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26825098#28 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | During the night of 9-10 June, a fighting patrol reportedly fired on several members of a mortar platoon from 45 Commando on the lower slopes of Mount Kent, killing four and wounding three Royal Marines. |
26825098#29 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | British gunner Neil Randall would record the sad loss in his diary entry for that 10 June: |
26825098#30 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | The worst news of the day is that there was a friendly-friendly contact during the night. 45 had shot up their own mortar section who had deployed to support the evening patrols. There are 4 dead & 1 very seriously injured. These things are bound to happen during the confusion of war, but it bloody well shouldn't most of this is down to poor passage of information between senior commanders. But its the grunt on the ground that faces the consequences of their inadequacies. |
26825098#31 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | Lieutenant Andrew Shaw would later reveal these losses took place near Murrell River when his night-fighting patrol entered the Kill zone (grid reference 263740) between two other Royal Marine patrols and two Argentine Special Forces patrols on the southern lower slopes of Two Sisters. |
26825098#32 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | Early on 10 June, one Gurkha company moved forward from Bluff Cove to a position near Mount Kent to establish a patrol base from which to carry out aggressive patrolling, but the Forward Observation Officer on Mount Harriet, Captain Tomás Fox spotted the company and directed 155mm artillery fire against it, wounding three Gurkhas on 11 June. Describing the moment he was injured, Lance Corporal Gyanendra Rai said: |
26825098#33 | Assault on Mount Kent, Falkland Islands | I was absolutely convinced I would die. I was in severe pain. It was like someone had driven a four-pound sledge hammer through the side of my back. |
26825101#0 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Eric I, the Elder (; 1470 – 1540) was Duke of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1495 and the first reigning prince of Calenberg-Göttingen. |
26825101#1 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Eric I was born on 16 February 1470 in Neustadt am Rübenberge at the castle of Rovenburg.
He was the founder of the Calenberg line of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg. His father, William II, died in 1503, but had already divided his lands in 1495, between his sons, Henry and Eric. Eric was given the Principalities of Calenberg and Göttingen, whilst Henry received the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Even as a boy, Eric had travelled as a pilgrim to Jerusalem and toured Italy before he entered the service of Emperor Maximilian I. |
26825101#2 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Even in his early years Eric had proved himself as a brave fighter at the side of the emperors and took part in 1497 in the campaign against the Turks. Later he fought in wars against Venice, the Swiss confederation and France. In the Bavarian-Landhut war in 1504 he saved the emperor's life at the Battle of Regensburg the Leben, whereupon he was knighted. |
26825101#3 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Eric I was the second son of Duke William II of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d 1503) and received in 1491, before his father died, his inheritance of the Principality of Calenberg-Göttingen. His elder brother, Duke Henry the Elder (1463–1514) was given rule over Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. In 1505 the 35-year-old Duke Eric I of Calenberg made Neustadt am Rübenberge his second seat of power. |
26825101#4 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | When the first marriage of the duke to the widow of Archbishop Sigismund of Austria, Katharina of Saxony, proved childless, he married after her death on 7 July 1525 the 15-year-old Elisabeth of Brandenburg. From this marriage resulted his long-awaited successor Eric II (1528–1584). When, in 1528, Elisabeth fell ill in bed when she was pregnant, she held the witchcraft of her husband's mistress, Anna Rumschottel, responsible. She persuaded her husband to hold a trial. In the process, several women were burned to death, but the duke allowed his mistress to escape. She was however burnt to death in Hamelin. |
26825101#5 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | During the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud (1519–1523) he captured Hunnesrück Castle in 1521, together with Henry the Younger of Wolfenbüttel. It lay on a hill near the present town district of Hunnesrück in Dassel. He bombarded the castle with heavy cannon from the hill of Hatop. He gave the castle up after a short period however. Between 1527 and 1530, he had the castle of Erichsburg built in a marshy depression about 3 km further east which was protected by a wide moat and high ramparts. It was named after his heir, born in 1528, later Duke Eric II. Eric I used it from time to time as his seat of office. Whilst it was being built he lived in the old castle at Hunnesrück. |
26825101#6 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | After the feud, the "Amt" of Kolding and Poppenburg were transferred to Duke Eric I in accordance with the requirements of the Quedlinburg Recess. In 1523 abbey parish of St. Andrew in Derneburg placed itself under the protection of Eric I of Calenberg, because it had been repeatedly plundered by the knights of Duke Henry II of Brunswick-Lüneburg. |
26825101#7 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | In 1529 Eric allowed the town of Hanover to hold an annual "Schützenfest" ("shooting festival"), which today has become the Hanover Schützenfest, the largest of its kind in the world. In 1530 he took Aerzen back into the possession of the Welfs (his coat of arms is over the door in the north wing of the castle). |
26825101#8 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | In 1539 Eric I united the former "Ämter" of Hunnesrück, Lüthorst and Lauenberg into the new "Amt" of Erichsburg which remained in that form until 1643. |
26825101#9 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | In 1540, just under 23 years after the Martin Luther's posting of his theses, Duke Eric I of Calenberg-Göttingen died. His son, Eric II, was still a child, which is why his mother, the Duchess Elisabeth, took over the reign for five years. Two years earlier she had publicly allowed communion to be taken in both kinds in a church service. From then on she and her husband followed separate confessions: the duke remained Roman Catholic, the duchess became Lutheran. |
26825101#10 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Duke Eric I died on 30 July 1540 at the Reichstag in Haguenau, Alsace. He left behind large debts, estimated at 900,000 thalers, as well as two important buildings: the Erichsburg near Dassel and the rebuilt Calenberg Castle. His funeral took place in 1541 in Hann. Münden's St. Blasius Church, after his body was released in Haguenau one year after his death on payment of his debts. This required every subject in his duchy to pay 16 pfennigs. |
26825101#11 | Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg | Duke Eric had a son and three daughters by his second wife, Elisabeth of Brandenburg: |
26825116#0 | White Material | White Material is a 2009 French film directed by Claire Denis and co-written with Marie NDiaye. |
26825116#1 | White Material | The film stars Isabelle Huppert as Maria Vial, a struggling French coffee producer in an unnamed French speaking African country, who decides to stay at her coffee plantation in spite of an erupting civil war. The film was well received, earning high ratings and appearing in several movie critics' top lists for 2010. |
26825116#2 | White Material | "White Material" was later voted the 97th greatest film since 2000 in an international critics' poll conducted by BBC, and in 2017 the film was named the fifteenth "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far" in "The New York Times". |
26825116#3 | White Material | Maria Vial is a white French farmer who runs (with her ex-husband, Andre, and his sickly father) a failing coffee plantation in an unnamed African country in the present day. Maria and Andre have a lazy, mentally unstable son, Manuel, while Andre has another half-African son, Jose. Civil war has broken out and rebel soldiers, many of them child soldiers, are advancing on the area. The French military, while pulling out, makes one final plea for Maria to leave, but unyielding in her desire to protect her family's home, she ignores the warnings. Meanwhile, a rebel DJ on the radio urges the rebels on and advocates attacks on emblems of colonialism. Maria's workers flee for fear of the upcoming conflict. Maria stubbornly refuses to abandon the plantation and its harvest, which will be ready in five days. Risking her life and unable to find Andre, she drives to a village to hire men to finish harvesting the coffee. On the way, she is forced to pay off bandits who threaten to kill her at a roadblock. After hiring the workers, she stops at the elementary school and collects Andre's other son, Jose. Jose is an upbeat boy of about 12, and we later learn that his mother is Andre's father's young housekeeper. |
26825116#4 | White Material | Meanwhile, we see Andre in town meeting with the African mayor, Cherif. Cherif, seeing that Andre is desperate, takes advantage of the situation and offers to purchase the plantation for the cancellation of Andre's debts. Cherif requires Andre to get his father to sign over the coffee plantation to him. Having returned to the plantation, Maria searches out her son Manuel and finds him in bed after midday. Trying to rouse him, she laments his listlessness and scolds that he is without purpose. Manuel rises, and after a swim, is intrigued by a noise in the house. He follows it to two young rebels. They run, and in spite of his lack of shoes, Manuel follows them far from the home. They eventually corner him; he discovers that they're armed with a spear and a machete. The rebel boys threaten him, cut his hair, and retreat to the bush, firing shots from a revolver. Maria, Andre, and some workers converge on Manuel and are shocked to find him stripped and standing naked in the field. The fact that the oldest boy stuck his revolver down Manuel's pants, as well as his state of shock, the dirt on his hands and knees, and his later over-reaction, suggest he may have been raped off camera. Maria loads him in the tractor and heads back to the house. Manuel, obviously traumatized and out of his mind, abandons the tractor and goes to his grandfather's home. There the heavily tattooed Manuel reacts to his assault by shaving his head, stealing his grandfather's shotgun, attacking Jose's mother, and disappearing on his mother's motorbike. |
26825116#5 | White Material | Despite Andre's continued pleas that they should flee, Maria remains steadfast in her efforts to bring in the coffee crop. She discovers the wounded rebel hero known as 'The Boxer' in a barn and feeds him. As night falls the workers bed down and Maria falls asleep dreaming of an earlier evening where we see her discussing Manuel with Cherif in what appears to be a romantic situation fueled by marijuana. Cherif warns her that her son is 'half-baked', a statement which makes her laugh. She awakens and attempts to start work again. However, the radio issues reports that the Boxer is being harbored by the "foreigners" and that loyal citizens should oppose them. Her workers, hearing this, demand to be paid immediately. Upon threat, Maria opens the safe to find that the money is all gone, likely taken by Andre to secure passage out of the country. The workers demand to be driven back to the village. Maria agrees and starts driving them back. |
26825116#6 | White Material | Before they can reach the village they are stopped by a band of young rebels who appear to be wearing her clothing and jewelry. The rebels demand the truck and, when a worker protests that they are just poor villagers, the rebels shoot him and drive off leaving Maria by the roadside. Maria discovers they have looted the pharmacy and killed the doctor and his assistant. Driving the truck down the road the rebels are pursued by Manuel, who tells them that he knows where the Boxer is and leads them back to the plantation. He is clearly mad as he assists the rebels to loot his own family's food store. The rebels and Manuel gorge themselves on the food and then ingest the many pharmaceutical products that they have stolen. Almost all then pass out in and around the house. |
26825116#7 | White Material | Government troops then retake control of the area. They slip onto the plantation grounds, immediately in front of Andre's father, who calls out no warning to anyone inside. We see the troops move from room to room, slitting the throats of the rebels who are passed out from the orgy of food and medication. Government troops then lock the gun-toting Manuel in one of the farm buildings and burn him to death. Andre is shown dead on the floor of the house holding the family passports. |
26825116#8 | White Material | In the town Maria is overwrought. She is seeking a way back to the house when Cherif sees her and gives her a ride. At the plantation Maria finds Manuel's charred body. Andre's father is shown walking around the barn where Manuel was burned. Maria clubs Andre's father to death with a piece of timber, presumably seeing him at least partly responsible for the death of her son. Another reason may be the fact that Andre's father had promised Maria that she would inherit the plantation, but has broken the promise this very day by selling the land to Cherif. Maria's ex-husband, who was instigator of the sale, has already been killed, so his father is the only one in the family left to be punished. |
26825116#9 | White Material | At the end, we see one rebel leaving the area with the wounds to his head. He carries the beret of the Boxer. He tucks it into his trousers and continues into the countryside."White Material" has an overall approval rating of 87% on Rotten Tomatoes. |
26825116#10 | White Material | Manohla Dargis of the New York Times described it as a "...powerful, agonized film." Roger Ebert was especially impressed with the performance of Isabelle Huppert, "...small and slender, [she] embodies the strength of a fighter. In so many films, she is an indomitable force, yet you can't see how she does it. She rarely acts broadly. The ferocity lives within. Sometimes she is mysteriously impassive; we see what she's determined to do, but she sends no signals with voice or eyes to explain it." Michael Koresky of IndieWire concurs, and also praises the ensemble cast: "Maria is hardly the film's only character. Christophe Lambert gives a surprisingly fragile performance as her ex-husband, while Nicolas Duvauchelle is downright frightening as the beautiful, blond, lazy Manuel, who descends to peculiar pathological depths and thrusts himself into unexpected action." Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times also praised the film: "Though it deals with serious political themes and confronts deep personal issues, perhaps the most unexpected thing about "White Material" is that it never forgets to add artful beauty to the mix." |
26825116#11 | White Material | A digitally restored version of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by The Criterion Collection in April 2011 and features new interviews with Denis and actors Isabelle Huppert and Isaach de Bankolé, a short documentary by Denis on the film's premiere at the 2010 Écrans Noirs Film Festival in Cameroon, and a deleted scene. |
26825116#12 | White Material | The film has appeared on a number of critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2010. |
26825118#0 | Mull (geographical term) | Mull is an Anglicization of the Gaelic "Maol", a term for a rounded hill, summit, or mountain, bare of trees (it has also been used, in Gaelic, to refer to a forehead, or to a shaved head). As an adjective, the word is used to indicate something which is bare, dull, or bald. In Scotland, the term is most commonly used in the southwest, where it is often applied to headlands or promontories, and, often more specifically, for the tip of that promontory or peninsula. |
26825118#1 | Mull (geographical term) | Gaelic spelling rules require that maol, in certain syntactical arrangements, be lenited: that is, an "h" is inserted after the first letter, if the first letter is a consonant (and not an l, n, or r). This h makes the preceding consonant silent, or changes its sound (mh, or bh, for instance, are silent or sound like an English v). Gaelic spelling rules also require that, with the first letter lenited, the last vowel should be slender (an i, or an e). As both vowels in maol are broad, an i is inserted after. These two changes alter the sound of maol (rhymes with mull) to mhaoil (rhymes with uell, or well), as in "Creachmhaoil" (creach + maol). Consequently, maol, where it appears combined in place names, may not be Anglicized as "mull". Creachmhaoil is typically Anglicized (as a toponym) as Craughwell. The reverse is also true, and though "mull" appears in numerous Irish and Scottish toponyms, a convoluted history of Anglicizations means that in many it may have no connection to the word maol. |
26825118#2 | Mull (geographical term) | The Gaelic mullach (often found as mullagh) is a variation of maol/mull. Dwelly's (Scottish) Gaelic-to-English dictionary gives the basic definition: "the top, summit, or extremity of anything". It is common in the names of Irish prominences, such as Mullaghmore ("An Mullach Mór"), Mullaghaneany, Mullaghcloga, and Mullaghcarn. |
26825118#3 | Mull (geographical term) | Notable mulls include: |
26825118#4 | Mull (geographical term) | Mull, the Inner Hebridean island's name has a different, pre-Gaelic derivation. |
26825129#0 | The Act | The Act may refer to: |
26825143#0 | O2 Money | O2 Money is a range of financial services provided by O2 in the United Kingdom. |
26825143#1 | O2 Money | Launched on 15 July 2011, O2 Money debuted as line of Visa cash cards issued by O2 and provided by NatWest. The cards enabled O2 customers to use digital currency as an alternative to cash or cheques. |
26825143#2 | O2 Money | O2 announced in a press release on 23 February 2011 the "second phase" for O2 Money. The phase involves the company’s move away from physical currency through the discontinuation of the Cash Manager and Load & Go cash cards and the release of a "mobile wallet" application for Android and iOS devices. The application will use NFC technology embedded in a phone to access money banked with Barclays via O2. |
26825143#3 | O2 Money | O2 began trials of NFC technology in , with 500 individuals participating in the trial. The individuals used a specific Nokia handset to make payments at selected retailers, and travel the London Underground with transactions made via Barclays. O2 has since been in discussions with large retailers, such as Tesco and W. H. Smith, for the deployment of the necessary electronic point of sale units, and with handset manufacturers, such as Apple and Samsung, to enable NFC technology on all future devices. |
26825143#4 | O2 Money | In , the GSMA, Samsung, Telefónica, Visa and La Caixa demonstrated mobile payments at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona. Participating companies provided 400 NFC enabled handsets to guests for use at the Congress. The Samsung S5230 NFC-enabled handsets contained O2 SIM cards pre-loaded with £55 and a La Caixa Visa Mobile Payment application. Participants were able to use the handsets to pay for food and drink up to the value of £70 at 30 locations at the congress. |
26825143#5 | O2 Money | It was the first SIM card-based Near Field Communication technology payment to be demonstrated at the event. |
26825143#6 | O2 Money | In , Telefónica Europe began a controlled commercial trial of its NFC service in Plzeň, a city in the Czech Republic. The trial consisted of O2 distributing Nokia 6212 Classic mobile phone with NFC functionality. The phones were pre-loaded with transportation tickets and city services cards. It is the first time that Telefónica has offered NFC services on a commercial basis. |
26825143#7 | O2 Money | O2 Money was launched in partnership with NatWest by O2 in . O2 had previously been working with Barclays to trial NFC mobile payments. However, Tim Sefton, Customer Director at O2 stated the partnership with NatWest did not preclude future partnerships with other banks. |
26825143#8 | O2 Money | O2 Money has been described by Ronan Dunne, CEO at O2, as the first step in implementing NFC technology in mobile phones in the United Kingdom. |
26825143#9 | O2 Money | The service received over 100,000 applications in the first seven weeks, making it the most successful financial card launch in the United Kingdom. |
26825143#10 | O2 Money | Both cards were provided free and exclusive to O2 customers. |
26825143#11 | O2 Money | A spokesman for O2 announced on 3 February 2011 the company’s plans to release a "mobile wallet" application, an NFC-powered mobile payment application for NFC-enabled smartphones in the second half of 2011. O2 has since expressed its ambition to release the application before the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. |
26825143#12 | O2 Money | The application allows users from any UK mobile network to use their smartphone to access money loaded on to a prepaid visa debit card, which is issued electronically when you register. You can also upgrade and obtain a physical Visa debit card for the cost of £3. There are plans to enable customers to use their smartphones as an electronic ticket, such as the Oyster Card used throughout transportation in London. |
26825143#13 | O2 Money | O2 has applied for an electronic money licence from the Financial Services Authority which will allow it to offer money transfers between customers in addition to contactless payments at 60,000 locations in the UK. |
26825143#14 | O2 Money | James le Brocq, Head of Financial Services at O2, told Mobile News he expects to announce a range of partnerships with "a number" of organisations in relation to the mobile wallet service, most likely before Q3 2011. |
26825143#15 | O2 Money | The mobile wallet application is available for the Android and iOS operating systems. |
26825143#16 | O2 Money | It was announced on 9 January 2014 that the O2 wallet service would be closing as of 31 March 2014. |
26825143#17 | O2 Money | At The Card Awards on , an award evening established to recognise "customer service, excellence and innovation" in the UK and Irish payment industry, O2 won the Best New Prepaid Card Product of the Year and Best Prepaid Card Marketing Campaign of the Year awards, receiving judges were particularly impressed with the concept of the card. |
26825143#18 | O2 Money | O2 Money was critically praised at the event, particularly in regard to the high profile, customer-centric campaign used to promote the service for "[blowing] away the cobwebs surrounding payment cards and [lifting] the stigma of prepaid as a product for low-income consumers." Additionally, the judges at the event were thankful to O2 for helping to explain "prepaid" to the general public. |
26825148#0 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | In incidence geometry, the De Bruijn–Erdős theorem, originally published by , states a lower bound on the number of lines determined by "n" points in a projective plane. By duality, this is also a bound on the number of intersection points determined by a configuration of lines. |
26825148#1 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | Although the proof given by De Bruijn and Erdős is combinatorial, De Bruijn and Erdős noted in their paper that the analogous (Euclidean) result is a consequence of the Sylvester–Gallai theorem, by an induction on the number of points. |
26825148#2 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | Let "P" be a configuration of "n" points in a projective plane, not all on a line. Let "t" be the number of lines determined by "P". Then, |
26825148#3 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | The theorem is clearly true for three non-collinear points. We proceed by induction. |
26825148#4 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | Assume "n" > 3 and the theorem is true for "n" − 1.
Let "P" be a set of "n" points not all collinear.
The Sylvester–Gallai theorem states that there is a line containing exactly two points of "P". Such two point lines are called "ordinary lines".
Let "a" and "b" be the two points of "P" on an ordinary line. |
26825148#5 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | If the removal of point "a" produces a set of collinear points then "P" generates a near pencil of "n" lines (the "n" - 1 ordinary lines through "a" plus the one line containing the other "n" - 1 points). |
26825148#6 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | Otherwise, the removal of "a" produces a set, "P' ", of "n" − 1 points that are not all collinear.
By the induction hypothesis, "P' " determines at least "n" − 1 lines. The ordinary line determined by "a" and "b" is not among these, so "P" determines at least "n" lines. |
26825148#7 | De Bruijn–Erdős theorem (incidence geometry) | Conway has a purely combinatorial proof which consequently also holds for points and lines over the complex numbers, quaternions and octonions. |
26825150#0 | Ekparakwa | Ekparakwa is a town and as well one among the nine clans located in the Oruk Anam local government area of Akwa Ibom State, the southern region of Nigeria.
Ekparakwa as well known, may be ranked as the most populated place in the region of Oruk Anam (Annang land).
The area is naturally rich with her resources and some major governmental fields including some populated companies, hospitals, bank branches, educational centres and major other adventures in the area. |
26825150#1 | Ekparakwa | The area serves as a major transit station for commuters. And also has a central coronial road leading through Ikot Ntuen to Asanga and Ikot Okoro and the other roads running through Ibagwa to Abak, and others include Ikot Abasi, Etinan and Ukanafun local government areas of Akwa State, Nigeria. |
26825163#0 | All Tied Up | All Tied Up is a 1994 comedy film with the tagline "One man, three women and a very long rope." It was filmed in Los Angeles, California, United States. |
26825183#0 | Paul Völckers | Paul Gustav Völckers (15 March 1891 – 25 January 1946) was a German General of the Infantry in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the XXVII Army Corps. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. |
26825183#1 | Paul Völckers | Völckers surrendered to the Red Army in the course of the Soviet 1944 Operation Bagration. He died in a POW camp in the Soviet Union in 1946. |
26825191#0 | Living lab | A living lab is a research concept. A living lab is a user-centered, open-innovation ecosystem, often operating in a territorial context (e.g. city, agglomeration, region), integrating concurrent research and innovation processes within a public-private-people partnership. |
26825191#1 | Living lab | The concept is based on a systematic user co-creation approach integrating research and innovation processes. These are integrated through the co-creation, exploration, experimentation and evaluation of innovative ideas, scenarios, concepts and related technological artefacts in real life use cases. Such use cases involve user communities, not only as observed subjects but also as a source of creation. This approach allows all involved stakeholders to concurrently consider both the global performance of a product or service and its potential adoption by users. This consideration may be made at the earlier stage of research and development and through all elements of the product life-cycle, from design up to recycling. See also: Concurrent engineering |
26825191#2 | Living lab | User centred research methods, such as action research, community informatics, contextual design, user-centered design, participatory design, empathic design, emotional design, and other usability methods, already exist but fail to sufficiently empower users for co-creating into open development environments. More recently, the Web 2.0 has demonstrated the positive impact of involving user communities in new product development (NPD) such as mass collaboration projects (e.g. crowdsourcing, Wisdom of Crowds) in collectively creating new contents and applications. |
26825191#3 | Living lab | A living lab is not similar to a testbed as its philosophy is to turn users, from being traditionally considered as observed subjects for testing modules against requirements, into value creation in contributing to the co-creation and exploration of emerging ideas, breakthrough scenarios, innovative concepts and related artefacts. Hence, a living lab rather constitutes an experiential environment, which could be compared to the concept of experiential learning, where users are immersed in a creative social space for designing and experiencing their own future. Living labs could also be used by policy makers and users/citizens for designing, exploring, experiencing and refining new policies and regulations in real-life scenarios for evaluating their potential impacts before their implementations. |
26825191#4 | Living lab | The term "living lab" has emerged in parallel from the ambient intelligence research communities context and from the discussion on experience and application research (EAR). The emergence of the term is based on the concept of user experience and ambient intelligence (AmI). |
26825191#5 | Living lab | William J. Mitchell, Kent Larson, and Alex (Sandy) Pentland at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are credited with first exploring the concept of a Living Laboratory. They argued that a living lab represents a user-centric research methodology for sensing, prototyping, validating and refining complex solutions in multiple and evolving real life contexts. Nowadays, several living lab descriptions and definitions are available from different sources. |
26825191#6 | Living lab | In 2010, Mitchell, Larson and Pentland, formed the first US-based living labs research consortium. According to the consortium website: |
26825191#7 | Living lab | "The convergence of globalization, changing demographics, and urbanization is transforming almost every aspect of our lives. We face new choices about where and how we work, live, travel, communicate, and maintain health. Ultimately, our societies are being transformed. MIT Living Labs brings together interdisciplinary experts to develop, deploy, and test - in actual living environments - new technologies and strategies for design that respond to this changing world. Our work spans in scale from the personal to the urban, and addresses challenges related to health, energy, and creativity." |
26825191#8 | Living lab | The consortium has since been reorganized as the City Science Initiative at the MIT Media Lab. |
26825191#9 | Living lab | The term "living lab" or "living laboratory" is also used for representing a residential home research facility where the behaviour of people living in this house is observed and usage patterns are collected by researchers that are investigating methods for merging new technologies with user-centered design. In this type of living lab, users are more observed subjects than engaged in the co-creation of ideas and breakthrough scenarios. There are examples of such research facilities like PlaceLab at MIT developed by Kent Larson and Stephen Intille and ExperienceLab at Philips Research. In the Netherlands, Utrecht University has created the Governance Lab Utrecht |
26825191#10 | Living lab | The living lab process, which integrates both user-centred research and open innovation, is based on a maturity spiral concurrently involving a multidisciplinary team in the following four main activities: |
26825193#0 | Terje Knudsen | Terje Knudsen (born 6 March 1942) is a former Norwegian politician and Member of Parliament for the Progress Party. |
26825193#1 | Terje Knudsen | Knudsen was born in Bergen. He was a local politician in Bergen for the Conservative Party during the 1970s and 1980s, and held offices in the Bergen city council. During the 1990s he however changed to the Progress Party, and held local offices within the party. He was elected as a Member of Parliament in 1997, but left the party in March 2001 following internal conflicts, calling the process by the party leadership "unworthy". |
26825195#0 | Arthur Murray (fencer) | Arthur Murray was a British fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1908 Summer Olympics. |
26825196#0 | Guyart des Moulins | Guyart des Moulins was a medieval monk. He is famous for being the author of the first Bible translation in French, the Bible Historiale. |
26825196#1 | Guyart des Moulins | According to Alexis Paulin Paris, his name is written in "The Directory of manuscripts in the Library of the King" as Guyart des Moulins or Guyart-des-Moulins. His name is also found transcribed as Guiard Desmoulins; Guiart Desmoulins; Guiart des Moulins; and Guyar des Moulins. All these names refer to the author of the Bible Historiale. |
26825196#2 | Guyart des Moulins | In the prologue of the Bible Historiale, his year of birth is given as 1251. He was a Canon of St Peter ("chanoine de Saint Pierre") in Aire-sur-la-Lys, and became dean there in 1297. He held this office until his death in 1312 or 1322. |
26825196#3 | Guyart des Moulins | His Bible Historiale has largely been translated from Peter Comestor's Historia Scholastica, and was later augmented with translations from the Vulgate. |
26825196#4 | Guyart des Moulins | Paulin Paris has said this about his work: |
26825196#5 | Guyart des Moulins | "It was for the people of the world that our Guyart des Moulins translated the Bible into French, more than a century after the death of Petrus Comestor." |
26825196#6 | Guyart des Moulins | Rosemarie Potz McGerr, "Guyart Desmoulins, the Vernacular Master of Histories, and his Bible Historiale", Viator 14 (1983), 211-244. |
26825210#0 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 | United Nations Security Council resolution 981, adopted unanimously on 31 March 1995, after reaffirming all resolutions on the situation in the former Yugoslavia, the Council established the United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO) for a period terminating 30 November 1995. |
26825210#1 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 | The Security Council wanted a negotiated solution to the conflicts in former Yugoslavia. One such conflict was in Croatia with the Serbs in that country. Important parts of the United Nations peace plan for Croatia still needed to be implemented, including demobilisation in the Serb areas, the return of all refugees and the establishment of a police force, in addition to provisions in resolutions 871 (1993) and 947 (1994). |
26825210#2 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 | It was noted that the current mandate of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in Croatia was to expire on 31 March 1995 and also a request from the Government of Croatia regarding the establishment of a peacekeeping force in the country. Respect for human rights was urged as an essential step towards peace. The safety and freedom of movement of UNPROFOR had to be ensured. |
26825210#3 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 | Acting under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, the Council established UNCRO with 7,000 personnel for a period until 30 November 1995, with the following mandate: |
26825210#4 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 | The Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali was requested to report back no later than 21 April 1995 on the implementation of the above mandate. He was further required to report every four months on the mandate and implementation of agreements. UNCRO had to create conditions under which an agreement could be reached, while Member States were authorised to provide air support to the peacekeeping operation. The parties for their part were responsible for the safety of the United Nations personnel and to work on a peaceful solution to their dispute. |
26825210#5 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 | Finally, Croatia was asked to sign a Status of Forces Agreement and to provide suitable radio broadcasting frequencies and television broadcasting slots at no cost to the United Nations. |
26825210#6 | United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 | On the same day the Council also established the United Nations Preventive Deployment Force in Macedonia in Resolution 983. |
26825220#0 | Charles Wilson (fencer) | Charles Wilson (1865 – 22 January 1950) was a British fencer. He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1908 Summer Olympics. |
26825237#0 | Paris by Night 98 | Paris by Night 98: Fly With Us to Las Vegas is a "Paris by Night" program produced by Thúy Nga that was filmed at the Theatre for the Performing Arts in Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino and had a DVD release on December 10, 2009. The show was hosted by Nguyễn Ngọc Ngạn and Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Duyên. |
26825237#1 | Paris by Night 98 | Disc 1Disc 2 |