metadata

pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
  - feature-extraction
  - sentence-similarity
language:
  - de
  - en
  - es
  - fr
  - it
  - nl
  - ja
  - pt
  - zh

Model Card for `vectorizer.raspberry`

This model is a vectorizer developed by Sinequa. It produces an embedding vector given a passage or a query. The passage vectors are stored in our vector index and the query vector is used at query time to look up relevant passages in the index.

Model name: vectorizer.raspberry

Supported Languages

The model was trained and tested in the following languages:

English
French
German
Spanish
Italian
Dutch
Japanese
Portuguese
Chinese (simplified)

Besides these languages, basic support can be expected for additional 91 languages that were used during the pretraining of the base model (see Appendix A of XLM-R paper).

Scores

Metric	Value
Relevance (Recall@100)	0.613

Note that the relevance score is computed as an average over 14 retrieval datasets (see details below).

Inference Times

GPU	Batch size 1 (at query time)	Batch size 32 (at indexing)
NVIDIA A10	2 ms	19 ms
NVIDIA T4	4 ms	52 ms

The inference times only measure the time the model takes to process a single batch, it does not include pre- or post-processing steps like the tokenization.

Requirements

Minimal Sinequa version: 11.10.0
GPU memory usage: 610 MiB

Note that GPU memory usage only includes how much GPU memory the actual model consumes on an NVIDIA T4 GPU with a batch size of 32. It does not include the fix amount of memory that is consumed by the ONNX Runtime upon initialization which can be around 0.5 to 1 GiB depending on the used GPU.

Model Details

Overview

Number of parameters: 107 million
Base language model: mMiniLMv2-L6-H384-distilled-from-XLMR-Large (Paper, GitHub)
Insensitive to casing and accents
Output dimensions: 256 (reduced with an additional dense layer)
Training procedure: Query-passage-negative triplets for datasets that have mined hard negative data, Query-passage pairs for the rest. Number of negatives is augmented with in-batch negative strategy

Training Data

The model have been trained using all datasets that are cited in the all-MiniLM-L6-v2 model. In addition to that, this model has been trained on the datasets cited in this paper on the 9 aforementioned languages.

Evaluation Metrics

To determine the relevance score, we averaged the results that we obtained when evaluating on the datasets of the BEIR benchmark. Note that all these datasets are in English.

Dataset	Recall@100
Average	0.613

Arguana	0.957
CLIMATE-FEVER	0.468
DBPedia Entity	0.377
FEVER	0.820
FiQA-2018	0.639
HotpotQA	0.560
MS MARCO	0.845
NFCorpus	0.287
NQ	0.756
Quora	0.992
SCIDOCS	0.456
SciFact	0.906
TREC-COVID	0.100
Webis-Touche-2020	0.413

We evaluated the model on the datasets of the MIRACL benchmark to test its multilingual capacities. Note that not all training languages are part of the benchmark, so we only report the metrics for the existing languages.

Language	Recall@100
French	0.650
German	0.528
Spanish	0.602
Japanese	0.614
Chinese (simplified)	0.680

Model Card for vectorizer.raspberry