cerebras/Cerebras-GPT-590M

Cerebras-GPT 590M

Check out our Blog Post and arXiv paper!

Model Description

The Cerebras-GPT family is released to facilitate research into LLM scaling laws using open architectures and data sets and demonstrate the simplicity of and scalability of training LLMs on the Cerebras software and hardware stack. All Cerebras-GPT models are available on Hugging Face.

The family includes 111M, 256M, 590M, 1.3B, 2.7B, 6.7B, and 13B models.

All models in the Cerebras-GPT family have been trained in accordance with Chinchilla scaling laws (20 tokens per model parameter) which is compute-optimal.

These models were trained on the Andromeda AI supercomputer comprised of 16 CS-2 wafer scale systems. Cerebras' weight streaming technology simplifies the training of LLMs by disaggregating compute from model storage. This allowed for efficient scaling of training across nodes using simple data parallelism.

Cerebras systems for pre-training and fine tuning are available in the cloud via the Cerebras Model Studio. Cerebras CS-2 compatible checkpoints are available in Cerebras Model Zoo.

Model Details

• Developed by: Cerebras Systems
• License: Apache 2.0
• Model type: Transformer-based Language Model
• Architecture: GPT-3 style architecture
• Data set: The Pile
• Tokenizer: Byte Pair Encoding
• Vocabulary Size: 50257
• Sequence Length: 2048
• Optimizer: AdamW, (β1, β2) = (0.9, 0.95), adam_eps = 1e−8 (1e−9 for larger models)
• Positional Encoding: Learned
• Language: English
• Learn more: Dense Scaling Laws Paper for training procedure, config files, and details on how to use.

Contact: To ask questions about Cerebras-GPT models, join the Cerebras Discord.

This is the standard parameterization version of Cerebras-GPT with 590M parameters

Related models: Cerebras-GPT Models

Model	Parameters	Layers	d_model	Heads	d_head	d_ffn	LR	BS (seq)	BS (tokens)
Cerebras-GPT	111M	10	768	12	64	3072	6.0E-04	120	246K
Cerebras-GPT	256M	14	1088	17	64	4352	6.0E-04	264	541K
Cerebras-GPT	590M	18	1536	12	128	6144	2.0E-04	264	541K
Cerebras-GPT	1.3B	24	2048	16	128	8192	2.0E-04	528	1.08M
Cerebras-GPT	2.7B	32	2560	32	80	10240	2.0E-04	528	1.08M
Cerebras-GPT	6.7B	32	4096	32	128	16384	1.2E-04	1040	2.13M
Cerebras-GPT	13B	40	5120	40	128	20480	1.2E-04	720 → 1080	1.47M → 2.21M

Quickstart

This model can be easily loaded using the AutoModelForCausalLM functionality:

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("cerebras/Cerebras-GPT-590M")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("cerebras/Cerebras-GPT-590M")

text = "Generative AI is "

And can be used with Hugging Face Pipelines

from transformers import pipeline

pipe = pipeline("text-generation", model=model, tokenizer=tokenizer)
generated_text = pipe(text, max_length=50, do_sample=False, no_repeat_ngram_size=2)[0]
print(generated_text['generated_text'])

or with model.generate()

inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, num_beams=5, 
                        max_new_tokens=50, early_stopping=True,
                        no_repeat_ngram_size=2)
text_output = tokenizer.batch_decode(outputs, skip_special_tokens=True)
print(text_output[0])

Training data

Cerebras-GPT is trained using the Pile dataset from EleutherAI. See the Pile paper for a more detailed breakdown of data sources and methodology. The Pile was cleaned using the ftfy library to normalize the text, then filtered using scripts provided by Eleuther.

We tokenized the data using byte-pair encoding using the GPT-2 vocabulary. Our tokenized version of the Pile has 371B tokens. We include more details about the training dataset preprocessing in Appendix A.1 of our paper.

Recent works find significant duplicate data present in the Pile. Eleuther’s Pythia applies a deduplication process to reduce replicated data, decreasing the Pile dataset size. Pythia was trained on both the standard dataset and deduplicated dataset to characterize the impact. Our models are trained on the standard Pile without deduplication, which may present an opportunity for further improvement with the deduplicated data set.

Training procedure

We use the GPT-3 style model architecture. All of our layers use full attention as opposed to the GPT-3 style sparse banded attention. The model shapes were selected to either follow aspect ratio 80 or are the same shape as GPT-3 models. Learning rate warmed up for 375M tokens (1500 steps for 111M and 256M models) and 10x cosine decayed. No dropout was used and weight decay was set to 0.1. All models are trained with MSL of 2048.

All models were trained to Chinchilla point: 20 tokens per model parameter. Number of steps was chosen based on optimal batch size (varied by model) and fixed sequence length (2048). See Training Table, below, for details.

Model Params	Sequence Length	Batch Size	Number of Steps	Tokens	Tokens per Parameter	Flops
111M	2048	120	9037	2.22E+09	20	2.6E+18
256M	2048	264	9468	5.12E+09	20	1.3E+19
590M	2048	264	21836	1.18E+10	20	6.1E+19
1.3B	2048	528	24334	2.63E+10	20	2.8E+20
2.7B	2048	528	49041	5.30E+10	20	1.1E+21
6.7B	2048	1040	62522	1.33E+11	20	6.3E+21
13B	2048	720	174335	2.57E+11	20	2.3E+22

Evaluations

We trained models from smallest to largest and fit a power law as we went along. The power law was helpful for extrapolating the validation loss of the next largest model we trained and provided confidence about whether the training run was going well.

We performed upstream (pre-training) evaluations of text prediction cross-entropy using the Pile validation and test splits. We performed downstream evaluations of text generation accuracy on standardized tasks using the Eleuther lm-evaluation-harness. Results are compared against many publicly available large language models in Section 3 of the paper.

0-shot Evaluation

Model	Params	Training FLOPs	PILE test xent	Hella-Swag	PIQA	Wino-Grande	Lambada	ARC-e	ARC-c	OpenBookQA	Downstream Average
Cerebras-GPT	111M	2.6E+18	2.566	0.268	0.594	0.488	0.194	0.380	0.166	0.118	0.315
Cerebras-GPT	256M	1.3E+19	2.299	0.274	0.613	0.511	0.293	0.410	0.170	0.158	0.347
Cerebras-GPT	590M	6.1E+19	2.184	0.291	0.627	0.498	0.366	0.464	0.190	0.158	0.370
Cerebras-GPT	1.3B	2.8E+20	1.996	0.325	0.664	0.521	0.462	0.508	0.224	0.166	0.410
Cerebras-GPT	2.7B	1.1E+21	1.834	0.386	0.701	0.559	0.567	0.571	0.246	0.206	0.462
Cerebras-GPT	6.7B	6.3E+21	1.704	0.447	0.739	0.602	0.636	0.643	0.282	0.238	0.512
Cerebras-GPT	13B	2.3E+22	1.575	0.513	0.766	0.646	0.696	0.714	0.367	0.286	0.570

5-shot Evaluation

Model	Params	Hella-Swag	PIQA	Wino-Grande	Lambada	ARC-e	ARC-c	OpenBookQA
Cerebras-GPT	111M	0.267	0.588	0.475	0.158	0.356	0.166	0.136
Cerebras-GPT	256M	0.278	0.606	0.522	0.225	0.422	0.183	0.164
Cerebras-GPT	590M	0.291	0.634	0.479	0.281	0.475	0.206	0.152
Cerebras-GPT	1.3B	0.326	0.668	0.536	0.395	0.529	0.241	0.174
Cerebras-GPT	2.7B	0.382	0.697	0.543	0.487	0.590	0.267	0.224
Cerebras-GPT	6.7B	0.444	0.736	0.590	0.591	0.667	0.314	0.270
Cerebras-GPT	13B	0.514	0.768	0.674	0.655	0.743	0.398	0.318

Uses and Limitations

Intended Use

The primary intended use is to further research into large language models. These models can be used as a foundation model for NLP, applications, ethics, and alignment research. Our primary intended users are researchers who are working to improve LLMs and practitioners seeking reference implementations, training setups, hyperparameters, or pre-trained models. We release these models with a fully permissive Apache license for the community to use freely.

You may fine-tune and adapt Cerebras-GPT models for deployment via either Cerebras Model Studio or third-party libraries. Further safety-related testing and mitigations should be applied beore using the Cerebras-GPT model family in production downstream applications.

Due to financial and compute budgets, Cerebras-GPT models were only trained and evaluated following the approaches described in the paper.

Out of Scope Use

Cerebras-GPT models are trained on the Pile, with English language only, and are not suitable for machine translation tasks.

Cerebras-GPT models have not been tuned for human-facing dialog applications like chatbots and will not respond to prompts in a similar way to models that have received instruction tuning or reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) like Flan-T5 or ChatGPT. Cerebras-GPT models can be tuned using those methods.

Risk, Bias, Ethical Considerations

• Data: The Pile dataset has been thoroughly analyzed from various ethical standpoints such as toxicity analysis, gender bias, pejorative content, racially sensitive content etc. Please refer to Pile dataset references.
• Human life: The outputs from this model may or may not align with human values. The risk needs to be thoroughly investigated before deploying this model in a production environment where it can directly impact human life.
• Risks and harms: There can be distributional bias in the Pile dataset that can manifest in various forms in the downstream model deployment. There are other risks associated with large language models such as amplifying stereotypes, memorizing training data, or revealing private or secure information.
• Mitigations: Only mitigations in standard Pile dataset pre-processing were employed when pre-training Cerebras-GPT.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to all Cerebras engineers, past and present, that made this work possible.