metadata

license: apache-2.0
language:
  - zsm
  - msa
  - may
datasets:
  - allenai/nllb
  - cis-lmu/Glot500
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
  - goldfish
  - arxiv:2408.10441

zsm_latn_full

Goldfish is a suite of monolingual language models trained for 350 languages. This model is the Standard Malay (Latin script) model trained on 859MB of data (all our data in the language), after accounting for an estimated byte premium of 1.14; content-matched text in Standard Malay takes on average 1.14x as many UTF-8 bytes to encode as English. The Goldfish models are trained primarily for comparability across languages and for low-resource languages; Goldfish performance for high-resource languages is not designed to be comparable with modern large language models (LLMs).

Note: zsm_latn is an individual language code. Macrolanguage code msa_latn (Malay) is included in Goldfish. Consider using that model depending on your use case.

All training and hyperparameter details are in our paper, Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages (Chang et al., 2024).

Training code and sample usage: https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish

Sample usage also in this Google Colab: link

Model details:

To access all Goldfish model details programmatically, see https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish/blob/main/model_details.json. All models are trained with a [CLS] (same as [BOS]) token prepended, and a [SEP] (same as [EOS]) token separating sequences. For best results, make sure that [CLS] is prepended to your input sequence (see sample usage linked above)! Details for this model specifically:

Architecture: gpt2
Parameters: 124770816
Maximum sequence length: 512 tokens
Training text data (raw): 983.14MB
Training text data (byte premium scaled): 859.525MB
Training tokens: 185929728 (x10 epochs)
Vocabulary size: 50000
Compute cost: 9.48883059376128e+17 FLOPs or ~89.7 NVIDIA A6000 GPU hours

Training datasets (percentages prior to deduplication):

91.23035%: NLLB (CommonCrawl and ParaCrawl)
8.76965%: Glot500, including Wortschatz Leipzig Data

Citation

If you use this model, please cite:

@article{chang-etal-2024-goldfish,
  title={Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages},
  author={Chang, Tyler A. and Arnett, Catherine and Tu, Zhuowen and Bergen, Benjamin K.},
  journal={Preprint},
  year={2024},
  url={https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.10441},
}