two weeks of the season — the pre-strike games were a distant memory — and the final week of the year, due to the blizzard conditions and since the game was meaningless for San Francisco. ", "Over that time period, Elway edged out Montana in ANY/A (though not passer rating), despite, you know… not having the best player in football. ", "If anything, it’s Kosar (who played well in the two pre-strike games, too) who has a real gripe:\n\nElway produced legitimately great passing numbers over games 6 through 14 of the 15-game season, while also finishing the season 2nd among all quarterbacks in rushing yards and rushing touchdowns. ", "Oh, and he did it with a mediocre supporting cast and a coach who wasn’t exactly quarterback-friendly, while engineering a new-look, quarterback-centric, shotgun offense. ", "That was the opposite of the situation Montana found himself in, and we can all agree that elevating a mediocre team to the 1 seed is the kind of stuff MVPs are made of. ", "But if you don’t score more touchdowns than a wide receiver, it’s hard to be the most valuable player in football.", "\n\nIronically, Elway had a better claim to be made as the most valuable quarterback in the NFL, rather than its most valuable player. ", "The Associated Press just got it reversed." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0006760486285202205, 0.0009548849775455892, 0.0006787675665691495, 0.0007361983298324049, 0.000905941822566092, 0.000617800687905401, 0.0007290678913705051, 0.0010733952512964606, 0.0007235444500111043, 0.005299765150994062, 0.0008715840522199869, 0.0008322570938616991, 0.0007719428976997733, 0.001199210761114955, 0.0010415740543976426, 0.001002666656859219, 0.0006153184804134071, 0.000846793525852263, 0.002848665928468108, 0.0009373400826007128, 0.0009854038944467902, 0.0007783867185935378, 0.0007370260427705944, 0.025592204183340073, 0.001053983811289072, 0.0006954908603802323, 0.001473812386393547, 0.0018534173723310232, 0.0011785366805270314, 0.0009696673369035125, 0.0009461728041060269, 0.0006331981276161969, 0.0008376596961170435, 0.0006910667871125042, 0.0007727023912593722, 0.0027462646830826998, 0.009743954986333847, 0.0008443502592854202, 0.0005849840817973018, 0.0005870728055015206, 0.0006539660389535129, 0.0006724512204527855, 0.0006248504505492747, 0.000726571015547961, 0.0006768229068256915, 0.0007668067119084299, 0.0007644748548045754, 0.0009113078122027218, 0.0006033829413354397, 0.0006545044598169625, 0.001689652563072741, 0.0007320190779864788, 0.0006711789756081998, 0.0006559732719324529, 0.0006364889559336007, 0.0006042496534064412, 0.0009044139878824353, 0.0008538125548511744, 0.0011788050178438425, 0.0014236775459721684, 0.0006489497027359903, 0.0008026956929825246, 0.0009102581534534693, 0.0008232095860876143, 0.0007955050677992404, 0.0006025341572239995, 0.0006965060601942241, 0.003185378620401025, 0.0009950546082109213, 0.0006226034020073712, 0.0006325675058178604, 0.0009184508235193789, 0.0006648637936450541, 0.0006852095248177648, 0.003751394571736455, 0.0009124085772782564, 0.0016367463394999504, 0.0010513849556446075, 0.001132256118580699, 0.0006387535831891, 0.0005908954190090299, 0.0006429737550206482, 0.0007452878635376692, 0.0005910131148993969, 0.000819857872556895, 0.0006919419975019991, 0.0009495820850133896, 0.0005998651031404734, 0.0006871537188999355, 0.0006646335241384804, 0.0027519892901182175, 0.003188947681337595, 0.0014537943061441183, 0.0009669946739450097, 0.001537864445708692, 0.0006869376520626247, 0.0007761995075270534, 0.0007543413084931672, 0.0008628502837382257, 0.07795646786689758, 0.0027962562162429094, 0.0013259886763989925, 0.000995360896922648, 0.0007050053682178259 ]

[ "App Description\n\nBlackjack, or 21, the favorite card game found in casinos around the world, can now be experienced right on your iPhone, iPod and iPad. ", "Impeccably designed and intuitive, this one is sure to make you go \"wow\".", "\n\nPlay solo, using Bluetooth or with others around the world. ", "Compete with your friends for various interesting titles and achievements. ", "Play, compete, show off and make friends!", "\n\nThe complete Blackjack experience**************************************** Play with all type of possible calls – hit, stand, double, split and surrender. ", "Choose to play it American or European style with 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 decks. ", "We’ve got everything covered!", "\n\nFun for free **************************************** Get thousands of free chips by simply sharing on Facebook and Twitter. ", "Play and feel like a high roller without dropping a sinle penny!", "\n\nPlay your way ****************************************You can play solo or with a friend over Bluetooth or with the whole world through the game centre. ", "There is always a table waiting for you!", "\n\nFive different tables **************************************** Choose the table you want to play on and compete with like-minded people. ", "Start with the learning table and move up to become a Billionaire!", "\n\nJoin the league **************************************** Play and make your way to the leader boards and pick up hilarious achievements.", "\n\nCrowning glory **************************************** As you play and gain expertise in the game, conquer various crowns and show them off to the world.", "\n\nFlaunt what you got **************************************** With a single tap, share your scores and titles with the world through Facebook and Twitter." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006087187211960554, 0.0005736398743465543, 0.0007674602675251663, 0.0006720101227983832, 0.003678238019347191, 0.16386303305625916, 0.000684729078784585, 0.0008003748371265829, 0.0076326364651322365, 0.13650202751159668, 0.039099786430597305, 0.0012684501707553864, 0.03800158202648163, 0.008587665855884552, 0.02706943452358246, 0.019162790849804878, 0.10570003092288971 ]

[ "\nIntroduction to Differential Equations (2008) - peter_d_sherman\nhttp://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/DE/Definitions.aspx\n======\nacjohnson55\nDiffEq seemed like black magic to me when I took it as a freshman in college.", "\nThey basically just taught us the recipe bag for solving equations in\ndifferent shapes, but very little insight.", "\n\nWhen I started a gamified music discovery company, I actually ended up using\nDiffEq to define a scoring algorithm that would produce continuously varying\npoint values based on time series input data. ", "I had to relearn how to do it,\nbut the concepts made far more sense with a real application.", "\n\n~~~\nfreetime2\n\"Ten lessons I wish I had learned before I started teaching differential\nequations\" is relevant here. ", "I feel that DiffEq was the most useless\nundergraduate course that I took for my comp sci degree. ", "They really didn't\nspend enough time going into the fundamental concepts so that I am not even\nsure I could recognize a differential equation if it were staring me in the\nface at this point... much less any of the tricks that they taught us to solve\nthem.", "\n\n10\\. TEACH CONCEPTS, NOT TRICKS\n\nWhat can we expect students to get out of an elementary course in differential\nequations? ", "I reject the “bag of tricks” answer to this question. ", "A course\ntaught as a bag of tricks is devoid of educational value. ", "One year later, the\nstudents will forget the tricks, most of which are useless anyway. ", "The bag of\ntricks mentality is, in my opinion, a defeatist mentality, and the\njustifications I have heard of it, citing poor preparation of the students,\ntheir unwillingness to learn, and the possibility of assigning clever problem\nsets, are lazy ways out.", "\n\nIn an elementary course in differential equations, students should learn a few\nbasic concepts that they will remember for the rest of their lives, such as\nthe universal occurrence of the exponential function, stability, the\nrelationship between trajectories and integrals of systems, phase plane\nanalysis, the manipulation of the Laplace transform, perhaps even the\nfascinating relationship between partial fraction decompositions and\nconvolutions via Laplace transforms. ", "Who cares whether the students become\nskilled at working out tricky problems? ", "What matters is their getting a\nfeeling for the importance of the subject, their coming out of the course with\nthe conviction of the inevitability of differential equations, and with\nenhanced faith in the power of mathematics. ", "These objectives are better\nachieved by stretching the students’ minds to the utmost limits of cultural\nbreadth of which they are capable, and by pitching the material at a level\nthat is just a little higher than they can reach.", "\n\nWe are kidding ourselves if we believe that the purpose of undergraduate\nteaching is the transmission of information. ", "Information is an accidental\nfeature of an elementary course in differential equations; such information\ncan nowadays be gotten in much better ways than sitting in a classroom. ", "A\nteacher of undergraduate courses belongs in a class with P.R. men, with\nentertainers, with propagandists, with preachers, with magicians, with gurus.", "\nSuch a teacher will be successful if at the end of the course every one of his\nor her students feels they have taken “a good course,” even though they may\nnot quite be able to pin down anything specific they have learned in the\ncourse.", "\n\n[https://web.williams.edu/Mathematics/lg5/Rota.pdf](https://web.williams.edu/Mathematics/lg5/Rota.pdf)\n\n~~~\nsoVeryTired\nI feel like Vladimir Arnold echoed a similar sentiment, but I can't find the\nquote. ", "He was complaining that a first course in ODE and PDE tends to teach\nmethods for finding exact solutions, even though equations with exact\nsolutions are _vanishingly rare_ in practice.", "\n\nOr maybe it was Rota again, who knows?", "\n\nEdit: nope, Rota again. ", "Lesson one in your link :)\n\n~~~\nenriquto\ndefinitely in the spirit of Arnold\n\nhis book on ODE is otherworldly\n\nthe quote maybe comes from his pde book\n\n------\nsoftbuilder\nTangental anecdote: Every time I see Diff EQ mentioned the first thing that\npops into my head is the number 11. ", "That's the score of my first, last, and\nonly Diff EQ test. ", "11%.", "\n\n~~~\nmake3\nhad you studied at all? ", "most undergrad differential equations classes are\nfairly mechanical in nature, you just learn to identify the type of problem,\nthen you follow the steps exactly as they are written in the textbook, super\nlittle variation or freedom\n\n~~~\nbtrettel\nThis is often more true than many believe. ", "But in my experience few students\nget so far that they recognize the patterns and can respond in the way you\ndescribe. ", "That might be the crux.", "\n\nI remember my undergraduate mechanical vibrations class. ", "Every exam was\nbasically a test of how well you could do the Laplace transform on some linear\nODEs. ", "I memorized the most common transforms, so this became fairly\nstraightforward and fast for me, but it was obvious the other students were\nstruggling.", "\n\nIf I had a problem that wasn't solveable with the Laplace transform, say a\nlinear ODE with variable coefficients, I'd likely take longer to do the exam,\nbut those never appeared in the class.", "\n\n------\nsideproject\nDoes anyone know websites or resources which explains how Diff Eq is used in\nComputer Science? ", "I know it's used in a variety of areas in CS, but I really\nlike to see or read well-explained tutorials or articles. ", "e.g. what's finding\narea got to do with the topics in CS? ", "what does 'area' correspond to?", "\n\n~~~\nsannee\nNot really Computer Science per se, but practically every engineering field\nuses numerical solvers. ", "No one reallistically solves nontrivial differential\nequations by hand these days.", "\n\n~~~\ncultus\nNot so much in engineering, but in science, approximate perturbation\ntechniques are still a big deal.", "\n\n------\njstewartmobile\nI think the schools spend far too much time on symbolic differentiation and\nintegration. ", "This limits the exercises to the kinds of toy problem that yield\nto those methods. ", "Kids get sidetracked on solving anti-differentiation\npuzzles, while the fundamentals are relegated to those (largely useless)\npuzzles.", "\n\nAfter 20 years of engineering--in almost every case--numerical methods have\nbeen the only way forward. ", "In hindsight, a year-and-a-half long course to\nconvey the fundamentals seems excessive.", "\n\n~~~\ncrispyambulance\nWhile numerical methods are absolutely critical in practice, analytic methods\nlike you learn in what people call calculus and diff-eq are _absolutely_\nessential to understanding the physical world.", "\n\nYou can't actually _understand_ numerical methods without a fairly deep\ngrounding in analytical methods.", "\n\nThe real problem is here is a lack of context. ", "Engineering and most science\ncurriculums take a \"short-cut\" through mathematical education. ", "They try to\nteach just enough math to get through the major coursework. ", "As a result you\nend up with students who feel it's all just one big memorization trick .", "\n\n~~~\njstewartmobile\n> _analytic methods ... are _absolutely_ essential to understanding the\n> physical world_\n\nHow so? ", "My experience has been that the \"physical world\" is where the symbolic\napproach completely breaks down.", "\n\n> _Engineering and most science curriculums take a \"short-cut\" through\n> mathematical education._", "\n\nOnly people taking more math than scientists and engineers would be\nmathematicians. ", "A year-and-a-half course to cover the limit, tangent-at-a-\npoint, functions of tangent-at-a-point, area-under-the-curve, and generalizing\nall of that to higher dimensions doesn't seem like much of a \"short-cut\" if\nyou ask me.", "\n\n~~~\nCobord\nThat is only if your allowing yourself to take the numerical methods as a\nblack box. ", "If you want to be sure that your method is okay, you prove error\nbounds as you take limits of 0 mesh size. ", "Otherwise it is just building tables\nof black magic for what schema to use when.", "\n\n~~~\njstewartmobile\nThat's kind of where I was going with this. ", "Instead of burning all of that\ntime on symbolic differentiation, dig-down into numerical methods ASAP so\nstudents can get a feel for all of the related \"gotchas\"\\--of which there are\nmany...\n\nedit: IMHO, many of those \"gotchas\" are much more interesting than the\nfundamentals of calculus.", "\n\n~~~\nCobord\nConsider symplectic integrators. ", "You would never come up with them or realize\nthe problem of energy drift if you hadn't first paid attention to the\nfundamentals of the geometry and calculus underlying the problem.", "\n\nThis is just my favorite example, but it illustrates how understanding the\nfundamentals also explains the gotchas. ", "Just getting a feel for them through\nexperience is again just black magic by building up a table of what to use\nwhen without the generalizing principle behind it.", "\n\n~~~\njstewartmobile\nNever said to do away with the fundamentals. ", "Will say that most symbolic\ndifferentiation and integration (which is a big chunk of the coursework) is\nnot fundamental as much as it is fruitless busywork.", "\n\nEven so, I spent a year of my time--and God knows how much of other people's\nmoney--grinding out the mathematical equivalent of crossword puzzles so I\ncould get my job certificate--just like every other engineer.", "\n\nUse that same time to apply the fundamentals to numerical methods, and you get\nto go in far more interesting directions--like symplectic integrals, or chaos\ntheory.", "\n\n~~~\nBeetleB\n>Never said to do away with the fundamentals. ", "Will say that most symbolic\ndifferentiation and integration (which is a big chunk of the coursework) is\nnot fundamental as much as it is fruitless busywork.", "\n\nIt's no more busywork than being able to multiply two single digit numbers in\nyour head. ", "Whether it's useful to your job really depends on the job. ", "I had a\njob once in the engineering industry. ", "When we were in meetings discussing\nprojects, if you could not do those types of analyses (e.g. asymptotic\nbehavior of certain Calc II type integrals) in your head, you would not know\nwhat's going on. ", "Sure, everyone could explicitly show all the steps for your\nbenefit, but you'd be slowing everyone down.", "\n\n------\nSean1708\nThe course overview is here[0]. ", "I haven't looked at how in-depth the later\nsections are, but I can't think of a topic related to differential equations\nthat I used in my undergrad physics degree that isn't at least touched upon\nhere.", "\n\n[0]:\n[http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/DE/DE.aspx](http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Classes/DE/DE.aspx)\n\n~~~\nRivieraKid\nIt doesn't include Green's functions (I don't really know what that is but\nsome other undergrad diff eq books have them).", "\n\n------\nmehrdadn\nWhy is this on top of HN? ", "There are so many websites teaching introductions to\ndifferential equations. ", "Is there something interesting about this one in\nparticular?", "\n\n~~~\nDavidSJ\nPaul’s Online Notes are a pretty well-known calculus and differential\nequations reference. ", "IMO they’re pretty decent.", "\n\n~~~\nzavi\nPaul's Online Notes is my childhood. ", "There's something nostalgic about seeing\nthis submission.", "\n\n------\nRivieraKid\nCan anyone compare this vs other resources to learn differential equations? ", "I\nwant to learn math roughly to the level of an undergrad engineering student,\nso I've looked at some Advanced Engineering Mathematics books (one by Zill,\nanother by Kreyszig), both have mostly good reviews, and to be honest, Paul's\nNotes seem almost a level above in clarity and understandability. ", "For example,\ncompare the explanation of integrating factor and exact equations. ", "The books\ntypically explain exact equations via a total differential, which I'm kind of\nconfused about... why not just say that the left part of the equation is a\ntotal derivative?", "\n\nI can't decide whether to continue reading the Advanced Engineering\nMathematics book or learn the topics it contains via Paul's Notes and other\nresources. ", "My worry is that the reason Paul's Notes seem clearer is simply\nbecause they're more superficial.", "\n\nWhat are some other good learning resources for advanced engineering undergrad\nmath?", "\n\n~~~\nenriquto\n> compare the explanation of integrating factor and exact equations\n\nthose are fringe subjects, completely irrelevant for the modern usage of\ndifferential equations. ", "They are useful only in computer algebra when you want\nto implement differential galois theory. ", "In practice you want to understand\nthe overall behavior of your system (qualitative theory) or compute particular\nsolutions numerically (using numerical methods, which are more precise than\nevaluating the expression of the exact solution).", "\n\nYou'd do much better with a qualitative book about differential equations\n(e.g., Arnold), about numerical analysis, or about dynamical systems (e.g.\nStrogatz).", "\n\n~~~\ntanderson92\nIntegrating factors are important motivations in the design of some numerical\nalgorithms. ", "Some keywords: matrix exponentials, semigroup theory, exponential\nintegrators.", "\n\n------\nbudadre75\nDoes anyone know any website similar for advanced linear algebra and\nprobability with practice problems explained with detailed solutions step by\nstep? ", "I know there exists other great textbook like Strang's, but I often find\ntextbook based learning resources lacking because of lack of detailed\nsolutions.", "\n\n~~~\nBlackFly\nNot really a website, but I believe you can find ebooks online...\n\nI highly recommend Numerical Linear Algebra by Trefethen. ", "It gives very\ndetailed descriptions of particular interpretations of the singular value\ndecomposition and eigenvalues, it works out detailed algorithms for LU\nfactorization, eigenvalue/eigenvector decomposition, QR factorization etc. ", "If\nyou know basic linear algebra, the book is a pleasure to read through. ", "For\nthis crowd of people it is also very practical.", "\n\nI don't know a good resource for probability... it is a much more diverse\nsubject than linear algebra (which is a very small, very detailed subset of\nalgebra).", "\n\n------\ndaze42\nI took Cal 1 and 2 directly from Dr. Dawkins back in 2010-2011. ", "He was the\nbest teacher I had in college hands down. ", "Totally changed the way I thought\nabout math and I've been in love with it ever since.", "\n\n------\nicedchai\nDiffEqs... the only college class I ever got a C in!", "\n\n------\nscrooched_moose\nOh wow, this site was an absolute godsend in college. ", "I was stuck in a DiffEq\nclass with an abysmal professor and barely hanging on. ", "I found this a few\nweeks in, stopped bothering with useless lectures, and went from low-60s to\nhigh-80s over the rest of the semester.", "\n\n------\njhallenworld\nFirst and second order diffeqs with constant coefficients are a big deal, you\nshould at least learn that. ", "You can solve them algebraically via Laplace\nTransforms, the theory is very beautiful.", "\n\n------\nbigasscoffee\nused these sites all of the time during engineering. ", "improper integrals, diff\neq, etc.", "\n\nthese are the best notes ever if you missed class or a concept.", "\n\n------\nvonseel\nWow, it's been a while. ", "Does anyone actually use this stuff after college???", "\n\n~~~\nballooney\nThis is why people suggest that terms like 'software carpentry' more\naccurately capture what 99.5% of programmers do than 'software engineering'.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "HackerNews" }

[ 0.0007059617782942951, 0.0006422679289244115, 0.0005916832596994936, 0.0005865839193575084, 0.0006133316201157868, 0.023143846541643143, 0.0009731083991937339, 0.0008931446936912835, 0.002926908666267991, 0.001322703086771071, 0.0023067828733474016, 0.03925273194909096, 0.0005713826976716518, 0.012711949646472931, 0.0006287474534474313, 0.0005427330615930259, 0.0009560069884173572, 0.0006294261547736824, 0.008222974836826324, 0.0005972434300929308, 0.0007019362528808415, 0.0006969133974052966, 0.0010377645958214998, 0.019530927762389183, 0.0008732864516787231, 0.0015015295939520001, 0.0009016593685373664, 0.0009041840094141662, 0.0006504838238470256, 0.0005841257516294718, 0.0045623681508004665, 0.0006010056240484118, 0.0006528373924084008, 0.0006189516861923039, 0.0005832317983731627, 0.0010002609342336655, 0.000528315722476691, 0.0006437616539187729, 0.0006621198263019323, 0.0007462031790055335, 0.0009439335553906858, 0.0012727378634735942, 0.000611462106462568, 0.0006764127756468952, 0.004370319191366434, 0.0006251333397813141, 0.0006199054187163711, 0.0008187001221813262, 0.000601425941567868, 0.0009253645548596978, 0.000599422724917531, 0.0008384030079469085, 0.0013540133368223906, 0.000794537307228893, 0.0005608216742984951, 0.0005931807099841535, 0.0008457162766717374, 0.0007211743504740298, 0.0016370589146390557, 0.0007057864568196237, 0.0019320676801726222, 0.001073033781722188, 0.0010688977781683207, 0.0009852969087660313, 0.0006721225217916071, 0.0006000932771712542, 0.000923793064430356, 0.0009323401027359068, 0.0005650133243761957, 0.0010589385638013482, 0.0006442511803470552, 0.0008165540639311075, 0.0005650133243761957, 0.003352302825078368, 0.0006338079692795873, 0.000623662315774709, 0.0006178424810059369, 0.0006406459724530578, 0.0006512228865176439, 0.0005498406826518476, 0.0007281818543560803, 0.0016271593049168587, 0.0008847639546729624, 0.0006294000777415931, 0.0006123972707428038, 0.0013968679122626781, 0.0007979338406585157, 0.0006814006483182311, 0.0007343589677475393, 0.0005512690986506641, 0.0005896759685128927, 0.0006034752004779875, 0.0005539012490771711, 0.0007823298219591379, 0.0007869171677157283, 0.0006428083870559931, 0.0006978016463108361, 0.0005524373264051974, 0.0005930027109570801, 0.0006014672107994556, 0.0006120200851000845, 0.0007350591477006674, 0.0006315801292657852, 0.0006705335108563304, 0.0006092065596021712, 0.0005665819044224918, 0.0005448947777040303, 0.0006141639314591885, 0.0006804359727539122, 0.000699967669788748, 0.0006391159258782864, 0.002034067641943693, 0.0017162837320938706, 0.058562155812978745, 0.0009509397787041962, 0.0007396035944111645, 0.0006288592121563852, 0.0008260997710749507, 0.0007463038200512528, 0.0005921139963902533, 0.000844184891320765, 0.0007434583967551589, 0.0007904174854047596, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "A Chinese stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicle had its maiden flight on Thursday, photos taken by military fans revealed.", "\n\nThe successful flight shows the nation has again narrowed the air-power disparity between itself and Western nations.", "\n\nThe Sharp Sword conducted its first flight in a test-flight center in Southwest China at around 1 pm, fans said on cjdby.net, China’s most popular military website, adding that the test lasted nearly 20 minutes.", "\n\nSeveral pictures in the post showed a delta-wing drone in flight with one photo showing its takeoff.", "\n\nThe news and photos have since been widely forwarded by major news websites, including Sina and people.com.cn, the online portal of People’s Daily. ", "Xinhua News Agency also highlighted the pictures on its website.", "\n\nThe Sharp Sword was developed by the Shenyang Aircraft Design Institute and manufactured by Hongdu Aviation Industry Group, military observers said. ", "Both belong to Aviation Industry Corp of China, the nation’s leading aircraft manufacturer.", "\n\nThe drone has been called China’s equivalent to the US’ Northrop Grumman X-47 series and the nEUROn, a joint effort of various European companies.", "\n\nA worker at the information office of Aviation Industry Corp of China who refused to be named declined to confirm the news on late Thursday.", "\n\nSince early May, a host of long-distance photos of a Sharp Sword prototype began to appear on several military websites, with observers speculating the photos signaled that the cutting-edge unmanned combat aerial vehicle was going to have its maiden flight soon.", "\n\nWith the test flight on Thursday, China became the fourth power in the world, after the US, the European Union and the United Kingdom, capable of putting a stealth drone into the sky.", "\n\n\"The drone can be used for reconnaissance and an air-to-ground strike, but more importantly, it has a huge potential for aircraft carriers,\" Wang Ya’nan, deputy editor-in-chief at Aerospace Knowledge magazine, told China Daily.", "\n\n\"I think the size and technological capability of the Sharp Sword make it a suitable choice for the navy if it is to select an unmanned combat platform for its aircraft carrier.\"", "\n\nWang said that the high visibility on the sea and the advanced radar used on modern battleships mean the carrier-based aircraft must have excellent stealth technology to evade detection, which in turn provide a good opportunity for the stealth drone.", "\n\nThe drone used in the test flight seemed to be equipped with the RD-93, a Russian turbofan engine, he said, adding that the engine was originally designed for a fighter jet, making it relatively large for a drone.", "\n\n\"Using the RD-93 compromises the stealth capability of the Sharp Sword, but the situation will be changed after our domestically developed engine that is specifically designed for drones enters production,\" Wang said." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0005900155520066619, 0.000675677671097219, 0.0006362147978506982, 0.0005896891234442592, 0.0005894716596230865, 0.00058613350847736, 0.0006391682545654476, 0.0005651493556797504, 0.0006583136855624616, 0.000550057680811733, 0.0005842961836606264, 0.0007602419937029481, 0.0006055058911442757, 0.0005275334697216749, 0.0005935158114880323, 0.0006203492521308362, 0.0006350598996505141 ]

[ "Falun Gong practitioner Mr. Wang Xiaobo from Haikou, Hainan Province, is a salesman at the Hualing Real Estate Marketing Ltd. He was arrested at work and taken to a brainwashing centre on May 8th, 2015, where staff tried to brainwash him for about 18 hours daily.", "\n\nMr. Wang recently managed to escape from the brainwashing centre and tell his story.", "\n\nBreaking Left Arm\n\nI am Wang Xiaobo, a relatively new practitioner. ", "On the morning of May 8th, four officers from the 610 Office (an organisation of special agents just for persecuting Falun Gong) arrested me at my workplace and took me to a brainwashing centre on the 4th floor of the Huatian Hotel in the Shiziling Industrial District.", "\n\nThey started to deprive me of food on the second day. ", "I was told to stand to attention on the morning of May 11th, which I refused. ", "I was beaten and they broke my left arm, which was set by a doctor.", "\n\nAfter it was decided that I was getting better, the brainwashing started in full force. ", "It went on for about 18 hours a day for seven days.", "\n\nEscaping from the Brainwashing Centre\n\nThose trying to brainwash practitioners at the brainwashing centre left on June 11th. ", "So I locked the room.", "\n\nI was able to kick away the bars on the window, climb out and down the air conditioning units from the 4th floor to the 2nd floor. ", "Then I jumped to the ground and left the hotel.", "\n\nEight people were involved in the brainwashing sessions and there were two police officers on duty every day. ", "They also hired two security guards to watch the gate on the 4th floor and monitor the practitioners in their rooms.", "\n\nThere were about 10 practitioners there at the time of my arrest.", "\n\nA male practitioner in his 60s refused to be “transformed” [forcibly renounce Falun Gong]. ", "He was tortured and verbally abused daily.", "\n\nYou are welcome to print and circulate all articles published on Clearharmony and their content, but please quote the source." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0009736248757690191, 0.0010708168847486377, 0.0011033476330339909, 0.0009456586558371782, 0.0009729322628118098, 0.0008043356938287616, 0.009451420046389103, 0.0010131066665053368, 0.0007255222881212831, 0.002856834325939417, 0.0068411692045629025, 0.0010994571493938565, 0.0026904279366135597, 0.0007810679380781949, 0.0007337742135860026, 0.0006843722076155245, 0.00649602897465229, 0.122526153922081, 0.0005442542606033385 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow textbox works as IP address box\n\nMy question is that can we create a textbox like IP address box means we can insert only numeric value in textbox like \"122.235.25.36\" and all dots (.) ", "already remains there. ", "\nI am making a app. ", "in which I want to assign any IP in particular format as we see in network place for configure a network IP.", "\nIf this is possible in c# asp.net with jquery/javascript, tell me. ", " \n\nA:\n\njQuery Masked Input Plugin lets you specify a format such as this.", "\n$(\"#ip\").mask(\"999.999.999.999\");\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006582261994481087, 0.0007212568307295442, 0.0008445284911431372, 0.0005843237158842385, 0.0006578448228538036, 0.0005901749827899039, 0.0015797489322721958 ]

[ "1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nReservoir surveillance can provide value by improving recovery through the optimization of production and recovery, and better informed development decisions. ", "Collaboration between operators, vendors and academia will be essential to meet surveillance needs in this low oil price environment. ", "Also, an integrated approach drawing from a broad range of technologies including 4D seismic, 4D DAS VSP, gravity, magnetics and subsidence monitoring with PMT nodes will be needed. ", "However, one area that remains a challenge for assessing the added value of 4D to business decisions is whether to perform a qualitative or quantitative approach given the quality of the data, type of decisions and availability of time before making a decisive action. ", "Thus, the focus of this workshop will be on improving our ability to differentiate between the two modes of analysis by:\n\ndefining the difference between qualitative and quantitative workflows;\n\ndeciding when a qualitative analysis should be performed and whether it will good enough to make informed decisions;\n\nexamining what types and data quality are required to tackle a quantitative study and investigating ways of improving or enhancing data input;\n\nfinally, the timing of quantitative analysis - what are the benefits and impact of such work?", "\n\nThis workshop will facilitate an open discussion among operators, vendors and academia about their experience with qualitative versus quantitative issues, their relative merits, and potential ways forward for generating value in a fit-for-purpose flow that meets our surveillance demands in the current economic environment.", "\n\n1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nRoom: 350D\n\nOrganizers: Ulrich Zimmer (Shell)\n\nThrough the support of the SEG Research Committee\n\nFor many years, the location and origin time of microseismic events in hydraulic stimulations have been used successfully to determine the geometry of the induced fracture network which has impacted business decisions on optimum wellbore spacing, completion design, wellbore placement, etc. ", "When using the amplitudes of the seismic signal, it is also possible to estimate the slippage movement of the event, i.e. the event’s Moment Tensor. ", "The usefulness of the moment tensor in further characterizing future production behavior of the fracture network and its impact on business decisions has been debated throughout the industry for many years. ", "In its three keynotes, this workshop provides an overview on the pitfalls when calculating moment tensor attributes and the arguments for and against using these attributes to estimate the production behavior of the created fracture network. ", "This is followed by an all audience discussion on ways to clarify the apparent uncertainties and discrepancies in the interpretation of MTI attributes.", "\n\nDue to the complexity of subsurface formations, physics-based modeling and inversion are increasingly supplemented by data driven approaches such as machine learning, data analytics, neural networks, and more. ", "As sensors become smaller and cheaper, and science and technology mature, increasingly more data (including multi-physics) are collected to better understand subsurface formations. ", "Correspondingly, the data become \"big.\" ", "Geophysical data sets are among the largest in science and engineering, comparable in size and complexity only to those from astronomy and particle physics. ", "Here “big” means large quantities, multiple modalities/physics, and a range of scales. ", "Hence, traditional physics modeling and inversion (e.g. using certain approximations to model real physics) can be complemented by data driven methods. ", "For certain applications, data driven methods can be much less computationally demanding, faster to construct, and easier to update and maintain as new data are acquired. ", "Major challenges exist in the systematic acquisition and processing of very large amounts of geoscience data, in their integration across modalities/physics and scales, and in their use in deriving and validating models to answer scientific questions for timely decision-making. ", "Geophysics appears to have lagged behind other areas such as reservoir engineering, drilling and production technology in adopting data driven methods. ", "Through a series of technical presentations and discussions, this workshop will help the SEG community understand and leverage recent developments in data analytics for a variety of data types (seismic, electromagnetic/resistivity, potential fields, etc.) ", "and scales (reservoir and wellbore). ", "Different workflows with fewer limitations may emerge as promising avenues to pursue in the data-rich future of geophysics.", "\n\n1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nFull Waveform Inversion (FWI) is now widely used in applications ranging from velocity model-building for imaging to assessment of drilling hazards and reservoir characterization. ", "Nonetheless, it is still the subject of active research and development and formulations other than the now-classic approach of least-squares optimization to fit diving and refracted waves continue to be proposed as the industry becomes aware of its limitations as well as its potential.", "\n\nUnsurprisingly, these limitations are often encountered in imaging domains which have proved most challenging for traditional imaging workflows, such as subsalt and onshore, due to the difficulties in, for example, assuring adequate illumination, building appropriate starting models and simulating seismic amplitudes correctly. ", "This workshop will offer a forum to present and discuss these and other problems with FWI in such contexts, and potential solutions to them.", "\n\nWe therefore welcome contributions addressing or illustrating the following issues:\n\nWhat physics do we need? ", "When is elastic simulation worth the extra cost compared to acoustic methods?", "\n\nWhat acquisition effort – offsets, components, sampling – is needed as a function of the depth and complexity of the target and its overburden? ", "How accurately can we predict and plan for this? ", "Can techniques such as interferometry be used with FWI to reduce it?", "\n\nHow can data processing help, and to what extent can it compensate for deficiencies in the acquisition or the accuracy of the simulations? ", "Is it reasonable to imagine FWI with raw data? ", "What is the role of regularization – of both data and inversion?", "\n\nTo what extent do we need to tailor workflows to fit specific problems?", "\n\nWhat useful information can we extract from surface wave inversion?", "\n\nUnder what circumstances does FWI offer a significant uplift for reservoir characterization in 3D and 4D compared to traditional approaches?", "\n\nWhat are the most effective strategies for updating long-wavelength model parameter changes using the tomographic component of FWI? ", "Are data-domain or image-domain residuals more effective?", "\n\nWhat is the most effective workflow combining diving-wave long-wavelength updating, tomographic FWI for deeper long-wavelength updates, and higher frequency impedance inversions to arrive at a full-bandwidth inversion solution?", "\n\nWhat methods or approaches help deal with non-linearity in FWI that is inherent in the inversion problem?", "\n\nPotential authors may contact Paul Willamson for more information; if they wish to present a paper at the workshop they should submit a short abstract (1-4 pages). ", "Depending on the number of abstracts submitted and accepted, the workshop may include a poster session to complement the oral presentations.", "\n\n1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nThe aim of this workshop is to discuss the state of affairs and trends concerning talent, knowledge, training and recruitment issues in exploration and production of energy resources. ", "Discussion topics will include talent shortage and retention, knowledge management, emerging professionals, and SEG training opportunities to enhance and enable member technical competencies in meeting global energy needs, in a safe and environmentally responsible fashion.", "\n\nDuring the last 10 years, marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM) has become increasingly established as a drilling risk reduction tool in many basins around the world. ", "From the early days, the method has been extended to a wider range of geographic areas, geological settings and application scenarios.", "\n\nThe industry has been engaged with ups and downs in CSEM and marine Magnetotellurics (MT) technology development and data acquisition programs to advance the development of new integrated interpretation and the road ahead.", "\n\nSo far, the industry has focused the application of CSEM to de-risk deep water very high-cost drilling decisions. ", "However, technological advances, widespread interest and continuing technology development’s effort have revealed the potential of CSEM to complement seismic for cost-efficient deep water reservoir appraisal and monitoring applications.", "\n\nRecent feasibilities have shown that time-lapse CSEM data could play an important role in improving our knowledge of reservoir structure, fluid flow, and fluid saturation changes requiring less degree of repeatability when proper acquisition and advanced 3D integrated quantitative interpretation technologies are applied. ", "It is therefore of great importance to evaluate the 4D CSEM potential, provide the step change technology development requirements for realistic deep water reservoir monitoring and contribute to build the case for industry adoption as a valuable and cost-efficient complement to 4D seismic and reservoir management and this is the main scope of this workshop.", "\n\nObjectives\n\nThe distinguishing feature of this workshop is its focus on discussing how the industry perceives CSEM to add value to the reservoir characterization and production effort in the current cut back environment, and what needs to be done to maximize the value and potential of the technology to complement seismic in practical time-lapse applications when we bounce back. ", "The benefit of the workshop is maximized by getting the operating companies to discuss their views candidly.", "\n\nTarget Audience\n\nLeading Experts, Geoscientists and Exploration Managers of all E&P Companies and Practitioners in Government Agencies and Academia.", "\n\n1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nRecent highly-publicized events have drawn attention to the issue of sexual harassment in the sciences, and its impact in our workplace. ", "Conversations about sexual harassment are now occurring more broadly, including in our scientific societies, as we have witnessed multiple institutional and individual responses to often widely publicized incidences. ", "While sexual harassment is only one barrier to the full inclusion of individuals, there remains a lack of understanding regarding the impact of sexual harassment on campuses and in our scientific workplace and best means to respond. ", "We can take a proactive approach and work to make our home institutions more welcoming and inclusive. ", "This workshop explores some of the barriers to inclusion, including harassment, micro-aggressions, and structural barriers; and the impacts on individuals and programs – drawing from real examples in the geosciences. ", "The interactive workshop will present successful policies and intervention techniques—including recommended practices for institutions and individuals—to help prevent and address harassment, improve workplace climate, and make our field more inclusive for all. ", "Elements of bystander intervention techniques will also be provided.", "\n\nThe impact of the Shale revolution on the oil industry is now clearly visible. ", "Many recent oil company capital spending announcements suggest that investment in unconventional resources (UR) has gained substantial momentum. ", "With the industry trend towards UR it is time for us to pause and discuss what the role of geophysics is in this new world. ", "For UR plays, for a start, the reservoir structures can be relatively flat, impedance contrasts and fluid signatures can be weak, drilling is much less expensive and turnaround is quick. ", "This raises several important and alarming questions to the seismic industry: what is the role of geophysics and what must we do now to secure and invigorate the use of geophysics in unconventional resources?", "\n\nOur workshop will start with a tutorial on UR and well completions to get alignment amongst participants. ", "We will proceed with an Executive Leadership panel discussion from various operators on the current perception and value of geophysics in UR plays. ", "Then we will proceed to discuss the current leading edge technologies, whether we are doing the right seismic acquisition and processing for UR plays, and what the cost is. ", "Do we need to change anything in the way we do geophysics in UR and if so what are the key changes that can add value?", "\n\nThe goal of this workshop is to explore these questions and help navigate a way forward for our industry in the new UR world.", "\n\n1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nJoin the geoscientists who have been involved in building SEAM models, along with the teams that are using these large-scale Earth models and their simulated geophysical data in the research and development of leading edge technologies. ", "Take the opportunity to learn about the application of advanced solutions for difficult exploration and development challenges, calibrated by using SEAM models as a realistic low-cost laboratory for testing new acquisition, processing and imaging methods, geomechanical deformations, 4D Monitoring, effect of production and injection in reservoir properties.", "\n\nThis workshop will facilitate in-depth discussions and the sharing of recent results and lessons learned in the advancement of emerging technologies for “Subsalt Imaging in Tertiary Basins”, for “Land Seismic Challenges”, for “Pressure Prediction and Hazard Avoidance” and for \"Reservoir Monitoring”.", "\n\nResearchers and geoscientists from a wide range of disciplines are expected to attend, representing a broad range of experts working on proposed technical topics. ", "Leaders of industry and academia will discuss problems of common interest, with the objective of stimulating research and development of new complex models as well as providing industry benchmarks and an impact upon academic research and education.", "\n\nWe will discuss about each SEAM project and topics for future projects. ", "From the highly successful SEAM Phase I, addressing challenges of deepwater subsalt imaging in Tertiary basins, with emphasis on the Gulf of Mexico; that gave the computational challenge in stages, starting with a purely acoustic-wave model with variable density, and proceeding through a quasi-acoustic tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) model to an isotropic elastic model. ", "This Earth model, a realistic salt structure within a 60-block area represents a region 40 km x 35 km x 15 km in extent, with varying rock properties that produce complex imaging scenarios.", "\n\nTo the latest Time Lapse Pilot Project, which models 4D changes in pore pressure during a plausible production scenario. ", "This project benefitted from the integrated work done between geoscientists and reservoir engineers. ", "Modeling captures the evolution of pore pressure and its detectability by geophysical remote sensing during hydrocarbon production. ", "The geologic and reservoir model chosen for the project covers an offshore region about 12.5 by 12.5 km in lateral extent and 5 km in depth and includes a series of stacked turbidite fans, part of the SEAM Phase I model of Tertiary Basins. ", "One of the goals of the project was to advance the state of the art in realistic modeling of time-lapse studies by maintaining consistency in the representation of the underlying model in the different numerical simulations computing geophysical responses (seismic and non seismic), reservoir fluid flow, and geomechanical deformation. ", "This is a small version of the ongoing Life of Field Project, planned to estimate the \"inverse\" problem of interpreting reservoir dynamics under conditions where everything about the reservoir is known. ", "The subsalt clastic model for Life of Field is under construction and a carbonate model is under design stage. ", "Models are resulting from an effort engaging reservoir engineers, geologists, petrophysicists, geophysicists, well-log analysts, and interpreters. ", "Reservoir dynamics will be simulated along with the resulting well, geophysical and geomechanical responses.", "\n\nSEAM Phase II, under the theme of “Land Seismic Challenges” focused on modeling land-seismic activity in a realistic way by incorporating a new set of challenges: from dealing with near-surface heterogeneity at scales from meters to kilometers, to incorporating a full range of elastic propagation physics, from surface-wave scattering and shear-wave attenuation to the general anisotropy of finely layered and fractured reservoirs. ", "Three exploration models with corresponding classes of near-surface and subsurface features were defined. ", "Each model has an appropriate reservoir.", "\n\nThe Barret model is 10 km x 10 km x 5 km and represents two types of unconventional reservoirs based on the Eagle Ford and Woodford shale plays in Texas and Oklahoma. ", "The Arid model also cover 100 sq. ", "km and contains features encountered in desert areas such as the Saudi Arabian Peninsula, with low-velocity surface sediments, outcropping strong refractors, buried topography, and karsts.", "\n\nThe Foothills model is 15 km x 12 km x 7.5 km and contains extreme topography typical of mountainous thrust zones, such as the Llanos Foothills in Colombia, with elevation differences of 500 m or more, as well as strong lateral and vertical velocity variations at scales comparable to exploration seismic wavelengths.", "\n\nSEAM Pressure Prediction Project focused on“Pressure Prediction and Hazard Avoidance through Improved Seismic Imaging\", evaluated and advanced on current methodologies for pre-drill pressure and hazard prediction. ", "Industry experts prioritized current challenges in the use of seismic velocity models to construct pre-drill pore pressure forecasts for well planning. ", "Challenges were used to design a comprehensive earth model and to simulate a benchmark data sets to be used by industry for quantifying risk and uncertainty associated with velocity models derived from current and future state-of-the-art in seismic acquisition, processing and imaging.", "\n\nWe will embrace both theoretical and practical discussions of how model complex reservoirs to measure geophysical responses and their changes during production and injection.", "\n\nIn this workshop we ask what we have learned and what could be the next challenges to be modeled and simulated. ", "Some of questions potentially addressed by workshop speakers are:\n\n“How does simulated data accuracy compares with real data?”", "\n\n“What is the real-world impact of geophysical and engineering reservoir modeling?", "\n\n“Where do we stand in 2017 and what are the next steps?”", "\n\n“Presence of Multiples at reservoir level. ", "Which noise suppression technique will be appropriated to remove interbedded multiples without affecting reservoir amplitude response?", "\n\n“What are and will remain inherent limitations in modeling and simulations?", "\n\n“How Q values area changing as function of saturation and pressure?", "\n\n“What can we do with microseismic data in terms of reservoir characterization?", "\n\n“Can we integrate microseismic data into inversion workflow? ", "What has been done so far? ", "Which model will be the appropriate to learn more about usage of microseismic data? ", "What has been done so far?”", "\n\n“To what degree are typical reservoir properties affected and can these changes be detected, measured, and quantified into additional valuable reservoir understandings by analyzing microseismicity indicators?”", "\n\n“What is the impact of facies complexity in carbonate models? ", "How to model the effect of double porosity media during production?\"", "\n\n1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nAdvances in computational capabilities and the mathematical understanding of compressive sensing and sparse inversion have led to progress in simultaneous source technology. ", "Simultaneous source acquisition has progressed from the more conventional slip-sweep and distance separated simultaneous sourcing methods to more flexible, but more processing-intensive, truly simultaneous sourcing methods. ", "These technologies are advancing rapidly, providing significant improvements in cost, efficiency, and source density. ", "There is significant motivation to continue to develop these methodologies to apply to more seismic acquisition types while maintaining or improving the quality of the resulting seismic images.", "\n\nThe discussions in this workshop will cover experiences with simultaneous source surveys, recommendations for obtaining safe and effective acquisitions, de-blending methods, and speculations on the directions for this technology.", "\n\n1:30 pm - 5:00 pm\n\nMulticomponent seismic technology is typically associated with the acquisition, processing and interpretation of shear-waves (S-waves). ", "Over 50 years our industry has been investigating S-wave applications for lithology discrimination, elastic property inversion and fracture characterization. ", "There has been a cycle of over expectation and disappointing realization of the benefits of S-waves. ", "Currently, a segment of our business (about 5 – 10%) is devoted to the exploitation of converted P- to S-wave (PS-waves) as the source of S-wave information. ", "However, the recent downturn in oil prices has significantly curtailed even this small effort. ", "One goal of this workshop is to summarize the current state of the art in multicomponent technologies, particularly as it applies to S-waves for surface and borehole environments. ", "Another goal is to explore why S-wave applications have not grown over the years and whether they will ever provide added value for reservoir or overburden characterization. ", "An eternal question has been, what is the best source of acquired S-waves? ", "Conventional sources designed for P-waves have clearly driven a small market with converted PS-waves, but can S-waves that radiate from these sources also be used? ", "For petrophysical applications, what are the challenges and benefits of joint elastic inversion for isotropic P- and S-wave impedance and density? ", "Can we improve the inversion with orthorhombic anisotropy estimates for fracture characterization? ", "More recent issues are, what is the role of S-waves in time lapse and/or unconventional reservoir applications to quantify reservoir brittleness, fracability (formation strength) and fracture properties: density and direction? ", "For imaging, can S-waves provide improved resolution that benefits the near surface, the overburden at intermediate depths and at reservoir levels?", "\n\n8:30 am - 5:00 pm\n\nAlthough still a relatively new technology, fiber-optic based distributed acoustic sensing (DAS), is fast becoming an accepted, although still relatively niche, method for acquiring seismic data. ", "Its most common application in geophysics is for the acquisition of borehole seismic data, but clearly the technology has many other possible applications, although many of these have their own challenges. ", "In this workshop we will review the background of the methodology and the peculiarities of the measurement, with an emphasis on how the use of an optical system affects our ability to measure the passage of seismic waves. ", "Moving on from instrumentation we will look at deployment methods for cables as well as exotic cable designs and their potential applications. ", "We will then review the current state of the use of DAS data, both in terms of acquisition and processing, for applications such as vertical seismic profiles, surface measurements, microseismic, and reservoir monitoring emphasizing where the current challenges lie. ", "Finally we will look towards the future, where are the key opportunities for future developments? ", "What other technologies are emerging that may compete with DAS?", "\n\nDue to the complexity of subsurface formations, physics-based modeling and inversion are increasingly supplemented by data driven approaches such as machine learning, data analytics, neural networks, and more. ", "As sensors become smaller and cheaper, and science and technology mature, increasingly more data (including multi-physics) are collected to better understand subsurface formations. ", "Correspondingly, the data becomes \"big.\" ", "Geophysical data sets are among the largest in science and engineering, comparable in size and complexity only to those from astronomy and particle physics. ", "Here “big” means large quantities, multiple modalities/physics, and a range of scales. ", "Hence, traditional physics modeling and inversion (e.g. using certain approximations to model real physics) can be complemented by data driven methods. ", "For certain applications, data driven methods can be much less computationally demanding, faster to construct, and easier to update and maintain as new data are acquired. ", "Major challenges exist in the systematic acquisition and processing of very large amounts of geoscience data, in their integration across modalities/physics and scales, and in their use in deriving and validating models to answer scientific questions for timely decision-making. ", "Geophysics appears to have lagged behind other areas such as reservoir engineering, drilling and production technology in adopting data driven methods. ", "Through a series of technical presentations and discussions, this workshop will help the SEG community understand and leverage recent developments in data analytics for a variety of data types (seismic, electromagnetic/resistivity, potential fields, etc.) ", "and scales (reservoir and wellbore). ", "Different workflows with fewer limitations may emerge as promising avenues to pursue in the data-rich future of geophysics.", "\n\nThe ultimate goal in geophysics is to characterize subsurface rock properties and fluid content at different scales. ", "Understanding why petrophysical properties of rocks are different at different scales and how to use them correctly in upscaling are crucial for reservoir modelling. ", "In this workshop, we will review the current state of the understanding of the scale and time dependency of multi-physics properties of rocks. ", "The following themes are expected to be addressed from both theoretical and experimental point of view: variations of rocks lithology, porosity, permeability at micro, core, borehole and reservoir scales; rock mechanical properties variations including a difference between static and dynamic moduli, elastic moduli and attenuation dispersion; upscaling from micro to reservoir scale.", "\n\n8:30 - 12:00 pm\n\nFull Waveform Inversion (FWI) is now widely used in applications ranging from velocity model-building for imaging to assessment of drilling hazards and reservoir characterization. ", "Nonetheless, it is still the subject of active research and development and formulations other than the now-classic approach of least-squares optimization to fit diving and refracted waves continue to be proposed as the industry becomes aware of its limitations as well as its potential. ", "Unsurprisingly, these limitations are often encountered in imaging domains which have proved most challenging for traditional imaging workflows, such as subsalt and onshore, due to the difficulties in, for example, assuring adequate illumination, building appropriate starting models and simulating seismic amplitudes correctly. ", "This workshop will offer a forum to present and discuss these and other problems with FWI in such contexts, and potential solutions to them. ", "We therefore welcome contributions addressing or illustrating the following issues:\n\nWhat physics do we need? ", "When is elastic simulation worth the extra cost compared to acoustic methods?", "\n\nWhat acquisition effort – offsets, components, sampling – is needed as a function of the depth and complexity of the target and its overburden? ", "How accurately can we predict and plan for this? ", "Can techniques such as interferometry be used with FWI to reduce it?", "\n\nHow can data processing help, and to what extent can it compensate for deficiencies in the acquisition or the accuracy of the simulations? ", "Is it reasonable to imagine FWI with raw data? ", "What is the role of regularization – of both data and inversion?", "\n\nTo what extent do we need to tailor workflows to fit specific problems?", "\n\nWhat useful information can we extract from surface wave inversion?", "\n\nUnder what circumstances does FWI offer a significant uplift for reservoir characterization in 3D and 4D compared to traditional approaches?", "\n\nWhat are the most effective strategies for updating long-wavelength model parameter changes using the tomographic component of FWI? ", "Are data-domain or image-domain residuals more effective?", "\n\nWhat is the most effective workflow combining diving-wave long-wavelength updating, tomographic FWI for deeper long-wavelength updates, and higher frequency impedance inversions to arrive at a full-bandwidth inversion solution?", "\n\nWhat methods or approaches help deal with non-linearity in FWI that is inherent in the inversion problem?", "\n\nPotential authors may contact Paul Williamson for more information. ", "If they wish to present a paper at the workshop they should submit a short abstract (1-4 pages). ", "Depending on the number of abstracts submitted and accepted, the workshop may include a poster session to complement the oral presentations.", "\n\n8:30 - 12:00 pm\n\nOver the last 30 years exploration geophysics has witnessed a steady progression in the spatial coverage of seismic common-receiver gathers, from 2D to 3D to multi azimuth to wide azimuth acquisition. ", "As we now asymptotically approach “full coverage” in azimuth and offset, we find that our data are still limited. ", "Offset and azimuth are not enough! ", "We also need more frequency coverage. ", "The new frontier is broadband acquisition. ", "We need higher frequencies for enhanced resolution and reservoir definition. ", "We need lower frequencies to fill the gap between reflectivity and velocity analysis, and to support inversion.", "\n\nThe first efforts attempted to improve existing acquisition by lowering the noise in the acquisition system, and using deeper and/or shallower airguns to modify the airgun array spectral response. ", "Source and receiver ghost notches were filled in via depth diversity and/or multicomponent recording. ", "Processors realized that there were gains to be made simply by being careful in processing, so as not to squander the bandwidth already present in the data. ", "Recently, novel acquisition paradigms have started to appear: new types of impulsive sources, new types of vibrators, and even proposals for heterogeneous multi-source acquisition.", "\n\nIn this workshop we will discuss the limits of the recordable frequency spectrum and visions of what seismic data acquisition in the year 2030 will look like, and how we’ll get there.", "\n\nSubsurface characterization and monitoring are challenging tasks due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the earth. ", "As different geophysical methods have different sensitivities to different subsurface parameters, the use of a unified framework which uses different geophysical fields (such as Seismic, EM, Gravity, MT or direct strain measurements) has the potential to significantly improve any single domain subsurface model. ", "To that end, this multiphysics workshop will provide an update of recent advancements and the road ahead in multiphysics subsurface characterization. ", "Recent advancements in algorithms and computer power, together with larger data volumes and new measurements will be presented and discussed. ", "Case studies and current state of the industry will be presented by leading experts together with open discussion on the road ahead.", "\n\nThe impact of the Shale revolution on the oil industry is now clearly visible. ", "Many recent oil company capital spending announcements suggest that investment in unconventional resources (UR) has gained substantial momentum. ", "With the industry trend towards UR it is time for us to pause and discuss what the role of geophysics is in this new world. ", "For UR plays, for a start, the reservoir structures can be relatively flat, impedance contrasts and fluid signatures can be weak, drilling is much less expensive and turnaround is quick. ", "This raises several important and demands immediate attention questions to the seismic industry; what is the role of geophysics and what must we do now to secure and invigorate the use of geophysics in unconventional resources.", "\n\nOur workshop will start with a tutorial on UR and well completions to get alignment amongst participants. ", "We will proceed with an Executive Leadership panel discussion from various operators on the current perception and value of geophysics in UR plays. ", "Then we will proceed to discuss what are the current leading edge technologies, are we doing the right seismic acquisition and processing for UR plays and what is the cost. ", "Do we need to change anything in the way we do geophysics in UR and if so what are the key changes that can add value?", "\n\nThe goal of this workshop is to explore these questions and help navigate a way forward for our industry in the new UR world.", "\n\nThe impact of the Shale revolution on the oil industry is now clearly visible. ", "Many recent oil company capital spending announcements suggest that investment in unconventional resources (UR) has gained substantial momentum. ", "With the industry trend towards UR it is time for us to pause and discuss what the role of geophysics is in this new world. ", "For UR plays, for a start, the reservoir structures can be relatively flat, impedance contrasts and fluid signatures can be weak, drilling is much less expensive and turnaround is quick. ", "This raises several important and alarming questions to the seismic industry; what is the role of geophysics and what must we do now to secure and invigorate the use of geophysics in unconventional resources.", "\n\nOur workshop will start with a tutorial on UR and well completions to get alignment amongst participants. ", "We will proceed with an Executive Leadership panel discussion from various operators on the current perception and value of geophysics in UR plays. ", "Then we will proceed to discuss what are the current leading edge technologies, are we doing the right seismic acquisition and processing for UR plays and what is the cost. ", "Do we need to change anything in the way we do geophysics in UR and if so what are the key changes that can add value?", "\n\nThe goal of this workshop is to explore these questions and help navigate a way forward for our industry in the new UR world.", "\n\nThe topic of the workshop is the use of new and established satellite geophysical measurements. ", "The Sandwell & Smith and DTU 15 satellite gravity field continues to evolve better resolution and lower error values. ", "Sandwell & Smith version 24 and O.B. Anderson’s version DTU 15 are quite an improvement over previous releases. ", "However, other groups both academic and industry are also producing improvements. ", "Other types of measurements include the GRACE Gradiometer Mission, Magnetic field measurements, LIDAR and topographic measurements.", "\n\nWe hope to have papers covering a variety of related topics, including:\n\ntechnical specifications of different satellite systems\n\ncomparisons between different satellite systems\n\ncomparisons of satellite data with airborne or ground data\n\ndata error and resolution estimates of the data\n\ncase studies of projects using satellite data, both successful and unsuccessful\n\nWe also hope for lively interaction between the presenters and the audience." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005292575224302709, 0.0005455451318994164, 0.0005354086169973016, 0.000538793858140707, 0.0005867807776667178, 0.0004978919168934226, 0.0005561034777201712, 0.000566560251172632, 0.0005374963511712849, 0.0005430334713310003, 0.000554348633158952, 0.00058190111303702, 0.0006029698997735977, 0.000761614297516644, 0.0006551981787197292, 0.0006131033878773451, 0.0005628802464343607, 0.0005978887202218175, 0.0006036628037691116, 0.0006404979503713548, 0.00051728799007833, 0.0006376252858899534, 0.0005779889761470258, 0.0005974608939141035, 0.0005999460117891431, 0.0005691872211173177, 0.0005307535757310688, 0.0006234450847841799, 0.0007272352813743055, 0.0006465910701081157, 0.0006763103301636875, 0.0007160446839407086, 0.0006527866353280842, 0.000715003116056323, 0.0006637289188802242, 0.0007238634279929101, 0.0006288100848905742, 0.0006044215988367796, 0.0006689633592031896, 0.0007933630840852857, 0.0006050867377780378, 0.0006497062277048826, 0.0005161514854989946, 0.0005098867113701999, 0.0005466833245009184, 0.0005546874017454684, 0.0005535560776479542, 0.000553739198949188, 0.0005574163515120745, 0.0005852878093719482, 0.0005420741508714855, 0.0005688008386641741, 0.0005293954745866358, 0.0005346701946109533, 0.0005406909040175378, 0.0006080231978558004, 0.0013626276049762964, 0.0027087025810033083, 0.011715252883732319, 0.0005092924693599343, 0.0005733449943363667, 0.0005621936870738864, 0.0008959390688687563, 0.0005645996425300837, 0.0005520543782040477, 0.000523900322150439, 0.0006380176637321711, 0.0006081715691834688, 0.0005262846825644374, 0.000541314366273582, 0.0005721243796870112, 0.0006879271822981536, 0.0005671234684996307, 0.0005578572163358331, 0.0005605883779935539, 0.000519710942171514, 0.0005286859814077616, 0.0005278712487779558, 0.0005153656820766628, 0.0005811254377476871, 0.0005815759650431573, 0.0006331260083243251, 0.0005597207928076386, 0.000593335076700896, 0.000576204911340028, 0.0005677295266650617, 0.0005901864496991038, 0.0005947956233285367, 0.0006021523731760681, 0.0005568948108702898, 0.000579752610065043, 0.0005860594683326781, 0.0005640733288601041, 0.0006318234372884035, 0.0008887952426448464, 0.0007077431655488908, 0.000609364768024534, 0.0005642693140543997, 0.0005778245977126062, 0.0005678788293153048, 0.0005121697904542089, 0.0005274067516438663, 0.0006345259607769549, 0.0006188089610077441, 0.0007916070171631873, 0.0006542957853525877, 0.000843699264805764, 0.000634385971352458, 0.000666760781314224, 0.0006615517777390778, 0.0006791515625081956, 0.0006819966365583241, 0.0006438862765207887, 0.000849028758239001, 0.0006295726052485406, 0.0007081108633428812, 0.0006259006331674755, 0.0005486821173690259, 0.0005905660218559206, 0.0005452634068205953, 0.0005443432019092143, 0.000514813291374594, 0.0006351930205710232, 0.0005668051890097558, 0.0005555482348427176, 0.0006090729730203748, 0.0006525254575535655, 0.0005594533286057413, 0.0005758088082075119, 0.0006403850275091827, 0.0006633065058849752, 0.0006549468380399048, 0.0006337686791084707, 0.0006096706492826343, 0.000643421255517751, 0.0005943374126218259, 0.0005834787152707577, 0.0005011754692532122, 0.0005263328203000128, 0.0005484512657858431, 0.0005544035811908543, 0.0008852332830429077, 0.00058190111303702, 0.0006029698997735977, 0.0007351327803917229, 0.0006551981787197292, 0.0006131033878773451, 0.0005628802464343607, 0.0005978887202218175, 0.0006036628037691116, 0.0006404979503713548, 0.00051728799007833, 0.0006376252858899534, 0.0005779889761470258, 0.0005887389415875077, 0.0005742043722420931, 0.0005224979249760509, 0.0005695511354133487, 0.0005804020329378545, 0.0005999460117891431, 0.0005691872211173177, 0.0005307535757310688, 0.0006234450847841799, 0.0007272352813743055, 0.0006465910701081157, 0.0006763103301636875, 0.0007160446839407086, 0.0006527866353280842, 0.000715003116056323, 0.0006637289188802242, 0.0007238634279929101, 0.0006288100848905742, 0.0006044215988367796, 0.0006689633592031896, 0.0007933630840852857, 0.0006050867377780378, 0.0006497062277048826, 0.0005378148634918034, 0.000507100485265255, 0.0005098867113701999, 0.000578958832193166, 0.0005638747243210673, 0.0022879308089613914, 0.0006046791095286608, 0.0006066674832254648, 0.0005285614752210677, 0.0005458179512061179, 0.0007769153453409672, 0.0005739168846048415, 0.0006329764146357775, 0.0008727022213861346, 0.0005142661975696683, 0.0005939824040979147, 0.0005615256377495825, 0.0005549509660340846, 0.0005350622232072055, 0.0005132185178808868, 0.0005645996425300837, 0.0005520543782040477, 0.000523900322150439, 0.0006380176637321711, 0.0005748809780925512, 0.0005262846825644374, 0.000541314366273582, 0.0005893315537832677, 0.0006879271822981536, 0.0005671234684996307, 0.0005645996425300837, 0.0005520543782040477, 0.000523900322150439, 0.0006380176637321711, 0.0005824871477670968, 0.0005262846825644374, 0.000541314366273582, 0.0005893315537832677, 0.0006879271822981536, 0.0005671234684996307, 0.000567655370105058, 0.0006056261481717229, 0.0006707045249640942, 0.000585259054787457, 0.000541183864697814, 0.0004993467591702938 ]

[ "Share -\n\nsorry, interactive map is not available at this time\n\n410 Wayne StNew Madison, OH 45346\n\n$22,000Land/Lot\n\nmap\n\ntour\n\nCommute\n\n777988\nMLS#\n\nSale Pending\n\nphoto 1 of 4\n\nHidden\n\nphoto 2 of 4\n\nHidden\n\nphoto 3 of 4\n\nHidden\n\nphoto 4 of 4\n\nHidden\n\nNow Available! ", "Large building lots in New Madison ready for your spring construction. ", "Lots are gently rolling and could accommodate a daylight or walk-out basement. ", "Lots have access to public utilities along the street. ", "These lots will not last long, so call today to purchase your lot. ", "Call for additional information and restrictions.", "\n\nDirections to this Listing: St Rt 121 into New Madison Turn east at the light on Wayne St. Lots sit on the south side of Wayne street at the corner of St Rt 726\n\nProperty & Home Details\n\n0.66\nAcres\n\nTri-Village\nSchool District\n\nFeatures\n\nCounty:\n\nDarke County\n\nLot description:\n\n111x259\n\nS/A Taxes:\n\n0.00\n\nSchool district:\n\nTri-Village\n\nLifestyle in Greater Dayton, OH\n\nGreater Dayton Area Overview\n\nSummary\n\nWrapped along the Great Miami River, the Greater Dayton area prides itself on big city amenities coupled with Midwestern charm and hospitality. ", "The many towns and villages that dot the Miami Valley lie in the shadow of downtown Dayton’s distinction as the ‘Birthplace of Aviation’. ", "With the Aviation Heritage National Historic Park, the National Air Force Museum, and the trails of Wilbur and Orville Wright it’s a richly cultured area, making this a great place to live and work. ", "Outside the city, there are still plenty of wide-open spaces in the Greater Dayton area to call home as the easily accessible suburban areas continue to build on the area’s reputation for unique attractions, pleasant living and exceptional natural beauty.", "\n\nTransportation\n\nTwo of America’s most traveled highways, I-75 and I-70 meet in Montgomery County, making it easy to get just about anywhere you want to go; Rt. ", "35 also crosses through the region. ", "RTA provides bus service to Dayton and surrounding areas. ", "Dayton’s RTA is one of only five cities in the U.S. with electric trolleys offering an environmentally responsible form of mass transit. ", "The Greyhound Bus station services many nearby midwestern cities. ", "Biking enthusiasts will love the Great Miami River Recreation Trail.", "\n\nHospitals\n\nSeveral hospitals serve the area including Grandview, Southview, Children’s Hospital and the Miami Valley Regional Hospital.", "\n\nShopping\n\nYou can find it all in downtown Dayton-including department and specialty stores with many just a quick walking trip away. ", "The Wegerzyn River Market at the historic Cannery Warehouse is worth a special trip. ", "Many household needs can be met within minutes of home at several neighborhood shopping centers.", "\n\nRecreation\n\nThe area is as alive with activity as you want, or offers a slower pace if you’re looking for some solitude. ", "Arts and culture attractions, theatre, pro sports, and numerous colleges call this area home. ", "You’re probably no more than 15 minutes away from any of the Five Rivers MetroParks with 20 facilities covering 11,000 acres for year-round recreation. ", "Each of the nearby cities host annual events including Stagecoach Days, Heritage Festival, the internationally acclaimed Dayton Air Show, Ice Cream Festival, and Old Fashioned Days.", "\n\nThe data relating to real estate for sale on this website comes in part from the\nBroker Reciprocity program of the Dayton REALTORS ® MLS IDX Database.", "\nReal estate listings from the Dayton REALTORS ® MLS IDX Database held\nby brokerage firms other than Sibcy Cline, Inc. are marked with the IDX logo\nand are provided by the Dayton REALTORS ® MLS IDX Database. ", "Information\nis provided for consumers` personal, non-commercial use and may not be used for\nany purpose other than to identify prospective properties consumers may be interested\nin." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006851801299490035, 0.0005992191145196557, 0.0009617556352168322, 0.0006917263963259757, 0.0018034384120255709, 0.0006061565945856273, 0.0006565984222106636, 0.0007748602656647563, 0.0006298966472968459, 0.0006118876626715064, 0.0005692965933121741, 0.0006472988752648234, 0.0010495161404833198, 0.0007967037381604314, 0.0006525126518681645, 0.0005504431901499629, 0.0006669479771517217, 0.0005827033892273903, 0.0006293703918345273, 0.0005550927598960698, 0.0005529493791982532, 0.0005669051897712052, 0.0006893907557241619, 0.0005914053181186318, 0.0005899635143578053, 0.0006098269368521869, 0.000524307950399816 ]

[ "Tuesday, October 23, 2007\n\nClark's biological mother, Lara-El arrives in Smallville, \"America's Next Top Model\" winner stops by \"Everybody Hates Chris,\" an O.C. star makes an appearance on \"Reaper,\" Blair's gay dad returns from Paris on \"Gossip Girl\" and more CW November sweeps highlights.", "\n\nThe netlet has announced that Helen Slater, star of the feature film \"Supergirl,\" will make an appearance on its top-rated drama \"Smallville\" as Clark Kent's (Tom Welling) biological mother Lara-El.", "\n\nZor-El (Jor-El's evil brother and Kara's father) also makes an appearance. ", "Clark will meet his mother in the November 15 episode \"Blue.\"", "\n\nOther notable guest appearances include The O.C.'s Melinda Clarke guest starring as the Devil's mistress on the November 20 episode of \"Reaper\";\n\n\"America's Next Top Model\" winner Eva Marcelle on \"Everybody Hates Chris\" November 19;\n\nMercedes McNab (\"Buffy The Vampire Slayer\") and Sterling K. Brown (\"Army Wives\") in the November 15 episode of \"Supernatural\";\n\nLil' Kim on \"The Game\" November 12, plus Erykah Badu on \"Girlfriends\" the same night.", "\n\nFinally, The Humphreys and van der Woodsens share an awkward Thanksgiving dinner in the November 28 episode of \"Gossip Girl\" also featuring the appearance of John Shay as Blair's gay dad who returns from Paris where he lives with his model lover." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.005127680487930775, 0.0006937908474355936, 0.006870763376355171, 0.0013548389542847872, 0.0007366541540250182, 0.004333846736699343 ]

[ "Introduction {#S0001}\n============\n\nTumor cells express self and altered-self proteins (neo-antigens) and present these to the immune system by means of MHC-peptide complexes. ", "The majority of the peptides that are presented on tumor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules are likely derived from short-lived proteins (SLiPs) and defective ribosomal products (DRiPs) bound to HLA and transported to the cell surface.^[1](#CIT0001)-[3](#CIT0003)^ While these peptides may be readily presented by the tumor cells, the immune system has been poorly educated to recognize these, since these rapidly degraded products are less likely available for cross-presentation by professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells (DCs). ", "Hence, the peptide repertoire that DCs use to prime the adaptive immune system might not be representative of the dominant epitopes tumor cells actually present, resulting in poor tumor-cell recognition. ", "Moreover, in the presence of tumor-induced suppression, function of both DCs and T cells can be hampered, further compromising elimination of tumor cells by the immune system.^[4](#CIT0004),[5](#CIT0005)^ Many immunotherapy regimens aim to convert the tolerant tumor microenvironment into an immune stimulatory one, thereby promoting tumor cell recognition and killing.^[6](#CIT0006),[7](#CIT0007)^\n\nPrimary and metastatic prostate cancers have been characterized by sequencing, copy-number alteration and expression profiling.^[8](#CIT0008),[9](#CIT0009)^ Recently, 333 primary prostate cancers were characterized and found to have an overall mutation burden of 0.94 mutations/Mb (median, range 0.04--28 per megabase), a lower mutation burden than many other epithelial tumors.^[8](#CIT0008),[10](#CIT0010)^ 150 metastatic prostate cancers were found to have an overall mutation rate of 4.4 mutations/Mb, though some had nearly 50 mutations/Mb^[9](#CIT0009)^. We hypothesize that immune responses that develop in patients with objective clinical responses upon immunotherapy treatment are directed against a wide variety of antigenic determinants overexpressed by their cancer. ", "In the case of prostate cancer, we reported that a patient, who experienced a complete response following treatment with ipilimumab, developed strong humoral immune responses against a number of proteins that had not been identified previously as possible tumor antigens. ", "This included one protein, HIBCH, strongly over-expressed by the patient\\'s tumor and found to be mutated in 5 percent of prostate cancers.^[11](#CIT0011)^ In another study, patients with prostate cancer that experienced a clinical response following treatment with GM-CSF and ipilimumab, exhibited some shared antibody responses, and a CD4T cell response was detected against one of these shared proteins, PAK6.^[12](#CIT0012)^ Neither HIBCH nor PAK6 had previously been considered to be tumor-associated antigens. ", "While the concept that mutations or non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (ns-SNVs) in random proteins can serve as tumor-rejection antigens has been described, and is driving significant enthusiasm for novel immunotherapy strategies,^[13](#CIT0013)-[17](#CIT0017)^ this is in part a consequence of knowing the neo-epitopes present in a specific tumor and looking for an immune response against those antigens. ", "While clearly an important step, this approach excludes the possibility of detecting immune responses against SLiPs/DRiPs and a spectrum of proteins known to be over-expressed by cancers, including many that were \"prioritized\" by a National Cancer Institute panel based on parameters that included known immunogenicity and in some cases, association of immune responses with therapeutic effects.^[18](#CIT0018)^ While protein arrays are allowing an evaluation of humoral immunity against more than 15,000 proteins,^[12](#CIT0012),[19](#CIT0019)^ our ability to monitor T cell immunity has not kept pace. ", "In 2017, the generally applied immune monitoring strategies focus on identifying responses against selected well-known antigens, the specific antigen(s) used as a vaccine or, when tumor sequence data is available, evaluate for response to possible neo-epitopes.^[20](#CIT0020)^ These approaches will miss immune responses against other over-expressed targets, whether or not they are mutated, will generally miss epitope spreading, and might underestimate the magnitude of the induced anti-cancer immune response.", "\n\nOur lab developed autophagosome-enriched vaccines, called DRibbles®, which are generated from tumor cells or cell lines through inhibition of proteasomal degradation and lysosomal fusion. ", "This results in accumulation of proteins including SLiPs and DRiPs in stable double-membrane autophagosomal vesicles that are isolated through cell disruption and differential centrifugation.^[21](#CIT0021)-[24](#CIT0024)^ A human allogeneic autophagosome vaccine, DPV-001, comprising DRibbles derived from an adenocarcinoma (UbiLT6) and a mixed histology adenocarcinoma/squamous cell cancer (UbiLT3) cell line, has recently been tested in a randomized multi-center Phase II study for adjuvant treatment of definitively treated stage IIIA/B NSCLC patients and a pilot study for men with advanced prostate cancer.^[24](#CIT0024)^ Gene expression analysis of the two cell lines, UbiLT3 and UbiLT6, revealed that they highly express genes for a wide range of antigens common to adenocarcinomas and squamous cancers (unpublished data).", "\n\nWhile allogeneic DRibbles are not designed to encompass patient-specific neo-epitopes, whole exome-sequencing (WES) analysis identified sequences in the UbiLT3 and UbiLT6 cell lines that match the tumor sequence for a wide variety of tumor somatic mutations. ", "Additionally, the potential of ns-SNVs to generate altered peptide ligands, may help break tolerance against non-altered proteins that are over-expressed by a patient\\'s cancer.^[25](#CIT0025)^ In some cases, the vaccine, or monitoring agent (in this case UbiLT3 DRibbles) may match some ns-SNV somatic mutations. ", "In addition, in vitro analyses showed that DRibbles derived from the UbiLT3 cell line contain agonist activity for multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs (TLR-2,-3,-4,-7,-9) (TLH unpublished data), which can promote the activation of DCs and monocytes.^[26](#CIT0026)^ In this study, we analyzed transcript levels for antigens over-expressed in prostate cancers compared to the patients\\' normal tissue (The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PRAD Provisional database -- 498 samples) for which protein was confirmed to be present in the UbiLT3 DRibble vaccine. ", "We anticipated, also based on our in vivo mouse studies, that APCs would be required for the processing and cross-presentation of the DRibble-derived antigens,^[22](#CIT0022),[23](#CIT0023),[27](#CIT0027)^ allowing this approach to be used for all patients and not being restricted to HLA-A2^+^ patients, as is often the case for peptide-based monitoring approaches. ", "This is, to our knowledge, the first report in which human tumor cell-line derived autophagosomes are used to monitor responses against non-viral antigens in human patient samples. ", "Our data show that in some but not all prostate GVAX treated patients, IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells could be identified in post vaccine PBMC after one week in vitro-stimulation with UbiLT3 DRibbles.", "\n\nResults {#S0002}\n=======\n\nIdentification of overlapping gene expression, ns-SNVs and protein between UbiLT3 DRibbles and Prostate cancers {#S0002-S2001}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to determine whether the well-characterized UbiLT3 DRibble product could be used to monitor vaccine-induced anti-tumor T-cell responses in clinical samples from prostate cancer patients, we identified overlapping gene expression and protein products between prostate adenocarcinomas, UbiLT3 DRibbles, and the GVAX vaccine cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP). ", "As is common for patients with metastatic prostate cancer, no material was available for gene expression analysis. ", "Instead, publically available gene expression profiles, and ns-SNVs in prostate cancers compared to patients\\' normal tissue, were obtained from TCGA. ", "Mass spectrometry identified 5286 proteins in UbiLT3 DRibbles. ", "Gene expression data (RNA-Seq) was available in TCGA prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) provisional database for 5233 of the proteins. ", "Proteins confirmed to be present in UbiLT3 DRibbles by mass spectrometry were queried (<http://www.cbioportal.org/public-portal/>) against gene expression data (z score ≥±2) for PRAD cases (n = 498) to identify the degree of overlap between genes overexpressed in tumor specimens compared to the patients\\' normal tissue and proteins in DRibbles used to monitor T-cell responses (average = 235.2 genes) ([Fig.", " 1A](#F0001)). ", "Every patient\\'s tumor over-expressed genes for which the protein is in UbiLT3 DRibbles, with 329 of 498 tumors over-expressing more than 100 genes coding for proteins confirmed to be present in UbiLT3 DRibbles. ", "PRAD tumors overexpressed (z-score ≥ 2) an average of 734.5 genes, with a range from 57--2975. ", "UbiLT3 DRibbles contained an average of 235.2 of the overexpressed genes per patient sample, range 5--1327. ", "In samples categorized as having evidence of metastasis in the associated clinical data, the average number of overexpressed genes contained in UbiLT3 DRibbles increased to 330 (data not shown). ", "The percent of overexpressed genes present in UbiLT3 ranged from 4% to 61%. ", "There were at least 81 proteins identified in UbiLT3 DRibbles where the gene is over-expressed in ≥10% of the TCGA PRAD samples (z-score ≥ 2). ", "Publically available gene expression data for the LNCaP and PC3 cell lines (TCGA, CCLE microarray) showed overexpression (z-score ≥ 2) of 5 and 24 of those genes, respectively (Supplemental Table S1). ", "10.1080/2162402X.2018.1466766-F0001Figure 1.Tumor-antigen overlap between the UbiLT3 DRibbles and Prostate cancer specimens in the TCGA database. ", "A. Over-expressed genes (z-score ≥2) from RNA-Seq expression data on 498 prostate adenocarcinoma tumor specimens, compared to the patients\\' normal tissue (TCGA), analyzed for overlap with proteins identified in UbiLT3 DRibbles by mass spectrometry. ", "B. Mutation data from WES of 307 prostate adenocarcinoma specimens (TCGA) for ns-SNVs in tumor specimens with respect to the patients\\' normal tissue was compared to the sequence of UbiLT3 for UbiLT3 sequences matching the tumor sequence. ", "C. PC3 cell line sequences matching sequence overlap between UbiLT3 and PRAD ns-SNVs in panel B. D. LNCaP cell line sequences matching sequence overlap between UbiLT3 and PRAD ns-SNVs in panel B.\n\nSince epitopes derived from mutations might be more immunogenic due to the creation of neo-epitopes, whole exome-sequencing data of the UbiLT3 cell line was compared to ns-SNVs identified in available prostate adenocarcinoma samples and PC3/LNCaP WES databases. ", "Whole exome sequencing of the UbiLT3 cell line identified ns-SNVs in UbiLT3 with respect to the hg19 reference genome (9532 ns-SNVs; 1342 ns-SNVs filtered with (hg19) dbsnp (common) variants). ", "VCF files for 307 specimens in the TCGA PRAD provisional database of exome-sequenced tumors were analyzed to determine unique ns-SNVs in tumor specimens with respect to the patients\\' normal tissue. ", "Unique ns-SNVs were compared to the UbiLT3 sequence to identify potential mutations matching the UbiLT3 sequence using CLC Genomics Workbench 7.5 (Average = 44.38) ([Fig.", " 1B](#F0001)). ", "Ns-SNVs were identified in all specimens where UbiLT3 matched the unique tumor sequence, with a range from 9 to 256. ", "VCF files for PC3 and LNCaP cell lines were compared to the TCGA PRAD provisional database ([Fig.", " 1C](#F0001)) for shared ns-SNVs (PC3 Average = 28; Range 1--234 and LNCaP Average = 59.6; Range 14--340 shared ns-SNVs). ", "UbiLT3 and PC3 or UbiLT3 and LNCaP sequences were compared to PRAD specimens to identify corresponding ns-SNVs ([Fig.", " 1D](#F0001)). ", "PRAD specimens had an average of 11.23 ns-SNVs found in PC3 and UbiLT3. ", "Shared ns-SNVs ranged from 0 to 108. ", "PC3 and UbiLT3 shared 3067 ns-SNVs (254 ns-SNVs filtered with (hg19) dbsnp (common) variants). ", "PRAD specimens had an average of 15.34 ns-SNVs found in both LNCaP and UbiLT3. ", "Shared ns-SNVs ranged from 0 to 148. ", "LNCaP and UbiLT3 shared 4306 ns-SNVs (419 ns-SNVs filtered with (hg19) dbsnp (common) variants). ", "UbiLT3 DRibbles contain 847 proteins covering 1310 of 6407 ns-SNVs present in PC3. ", "468 proteins cover 633 out of the 3067 ns-SNVs shared between PC3 and UbiLT3. ", "1745 UbiLT3 DRibble proteins cover 2881 of 11938 ns-SNVs present in LNCaP. 651 proteins cover 893 of 3067 ns-SNVs shared between LNCaP and UbiLT3. ", "The mutation status of proteins identified by mass spectrometry and antigenicity/processing of mutations and ns-SNVs has yet to be determined.", "\n\nShared TAA in UbiLT3 DRibbles can be recognized by CD8^+^ T cells post prostate GVAX vaccination {#S0002-S2002}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe protein overlap and the presence of relevant ns-SNVs in DRibbles generated from the UbiLT3 cell line and the genes over-expressed by prostate cancers, prompted us to test whether UbiLT3 DRibbles could be used to detect tumor-antigen-specific T cells in blood samples from patients with prostate cancer. ", "As a control, DRibbles were prepared from human primary kidney cells using the same protocol.", "\n\nTo test whether UbiLT3 DRibbles could be used to monitor the generation of a cancer-vaccine induced immune response, we isolated PBMC from patients with metastatic CRPC, who were vaccinated with prostate GVAX. ", "From the 17 patients included in this trial, post GVAX PBMC samples (week 12) were available from 12/17 patients. ", "No objective clinical responses were observed in any of the patients treated on this trial. ", "These patients were very sick and did not receive any checkpoint blockade in addition to the prostate GVAX vaccine to overcome tumor-induced immune suppression.^[28](#CIT0028),[29](#CIT0029)^ Two patients in cohort C and one patient in cohort B displayed an increase in prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSA-DT) post-treatment, suggestive of reduced tumor growth. ", "Additional clinical assessment and immune monitoring performed for this trial will be described elsewhere (Curti et al., ", "and Puri et al. ", "manuscripts in preparation).", "\n\nAs an initial screen, pre- and post treatment PBMC from four patients were cultured *ex vivo* in the presence of 25μg/ml DRibbles derived from normal kidney cells (NK) or UbiLT3 or vehicle control for 40 hours, after which supernatants were harvested and IFN-γ secretion was assessed ([Fig.", " 2A](#F0002)). ", "No IFN-γ was detected in supernatants from pre-vaccine PBMC (data not shown), but IFN-γ secretion was detected in 3 out of 4 post-vaccine PBMC samples upon incubation with UbiLT3 Dribbles, but not vehicle, or NK DRibbles. ", "In this experiment, the 3 patients in whom IFN-γ secretion was detected upon culture with UbiLT3 DRibbles also displayed increased or stabilized PSA-DT upon therapy (PSA-DT of 1.0, 1.3 and 3.4, for patients 9, 10 and 12, respectively). ", "10.1080/2162402X.2018.1466766-F0002Figure 2.UbiLT3 DRibble-specific CD8^+^ T cell responses in post GVAX PBMC. ", "2A. IFN-γ responses determined by CBA in supernatants of post-GVAX PBMC samples from four patients harvested after 40 hours ex vivo stimulation with vehicle, NK DRibbles (NK) or UbiLT3 DRibbles (UbiLT3). ", "PSA-DT increases or decreases are depicted. ", "2B. Shown are the percentages of IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells in 12 patients after 1 week *in vitro* stimulation of pre- (white bars) and post- (black bars) PBMC. ", "Primary stimuli are as depicted on the x-axis and the secondary stimulus was 20 μg/ml UbiLT3 DRibbles. ", "Duplicate wells were measured for each condition. ", "The different treatment arms (A,B,C) and the ratio in PSA-DT are indicated in the graphs. ", "N.a. ", "= not available. ", "2C. Combined CD8^+^ IFN-γ responses for UbiLT3- (left) and NK DRibble prime/boost (right) for all patients (n = 12) and healthy donors (HD) (n = 6) tested. ", "A 2-tailed Wilcoxin signed rank test was performed to determine a significant difference in response between pre-and post PBMC (*p* \\< 0.007).", "\n\nNext, we tested whether stimulation with UbiLT3 DRibbles induced IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells. ", "In order to increase the chance of detecting robust CD8+ T cell responses, a one-week *in vitro* stimulation protocol was applied. ", "Of the twelve evaluable patients, IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells responsive to antigens present within UbiLT3 DRibbles could be identified in *in vitro*-stimulated post-vaccine samples from 6/12 patients with a mean of 7.1% IFN-γ^+^ CD8^+^ T cells (range 0.85-22%) ([Fig.", " 2B](#F0002) and [C](#F0002)). ", "IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells were never observed in pre-vaccine PBMC or in post-vaccine PBMC stimulated with vehicle or NK DRibbles as primary stimulus followed by re-stimulation with UbiLT3 DRibbles ([Fig.", " 2B](#F0002)) or NK DRibble prime/boost ([Fig.", " 2C](#F0002)). ", "UbiLT3-responding CD8^+^ T cells were not detected in healthy donor (HD) PBMC, suggesting that these CD8 responses were vaccine induced and therefore likely to recognize antigens present in the UbiLT3 DRibbles ([Fig.", " 2C](#F0002)). ", "CD8^+^ T-cell responses to UbiLT3 DRibbles in the patients tested were independent of the treatment arm, since the patients with a CD8 response to UbiLT3 Dribbles were present in all three arms ([Fig.", " 2B](#F0002)). ", "There was no correlation between PSA-DT increase or decrease upon treatment and the ability to generate UbiLT3-recognizing IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells, nor was there a prevalence for a specific HLA-type amongst the responding patients or an overlap in HLA-type with UbiLT3 (data not shown). ", "Increased IFN-γ production in the UbiLT3 prime/boost condition was also apparent when looking at the IFN-γ mean fluorescence intensity levels of the post GVAX CD8± T cells compared to the pre GVAX and healthy control samples (Supplementary Fig.", " S2A). ", "Moreover, antigen-independent CD3 stimulation, by means of plate-bound cross-linking using the anti-CD3 antibody OKT3 after UbiLT3 priming (UbiLT3 prime/OKT3 boost), showed that pre GVAX, post GVAX and healthy donor CD8± T cells were all equally equipped to produce IFN-γ, while no response was observed when cells were primed with NK DRibbles and boosted with UbiLT3 DRibbles (Supplementary Fig.", " S2A). ", "Dividing the post GVAX samples into those patients without a CD8^±^ T cell response to UbiLT3 prime/boost and those with a response, displayed significantly enhanced IFN-γ levels in the UbiLT3 prime/boost setting, but not in the UbiLT3/OKT3 or NK/UbiLT3 control conditions (Supplementary Fig.", " S2B).", "\n\nOf the twelve patients, we selected four patients (three UbiLT3-responding patients and one non-responding patient) to assess multi-functionality of the CD8^±^ T cells by measuring IFN-γ and TNF-α co-expression. ", "TNF-α producing cells were seen upon primary stimulation with vehicle or NK DRibbles and boost with UbiLT3 DRibbles, though frequencies increased under UbiLT3 DRibble prime/boost conditions in post-GVAX PBMC. ", "In contrast, TNF-α^+^ IFN-γ^+^ cells as well as TNF-α^−^ IFN-γ^+^ cells were specifically induced upon UbiLT3 DRibble prime/boost ([Fig.", " 3A](#F0003)). ", "The patient in whom no IFN-γ^+^ CD8^+^ T cells had been detected after *in vitro* stimulation previously (patient-13) also exhibited no UbiLT3-induced TNF-α response. ", "A similar pattern was observed looking at CD8^+^ T cell activation by means of CD25 expression ([Fig.", " 3B](#F0003)). ", "In concurrence with the IFN-γ data, increased expression of CD25 on CD8^+^ T cells upon UbiLT3 DRibble stimulation was only observed in post GVAX PBMC and not in pre-vaccination samples. ", "10.1080/2162402X.2018.1466766-F0003Figure 3.UbiLT3-recognizing CD8T cells are poly-functional. ", "3A. Combined production of IFN-γ and TNF-α are depicted as the percentage of CD8^+^ T cells producing IFN-γ only (white bars), IFN-γ and TNF-α (black bars) or TNF-α only (striped bars). ", "3B. Induction of CD25 expression on CD8^+^ T cells, either or not in conjunction with IFN- γ release: IFN-γ^+^ CD25^−^ (white bars), IFN-γ^+^ CD25^+^ (black bars) or IFN-γ^−^ CD25^+^ (striped bars). ", "3A, B. The upper rows show data for pre-GVAX PBMC and the lower rows for post-GVAX PBMC. ", "Duplicate wells were measured for each condition. ", "Primary stimuli are as depicted on the x-axes and T cells were boosted using 20μg/ml UbiLT3 DRibbles.", "\n\nInterferon-γ responses by CD4^+^ T cells were analyzed; however no UbiLT3-specific responses could be detected in pre- or post-vaccine PBMC samples after *in vitro* stimulation (Supplementary Fig.", " S3). ", "In contrast, when DRibbles were generated from UbiLT3 cells transduced to stably express the CMV pp65 protein,^[30](#CIT0030)^ a CD4^+^ T cell response was observed both in pre-vaccine and post-vaccine PBMC in those patients who had apparently come in contact with this virus (Supplementary Fig.", " S3A), indicating that patient CD4^+^ T cells can recognize DRibble-derived antigens. ", "Using these pp65 UbiLT3 DRibbles, we could also demonstrate that antigens derived from DRibbles are better processed and identified than the same antigen provided as protein or UbiLT3-pp65 cell lysate in an overnight stimulation protocol using PBMC from CMV-responsive donors (Supplementary Fig.", " S3B and data not shown).", "\n\nNo functional differences between pre- and post-vaccine CD11 c^+^ APC in presenting DRibble-derived antigens to CD8^+^ T cells {#S0002-S2003}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe prostate GVAX vaccine, through its secretion of the monocyte/DC-activating cytokine GM-CSF, could potentially have altered the functional abilities of the APC present within the post-vaccine PBMC, such as antigen (cross)-presentation and stimulation of T-cell proliferation. ", "To assess qualitative differences between pre- and post-vaccine APC, pre/post crisscross experiments were performed with selected patient samples. ", "These crisscross experiments showed that both pre- and post CD11 c^+^ cells were able to present UbiLT3 DRibble-derived antigens to CD8^+^ T cells but that only post GVAX-vaccine CD8^+^ T cells were able to respond by producing IFN-γ ([Fig.", " 4A](#F0004) and [B](#F0004)). ", "In contrast, both pre- and post CD8^+^ T cells were able to produce IFN-γ in response to CD3 cross-linking, confirming that pre CD8^+^ T cells were functionally capable of secreting IFN-γ ([Fig.", " 4A](#F0004) and [B](#F0004)). ", "The intracellular IFN-γ data were confirmed when looking at secreted IFN-γ in parallel cultures ([Fig.", " 4C](#F0004)). ", "In addition, in these cultures TNF-α secretion was elevated upon prime/boost with UbiLT3 DRibbles ([Fig.", " 4D](#F0004)). ", "TNF-α secretion was high in both pre- and post T cell conditions upon boost with OKT3 and no TNF-α was produced when NK DRibbles were used to boost the T cells (data not shown). ", "10.1080/2162402X.2018.1466766-F0004Figure 4.Both pre- and post-vaccine CD11 c+ cells can stimulate post vaccine CD8^+^ T cells to recognize UbiLT3 DRibble-derived tumor antigens. ", "4A. Dot plots from a pre/post crisscross experiment of one representative patient (out of 4 tested), looking at IFN-γ secretion by CD8^+^ T cells after the secondary stimulation with UbiLT3 DRibbles (top), NK DRibbles (middle) or plate-bound OKT3 (bottom) for the different combinations of pre- or post-DC with pre- or post T cells as indicated. ", "4B. Combined data of duplicate wells analyzed for two representative patients (out of 4 tested). ", "The graph on the left corresponds with the patient data shown in 4A. 4C. Amounts of secreted IFN-γ in ng/ml. ", "Data are shown for the 2 patients shown in B (out of 2 tested). ", "4D. TNF-α secretion data in pg/ml combined for the two patient samples depicted in 4B and C.\n\nSimilar crisscross results were obtained using two additional donors with lower frequencies of DRibble-responsive IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells. ", "In these experiments, isolated T cells were stained with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) prior to co-culture with sorted, UbiLT3-stimulated, pre- or post CD11 c^+^ cells to determine whether IFN-γ producing T cells proliferated over the course of the one week stimulation. ", "As shown in [Fig.", " 5](#F0005), IFN-γ^+^ CD8^+^ T cells, 1.34% (pre-DC) and 1.91% (post-DC) of post T cells for patient-10 and 1.21% (pre-DC) and 0.89% (post-DC) of post T cells for patient-14, showed low CFSE levels, indicating that the IFN-γ secreting cells are within the proliferated cell fraction, while the majority of the IFN-γ negative CD8^+^ T cells had not proliferated ([Fig.", " 5A](#F0005)). ", "Indeed, gating specifically on IFN-γ positive cells in the post DC/post T cell conditions showed that 95% (patient-10) and 87.5% (patient-14) of all IFN-y positive cells had proliferated as shown in the histogram plots ([Fig.", " 5B](#F0005)). ", "10.1080/2162402X.2018.1466766-F0005Figure 5.Proliferation of DRibble-responsive CD8^+^ T cells. ", "5A. Dot plots show IFN-γ release (y-axis) versus CFSE levels gated on CD8^+^ T cells of post-GVAX isolated T cells co-cultured with sorted pre-GVAX or post-GVAX UbiLT3 DRibble-stimulated DC for two patients. ", "Post-GVAX T cells only were taken along as negative controls. ", "5B. Histogram plots show CFSE levels of T cells only and gated IFN-γ^−^ CD8^+^ and IFN-γ^+^ CD8^+^ T cells from co-cultures of post-GVAX UbiLT3 DRibble-stimulated DC and post-GVAX T cells.", "\n\nDiscussion {#S0003}\n==========\n\nWith increased recognition of the importance of the immune system on the disease course of cancers,^[31](#CIT0031)-[36](#CIT0036)^ approaches to study the mounting anti-cancer immunity in the absence of accessible autologous tumor tissue for read-out purposes are limited. ", "It is crucial to find better ways to monitor the magnitude, and ideally the broadness, of therapy-generated T cell immune responses.^[20](#CIT0020)^ Here we show that an allogeneic, tumor-derived autophagosome preparation derived from a mixed histology adenocarcinoma/squamous cancer cell line, can be used as a monitoring tool to detect vaccine-induced CD8^+^ T cell responses in PBMC from patients with prostate cancer. ", "This approach provides an alternative to MHC-multimer or peptide-based approaches to capture the breadth of the anti-cancer immune response, especially for those cases where screening of autologous tumors for over-expressed proteins or neo-epitopes is impossible or impractical due to absence or limited availability of material. ", "In addition, our data confirm that multiple tumor histologies, particularly adenocarcinomas, display substantial overlap in gene expression (e.g. NSCLC, UbiLT3 cell line, and prostate cancer), and that these overlapping characteristics can be exploited for immune monitoring purposes.", "\n\nTumor mutations that provide neo-antigens the immune system can distinguish from self-antigens have been shown to be important in many clinical responses.^[13](#CIT0013),[15](#CIT0015),[37](#CIT0037)^ Here we suggest that over expressed cancer proteins, as well as over-lapping ns-SNVs between tumor cell lines and a cancer type can also be exploited for immune monitoring purposes. ", "In this study UbiLT3 DRibbles were used to monitor responses to GVAX in mCRPC patients. ", "No gene expression data for these patients was available, but by comparing the proteins in the UbiLT3 DRibbles to gene expression data for 498 PRAD patients (available through the TCGA), we found that the percent of overexpressed genes for which the protein is present in the UbiLT3 DRibbles ranged from 4% to 61%. ", "A screening library of DRibbles from a wider range of tumor cell lines with unique gene expression, SLiPS, DRiPs and neo-epitopes may further increase the ability to monitor vaccine-specific responses in patients with various types of cancer. ", "Our group recently showed that isolated ubiquitinated proteins, representing SLiPs targeted for proteasomal degradation, can also serve as a promising source of tumor antigen and can be recognized by tumor-antigen specific T cells.^[38](#CIT0038)^ The broad range of potential epitopes represented in a library of DRibble tumor cell lines increases the chances of detecting neo-antigen responses in addition to tumor antigens from SLiPs, DRiPs, overexpressed proteins and cancer-testis antigens. ", "GuhaThakurta et al. ", "showed that humoral responses against non-targeted tumor antigens could be detected in prostate cancer patients treated with Sipuleucel-T and correlated with improved overall survival.^[19](#CIT0019)^ Potentially, our monitoring approach could pick up T cell responses generated against non-targeted over-expressed proteins shared between a patient\\'s prostate cancer and UbiLT3 DRibbles. ", "Moreover, in the case of breast and prostate cancer there is evidence of immune responses against a number of shared non-mutated proteins expressed by these cancers, encouraging the development and testing of multivalent vaccines against non-mutated targets.^[12](#CIT0012),[39](#CIT0039)^ Of note, we have observed that the amount of immune-activating danger signals contained within DRibble-preparations varies among different cell lines. ", "UbiLT3 DRibbles, which contain danger signals activating multiple TLRs (TLR-2,-3,-4,-7,-9), were found to activate human monocytes and DC.^[26](#CIT0026)^ Of note, for this study DRibbles were prepared from the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line as well. ", "However, we were unable to detect LNCaP responding T cells using the described IVS culture method. ", "This could be explained due to low activation induction of monocytes/DCs using the LNCaP DRibbles compared to the UbiLT3 DRibbles. ", "Also, in a clinical trial where mCRPC patients received GVAX in combination with ipilimumab^[28](#CIT0028)^ no T cell responses in IFN-γ ELIspot were observed after 10-day IVS with LNCaP cells, whereas responses were seen using PC3 cells as stimulators (unpublished data: personal communication with Prof. TD. ", "de Gruijl). ", "This suggests that the LNCaP cell line might not be very immunogenic. ", "Therefore, our current study employed the more immune-activating, and well-characterized UbiLT3 DRibbles instead. ", "The presence of multiple TLR ligands in UbiLT3 DRibbles may also explain the superior response against DRibble-derived pp65 antigen compared to loading of PBMC with pp65 protein (Fig.", " S3B). ", "The fact that the response against the short peptide was much higher than the response against pp65 DRibbles in one of the two patients tested, might just reflect a total pp65 peptide concentration difference since DRibbles will also contain other antigens or the lack of need for antigen-uptake and processing of short peptide sequences. ", "In a separate study, we have optimized the protocol for viral antigen recognition using DRibbles.^[30](#CIT0030)^\n\nTo date, little data are available on the magnitude of tumor-specific CD8^+^ T cell responses in patients with prostate cancer, when looking at intracellular cytokines and monitoring for more than one antigen. ", "However, there are reports of vaccine-induced, antigen-specific CD8^+^ T cell responses detected by IFN-γ ELIspot against specific peptide pools.^[40](#CIT0040)^ In the majority of the clinical trials, the focus is on serum PSA responses, humoral responses as well as T cell activation or CD4-responses.^[19](#CIT0019),[28](#CIT0028),[29](#CIT0029),[41](#CIT0041)-[44](#CIT0044)^ No autologous tumors were available from the patients from this trial, making it impossible to test whether the CD8^+^ T cells recognizing antigens in the UbiLT3 DRibble vaccine could also recognize and kill autologous tumor cells. ", "The lack of primary tumor also prevented the search for patient-specific neo-epitopes and CD8^+^ T cells recognizing such epitopes.^[13](#CIT0013),[37](#CIT0037),[45](#CIT0045)^ In ongoing research, we are looking for ways to evaluate the tumor-killing abilities of DRibble-responsive T cells in other cancer types where autologous tumor cells are available. ", "Also, we aim to perform comparable monitoring studies in a cohort of patients in whom objective clinical responses were observed after therapy to determine whether the presence or magnitude of DRibble-responsive CD8^+^ T cells correlate with improved clinical outcome. ", "Had the patients in our trial received checkpoint inhibitors in conjunction with prostate GVAX, more clinical responses might have been obtained. ", "It could thus be that the T cells, detected (and expanded) in our in vitro assay, were present in vivo, but could not effectively eliminate cancer cells due to the suppressive tumor microenvironment.", "\n\nIn conclusion, our data show that an autophagosome-based vaccine preparation, UbiLT3 DRibbles, shares tumor antigens with prostate cancers and can be used to detect vaccine-induced CD8^+^ T cell responses. ", "We postulate that tumor-cell derived DRibble preparations, due to their content of SLiPs and DRiPs^[22](#CIT0022),[23](#CIT0023)^ as well as danger signals,^[27](#CIT0027)^ could be used as a practical immune monitoring tool for multiple types of cancers to assess the magnitude of therapy-induced T cell responses and may be useful as a vaccine for patients with prostate cancer.", "\n\nPatients and Methods / Materials and Methods {#S0004}\n============================================\n\nClinical trial {#S0004-S2001}\n--------------\n\nA total of seventeen patients with mCRPC were enrolled to receive the prostate GVAX vaccine at our institute. ", "This was a single center, US Department of Defense-funded clinical trial open at Providence Cancer Center between 2005 and 2007 (NCT00122005). ", "An apheresis product was obtained from all patients before treatment (pre sample) and from 12/17 patients at week 12 (post sample). ", "The 5 patients that went off-study before the week-12 apheresis were not included in the current study. ", "Patients were randomized into three cohorts; patients received up to 12 prostate GVAX vaccines (two week intervals) with either no additional chemotherapy (cohort A), 350 mg/m^2^ cyclophosphamide on days 1--3 (cohort B) or 350 mg/m^2^ cyclophosphamide and 20 mg/m^2^ fludarabine on days 1--3 (cohort C). ", "Men receiving nonmyeloablative chemotherapy received hematopoietic reconstitution with an adoptive transfer of an autologous apheresis product 2 days following completion of nonmyeloablative chemotherapy (See supplementary Fig.", " S1 for trial flow chart).", "\n\nCollection of patient- and healthy donor blood samples {#S0004-S2002}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nLeukapheresis products or blood draws were also obtained from anonymous healthy volunteers. ", "Written informed consent was obtained from all patients and healthy donors in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. ", "PBMCs were isolated using a density gradient separation method and were cryopreserved and stored in a monitored LN2 storage system under standardized operating procedures. ", "Approval was obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) of Providence Portland Medical Center for all studies.", "\n\nProtein expression and sequencing analysis {#S0004-S2003}\n------------------------------------------\n\nThe UbiLT3 cell line used was developed at the Earle A. Chiles Research Institute and the UbiLT3 DRibble vaccine was performed by UbiVac. ", "The Cell line identity testing and confirmation that it was absent from specified pathogens, was performed by BioReliance. ", "Proteins in the UbiLT3 DRibble vaccine were TMT labeled and identified by mass spectrometry (OHSU Proteomics Core) on a Thermo Thermo Scientific Orbitrap Fusion, 2D-RPRP with 18 fractions, 120 min/fraction. ", "The mass spectrometry data was processed with SEQUEST/PAWS using SPROT_HUMAN database. ", "5286 proteins were detected with a minimum of 2 unique peptides/protein. ", "Proteins detected in UbiLT3 were screened against 498 prostate adenocarcinoma patient samples (TCGA PRAD, Provisional) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database using the cBio Portal (<http://www.cbioportal.org/public-portal/>) for genes with expression up-regulated (z score \\> 2) in tumor compared to the patients\\' normal tissue.", "\n\nUbiLT3 exomic DNA was sequenced at 30x read depth (Otogenetics -- Illumina Iibrary prep/QC; Agilent human V4/V5, 51 Mb capture/QC; HiSeq2000 NGS). ", "Ns-SNVs were determined with respect to the hg19 reference genome. ", "Publically available VCF files for 307 Prostate adenocarcinoma patients from the TCGA database (<https://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga/> -- from the PRAD study using the BI Mutation calling pipeline) were used to identify ns-SNVs present only in the tumor sample compared to the patient\\'s normal tissue. ", "Ns-SNVs unique to the tumor were compared to UbiLT3 ns-SNVs to identify shared ns-SNVs using the CLC Genomics Workbench 7.5.", "\n\nThe prostate GVAX vaccine consisted of PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. ", "PC3 and LNCaP exome sequence data were obtained from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia database (broadinstitute.org/ccle/home). ", "Ns-SNVs for PC3 and LNCaP were determined with respect to hg19 and compared to unique ns-SNVs in the 307 prostate adenocarcinoma tumors described above. ", "VCF files for PC3 (6407 ns-SNVs (reference hg19); 748 ns-SNVs filtered with (hg19) dbsnp (common) variants) and LNCaP (11938 ns-SNVs (reference hg19); 3802 ns-SNVs filtered with (hg19) dbsnp (common) variants) cell lines were compared to the TCGA PRAD provisional database for shared ns-SNVs. ", "Shared ns-SNVs between prostate tumors and PC3 or LNCaP were compared to UbiLT3 to identify ns-SNVs shared between the tumors and PC3/UbiLT3 or LNCaP/UbiLT3.", "\n\nIn vitro stimulation of PBMC with DRibbles {#S0004-S2004}\n------------------------------------------\n\nAutophagosome-enriched DRibbles were prepared from the UbiLT3 cell line, primary kidney cells or UbiLT3 cells transduced to stably express the CMV pp65 protein or GFP control protein (plasmids p6 A-O\\'PB-IPWS-pp65 and pmax-GFP provided by Dr. Hong-Ming- Hu), similarly to the preparation of the clinical-grade DPV-001 vaccine, with minor alterations to what was described previously for the preparation of mouse DRibbles.^[22](#CIT0022),[23](#CIT0023)^ Briefly, tumor cells were treated with 100 nM bortezomib (Velcade) (Millenium) and 10 mM NH~4~Cl (Hospira, 0409-6043-01) for 24 hours in a 5% CO~2~ incubator at 37°C. ", "At 24 hours post treatment, cells were harvested and disrupted using a Bioruptor (Diagenode). ", "Cells were centrifuged at 625xg (4°C) to pellet and discard the cellular debris. ", "The supernatant was centrifuged at 2000xg (4°C) to pellet larger protein aggregates and remaining cellular debris. ", "The supernatant was centrifuged at 12,000xg (4°C) for 20 minutes. ", "The final DRibble pellet was resuspended in 6% hetastarch, protein content measured by BCA (Pierce, 23277) and DRibbles brought to 1 mg/mL.\n\nPre- and post-vaccine PBMC were thawed in warm HBSS supplemented with 1% human serum albumin (HSA; Baxter, 2G0201), were rested for 15 minutes at RT and were stimulated for 18--20 h with 75μg/ml UbiLT3 or control normal kidney (NK) DRibbles or a corresponding volume (75μl/ml) of 6% hetastarch (vehicle) (Hospira, 00409-7248-03) in sterile polypropylene 4 ml tubes, in a maximum volume of 1 ml (4 million cells/ml) in X-Vivo 15 media (Lonza, 04--418Q). ", "Cells were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO~2~. After 18--20 h, cells were washed and taken up in media consisting of 50% X-Vivo 15 and 50% RPMI 1640 supplemented with 1.25% HSA, 2 mM L-glutamine (Lonza, BW17-605E), 1 mM sodium-pyruvate (Lonza, BW13-115E) and 50 μg/ml gentamicin-sulfate (Lonza, 17--518Z) (RPMI/HSA). ", "Cells were transferred to 96-well round-bottom plates at a concentration of 1 million cells/ 200μl per well in duplicate. ", "On day 4, 5 cU/ml IL-2 (Prometheus, NDC 65483-116-07) was added. ", "On day 7, cells from each well were divided into 3 wells, and re-stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 (OKT3; Miltenyi Biotec, 170-076-124) as positive control (200μl of 10 μg/ml per well coated for for 4 hours at 37°C or for 18 hrs at 4°C), 20μg/ml NK DRibbles and 20μg/ml UbiLT3 DRibbles. ", "After 5 hours, 5μg/ml Brefeldin-A (Sigma-Aldrich, B7651) was added and intracellular cytokine analysis was performed 12 hours later. ", "For the analysis of secreted cytokines in the culture supernatant, cells were treated similarly as above, unless indicated otherwise in the text, without the addition of Brefeldin-A. Supernatants were harvested 18--20 hours after the start of the re-stimulation and stored at -80°C until further use.", "\n\nCriss-cross IVS experiment {#S0004-S2005}\n--------------------------\n\nPre- and post-PBMC were stimulated for 20 h with vehicle or UbiLT3 DRibbles as described above, after which CD11 c^+^ cells were isolated by flow cytometric sorting (CD11 c PerCP-eFluor710, eBiosciences: 46-0116-42; clone 3.9) from the DRibble-stimulated samples using a custom-build BD FACS Aria II (BD Biosciences) and T cells were isolated by means of untouched isolation from the vehicle cultured pre- and post PBMC using the pan T cell isolation kit II (Miltenyi Biotec: 130-096-535). ", "Next, 50,000 CD11 c^+^ cells in 100μl RPMI/HSA and 200,000 T cells in 100μl X-Vivo15 were co-cultured for 7 days, combining pre- or post CD11 c^+^ cells with pre- or post T cells. ", "Unsorted vehicle- and UbiLT3 DRibble stimulated PBMC samples were taken along as assay controls. ", "After 7 days, cultures were re-stimulated with UbiLT3 DRibbles, NK DRibbles or OKT3 as indicated above and intracellular IFN-γ production and overall cytokine secretion were determined 18--20 hours later.", "\n\nMagnetic-bead isolated pre- and post T cells were taken up in HBSS supplemented with 5% FBS at a concentration of 2 million cells/ml and were incubated with 1μM CFSE (Invitrogen, C34554) in a 37°C water bath for 7 minutes. ", "Cells were washed three times with HBSS/FBS before resuspending in X-vivo15 media and the addition of 200,000 CFSE-labeled T cells to 50,000 UbiLT3 stimulated pre- or post CD11 c^+^ cells. ", "Proliferation was assessed at the time of intracellular cytokine staining on day 8 after antigen re-stimulation. ", "For intracellular cytokine staining protocol see below.", "\n\nFlow cytometry analysis of surface markers and intracellular cytokines {#S0004-S2006}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFor intracellular cytokine analysis, re-stimulated cells were harvested and stained for surface markers and viability using antibodies directed against CD3 (V500; BD Pharmingen: 560770; clone SP34-2), CD8 (BV421; BD Horizon: 562428; clone RPA-T8), CD4 (PE-Cy7; BD Pharmingen: 557852; clone SK3/Leu3a), CD14 (PE-TR; Invitrogen: MHCD1417; clone TuK4), CD25 (APC; Miltenyi Biotec: 130-098-213; clone 4E3) and yellow fixable live-dead dye (Invitrogen). ", "After surface staining, cells were permeabilized and fixed using the BD fix/perm kit and incubated with anti-IFN-γ (PE; BD Pharmingen: 554701; clone B27) labeled antibodies for 30 minutes at 4°C. ", "In some experiments cells were stained for intracellular TNF-α (APC; BD Pharmingen: 340534; clone 6401.1111) and not surface CD25. ", "Cells were washed and analyzed on the Aria II flow cytometer. ", "When feasible, 30,000 events were taken up for each tube. ", "Analyses were performed using FlowJo software version 9.7.6 (Treestar).", "\n\nSupernatant cytokine analysis by cytometric bead array {#S0004-S2007}\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nA Th1/Th2 cytometric bead array (CBA) was used for the detection of secreted IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10 and IL-4 (BD Biosciences: 550749). ", "A BD HTS plate-reader attached to an LSR II BD flow cytometer running FACS Diva software was used for automated acquiring of the samples, acquiring 2000 bead events per well. ", "BD Cytometric Bread Array 1.4 was used to analyze the data.", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#S0004-S2008}\n--------------------\n\nPrism6 software was used to generate graphs and perform statistical analysis. ", "For the comparison of IFN-γ producing CD8^+^ T cells between pre- and post PBMC, a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test (two-sided) was used, based on nonparametric distribution. ", "Conditions were considered statistically significant when p \\< 0.05.", "\n\nSupplementary Material\n======================\n\n###### Suppl_mat.zip\n\nAbbreviations {#S0005}\n=============\n\nAPC\n\n: antigen presenting cell\n\nCFSE\n\n: carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester\n\nDAMPs\n\n: danger-associated molecular patterns\n\nDC\n\n: dendritic cell\n\nDRiPs\n\n: defective ribosomal products\n\nHLA\n\n: human leukocyte antigen\n\nPBMC\n\n: peripheral blood mononuclear cells\n\nMHC\n\n: major histocompatibility complex\n\nPRAD\n\n: prostate adeno\n\nns-snv\n\n: non-synonymous single-nucleotide variant\n\nPSA-DT\n\n: prostate-specific antigen doubling time\n\nSLiPs\n\n: short lived proteins\n\nTAA\n\n: tumor-associated antigen\n\nTCGA\n\n: The Cancer Genome Atlas\n\nWES\n\n: whole exome sequencing\n\nDisclosures {#S0006}\n===========\n\nDr. BA. ", "Fox and Dr. HM. ", "Hu have ownership interests in UbiVac Inc. Dr. TL. ", "Hilton is employed by UbiVac Inc.\n\nAcknowledgments\n===============\n\nThe authors would like to thank the patients who participated in the clinical trial from which material was used for this study, and their families. ", "We would also like to thank the nurses, staff, the Immune Monitoring Laboratory at the EACRI for the isolation of PBMC and accurate storage of healthy donor and patient samples and the Proteomics Shared Resource facility at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, Oregon for performing the mass spectrometric analysis of the UbiLT3 DRibbles.", "\n\n[^1]: Supplemental data for this article can be accessed on the [publisher\\'s website](https://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2018.1466766).", "\n\n[^2]: SA: Nektar Therapeutics, 455 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.", "\n\n[^3]: DH: Sony Biotechnology Inc. 1730 North First Street, San Jose, CA 95112, USA.", "\n\n[^4]: SP: MedImmune LLC, 1 Medimmune Wat, Gaithersburg, MD 20852, USA.", "\n\n[^5]: CP: UbiVac LLC, Portland, OR.", "\n\n[^6]: RvdV and TLH contributed equally to this work.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.0007768938667140901, 0.0006477938732132316, 0.0008172881207428873, 0.0007847516098991036, 0.000672369496896863, 0.0007880919729359448, 0.0006225757533684373, 0.0005718831089325249, 0.0005838079960085452, 0.0006544224452227354, 0.0007489334675483406, 0.0006928780348971486, 0.0007013207650743425, 0.000630765687674284, 0.0005619271541945636, 0.00078015704639256, 0.0011494850041344762, 0.0011206752387806773, 0.0007992134196683764, 0.0006481875898316503, 0.0007705711177550256, 0.0006402360741049051, 0.0006570146651938558, 0.0007429987308569252, 0.001615274464711547, 0.0007470324053429067, 0.0008447529980912805, 0.0006181912031024694, 0.000865472829900682, 0.0008121201535686851, 0.0005646749632433057, 0.0010302145965397358, 0.0006784888100810349, 0.0006539872265420854, 0.000672207388561219, 0.0006375930970534682, 0.0006106877699494362, 0.0006347425514832139, 0.0006862159352749586, 0.0006285929121077061, 0.0006586949457414448, 0.000661257712636143, 0.0008100850973278284, 0.0007337385322898626, 0.000731789565179497, 0.0007210352341644466, 0.0007158041698858142, 0.0007767832139506936, 0.0007655177032575011, 0.0008034429629333317, 0.0013137414352968335, 0.0012157745659351349, 0.0012529590167105198, 0.0005533044459298253, 0.0017362185753881931, 0.0009783438872545958, 0.001123627065680921, 0.0005476039950735867, 0.0005847984575666487, 0.0012789139291271567, 0.0005306569510139525, 0.0008633215329609811, 0.0006237987545318902, 0.0006258812500163913, 0.0007961971568875015, 0.0007697633118368685, 0.0006584058864973485, 0.0012538902228698134, 0.0007880511111579835, 0.0005868697189725935, 0.0007805745699442923, 0.001125879818573594, 0.0005567584303207695, 0.0005466306465677917, 0.0010900705819949508, 0.0006897163693793118, 0.0006369577604345977, 0.0006442575831897557, 0.0014159873826429248, 0.0006052906392142177, 0.0006599567132070661, 0.0009088472579605877, 0.0012691178126260638, 0.0008134894887916744, 0.0007714328821748495, 0.0008987610344775021, 0.0007714328821748495, 0.00079290138091892, 0.0007593188202008605, 0.0007206862210296094, 0.0006347821326926351, 0.0008436164353042841, 0.000735633831936866, 0.0008436164353042841, 0.0007119314977899194, 0.000821996945887804, 0.0006064192275516689, 0.0007821908220648766, 0.0008096761303022504, 0.0007978829089552164, 0.0010415967553853989, 0.0006127266096882522, 0.0007691712817177176, 0.0006945526693016291, 0.0015742748510092497, 0.0008165268809534609, 0.0007140861707739532, 0.0006266252021305263, 0.0005567584303207695, 0.0011567110195755959, 0.0007295662071555853, 0.0009276875643990934, 0.0007317920099012554, 0.0007995557971298695, 0.0007496364414691925, 0.0006504410994239151, 0.0009483560570515692, 0.000551429926417768, 0.001007800456136465, 0.0007726968615315855, 0.0008122362196445465, 0.0007726968615315855, 0.000571585027500987, 0.0007908794214017689, 0.0008009196608327329, 0.0007938244380056858, 0.0009877453558146954, 0.001045506913214922, 0.0006582352798432112, 0.0005786667461507022, 0.0006693881005048752, 0.0005643830518238246, 0.0007169230957515538, 0.00083014159463346, 0.0006475019035860896, 0.0008288507233373821, 0.0007790256640873849, 0.000678307143971324, 0.0007703048759140074, 0.0012983566848561168, 0.0007169098244048655, 0.0008346578688360751, 0.0008165217004716396, 0.000632082112133503, 0.0006713741458952427, 0.0006089389207772911, 0.0005960239795967937, 0.0006463569588959217, 0.0009148699464276433, 0.0006634591845795512, 0.0006731671164743602, 0.0007013508002273738, 0.0008810283616185188, 0.0008172732777893543, 0.0006119494792073965, 0.0007640032563358545, 0.000671626883558929, 0.0008099962724372745, 0.0006253288593143225, 0.0009064089390449226, 0.0006875807885080576, 0.0007745258626528084, 0.0008227989892475307, 0.0008476214134134352, 0.0006370111950673163, 0.0005847482825629413, 0.0007775931153446436, 0.0007337455754168332, 0.0005733143771067262, 0.0006208159611560404, 0.0007146256975829601, 0.0008249190868809819, 0.0006621150532737374, 0.000850364682264626, 0.0005635899142362177, 0.0005797652993351221, 0.0006655653123743832, 0.0006801302661187947, 0.0013451717095449567, 0.0006132187554612756, 0.0007441377965733409, 0.0005097565008327365, 0.0006309649907052517, 0.0005339767667464912, 0.0006428328342735767, 0.0005478389211930335, 0.0007281319121830165, 0.0005791475414298475, 0.0005741184577345848, 0.0006811519269831479, 0.0006250297301448882, 0.0005455888458527625, 0.0006134669529274106, 0.0009046269115060568, 0.0008995321695692837, 0.0005929147591814399, 0.0006582099013030529, 0.0006705198320560157, 0.0008436429779976606, 0.0008794067543931305, 0.0006569163524545729, 0.0009557628072798252, 0.0008334983140230179, 0.0012682019732892513, 0.0008804384851828218, 0.0007179121021181345, 0.0006711716414429247, 0.0006595326121896505, 0.0007480582571588457, 0.0005845833802595735, 0.0005683025228790939, 0.0006958624580875039, 0.0008437152719125152, 0.0006127794040367007, 0.0006839741254225373, 0.0006916291895322502, 0.0012112591648474336, 0.0005858383374288678, 0.0005772889708168805, 0.0007592103211209178, 0.0006185388774611056, 0.0006665834807790816, 0.0006374047370627522, 0.0006049460498616099, 0.0005804697284474969, 0.0007398359011858702, 0.0006347379530780017, 0.0006137549644336104, 0.0006622671498917043, 0.0006021724548190832, 0.0005868837470188737, 0.0015318949008360505, 0.000998504227027297, 0.0007790738600306213, 0.0005695155705325305, 0.0005229059606790543, 0.0005887765437364578, 0.0006701126112602651, 0.00061425706371665, 0.0006463024765253067, 0.000598776328843087, 0.0005990532226860523, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "[Characterizing Fracture Characteristics of Heterogeneous Oil and Gas Reservoir by Using Microscopic Infrared Spectroscopy Technique ——Taking Carbonate Reservoir of the Wumishan Formation of Jixian System in Renqiu Burried Hill as an Example].", "\nOil and gas reservoir fracture is not only the important reservoir space, but also the main passage of the oil and gas migration. ", "Therefore, the characterization of fracture is of great importance. ", "However, reservoir rocks have strong heterogeneity, how to characterize heterogeneous reservoir fracture accurately is an urgent problem to be solved. ", "Microscopic infrared spectroscopy imaging technique can be used to analyze spectral curve of the mineral molecules, different peak characteristics were got, and rock medium composition, the size of the rock fracture, and fracture filler properties and other characteristics were obtained accurately. ", "In this work, carbonate heterogeneous reservoir of Renqiu buried hill was taken as an example, based on the microscopic infrared spectroscopy imaging technique, by the analysis of core sample infrared imaging spectrogram and spectral curves of different characteristic regions, the physicochemical characteristics of the target sample and spatial distribution of the rock medium were obtained, the regions where rock fracture maybe occurred were predicted and the effectiveness of the fractures was analyzed. ", "The results show that the main medium of rock sample is dolomite. ", "The rock fractures contain hydrocarbon organic and salt-water inclusion, which mainly exist in dolomite medium. ", "The proportion of salt-water inclusion is 51.7%, and that of alkane organic matter is 26.0% in the fracture filler. ", "The fracutres extend from the upper left region of core sample to the lower right region, which shows that the extended region of the core sample may be the passage of fluid migration. ", "The salt-water inclusions can impede the migration of oil and gas, resulting in the decrease of fractures permeability. ", "The experimental results show that the width of fractures is 1～1.5 mm, which belongs to large fracture, oil and gas can pass the fractures smoothly, therefore, the effectiveness of the fracture is good. ", "The results showed that it is feasible to characterize the fracture of heterogeneous reservoir by means of microscopic infrared spectroscopy imaging technique, and it provides a new method for the accurate characterization of the fracture of heterogeneous reservoir." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006002654554322362, 0.0005839421064592898, 0.0005374651518650353, 0.0006230996805243194, 0.0005475525977090001, 0.0005583556485362351, 0.0006642060470767319, 0.0006704243132844567, 0.0006820707931183279, 0.0005849589942954481, 0.0006795507506467402, 0.000549404532648623, 0.0005379151552915573 ]

[ "[Leptospirosis in children in Ciego de Avila Province, Cuba].", "\nThe morbidity of leptospirosis among children from Ciego de Avila Province was investigated from 1982 to 1995, and 253 cases were diagnosed. ", "Isolated cases prevailed over those occurring in outbreaks. ", "The 10-14 age group was predominant, followed by the 5-9 age group. ", "According to sex, it was more frequently found in males than in females. ", "One death occurred during this period. ", "There was an increase of cases from July to August and October, and November showed a higher incidence of cases. ", "Fever, headache and myalgia were the symptoms and signs more frequently reported, and 92% of cases showed no icterus. ", "Acute fever, leptospirosis and viral meningoencephalitis were the presumptive diagnoses most frequently made. ", "Possible sources of infection involving a larger number of cases were contact with low terrains and bathing in rivers, ponds and lakes. ", "Regarding diagnosis, 162 cases were diagnosed by the microagglutination test and 91 by the hemolytic test. ", "Canicola, australis and pomona were the serogroups more frequently detected by the microagglutination test." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006605907110497355, 0.0023585553281009197, 0.0005952405044808984, 0.0006495638517662883, 0.0034070604015141726, 0.001640436123125255, 0.0006177935865707695, 0.0011630229419097304, 0.001235446659848094, 0.0005802858504466712, 0.0006162240752018988, 0.0007829690002836287 ]

[ "Q:\n\nBuilding cdk modal - ngOnInit is not triggered and no data is passed\n\nI'm trying to build modals library that is dependent only on CDK.", "\nModal is opened with service and I pass entryComponent to render it in modal.", "\nHere is sample: https://stackblitz.com/edit/angular-ofzpks?file=src%2Fapp%2Fmodal.component.ts\nIn modal itself I'm creating component with factory:\nconst compRef = this.componentFactoryResolver.resolveComponentFactory<any>(this.modalContentComponent);\nconst componentRef = this.modalContainer.createComponent(compRef);\n\nI have two problems:\n\nI have to trigger componentRef.instance.ngOnInit(); manually\nI pass some data to that component: componentRef.instance.name = this.data.name; but component never renders it\n\nA:\n\nIn your modal.component.ts, use ngOnInit instead of ngAfterViewInit:\nngOnInit() {\n const compRef = this.componentFactoryResolver.resolveComponentFactory<any>(this.modalContentComponent);\n const componentRef = this.modalContainer.createComponent(compRef);\n componentRef.instance.name = this.data.name;\n}\n\nUpdated StackBlitz\n\nDoing it this way means that ngDoCheck will run and detect the changes for you since ngDoCheck runs directly after ngOnInit.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0008203317993320525, 0.0011806120164692402, 0.0013681509299203753, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "REDBLACKS Cheer and Dance Week – Calendar Release\n\nWe wrap up our series profiling the Ottawa REDBLACKS Cheer and Dance Team with a look at the tean calendar.", "\n\nPhotos by Jordyn P. and Gord Webber\n\nThis has been a pretty good time to be an Ottawa REDBLACKS Cheer and Dance member. ", "Not only have the REDBLACKS won two games this past week, three in a row but they also had their Calendar release this past Wednesday evening. ", "With Casino Lac Lemay as a backdrop many members of R-Nation came out for the event. ", "This is the second year in a row that this event has been held but the fourth year in a row the team has had a calendar. ", "All of the cheer teams have them. ", "The proceeds help offset costs of the season.", "\n\nThis year’s calendar is particularly wonderful as it has many of the members, in uniform, across the city in front of landmarks like Parliament Hill, etc.", "\n\nAt the calendar release, the crowd that included fans of all ages were able to meet and mingle with members of the Cheer and Dance team and coaches.", "\n\nIt was somewhat of a family affair as Laviotette Flowers decorated the room. (", "The business is owned by the family of this year’s cover girl, Jenny)\n\nWe spoke to the Director of the team Lisa Aucoin about the calendar. “", "Our team members are volunteers and fundraising minimizes their out-of-pocket expenses. ", "This year the Grey Cup is taking place right here in Ottawa but we will still have some costs associated with the weekend. ", "We are doing some fun extras to welcome the other teams to our great city along with some special plans to commemorate our 1st Grey Cup festival at home! “", "\n\nA question that comes up is ‘why would you want to buy a calendar?’ ", "and the answer for me is simple; to support the team. ", "Over the past several days we have had the opportunity of speaking to members past and present and one common denominator is their passion for what they do and what they do is support our city. ", "Being a member of this team goes way beyond what we see on the field on game days. ", "It includes intense training, practices that go late into night to make their routines seem effortless, countless hours of community activities that support a range of good causes and overall being a positive force within the community.", "\n\nAs someone who has supported this league, since I was a child I have a ton of respect for what they do. ", "It is always easy to sit back and think ‘it’s no big deal’ or to blow it off but consider this, they are the only ones at a game who are always smiling. ", "Think about it, coaches can get mad, players can get mad but the cheerleaders are always bringing the positivity.", "\n\nI am also impressed at how this team empowers women. ", "The coaches are all women and many were on the team before. ", "Riley, a third year vet on the team, started, as many do, very shy but it isn’t uncommon to find her teaching the dance team new routines at practices. ", "When asked about it she said, “It’s nice to be taking more of a leadership role. ", "The team has come so far and we have grown so much as a team.”", "\n\nFor Kela, a first year dance team member who joined the team after moving in from Vancouver, one of her favourite aspect is the younger members of R-Nation, ‘I love love love meeting the kids. ", "Best part of the game for me is when the little kids come running up for pictures or to show you their cartwheels.”", "\n\nSo, should you buy a calendar to support this team? ", "Well considering everything they do for our community, you might want to buy two!", "\n\nI would like to buy an Ottawa Redblacks cheerleader calendar, and have it shipped out to me. ", "I have contacted the Facebook web site of the Ottawa Redblacks cheerleaders on Saturday Nov 25 9:38 pm. ", "Is there another email where I can contact the cheerleading team? ", "The calendar is ***not*** sold on the Ottawa Redblacks online store." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006260900991037488, 0.0006773662753403187, 0.0007687280303798616, 0.000602907850407064, 0.0008183175232261419, 0.0008306519594043493, 0.0005676480941474438, 0.0005676407599821687, 0.0005823452956974506, 0.0007289317436516285, 0.0006449782522395253, 0.0005646271165460348, 0.0006558950408361852, 0.0005521996645256877, 0.0008672943222336471, 0.0005809319554828107, 0.0005318382754921913, 0.0005953307263553143, 0.0005810720613226295, 0.0005961089045740664, 0.007155284285545349, 0.007319205906242132, 0.0009089554660022259, 0.0009051040397025645, 0.0006501745665445924, 0.0005493922508321702, 0.0006202824879437685, 0.0005521448911167681, 0.0012993712443858385, 0.0008251187391579151, 0.0006621872307732701, 0.0009834577795118093, 0.0007353919791057706, 0.0007661952986381948, 0.0009570504771545529 ]

[ "The effectiveness of four translation strategies on nurses' adoption of an evidence-based bladder protocol.", "\nThe primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an intervention consisting of the four translation strategies of educational materials, educational meetings, reminders, and audit and feedback on nurses' adoption of an evidence-based bladder program for patients with stroke in an acute care setting. ", "The secondary purpose was to evaluate the difference in incontinence episodes of patients with stroke before and after nurses received the intervention. ", "Finally, the purpose was to evaluate the influence of nurses' attitudes and the demographic characteristics on the adoption and use of the evidence-based bladder program after receiving the intervention. ", "This study was the first to provide empirical support for the influence of the combination of these four translation strategies and nurses' attitudes toward research on the adoption of evidence-based practice in a time-series design study. ", "Thus, the combined use of the four translation strategies did have an impact on nurses' adoption of evidence-based practice." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005687975790351629, 0.0005720662884414196, 0.0006971890688873827, 0.0005608078208751976, 0.0005502855638042092, 0.0005989544442854822 ]

[ "Viral replication alters gene expression and protein metabolism in host cells. ", "This perturbs the profile of proteins displayed on the plasma membrane, labeling infected cells as abnormal and targeting them for destruction by cytotoxic effectors. ", "Such perturbations fall into two categories: the display of pathogen-encoded molecules and the altered expression of host-encoded markers, including diverse members of the MHC class I superfamily (MHCISF). ", "The former are sensed using clonotypic receptors of adaptive immunity, whereas the latter are sensed through receptors associated with innate immunity.", "\n\nNKG2D is an activating receptor of NK lymphocytes, as well as of species-specific subsets of T lymphocytes (for review see reference [@bib1]). ", "It binds host-encoded members of the MHCISF whose expression is enhanced by extracellular signals and intracellular metabolic disturbances, particularly those resulting from infection (for review see reference [@bib1]). ", "Human and mouse CMV encode MHC class I--like proteins that block cell-surface expression of NKG2D ligands ([@bib2]--[@bib7]). ", "By interfering with NKG2D-dependent responses to infected cells, these proteins permit enhanced replication of the virus in a hostile immunologic environment. ", "Conservation of the corresponding genes by wild strains of CMV (unpublished data) demonstrates, prima facie, the importance of NKG2D-mediated immunity to CMV evolution.", "\n\nIn this paper, we show that zoonotic orthopoxviruses (ZPXVs) encode a secreted class I--like competitive antagonist of NKG2D, suggesting that NKG2D function also applies selective pressure to these viruses. ", "In contrast to CMV, ZPXVs have adapted the class I domain fold to target the receptor rather than its ligands. ", "Because receptors that direct innate cytotoxicity against epidemiologically relevant orthopoxviruses remain undefined, this finding should open new avenues of research into immunity against these emerging pathogens.", "\n\nRESULTS AND DISCUSSION\n======================\n\nHidden Markov model (HMM) analysis reveals an orthopoxvirus MHC class I--like protein (OMCP)\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nNKG2D ligands adopt MHC class I--like backbone folds despite low sequence identity (for review see reference [@bib8]). ", "The m157 protein of mouse CMV (a ligand for the Ly49H NK receptor) probably does so as well, though the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool heuristic fails to align it with any mammalian member of the MHCISF ([@bib9], [@bib10]). ", "We hypothesized that orthopoxviruses also encoded MHCISF proteins that remained undetected because of their extreme sequence divergences. ", "Indeed, uncharacterized class I--like open reading frames in the genomes of molluscipoxvirus, suipoxvirus, and yatapoxviruses have been predicted using local alignment methods (for review see reference [@bib11]). ", "To search for the former, we adapted the profile HMM algorithm embodied in the Sequence Alignment and Modeling (SAM) software package from the University of California, Santa Cruz ([@bib12], [@bib13]).", "\n\nTo avoid bias toward classical class I sequences, we used a seed alignment consisting only of divergent class I--like platform domains; during iterative model weighting, this was left inviolate despite the eventual inclusion of classical class I sequence information. ", "To avoid alignment errors arising from the small number of available highly divergent MHCISF members, this seed was based on secondary structure defined by x-ray diffraction.", "\n\nA search of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) raw viral sequence data yielded high-scoring translations encoded within the genomes of cowpox virus (CPXV; available from GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession nos. [", "AF482758](AF482758) and [X94355](X94355)) and monkeypox virus (MPXV; available from GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession no. [", "NC_003310.1](NC_003310.1)). ", "None were found in the vaccinia or variola genomes. ", "In every case, the corresponding open reading frames lay within genomic flanking regions, the sites of poxvirus immunomodulatory loci (for review see reference [@bib11]). ", "These sequences correspond to a single protein (OMCP) with four variants, the first encoded by less virulent West African MPXV (clade-1) ([@bib14], [@bib15]), the second encoded by the more virulent Central African MPXV (clade-2) ([@bib14], [@bib15]), the third encoded by CPXV-GRI90, and the fourth encoded by CPXV--Brighton Red (CPXV-BR; [Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Clade-1 MPXV possess identical functional copies at both flanks of their genomes, whereas clade-2 viruses possess only a right-sided functional copy, with the left-sided one being a nonfunctional fragment (not depicted). ", "Consistent with the proposal that CPXV-BR represents a distinct orthopoxvirus species ([@bib16]), Brighton Red OMCP is considerably more divergent from the other sequences than they are from each other. ", "Because of the \\>93% aa identity between the first three variants, they henceforth are collectively termed OMCP~MPX~. The Brighton Red variant henceforth is termed OMCP~BR~.\n\n{#fig1}\n\nOMCP possesses a strongly predicted leader sequence, two cysteines ([Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}), and a common potential *N*-linked glycosylation site at Asn31 (CPXV-BR numbering); OMCP~BR~ has a second potential *N*-linked site at Asn107 ([Fig. ", "1 A](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Backbone prediction using the FUGUE ([@bib17]) threading algorithm assigns reasonable likelihood (z-score \\>5) to a class I--like fold for OMCP. ", "In this model, the cysteines are close in three-dimensional space ([Fig. ", "1 B](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) and are predicted to form a disulfide bond. ", "Neither transmembrane spans nor GPI transamidation sites could be predicted in any reading frame near the ends of the coding sequences, suggesting OMCP to be a secreted protein. ", "To test this, supernatants from both mock-infected B-SC-1 cells as well as those infected either with CPXV-BR or Western Reserve vaccinia virus (VV) were screened by immunoblot for reactivity with a polyclonal antiserum against recombinant OMCP~BR~ ([Fig. ", "1 C](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Only supernatants from CPXV-BR--infected cells reacted with the antiserum, while neither supernatant reacted with preimmune serum. ", "To verify that OMCP was secreted and not released from lysed cells, CPXV-BR--infected OP9 cells were treated with nothing, vehicle alone, or brefeldin A ([Fig. ", "1 D](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Treatment with brefeldin A, but not its ethanol vehicle, prevented OMCP reactivity from appearing in the supernatant. ", "Accordingly, OMCP accumulated in brefeldin A--treated cell lysates. ", "No supernatant reacted with preimmune serum. ", "The basis of the two OMCP bands secreted by OP9 cells is unknown.", "\n\nBecause it is not associated with a cell membrane, OMCP cannot cluster its cognate receptor. ", "Making the assumption that most ZPXV immunomodulating proteins are immunosuppressive, we hypothesized that OMCP binds an activating receptor, acting as a competitive antagonist.", "\n\nOMCP binds to NKG2D with high affinity\n--------------------------------------\n\nBecause NKG2D ligands adopt a class I--like fold (for review see reference [@bib8]), we tested whether NKG2D is a receptor for OMCP. ", "To this end, Ba/F3 cells were transduced with defective dicistronic retroviruses encoding human NKG2D (huNKG2D) and enhanced GFP (EGFP), mouse NKG2D (muNKG2D) and EGFP, or EGFP alone. ", "The NKG2D ectodomain was spliced to Ly49A transmembrane and intracellular domains to avoid the need for a signaling chain. ", "Transductants were then treated with fluorescent tetramers and analyzed by flow cytometry. ", "OMCP tetramers, but neither streptavidin-PE (SA-PE) alone nor irrelevant tetramers, stained these transductants ([Fig. ", "2 A](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, middle and bottom rows). ", "No tetramers stained EGFP-only transductants ([Fig. ", "2 A](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, top row). ", "Preincubation either with mAb against NKG2D or with recombinant NKG2D ligands inhibited the interactions between OMCP tetramers and NKG2D transductants; however, preincubation either with isotype control mAb or with irrelevant recombinant protein failed to inhibit these interactions ([Fig. ", "2 B](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The origin of two distinct transductant populations in certain purified cell preparations is unclear. ", "To exclude an artifact arising from a joint binding surface presented by OMCP and SA, the inverse experiment was also performed. ", "muNKG2D tetramers stained Ba/F3 transductants expressing chimeric OMCP-Thy1.1 on the cell surface but not cells expressing only Thy1.1 ([Fig. ", "2 C](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Thus, OMCP is a virally encoded NKG2D ligand.", "\n\n{#fig2}\n\nWe hypothesized that OMCP blocks the interaction between NKG2D and its target cell--expressed ligands. ", "If so, it should bind NKG2D with high affinity to overcome the multivalency of cell-surface ligands at reasonable protein concentrations. ", "We performed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies to determine the binding parameters of this interaction, assuming a 1:1 binding model for (NKG2D)~2~/OMCP. ", "The K~D~ of OMCP~BR~ for immobilized muNKG2D was 37 ± 6 nM (*n* = 3) by steady-state analysis at 20°C, pH 7.5, and 150 mM NaCl ([Fig. ", "2 D, 2](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "K~D~ calculated from kinetic analysis (i.e., K~D~ = k~off~/k~on~; [Fig. ", "2 D, 3](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was similar: 28 ± 4 nM, with k~off~ = 1.8 ± 0.1^−2^ s^−1^ and k~on~ = 6.8 ± 1.2 × 10^5^ M^−1^s^−1^ (*n* = 4). ", "These parameters are akin to those of the higher affinity muNKG2D ligands H60 and RAE1ɛ ([@bib18], [@bib19]). ", "Curiously, affinity of OMCP~BR~ for huNKG2D was strikingly higher: K~D~ = 168 ± 33 pM (*n* = 6), with the difference largely caused by the lower k~off~ (1.23 ± 0.12 × 10^−4^ s^−1^; [Fig. ", "2 D, 4](#fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Analogous experiments with OMCP~MPX~ were not performed because of the inability to obtain consistent specific activity of the recombinant protein.", "\n\nNext, C57BL/6 (B6) splenocytes were costained with NK markers and OMCP~BR~ tetramers ([Fig. ", "3 A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "NK and NKT cells bound OMCP~BR~ tetramers. ", "Pretreatments with either anti-muNKG2D mAb ([Fig. ", "3 A](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, lines 6) or the muNKG2D ligand MULT1 (lines 8) inhibited binding to both cell types; treatments with an isotype-matched mAb (lines 5) or an irrelevant protein had no effect (lines 7). ", "Consistent with the lack of NKG2D expression on resting mouse T cells ([@bib20]), OMCP~BR~ tetramers failed to bind freshly isolated splenic T cells. ", "Splenocytes from three other strains of mice and (within the limitations imposed by a lack of validated reagents) rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, and voles also exhibited similar staining with OMCP~BR~ (unpublished data). ", "This argues for the relevance of this work to rodents generally and the reservoir hosts of ZPXV in particular ([@bib21], [@bib22]).", "\n\n{#fig3}\n\nTo explore the potential relevance of OMCP to orthopox zoonoses, human PBMCs were tested for binding to OMCP~BR~ tetramers. ", "Binding to human cells was essentially the same as that to mouse cells, except that fresh CD8^+^ T cells bound OMCP~BR~ ([Fig. ", "3B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}), consistent with the known expression of NKG2D on these cells. ", "Analogous to mouse splenocytes, OMCP binding to human NK and NKT cells was blocked by anti-huNKG2D mAb ([Fig. ", "3 B](#fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, lines 6). ", "Cumulatively, these findings indicate that OMCP binds to NKG2D with high affinity and in a manner competitive with the endogenous ligands of this receptor.", "\n\nOMCP inhibits NKG2D-dependent killing as a soluble antagonist\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\n^51^Cr killing assays were performed using B6 lymphokine--activated NK cells against RMA target cells. ", "Control vector--transduced RMA cells are relatively resistant to killing by B6 NK cells because of syngeneic MHC class I expression ([Fig. ", "4 A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, open squares) ([@bib23], [@bib24]). ", "Expression of H60 by RMA cells enhanced their susceptibility to killing by activated NK cells in an NKG2D-dependent fashion (circles). ", "NKG2D specificity was verified by inhibition of killing upon addition of the high-affinity muNKG2D ligand MULT1 to the reaction (unpublished data) ([@bib23]). ", "Recombinant OMCP~BR~ at concentrations from 100 nM to 1 μM (open and closed triangles, diamond, and closed squares) blocked RMA-H60 killing, whereas 1 μM of irrelevant recombinant protein did not ([Fig. ", "4 A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, X). ", "Similar results were obtained with fresh NK cells (not depicted). ", "This effect was not caused by down-regulation of NKG2D, as exposure of B6 NK cells to 1 μM OMCP~BR~ had no effect on NKG2D expression ([Fig. ", "4 B](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, lines 3 and 6).", "\n\n{#fig4}\n\nOMCP is likely a paracrine inhibitor of NKG2D function\n------------------------------------------------------\n\nOMCP binds NKG2D in a manner preventing recognition of host ligands. ", "This may be an important immune evasion strategy during ZPXV infections. ", "Given an adequate local OMCP concentration around infected cells, inhibitory conditions analogous to those in the killing assay of [Fig. ", "4 A](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} might be attained. ", "To measure the amount of OMCP produced during infection, semiquantitative immunoblotting of infected cell supernatants was performed using recombinant OMCP as a standard ([Fig. ", "4 C](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Protein was secreted at an average rate of ∼3,000 copies/cell/s during the viral incubation time. ", "Assuming diffusion constants in interstitial fluid and basement membrane of ∼10^−7^ and 5 × 10^−9^ cm^2^s^−1^, respectively ([@bib25]), this secretion rate reasonably allows inhibitory concentrations of OMCP to develop around infected cells in situ given the K~D~ values of the NKG2D--OMCP interaction ([@bib26]). ", "We thus propose a model in which secreted OMCP acts in paracrine fashion to competitively antagonize the interaction between NKG2D on cytotoxic effectors and induced ligands on infected targets ([Fig. ", "4 D](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Because effective NKG2D cross-linking cannot then take place, activation signals promoting granule release are blunted, prolonging viral replication in infected cells. ", "This, especially at mucosal sites and in the skin, increases the odds of transmission to another host, enhancing viral fitness. ", "Though NKG2D ligands shed into serum may cause systemic receptor down-regulation ([@bib27]), we disfavor this mode of action for OMCP because soluble OMCP fails to down-regulate NKG2D on mouse NK cells ([Fig. ", "4 B](#fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).", "\n\nAlthough certain virally encoded molecules are known to impair NKG2D-mediated detection of infected cells ([@bib2]--[@bib7]), OMCP is the first to target the receptor itself rather than its ligands. ", "Of greater note, OMCP serves as a pointer to a receptor specifically important to the interactions between ZPXV and their hosts, guiding future studies of intercellular recognition events underlying cytotoxic immunity to these viruses.", "\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\n=====================\n\nHMM analysis of sequences.", "\n--------------------------\n\nThe SAM software package (version 3.4) was installed on a workstation running Redhat Linux 9. ", "SAM is extensively documented at <http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/research/compbio/papers/sam_doc/>.", "\n\nUsing structural models of RAE1 (1jfm), ULBP3 (1kcg), MICA (1b3j), MICB (1je6; for review see reference [@bib8]), and MULT1 (Fremont, D., personal communication), multiple sequence alignment based on secondary structural boundaries was generated and used as a seed for the target2k script with match positions as constraints. ", "Target2k in superfamily mode was applied to the NCBI nr protein database. ", "This alignment was then used by the buildmodel script to produce HMMs of divergent class I--like protein sequences.", "\n\nTo tune parameters of the buildmodel and hmmscore procedures, a test set of 26,000 irrelevant mouse cDNA sequences spiked with the cDNAs encoding H60, m157, m154, and mill-1 was used. ", "Parameters were chosen based on assignment of lower expect values to the four spiked sequences than to non--MHC-like sequences. ", "The final model was built using w0.5 (global scoring for model construction) default parameters. ", "Sequence scoring was ultimately performed using -sw2 (local) mode with a reverse-sequence null model on reading frames \\>60 aa from raw genomic sequences of all viruses (except CMV) available from the NCBI virus genome database as of February 2004. ", "Sequence alignment was performed in SAM and formatted using BoxShade software (version 3.2; available at <http://www.ch.embnet.org/software/BOX_doc.html>).", "\n\nMolecular cloning, expression, refolding, and SPR analysis of NKG2D and mature OMCP.", "\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nOMCP~MPX~ (N3R; available from GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession no. [", "NC_003310](NC_003310)) and OMCP~BR~ (V018; available from GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ under accession no. [", "AF482758](AF482758)) coding sequences were amplified from monkeypox Zaire 1979 DNA and CPXV-BR DNA, respectively. ", "Amplicons excluded the predicted leaders ([Fig. ", "1](#fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}) but included C-terminal biotin ligase tags. ", "Cloning and expression was performed as previously reported ([@bib19]). ", "OMCP and muNKG2D refolding, purification, biotinylation, characterization, and SPR analysis took place as previously described ([@bib19]), except that the refolding time was extended to \\>72 h. A huNKG2D protein from ...ESYCG to the C terminus, fused to an N-terminal BirA tag, was similarly produced, except that refolding was performed in 2.5 M proline/0.1 M Tris-Cl, pH 7.2/0.01% Na-azide/5 mM of reduced glutathione/0.5 mM of oxidized glutathione, as previously described ([@bib28]). ", "Regeneration of the huNKG2D/OMCP SPR chips was performed using 30-s injections of 170 μM Triton X-100/0.5 M LiCl/20 mM Na-citrate, pH 4.8.", "\n\nMice and cell culture.", "\n----------------------\n\nC57BL/6 mice were obtained from the National Cancer Institute. ", "RMA, Ba/F3, and activated NK cells were used as previously described ([@bib23], [@bib29]). ", "B-SC-1 monkey kidney cells and OP9 marrow fibroblastic cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection. ", "Mouse work was approved by the Animal Studies Committee.", "\n\nRetroviral constructs and generation of transduced cell lines.", "\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHuNKG2D-expressing cells were produced by amplifying the huNKG2D ectodomain sequence from FNQEV... to ...MQRTV, the muNKG2D ectodomain sequence from ...KETFQ to ...MKRAV, and the Ly49A transmembrane and intracellular domains from MSEQE... to ...SVLAI, with primers such that the NKG2D N-termini overlapped with the Ly49A C terminus, and vice versa. ", "These PCR products were PCR-spliced to produce chimeric NKG2D-Ly49A. For OMCP-expressing cells, OMCP was fused to the mature N terminus of Thy1.1. ", "Full-length OMCP~BR~ and OMCP~MPX~ were amplified with primers encoding a C-terminal linker of Ser(Gly)~4~Ser. ", "Thy1.1 was amplified from sequence QKVT... to ...DFISL. ", "Primers amplifying the OMCP C termini overlapped with the N-terminal Thy1.1 primer, and vice versa, allowing these amplicons to be spliced together. ", "Full-length Thy1.1 was amplified from sequence MNPAI... to ...DFISL. ", "Amplicons were used to produce retrovirally transduced cell lines sorted to homogeneity for expression of the transgenes, as previously described ([@bib23]).", "\n\nAntibodies and antiserum.", "\n-------------------------\n\nThe following antibodies were purchased from eBioscience: anti-CD3 PE-Cy5, anti-CD4 FITC, mouse IgG1, anti-muNKG2D--allophycocyanin (APC; clone CX5), and rat IgG1-APC. ", "Anti-CD3 FITC, anti-CD8 PE, anti-CD3 CyChrome, anti-CD56 PE, anti-NK1.1 PE, and anti-huNKG2D (clone 1D11), and hamster IgG were purchased from BD Biosciences. ", "Anti-muNKG2D (clone 3C7) has been previously described ([@bib29]). ", "Rabbit OMCP~BR~ antiserum was obtained from Washington Biotechnology after immunization with refolded OMCP~BR~.\n\nViruses.", "\n--------\n\nCPXV-BR and VV were obtained from American Type Culture Collection and were propagated in B-SC-1 cells using standard techniques.", "\n\nWestern blot analyses.", "\n----------------------\n\n0.5 × 10^6^ B-SC-1 cells/sample were infected with CPXV-BR and/or VV at 5 PFU/cell in 1 ml of medium. ", "The supernatant was collected at 24 h, centrifuged at 13,000 *g* for 10 min, mixed with loading buffer, resolved by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to nitrocellulose using standard techniques. ", "Membranes were incubated with 1:2,000 dilutions of OMCP~BR~ antiserum, preimmune serum, or anti--mouse actin (Chemicon), followed by 0.5 μg/ml of horseradish peroxidase--labeled goat anti--rabbit Ig antibody and visualized with enhanced chemiluminescence (GE Healthcare).", "\n\nMeasurement of OMCP secretion was performed in sixwell plates by infection of 300,000 OP9 cells with CPXV-BR (multiplicity of infection = 5) for 20 h (\\>90% infected though intact cells at this point) in 0.85 ml of medium. ", "Immunoblots of culture supernatants and recombinant OMCP standards were measured directly by fluorescence densitometry on a scanner (Typhoon Trio) using ImageQuant software (both from GE Healthcare) and uniform image rectangle background subtraction. ", "Data of triplicate standards were fit to a linear model of antibody binding to blotted OMCP using Prism software (version 4; GraphPad) to obtain a standard line. ", "Three experiments with independent standards and infections, each in triplicate, were plotted onto these lines to obtain the mean ± SD mass of OMCP secreted. ", "Synthesis rate (copies per second) was obtained from secreted mass as follows: rate = mass × (N~A~)/\\[(20 h × 3,600 s/h) × (m.w.~OMCP~)\\].", "\n\nFlow cytometry.", "\n---------------\n\nB6 splenocytes were RBC cleared and passed through a 70-μm mesh. ", "Human PBMCs were obtained from healthy donors using Histopaque 1077 (Sigma-Aldrich). ", "Cells were incubated with mAbs for 20 min on ice with gentle agitation after 10 min. ", "For blocking experiments, cells were incubated with proteins (50 μg/ml mAbs, 9.5 μM MULT1, or 125 μM ULBP4) for 15 min before the addition of tetramers. ", "Both monobiotinyl-BSA and West Nile virus glycoprotein DIII ([@bib30]) were used for irrelevant control tetramers with identical results. ", "Live cell gates were based on forward and side scatter plots and 7-amino-actinomycin D fluorescence. ", "Data were collected on a FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson) and analyzed with FloJo software (TreeStar, Inc.).", "\n\nChromium release assays.", "\n------------------------\n\nB6 NK cells stimulated with IL-2 for 7 d were incubated for 10 min with media supplemented with nothing, MULT1, OMCP~BR~, or irrelevant recombinant protein (BSA or West Nile virus glycoprotein DIII with identical results) at the concentrations indicated in the figures. ", "These were used in triplicate ^51^Cr killing assays, as previously described ([@bib23]).", "\n\nWe thank Daved Fremont and Grant Nybakken for help with the seed secondary structural alignment, Michael Diamond for reading the paper and for the DIII expression plasmid, Mark Buller for monkeypox genomic DNA, Minji Byun for CPXV-BR DNA, Toshio Kitamura for the pMXs retroviral vector system, Darryl Higuchi for administrative support, and Chris Yee for excellent technical help.", "\n\nJ.A. Campbell is paid by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute training grant T32-HL07317 and a Kauffman Bioentrepreneurship award, D.S. Trossman was paid by the federal work-study program, W.M. Yokoyama is an investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; and L.N. Carayannopoulos is paid by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grant K08 AI57361. ", "This project was funded by National Institutes of Health grant U54 AI057160 to the Midwest Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease Research.", "\n\nThe authors have no conflicting financial interests.", "\n\n[^1]: CORRESPONDENCE Leonidas N. Carayannopoulos: <lcarayan@im.wustl.edu>\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

[ 0.0006931322859600186, 0.0011557807447388768, 0.000636195472907275, 0.0006252534221857786, 0.0018840195843949914, 0.0005863860715180635, 0.0008361659711226821, 0.0017139414558187127, 0.000582430453505367, 0.0008102513966150582, 0.0007903467048890889, 0.0006677696947008371, 0.0008348197443410754, 0.0006349554751068354, 0.0007173622725531459, 0.0006605973467230797, 0.0005499428953044116, 0.0005704097566194832, 0.0006130218389444053, 0.000660159916151315, 0.0008555626845918596, 0.0008544024894945323, 0.000790841702837497, 0.0005454307538457215, 0.000635858450550586, 0.0006514883134514093, 0.0007070827996358275, 0.0006384087610058486, 0.0007241349667310715, 0.0007592696347273886, 0.0006369198090396821, 0.0021449446212500334, 0.0005764339584857225, 0.0007332722889259458, 0.000807008589617908, 0.0006674629985354841, 0.0008045320282690227, 0.0006514883134514093, 0.0017798583721742034, 0.0007567738648504019, 0.0006432845839299262, 0.0006248319405131042, 0.0008136716787703335, 0.0006613206933252513, 0.0010335264960303903, 0.0006760235410183668, 0.0006661335355602205, 0.0006428809138014913, 0.0034331767819821835, 0.0030780944507569075, 0.0006639700150117278, 0.0007041465141810477, 0.0007578462827950716, 0.0006692541646771133, 0.0013919577468186617, 0.0007619085954502225, 0.0006102772895246744, 0.000803008209913969, 0.0006206660182215273, 0.0009788786992430687, 0.0006278196233324707, 0.0010289521887898445, 0.0006515671848319471, 0.0007040136842988431, 0.0005686553195118904, 0.0009107322548516095, 0.0006611862336285412, 0.001685950206592679, 0.008222682401537895, 0.0010349438525736332, 0.0011504172580316663, 0.0006757124210707843, 0.0006231614388525486, 0.0006733101909048855, 0.0006012775120325387, 0.0006377364625222981, 0.0006524877971969545, 0.000608832691796124, 0.0007872390560805798, 0.0006633005104959011, 0.0007788341026753187, 0.0009391221683472395, 0.0006650260183960199, 0.0012189657427370548, 0.0006605777889490128, 0.0006236236658878624, 0.000844556197989732, 0.0006502901087515056, 0.0009773834608495235, 0.0036929792258888483, 0.0006365536246448755, 0.0010022255592048168, 0.002934579271823168, 0.0005587495979852974, 0.008222682401537895, 0.0026001932565122843, 0.009164373390376568, 0.0006489896331913769, 0.0011291465489193797, 0.0006810506456531584, 0.0012818352552130818, 0.0005959342233836651, 0.0006912848330102861, 0.0007074117311276495, 0.0006601840723305941, 0.001022141776047647, 0.0006467476487159729, 0.0006444869795814157, 0.0036890481133013964, 0.0012513411929830909, 0.0006656436016783118, 0.0012059203581884503, 0.0007327176863327622, 0.0008403582614846528, 0.0006509979721158743, 0.0006531740655191243, 0.0008228503866121173, 0.000629037560429424, 0.008222682401537895, 0.0012315078638494015, 0.002220090012997389, 0.0017129790503531694, 0.0032482275273650885, 0.000669232162181288, 0.0009308919543400407, 0.0011362003860995173, 0.0005916395457461476, 0.0009621708886697888, 0.0006136499578133225, 0.0005861824029125273, 0.000590846932027489, 0.0008896679501049221, 0.0006194394081830978, 0.0008622556924819946, 0.0005959532572887838, 0.0011009402805939317, 0.0005772611475549638, 0.0006582707283087075, 0.0006618498009629548, 0.0006505638593807817, 0.0006258684443309903, 0.0008970525814220309, 0.0006620008498430252, 0.0011506599839776754, 0.0007327592466026545, 0.0008016285137273371, 0.0006542899645864964, 0.0007791206589899957, 0.0005564677412621677, 0.0008469300228171051, 0.0008653697441332042, 0.000585326284635812, 0.0005683453637175262, 0.0006025832262821496, 0.0006428390042856336, 0.0005800955696031451, 0.0005877471412532032, 0.0005802037194371223, 0.0006111370166763663, 0.0005882296827621758, 0.0005735608865506947, 0.0010405409848317504, 0.0006090396782383323, 0.0006664395914413035, 0.0006322116241790354, 0.0006283601396717131, 0.0005572790396399796, 0.0009225276880897582, 0.0006863411399535835, 0.00064890953944996, 0.0006976533913984895, 0.0007001817575655878, 0.0014565644087269902, 0.000564663961995393, 0.0006558132008649409, 0.0012419476406648755, 0.0006999316392466426, 0.000800908193923533, 0.0009410366765223444, 0.0006070290110073984, 0.0008582448936067522, 0.0006377006648108363, 0.0011217736173421144, 0.0010753613896667957, 0.0032964416313916445, 0.0006964781787246466, 0.002407850930467248, 0.0006027552881278098, 0.0008105777087621391, 0.001193365198560059, 0.0008377901394851506, 0.001310588326305151, 0.0006417830009013414, 0.0006334815407171845, 0.0005893256166018546, 0.0005640354356728494, 0.0005962705472484231, 0.0007282807491719723, 0.0006247777491807938, 0.0005828642169944942, 0.0007311318768188357, 0.0007113225292414427, 0.0006751106120646, 0.0010576274944469333, 0.000625990389380604, 0.0009608837426640093, 0.0007542191306129098, 0.0021682376973330975, 0.0005857381620444357, 0.0008953759097494185, 0.0005784221575595438, 0.0006358372047543526, 0.0006764914141967893 ]

[ "Deputies: Improper U-turn caused wreck on Freshour Road\n\nA 63-year-old Clifton Springs woman was ticketed following a two-vehicle accident Wednesday morning on Freshour Road that occurred, deputies allege, when the woman made an improper U-turn and struck another car.", "\n\nKathryn M. Drennan was driving a 2014 Toyota Rav-4 south on Freshour at around 7:48 a.m. when, according to the Ontario County Sheriff’s Office, she pulled to the right at the intersection with Stoddard Road. ", "She then proceeded to make a U-Turn, deputies say, and struck a 2010 Chevrolet sedan that was southbound on Freshour." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0012183082289993763, 0.0007344213663600385, 0.0007071758154779673 ]

[ "The Rorschach and traumatic loss: can the presence of traumatic loss be detected from the Rorschach?", "\nLoss, an expected part of everyone's life, can be a catalyst promoting significant growth. ", "But all losses are not the same or affect everyone in like manner. ", "Some losses are of such magnitude and intensity that individuals cannot cope, and, therefore, they keep reliving them (posttraumatic stress syndrome) as if through repeated attempts (Freud, 1923-1922/1961) they might master what had been initially so overwhelming. ", "This study, using an inpatient hospital sample, examines the Rorschach protocols of individuals who had experienced traumatic loss in childhood or early adolescence and compares them with a control group of individuals who appear to have no such history. ", "Our hypotheses that victims of early trauma have a distinguishing Rorschach profile was validated in the exploratory study. ", "Further study is needed to clarify whether factors other than traumatic loss may be contributing to this profile." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0012495833216235042, 0.0007236196543090045, 0.0008660738239996135, 0.0007532433955930173, 0.0006161673809401691, 0.0006465282058343291, 0.0005368234124034643 ]

[ "Be'lakor has revealed that guitarist Shaun Sykes will be sitting out upcoming tour dates throughout the rest of 2015 for medical reasons. ", "Shaun comments:\n\n“To the fans,\n\n\"Over the past 12 months I have been battling with a medical condition that will render me unable to play on the upcoming European tour. ", "This has been a very difficult decision to make, and no one is more disappointed than I am to be missing these upcoming shows in Europe. ", "Matt Dodds (guitarist from one of my favourite bands, Arbrynth) will be filling in for me during my absence, and will no doubt do a stellar job.", "\n\n\"My number one focus at this point in time is to complete the album and recover to a point where I can return to my regular duties in the band. ", "Despite my setbacks, everything is going well in my recovery and I expect to be back soon. ", "I want you all to know I am fully committed to getting back out there and playing shows for you guys.", "\n\n\"My sincerest apologies to you all.\"", "\n\nBe'lakor also adds: \"Despite this, preparations for the upcoming shows are going really well - after an extended period finalising our new music away from the stage, we can't wait to play live again. ", "Cheers, and see you on the road soon!\"", "\n\nIf you are planning your Summer vacation and are looking for a place where your favourite bands might have a show, where the beer is outrageously cheap, and the landscape is awesome, you might want to try the lands of Transylvania.", "\n\nWe’re talking about a particular place from this region: Rasnov city, placed in the heart of Romania, near the legendary Castle of Dracula.", "\n\nHere, an international extreme metal festival is to be held August 12th – 15th 2015: the Rockstadt Extreme Fest. ", "The full ineup includes 45 bands with names such as Moonspell, At The Gates, Marduk, Combichrist, Ensiferum, Kataklysm, Carnifex, Taake, Cattle Decapitation, White Walls, Krisiun, Be'lakor, Suicidal Angels, and many more confirmed.", "\n\nBesides good music, you’ll be able to enjoy urban sports in a special area inside the festival site, see movies in the dedicated outdoor cinema (set-up in collaboration with the Dracula Film Fest), and more. ", "For further details, head over to this location. ", "More...\n\nAustralian outfit Be'lakor is currently working on the follow-up to 2012's \"Of Breath and Bone.\" ", "The band has checked in from the studio with the following update:\n\n\"Fourth album recording is upon us! ", "After nearly three years of writing and refining, we begin tracking today. ", "If you're on Instagram, follow us there! ", "What better way to see studio updates, photos of gluten-free organic quinoa, and Steve brewing his artisan tea? ", "Infernal hailz.\" ", "More...\n\nFollowing its European release in late 2012 via Kolony Records, this week the third full-length from Australian melodic death metal act Be'lakor sees official stateside liberation through Kolony’s new North American distribution via eOne Entertainment.", "\n\nTo celebrate its stateside release, today This Is Not A Scene is hosting a stream of the massive \"Of Breath And Bone\" in its entirety. ", "Check it out here or in the player below.", "\n\nNew live ventures for Be'lakor are coming together to take place sporadically throughout the remainder of 2013 in support of the new album. ", "Stay tuned for new updates. ", "The following press release was also issued about the album:\n\n\"Of Breath And Bone takes the talents of young but motivated and exceptionally talented Melbourne, Victoria-based quintet Be'lakor to entirely new levels since previous releases. ", "Following the band’s self-released 2007 debut The Frail Tide, Italian label Kolony Records brought the crew into the label’s family for the release of their follow-up, in the form of 2009’s Stone’s Reach album. ", "Stone’s Reach led the band to perform at massive international festivals including Summer Breeze, in addition to European tours and solo international appearances across the continent.", "\n\n\"Having refined their talents even further, the band’s superb third album Of Breath And Bone further exemplifies Be'lakor’s superior metal prowess. ", "Boasting nearly an hour of prime, harmonious death metal, Of Breath And Bone proves why the band is considered the leading melodic death metal band in all of Australia, mixed and mastered by Jens Bogren at Fascination Street studios (Opeth, Paradise Lost, Amon Amarth).\" ", "More...\n\nItalian metal label Kolony Records has inked a brand new distribution deal for all of North America through DisManic via eOne Distribution. ", "Having continually expanded to reach more and more European fans and stores since the label’s 2008 formation, with this new distro deal Kolony now aims to get their quality metal releases into the hands of more North American extreme music fans, beginning late this spring with the latest release from Be'lakor.", "\n\n\"Of Breath And Bone\" was successfully released by Kolony records across Europe in mid 2012, and is now set to become available to North American fans on June 4th, 2013. ", "The following press release was issued about the band:\n\n\"Considered the leading melodic death metal band in all of Australia, despite the young age of its members, the success of Be'lakor’s previous 'Stone’s Reach' album led the band to perform at massive international festivals including Summer Breeze, in addition to European tours and solo international appearances across the continent. ", "More...\n\nThe organizers of the upcoming Summer Breeze 2012 festival have issued the following update about confirming new acts:\n\n\"Italy is not exactly a hotbed for dark doom metal. ", "Fortunately enough, there are always exceptions to confirm the rule. ", "With the three albums they have released so far, The Foreshadowing have provided a master class in gloom and doom. ", "Hailing from Rome, the band prove that it is indeed possible to write great atmospheric songs without falling into excessive pathos and kitsch. ", "Especially singer Marco Benevento's clear, ear-piercing vocals take the group's material to a level which is only populated by bands such as Katatonia, My Dying Bride, early Anathema and even Opeth. ", "Don't miss this black pearl of darkness! ", "You will hardly experience anything bigger, darker and more epic at Summer Breeze 2012!", "\n\n\"Breakdowns aren't exactly the most innovative element in metal nowadays... However, if you use them with such conviction and vehemence as Bleed From Within, even the most athletically challenged of metalheads should soon mutate into pit fighter number one. ", "The UK band have two albums out which should appeal to fans of As I Lay Dying, Bring Me The Horizon and Parkway Drive, while at times Bleed From Within are even more melodic than the aforementioned bands, only to dive into a brutal breakdown the very next second. ", "All fans of metalcore and deathcore should highlight this band in their personal running order, as this is the perfect stuff for all of them!\"", "\n\nThe festival is set to take place from August 16th - 18th, will full details available at this location. ", "The currently announced bill is as follows: More...\n\nAustralia's Be'lakor has posted the entire new \"Of Breath and Bone\" album online for streaming, which can be heard in the playlist below or by heading over to the band's YouTube page here. ", "Be'lakor commented:\n\n\"On the eve of the launch of ‘Of Breath and Bone’, we have decided to make the whole album available on YouTube for your listening pleasure. ", "Be sure to subscribe to our channel and share with your friends! ", "The album officially launches tomorrow and will be available for purchase digitally and physically – stay tuned.\"", "\n\nThe track listing is as follows:\n\n1. ", "Abeyance2. ", "Remnants3. ", "Fraught4. ", "Absit Omen5. ", "To Stir the Sea6. ", "In Parting7. ", "The Dream and the Waking8. ", "By Moon and Star More...\n\nAfter previously posting the song \"Remnants\" online, Be'lakor has now uploaded another new track titled \"Absit Omen.\" ", "Check out the song in the player below, and the band also commented:\n\n\"Very happy to announce that the second song from 'Of Breath and Bone,' 'Absit Omen,' is now available to listen to on Youtube, with pre-orders also available.", "\n\n\"By heading to this location you can place your pre-order for either the standard jewel case version of the album or the special edition digipack. ", "Each digipack will be individually numbered and signed by the band, and will also come with two Be'lakor guitar picks and a sticker with the album art.", "\n\n\"For those who would be interested in getting the very first copy of the 200 digipacks (clearly marked as 1 of 200), bids can be placed at eBay. ", "If you have already purchased the digipack but would like to bid for copy number 1, we will gladly refund your initial digipack purchase if your bid is successful). ", "Thanks for the great support, and we hope you enjoy the new music!\" ", "More...\n\nBe'lakor has posted a new song online for streaming titled \"Remnants,\" which can be heard in the player below. ", "The band also commented:\n\n\"After three years, we are very pleased to be able to make our first new song from 'Of Breath and Bone' available! ", "This is track two, entitled 'Remnants'. ", "Please share this video with your friends. ", "Pre-orders will be available from 8 May 2012 at our website and Kolony Records. ", "We hope you enjoy it.\"", "\n\nThe track listing for \"Of Breath and Bone\" is as follows:\n\n1. ", "Abeyance2. ", "Remnants3. ", "Fraught4. ", "Absit Omen5. ", "To Stir the Sea6. ", "In Parting7. ", "The Dream and the Waking8. ", "By Moon and Star More...\n\nAustralian melodic death metal band Be'lakor announced that it's third LP will be entitled \"Of Breath and Bone\" and will be released on June 4, 2012 through Prime Cuts Music. ", "The album's artwork and track listing can be seen below.", "\n\nThe track listing for \"Of Breath and Bone\" is as follows:\n\n1. ", "Abeyance2. ", "Remnants3. ", "Fraught4. ", "Absit Omen5. ", "To Stir the Sea6. ", "In Parting7. ", "The Dream and the Waking8. ", "By Moon and Star More...\n\nBe'lakor's third album is due out this coming April/May 2012, and the band has now posted another brief recording clip online, which can be viewed below. ", "Be'lakor commented on the footage:\n\n\"Recording update and another short song preview! ", "This time, from one of the recent keyboard recording sessions at Penny Drop Audio in Melbourne (complete with bare feet at the end, which is no doubt the key to a good take ;) All album tracking is now complete. ", "It's been a long and challenging process, as always, but we think the results will be worth it.\"", "\n\nBe'lakor has posted a video clip of Shaun Sykes recording some lead guitars for the band's forthcoming third album, due out April/May 2012. ", "The clip is available below, and the band commented:\n\n\"Hey everyone. ", "We'll be putting up a new video from our recording sessions in a day or so (keyboard recording), but just in case you missed our most recent one, here's a short clip of Shaun recording lead guitars. ", "We're so close to being finished now - getting ready to start the mixing / mastering process with Jens Bogren soon.\" ", "More...\n\nSwedish death metal giants Amon Amarth are the latest band to confirm an appearance at the Brutal Assault 2012 Festival. ", "The festival will be held from August 9-11, 2012 at the Old Army Fortress in Josefov, Czech Republic.", "\n\nAmon Amarth will join the following bands who had previously confirmed:\n\nAustralia's Be'lakor, which had previously canceled a run of European tour dates, has now issued the following update about newly scheduled shows in Europe:\n\n\"We are very excited to be playing these dates in Germany, Portugal and England. ", "It’s been a long time coming, and after some recent setbacks with the cancellation of dates, we have relied on our fans in Europe to help us in finding these shows. ", "We owe a great gratitude to everyone who e-mailed us suggesting venues and contacts. ", "Whilst we obviously couldn’t make it to every country in the short space of time that we have on this tour, we hope that some of the fans in other countries who have been waiting to see us will also be able to make it to one of these shows.\"", "\n\nAustralia's Be'lakor has issued the following comments about canceling several of their upcoming European shows:\n\n\"As many people have noticed over the past few days, we have unfortunately been dropped from the 'Assault of the Carnivores Tour 2010' in Baroeg, Holland - due to the apparent difficulties of organizing shows around August. ", "This has been especially bad news for Be'lakor, as the Baroeg show was part of a series of up to 10 shows that were being organized through an agent of a prominent American death metal band for the remainder of our European tour.", "\n\n\"We are now faced with the extremely disappointing situation of having had nearly all of our tour pulled from beneath us (with the exception of Summer Breeze). ", "None of this has been within our control and, given how close we are to August, has left us with the very difficult task of trying to find replacement shows.", "\n\n\"As we are sure that any fellow travellers will appreciate, the costs of travelling from Australia to Europe - especially for a small band like ours - are considerable. ", "For this reason, it is essential to us that we make the most of this opportunity and play as many shows as possible. ", "Needless to say, we are very unhappy with how things have worked out. ", "More...\n\nAustralia's Be'lakor has issued the following update about performing a send off show before embarking on a European tour:\n\n\"Before we head off for our European tour, we're playing one last massive show in Melbourne: Saturday, August 7th at The Espy. ", "Make sure you come along - it will probably be our last show in Australia for some time, because after we return from Europe we'll be getting back into the process of song writing as we work on our third album. ", "Hope to see you all there!\"", "\n\nThe dates and venues of Be'lakor's European tour, which will kick off in August, will be announced as they are made available.", "\n\nAustralia's Be'lakor has issued the following update about their upcoming tour dates with Turisas:\n\n\"Hey everyone, as most of you hopefully know, there has been a change for the Turisas tour. ", "We are still supporting Turisas for their Aussie tour, however, as we announced recently, the Brisbane date (Friday May 21st) has been canceled. (", "For some reason, despite the fact that we have deleted this show from our tour calender on Myspace, it is still showing up on our page - please IGNORE this date). ", "The problems with the tour were a result of Just Say Rock pulling out of their role as the event promoter/organizer.", "\n\n\"Luckily, Soundwave Touring has taken over the tour - but the Brisbance date has been dropped (this was not our call of course). ", "So, apologies to all Brisbane-based fans. ", "The following dates are still correct: SYDNEY Saturday 22nd May - The Factory Theatre (All Ages), MELBOURNE Sunday 23rd May - Billboard the Venue.\"", "\n\nAustralia's Be'lakor has issued the following statement about performing at the Summer Breeze festival and planning more European tour dates:\n\n\"Yes, it's finally happening. ", "Be'lakor is coming to Europe! ", "We're honoured to have been selected to play at Germany's massive Summer Breeze Festival in August of this year. ", "Of course, more dates around Europe will be announced soon! ", "Thanks to all the fans who have supported us for so long, and waited for us to get over to Europe to play. ", "We can't wait.\"", "\n\nMore information on the Summer Breeze festival can be found here. ", "Be'lakor's upcoming Australian dates are as follows:\n\nBe'lakor has issued the following announcement about supporting Turisas for several upcoming Australian tour dates:\n\n\"It's been a great week for us! ", "We're proud to announce that we will be supporting Finland's Turisas along the east coast of Australia for their upcoming Australian tour. ", "What is essentially our first international support slot, we are very excited to be playing with Turisas and heading back to Brisbane and Sydney (with the final show in Melbourne) over one packed weekend in May. We will update the details under the gigs section on MySpace so stay tuned. ", "If you live in or around any of these cities, come show some support and enjoy the gigs!\"", "\n\nAustralian metallers Be'lakor, who recently signed to Kolony Records, have issued the following statement about their first live show of 2010:\n\n\"On Saturday January 9th, 2010, Be'lakor will take to the stage at The Arthouse in Melbourne. ", "Also playing on the night will be three of Melbourne's best rising bands in melodic metal - Arbrynth, Rainshadow and Okera. ", "This gig promises to be an amazing evening of dark, moving and melodic music, brought to you by White Noise Productions. ", "Be'lakor's set will be over an hour long... with a few surprises in store. ", "There are also plans to launch a new t-shirt design on the night (more news on that soon!) ", "So, tell your friends, and hopefully we'll see you there on the night!\"", "\n\nBe'lakor released their album \"Stones Reach\" in Europe on November 30th, 2009." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0008079727413132787, 0.000618665071669966, 0.000578109931666404, 0.000701639917679131, 0.0005688160308636725, 0.0005989253986626863, 0.0008110617054626346, 0.0005667898221872747, 0.0006059463485144079, 0.0005481666885316372, 0.0007812029798515141, 0.0005431840545497835, 0.000641483988147229, 0.0010928998235613108, 0.000514619518071413, 0.0006441406439989805, 0.001011305721476674, 0.0005631978856399655, 0.0005369530408643186, 0.012202871963381767, 0.002433480229228735, 0.0009149265824817121, 0.0007640454568900168, 0.001026152865961194, 0.000656413147225976, 0.0005669075762853026, 0.0005607056664302945, 0.0006378219113685191, 0.0006191478460095823, 0.000578343344386667, 0.0007526513654738665, 0.0007144543924368918, 0.0006945225177332759, 0.0006398634286597371, 0.0006793790962547064, 0.000547362957149744, 0.0007683922303840518, 0.0005771893775090575, 0.000777144159656018, 0.0028606101404875517, 0.0008122106664814055, 0.05695638060569763, 0.0008228715159930289, 0.0012449020287021995, 0.0009733161423355341, 0.0006319103995338082, 0.0005408525466918945, 0.0006101743201725185, 0.0006698594079352915, 0.0007149921730160713, 0.000521256064530462, 0.0006396970129571855, 0.0009507608483545482, 0.0009576090960763395, 0.0015940548619255424, 0.0027376615907996893, 0.002340419916436076, 0.0009809036273509264, 0.0007107878918759525, 0.0007724525057710707, 0.000612440169788897, 0.0006166943931020796, 0.0008768639527261257, 0.0005544580053538084, 0.0006729121087118983, 0.0005152791854925454, 0.000560798158403486, 0.0006279611261561513, 0.0006066652131266892, 0.0005602067685686052, 0.0005788589478470385, 0.0005761599168181419, 0.0010612523183226585, 0.0009507608483545482, 0.0009576090960763395, 0.0015940548619255424, 0.0027376615907996893, 0.002340419916436076, 0.0009809036273509264, 0.0007107878918759525, 0.000712552631739527, 0.0005334950401447713, 0.0010612523183226585, 0.0009507608483545482, 0.0009576090960763395, 0.0015940548619255424, 0.0027376615907996893, 0.002340419916436076, 0.0009809036273509264, 0.0007107878918759525, 0.0005697001470252872, 0.000586644047871232, 0.0005581582663580775, 0.0005487187299877405, 0.0005779857165180147, 0.0005353591404855251, 0.0005303290672600269, 0.0005700605688616633, 0.000773246749304235, 0.0006351280026137829, 0.0005646742065437138, 0.0005219948943704367, 0.0005351435975171626, 0.0005299295880831778, 0.000608866335824132, 0.0006582694477401674, 0.0007065327954478562, 0.0007506808615289629, 0.0006037142593413591, 0.0005930809420533478, 0.0005689355893991888, 0.0007092938176356256, 0.0005618719733320177, 0.0006723012193106115, 0.0005599886644631624, 0.0005621395539492369, 0.000621795654296875, 0.0006539900205098093, 0.0008300446788780391, 0.000565886206459254, 0.0006381417624652386, 0.0005519076366908848, 0.0005519633996300399, 0.012935582548379898, 0.000552042038179934, 0.0006474038236774504, 0.0005685347132384777, 0.0007817907026037574, 0.0005268154200166464, 0.0006655354518443346, 0.000665070372633636, 0.0005215826095081866, 0.000641749647911638, 0.0005980078713037074, 0.0008142335573211312, 0.0005455061327666044, 0.0007265387685038149, 0.0006454179529100657, 0.0007840056787244976, 0.0005974617670290172 ]

[ "LSD alters eyes-closed functional connectivity within the early visual cortex in a retinotopic fashion.", "\nThe question of how spatially organized activity in the visual cortex behaves during eyes-closed, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)-induced \"psychedelic imagery\" (e.g., visions of geometric patterns and more complex phenomena) has never been empirically addressed, although it has been proposed that under psychedelics, with eyes-closed, the brain may function \"as if\" there is visual input when there is none. ", "In this work, resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) data was analyzed from 10 healthy subjects under the influence of LSD and, separately, placebo. ", "It was suspected that eyes-closed psychedelic imagery might involve transient local retinotopic activation, of the sort typically associated with visual stimulation. ", "To test this, it was hypothesized that, under LSD, patches of the visual cortex with congruent retinotopic representations would show greater RSFC than incongruent patches. ", "Using a retinotopic localizer performed during a nondrug baseline condition, nonadjacent patches of V1 and V3 that represent the vertical or the horizontal meridians of the visual field were identified. ", "Subsequently, RSFC between V1 and V3 was measured with respect to these a priori identified patches. ", "Consistent with our prior hypothesis, the difference between RSFC of patches with congruent retinotopic specificity (horizontal-horizontal and vertical-vertical) and those with incongruent specificity (horizontal-vertical and vertical-horizontal) increased significantly under LSD relative to placebo, suggesting that activity within the visual cortex becomes more dependent on its intrinsic retinotopic organization in the drug condition. ", "This result may indicate that under LSD, with eyes-closed, the early visual system behaves as if it were seeing spatially localized visual inputs. ", "Hum Brain Mapp 37:3031-3040, 2016. ", "© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0007350045489147305, 0.0007139602676033974, 0.0005483214044943452, 0.0006981937331147492, 0.0007307149935513735, 0.0007042200304567814, 0.0005639115115627646, 0.0006410509813576937, 0.0005827744607813656, 0.0013828894589096308, 0.0006204817909747362 ]

[ "Bukki\n\nBukki ( Buqqi, \"proved\") may have been an early High Priest of Israel. ", "Another Bukki is mentioned in Numbers as a leader in the Tribe of Dan.", "\n\nBukki is mentioned in the books 1 Chronicles (6:4) and Ezra (7:4) as the son of the High Priest Abishua, a priest fifth in descent in the line of Eleazar. ", "In the Apocrypha (2 Esdras 1:2), his name is listed as Borith and in 1 Esdras 8:2, he is called Boccas. ", "According to Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews 5.10.5; 8.1.3) and other extrabiblical sources, he succeeded his father as High Priest.", "\n\nHe is contemporarily identified with the Samaritan High Priest Bakhi.", "\n\nEtymology\nPersonal name shortened from Bukkiah, meaning, “Yahweh proved”\n\nNumbers 34:22\n\". . . ", "and the prince of the tribe of the children of Dan, Bukki the son of Jogli . . .\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:15th-century BC High Priests of Israel\nCategory:Hebrew Bible people\nCategory:High Priests of Israel" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.001285756123252213, 0.0008111050119623542, 0.0007910398999229074, 0.015358143486082554, 0.001606342033483088, 0.0008005602285265923, 0.0007568044820800424, 0.0011602069716900587, 0.0007139201043173671 ]

[ "Mortality after emergency surgery continues to rise after discharge in the elderly: Predictors of 1-year mortality.", "\nIt is known that emergency surgery in the elderly is associated with high short-term mortality, but longer-term outcomes are not well described. ", "We hypothesized that 30-day mortality may underestimate the true operative mortality experienced in this cohort. ", "The purposes of this study were to characterize postoperative mortality rates extending to 1 year and to identify preoperative predictors of 1 year mortality after emergency abdominal surgery. ", "We retrospectively reviewed the records of all patients older than 70 years who underwent emergency abdominal surgery at a major teaching hospital between 2006 and 2011. ", "Demographics, preoperative physiology, prehospital status, body mass index, laboratory values, Charlson scores, comorbid conditions, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, and operative details were recorded. ", "The primary end point was 1-year mortality. ", "Complementary log-log binary regression was used to determine independent predictors of death. ", "Model discrimination was evaluated using the c statistic. ", "A total of 390 patients met our inclusion criteria. ", "The mean age was 79 years, and 56% were women. ", "Postoperative mortality was 16.2% at 30 days and 32.5% at 1 year, reflecting a doubling of mortality over 11 months. ", "Independent preoperative predictors of 1-year mortality were Charlson score of 4 or higher (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38-2.34), American Society of Anesthesiologists class of 4 or higher (HR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.22-2.21), albumin less than 3.5 (HR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.31-2.28), and body mass index lower than 18.5 (HR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.48-6.86). ", "The c statistic was 0.81. ", "The 1-year mortality after emergency surgery in the elderly is significantly higher than that at 30 days. ", "We identified a constellation of preoperative clinical markers that were highly predictive of this poor late outcome. ", "The presence of these findings in the emergency setting should prompt preoperative discussion about treatment goals and encourage surgeons to set realistic expectations about outcomes with the patient and family. ", "Future studies will develop a clinical scoring tool that can be applied at the bedside to provide more effective counseling for this high-risk population. ", "Epidemiologic/prognostic study, level III; therapeutic study, level IV." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0006647766567766666, 0.0005987326730974019, 0.000657130847685039, 0.0006055650301277637, 0.0005475622601807117, 0.000586486654356122, 0.0006595715531148016, 0.0006883554742671549, 0.0006131121190264821, 0.000546697061508894, 0.002878619125112891, 0.0006144604994915426, 0.0006665000109933317, 0.0007779443403705955, 0.0007144629489630461, 0.0008365377434529364, 0.000508133030962199, 0.0005477851373143494, 0.0006130277179181576 ]

[ "Q:\n\nhow to report grammar ambiguity in antlr4 with c++ target\n\nThis question is a followup on a similar question with java code - how-to-report-grammar-ambiguity-in-antlr4. ", "I am trying to port that code to c++, but I am facing some compilation errors with using the antlr templates.", "\nThe main program in c++ is the following:\n// TestA_Main.cpp\nusing namespace std;\nusing namespace antlr4;\nusing namespace atn;\n\nint main(int argc, char **argv) \n{\n string filename = argv[0];\n ifstream stream;\n stream.open(filename);\n\n ANTLRInputStream input(stream);\n AmbigLexer lexer(&input);\n CommonTokenStream tokens(&lexer);\n AmbigParser parser(&tokens);\n parser.addErrorListener(new DiagnosticErrorListener());\n\n // the following line has an error on the call to getInterpreter\n parser.getInterpreter().setPredictionMode(PredictionMode::LL_EXACT_AMBIG_DETECTION);\n parser.stat();\n}\n\nI ran the following commands on it:\njava org.antlr.v4.Tool -Dlanguage=Cpp Ambig.g4\ng++ -std=gnu++0x -I. -I/antlr4_cpp/runtime/include -I/antlr4_cpp/runtime/include/atn TestA_Main.cpp\n\nAnd I am getting the following compilation errors, on the call to getInterpreter:\nTestA_Main.cpp: In function ‘int main(int, char**)’:\nTestA_Main.cpp:27:27: error: no matching function for call to ‘AmbigParser::getInterpreter()’\n parser.getInterpreter().setPredictionMode(PredictionMode::LL_EXACT_AMBIG_DETECTION);\n ^\nIn file included from /softwares/antlr4/antlr4_cpp/runtime/include/Lexer.h:8:0,\n from /softwares/antlr4/antlr4_cpp/runtime/include/antlr4-runtime.h:32,\n from TestA_Main.cpp:4:\n/softwares/antlr4/antlr4_cpp/runtime/include/Recognizer.h:73:8: note: candidate: template<class T> T* antlr4::Recognizer::getInterpreter() const\n T* getInterpreter() const {\n ^\n/softwares/antlr4/antlr4_cpp/runtime/include/Recognizer.h:73:8: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:\nTestA_Main.cpp:27:27: note: couldn't deduce template parameter ‘T’\n parser.getInterpreter().setPredictionMode(PredictionMode::LL_EXACT_AMBIG_DETECTION);\n\nCan you please tell me how to fix the above code? ", "I am using antlr-4.6\n\nA:\n\nIt's a template function and you have to specify the template parameter explicitly:\nparser.getInterpreter<ParserATNSimulator>()->setPredictionMode(PredictionMode::SLL);\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0007526823319494724, 0.0006662554806098342, 0.0010409257374703884, 0.0008028288139030337 ]

[ "CAMAGUEY.- If someone had told me that I had to tackle this subject, I would have smiled. ", "In our society, in spite of the enormous efforts to turn it more and more cultured an prepared, there are still reminiscence of the past, and the chauvinism does not escape from this, but as life changes whether you like it or not, the situation is other. ", "That´s the way I got to Dr. Arcilia María Artola Silva, specialist in Integral General Medicine (MGI) and in Psychiatry.", "\n\nShe works in the Psychiatric Hospital René Vallejo, in this city. ", "She holds a Master Degree in Social Psychiatry, and in Satisfying Longevity, and she is an Assistant Professor. ", "With great kindness, she used a bit of her limited time to see us and to explain us some issues related with sexual dysfunction, an issue that everybody have heard about it at least one time, but we do not always tackle it without prejudice.", "\n\nSexual dysfunction consist of the inability which a person has to enjoy a relation of this kind despite having all conditions to achieve it, like material and physical conditions, the adequate place, the feeling of loving your partner. ", "This can be present during any stage of the sexual act (that includes desire, preference, arousal and orgasm) and prevents the individual or couple to achieve a full enjoyment, according to Dr. Arcilia.", "\n\nSexual dysfunction may be classified into: difficulties in attraction and desire, which happens to a person with lack of sexual desire though the person is healthy, loves his partner and feels attracted to her. ", "There is also the sexual refusal, in cases where people feels at the same time eagerness and repulsion towards the act.", "\n\n- Is it more frequent in men or women?", "\n\n- This problem appears either in women or in men. ", "In the feminine sex appears difficulties in the desire, arousal, orgasm and dyspareunia – painful intercourse, in women as well as in men, though the last ones are less frequent – and it is defined as pain or an inconvenience before, after or during the sexual union; the difficulties with the vaginal lubrication, and the vaginismus - pain to the sexual contact due to difficulty in the muscles - and absence of orgasm; in the masculine case, difficulties in the erection and in the ejaculation when it is precocious, mainly, because these are no only ones.", "\n\n- What do you mean with not organic?", "\n\n- We take care of the psychic part and to having detected an organic damage; the patients have to go to other specialists.", "\n\n- Earlier we listened people talking about frigidity in the woman …\n\n- This concept was abolished, it is treated as absence of vaginal lubrication, both in the youngest and in the age of the menopause for hormones absence.", "\n\n- Anyone has a stumble in the sexual contact, but: when must the person or the couple begin to worry and go to the doctor?", "\n\n- When it turns into a long event. ", "A limit time is not defined, it is perceived when displeasure is produced in the couple. ", "For example, in case of the erectile sexual malfunction, in an occasion the man may not get the erection for several factors. ", "For instance, the man does not like his partner, the ambience is not the suitable one, he is worried, there has been some discussion between them earlier and that does not mean that he should go to the doctor; on the contrary, if it is continuous, it recurs, he must go.", "\n\n- How and to what doctor the person has to go?", "\n\n- The ways are different. ", "We open a sexuality consultation every Monday in the Psychiatric Hospital René Vallejo, at 30 after 8 in the morning. ", "In addition, they can go to his family doctor who will indicate him what to do, since sometimes they resolve in the consultation of Psychology of the area of Health.", "\n\n- What are the causes that originates this suffering?", "\n\n- Multiple. ", "Inside our specialty, we are discarding them, sometimes we have to diagnose the patient and in other cases, the couple says it because she knows what happens to him, but she does not know how to remedy it.", "\n\n“Among these, we find a bad sex education, the girls who have been violated or they suffered from lewd abuse, something that can happen in the males, but it is seen more frequently in women, or the first relations have been very traumatic, at early ages, without knowing well their couple, without feeling love, in epoch of student they do it in public places and in a rapid way to avoid that someone see them. ", "Things like those cause with frequency premature ejaculation, they get accustomed to this rapidity, and it becomes a habit.", "\n\n“We cannot forget the social causes, as: houses shared by several members of the family, lack of ventilation in the rooms, children who sleep in the same pieces as their parents”.", "\n\n- Anyway, a major number of cases comes to you for a cause than for others …\n\n- Certainly. ", "The erectile sexual malfunction is the more frequent one; the man goes alone, without his couple. ", "We still stumble over taboos about the topic and they are ashamed, or they do not have a stable partner; nevertheless, others come to us for mistake. ", "I attended to a couple because he was thinking that he was suffering from premature ejaculation and she did not have this criterion, she was feeling satisfied.", "\n\n“The most treated ones are the men over 60 for erectile sexual malfunction. ", "Also those of about forty; and the women for lack of orgasms, almost always the young people treated are the males in full youth due to premature ejaculation, in this order”.", "\n\n- If the sexual initiation happens in very early ages, can any malfunction be provoked in this sense?", "\n\n- Sure. ", "They are not prepared, they do not know each other very well, even nor do they feel love. ", "They see each other, go out and can face a premature ejaculation, an absence of orgasm, and although it is not the topic they can face pregnancy in the adolescence. ", "They rush; they do not live the nice epoch of engagement.", "\n\n- Let’s imagine that the person is already in consultation: does it solve his problem?", "\n\n- Yes, because it is functional or psychic, not for organic damage.", "\n\n- In these consultations, I always say that we do not mention medicines, but: do you apply any treatment that does not take them implicitly?", "\n\n- Yes, in couples as well as alone. ", "Every case needs its method, we do not have a formula for all equally. ", "Among those that we order to do the treatment in couple is the erectile sexual malfunction. ", "That is, we send them to \"date\" for one week as in the old times, like giving her flowers, going to certain places, saying pretty things to each other, all this without penetration not even touching the erogenous areas. ", "In the second week, they can play sexual games, touch and continue without penetration. ", "When they are in the third one, after this agreeable preamble they can end with the penetration.", "\n\n“We offer service to persons of the third age, they think that they can continue the same way as when they were younger, and it is not like that, in this stage of the life they need much more caresses, kisses, a pretty communication in every respect.", "\n\n“We have a medicine that is taken 30 minutes before the sexual act, but it is not a miraculous tablet, this man cannot walk up and down all the time and come and that´s it, no, the caresses are necessary...\n\n“In case of the premature ejaculation - it appears quickly of an inevitable and inopportune form - we indicate exercises in couple, and the absence of orgasm alone and in couple. ", "In these cases, we verify lack of sex education, the orgasm is almost learned. ", "Every person must know how he or she feels better, he or she is unique and every person feels it in his or her own way to reach the climax and to know what he or she desires. ", "The female should not please the male, no, it is mutual, to be aware of your own body and sexual answers is something fundamental so that it takes place”.", "\n\n- Do the young people use this medicine?", "\n\n- They shouldn´t; nevertheless, they obtain it and use it.", "\n\n- But if they have no problems with the erection …\n\n- The tablets are a powerful vasodilator, the time of the erection gets longer, the performance.", "\n\n- Can it hurt them?", "\n\n- Of course, it can provoke them high blood pressure, something very dangerous in the young people. ", "It is not convenient to take medicines without medical prescription; this is a principle we must not break.", "\n\n- If the cause is linked to those social problems referred to the housings and rooms shared by many, issues that are not solved so quickly: what to do?", "\n\n- We indicate variants as to look for a schedule in which the children are in the school, for example, people receive advices so that the daily routine does not bore them, they do not take such a rigid life, to go to other places. ", "The couple needs a time for themselves and it has to look for it and to find it.", "\n\n- Is the masturbation normal?", "\n\n- Completely. ", "Both in the male and in the female. ", "If the person does it, he or she knows his or her body and they will be able to guide their couple. ", "What would not be accepted is that this act goes so far as to constitute a compulsion, which does it continuously, or in case of the men in public places.", "\n\n- Can it happen that someone comes to the psychiatrist and is sent to another specialist?", "\n\n- Yes. ", "In fact, this consultation is multidisciplinary because it discards if the ailment is for an organic reason.", "\n\n- Organic cause: how?", "\n\n- The diabetes mellitus, the menopause age, venous insufficiency in the men, among others.", "\n\n- If you verified that the person endures some of these or other causes: what do you do?", "\n\n- We send the person to the specialist that corresponds.", "\n\n- Do you feel that the patient goes away satisfied?", "\n\n- Of course, and later on we continue to follow the case for a time. ", "The interested party has to put on his part, almost all the patients need psychotherapy.", "\n\n- Do you think that in Cuba the persons come to the doctor for this phenomenon in an uninhibited way?", "\n\n- No, we are sure that there are more sexual malfunctions in the street, without medical attention, that the treated ones; nevertheless, if they would come to the doctor they would solve their problem. ", "Obviating it makes them unhappy, they feel shame, that is a reality and there is machismo. ", "Sometimes we advise the masturbation, especially to the woman and they recount that it gives them disgust, how they feel disgusted of themselves and that is real. ", "There is lack of culture of the matter and this is a brake.", "\n\n- A recommendation?", "\n\n-Especially to the adolescents, I will say to them that before the sexual relations, first they need to know themselves, to go so far as to practice them for love and that it must happen with protection, this way the worries diminish, and to do it in a suitable ambience. ", "They must not consume medicine if they do not need it and if it is indicated by the doctor; if he or she presents some conflict should not be ashamed, just go to the specialist and for sure he or she will go out forward and happily.", "\n\n“And for all ages I will say to them that love is like a garden, if you do not take care of it, it dies”." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006159882759675384, 0.0006711063906550407, 0.000599692459218204, 0.0011253694538027048, 0.0007465925882570446, 0.0009495101985521615, 0.06367190182209015, 0.0015749458689242601, 0.009673044085502625, 0.00736746471375227, 0.0009754044003784657, 0.00252428837120533, 0.026297958567738533, 0.0006830963538959622, 0.0006938887527212501, 0.004791350103914738, 0.009186963550746441, 0.0006061557796783745, 0.000611120427493006, 0.03379225358366966, 0.0007454522419720888, 0.0006531815160997212, 0.0005829692236147821, 0.014605537056922913, 0.0005293427384458482, 0.0008262036717496812, 0.0007273840019479394, 0.0007717983098700643, 0.005675725173205137, 0.6400097608566284, 0.0011064285645261407, 0.0006673383759334683, 0.20083217322826385, 0.0005960842245258391, 0.21186213195323944, 0.4169628918170929, 0.35074031352996826, 0.001624907599762082, 0.000713201065082103, 0.0007537872879765928, 0.5207064747810364, 0.0010035621235147119, 0.0006633931188844144, 0.00075347232632339, 0.0005457017105072737, 0.0005969423800706863, 0.0006418818375095725, 0.0699419230222702, 0.0007372978725470603, 0.5664045810699463, 0.0007056106114760041, 0.0007461474160663784, 0.06117730215191841, 0.0961209386587143, 0.0006399875273928046, 0.1222282350063324, 0.0008822338422760367, 0.0007850810652598739, 0.0009712596074678004, 0.0028506226371973753, 0.01704801805317402, 0.0006805971497669816, 0.0005994850071147084, 0.000610458489973098, 0.0006731128669343889, 0.8051771521568298, 0.0007848715758882463, 0.0018222678918391466, 0.0009415716631338, 0.0006166888051666319, 0.0008680782048031688, 0.0007527023553848267, 0.000774079468101263, 0.0006466542254202068, 0.0006756242364645004, 0.0007334554684348404, 0.000546577270142734, 0.00125547731295228, 0.0005313567235134542, 0.0022111707367002964, 0.0005947933532297611, 0.06830424070358276, 0.11880128085613251, 0.6924954056739807, 0.0011766079114750028, 0.0006471764645539224, 0.005506228655576706, 0.000846067734528333, 0.014207852073013783 ]

[ "# /* **************************************************************************\n# * *\n# * (C) Copyright Paul Mensonides 2003.", "\n# * (C) Copyright Edward Diener 2014.", "\n# * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (", "See\n# * accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\n# * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n# * *\n# ************************************************************************** */\n#\n# /* See http://www.boost.org for most recent version. */", "\n#\n# ifndef BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_FACILITIES_IS_EMPTY_HPP\n# define BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_FACILITIES_IS_EMPTY_HPP\n#\n# include <boost/preprocessor/config/config.hpp>\n#\n# if BOOST_PP_VARIADICS\n#\n# include <boost/preprocessor/facilities/is_empty_variadic.hpp>\n#\n# else\n#\n# if ~BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_MSVC() && ~BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_MWCC()\n# include <boost/preprocessor/tuple/elem.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/facilities/identity.hpp>\n# else\n# include <boost/preprocessor/cat.hpp>\n# include <boost/preprocessor/detail/split.hpp>\n# endif\n#\n# /* BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY */\n#\n# if ~BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_MSVC() && ~BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_MWCC()\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY(x) BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_I(x BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_HELPER)\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_I(contents) BOOST_PP_TUPLE_ELEM(2, 1, (BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_DEF_ ## contents()))\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_DEF_BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_HELPER 1, BOOST_PP_IDENTITY(1)\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_HELPER() , 0\n# else\n# if BOOST_PP_CONFIG_FLAGS() & BOOST_PP_CONFIG_MSVC()\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY(x) BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_I(BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_HELPER x ())\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_I(test) BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_II(BOOST_PP_SPLIT(0, BOOST_PP_CAT(BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_DEF_, test)))\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_II(id) id\n# else\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY(x) BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_I((BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_HELPER x ()))\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_I(par) BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_II ## par\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_II(test) BOOST_PP_SPLIT(0, BOOST_PP_CAT(BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_DEF_, test))\n# endif\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_HELPER() 1\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_DEF_1 1, BOOST_PP_NIL\n# define BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_DEF_BOOST_PP_IS_EMPTY_HELPER 0, BOOST_PP_NIL\n# endif\n#\n# endif /* BOOST_PP_VARIADICS */\n#\n# endif /* BOOST_PREPROCESSOR_FACILITIES_IS_EMPTY_HPP */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.04532245919108391, 0.0007359307492151856, 0.0006182441720739007, 0.0009255761979147792, 0.0035997838713228703 ]

[ "Q:\n\nInsert dynamic size object at arbitrary position in file\n\nI have a binary file with the following structure:\n+---------+-------+------+----+-------+\n| Header | Obj1 | Obj2 | ... | Index |\n+---------+-------+------+----+-------+ \nThe Index is a vector of variable size depending on the number of objects and stores the file position for each object. ", "E.g.\nvector<size_t> index;\n\nindex.push_back(ofs.tellp());\nwrite(reinterpret_cast<char *> obj, sizeof(obj));\n\nAlso the files are pretty big (1Gb+).", "\nI'd like to put the index just after the header, so it's faster to read. ", "Can I do this without having to copy and write all the objects twice? ", "Thanks.", "\n\nA:\n\nYou have two solutions:\n\nuse a separate file for the index\nmove on to a chunk based design\n\nThe first one is relatively obvious, so I'll only outline the second one: the problem here is that your index size depends on the number of objects you stream. ", "It need not be so.", "\nA solution would be to skip a definite amount of space (later used for indexing), stream the objects (up to N), record where you are, get back to the index to write it down, and then move on to the next chunk (note: the chunks are not fixed size here).", "\nExample of layout:\n- Step 1: skip index space and start streaming objects\n\n| Header | <unused space for now> | Obj 1 | Obj 2 | O3 | ... Obj N |\n\n- Step 2: after writing N objects write the index,\n record the offset,\n start a new chunk\n\n| Header | I1 | ... | IN | Offset | Obj 1 | Obj 2 | O3 | ... Obj N | <unused sp\n\nYour index is thus built as a linked list of fixed size chunks (N) interleaved in the middle of your storage.", "\nNote: a third solution would be to use a simple SQLite file and let it index for you...\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0009049596847034991, 0.0011313827708363533, 0.0006009437493048608, 0.000986558385193348, 0.0006072827382013202, 0.0006727598374709487, 0.0007030603010207415, 0.0006377720274031162, 0.001106205047108233, 0.0006489233928732574 ]

[ "Author: admin\n\nPut this in a custom style and it solves white screen problem. ", "Using the hacky translucent fix will make your task bar and nav bar translucent and make the splash-screen or main screen look like spaghetti.", "\n[crayon-5c19efc058175297205975/]\ni.e\n[crayon-5c19efc05817b813344150/]" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007886246312409639, 0.003996345680207014, 0.0011987944599241018 ]

[ "887 F.2d 263\nU.S.v.", "Bartlett (Roland), a/k/a Pops Rock, Bartlett (Angelina Hanna)\nNO. ", "89-1310\nUnited States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit.", "\nSEP 26, 1989\n\n1\nAppeal From: E.D.Pa.", "\n\n\n2\nAFFIRMED.", "\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

[ 0.00161473557818681, 0.0006415784591808915, 0.0008118025143630803, 0.0007688437472097576, 0.0007786679198034108, 0.001995444530621171 ]

[ "use std::env;\nuse std::fs;\nuse std::path::PathBuf;\nuse std::sync::Once;\nuse std::thread;\n\nfn root() -> PathBuf {\n env::current_dir()\n .unwrap()\n .join(\"tmp\")\n .join(\"tests\")\n .join(thread::current().name().unwrap())\n}\n\npub fn bare() -> PathBuf {\n root().join(\"bare\")\n}\n\npub fn init() {\n static INIT: Once = Once::new();\n let _ = fs::remove_dir_all(&bare());\n\n INIT.call_once(|| {\n fs::create_dir_all(root().parent().unwrap()).unwrap();\n });\n\n let bare = git2::Repository::init_bare(&bare()).unwrap();\n let mut config = bare.config().unwrap();\n config.set_str(\"user.name\", \"name\").unwrap();\n config.set_str(\"user.email\", \"email\").unwrap();\n let mut index = bare.index().unwrap();\n let id = index.write_tree().unwrap();\n let tree = bare.find_tree(id).unwrap();\n let sig = bare.signature().unwrap();\n bare.commit(Some(\"HEAD\"), &sig, &sig, \"Initial Commit\", &tree, &[])\n .unwrap();\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.009082178585231304 ]

[ "Resources\n\nTake the stress out of planning with our collection of guides, videos and useful articles about Lexikin & Estate planning\n\nGuides\n\nWe provide a vast collection of resources around the various topics involved with Estate planning and passing on your vital information when you are gone. ", "Browse our categories below to find the guides you may be after, from ‘How to create a Will’ to ‘What happens to my social media when I die?’", "\n\nDigital Assets\n\nEstate Planning\n\nFunerals\n\nInsurance\n\nProbate\n\nSocial Media\n\nWills\n\nStart your Free account today\n\nSign Up with Lexikin for FREE and begin managing your digital archive and afterlife wishes immediately." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007513356977142394, 0.006759661715477705, 0.0006837968248873949 ]

[ "---\nabstract: |\n It has been known for some time now that rapidly-rotating solar-like stars possess the stellar equivalent of solar prominences. ", "These may be three orders of magnitude more massive than their solar counterparts, and their ejection from the star may form a significant contribution to the loss of angular momentum and mass in the stellar wind. ", "In addition, their number and distribution provide valuable clues as to the structure of the stellar corona and hence to the nature of magnetic activity in other stars.", "\n\n Until recently, these “slingshot prominences” had only been observed in mature stars, but their recent detection in an extremely young star suggests that they may be more widespread than previously thought. ", "In this review I will summarise our current understanding of these stellar prominences, their ejection from their stars and their role in elucidating the (sometimes very non-solar) behaviour of stellar magnetic fields.", "\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nDuring this Symposium we have learned a great deal about the Sun and its influence on its environment, but in this talk I want to begin by addressing the question “How typical is the Sun as a star?”, ", "Stars on the main sequence (i.e. those stars that have settled into the longest phase of their lives, when they are burning Hydrogen in their cores) can have very different interior structures depending on their mass, yet magnetic activity is almost ubiquitous among them. ", "High mass stars have a convectively stable (or radiative) outer envelope, so how do they generate their magnetic fields? ", "They can do this in their convective cores, although this raises the question of how to transport the flux to the surface [@charbonneau_macgregor_dynamo_01; @brun_dynamo_05]. ", "They can also generate magnetic fields in the radiative zone, but a very non-solar dynamo process [@spruit_dynamo_02; @tout_pringle_dynamo_95; @macdonald_mullan_dynamo_04; @mullan_macdonald_dynamo_05; @maeder_meynet_dynamo_05], Alternatively, the fields may be fossils, left over from the early stages of the formation of the star [@moss_review_01; @braithwaite_spruit_fossilfields_04; @braithwaite_nordlund_dynamo_06]. ", "Very low mass stars also have an internal structure that is very different from that of the Sun in that convection may extend throughout their interiors. ", "In the absence of a tachocline, these stars cannot support a solar-like interface dynamo, yet they, like the high mass stars, exhibit observable magnetic fields. ", "The mechanism by which they generate these magnetic fields has received a great deal of attention recently. ", "While a decade or so ago, it was believed that these stars could only generate small-scale magnetic fields [@durney_turb_dynamo_93; @cattaneo_dynamo_99], more recent studies have suggested that large scale fields may be generated. ", "These models differ, however, in their predictions for the form of this field and the associated latitudinal differential rotation. ", "They predict that the fields should be either axisymmetric with pronounced differential rotation [@dobler_dynamos_06], non-axisymmtric with minimal differential rotation [@kuker_rudiger_97; @kuker_rudiger_99; @chabrier_kuker_06] or, in a very recent model, axisymmetric with negligible differential rotation [@browning_dynamo_08].", "\n\n{width=\"3.4in\"} {width=\"3.4in\"}\n\nObserving stellar prominences and magnetic fields\n=================================================\n\nWith this bewildering array of magnetic field geometries, the nature of any prominences that might be confined in and ultimately ejected from these coronae becomes even more interesting, but detecting their presence is not an easy task. ", "They can, however, be observed in rapidly-rotating stars as transient H$\\alpha$ absorption features [@cameron89cloud; @cameron89eject; @cameron92alpper; @jeffries93; @byrne96hkaqr; @eibe98re1816; @barnes20PZTel; @donati20RXJ]. ", "In many instances these features re-appear on subsequent stellar rotations, often with some change in the time taken to travel through the line profile. ", "These features are interpreted as arising from the presence of clouds of cool, dense gas co-rotating with the star and confined within its outer atmosphere. ", "As many as six may be present in the observable hemisphere. ", "What is most surprising about them is their location, which is inferred from the time taken for the absorption features to travel through the line profile. ", "Values of several stellar radii from the stellar rotation axis are typically found, suggesting that the confinement of these clouds is enforced out to very large distances. ", "Indeed the preferred location of these prominences appears to be at or beyond the equatorial stellar co-rotation radius, where the inward pull of gravity is exactly balanced by the outward pull of centrifugal forces. ", "Beyond this point, the effective gravity (including the centrifugal acceleration) points outwards and the presence of a restraining force, such as the tension in a closed magnetic loop, is required to hold the prominence in place against centrifugal ejection. ", "The presence of these prominences therefore immediately requires that the star have many closed loop systems that extend out for many stellar radii. ", "Maps of the surface brightness distributions of these stars can be obtained by Doppler imaging, while magnetograms are now almost routinely possible with Zeeman-Doppler imaging. ", "These maps typically show a complex distribution of surface spots that is often very different from that of the Sun, with spots and mixed polarity flux elements extending over all latitudes up to the pole [@donati97abdor95; @donati99abdor96; @strassmeier96table].", "\n\n{width=\"2.5in\"} {width=\"2.5in\"}\n\nFrom these magnetograms we can extrapolate the coronal magnetic field using a [*Potential Field Source Surface*]{} method [@altschuler69; @jardine99ccf; @jardine2001eqm; @jardine02structure; @mcivor03polar], or using non-potential fields [@donati01; @hussain02nonpot]. ", "By assuming that the gas trapped on these field lines is in isothermal, hydrostatic equilibrium, we can determine the coronal gas pressure, subject to an assumption for the gas pressure at the base of the corona. ", "We assume that it is proportional to the magnetic pressure, i.e. $p_0 \\propto B_0^2$, where the constant of proportionality is determined by comparison with X-ray emission measures [@jardine02xray; @jardine_TTS_06; @gregory_rotmod_06]. ", "For an optically thin coronal plasma, this then allows us to produce images of the X-ray emission, as shown in Fig.\\[fig1\\]. ", "This immediately highlights one of the greatest puzzles of stellar prominences: that they are confined a such great distances - several stellar radii - that they may well be outside the extent of the closed, X-ray emitting corona.", "\n\nOne way out of this problem is to confine the prominences in the wind region beyond the closed corona. ", "@jardine05proms have produced a model for this that predicts a maximum height $y_m$ for the prominence as a function of the co-rotation radius, $y_K$ where\n\n![", "Closed field lines (white) and open field lines (blue) extrapolated from a Zeeman-Doppler image of Tau Sco.[]{data-label=\"fig3\"}](mmj_fig3.pdf){width=\"3.4in\"}\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\frac{y_m}{R_\\star} & = & \\frac{1}{2}\\left(\n -3+\\sqrt{1+\\frac{8GM_\\star}{R_\\star^3 \\omega^2}}\n \\right) \\\\\n & = & \\frac{1}{2}\\left(\n -3+\\sqrt{1+8 \\left[\n \\frac{y_K}{R_\\star} + 1\n \\right]^3}\n \\right).\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFig. ", "\\[fig2\\] shows the sequence of events that might lead to the formation of one of these “slingshot” prominences. ", "The stellar wind flows along the open field lines that bound a closed field region, forming a helmet streamer. ", "If the current sheet that forms between these oppositely-directed field lines reconnects, then a loop of magnetic field will be formed. ", "The stellar wind will continue to flow for a short time, until pressure balance is re-established with a new field configuration. ", "Jardine $\\&$ van Ballegooijen (2006) showed that a new, cool equilibrium was possible which could reach out well beyond the co-rotation radius. ", "The distribution of prominence heights shown in [@dunstone_speedymic_I_08; @dunstone_speedymic_II_08] for the ultra-fast rotator Speedy Mic shows prominences forming up to (but not significantly beyond) this maximum height.", "\n\n![", "Closed field lines (white) and open field lines (blue) extrapolated from a Zeeman-Doppler image of V374 Peg.[]{data-label=\"fig4\"}](mmj_fig4.pdf){width=\"3.4in\"}\n\nStellar magnetic field variation with stellar mass and evolutionary state\n=========================================================================\n\nBut what of the many stars whose internal structure is very different from that of the Sun? ", "Surface magnetograms are now available for stars of a range of masses. ", "At the high mass end, Tau Sco is a very interesting example. ", "At 15 M$_\\odot$ it has a radiative interior, and yet as shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig3\\] it displays a complex, strong field [@donati06tausco]. ", "If this is a fossil field, it might be expected to be a simple dipole, but the very youth of this star, at only a million years, may be the reason why the higher-order field components have not yet decayed away. ", "Interestingly, Tau Sco shows H$_\\alpha$ absorption features that are very similar to prominence signatures in lower mass stars. ", "In this case, however, they are attributed to a “wind-compressed disk” that forms when sections of the very massive wind emanating from different parts of the stellar disk collide and cool [@townsend_winds_05]. ", "In contrast, as shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig4\\] the very low mass fully-convective star V374 Peg has a very simple, dipolar field [@donati06v374peg]. ", "The highly-symmetric nature of the field and the absence of a measureable differential rotation are consistent with the recent models of Browning (2008). ", "It is unfortunately not possible at present to detect any prominences that might be present on these very low mass stars because they stars are intrinsically too faint. ", "Their detection would, however, be a very clear test of the magnetic structure, since in a simple dipole any prominences should, by symmetry, form in the equatorial plane.", "\n\nIt appears that stars with different internal structures may have dynamos that produce very different types of magnetic field. ", "In particular, the transition from a solar-type interior to one in which the convective zone extends throughout the star appears to be associated with a decrease in field complexity. ", "This transition happens for solar mass stars as they evolve from their very earliest stages when they are fully-convective, through the development of a radiative core as they approach the main sequence. ", "Any associated change in the magnetic field structure is potentially very important, since the magnetic field is believed to channel the flow of material from the accretion disk that surrounds such young stars onto hotspots on the stellar surface. ", "Significant advances have been made in the study of this [*magnetospheric accretion*]{} recently, with the advent of large-scale 3D MHD codes. ", "It appears that the structure of the magnetic field can be a crucial factor in determining the nature of the accretion [@rekowski_accn_04; @gregory_mdot_06; @long_romanova_accn_07].", "\n\n![", "Closed field lines structure extrapolated from Zeeman-Doppler image of BP Tau.[]{data-label=\"fig5\"}](mmj_fig5.pdf){width=\"3.4in\"}\n\nIt is not only the flow of material onto the star that is important, however. ", "The loss of both mass and angular momentum in a wind is also a crucial issue since these young stars should spin up as they contract, but they are observed to have typically only moderate rotation rates. ", "This spin-down may be achieved through the exchange of magnetic torques between the star and the disk (known as [*disk-locking*]{}) or through a wind [@konigl91; @cameron_campbell_93; @shu94; @matt_pudritz_05].", "\n\nDetermining the structure of the coronal magnetic field of these young stars is a difficult problem, however, since there are many factors than can influence it. ", "As the stellar magnetic field drags through the disk it will be sheared and may be opened up entirely [@lynden_bell_boily_94]. ", "This shearing may act to deposit energy in the corona through reconnection between the magnetic fields of the star and the disk - certainly, some of the very large flares observed in these systems may be attributed to reconnection [@favata_COUP_flares_05]. ", "These processes will act in addition to the effect of the (possibly evolving) dynamo and surface flows.", "\n\nRecently, we have successfully acquired Zeeman-Doppler images of two of these very young stars that are still accreting from their disks. ", "One of these, BP Tau is only 0.7M$_\\odot$ and is believed to be fully convective, while the other, V2129 Oph at 1.4M$_\\odot$ is believed to have already developed a radiative core [@donati_v2129oph_07; @donati_bptau_08; @jardine_v2129oph_08]. ", "As shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig5\\], BP Tau displays a strong (1.2kG) dipolar component to its magnetic field. ", "In contrast, as shown in Fig. ", "\\[fig6\\], the dominant field component in V2129 Oph is the 1.2kG octupole component. ", "The relatively stronger dipole component of BP Tau’s field may allow it to carve out a larger inner hole in its disk, relative to the co-rotation radius [@gregory_bptau_v2129oph_08].", "\n\n![", "Closed field lines structure extrapolated from Zeeman-Doppler image of V2129 Oph.[]{data-label=\"fig6\"}](mmj_fig6.pdf){width=\"3.4in\"}\n\n Prominences in young stars\n===========================\n\nIn young stars that are still accreting it would be impossible to detect prominences, even if they were present, since the H$_\\alpha$ line is so strongly affected by the accretion process that variations due to prominences could not be disentangled from those due to accretion. ", "However, in stars that have only recently lost their disks, it is possible and indeed in one such example, TWA6, at least one prominence has been detected [@skelly_TWA6_08]. ", "This is a very interesting example as the star appears to be at the boundary in its evolution between a fully convective state and the development of a radiative core. ", "This star has a heavily-spotted surface with spots extending all the way to the rotation pole. ", "The one prominence detected survived for at least 3 days and was situated at a radius of 4R$_\\star$ - consistent with the maximum value of 4.8R$_\\star$ that would be predicted by the Jardine $\\&$ van Balegooijen (2006) theory.", "\n\nConclusions\n===========\n\nIt is clear from solar observations of prominences that they delineate the structure of the magnetic field, but inferring that structure from observations of prominences is not a simple (or even possible) task. ", "This problem is even more challenging in the case of stellar prominences where their large distance from the stellar rotation axis presents a challenge to models of their confinement by the star’s magnetic field. ", "The new Zeeman-Doppler maps of stellar surface magnetic fields, however, show that stellar magnetic fields may be very different in stars of different mass and hence internal structure. ", "In particular, the presence of a convectively stable core - and hence of a shear layer or tachocline separating this from the convective outer region - seems to lead to a complex, high-order field. ", "Stars that are fully convective seem to show a much simpler structure. ", "At present, we only have observations of prominences on mature stars with radiative cores. ", "The low mass stars that are fully-convective are too faint to allow the detection of the transient H$_\\alpha$ absorption features that are the signature of prominences. ", "The one example we have of prominences forming in a star that is at the boundary between a fully-convective state and the formation of a radiative core is the young star TWA6 which displays a complex field. ", "In a star with a simple dipolar field we might expect prominences to form a torus in the equatorial plane of the star - hence producing no rotational modulation. ", "The detection of prominences in a low-mass star would be an interesting test of the field structures detected by Zeeman-Doppler methods, with potentially profound implications for dynamo theories.", "\n\n[55]{} natexlab\\#1[\\#1]{}\n\n, M. D. & [Newkirk, Jr.]{}, G. 1969, Solar Phys., ", "9, 131\n\nBarnes, J., Collier Cameron, A., James, D. J., & Donati, J.-F. 2000, MNRAS, 314, 162\n\n, J. & [Nordlund]{}, A. 2006, A&A, 450, 1077\n\n, J. & [Spruit]{}, H. C. 2004, Nature, 431, 819\n\n, M. 2008, ApJ, in press\n\n, A. S., [Browning]{}, M. K., & [Toomre]{}, J. 2005, ApJ, 629, 461\n\n, P., [Eibe]{}, M., & [Rolleston]{}, W. 1996, A&A, 311, 651\n\n, F. 1999, ApJ, 515, L39\n\n, G. & [Küker]{}, M. 2006, A&A, 446, 1027\n\n, P. & [MacGregor]{}, K. B. 2001, ApJ, 559, 1094\n\n, A. & [Campbell]{}, C. G. 1993, A&A, 274, 309\n\nCollier Cameron, A. & Robinson, R. D. 1989, MNRAS, 238, 657\n\nCollier Cameron, A. & Robinson, R. D. 1989, MNRAS, 236, 57\n\nCollier Cameron, A. & Woods, J. A. 1992, MNRAS, 258, 360\n\n, W., [Stix]{}, M., & [Brandenburg]{}, A. 2006, ApJ, 638, 336\n\n, J.-F. 2001, LNP Vol.", " 573: Astrotomography, Indirect Imaging Methods in Observational Astronomy, 573, 207\n\nDonati, J.-F. & Collier Cameron, A. 1997, MNRAS, 291, 1\n\nDonati, J.-F., Collier Cameron, A., Hussain, G., & Semel, M. 1999, MNRAS, 302, 437\n\n, J.-F., [Forveille]{}, T., [Cameron]{}, A. C., [et al.]{} ", "2006, Science, 311, 633\n\n, J.-F., [Howarth]{}, I. D., [Jardine]{}, M. M., [et al.]{} ", "2006, MNRAS, 370, 629\n\n, J.-F., [Jardine]{}, M. M., [Gregory]{}, S. G., [et al.]{} ", "2007, MNRAS, 380, 1297\n\n, J.-F., [Jardine]{}, M. M., [Gregory]{}, S. G., [et al.]{} ", "2008, MNRAS, 386, 1234\n\nDonati, J.-F., Mengel, M., Carter, B., Cameron, A., & Wichmann, R. 2000, MNRAS, 316, 699\n\n, N. J., [Hussain]{}, G. A. J., [Cameron]{}, A. C., [et al.]{} ", "2008, MNRAS, 387, 1525\n\n, N. J., [Hussain]{}, G. A. J., [Collier Cameron]{}, A., [et al.]{} ", "2008, MNRAS, 387, 481\n\n, B. R., [De Young]{}, D. S., & [Roxburgh]{}, I. W. 1993, Solar Phys., ", "145, 207\n\n, M. T. 1998, A&A, 337, 757\n\n, F., [Flaccomio]{}, E., [Reale]{}, F., [et al.]{} ", "2005, ApJs, 160, 469\n\n, S. G., [Jardine]{}, M., [Cameron]{}, A. C., & [Donati]{}, J.-F. 2006, MNRAS, 373, 827\n\n, S. G., [Jardine]{}, M., [Simpson]{}, I., & [Donati]{}, J.-F. 2006, MNRAS, 371, 999\n\n, S. G., [Matt]{}, S. P., [Donati]{}, J.-F., & [Jardine]{}, M. 2008, MNRAS, in press\n\n, G. A. J., [van Ballegooijen]{}, A. A., [Jardine]{}, M., & [Collier Cameron]{}, A. 2002, ApJ, 575, 1078\n\n, M., [Barnes]{}, J., [Donati]{}, J.-F., & [Collier Cameron]{}, A. 1999, MNRAS, 305, L35\n\n, M., [Collier Cameron]{}, A., & [Donati]{}, J.-F. 2002, MNRAS, 333, 339\n\n, M., [Collier Cameron]{}, A., [Donati]{}, J.-F., [Gregory]{}, S. G., & [Wood]{}, K. 2006, MNRAS, 367, 917\n\n, M., [Collier Cameron]{}, A., [Donati]{}, J.-F., & [Pointer]{}, G. 2001, MNRAS, 324, 201\n\n, M., [Gregory]{}, S. G., & [Donati]{}, J.-F. 2008, MNRAS, in press\n\n, M. & [van Ballegooijen]{}, A. A. 2005, MNRAS, 361, 1173\n\n, M., [Wood]{}, K., [Collier Cameron]{}, A., [Donati]{}, J.-F., & [Mackay]{}, D. H. 2002, MNRAS, 336, 1364\n\n, R. 1993, MNRAS, 262, 369\n\n, A. 1991, ApJ, 370, L39\n\n, M. & [Rüdiger]{}, G. 1997, A&A, 328, 253\n\n, M. & [Rüdiger]{}, G. 1999, in ASP Conf. ", "Ser. ", "178: Workshop on stellar dynamos, Vol. ", "178, 87–96\n\n, M., M., R. M., & [Lovelace]{}, R. V. E. 2007, MNRAS, 374, 436\n\n, D. & [Boily]{}, C. 1994, MNRAS, 267, 146\n\n, J. & [Mullan]{}, D. J. 2004, MNRAS, 348, 702\n\n, A. & [Meynet]{}, G. 2005, A&A, 440, 1041\n\n, S. & [Pudritz]{}, R. E. 2005, ApJl, 632, L135\n\n, T., [Jardine]{}, M., [Cameron]{}, A. C., [Wood]{}, K., & [Donati]{}, J.-F. 2003, MNRAS, 345, 601\n\n, D. 2001, in ASP Conference Series, Vol. ", "248, Magnetic fields across the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, ed. ", "S. G. Mathys & D. Wickramasinghe (San Francisco), 305\n\n, D. J. & [MacDonald]{}, J. 2005, MNRAS, 356, 1139\n\n, B. V. & [Brandenburg]{}, A. 2004, A&A, 420, 17\n\n, F., [Najita]{}, J., [Ostriker]{}, E., [et al.]{} ", "1994, ApJ, 429, 781\n\n, M. B., [Unruh]{}, Y. C., [Cameron]{}, A. C., [et al.]{} ", "2008, MNRAS, 385, 708\n\n, H. 2002, A&A, 381, 923\n\n, K. 1996, in IAU Symposium 176: Stellar Surface Structure, ed. [", "Strassmeier, K.G.]{} & [Linsky, J.L.]{} (Kluwer), 289–298\n\n, C. A. & [Pringle]{}, J. E. 1995, MNRAS, 272, 528\n\n, R. H. D. & [Owoki]{}, S. P. 2005, MNRAS, 357, 251\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }

[ 0.0006314798956736922, 0.0007359957089647651, 0.000524465343914926, 0.0006194686866365373, 0.0005324147641658783, 0.0005871805478818715, 0.0005856809439137578, 0.0007334589608944952, 0.0005904489662498236, 0.0006216152687557042, 0.0006987955421209335, 0.0007634509238414466, 0.0005274955183267593, 0.0005516646197065711, 0.0006132900598458946, 0.0006978049641475081, 0.0019055769080296159, 0.0006841054419055581, 0.0007369037484750152, 0.0007256733952090144, 0.0005427752039395273, 0.0006684819236397743, 0.0005979132256470621, 0.0005244620842859149, 0.0006061834865249693, 0.0006381126004271209, 0.0007110632723197341, 0.0006535822176374495, 0.0006104404455982149, 0.0006546657532453537, 0.0019055769080296159, 0.0006800635601393878, 0.0007432897691614926, 0.0006072981050238013, 0.0007588381413370371, 0.0006014262326061726, 0.0005967538454569876, 0.0007066574180498719, 0.0009607345564290881, 0.002670428017154336, 0.0006870348588563502, 0.0006182050565257668, 0.0007153230835683644, 0.0005690258694812655, 0.0006334175704978406, 0.0005836194031871855, 0.0019055769080296159, 0.0009069813531823456, 0.0006654206663370132, 0.0006966172368265688, 0.0009666667319834232, 0.0007073638262227178, 0.0006521890754811466, 0.0007192238117568195, 0.0005950609920546412, 0.0006362785352393985, 0.0009354379144497216, 0.0005683951894752681, 0.0007339189760386944, 0.0006196966278366745, 0.0006024758913554251, 0.0005851673195138574, 0.0006305306451395154, 0.0005861935787834227, 0.0006059088045731187, 0.0005642905598506331, 0.0019055769080296159, 0.0005776126054115593, 0.0005825745174661279, 0.0007053561275824904, 0.0005690253456123173, 0.0007147456053644419, 0.0006549755926243961, 0.0005799850332550704, 0.0005768222617916763, 0.0043830047361552715, 0.0006297628278844059, 0.0007536232005804777, 0.0006362785352393985, 0.002809598809108138, 0.0006862267036922276, 0.0019055769080296159, 0.0006486896891146898, 0.0006010514334775507, 0.0005942072020843625, 0.0006791677442379296, 0.0007381347822956741, 0.0006263759569264948, 0.0006068459479138255, 0.0006120981997810304, 0.0006629301933571696, 0.0006262544775381684, 0.000573618512134999, 0.001046585151925683, 0.0006032173405401409, 0.0007074096938595176, 0.0006069916998967528, 0.0007586339488625526, 0.0007817544974386692, 0.0006460268632508814, 0.0006458126590587199, 0.0006611679564230144, 0.0006588393589481711, 0.0007069504354149103, 0.0006687013665214181, 0.0006714262417517602, 0.0007431127596646547, 0.0008331651915796101, 0.0022676156368106604, 0.0006456273840740323, 0.0007289671921171248, 0.0008148521883413196, 0.0007739976281300187, 0.0007147432188503444, 0.0005860594683326781, 0.000710745865944773 ]

[ "Additive solution-7 reduces the red blood cell cold storage lesion.", "\nTransfusion of long-stored red blood cells (RBCs) is associated with decreased in vivo RBC recovery, delivery of RBC breakdown products, and increased morbidity and mortality. ", "Reducing the burden of this RBC \"storage lesion\" is a major challenge in transfusion medicine. ", "Additive solution-7 (AS-7) is a new RBC storage solution designed to improve RBC metabolism by providing phosphate and increasing buffering capacity. ", "Storage quality in AS-7 was measured in a prospective, randomized, three-center trial using units of whole blood from healthy human subjects whose RBCs were stored for up to 56 days in AS-7 (n = 120) or for 42 days in the control solution AS-1 (n = 60). ", "Hemolysis and shedding of protein-containing microvesicles were significantly reduced in RBCs stored in AS-7 for 42 and 56 days compared with RBCs stored in AS-1. ", "Autologous in vivo recoveries of RBCs stored in AS-7 was 88 ± 5% at 42 days (n = 27) and 82 ± 3% at 56 days (n = 27), exceeding recoveries of RBCs stored in currently used solutions. ", "Increasing the phosphate, pH range, and buffer capacity of a RBC storage system allowed RBCs to be stored better and longer than currently approved storage systems. ", "AS-7 ameliorates the long-term storage lesion resulting in significantly increased viability in vitro and in vivo." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0008136712713167071, 0.0015507340431213379, 0.0007938997005112469, 0.000614351883996278, 0.0005979246343486011, 0.0008372307056561112, 0.0006130905239842832, 0.0005944144795648754, 0.0006906842463649809 ]

[ "Lisa Westerveld, Lid van de Tweede Kamer voor Groen Links. ", "Ⓒ DIJKSTRA BV\n\nDen Haag - Binnen GroenLinks is heibel ontstaan over het eigen eerdere plan om de publieke omroep te dwingen om openbaar te maken wat afzonderlijke televisieprogramma’s kosten." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0020195296965539455, 0.041065435856580734 ]

[ "On one side is a crowd of Republicans trying to look presidential. ", "On the other side is a lone Democrat trying to look normal.", "\n\nThere was Senator Marco Rubio, Republican of Florida, seeking to appear statesmanlike at a rally on Monday evening as he joined the race for the White House in 2016. ", "There was Gov. Scott Walker of Wisconsin, another likely Republican contender, leading a trade mission to Germany, France and Spain this week. ", "Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky is coming off a five-state chartered-jet trip to kick off his campaign, and former Gov. Jeb Bush of Florida was in the swing state of Ohio on Tuesday to outline his economic agenda for business leaders.", "\n\nConfident that her command of the world stage is well known — hey, Mr. Walker, I visited 112 countries as secretary of state; let me know when you get to Togo — Mrs. Clinton used her announcement video on Sunday to position herself as just one of many Americans (mothers, families, factory workers, gay fiancés) getting ready for big changes. ", "With its progressive themes and checklist of ethnicities, the video looked like an Allstate ad selling anti-Republican insurance.", "\n\nThat day, Mrs. Clinton also set out in a van for Iowa, making unannounced pit stops like an everyday American in hopes of impressing (and hopefully not freaking out) fellow travelers with her suddenly accessible self. ", "It was not your typical American road trip: The Secret Service was driving, two aides sat where Bill and Chelsea might, and presumably no one asked, “Are we there yet?” ", "or demanded to watch a Disney DVD.", "\n\nThen, in Iowa on Tuesday, Mrs. Clinton held a low-key round table with community college students to talk about their futures and hopes, at one point empathizing with a young woman who said her disabled sister would benefit from year-round schooling. ", "Mrs. Clinton’s suggestion that she would support a constitutional amendment on campaign finance reform seemed almost offhand compared with her attempts to engage with the students.", "\n\nThe emergence of folksy Hillary and the ready-to-lead Republicans clearly signals the start of the Perception Primary, during which candidates seek to erase their deficits and persuade voters to see them differently.", "\n\n“Mrs. Clinton knows that her image is elite, aloof and disconnected to average voters, while Republicans like Rubio, Walker and Paul each know they are perceived as untested and not ready for prime time,” said Richard Tafel, the founder of Log Cabin Republicans, a gay advocacy group, and an adviser to nonprofit groups about public policy. “", "The irony is that each party has to pretend to be like the other. ", "The dynastic Clintons are pretending to be average Joes, while the average-Joe Republicans are pretending to be powerful global leaders.”", "\n\nSteve Elmendorf, a Democratic strategist, said the Republican contenders had to clear the highest hurdle for a presidential candidate: “convincing voters they are up to the job.”", "\n\nHe believes that Mrs. Clinton has already passed that test, given her record and experience, and now needs to concentrate on connecting with people. “", "Her challenge is to look less presidential and focus voters on her message on middle-class economics,” Mr. Elmendorf said.", "\n\nBut perception can cut different ways: The danger for all of the candidates is that they will ultimately be seen as phony, given that voters have plenty of experience sniffing out the truth about politicians.", "\n\nMitt Romney sought to connect with broad cross sections of Americans during his presidential campaigns in 2008 and 2012, but many voters came to see him as a wealthy man with policy ideas aimed at helping people like himself. ", "Al Gore tried to dress in earth tones in hopes of relating to more voters in 2000, while Michael S. Dukakis, a wonk’s wonk, tried to appear tough on defense issues by riding in a tank.", "\n\nMrs. Clinton plans to avoid the cities of Iowa in her inaugural campaign trip this week, focusing instead on coffee shops, a community college’s satellite campus and a family-owned business. ", "Big rallies in major media markets would put her at a remove from voters and suggest that she is simply looking for a coronation as the Democratic nominee, her political advisers say.", "\n\nSome Clinton supporters in Iowa and New Hampshire — the states she is visiting first, which have early nominating contests — believe that her down-home style is an authentic reaction to the need to reach out and fight for support in both states.", "\n\n“It’s never a walk in the park winning elections in New Hampshire, and I think there will be one or two other Democratic candidates who could become formidable by coming up and campaigning and meeting voters,” said Kathy Sullivan, the Democratic national committeewoman from New Hampshire. “", "It’s been eight years since the last campaign, so she needs to introduce herself again, and doing a lot of small-scale events and having back-and-forth conversations with voters show that nothing is being taken for granted.”", "\n\nBut some Republicans contend that voters will not accept Mrs. Clinton as one of the “everyday Americans” that she featured in her video and vowed to fight for as president.", "\n\n“Hillary didn’t become Hillary by being one of the gals; she became Hillary by not being one of the gals, but by being one of the guys, only smarter and craftier,” said Rich Galen, a Republican strategist and onetime aide to Newt Gingrich, the former House speaker. “", "The danger for Clinton is she has made a career of not being of the people. ", "She has been a cipher, easily changing from leader to victim as circumstances dictate.”", "\n\nWhile Mrs. Clinton has the spotlight all to herself for now in the Democratic field, as many as a dozen Republicans are jockeying for attention and looking for ways to be taken seriously.", "\n\nMr. Rubio, in his kickoff speech on Monday, sought to sound presidential by touching on issues at home (taxes) and abroad (support for Israel). ", "But he also framed his White House aspirations around himself — with many references to “I,” “me” and “my” — rather than around ordinary Americans, as Mrs. Clinton did in her video. ", "He got deeply personal only in talking about his immigrant parents, though he sidestepped any real discussion about the nation’s immigration system (which once made him a target of conservative ire when he tried to fix it with a comprehensive plan).", "\n\nMr. Rubio and most of his Republican rivals will be in New Hampshire this weekend for a state party summit meeting, huddling with groups of elected officials and party activists to make their case. ", "So far, no candidate has risen above the rest.", "\n\n“My head tells me that Jeb Bush is the only Republican looking presidential at this point, but my heart vacillates a little,” said Barry Wynn, a major Republican donor from South Carolina. “", "I’ve heard people say, when they listen to Bush in person, he can come across as presidential. ", "But he and the other Republicans need to become sharper, more sure-footed, if one of them is going to beat Hillary and her I’m-like-you message.”" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.002561824629083276, 0.0016336706466972828, 0.0005560676800087094, 0.0006105512729845941, 0.0006411786889657378, 0.0012269655708223581, 0.0019096913747489452, 0.0025940779596567154, 0.0012313172919675708, 0.0009289458394050598, 0.0006444983882829547, 0.0006713580805808306, 0.0007657412788830698, 0.002385642845183611, 0.0011510513722896576, 0.01838408038020134, 0.0008074440411292017, 0.0005313680740073323, 0.0007359661976806819, 0.0006882016314193606, 0.0006951164687052369, 0.007578962482511997, 0.0005882321856915951, 0.0006506233476102352, 0.0006243063253350556, 0.0006604481604881585, 0.0006198531482368708, 0.0014146516332402825, 0.0021563791669905186, 0.002242324873805046, 0.000893527758307755, 0.0008521155104972422, 0.0006119008176028728, 0.0008165466133505106, 0.0008879098459146917, 0.0007465466624125838, 0.000918354548048228, 0.0009397772955708206, 0.0005624742479994893, 0.004065030254423618 ]

[ "Collagen type 1 (COL1A1) Sp1 binding site polymorphism is associated with osteoporotic fractures but not with bone density in post-menopausal women from the Canary Islands: a preliminary study.", "\nAn association between the polymorphism for transcription factor Sp1 in the gene COL1A1 and low bone density (BMD) and osteoporotic fractures has been described but not confirmed for all races and ages. ", "The aim of this preliminary work was to ascertain whether this association is present in women from the Canary Islands. ", "Polymerase chain reaction RFLP was used to determine COL1A1 polymorphism Sp1 in 199 consecutive outpatient post-menopausal Caucasian women from the Canary Islands, aged 50-70 years. ", "BMD was measured at lumbar spine and hip by DXA and at third lumbar vertebrae by QCT. ", "Prevalent vertebral fractures were recorded on standard lateral X-ray film. ", "Non-vertebral osteoporotic fractures were registered by medical record and self-reported history. ", "Biochemical markers (serum osteocalcin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase), blood calcium and phosphate were also assessed. ", "Distribution genotypes were 113 (50.8%) GG homozygotes, 73 (36.7%) Ss heterozygotes and 7 (3.5%) TT homozygotes. ", "All patients with osteoporotic fractures carried the GG allele more frequently than TT homozygotic women. ", "The odds ratio was 3.01 (95% CI 1.6-5.7) for prevalent vertebral fractures (n=62) and 2.33 (95% CI 1.2-4.4) for all osteoporotic fractures (n=65) for the T-carrying allele vs TT homozygotic women. ", "There was no difference in BMD measured by DXA or QCT, nor in bone markers, blood calcium or phosphate. ", "This preliminary study confirmed that the presence of at least one copy of the T allele is associated with osteoporotic fractures, but not with low BMD, in women from the Canary Islands." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.001142241177149117, 0.0006853521335870028, 0.0006986593944020569, 0.0007655957597307861, 0.001014952315017581, 0.0006268357392400503, 0.0009917259449139237, 0.0006559206522069871, 0.0020384376402944326, 0.0309723112732172, 0.0013968704733997583, 0.0005997985135763884, 0.0008953371434472501 ]

[ "Christian Hankel Makes Kansas City Great\n\nHere at the HQ, we already knew that. ", "But it was nice to know that KC Magazine agreed. ", "Congrats to Money Wolf Music Inhabitant Christian Hankel for being included in the list of 100 people who make Kansas City great. ", "Pick up a copy today or read the online version here." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000617221521679312, 0.000592664466239512, 0.0013704415177926421, 0.0006448999047279358 ]

[ "Diacetyl peroxide\n\nDiacetyl peroxide is the organic peroxide with the formula (CH3CO2)2. ", "It is a white solid or oily liquid with a sharp odor. ", "Since the pure material poses an explosion hazard, it is often used as a solution, e.g., in dimethyl phthalate as a solvent.", "\n\nPreparation\nDiacetyl peroxide forms upon combining hydrogen peroxide and excess acetic anhydride. ", "Peracetic acid is an intermediate.", "\n\nSafety \nOrganic peroxides are typically explosive since they contain both the oxidizer, the O-O bond, and reducing agents, the C-C and C-H bonds.", "\n\nIt is shock sensitive and explosive.", "\n\nThe threshold quantity for Process Safety Management per Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1910.119 is if the concentration of the diacetyl peroxide solution is greater than 70%.", "\n\nThere have been reports of detonation of the pure material. ", "The 25% solution also has explosive potential. ", "The crystalline peroxide is especially shock sensitive and a high explosion risk.", "\n\nHealth hazards\nContact with liquid causes irritation of eyes and skin. ", "If ingested, irritates mouth and stomach.", "\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Organic peroxides\nCategory:Explosive chemicals" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.0008710497641004622, 0.0006435948307625949, 0.0006991944974288344, 0.0010605837451294065, 0.04005980119109154, 0.0007285507745109499, 0.0008234641281887889, 0.000615185999777168, 0.0007576047792099416, 0.0005869524902664125, 0.0010379974264651537, 0.0006315265782177448, 0.03844621777534485, 0.0005744328955188394 ]

[ "// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. ", " All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\npackage plan9\n\nimport \"syscall\"\n\n// Constants\nconst (\n\t// Invented values to support what package os expects.", "\n\tO_CREAT = 0x02000\n\tO_APPEND = 0x00400\n\tO_NOCTTY = 0x00000\n\tO_NONBLOCK = 0x00000\n\tO_SYNC = 0x00000\n\tO_ASYNC = 0x00000\n\n\tS_IFMT = 0x1f000\n\tS_IFIFO = 0x1000\n\tS_IFCHR = 0x2000\n\tS_IFDIR = 0x4000\n\tS_IFBLK = 0x6000\n\tS_IFREG = 0x8000\n\tS_IFLNK = 0xa000\n\tS_IFSOCK = 0xc000\n)\n\n// Errors\nvar (\n\tEINVAL = syscall.", "NewError(\"bad arg in system call\")\n\tENOTDIR = syscall.", "NewError(\"not a directory\")\n\tEISDIR = syscall.", "NewError(\"file is a directory\")\n\tENOENT = syscall.", "NewError(\"file does not exist\")\n\tEEXIST = syscall.", "NewError(\"file already exists\")\n\tEMFILE = syscall.", "NewError(\"no free file descriptors\")\n\tEIO = syscall.", "NewError(\"i/o error\")\n\tENAMETOOLONG = syscall.", "NewError(\"file name too long\")\n\tEINTR = syscall.", "NewError(\"interrupted\")\n\tEPERM = syscall.", "NewError(\"permission denied\")\n\tEBUSY = syscall.", "NewError(\"no free devices\")\n\tETIMEDOUT = syscall.", "NewError(\"connection timed out\")\n\tEPLAN9 = syscall.", "NewError(\"not supported by plan 9\")\n\n\t// The following errors do not correspond to any\n\t// Plan 9 system messages. ", "Invented to support\n\t// what package os and others expect.", "\n\tEACCES = syscall.", "NewError(\"access permission denied\")\n\tEAFNOSUPPORT = syscall.", "NewError(\"address family not supported by protocol\")\n)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007424752693623304, 0.0006133938441053033, 0.0006340580875985324, 0.0006761839613318443, 0.02714710123836994, 0.0008591166115365922, 0.0006805994198657572, 0.0008916163933463395, 0.0007807862712070346, 0.0007200230611488223, 0.0006758486269973218, 0.0008318349136970937, 0.0007078847847878933, 0.0006749005988240242, 0.0006785399164073169, 0.0006606734241358936, 0.0006144918734207749, 0.0006971635157242417, 0.0007134494371712208, 0.0010633269557729363, 0.0006494366680271924, 0.0005956451641395688 ]

[ "Q:\n\nCalculate $\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k}(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}})$ and $\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial x_j \\partial x_k}(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}})$?", "\n\nI want to take first partial derivative w.r.t. ", "$x_i$ (for $i,j,k=1,\\ldots,n$) of \n$$x\\mapsto\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}},\\quad x\\neq y.$$\nwhere $y\\in\\mathbb{R}^n$ is fixed.", "\nCan I ask here if the following calculation is correct? ", "I would like to make sure because I need to take the second partial derivative w.r.t. ", "$x_i$ as well.", "\n\\begin{align}\n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_i} \\left(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}} \\right) &= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_i} |x-y|^{2-n} \\\\\n&= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_i} \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{\\frac{2-n}2} \\\\\n&= \\frac{2-n}2 \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{-\\frac{n}2} \\frac d{dx_i} (x_i-y_i)^2 \\\\\n&= (2-n) \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{-\\frac{n}2} (x_i-y_i) \\\\\n&= (2-n) \\frac{x_i-y_i}{|x-y|^n}\n\\end{align}\nEdit:\nWhat about the second partial derivative? (", "Edit: Yes, Jack is right, the $i$'s below should have been $k$'s.)", "\n\\begin{align}\n\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial^2 x_k} \\left(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}} \\right) &= (2-n) \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k} \\left(\\frac{x_i-y_i}{|x-y|^n} \\right) \\\\\n&= (2-n) \\left(\\frac{|x-y|^n \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k}(x_i-y_i)-(x_i-y_i) \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k}|x-y|^{2n}}{|x-y|^{2n}} \\right) \\\\\n&= (2-n) \\left(\\frac{|x-y|^n (1)-(x_i-y_i) 2n|x-y|^{n-1}(x_k-y_k)}{|x-y|^{2n}} \\right) \\\\\n&= (2-n)\\left(\\frac{1}{|x-y|^n}-2n \\frac{(x_i-y_i)(x_k-y_k)}{|x-y|^{n+1}} \\right)\n\\end{align}\nSecond edit: Following Jack's updated answer, I now have\n\\begin{align}\n\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial x_j \\partial x_k}\\left(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}} \\right) &= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_j} \\left(\\frac{x_k-y_k}{|x-y|^n} \\right)\\\\\n &= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_j}(x_k-y_k) \\frac 1{|x-y|^n} + (x_k-y_k) \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_j} \\frac 1{|x-y|^n} \\\\\n&= \\frac 1{|x-y|^n} + n \\frac{(x_j-y_j)(x_k-y_k)}{|x-y|^{n+2}},\n\\end{align}\nthe last step owing to $(*)$ in Jack's answer with $n \\mapsto n+2$.\n\nA:\n\nYou calculation is basically correct except that you need to be careful with the dummy index. ", "\n\\begin{align} \\tag{*}\n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k} \\left(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}} \\right) &= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k} |x-y|^{2-n} \\\\\n&= \\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k} \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{\\frac{2-n}2} \\\\\n&= \\frac{2-n}2 \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{-\\frac{n}2}\\frac {\\partial}{\\partial x_k} \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{2-n}2 \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{-\\frac{n}2}\n\\sum_{i=1}^n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k} \\left( (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right) \\\\\n&= \\frac{2-n}2 \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{-\\frac{n}2}\n2(x_k-y_k) \\\\\n&= (2-n) \\left(\\sum_{i=1}^n (x_i-y_i)^2 \\right)^{-\\frac{n}2} (x_k-y_k) \\\\\n&=(2-n)\\frac{x_k-y_k}{|x-y|^{n}}\n\\end{align}\n\nNow to find $\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial x_k^2} \\left(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}} \\right) $ it suffices by linearity to find\n$$\n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k}\\left(\\frac{x_k-y_k}{|x-y|^{n}}\\right).", "\n$$\nThe product rule tells you that the nontrivial part is \n$$\n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k}\\left(\\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n}}\\right)\\tag{**}\n$$\nBut you can use $(*)$ to get $(**)$.", "\n\nHere is another way to simplify the calculation (and notations) to get $(*)$. ", "First notice that\n$$\n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k}|x-y|^2=2(x_k-y_k).", "\n$$\nThen\n\\begin{align} \n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k} \\left(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}} \\right) &= \n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_k} (|x-y|^2)^{\\frac{2-n}{2}}\\\\\n&=\\frac{2-n}{2} (|x-y|^2)^{\\frac{-n}{2}}\\cdot 2(x_k-y_k)\n\\end{align}\nSimilarly, you can find $(**)$.", "\n\n[Added due to the change in OP] Now to find $\\frac{\\partial^2}{\\partial x_m\\partial x_k} \\left(\\frac 1{|x-y|^{n-2}} \\right) $ it suffices by linearity to find\n$$\n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_m}\\left(\\frac{x_k-y_k}{|x-y|^{n}}\\right)=\n(x_k-y_k)\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_m}\\left(\\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n}}\\right)+\n\\delta_{mk}\\left(\\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n}}\\right)\n$$\nwhere $\\delta_{mk}=1$ when $m=k$ and $\\delta_{mk}=0$ when $m\\neq k$.\nThe nontrivial part is \n$$\n\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_m}\\left(\\frac{1}{|x-y|^{n}}\\right) \n=\\frac{\\partial}{\\partial x_m}(|x-y|^2)^{(-n/2)}\\\\\n=\\frac{-n}{2}(|x-y|^2)^{-\\frac{n}{2}-1}2(x_m-y_m)\\\\\n=-n(x_m-y_m)|x-y|^{-n-2}\n$$\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.013232083059847355, 0.0008136631222441792, 0.029501235112547874, 0.0007167448638938367, 0.0006962050683796406, 0.0018357980297878385, 0.054635465145111084, 0.025939395651221275, 0.06992123275995255, 0.1347031593322754, 0.009596355259418488, 0.000703542900737375, 0.005047988146543503, 0.01428271271288395, 0.02677443064749241 ]

[ "Leverkusen -\n\nDie Polizei hat am Dienstagabend die wahrscheinlich größte Massenschlägerei außerhalb der Fußball-Szene verhindert, die in Leverkusen je gedroht hat. ", "Dazu hatten sich rund 200 Personen verabredet.", "\n\nDer Busbahnhof war über Stunden gesperrt, weil dort eine große Zahl Personen auf Waffen untersucht, Personalien festgestellt und auch einige in Gewahrsam genommen wurden. ", "Ein Augenzeuge berichtete, dass gegen 18.30 Uhr eine Gruppe Männer – darunter auch viele Jugendliche – am Wiesdorfer Bahnhof aufgetaucht waren. ", "Über die Herkunft der Personen machte die Polizei zunächst keine Angaben. ", "Es handelte sich augenscheinlich um junge Männer.", "\n\nEin Bus der Wupsi wurde von der Polizei vorübergehend benutzt, um die Festgehaltenen zu untersuchen und Personalien festzustellen. ", "Ralf Krieger Foto:\n\nDie Lage soll sich zuerst im äußersten Norden Rheindorfs entwickelt haben. ", "Der Polizei waren Hinweise zugegangen, dass sich zwei verfeindete Gruppen dort nahe der Endhaltestelle Peenestraße zur Schlägerei versammelt hätten. ", "Die Polizei schritt dort schon kurz nach 17 Uhr ein. ", "Hier, wie später auch in Wiesdorf, wurden bei den Beteiligten Gegenstände wie Mundschutz oder Handschuhe gefunden.", "\n\nUnklarer Anlass für die Konfrontation\n\nNachdem in Rheindorf für Ruhe gesorgt war, sollte die Schlägerei wohl in Wiesdorf stattfinden. ", "Die Lage war verworren. ", "Noch am Abend war für Außenstehende nicht erklärlich, was der Anlass der Konfrontation gewesen sein könnte. ", "Eine Gruppe von etwa 50 Personen soll sich in die Wiesdorfer City abgesetzt haben, laut Augenzeugen seien dann etwa 100 Personen aus einem Zug herausgeholt worden, noch bevor es zu Auseinandersetzungen kommen konnte.", "\n\nEinheiten von Bereitschaftspolizei und Bundespolizei rückten zur Verstärkung auf dem Busbahnhof an. ", "Ralf Krieger Foto:\n\nPolizei und Bundespolizei fuhren mit einem Großaufgebot auf und stellten die 100 jungen Migranten auf dem Bürgersteig nebeneinander auf. ", "Ein Mädchen war dabei. ", "Wer sich ausweisen konnte, durfte zuerst aus der Reihe treten und sich durchsuchen lassen. ", "Viele der jungen Männer machten provozierende Gesten gegenüber den Polizisten wie auch zum Fotografen und feixten. ", "Es machte den Anschein, dass die Sache für manche mehr ein Event als eine unangenehme Angelegenheit war. ", "Zahlreiche Schaulustige verfolgten die ungewöhnlich große Polizeiaktion als ein Spektakel.", "\n\nDen Busbahnhof fuhr jetzt kein Bus mehr an, auch der Zug stand immer noch auf dem Gleis still. ", "Die Wupsi hatte einen Bus als „Gefangenentransporter“ zur Verfügung gestellt, darin saßen ein paar der Männer mit Handschellen. ", "Sechs von ihnen sind laut Angaben eines Polizeisprechers zur Gefahrenabwehr in Gewahrsam genommen worden. (", "mit ger)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.49334561824798584, 0.282645583152771, 0.014131040312349796, 0.02496585249900818, 0.038962509483098984, 0.02171650528907776, 0.022858751937747, 0.1336744725704193, 0.13848043978214264, 0.42815420031547546, 0.2654769718647003, 0.08273062109947205, 0.7750014066696167, 0.2656835615634918, 0.0445619635283947, 0.004531446378678083, 0.056136149913072586, 0.009157966822385788, 0.214164137840271, 0.055354081094264984, 0.12494292110204697, 0.034146130084991455, 0.055388711392879486, 0.0863495022058487, 0.005186456721276045, 0.000854211684782058 ]

[ "Books I Recommend (that Transformed My Life)\n\nWhen I was a child I was an avid reader. ", "I read 100’s of books. ", "Looking back now I still vividly remember the Little House books, Robinson Crusoe, The Swiss Family Robinson, and The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle. ", "These adventures played a big part in shaping my life and probably in part turned me into the adventurer and explorer that I am today. ", "There is little doubt in my mind that reading is one of the most beneficial ways that I spent my time as a child.", "\n\nI wish I could say that I stayed an avid reader for my whole life but in college I think partying took over to a great extent and in recent years the computer has largely replaced books for me. ", "In 2011 I began a transformation from From Drunk Dude to Dude Making a Difference and that was fueled more by documentaries than anything else. ", "I’ve shared the influential documentaries at 23 films that changed my life. ", "Although documentaries were my greatest source of education and inspiration in my transformation there were also many books that had a profound influence on me. ", "I can’t remember all of them but the following is a list of books that have made their mark in my mind and that I encourage you to read as well. ", "Of course there are many other books out there that could have had a huge impact on me had they come into my hands but these are the books that I have read and that I recommend.", "\n\nI was sleeping on the streets of downtown San Diego spending time with people with no home and checked out a copy from the public library. ", "I don’t recall which biography it was exactly that I read but every one has great value to it. ", "He was a great inspiration to me before reading his biography but the inspiration grew after this read. ", "See this page for some of my favorite quotes by him.", "\n\nYvon Chouinard is the founder of Patagonia and 1% for the Planet and a huge inspiration to me. ", "Through his business, nonprofit, and personal life he truly is leading the way into a more sustainable world. ", "These books really inspired and informed me on how to carry out my business in an ethical manner. ", "In his mind the answer to living in a healthy world is simple; know the affects of your actions and do what is right. ", "It comes down to living simply, reducing consumption, buying quality products that last, and giving back to what gives to us.", "\n\nIn Defense of Food just happens to be the Michael Pollan book that I got my hands on but even having not read any of his other books I would recommend every one of them. ", "He is a brilliant man who explains food so simply yet so deeply. ", "I recommend his books to anyone who wants to know whats going on with the food they are eating.", "\n\nThrough my years of dumpster diving activism Tristram Stuart has become a great friend of mine. ", "It wasn’t until after we became friends that I finally read this book. ", "I was already widely versed on the topic of food waste this book still managed to teach me so much. ", "It’s a must read for anyone who wants to make an impact in the world of food waste.", "\n\nI first saw the movie and a few years later read the book. ", "Christopher McCandless is hugely inspirational to me and I have a lot of respect for him. ", "This is an adventure worth reading and that should get you thinking.", "\n\nA year of eating only local, mostly only food that Barbara and her family grew themselves. ", "This is an experiment that I plan to embark on myself, only to a bit of a greater extreme than them. ", "This book really made me want to dive into growing my own heirloom food and to connect with the soil.", "\n\nThis is the little shelf of books that I kept while I was living at The Teeny Greeny.", "\n\n“An illuminating perspective on the science of meditation—and a handbook for transforming our minds, bodies, and lives. ", "In The Joy of Living, world-renowned Buddhist teacher Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche—the “happiest man in the world”—invites us to join him in unlocking the secrets to finding joy and contentment in the everyday. ", "Using the basic meditation practices he provides, we can discover paths through our problems, transforming obstacles into opportunities to recognize the unlimited potential of our own minds.”", "\n\nThe Art of Happiness by Dalai Lama XIV and Howard C. Cutler“Nearly every time you see him, he’s laughing, or at least smiling. ", "And he makes everyone else around him feel like smiling. ", "He’s the Dalai Lama, the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet, a Nobel Prize winner, and an increasingly popular speaker and statesman. ", "What’s more, he’ll tell you that happiness is the purpose of life, and that “the very motion of our life is towards happiness.” ", "How to get there has always been the question. ", "He’s tried to answer it before, but he’s never had the help of a psychiatrist to get the message across in a context we can easily understand. ", "Through conversations, stories, and meditations, the Dalai Lama shows us how to defeat day-to-day anxiety, insecurity, anger, and discouragement. ", "Together with Dr. Cutler, he explores many facets of everyday life, including relationships, loss, and the pursuit of wealth, to illustrate how to ride through life’s obstacles on a deep and abiding source of inner peace.”", "\n\nThere are so many thousands of incredible books out there and these are just some of the ones that have had a positive impact on me. ", "And for many of them it was sheerly a matter of luck or coincidence that I ended up reading them. ", "The library is one of my favorite places to spend time and I highly encourage you to support your local library and spend time there. ", "Used book shops and Little Free Libraries are also great resources for expanding your knowledge.", "\n\nWhat books have had a great impact on you? ", "Please share in the comments section below!", "\n\nFor more inspiration and education check out these lists of resources that have had a positive influence on me:\n\n12 comments\n\nAwesome! ", "I've been waiting for the list from you. ", "Loved \"Animal, Vegetable, Miracle.\" ", "Thanks for posting. ", "One book on food, and food regulation that really struck me was \"Folks, This Ain't Normal\" by Joel Salatin. ", "The other that I really enjoyed was \"The Good Life\" by Helen and Scott Nearing. ", "Also check out \"This life is in your Hands\" by Melissa Coleman and \"The One-Straw Revolution\" by Masanobu Fukuoka\n\nRob, the Power of Now by Eckhart Tolle was and is the most affecting book for me. ", "If you're yet to read it I can't recommend it enough. ", "Any outer purpose to life is always secondary to our primary, inner purpose – to be fully present in the now and all outer purposes are awash with joy and grace when one has their main focus on the inner purpose.", "\n\nI already put many of these on hold at the library! ", "Here are some that have inspired me over the years:\n\nGarbology: Our Dirty Love Affair with Trash-Edward Humes, This is a must read for those trying to understand how we deal with the trash placed on the curb which magically disappears week after week. \"", "Edward Humes investigates trash—what’s in it; how much we pay for it; how we manage to create so much of it; and how some families, communities, and even nations are finding a way back from waste to discover a new kind of prosperity\"\n\nStranger in the Forest: On Foot Across Borneo- Eric Hansen, First westener to walk across Borneo, I have endless respect for people who venture into the sheer unknown. \"…", "provides a rare and intimate look at the vanishing way of life of one of the last surviving groups of rain forest dwellers. ", "Hansen's absorbing, and often chilling, account of his exploits is tempered with the humor and humanity that prompted the Penan to take him into their world and to share their secrets\"\n\nEating Animals-Jonathan Safran Foer “I'm not better than anyone, and I'm not trying to convince people to live by my standards of what's right. ", "I'm trying to convince them to live by their own.” ", "-Jonathan Safran Foer, Finding works about food that are not preachy can be difficult. ", "I dont want to be told one way is better than the other, but to be presented with views you can pick and choose to align with your own morals and beliefs. ", "Enjoyable and informative read." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006060560699552298, 0.0007575498311780393, 0.000574224628508091, 0.0005917134694755077, 0.0009472805541008711, 0.0006361354026012123, 0.01042914018034935, 0.0005355773027986288, 0.0006045540794730186, 0.000599012419115752, 0.0006104867206886411, 0.0007205468136817217, 0.0005854565533809364, 0.0005264653009362519, 0.0005655184504576027, 0.000834786391351372, 0.0006049408693797886, 0.0005714142462238669, 0.0009240719955414534, 0.0007595120696350932, 0.0006511335959658027, 0.0006082515465095639, 0.0005769393756054342, 0.00198406376875937, 0.0005745760863646865, 0.009529629722237587, 0.03225639835000038, 0.0005388290155678988, 0.0005807556444779038, 0.0005815096665173769, 0.0010006583761423826, 0.0006089569069445133, 0.0009060782031156123, 0.0008522746502421796, 0.0006162420031614602, 0.0009350066538900137, 0.0005651515093632042, 0.0006664173561148345, 0.0007222620770335197, 0.0006072755204513669, 0.0010370486415922642, 0.0006611408316530287, 0.0007098530186340213, 0.0009171531419269741, 0.0006470614462159574, 0.0006444323225878179, 0.0006417282274924219, 0.0005696320440620184, 0.0006985001964494586, 0.0008352482109330595, 0.0006442201556637883, 0.0006344972644001245, 0.0008148331544362009, 0.0006190053536556661, 0.0005617054412141442, 0.0006752795306965709, 0.0005406589480116963, 0.0011734924046322703, 0.0006873521488159895, 0.0009138206369243562, 0.000613757292740047, 0.053660787642002106, 0.005418564658612013, 0.0005535759264603257, 0.0011132503859698772, 0.007716233376413584, 0.0008540716371499002, 0.0008051099139265716, 0.0005737043684348464 ]

[ "Majority of College Students Not Marketing Themselves ...\n\nMajority of College Students Not Marketing Themselves Online For Future Careers\n\nAccording to a new study by Millennial Branding and StudentAdvisor.com, college students are not using the power of social media to develop their careers while in school.", "\n\nOver 200 students were surveyed for the study. ", "Of the participants, 85 percent believe internships are important for their future careers, yet only 34 percent have LinkedIn accounts. ", "LinkedIn being the largest professional social network and a hub for both employers and job seekers. ", "The site is “a primary online mechanism for connecting to internship opportunities,” the study claims.", "\n\nThe study shows that despite the current generation growing up with the internet, they do not understand personal branding and do not take advantage of the opportunities the internet offers to promote themselves for their future professional lives.", "\n\nThe lack of personal promotion online is not the only type of future professional development students lack, the study hints. ", "Only 29 percent say they have received career help from their university, only 22 percent are involved with professional development groups or groups related to their career choice, and only 20 percent have taken or would be willing to take a course on social media.", "\n\nEditor-in-Chief of StudentAdvisor.com, Dean Tsouvalas is quoted in the study as saying: “College students are missing out on a very valuable resource by not leveraging LinkedIn. ", "Internship opportunities, and the ability to network alumni or gain incredible insight into a company, are all there, waiting for students to take advantage.”", "\n\nSo students, are you taking advantage of social media to promote yourselves? ", "And do you feel you and your fellow students lack professional development skills? ", "Let us know in the comments.", "\n\nLATEST STORIES\n\nOh, freshmen. ", "You think they’re cute and confused in high school, but college? ", "College is a whole other level. ", "I cannot begin to explain how many college freshmen I’ve encountered, including myself, that made little mistakes that are so avoidable.", "\nDeclaring a Major\nThink you know what y...\n\nCollege can be crazy expensive. ", "Tuition, books, and room and board – all accumulate to a minimum of $20,000 a year. ", "A lot of people think that’s an outrageous amount just for those few things, but what they overlook is the awesome amount of perks included in that tuition!", "\nHere’s a list of t...\n\nFor college students, the end of summer means packing up and moving one’s life into a box-sized dorm room or a shared, cheap apartment. ", "Here at HackCollege, we'd like to make your move smoother and your living space less cramped. ", "One way to do this is to pare down something students own and use a ..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007831667317077518, 0.0005420774687081575, 0.0006171930581331253, 0.0005857609794475138, 0.0005501541891135275, 0.0006393025978468359, 0.0006685902480967343, 0.0006263051764108241, 0.000663774786517024, 0.000542800291441381, 0.0009452226804569364, 0.0021191127598285675, 0.0005559987621381879, 0.0006604477530345321, 0.000796723470557481, 0.0022086401004344225, 0.0006831474602222443, 0.07934880256652832, 0.0006450086948461831, 0.006312171928584576, 0.003302006283774972, 0.0013589373556897044, 0.001546986517496407 ]

[ "Epinephrine-induced cyclic AMP production in skin fibroblasts from patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and controls.", "\nSkin biopsies were obtained from six patients with dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT) and from three hospitalized age matched controls. ", "Fibroblasts from these biopsies were grown in culture and compared for their growth characteristics and sensitivity to epinephrine with four cultures from age matched healthy individuals. ", "The growth characteristics were similar in all three groups. ", "The basal levels of cyclic AMP and the epinephrine-induced increase of cyclic AMP levels were also similar in control and DAT cells." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0010429173707962036, 0.0005681720213033259, 0.0007469491101801395, 0.0005599782452918589, 0.0007291380898095667 ]

[ "header format\ncompiledMethodFormatForNumBytes: numBytes\n\t^self firstCompiledMethodFormat + (8 - numBytes bitAnd: self wordSize - 1)" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.006853432860225439 ]

[ "WASHINGTON (Reuters) - When is a tweet just a tweet?", "\n\nU.S. President-elect Donald Trump speaks at the USA Thank You Tour event at the Wisconsin State Fair Exposition Center in West Allis, Wisconsin, U.S., December 13, 2016. ", "REUTERS/Shannon Stapleton\n\nA debate is percolating in the U.S. State Department, where diplomats measure their words with demitasse spoons, on how to handle Donald Trump’s Twitter commentary if he continues to tweet after he becomes U.S. president on Jan. 20.", "\n\nBy tradition, anything the president says is regarded as U.S. policy and can be repeated to foreign officials without fear of contradiction, at least from the White House.", "\n\nBut Trump has questioned bedrock planks of U.S. policy, such as whether Taiwan is part of “one China” or whether Washington would defend NATO allies, causing consternation at home and abroad.", "\n\n“I have never hesitated to take anything that POTUS said in speeches, press conferences, and other remarks as anything but policy,” a midlevel diplomat who has served on four continents wrote Dec. 7 on an internal State Department discussion board, in reference to the President of the United States (POTUS).", "\n\n“But what about tweets?” ", "he asked.", "\n\n“Given the president-elect’s penchant for using (Twitter) in a much more spontaneous context than most other USG officials, how should FSOs regard those statements?” ", "he added, referring to U.S. government (USG) foreign service officers (FSOs).", "\n\n“In theory, we all should have a firm grasp of what is hyberbole (sic) and what is not, but in practice we should not be so sure. ", "I for one am done making assumptions in this area for at least the next four years,” the diplomat added.", "\n\nHe then appealed to the State Department’s Bureau of Public Affairs to issue an ALDAC, or formal message to “All Diplomatic and Consular Posts,” clarifying matters.", "\n\nThe post, titled “Is a Tweet policy?” ", "on “The Sounding Board,” a forum on the State Department’s intranet, prompted thoughtful, though equally perplexed, comments.", "\n\nAnother official wrote that he was confident President Barack Obama’s comments are to be taken “seriously and literally”, Trump may want his tweets to be taken both “seriously and figuratively,” he wrote.", "\n\n“Assuming there is a strategy here, it would seem that it would be to create a sense of ambiguity around issues previously thought to be settled for the purpose of leveraging a better deal to advance USG interests,” he added. “", "Miscommunication may be the very purpose of the President Elect’s tweets.”", "\n\nA spokesman for the State Department said it would have no comment on how the next administration and president may use social media.", "\n\nObama has tweeted since 2015 from the account @POTUS.", "\n\nRather than suggesting specific policies, Obama used the handle to encourage Americans to vote, to cheerlead for Hillary Clinton, Trump’s election opponent, and to remember the recently deceased, including writer Elie Wiesel and golfer Arnold Palmer.", "\n\nFrom his Twitter account, @realdonaldtrump, Trump has mocked Clinton as “Crooked Hillary,” attacked a former Miss Universe and sniped at the parents of a Muslim American U.S. Army captain who died in Iraq after the soldier’s father spoke against him.", "\n\nOn Nov. 27, he tweeted “I won the popular vote if you deduct the millions of people who voted illegally” but provided no evidence for the claim, which electoral officials have denied. ", "Trump lost the popular vote by close to three million votes.", "\n\nThe president-elect has not said definitively whether he will continue tweeting after Jan. 20. ", "Trump’s transition team did not immediately respond to a request for comment.", "\n\nA third official said the entire government would need to deal with the issue to “limit the amount of miscommunication a specific POTUS tweet could engender.”", "\n\n“As the great Bette Davis line goes, ‘Fasten your seatbelt, it’s going to be a bumpy ride,’” he wrote." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0009968588128685951, 0.0005602687015198171, 0.0006097299046814442, 0.0005724497023038566, 0.0009697800851427019, 0.0005921938573010266, 0.0010886929230764508, 0.0015600193291902542, 0.0007041250355541706, 0.0006516541470773518, 0.0006708474247716367, 0.0005554701783694327, 0.0006177359027788043, 0.000971788598690182, 0.0005460648681037128, 0.0006328458548523486, 0.0005572176305577159, 0.00160396343562752, 0.0005977397668175399, 0.0007374827400781214, 0.0008029959280975163, 0.009857067838311195, 0.0008457264048047364, 0.0016324796015396714, 0.0006072827382013202, 0.0006461321609094739, 0.0010136724449694157, 0.0008430824382230639 ]

[ "Q:\n\nrestrict some quantity for adding to cart\n\nwe needed \"pre-order/Back order\" feature [ user can buy out-of-stock Products ]\nso we wrote custom module. ", "how it works is , if we set value\n\"yes\" to pre order attribute, it will allow for pre-order,\nfor \"NO\", it will not show \"Pre order\" button in view page.", "\nbut problem is user can enter any number of quantity & add to cart items.", "\nwhat we need is what quantity we enter in backend, only it should allow that much quantity to add-to-cart.", "\n<?", "php $_collectionSize = $_productCollection->count() ?", ">\n <?", "php $_columnCount = $this->getColumnCount(); ?", ">\n <?", "php $i=0; foreach ($_productCollection as $_product): ?", ">\n <?", "php if ($i++%$_columnCount==0): ?", ">\n <ul class=\"products-grid\">\n <?", "php endif ?", ">\n <li class=\"item<?php if(($i-1)%$_columnCount==0): ?", "> first<?php elseif($i%$_columnCount==0): ?", "> last<?php endif; ?", ">\">\n\n <h2 class=\"product-name\"><a href=\"<?php echo $_product->getProductUrl() ?", ">\" title=\"<?php echo $this->stripTags($_product->getName(), null, true) ?", ">\"><?", "php echo $_helper->productAttribute($_product, $_product->getName(), 'name') ?", "></a></h2>\n\n <?", "php echo $this->getPriceHtml($_product, true) ?", ">\n <div class=\"actions\">\n <?", "php if($_product->isSaleable()): ?", ">\n <?", "php if($_product->getPreOrder()): ?", ">\n <button type=\"button\" title=\"<?php echo $this->__('Pre-Order') ?", ">\" class=\"button btn-cart\" onclick=\"setLocation('<?php echo $this->getAddToCartUrl($_product) ?", ">')\"><span><span><?php echo $this->__('Pre-Order') ?", "></span></span></button>\n\n <?", "php endif; ?", ">\n <?", "php else: ?", ">\n <p class=\"availability out-of-stock\"><span><?php echo $this->__('') ?", "></span></p>\n <?", "php endif; ?", ">\n\n </div>\n </li>\n <?", "php if ($i%$_columnCount==0 || $i==$_collectionSize): ?", ">\n </ul>\n <?", "php endif ?", ">\n <?", "php endforeach ?", ">\n <script type=\"text/javascript\">decorateGeneric($$('ul.products-grid'), ['odd','even','first','last'])</script>\n <?", "php endif; ?", ">\n\ncomplete code : http://pasted.co/8c8e0763\n\nA:\n\nYou need to set maximum qty allowed in shopping cart in inventory section when adding products as shown in screen shot.", "\nlink\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0005889283493161201, 0.000615418772213161, 0.0009264691034331918, 0.0006828057230450213, 0.0010000212350860238, 0.0007266231696121395, 0.0010388923110440373, 0.0010035105515271425, 0.0010388923110440373, 0.0008907917654141784, 0.0010388923110440373, 0.001612116233445704, 0.0006795018562115729, 0.0013204342685639858, 0.001281171920709312, 0.0010712393559515476, 0.0010471855057403445, 0.0009044614271260798, 0.0009596120798960328, 0.0011029893066734076, 0.0006973000708967447, 0.001350521226413548, 0.0008365528774447739, 0.0007573419716209173, 0.0006953802076168358, 0.0010388923110440373, 0.0007489066920243204, 0.0006613173172809184, 0.0008934698416851461, 0.0007109518046490848, 0.0010844520293176174, 0.0010693712392821908, 0.0010388923110440373, 0.0008890769095160067, 0.0007873428403399885, 0.0011142157018184662, 0.0010693712392821908, 0.0010301287984475493, 0.001041240175254643, 0.0011167655466124415, 0.0013204342685639858, 0.0010388923110440373, 0.010451579466462135, 0.000636422832030803, 0.0010693712392821908, 0.0007885314989835024, 0.0008559398702345788 ]

[ " SUBROUTINE STGSY2( TRANS, IJOB, M, N, A, LDA, B, LDB, C, LDC, D,\n $ LDD, E, LDE, F, LDF, SCALE, RDSUM, RDSCAL,\n $ IWORK, PQ, INFO )\n*\n* -- LAPACK auxiliary routine (version 3.0) --\n* Univ. ", "of Tennessee, Univ. ", "of California Berkeley, NAG Ltd.,\n* Courant Institute, Argonne National Lab, and Rice University\n* June 30, 1999\n*\n* .. Scalar Arguments ..\n CHARACTER TRANS\n INTEGER IJOB, INFO, LDA, LDB, LDC, LDD, LDE, LDF, M, N,\n $ PQ\n REAL RDSCAL, RDSUM, SCALE\n* ..\n* .. Array Arguments ..\n INTEGER IWORK( * )\n REAL A( LDA, * ), B( LDB, * ), C( LDC, * ),\n $ D( LDD, * ), E( LDE, * ), F( LDF, * )\n* ..\n*\n* Purpose\n* =======\n*\n* STGSY2 solves the generalized Sylvester equation:\n*\n* A * R - L * B = scale * C (1)\n* D * R - L * E = scale * F,\n*\n* using Level 1 and 2 BLAS. ", "where R and L are unknown M-by-N matrices,\n* (A, D), (B, E) and (C, F) are given matrix pairs of size M-by-M,\n* N-by-N and M-by-N, respectively, with real entries. (", "A, D) and (B, E)\n* must be in generalized Schur canonical form, i.e. A, B are upper\n* quasi triangular and D, E are upper triangular. ", "The solution (R, L)\n* overwrites (C, F). ", "0 <= SCALE <= 1 is an output scaling factor\n* chosen to avoid overflow.", "\n*\n* In matrix notation solving equation (1) corresponds to solve\n* Z*x = scale*b, where Z is defined as\n*\n* Z = [ kron(In, A) -kron(B', Im) ] (2)\n* [ kron(In, D) -kron(E', Im) ],\n*\n* Ik is the identity matrix of size k and X' is the transpose of X.\n* kron(X, Y) is the Kronecker product between the matrices X and Y.\n* In the process of solving (1), we solve a number of such systems\n* where Dim(In), Dim(In) = 1 or 2.", "\n*\n* If TRANS = 'T', solve the transposed system Z'*y = scale*b for y,\n* which is equivalent to solve for R and L in\n*\n* A' * R + D' * L = scale * C (3)\n* R * B' + L * E' = scale * -F\n*\n* This case is used to compute an estimate of Dif[(A, D), (B, E)] =\n* sigma_min(Z) using reverse communicaton with SLACON.", "\n*\n* STGSY2 also (IJOB >= 1) contributes to the computation in STGSYL\n* of an upper bound on the separation between to matrix pairs. ", "Then\n* the input (A, D), (B, E) are sub-pencils of the matrix pair in\n* STGSYL. ", "See STGSYL for details.", "\n*\n* Arguments\n* =========\n*\n* TRANS (input) CHARACTER\n* = 'N', solve the generalized Sylvester equation (1).", "\n* = 'T': solve the 'transposed' system (3).", "\n*\n* IJOB (input) INTEGER\n* Specifies what kind of functionality to be performed.", "\n* = 0: solve (1) only.", "\n* = 1: A contribution from this subsystem to a Frobenius\n* norm-based estimate of the separation between two matrix\n* pairs is computed. (", "look ahead strategy is used).", "\n* = 2: A contribution from this subsystem to a Frobenius\n* norm-based estimate of the separation between two matrix\n* pairs is computed. (", "SGECON on sub-systems is used.)", "\n* Not referenced if TRANS = 'T'.", "\n*\n* M (input) INTEGER\n* On entry, M specifies the order of A and D, and the row\n* dimension of C, F, R and L.\n*\n* N (input) INTEGER\n* On entry, N specifies the order of B and E, and the column\n* dimension of C, F, R and L.\n*\n* A (input) REAL array, dimension (LDA, M)\n* On entry, A contains an upper quasi triangular matrix.", "\n*\n* LDA (input) INTEGER\n* The leading dimension of the matrix A. LDA >= max(1, M).", "\n*\n* B (input) REAL array, dimension (LDB, N)\n* On entry, B contains an upper quasi triangular matrix.", "\n*\n* LDB (input) INTEGER\n* The leading dimension of the matrix B. LDB >= max(1, N).", "\n*\n* C (input/ output) REAL array, dimension (LDC, N)\n* On entry, C contains the right-hand-side of the first matrix\n* equation in (1).", "\n* On exit, if IJOB = 0, C has been overwritten by the\n* solution R.\n*\n* LDC (input) INTEGER\n* The leading dimension of the matrix C. LDC >= max(1, M).", "\n*\n* D (input) REAL array, dimension (LDD, M)\n* On entry, D contains an upper triangular matrix.", "\n*\n* LDD (input) INTEGER\n* The leading dimension of the matrix D. LDD >= max(1, M).", "\n*\n* E (input) REAL array, dimension (LDE, N)\n* On entry, E contains an upper triangular matrix.", "\n*\n* LDE (input) INTEGER\n* The leading dimension of the matrix E. LDE >= max(1, N).", "\n*\n* F (input/ output) REAL array, dimension (LDF, N)\n* On entry, F contains the right-hand-side of the second matrix\n* equation in (1).", "\n* On exit, if IJOB = 0, F has been overwritten by the\n* solution L.\n*\n* LDF (input) INTEGER\n* The leading dimension of the matrix F. LDF >= max(1, M).", "\n*\n* SCALE (output) REAL\n* On exit, 0 <= SCALE <= 1. ", "If 0 < SCALE < 1, the solutions\n* R and L (C and F on entry) will hold the solutions to a\n* slightly perturbed system but the input matrices A, B, D and\n* E have not been changed. ", "If SCALE = 0, R and L will hold the\n* solutions to the homogeneous system with C = F = 0. ", "Normally,\n* SCALE = 1.", "\n*\n* RDSUM (input/output) REAL\n* On entry, the sum of squares of computed contributions to\n* the Dif-estimate under computation by STGSYL, where the\n* scaling factor RDSCAL (see below) has been factored out.", "\n* On exit, the corresponding sum of squares updated with the\n* contributions from the current sub-system.", "\n* If TRANS = 'T' RDSUM is not touched.", "\n* NOTE: RDSUM only makes sense when STGSY2 is called by STGSYL.", "\n*\n* RDSCAL (input/output) REAL\n* On entry, scaling factor used to prevent overflow in RDSUM.", "\n* On exit, RDSCAL is updated w.r.t. ", "the current contributions\n* in RDSUM.", "\n* If TRANS = 'T', RDSCAL is not touched.", "\n* NOTE: RDSCAL only makes sense when STGSY2 is called by\n* STGSYL.", "\n*\n* IWORK (workspace) INTEGER array, dimension (M+N+2)\n*\n* PQ (output) INTEGER\n* On exit, the number of subsystems (of size 2-by-2, 4-by-4 and\n* 8-by-8) solved by this routine.", "\n*\n* INFO (output) INTEGER\n* On exit, if INFO is set to\n* =0: Successful exit\n* <0: If INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value.", "\n* >0: The matrix pairs (A, D) and (B, E) have common or very\n* close eigenvalues.", "\n*\n* Further Details\n* ===============\n*\n* Based on contributions by\n* Bo Kagstrom and Peter Poromaa, Department of Computing Science,\n* Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden.", "\n*\n* =====================================================================\n*\n* .. Parameters ..\n INTEGER LDZ\n PARAMETER ( LDZ = 8 )\n REAL ZERO, ONE\n PARAMETER ( ZERO = 0.0E+0, ONE = 1.0E+0 )\n* ..\n* .. Local Scalars ..\n LOGICAL NOTRAN\n INTEGER I, IE, IERR, II, IS, ISP1, J, JE, JJ, JS, JSP1,\n $ K, MB, NB, P, Q, ZDIM\n REAL ALPHA, SCALOC\n* ..\n* .. Local Arrays ..\n INTEGER IPIV( LDZ ), JPIV( LDZ )\n REAL RHS( LDZ ), Z( LDZ, LDZ )\n* ..\n* .. External Functions ..\n LOGICAL LSAME\n EXTERNAL LSAME\n* ..\n* .. External Subroutines ..\n EXTERNAL SAXPY, SCOPY, SGEMM, SGEMV, SGER, SGESC2,\n $ SGETC2, SSCAL, SLATDF, XERBLA\n* ..\n* .. Intrinsic Functions ..\n INTRINSIC MAX\n* ..\n* .. Executable Statements ..\n*\n* Decode and test input parameters\n*\n INFO = 0\n IERR = 0\n NOTRAN = LSAME( TRANS, 'N' )\n IF( .NOT.NOTRAN .AND. ", ".NOT.LSAME( TRANS, 'T' ) ) THEN\n INFO = -1\n ELSE IF( ( IJOB.LT.0 ) .OR. ( ", "IJOB.GT.2 ) ) THEN\n INFO = -2\n ELSE IF( M.LE.0 ) THEN\n INFO = -3\n ELSE IF( N.LE.0 ) THEN\n INFO = -4\n ELSE IF( LDA.LT.MAX( 1, M ) ) THEN\n INFO = -5\n ELSE IF( LDB.LT.MAX( 1, N ) ) THEN\n INFO = -8\n ELSE IF( LDC.LT.MAX( 1, M ) ) THEN\n INFO = -10\n ELSE IF( LDD.LT.MAX( 1, M ) ) THEN\n INFO = -12\n ELSE IF( LDE.LT.MAX( 1, N ) ) THEN\n INFO = -14\n ELSE IF( LDF.LT.MAX( 1, M ) ) THEN\n INFO = -16\n END IF\n IF( INFO.NE.0 ) THEN\n CALL XERBLA( 'STGSY2', -INFO )\n RETURN\n END IF\n*\n* Determine block structure of A\n*\n PQ = 0\n P = 0\n I = 1\n 10 CONTINUE\n IF( I.GT.M )\n $ GO TO 20\n P = P + 1\n IWORK( P ) = I\n IF( I.EQ.M )\n $ GO TO 20\n IF( A( I+1, I ).NE.ZERO ) THEN\n I = I + 2\n ELSE\n I = I + 1\n END IF\n GO TO 10\n 20 CONTINUE\n IWORK( P+1 ) = M + 1\n*\n* Determine block structure of B\n*\n Q = P + 1\n J = 1\n 30 CONTINUE\n IF( J.GT.N )\n $ GO TO 40\n Q = Q + 1\n IWORK( Q ) = J\n IF( J.EQ.N )\n $ GO TO 40\n IF( B( J+1, J ).NE.ZERO ) THEN\n J = J + 2\n ELSE\n J = J + 1\n END IF\n GO TO 30\n 40 CONTINUE\n IWORK( Q+1 ) = N + 1\n PQ = P*( Q-P-1 )\n*\n IF( NOTRAN ) THEN\n*\n* Solve (I, J) - subsystem\n* A(I, I) * R(I, J) - L(I, J) * B(J, J) = C(I, J)\n* D(I, I) * R(I, J) - L(I, J) * E(J, J) = F(I, J)\n* for I = P, P - 1, ..., 1; J = 1, 2, ..., Q\n*\n SCALE = ONE\n SCALOC = ONE\n DO 120 J = P + 2, Q\n JS = IWORK( J )\n JSP1 = JS + 1\n JE = IWORK( J+1 ) - 1\n NB = JE - JS + 1\n DO 110 I = P, 1, -1\n*\n IS = IWORK( I )\n ISP1 = IS + 1\n IE = IWORK( I+1 ) - 1\n MB = IE - IS + 1\n ZDIM = MB*NB*2\n*\n IF( ( MB.EQ.1 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.1 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build a 2-by-2 system Z * x = RHS\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 1, 2 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 2, 2 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n RHS( 1 ) = C( IS, JS )\n RHS( 2 ) = F( IS, JS )\n*\n* Solve Z * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n*\n IF( IJOB.EQ.0 ) THEN\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV,\n $ SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 50 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 50 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n ELSE\n CALL SLATDF( IJOB, ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, RDSUM,\n $ RDSCAL, IPIV, JPIV )\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n C( IS, JS ) = RHS( 1 )\n F( IS, JS ) = RHS( 2 )\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( I.GT.1 ) THEN\n ALPHA = -RHS( 1 )\n CALL SAXPY( IS-1, ALPHA, A( 1, IS ), 1, C( 1, JS ),\n $ 1 )\n CALL SAXPY( IS-1, ALPHA, D( 1, IS ), 1, F( 1, JS ),\n $ 1 )\n END IF\n IF( J.LT.Q ) THEN\n CALL SAXPY( N-JE, RHS( 2 ), B( JS, JE+1 ), LDB,\n $ C( IS, JE+1 ), LDC )\n CALL SAXPY( N-JE, RHS( 2 ), E( JS, JE+1 ), LDE,\n $ F( IS, JE+1 ), LDF )\n END IF\n*\n ELSE IF( ( MB.EQ.1 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.2 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build a 4-by-4 system Z * x = RHS\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = ZERO\n Z( 3, 1 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 4, 1 ) = ZERO\n*\n Z( 1, 2 ) = ZERO\n Z( 2, 2 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 3, 2 ) = ZERO\n Z( 4, 2 ) = D( IS, IS )\n*\n Z( 1, 3 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 2, 3 ) = -B( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 3, 3 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n Z( 4, 3 ) = -E( JS, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 4 ) = -B( JSP1, JS )\n Z( 2, 4 ) = -B( JSP1, JSP1 )\n Z( 3, 4 ) = ZERO\n Z( 4, 4 ) = -E( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n RHS( 1 ) = C( IS, JS )\n RHS( 2 ) = C( IS, JSP1 )\n RHS( 3 ) = F( IS, JS )\n RHS( 4 ) = F( IS, JSP1 )\n*\n* Solve Z * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n*\n IF( IJOB.EQ.0 ) THEN\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV,\n $ SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 60 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 60 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n ELSE\n CALL SLATDF( IJOB, ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, RDSUM,\n $ RDSCAL, IPIV, JPIV )\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n C( IS, JS ) = RHS( 1 )\n C( IS, JSP1 ) = RHS( 2 )\n F( IS, JS ) = RHS( 3 )\n F( IS, JSP1 ) = RHS( 4 )\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( I.GT.1 ) THEN\n CALL SGER( IS-1, NB, -ONE, A( 1, IS ), 1, RHS( 1 ),\n $ 1, C( 1, JS ), LDC )\n CALL SGER( IS-1, NB, -ONE, D( 1, IS ), 1, RHS( 1 ),\n $ 1, F( 1, JS ), LDF )\n END IF\n IF( J.LT.Q ) THEN\n CALL SAXPY( N-JE, RHS( 3 ), B( JS, JE+1 ), LDB,\n $ C( IS, JE+1 ), LDC )\n CALL SAXPY( N-JE, RHS( 3 ), E( JS, JE+1 ), LDE,\n $ F( IS, JE+1 ), LDF )\n CALL SAXPY( N-JE, RHS( 4 ), B( JSP1, JE+1 ), LDB,\n $ C( IS, JE+1 ), LDC )\n CALL SAXPY( N-JE, RHS( 4 ), E( JSP1, JE+1 ), LDE,\n $ F( IS, JE+1 ), LDF )\n END IF\n*\n ELSE IF( ( MB.EQ.2 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.1 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build a 4-by-4 system Z * x = RHS\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = A( ISP1, IS )\n Z( 3, 1 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 4, 1 ) = ZERO\n*\n Z( 1, 2 ) = A( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 2, 2 ) = A( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 3, 2 ) = D( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 4, 2 ) = D( ISP1, ISP1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 3 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 2, 3 ) = ZERO\n Z( 3, 3 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n Z( 4, 3 ) = ZERO\n*\n Z( 1, 4 ) = ZERO\n Z( 2, 4 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 3, 4 ) = ZERO\n Z( 4, 4 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n RHS( 1 ) = C( IS, JS )\n RHS( 2 ) = C( ISP1, JS )\n RHS( 3 ) = F( IS, JS )\n RHS( 4 ) = F( ISP1, JS )\n*\n* Solve Z * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n IF( IJOB.EQ.0 ) THEN\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV,\n $ SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 70 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 70 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n ELSE\n CALL SLATDF( IJOB, ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, RDSUM,\n $ RDSCAL, IPIV, JPIV )\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n C( IS, JS ) = RHS( 1 )\n C( ISP1, JS ) = RHS( 2 )\n F( IS, JS ) = RHS( 3 )\n F( ISP1, JS ) = RHS( 4 )\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( I.GT.1 ) THEN\n CALL SGEMV( 'N', IS-1, MB, -ONE, A( 1, IS ), LDA,\n $ RHS( 1 ), 1, ONE, C( 1, JS ), 1 )\n CALL SGEMV( 'N', IS-1, MB, -ONE, D( 1, IS ), LDD,\n $ RHS( 1 ), 1, ONE, F( 1, JS ), 1 )\n END IF\n IF( J.LT.Q ) THEN\n CALL SGER( MB, N-JE, ONE, RHS( 3 ), 1,\n $ B( JS, JE+1 ), LDB, C( IS, JE+1 ), LDC )\n CALL SGER( MB, N-JE, ONE, RHS( 3 ), 1,\n $ E( JS, JE+1 ), LDB, F( IS, JE+1 ), LDC )\n END IF\n*\n ELSE IF( ( MB.EQ.2 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.2 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build an 8-by-8 system Z * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SCOPY( LDZ*LDZ, ZERO, 0, Z, 1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = A( ISP1, IS )\n Z( 5, 1 ) = D( IS, IS )\n*\n Z( 1, 2 ) = A( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 2, 2 ) = A( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 5, 2 ) = D( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 6, 2 ) = D( ISP1, ISP1 )\n*\n Z( 3, 3 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 4, 3 ) = A( ISP1, IS )\n Z( 7, 3 ) = D( IS, IS )\n*\n Z( 3, 4 ) = A( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 4, 4 ) = A( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 7, 4 ) = D( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 8, 4 ) = D( ISP1, ISP1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 5 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 3, 5 ) = -B( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 5, 5 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n Z( 7, 5 ) = -E( JS, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 2, 6 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 4, 6 ) = -B( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 6, 6 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n Z( 8, 6 ) = -E( JS, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 7 ) = -B( JSP1, JS )\n Z( 3, 7 ) = -B( JSP1, JSP1 )\n Z( 7, 7 ) = -E( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 2, 8 ) = -B( JSP1, JS )\n Z( 4, 8 ) = -B( JSP1, JSP1 )\n Z( 8, 8 ) = -E( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n K = 1\n II = MB*NB + 1\n DO 80 JJ = 0, NB - 1\n CALL SCOPY( MB, C( IS, JS+JJ ), 1, RHS( K ), 1 )\n CALL SCOPY( MB, F( IS, JS+JJ ), 1, RHS( II ), 1 )\n K = K + MB\n II = II + MB\n 80 CONTINUE\n*\n* Solve Z * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n IF( IJOB.EQ.0 ) THEN\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV,\n $ SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 90 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 90 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n ELSE\n CALL SLATDF( IJOB, ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, RDSUM,\n $ RDSCAL, IPIV, JPIV )\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n K = 1\n II = MB*NB + 1\n DO 100 JJ = 0, NB - 1\n CALL SCOPY( MB, RHS( K ), 1, C( IS, JS+JJ ), 1 )\n CALL SCOPY( MB, RHS( II ), 1, F( IS, JS+JJ ), 1 )\n K = K + MB\n II = II + MB\n 100 CONTINUE\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( I.GT.1 ) THEN\n CALL SGEMM( 'N', 'N', IS-1, NB, MB, -ONE,\n $ A( 1, IS ), LDA, RHS( 1 ), MB, ONE,\n $ C( 1, JS ), LDC )\n CALL SGEMM( 'N', 'N', IS-1, NB, MB, -ONE,\n $ D( 1, IS ), LDD, RHS( 1 ), MB, ONE,\n $ F( 1, JS ), LDF )\n END IF\n IF( J.LT.Q ) THEN\n K = MB*NB + 1\n CALL SGEMM( 'N', 'N', MB, N-JE, NB, ONE, RHS( K ),\n $ MB, B( JS, JE+1 ), LDB, ONE,\n $ C( IS, JE+1 ), LDC )\n CALL SGEMM( 'N', 'N', MB, N-JE, NB, ONE, RHS( K ),\n $ MB, E( JS, JE+1 ), LDE, ONE,\n $ F( IS, JE+1 ), LDF )\n END IF\n*\n END IF\n*\n 110 CONTINUE\n 120 CONTINUE\n ELSE\n*\n* Solve (I, J) - subsystem\n* A(I, I)' * R(I, J) + D(I, I)' * L(J, J) = C(I, J)\n* R(I, I) * B(J, J) + L(I, J) * E(J, J) = -F(I, J)\n* for I = 1, 2, ..., P, J = Q, Q - 1, ..., 1\n*\n SCALE = ONE\n SCALOC = ONE\n DO 200 I = 1, P\n*\n IS = IWORK( I )\n ISP1 = IS + 1\n IE = IWORK( I+1 ) - 1\n MB = IE - IS + 1\n DO 190 J = Q, P + 2, -1\n*\n JS = IWORK( J )\n JSP1 = JS + 1\n JE = IWORK( J+1 ) - 1\n NB = JE - JS + 1\n ZDIM = MB*NB*2\n IF( ( MB.EQ.1 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.1 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build a 2-by-2 system Z' * x = RHS\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 1, 2 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 2 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n RHS( 1 ) = C( IS, JS )\n RHS( 2 ) = F( IS, JS )\n*\n* Solve Z' * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n*\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV, SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 130 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 130 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n C( IS, JS ) = RHS( 1 )\n F( IS, JS ) = RHS( 2 )\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( J.GT.P+2 ) THEN\n ALPHA = RHS( 1 )\n CALL SAXPY( JS-1, ALPHA, B( 1, JS ), 1, F( IS, 1 ),\n $ LDF )\n ALPHA = RHS( 2 )\n CALL SAXPY( JS-1, ALPHA, E( 1, JS ), 1, F( IS, 1 ),\n $ LDF )\n END IF\n IF( I.LT.P ) THEN\n ALPHA = -RHS( 1 )\n CALL SAXPY( M-IE, ALPHA, A( IS, IE+1 ), LDA,\n $ C( IE+1, JS ), 1 )\n ALPHA = -RHS( 2 )\n CALL SAXPY( M-IE, ALPHA, D( IS, IE+1 ), LDD,\n $ C( IE+1, JS ), 1 )\n END IF\n*\n ELSE IF( ( MB.EQ.1 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.2 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build a 4-by-4 system Z' * x = RHS\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = ZERO\n Z( 3, 1 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 4, 1 ) = -B( JSP1, JS )\n*\n Z( 1, 2 ) = ZERO\n Z( 2, 2 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 3, 2 ) = -B( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 4, 2 ) = -B( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 3 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 3 ) = ZERO\n Z( 3, 3 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n Z( 4, 3 ) = ZERO\n*\n Z( 1, 4 ) = ZERO\n Z( 2, 4 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 3, 4 ) = -E( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 4, 4 ) = -E( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n RHS( 1 ) = C( IS, JS )\n RHS( 2 ) = C( IS, JSP1 )\n RHS( 3 ) = F( IS, JS )\n RHS( 4 ) = F( IS, JSP1 )\n*\n* Solve Z' * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV, SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 140 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 140 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n C( IS, JS ) = RHS( 1 )\n C( IS, JSP1 ) = RHS( 2 )\n F( IS, JS ) = RHS( 3 )\n F( IS, JSP1 ) = RHS( 4 )\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( J.GT.P+2 ) THEN\n CALL SAXPY( JS-1, RHS( 1 ), B( 1, JS ), 1,\n $ F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n CALL SAXPY( JS-1, RHS( 2 ), B( 1, JSP1 ), 1,\n $ F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n CALL SAXPY( JS-1, RHS( 3 ), E( 1, JS ), 1,\n $ F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n CALL SAXPY( JS-1, RHS( 4 ), E( 1, JSP1 ), 1,\n $ F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n END IF\n IF( I.LT.P ) THEN\n CALL SGER( M-IE, NB, -ONE, A( IS, IE+1 ), LDA,\n $ RHS( 1 ), 1, C( IE+1, JS ), LDC )\n CALL SGER( M-IE, NB, -ONE, D( IS, IE+1 ), LDD,\n $ RHS( 3 ), 1, C( IE+1, JS ), LDC )\n END IF\n*\n ELSE IF( ( MB.EQ.2 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.1 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build a 4-by-4 system Z' * x = RHS\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = A( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 3, 1 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 4, 1 ) = ZERO\n*\n Z( 1, 2 ) = A( ISP1, IS )\n Z( 2, 2 ) = A( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 3, 2 ) = ZERO\n Z( 4, 2 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n*\n Z( 1, 3 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 3 ) = D( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 3, 3 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n Z( 4, 3 ) = ZERO\n*\n Z( 1, 4 ) = ZERO\n Z( 2, 4 ) = D( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 3, 4 ) = ZERO\n Z( 4, 4 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n RHS( 1 ) = C( IS, JS )\n RHS( 2 ) = C( ISP1, JS )\n RHS( 3 ) = F( IS, JS )\n RHS( 4 ) = F( ISP1, JS )\n*\n* Solve Z' * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n*\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV, SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 150 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 150 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n C( IS, JS ) = RHS( 1 )\n C( ISP1, JS ) = RHS( 2 )\n F( IS, JS ) = RHS( 3 )\n F( ISP1, JS ) = RHS( 4 )\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( J.GT.P+2 ) THEN\n CALL SGER( MB, JS-1, ONE, RHS( 1 ), 1, B( 1, JS ),\n $ 1, F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n CALL SGER( MB, JS-1, ONE, RHS( 3 ), 1, E( 1, JS ),\n $ 1, F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n END IF\n IF( I.LT.P ) THEN\n CALL SGEMV( 'T', MB, M-IE, -ONE, A( IS, IE+1 ),\n $ LDA, RHS( 1 ), 1, ONE, C( IE+1, JS ),\n $ 1 )\n CALL SGEMV( 'T', MB, M-IE, -ONE, D( IS, IE+1 ),\n $ LDD, RHS( 3 ), 1, ONE, C( IE+1, JS ),\n $ 1 )\n END IF\n*\n ELSE IF( ( MB.EQ.2 ) .AND. ( ", "NB.EQ.2 ) ) THEN\n*\n* Build an 8-by-8 system Z' * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SCOPY( LDZ*LDZ, ZERO, 0, Z, 1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 1 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 1 ) = A( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 5, 1 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 7, 1 ) = -B( JSP1, JS )\n*\n Z( 1, 2 ) = A( ISP1, IS )\n Z( 2, 2 ) = A( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 6, 2 ) = -B( JS, JS )\n Z( 8, 2 ) = -B( JSP1, JS )\n*\n Z( 3, 3 ) = A( IS, IS )\n Z( 4, 3 ) = A( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 5, 3 ) = -B( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 7, 3 ) = -B( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 3, 4 ) = A( ISP1, IS )\n Z( 4, 4 ) = A( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 6, 4 ) = -B( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 8, 4 ) = -B( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 1, 5 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 2, 5 ) = D( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 5, 5 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n*\n Z( 2, 6 ) = D( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 6, 6 ) = -E( JS, JS )\n*\n Z( 3, 7 ) = D( IS, IS )\n Z( 4, 7 ) = D( IS, ISP1 )\n Z( 5, 7 ) = -E( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 7, 7 ) = -E( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n Z( 4, 8 ) = D( ISP1, ISP1 )\n Z( 6, 8 ) = -E( JS, JSP1 )\n Z( 8, 8 ) = -E( JSP1, JSP1 )\n*\n* Set up right hand side(s)\n*\n K = 1\n II = MB*NB + 1\n DO 160 JJ = 0, NB - 1\n CALL SCOPY( MB, C( IS, JS+JJ ), 1, RHS( K ), 1 )\n CALL SCOPY( MB, F( IS, JS+JJ ), 1, RHS( II ), 1 )\n K = K + MB\n II = II + MB\n 160 CONTINUE\n*\n*\n* Solve Z' * x = RHS\n*\n CALL SGETC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, IPIV, JPIV, IERR )\n IF( IERR.GT.0 )\n $ INFO = IERR\n*\n CALL SGESC2( ZDIM, Z, LDZ, RHS, IPIV, JPIV, SCALOC )\n IF( SCALOC.NE.ONE ) THEN\n DO 170 K = 1, N\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, C( 1, K ), 1 )\n CALL SSCAL( M, SCALOC, F( 1, K ), 1 )\n 170 CONTINUE\n SCALE = SCALE*SCALOC\n END IF\n*\n* Unpack solution vector(s)\n*\n K = 1\n II = MB*NB + 1\n DO 180 JJ = 0, NB - 1\n CALL SCOPY( MB, RHS( K ), 1, C( IS, JS+JJ ), 1 )\n CALL SCOPY( MB, RHS( II ), 1, F( IS, JS+JJ ), 1 )\n K = K + MB\n II = II + MB\n 180 CONTINUE\n*\n* Substitute R(I, J) and L(I, J) into remaining\n* equation.", "\n*\n IF( J.GT.P+2 ) THEN\n CALL SGEMM( 'N', 'T', MB, JS-1, NB, ONE,\n $ C( IS, JS ), LDC, B( 1, JS ), LDB, ONE,\n $ F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n CALL SGEMM( 'N', 'T', MB, JS-1, NB, ONE,\n $ F( IS, JS ), LDF, E( 1, JS ), LDE, ONE,\n $ F( IS, 1 ), LDF )\n END IF\n IF( I.LT.P ) THEN\n CALL SGEMM( 'T', 'N', M-IE, NB, MB, -ONE,\n $ A( IS, IE+1 ), LDA, C( IS, JS ), LDC,\n $ ONE, C( IE+1, JS ), LDC )\n CALL SGEMM( 'T', 'N', M-IE, NB, MB, -ONE,\n $ D( IS, IE+1 ), LDD, F( IS, JS ), LDF,\n $ ONE, C( IE+1, JS ), LDC )\n END IF\n*\n END IF\n*\n 190 CONTINUE\n 200 CONTINUE\n*\n END IF\n RETURN\n*\n* End of STGSY2\n*\n END\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0008142199949361384, 0.0007685584714636207, 0.0028744039591401815, 0.0010323583846911788, 0.001680886372923851, 0.0008881788817234337, 0.0007865685620345175, 0.001212974893860519, 0.0016534194583073258, 0.0009094029664993286, 0.0009510615491308272, 0.0006090402021072805, 0.0008431542664766312, 0.000691461784299463, 0.000602878222707659, 0.0007787613430991769, 0.0006612202851101756, 0.0005956673412583768, 0.0006644745008088648, 0.000608256203122437, 0.0007207871531136334, 0.0012176126474514604, 0.000610378454439342, 0.0006530666723847389, 0.0006359726539812982, 0.0006215480389073491, 0.0006820887210778892, 0.0006123348721303046, 0.0006261741509661078, 0.0006361657287925482, 0.0006899342988617718, 0.0006745420396327972, 0.0008561273571103811, 0.0007908390834927559, 0.0006744308630004525, 0.0006351040792651474, 0.0007282501901499927, 0.0006296502542681992, 0.0006360590341500938, 0.0012313923798501492, 0.0009733374463394284, 0.000886821246240288, 0.0007030623382888734, 0.0007572911563329399, 0.0006751498440280557, 0.0008256578585132957, 0.0007070612045936286, 0.0016614546766504645, 0.0007922948570922017, 0.0006598629988729954, 0.010629829950630665, 0.0014787426916882396, 0.027447877451777458, 0.022015046328306198, 0.010439306497573853, 0.19642165303230286, 0.018141059204936028, 0.21481917798519135, 0.009053787216544151, 0.05120513588190079, 0.0917256772518158, 0.04060523211956024, 0.005605260841548443, 0.12899520993232727, 0.01946057379245758, 0.14138446748256683, 0.009298685006797314, 0.04745490849018097, 0.019232258200645447 ]

[ "The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. ", "Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.", "\nIn recent years, with prosperous development of display technologies, display devices (for example, computers or television screens) are increasingly valued. ", "Conventionally, a display device includes a color filter substrate, a display medium, and an active device array substrate. ", "In addition, a spacer is also disposed between the active device array substrate and the color filter substrate, to prevent the two substrates from contacting each other. ", "However, in a manufacturing process of the display device, the color filter substrate and the active device array substrate are easily misplaced, and consequently a visual effect of the display device is affected. ", "In addition, the spacer and the active device array substrate are also vulnerable to an external force to generate relative displacement or deformation. ", "Consequently, an unpredictable phenomenon occurs. ", "For example, the spacer may cause an alignment layer to be peeled off. ", "Consequently, a phenomenon of a shimmering bright dot or light leakage of the display device occurs." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0005364103126339614, 0.0006068063084967434, 0.0005517377285286784, 0.000643466948531568, 0.0006324370042420924, 0.0005747812101617455, 0.0006057266145944595, 0.0005648973165079951, 0.0006662783562205732, 0.0006819099653512239 ]

[ "Image caption Climate temperature predictions can influence planning, such as for sea defences\n\nGlobal temperatures could rise by 1.4-3.0C (2.5-5.4F) above levels for late last century by 2050, a computer simulation has suggested.", "\n\nAlmost 10,000 climate simulations were run on volunteers' home computers.", "\n\nThe projections,published in Nature Geoscience, are somewhat higher than those from other models.", "\n\nThe researchers aimed to explore a wider range of possible futures, which they say helps \"get a handle\" on the uncertainties of the climate system.", "\n\nPeople planning for the impacts of climate change need to consider the possibility of warming of up to 3C by 2050, even on a mid-range emission scenario, the researchers say.", "\n\nThe study - run throughclimateprediction.netwith the BBC Climate Change Experiment - ran simulations using a complex atmosphere-ocean climate model.", "\n\nThe representations of physical parameters were varied between runs of the model, reflecting uncertainties about precisely how the climate system works.", "\n\nAnd the forecast range was derived from models that accurately reproduced observed temperature changes over the last 50 years.", "\n\nThe low end of their range is similar to that of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 2007 report, but the high end is somewhat above the range their analysis produced.", "\n\n'Innovative' ensemble\n\nMyles Allen of the School of Geography and Environment and Department of Physics, Oxford University, principal investigator of climateprediction.net, said other climate modelling groups' data did not \"set out to explore the full range of uncertainty, which is why studies like ours are needed.\"", "\n\nThe research was described as \"an important step toward estimating uncertainty more comprehensively,\" by Gabi Hegerl, professor of climate system science at the University of Edinburgh.", "\n\nThe results were also described as \"very promising\" by Prof Corinne Le Quere, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia.", "\n\n\"Better constrained climate projections are needed to help plan a wide range of adaptation measures, from sea defences to water storage capacity and biodiversity conservation areas,\" she added.", "\n\nHowever, the research was questioned by Julian Hunt, emeritus professor of climate modelling at University College London.", "\n\nHe said: \"I have reservations about relying on a model that combines land temperatures - which are clearly rising - with sea temperatures which can be subject to big decadal fluctuations.\"", "\n\nHe said the higher range of the prediction was looking \"increasingly likely\", but for three particular reasons:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

[ 0.0005834908806718886, 0.0006381988641805947, 0.00059369090013206, 0.0005079572438262403, 0.0005307381507009268, 0.000584507011808455, 0.000544845184776932, 0.0005698464810848236, 0.0006089232629165053, 0.0005731639103032649, 0.0005731753190048039, 0.0005607308121398091, 0.0005396773340180516, 0.0005677276058122516, 0.000629070564173162, 0.0005773520097136497 ]

[ ".product-component {\n &-name {\n $font-size: font-px-to-rem(12px);\n\n font-weight: 500;\n color: $font-color;\n font-size: $font-size;\n line-height: $font-size;\n margin-top: calc-spacer(2);\n overflow: hidden;\n text-overflow: ellipsis;\n white-space: nowrap;\n\n @include media-breakpoint-up(md) {\n $font-size: font-px-to-rem(18px);\n\n font-size: $font-size;\n line-height: $font-size;\n margin-top: calc-spacer(3);\n }\n }\n\n &-price {\n $font-size: font-px-to-rem(14px);\n\n color: $font-color;\n font-weight: 600;\n font-size: $font-size;\n line-height: $font-size;\n margin-top: calc-spacer(2);\n\n @include media-breakpoint-up(md) {\n $font-size: font-px-to-rem(20px);\n\n font-size: $font-size;\n line-height: $font-size;\n margin-top: calc-spacer(3);\n }\n }\n}\n\n.product-component-image {\n width: 100%;\n display: block;\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007905342499725521 ]

[ "Cecilia Freire\n\nCecilia Freire Peñas (born 17 November 1981) is a Spanish actress best known for playing Blanca Román on Física o Química (2008–2009) and Rita Montesinos on Velvet (2014–2016).", "\n\nBiography\nCecilia Freire felt a calling to be an actress as a child, and started studying acting at age 14.", "\n\nShe has worked as a film, theater, and television actress. ", "In 2008 she became very popular for her role in the film Mortadelo and Filemon. ", "Mission: Save the Planet. ", "She has also appeared in films such as No Shame in 2001 and in 2008.", "\n\nIn theater, she has worked in London in The Winter's Tale, while in Spain she has been in plays such as La katarsis del tomatazo and Pero ¿quién mató el teatro?, ", "in addition to having taken her first steps in shorts like La habitación de los abrigos by Nerea Madariaga.", "\n\nIn television, she appeared in on La 1 (2003), on the Telecinco series (2006), which was not very successful, and played Setefilla on Hospital Central on Telecinco (2007).", "\n\nFrom 2008 to 2009, she was part of the Antena 3 series Física o Química in the role of Blanca, the Zurbarán Institute's literature professor, which made her known to the general public. ", "She was one of its veterans, with a character who was always very prominent in stories, but left the series to focus on her theatrical career, having already been successful in the play Luz de gas. ", "Her character Blanca quit the Zurbarán after being left at the altar, and departed for New York, leaving behind her boyfriend Berto, her friend Irene, and her students. ", "She returned at the end of the seventh season to mark the end of the series.", "\n\nIn 2010, she starred in and appeared in the short film Perra. ", "In 2011 she shot another short, Aunque todo vaya mal, the directing debut of the actress , who had joined Física o Química to play Marina, the new philosophy professor, just after Freire left.", "\n\nIn 2012, she performed in on laSexta as a monologist.", "\n\nFrom 2014 to 2016 she gave life to the character Rita Montesinos on the Antena 3 series Velvet. ", "Rita is a seamstress in the Galleries, who along with her friends Ana (Paula Echevarría) and Luisa (Manuela Vellés) and her sister Clara (Marta Hazas) are known as the \"Velvet girls\". ", "Freire appeared in the first four seasons of the series. ", "In October 2016 she won Best Female Performer at the 63rd edition of the Ondas Awards for her role as Rita Montesinos.", "\n\nIn November 2016 she played Inma in the film Don't Blame the Karma for Being an Idiot, a comedy directed by Maria Ripoll based on Laura Norton's homonymous novel.", "\n\nSince 2018 she has starred in the TVE series , where she shares the screen with actresses such as Macarena García, , and Ana Wagener.", "\n\nWorks\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1981 births\nCategory:21st-century Spanish actresses\nCategory:Actresses from Madrid\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Spanish film actresses\nCategory:Spanish stage actresses\nCategory:Spanish television actresses" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.001101819914765656, 0.0010911105200648308, 0.0008611783850938082, 0.0006516075227409601, 0.0016819703159853816, 0.0011050380999222398, 0.0007664344157092273, 0.0009566579828970134, 0.0006927475915290415, 0.000726891215890646, 0.0006570099503733218, 0.0009831098141148686, 0.0008191952365450561, 0.0007390346145257354, 0.0013769841752946377, 0.0006336439400911331, 0.0007665882585570216, 0.0010600939858704805, 0.0007005301886238158, 0.0007295366376638412, 0.15401403605937958, 0.0007077694754116237, 0.0006668177084065974 ]

[ "Erythropoietin prevents dialysis fluid-induced apoptosis of mesothelial cells.", "\nIn peritoneal dialysis (PD)-treated patients, denudation of the mesothelium correlates with peritoneal fibrosis and vascular changes. ", "Since recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) induces a range of cytoprotective cellular responses, rHuEPO treatment may reduce PD fluid (PDF)-induced damage. ", "To investigate the antiapoptotic effect and mechanism of rHuEPO in peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs), isolated mice PMCs were used for in vitro characterization of rHuEPO effects. ", "To confirm the in vitro effects, active caspase-3 was analyzed in imprints of liver visceral peritoneum of mice pretreated overnight with rHuEPO (5000 U/kg intraperitoneally) and exposed to PDF (Dianeal 4.25%; Baxter Healthcare, Deerfield, Illinois, USA) for 4 hours. ", "Mouse PMCs expressed EPO-receptor mRNA and protein. ", "Short exposure to rHuEPO (5 U/mL) induced phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT5, and ERK1/2. ", "PMCs pretreated for 1 hour with rHuEPO showed reduced PDF-induced caspase-3 activation (49.6%) and DNA fragmentation (38.4%) in comparison to cells treated by PDF alone (p < 0.05). ", "rHuEPO treatment induced an increase in ERK1/2 phosphorylation and reduced levels of PDF-induced phospho-P38. ", "PD98059, a specific inhibitor of ERK activation, fully blocked the protective effect of rHuEPO. ", "In mice, rHuEPO reduced the apoptotic effect of PDF, as assessed by the level of active caspase-3. ", "Our study presents new insights into clinical use of rHuEPO in the setting of PD. ", "We found that rHuEPO provides ERK1/2-dependent protection to PMCs from PDF-induced apoptosis. ", "The use of rHuEPO, or any of its new derivatives that do not stimulate erythropoiesis, should be considered for peritoneal preservation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.002104341983795166, 0.0008987507899291813, 0.0012752849142998457, 0.0006808524485677481, 0.0006373989745043218, 0.000628916488494724, 0.0009425365715287626, 0.0006415817770175636, 0.0012538896407932043, 0.0010733441449701786, 0.0007189161842688918, 0.0005812331801280379, 0.0006070067174732685, 0.0006196998292580247 ]

[ "Patrick Dowling\n\nPatrick Dowling is the founder and owner of ACES Aesthetic, a firm focused on providing progressive marketing services to all healthcare businesses. ", "Patrick developed ACES Aesthetic to be a progressive marketing firm that can provide creative and data-driven marketing services to healthcare organizations of all sizes, from enterprise institutions to startups. ", "Patrick is a graduate of Oregon State University with a Bachelor’s of Science in Marketing." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.000654294912237674, 0.0005974970990791917, 0.0007886486710049212 ]

[ "The present invention relates to a child seat, and particularly to a child seat for use on a child swing. ", "More particularly, the present invention relates to a child seat having an adjustable seat back arranged to assume several positions relative to a seat bottom of the child seat, a support structure for appending the child seat to support arms appended to a swing motor of a child swing, and a child restraint apparatus to prevent the child from inadvertently sliding off of the front edge of the child seat.", "\nChild seats that adjust a child's position by pivoting the seat back relative to the seat bottom are well known in the art. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,998,307 to Cone, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,762,364 to Young, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,325,578 to Borucki, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,366,294 to Stephenson, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "3,054,637 to Pambello, and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "1,876,111 to Van Guelpen all disclose child seats having seat backs that are adjustable relative to the seat bottoms.", "\nFurther, child seats for use on child swings are widely accepted, and child swings having child seats are also well known in the art. ", "For example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,807,872 to Spilman et al., ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,325,578 to Borucki, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "4,323,233 to Gebhard, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "1,544,187 to Schroeder, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "1,379,566 to Holland, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "1,231,686 to Zuniga, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "648,740 to Haggard et al., ", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "465,275 to Kennedy et al., ", "and U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "463,863 to Johnson all disclose child swings having child seats for use on the child swings.", "\nWhat is needed is a child seat having an adjustable seat back capable of being fixed at a number of positions between a reclined position and an upright position. ", "Ideally, such a child seat could be formed to include a support-receiving structure for mounting the child seat to support arms appended to a swing motor. ", "Also, such a child seat would include a child restraint apparatus movable between an upright child-restraining position above the seat bottom and an unobtrusive child-releasing position.", "\nAccording to the present invention, a child seat is provided for a swing. ", "The child seat includes a seat shell having a seat bottom with a front edge and a back edge. ", "An adjustable seat back is pivotably appended to the back edge of the seat bottom and extends upwardly from the seat bottom. ", "The child seat further includes swing support-receiving structures that are arranged to receive support arms appended to a swing motor. ", "The support arms and the support-receiving structures cooperate to suspend the child seat above a floor. ", "Additionally, the child seat includes a rotatable restraint bar that is usable to restrain a child seated in the seat shell.", "\nThe adjustable seat back is adjustable between an upright position and a reclined position. ", "The adjustable seat back includes a mechanism for locking the seat back in several positions relative to the seat bottom. ", "The locking mechanism has a peg mounted to the seat back. ", "The peg reciprocates between a seat back-locking position and a seat back-unlocking position. ", "The seat shell further includes a wall arranged to define a peg-receiving notch. ", "The peg-receiving notch receives the peg when the peg is in the seat back-locking position. ", "The peg and the peg-receiving notch cooperate to fix the seat back relative to the seat shell when the peg is received by the peg-receiving notch.", "\nAdvantageously, the adjustable seat back is formed in a seat back shell that is pivotably appended to the seat shell. ", "The seat shell has a proximal end and a distal end. ", "The seat shell further includes two spaced-apart side edges positioned to lie between the proximal end and the distal end. ", "Two side arms are appended to the side edges and extend upwardly therefrom. ", "A first pivot axis lies in spaced-apart relation to the seat bottom adjacent to the proximal end and intersects both side arms. ", "A bottom surface of the seat shell includes a nesting surface adjacent to the proximal end. ", "The nesting surface is arranged to curve along an arc having a radius that is constant about the first pivot axis.", "\nThe seat back shell also has a proximal end and a distal end. ", "The seat back shell further includes two spaced-apart side edges positioned to lie between the proximal end and the distal end. ", "Two side arms are appended to the side edges and extend upwardly therefrom. ", "A second pivot axis lies in spaced-apart relation to the seat back adjacent to the distal end and intersects both side arms. ", "A top surface of the seat back shell includes a mating surface adjacent to the distal end. ", "The mating surface is arranged to curve along an arc having a radius that is constant about the second pivot axis. ", "The curvature of the mating surface provides the seat back shell with a shell-receiving cavity adjacent to the distal end of the seat back shell.", "\nThe seat back shell is rotatably appended to the seat shell. ", "The proximal end of the seat shell is positioned to lie in the shell-receiving cavity. ", "The seat shell and the seat back shell are arranged so that the first pivot axis and the second pivot axis are coincident and the nesting surface fully engages the mating surface when the seat back is in the reclined position.", "\nIn preferred embodiments, the pivot axis lies in a transverse direction across the seat shell and the seat back shell. ", "Also, the child seat includes a longitudinal dimension perpendicular to the transverse direction. ", "As the care giver pivots the seat back shell relative to the seat shell the nesting surface slides over the mating surface. ", "Though the size of an overlapping area of the nesting surface and the mating surface changes as the seat back shell pivots relative to the seat shell, the nesting and mating surfaces remain in full engagement in overlapping area through the full range of movement of the seat back shell relative to the seat shell 28.", "\nIllustratively, an adjustable seat back in accordance with the present invention is pivotably mounted to a seat bottom included in a child seat for use on a child swing. ", "It is within the scope of the present invention to include such an adjustable seat back in a wide variety of child-supporting units such as car seats, high chairs, car beds, child carriers, strollers, and other types of child seats.", "\nIdeally, two locking mechanisms for locking the seat back relative to the seat bottom are provided with the child seat in accordance with the present invention. ", "One mechanism is appended to the seat shell adjacent to the first side arm and the second mechanism is appended to the seat shell adjacent to the second side arm. ", "Also, the pegs are preferably appended to spring assemblies which are appended to the seat back shell. ", "The spring assemblies urge the pegs to seat back-locking positions in which the pegs are inserted into peg-receiving notches. ", "Release handles, each of which is movable between a peg-inserting position and a peg-releasing position, are appended to the spring assemblies. ", "The release handles move the pegs from the seat back-locking positions to seat back-unlocking positions.", "\nWhen the care giver wishes to adjust the position of the seat back, the care giver grasps the child seat with both hands placing one hand on the first side arm and the other hand on the second side arm. ", "The release handles are arranged so that the care givers fingers will engage the release handles. ", "The care giver then simply squeezes the release handles to unlock the seat back-locking mechanisms, adjusts the seat back to the desired position relative to the seat bottom, and releases the release handles to lock the seat back-locking mechanisms and fix the seat back relative to the seat bottom.", "\nThe nesting and mating surfaces of the seat shell and the seat back shell cooperate with the locking mechanisms, including the pegs appended to the seat back shell and the peg-receiving notch formed in the seat shell, to provide a child seat with an adjustable seat back. ", "The seat back is pivotable relative to the seat shell and can be selectively locked relative to the seat shell when the care giver allows the peg to be received by the peg-receiving notch.", "\nThe seat shell can be formed to include more than one peg-receiving notch. ", "Each peg-receiving notch formed in the seat shell and positioned to receive the peg when the seat back is in a position between the upright position and the reclined position provides an additional intermediate position in which the seat back can be fixed to the seat shell. ", "The seat back can be arranged to be fixed is as many positions as desired between the upright position and the reclined position for which there is room to form notches in the seat shell\nConstruction of the child seat using a seat shell having a nesting surface and a seat back shell having a mating surface is particularly advantageous. ", "The mating surface and a top surface of the seat back shell adjacent to the nesting surface provide an essentially smooth and continuous seating surface for the child. ", "As the seat back is pivoted relative to the seat bottom, the top surface of the seat shell and the mating surface of the seat back shell continue to provide an essentially smooth and continuous seating surface. ", "The top surface and the mating surface are arranged so that adjustments of the seat back are essentially imperceptible underneath a child seated in the seat shell so that the only change noticed by the child is the child's change of position.", "\nThe seat back locking mechanism cooperates with the seat shell and the seat back shell to provide a child seat that can be easily adjusted between several positions without causing discomfort or significant shifting of the child. ", "The seat back can be fixed in several positions relative to the seat bottom and can easily be adjusted and locked into a different position by the care giver.", "\nThe seat shell further includes the support-receiving structure which is appended to the seat shell and is arranged to receive support arms appended to a swing motor. ", "The support arms and the support-receiving structure are arranged to suspend the seat above a floor.", "\nThe seat shell and the side arms appended to the seat shell further include a bottom surface. ", "Each side arm includes an inner side wall, a top wall appended to a top edge of the inner side wall, and an outer side wall appended to the top wall. ", "The inner side wall, the top wall, and the outer side wall cooperate to define a downwardly opening U-shaped channel. ", "The support-receiving structure is disposed within the U-shaped channel and is appended to the bottom surface underneath the top wall.", "\nThe support receiving structure includes a U-shaped bridge and an inverted U-shaped bracket positioned to lie in spaced-apart relation to the bridge. ", "The bridge and the bracket are each appended to a bottom surface of the top wall. ", "In preferred embodiments, a second U-shaped bridge is appended to the bottom surface of the top wall between the first bridge and the first bracket, and a second inverted U-shaped bracket is appended to the bottom surface of the top wall adjacent to the first bridge, with the first bridge positioned to lie between the second bracket and the second bridge.", "\nThe support arms include mounting ends that are formed so that a transverse cross section of the mounting ends are non-circular. ", "The support-receiving structures are arranged to receive the non-circular mounting ends. ", "The non-circular shape of the mounting ends of the support arms cooperate with the corresponding shape of the support-receiving structures to fix the support arms and render the support arms unable to rotate relative to the seat shell.", "\nIllustratively, a child seat having an adjustable seat back in accordance with the present invention is intended for use on a child swing. ", "However, it is within the scope of the present invention to include such an adjustable seat back in a wide variety of child-supporting units such as car seats, high chairs, car beds, child carriers, strollers, and other types of child seats.", "\nFor the reasons described above, use of the support structures of the present invention on a child seat for use on a child swing eliminates the twisting and yaw movement of the child seat and the support arms. ", "Typically when mounting a child seat to a swing frame structure it is necessary to improve the stability of the structure by providing an additional support member apart from the seat shell and arranged to directly connect support arms that are received on both sides of the child seat. ", "However, the structural stability provided by the support structures of the present invention permits mounting a child seat to a child swing without providing any member apart from the seat shell to directly connect the two mounting arms. ", "As a result, use of the support structures of the present invention simplifies the design and the assembly of the child seat.", "\nIn preferred embodiments, the child seat further includes a rotatable restraint bar that is usable to restrain a child seated in the seat shell. ", "The restraint bar includes a post having a base, a tip, and a stop tab appended to the base. ", "The base of the post is mounted for rotation to the seat shell. ", "The base is arranged so that the tip swings easily along an arc between a child-restraining position above the seat bottom and a child-releasing position in which the stop tab engages the seat shell. ", "In preferred embodiments, the restraint bar is T-shaped and includes a transverse cross member having a top wall arranged to define a tray having a flat upwardly-facing top surface and a lip surrounding the perimeter of the top surface, the transverse cross member being appended to the tip of the rotatable post.", "\nAdvantageously, a child seat for a swing is provided. ", "The child seat includes an adjustable seat back that is pivotably appended to the seat bottom, swing support-receiving structures that are arranged to receive support arms appended to a swing motor, and a rotatable restraint bar that is usable to restrain a child seated in the seat shell. ", "Consumers will appreciate the convenience and the ease of use of the various features of this child seat. ", "Manufacturers will likewise appreciate the ease of assembly provided by the designs of the various component elements of this child seat.", "\nAdditional objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment exemplifying the best mode of carrying out the invention as presently perceived." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

[ 0.0007457428146153688, 0.0007829469977878034, 0.0007598374504595995, 0.0007750851800665259, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007177653606049716, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.001145821064710617, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007952016312628984, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0006907557835802436, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0009028151980601251, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0006679533398710191, 0.0006587099633179605, 0.0007750851800665259, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007119471556507051, 0.0010884626535698771, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007952016312628984, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0007669631158933043, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0011556223034858704, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0008097929530777037, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0009931755485013127, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0006679469370283186, 0.0010884626535698771, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.0006416994729079306, 0.0008104598964564502, 0.0013785817427560687, 0.000858008919749409, 0.000661801197566092, 0.0006753976340405643, 0.0008529599872417748, 0.0006832057260908186, 0.000915278447791934, 0.0007664556615054607, 0.0006460865843109787, 0.0008574699168093503, 0.001283177174627781, 0.000658592616673559, 0.0007663636934012175, 0.0011351477587595582, 0.0008741411729715765, 0.0006281984387896955, 0.0010378402657806873, 0.0007609453750774264, 0.0007195412181317806, 0.0007937412010505795, 0.000591438845731318, 0.000878165359608829, 0.0006854563835076988, 0.0005738657200708985, 0.0006913437973707914, 0.0009805612498894334, 0.0006244759424589574, 0.000878165359608829, 0.0006602690555155277, 0.0005991071811877191, 0.0007160425884649158, 0.0007069422863423824, 0.0013305904576554894, 0.0009457154665142298, 0.0007763465982861817, 0.0006678237696178257, 0.0005576781113632023, 0.0008235233253799379, 0.0006244881660677493, 0.0007321557495743036, 0.0007576289353892207, 0.0007438151515088975, 0.0006746391300112009, 0.000648709770757705, 0.0007852680864743888, 0.000658275093883276, 0.0009175935410894454, 0.0017789654666557908, 0.0009921857854351401, 0.001751469448208809, 0.0006882544257678092, 0.000874074874445796, 0.0006480689626187086, 0.0006694611511193216, 0.0006671326118521392, 0.0006616548052988946, 0.0006674223113805056, 0.0007524832617491484, 0.0007979843649081886, 0.0007377687725238502, 0.0006277164211496711, 0.0006500122253783047, 0.0006415952229872346, 0.0008675468270666897, 0.001081880647689104, 0.0006550080142915249, 0.0006336062797345221, 0.0008595166727900505, 0.0007252374780364335, 0.0006403865409083664, 0.0005839092773385346, 0.0006442308658733964, 0.0008384526590816677, 0.0006998062017373741, 0.0006955323624424636, 0.0005900264368392527, 0.0005977539694868028, 0.0006052334792912006, 0.0014121157582849264, 0.0006113612907938659, 0.0005473412456922233, 0.0008587438496761024, 0.0007416331209242344, 0.0008468020241707563, 0.0009250018047168851, 0.0005349772982299328, 0.0005252500413917005, 0.000530953926499933 ]

[ "[Current methods in molecular pathology].", "\nCurrent methods in molecular pathology Abstract. ", "Macroscopy and microscopy were the cornerstones of tumor analysis in pathology for many years. ", "Recently, we have witnessed an enormous increase in knowledge of genetic and epigenetic alterations occurring in tumors. ", "The detection of these alterations is becoming increasingly important during pathological work-up because they have an important impact on the diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and prevention of tumors. ", "It is therefore crucial to have appropriate methods available to detect these genetic alterations, such as mutations, translocations or changes in the methylation profile. ", "In the following review article, we will present current methods that are being applied in molecular pathology." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.0005912982160225511, 0.0006087509100325406, 0.0006422847509384155, 0.0005365583929233253, 0.0005576887051574886, 0.0005509575712494552, 0.0005378357018344104 ]

[ "// Copyright (c) 2011-present, Facebook, Inc. All rights reserved.", "\n// This source code is licensed under the BSD-style license found in the\n// LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree. ", "An additional grant\n// of patent rights can be found in the PATENTS file in the same directory.", "\n//\n\n#pragma once\n\n#include \"rocksdb/comparator.h\"\n#include \"table/iterator_wrapper.h\"\n\nnamespace rocksdb {\n\n// When used with std::priority_queue, this comparison functor puts the\n// iterator with the max/largest key on top.", "\nclass MaxIteratorComparator {\n public:\n MaxIteratorComparator(const Comparator* comparator) :\n comparator_(comparator) {}\n\n bool operator()(IteratorWrapper* a, IteratorWrapper* b) const {\n return comparator_->Compare(a->key(), b->key()) < 0;\n }\n private:\n const Comparator* comparator_;\n};\n\n// When used with std::priority_queue, this comparison functor puts the\n// iterator with the min/smallest key on top.", "\nclass MinIteratorComparator {\n public:\n MinIteratorComparator(const Comparator* comparator) :\n comparator_(comparator) {}\n\n bool operator()(IteratorWrapper* a, IteratorWrapper* b) const {\n return comparator_->Compare(a->key(), b->key()) > 0;\n }\n private:\n const Comparator* comparator_;\n};\n\n} // namespace rocksdb\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0006118291057646275, 0.000641709310002625, 0.0005453060148283839, 0.0009551865514367819, 0.0014661448076367378, 0.0021615740843117237 ]

[ "[Clinical evaluation of patients with pyriform sinus fistula].", "\nThirteen patients with pyriform sinus fistula treated surgically at our department were clinically evaluated. ", "Twelve (92%) fistulae occurred in the left pyriform sinus, and one (8%) in the right. ", "There were a mean of 4 infectious episodes before the final diagnosis. ", "The median age at the first infection was 5 years, and the median age at surgery was 13 years, although there were 2 elderly patients (over 60 years old) in this series. ", "Association with pharyngeal foreign body was suspected in the case with onset at 81 years of age. ", "There was a history of previous surgery for cervical disease in 54% of the patients. ", "The final diagnosis was based on delineation of the fistula by hypopharyngography, although coronal section of CT and MRI were also useful for understanding the morphopathology. ", "The surgical procedure consisted of identification and staining of the fistula under direct hypopharyngoscopy, followed by identification and extirpation of the fistula until the distal end via a cervical approach. ", "There was no recurrence of infections, although resection of the thyroid gland and identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve were not always performed. ", "The most important surgical principle is considered to be complete disconnection of the lesion from the hypopharynx, and complete identification and extirpation of the fistula by the procedure used at our department is considered to be a useful surgical strategy." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

[ 0.003477682126685977, 0.0007849796675145626, 0.023994052782654762, 0.0006508534424938262, 0.0006930570234544575, 0.0009447757038287818, 0.0006592918653041124, 0.001588383805938065, 0.0014537360984832048, 0.0008164514438249171, 0.0011174046667292714 ]

[ "UDON ENTERTAINMENT CORP\nby Various Straight from Korea comes a breathtaking new anthology series! ", "From video games, to animation, to comics, Korean artists have touched all facets of modern media. ", "APPLE lets these artists shine as their creativity flows through eye-popping artwork and wondrous original tales. ", "Artist Hyung-Tae Kim (ROBOT, Magna Carta), is joined by dozens of Korea’s most talented creators.”", "\n\nby Pat Kennedy, George Gladir, Tim Kennedy & Various Things get ‘hairy’ for Archie and Jughead when Reggie convinces them they’ll go bald just like their fathers! ", "Can Dilton’s hair growth formula or the Internet’s ‘cure’ help our heroes tackle their ‘mane’ concern? ", "Then, when Archie agrees to umpire a girls’ softball game, his eye is on more than the bats and ball! ", "Plus, other new and classic tales, puzzles, pin-ups, and games!”", "\n\nThe Art of Animal Character Design\n\nDavid’s Doodles\n\nby David Colman\n\nFinally, there is an art book above the rest. ", "There are many animal drawing books out there, but none explain how to use the knowledge obtained from study in an actual trade craft. ", "This book explores the methods, philosophies, and secrets of a top character designer in the animation industry when dealing with creating animal characters, both professional production samples and personal work make up the content.", "\n\nBatman Gotham After Midnite #2 (of 12)\n\nby Steve Niles, Kelley Jones\n\nThe Batman has been ambushed by a gang of thugs who want only one thing: the death of the Dark Knight Detective. ", "But there is more to this nefarious plan than it seems. ", "For at the stroke of midnight, the mysterious monster behind this gang wants to strike fear into the hearts of all the citizens of Gotham City!", "\n\nJack’s now a wayward Fable in the heartland of America. ", "Follow his extreme road stories as he reveals the secret of his former relationship with the illustrious Snow Queen (when he took her powers and became known as Jack Frost).", "\n\nAs always, check with your local comic book store for availability and prices. ", "This week’s list comes from Things from Another World.", "\n\nAs always, Hellions picks are in BOLD.", "\n\nPLEASE NOTE- Not all of these titles will actually arrive in all stores. ", "Let me know if any of the names or numbers are wrong. ", "Items ending in “**” are possible releases unconfirmed by Diamond Distribution." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006464284379035234, 0.0006942608160898089, 0.0006180715863592923, 0.0006011305376887321, 0.1488676220178604, 0.0014800744829699397, 0.0019462215714156628, 0.0007946626283228397, 0.0007981212693266571, 0.0006378605030477047, 0.0006095570279285312, 0.033275291323661804, 0.006468902807682753, 0.004651437513530254, 0.0015960208838805556, 0.000658813863992691, 0.0006820051348768175, 0.0009570554248057306, 0.000776934961322695, 0.0005793918971903622, 0.0006650203140452504, 0.0005984688177704811 ]

[ "#ifndef __XFS_ARCHIVER_H__\n#define __XFS_ARCHIVER_H__\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\nextern \"C\" {\n#endif\n\n#include <types.h>\n#include <stdint.h>\n#include <list.h>\n#include <shash.h>\n#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdarg.h>\n#include <string.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <malloc.h>\n#include <irqflags.h>\n#include <spinlock.h>\n#include <xboot/initcall.h>\n\ntypedef void (*xfs_walk_callback_t)(const char * dir, const char * name, void * data);\n\nenum {\n\tXFS_OPEN_MODE_READ\t\t= 0,\n\tXFS_OPEN_MODE_WRITE\t\t= 1,\n\tXFS_OPEN_MODE_APPEND\t= 2,\n};\n\nstruct xfs_archiver_t\n{\n\tchar * name;\n\tstruct list_head list;\n\n\tvoid * (*mount)(const char * path, int * writable);\n\tvoid (*umount)(void * m);\n\tvoid (*walk)(void * m, const char * name, xfs_walk_callback_t cb, void * data);\n\tbool_t (*isdir)(void * m, const char * name);\n\tbool_t (*isfile)(void * m, const char * name);\n\tbool_t (*mkdir)(void * m, const char * name);\n\tbool_t (*remove)(void * m, const char * name);\n\tvoid * (*open)(void * m, const char * name, int mode);\n\ts64_t (*read)(void * f, void * buf, s64_t size);\n\ts64_t (*write)(void * f, void * buf, s64_t size);\n\ts64_t (*seek)(void * f, s64_t offset);\n\ts64_t (*tell)(void * f);\n\ts64_t (*length)(void * f);\n\tvoid (*close)(void * f);\n};\n\nbool_t register_archiver(struct xfs_archiver_t * archiver);\nbool_t unregister_archiver(struct xfs_archiver_t * archiver);\nvoid * mount_archiver(const char * path, struct xfs_archiver_t ** archiver, int * writable);\n\n#ifdef __cplusplus\n}\n#endif\n\n#endif /* __XFS_ARCHIVER_H__ */\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.021692439913749695 ]

[ "Games free only\n\nPlay the Best Free Online Games on your smartphone, tablet, or PC. ", "We have the best Arcade, Match3, Bubble, Sports, Girls and Puzzle games!. ", "GamesOnly is a safe place for kids to play the best games! ", "Are you ready to play online farm games, racing games, fun games, puzzle games, girls games and ‎ FortZ · ‎ Geometry Dash Online · ‎ BaseBros · ‎ Draw My Thing Online. ", "Play thousands of Free Online Flash Games including Puzzle, Shooting, Adventure, Fighting, Sports, War, 3D, Strategy, Racing, Arcade, Classic, Flying, RPG.", "\nJungle Connect Connect all tiles in the Jungle. ", "Play strategically and cause huge chain reactions! ", "Click on same-colored wizards standing near each others to attack the enemy! ", "Get the sword, beat the great dragon and rescue the cute princess. ", "Block Monsters Extreme Play an extreme game of with the block monster shapes. ", "If you love a challenge, work your noggin with tricky puzzle games like Mahjongor invite friends for a multiplayer spiel für handy game online. ", "Try this extreme sport game yatzy online multiplayer you are not guasargaming of gutscheine adler. ", "Egal, ob du ein Kind bist oder schon Oma oder Opa, ob Anfänger oder Expertin slot machine coyote moon online hier findest du Hunderte kostenlose Spiele. ", "Bubble Charms Bubble Charms is a fun Bubble Shooter game with a cheerful design and smooth game play. ", "Book of ra deluxe trick 2017.pdf as many coins as you can and buy additional game bet at eu. ", "This mysterious magician has created an enchanted besten windows apps of the classic card game. ", "Our visitors can enjoy all of our games for free without having to draw their credit cards. ", "Desktop Racing 2 Are you tired of working routine? ", "The Floor is Lava 1. ", "Battle for the Galaxy Play your role and lead your troops to victory! ", "If you find yourself in need of a break from the fighting, chasing and shooting then you can take a load off in the puzzle corner. ", "Best Multiplayer Games More. ", "As you start out a rookie mafioso, you will soon rise up the gangster ranks and prove your true worth. ", "Aim for the hole and drag and release to hit the ball. ", "One more flight 55x. ", "Monsters As if other humans weren't bad hero saga online. ", "Simply upload your game directly to the Addicting Games website using the game submission form. ", "Bowman 2 Perfect Your Shot! ", "Match the kitty, bunny and bear to score points and win coins. ", "Lego My City 2 x. Juicy Dash Swipe each piece of fruit as fast as you can. ", "Road of the Dead 2 Mature Content. ", "Move all cards onto the four foundation piles, sorted by suit and rank in ascending order from Ace to King. ", "Grab your gun and drive your car through a mad day of shooting, jumping, and more. ", "Rotate and connect hex tiles to free the trapped octopus, turtle, pufferfish and many other cute sea animals.", "\n\nGames free only Video\n\nPlants vs Zombies 2 game big wave beach - day 7_● ci-el.info4\n\nGames free only - beste\n\nBubble Charms 2 Play this addicting bubble shooter game with cute pets. ", "Movie Do you love movies? ", "You have two options: Dive into the ocean and go on an underwater adventure! ", "Prove your skills and help little Pengu to jump from floe to floe! ", "Hidden Objects Pirate Treasure." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0007146222633309662, 0.0007151601603254676, 0.0013570762239396572, 0.0019473492866382003, 0.0009255898767150939, 0.0006168974796310067, 0.005472255405038595, 0.002720652846619487, 0.015709495171904564, 0.0039563970640301704, 0.05997047200798988, 0.14481423795223236, 0.057395584881305695, 0.0007781442254781723, 0.0007634763605892658, 0.0007462436915375292, 0.0007044506492093205, 0.0009191993158310652, 0.0008419340010732412, 0.011370866559445858, 0.003679052460938692, 0.0006160340853966773, 0.4465985894203186, 0.019635191187262535, 0.0008196617709472775, 0.005053702741861343, 0.0008916876977309585, 0.003775779390707612, 0.0021918516140431166, 0.0034837021958082914, 0.0013335096882656217, 0.0009620828786864877, 0.5684577822685242, 0.000864275440108031, 0.001153059070929885, 0.0010933970334008336, 0.0012361753033474088, 0.07497119903564453, 0.013950415886938572 ]

[ "Q:\n\nHow to deal with `Use of undeclared identifier 'UIDevice'`\n\nI followed the MD file step by step. ", "But there is still an error in the compilation. ", "What can I do?", "\nIn the FaceppClient.m file :\nif ([[[UIDevice currentDevice] systemVersion] compare: @\"5.0\" options: NSNumericSearch ] !", "= NSOrderedAscending)\n _ios50orNewer = true;\n\nXcode outputs this error :\n\nUse of undeclared identifier 'UIDevice'\n\nI added #import \"UIDevice.h\" in the file, but Xcode outputs \"UIDevice.h not found\".", "\nI added the UIKit framework to the Project, but I still have the compilation issue.", "\nWhat can I do then?", "\n\nA:\n\nTry adding this line at the top of your .m file : \n#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>\n\nAdding the framework to the project is useful, but you also have to include the needed headers in your code.", "\n\nA:\n\nAnd for Swift 5 users who got here, try \nimport UIKit\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

[ 0.0006648122216574848, 0.0006389767513610423, 0.0009330110042355955, 0.0007944522076286376, 0.0008544074953533709, 0.0005635960842482746, 0.0007628418388776481, 0.0006714771152473986, 0.0009659348870627582 ]

[ "Sitagliptin and Lansoprazole Preparing for a Phase-II Clinical Trial\nThis trial is giving two drugs (both of which are already in use) to people with type-1 diabetes in their honeymoon phase. ", "The hope is that it will preserve some beta cell function. ", "This study is not yet recruiting patients. ", "They hope to recruit 54 patients and finish in April 2014. ", "Sitagliptin is the generic name for Januvia, and Lansoprozole is the generic name for Prevacid.", "\n\nA Little Discussion: I still don't understand why this is supposed to preserve beta cells.", "\nWhen I blogged about the Sitagliptin only clinical trial, I said that I didn't understand why it might help type-1 diabetics; and I still don't. ", "With this trial, I don't understand why adding a antacid like Lansoprozole would help type-1 diabetics, either. ", "On the other hand, Januvia is available now for type-2 diabetes with a prescription, and Prevacid is available \"over the counter\" and as a generic. ", "So if this pans out, you will be able to get this as an \"off label\" use without waiting for further FDA approvals.", "\n\nFor me, a far more interesting trial, which I have blogged about before, is being run by the NIH, and which uses Diamyd plus Sitagliptin and Lansoprozole. ", "That one I understand: Diamyd stops the autoimmune attack by retraining it, and the other two drugs reverse beta cell damage or develop new beta cells. ", "You can read about that study here:\nhttp://cureresearch4type1diabetes.blogspot.com/2010/02/diamyd-combo-phase-ii-trial-scaled-back.html\nand I think they have upped the enrollment to 7 since I wrote that blog entry. ", "On the other hand, if this Sitagliptin and Lansoprozole only study lays a scientific foundation for more studies where they pair it with something to stop the autoimmune attack, that would be valuable.", "\n\nDelay in Trucco's Phase-I Trial\nTrucco's clinical trial is one of the first ones that I ever followed in my \"status\" web page. ", "That was years before I started my blog. ", "I've never blogged on it, because there has never been news. ", "Basically, they remove dentric cells, which are part of the immune system, treat those cells, and then put them back in the patient (the same patient where they came from). ", "This trial only enrolls people who have had diabetes for more than five years, so honeymooners are excluded. ", "It is a safety only study: they are not measuring any BG, A1C, insuline usage or C-peptide numbers. ", "If it turns out safe, then they plan to start a honeymooner only study to see if it improves any of those things.", "\n\nNow, finally, there is news. ", "In June 2010, Trucco's group updated their clinical trials record as follows:\n\nEstimated Enrollment:\n\n15\n\nStudy Start Date:\n\nMarch 2007\n\nEstimated Study Completion Date:\n\nJune 2011 (previously had been mid-2010)\n\nEstimated Primary Completion Date:\n\nDecember 2010 (previously had been mid-2009)\n\nSo this is basically a one year slip.", "\n\nWeb status page: http://joshualevy.pbworks.com/DiabetesCureReadyForHumanTrials#TruccoatChildren%E2%80%99sHospitalofPittsburgh Year old newspaper article: http://durangoherald.com/sections/Features/Health/2009/08/24/Experiment_seeks_way_to_head_off_Type_1_diabetes_found_in_children/Scientific Overview: http://www.mcgowan.pitt.edu/news/images/Trucco_PediatricDiabetes_2008.pdf(Includes a nice diagram on page 8, even if the rest is highly technical.)One Possible Cure, but not yet in Clinical Trials.", "\nSome researchers in India are working with a \"release as needed\" injected insulin. ", "This is broadly similar to SmartInsulin. ", "A single injection of this new insulin, called Supramolecular Insulin Assembly II (SIA-II) resulted in good blood glucose levels (which they call \"physiologic glucose levels\") for over 100 days in animals. ", "I'm very much looking forward to what this does in people. ", "But remember: drugs generally take 10+ years to go through human trials, and less than half of the drugs successful in animals ever go on to human trials. (", "Since this is an Insulin it might be slightly faster than 10 years, but not much.)", "\n\nAnother benefit of this drug, is that it puts pressure on the SmartInsulin developers. ", "In turn the SmartInsulin developers put pressure on the SIA-II developers. ", "I'm a firm believer that competition pushes both groups of developers to move faster, so I'm all for it. ", "It sounds to me like both SmartInsulin and SIA-II are close to starting human trials, but SmartInsulin is closer.", "\n\nDiscussion: What is a Cure? ", "Is this a Cure?", "\nThis drug (and also Smart Insulin) can start off an interesting parlor conversation about what is a cure? ", "Are treatments like SmartInsulin or SIA-II cures? ", "Obviously, each of us must make up their own mind about what is and is not a cure. ", "But in my mind, a treatment that required one injection every 3 months, and no blood glucose checks, no dietary limitations (no counting carbs), with no long term side effects and a normal life expectancy. ", "Personally, I would call that a cure, even though it requires an injection every 3 months, and even though you would have type-1 \"on the inside\". ", "It would be a functional cure. ", "Your opinion may differ.", "\n\nNews from Cerco Medical\nI don't really cover Cerco Medical, because they have not yet started human trials for their \"islet sheet\", which is an encapsulated beta cell cure generally similar to LCT's Diabcell. ", "However I know people are interested in it, and this is the most specific news I've heard about when they are hoping to start a clinical trial:\n\nHis [Scott R. King, president of Cerco Medical] company is planning to begin human testing in 2012 or 2013.", "\n\nThis comes from a newspaper article, which is mostly about Artificial Pancreas work in Oregon: http://www.oregonlive.com/health/index.ssf/2010/08/putting_blood-sugar_control_on.html\n\nJoshua LevyAll the views expressed here are those of Joshua Levy, and nothing here is official JDRF or JDCA news, views, policies or opinions.", "\nBlog: http://cureresearch4type1diabetes.blogspot.com\nWeb: http://joshualevy.pbworks.com/DiabetesCureReadyForHumanTrials\n\nAbout The Diabetes Network\n\nThe Diabetes Network was developed with the idea that people living with diabetes needed a central place to go for resources as well as get ideas, suggestions and encouragement. ", "We have put a lot of effort into this website to make it easy and fun to navigate as well as informative so that you can have a voice when it comes to managing your diabetes. ", "Please let us know how we can improve this website to better suit your needs.", "\n\nMore about our Mission\n\nWe're on a mission to make the healthcare community more technologically advanced than ever before. ", "This website adapts to fit your tablet, iPad®, iPhone®, Android® or other smartphone. ", "Just one of the ways we are working to make life easier for those living with Diabetes. ", "Learn More..." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006385855958797038, 0.0007710573263466358, 0.0006486473721452057, 0.0005711006233468652, 0.0010279895504936576, 0.0007140845409594476, 0.0009530617389827967, 0.014941847883164883, 0.0006280078087002039, 0.0005922463606111705, 0.0005948020843788981, 0.0008261508774012327, 0.0005792060983367264, 0.0007056734757497907, 0.0006515460554510355, 0.0007222376298159361, 0.0006783562712371349, 0.0016426725778728724, 0.000680002267472446, 0.0006549893296323717, 0.0006523836054839194, 0.0006979030440561473, 0.0005527531029656529, 0.0006660596118308604, 0.000533530896063894, 0.0006330768810585141, 0.0006909361109137535, 0.0005633654072880745, 0.0006698849028907716, 0.0005702806520275772, 0.0006790101760998368, 0.0006404967280104756, 0.0005280096083879471, 0.0006044679321348667, 0.0007067079422995448, 0.0010925463866442442, 0.0005992219084873796, 0.0008631257805973291, 0.0012351624900475144, 0.0008728094398975372, 0.0006185919628478587, 0.0007315151742659509, 0.0005942924763076007, 0.0006280362722463906, 0.0005244656349532306, 0.0006263350369408727, 0.0005852746544405818, 0.0005670826649293303, 0.0005944204167462885, 0.0005898158997297287, 0.000621937622781843, 0.000847499119117856, 0.0015024786116555333 ]