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Thematic brief on social protection 12 References Allieu, Andrew Mundalo, and Ana Ocampo.
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———.
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———.
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Thematic brief on social protection 13 ———.
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“Joint Statement: Towards Inclusive Social Protection Systems Supporting the Full and Effective Participation of Persons with Disabilities.” Geneva: International Labour Office and International Disability Alliance. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755833265.pdf | https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/04/a-tb_on_social_protection.pdf |
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“Towards Universal Social Protection for Children: Achieving SDG 1.3.” Geneva and New York: International Labour Office and United Nations Children’s Fund.
Kangasniemi, Mari, Marco Knowles, and Panagiotis Karfakis.
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“The Role of Social Protection in Inclusive Structural Transformation.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Lawson, Max, Anam Parvez Butt, Rowan Harvey, Diana Sarosi, Clare Coffey, Kim Piaget, and Julie Thekkudan.
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“Time to Care.
Unpaid and Underpaid Care Work and the Global Inequality Crisis.” Oxfam Briefing Paper.
Mideros, Andrés, Franziska Gassmann, and Pierre Mohnen.
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“Estimation of Rates of Return on Social Protection: Ex Ante Microsimulation of Social Transfers in Cambodia.” Journal of Development Effectiveness 8 (1): 67–86.
OECD, and ILO.
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“Tackling Vulnerability in the Informal Economy.” Paris: Development Centre Studies, OECD Publishing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755833265.pdf | https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/04/a-tb_on_social_protection.pdf |
Ortiz, Isabel, Anis Chowdhury, Fabio Durán-Valverde, Taneem Muzaffar, and Stefan Urban.
2019.
Fiscal Space for Social Protection.
A Handbook for Assessing Financing Options.
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Ortiz, Isabel, Matthew Cummins, Jeronim Capaldo, and Kalaivani Karunanethy.
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“The Decade of Adjustment: A Review of Austerity Trends 2010-2020 in 187 Countries.” 53.
ESS Extension of Social Security Paper.
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SPIAC-B.
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“Social Protection to Promote Gender Equality and Women’s and Girls’ Empowerment: Joint Statement to the 63rd Session of the Commission on the Status of Women.” New York: Social Protection Inter-agency Cooperation Board.
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“Progress of the World’s Women 2015-2016: Transforming Economies, Realizing Rights.” New York: UN Women.
———.
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———.
2019.
“Progress of the World’s Women 2019-2020: Families in a Changing World.” New York: UN Women.
Thematic brief on social protection 14 UNDP.
2019.
“Human Development Report 2019: Beyond Income, beyond Averages, beyond Today: Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century.” New York: United Nations Development Programme.
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UNICEF.
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“UNICEF’s Global Social Protection Programme Framework.” New York: United Nations Children’s Fund.
United Nations. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755833265.pdf | https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/04/a-tb_on_social_protection.pdf |
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“World Social Report 2020: Inequality in a Rapidly Changing World.” New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
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WHO, and World Bank.
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“Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report.” Geneva and Washington D.C.: World Health Organization and World Bank. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755833265.pdf | https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/04/a-tb_on_social_protection.pdf |
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Social protection systems for all to prevent homelessness and facilitate access to adequate housing Social Protection for All Issue Brief November 2019 Social protection systems, including floors, play a key role for the reduction of poverty and inequality and also contribute to preventing homelessness and facilitating access to adequate housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Homelessness, broadly defined as “living in severely in- adequate housing due to a lack of access to minimally adequate housing” (Busch-Geertsema et al., 2016, p. 125), is a global phenomenon.
It affects people in both urban and rural areas, as well as in developed and de- veloping countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Causes are diverse and include un- employment and poverty, social and demographic changes, lack of affordable housing, migration (particu- larly rural-urban migration, but also related to climate change, disasters or conflicts), or ill-health. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
The Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing proposes a three- dimensional approach anchored in human rights: Recognizing that homelessness has both a material and social aspect: the lack of minimally adequate housing that would provide a secure place to establish a family of social relationships and partici- pate in community life; Recognizing homelessness as a form of systemic discrimination and social exclusion; and Recognizing those who are homeless as right holders who are resilient in the struggle for survival and dignity, and as central agents of the social transformation necessary for the realization of the right to adequate housing (UN, 2015). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
SDG target 11.1 commits to “ensur[ing] access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic ser- vices and upgrade slums”.
Despite the fact that the share of the urban population that lives in slums was halved between 1990 and 2014, the absolute number has actually increased as urban population growth is outpacing improvements in slum conditions (UN ECOSOC, 2018). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
The implementation of national social protection sys- tems, including floors, can accelerate progress towards preventing homelessness and achieving SDG target 11.1.
SDG target 1.3 calls for the implementation of “nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors”, which play a key role in reducing and preventing poverty and ensuring access to decent living and working conditions.
The ILO Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
202) highlights in particular the key role of nationally defined social protection floors in guaranteeing at least a basic level of income security and effective access to essential health care for ensuring life in dignity. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
In preparation for the 58th session of the Commission for Social Development in February 2020, this note sketches out the role of social protection in achieving progress towards preventing homelessness, including by addressing some of its root causes, and promoting ac- cess to adequate, safe and affordable housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
In par- ticular, the note highlights how universal social protec- tion systems that are developed in accordance with human rights principles and ILO social security stand- ards can contribute to preventing homelessness and fa- cilitating access to adequate, safe and affordable hous- ing.
Key points Social protection is the set of policies designed to reduce and prevent poverty and vulnerability throughout the life cycle, which contributes to preventing homelessness. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Universal social protection has a key role in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable De- velopment, and in particular SDG target 1.3 on “social protection systems and measures for all, including floors” and SDG target 11.1 on ade- quate, safe and affordable housing.
Social protection systems for all address multi- ple, often interrelated and complex causes of homelessness by preventing poverty, contrib- uting to health-related goals, gender equality, decent work, and reducing inequalities. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Moreo- ver, they are gender-sensitive and responsive to special needs, for instance for people with a disability.
ILO standards are an integral part of the inter- nationally agreed framework for the develop- ment of universal social protection systems.
Universal social protection encompasses three aspects: Universal coverage in terms of persons pro- tected; Comprehensive protection in terms of risk covered; and Adequacy of the protection provided. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Well designed and implemented social protec- tion systems ensure coordination with other pol- icies that address homelessness outside the immediate area of social security, for example wage, employment and investment policies. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
2 Social Protection Systems for All to Prevent Homelessness Leaving no one behind: Social protection in the 2030 Agenda Social protection is the set of policies designed to re- duce and prevent poverty and vulnerability throughout the life cycle, and to realize the human right to social security.
Social protection includes cash and in-kind benefits for children and families, maternity, unemploy- ment, employment injury, sickness, old-age, disability, survivors, as well as health protection. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Typically, social protection systems are implemented through a mix of contributory schemes (social insurance) and tax-fi- nanced schemes (social assistance).
Over the past years, many countries have achieved significant extension of social protection coverage.
However, 55 percent of the world’s population are not protected at all, and many more are inadequately protected (ILO, 2017a).
Universal social protection has a central role in achiev- ing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (see Figure 1). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1 (End poverty in all its forms everywhere) sets, among others, the target to “implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and vulnerable” (SDG target 1.3). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
In addition, universal social protection contributes to achieving other SDGs, in particular universal health cov- erage (target 3.8), gender equality (target 5.4), decent work and economic growth (target 8.5), reduced ine- qualities (target 10.4), and effective, accountable and transparent institutions (target 16.6).
Social protection can also facilitate access to adequate sanitation (target 6.2) and contribute to ensuring access to adequate, safe and affordable housing (target 11.1). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Universal social protection systems, including floors, to prevent homelessness and facilitate access to adequate housing Homelessness is a complex phenomenon that can be caused by multiple, sometimes overlapping reasons at the individual and structural level.
Among the risk fac- tors are poverty and unemployment, lack of affordable housing, ill-health, old-age, domestic violence or rela- tionship breakdowns. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Many of these factors are ad- dressed by well-designed and implemented social pro- tection systems, and in particular social protection floors.
In addition to addressing risk factors, social pro- tection systems contribute to alleviating adverse conse- quences of homelessness and to facilitating access to adequate housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Preventing poverty Social protection systems, including floors, are an im- portant component of public policies to prevent poverty, by protecting people from adverse financial conse- quences of life cycle events such as unemployment, ill health, disability or maternity, and ensuring at least a basic level of income security throughout the life cycle, including for children and older persons (ILO 2017a, ILO and UNICEF, 2019). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
This is part of the basic social security guarantees that constitute a nationally-defined social protection floor, aimed at preventing or alleviating poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion.
In view of the important role of social protection for the prevention of poverty, it is not surprising that there is a negative association between countries’ investment in social protection (including health) and the percentage of the population that is living on less than $3.2 per day (see Figure 2). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Figure 1: Social protection systems and access to housing in the SDGs Social Protection Systems for All to Prevent Homelessness 3 Social protection systems do not only alleviate poverty, but also promote decent employment and inclusive growth and are an integral part of decent work. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
They contribute to strengthening human capabilities, partic- ularly in the transforming world of work, enhancing em- ployability and the productivity of workers, facilitating job search, enhancing skills and labour market partici- pation, and enable people to better navigate life and work transitions, including from school to work for young people.
These are important policies to prevent poverty, including working poverty, contribute to preventing homelessness and enabling access to adequate housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Moreover, effective access to essential health care is a critical component of social protection floors.
Individu- als should have access to a nationally defined set of goods and services that constitutes essential health care, including prevention and treatment for common diseases, special health-care needs and maternity care (ILO, 2019a). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Social protection floors should be de- signed in a way that ensures that persons in need of health care should not face hardship and an increased risk of poverty due to the financial consequences of ac- cessing essential health care (Recommendation No.
202, para.
8a).
Policies that ensure universal health coverage in line with these principles are indispensable in preventing health-related poverty, which often also manifests itself in poor housing and homelessness. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Preventing homelessness In addition to reducing and preventing poverty in gen- eral, social protection systems, including floors, also have a specific role to play with regard to preventing homelessness and facilitating access to adequate hous- ing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Social protection systems directly address some of the risk factors for homelessness and inadequate housing, such as poverty (particularly through social assistance and housing benefits, unemployment (through unem- ployment protection and social assistance), ill-health (through health protection and long-term care), and old- age (through old-age pensions). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
More generally, the im- portant role of social protection systems in guaranteeing at least a basic level of income security and effective access to health care is essential for preventing home- lessness and inadequate housing.
While internationally comparable data on different as- pects of homelessness and inadequate housing are lim- ited, SDG indicator 11.1.1 provides an important indi- cation of the challenge to be met. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Countries with higher effective social protection cover- age tend to perform better with regard to housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Figure 3 shows a negative correlation between SDG indicator 1.3.1, that is the share of the population that is covered by at least one social protection benefit (including sick- ness benefits, unemployment benefits, old-age benefits, employment injury benefits, family/child benefits and survivors’ benefits) and SDG indicator 11.1.1, that is the share of the urban population that lives in slums, informal settlements, or inadequate housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
How should social protection systems be designed to prevent homelessness and facilitate access to adequate housing?
The right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living is, as the right to social security, rec- ognized in the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (1948) and in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
The right to social security can contribute to the right to adequate housing by means of universal social protec- tion systems that are designed and implemented in ac- cordance with international human rights instruments and ILO social security standards, which are an integral part of the internationally agreed framework for the de- velopment of social protection systems (ILO, 2017b).
In particular, ILO Social Protection Floors Recommenda- tion, 2012 (No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
202) and the Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, 1952 (No.
102) are the corner- stones for developing universal social protection sys- tems. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
These standards can provide important guidance with regard to making social protection systems, including floors, more effective in preventing homelessness and Figure 2: Social protection expenditure (including health, percentage of GDP) and percent of population living on less than $3.2 per day, latest available years Source: World Social Protection Report 2017-2019 (ILO, 2017a) and PovcalNet (World Bank, 2019, data accessed in May 2019). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Note: Percent of population living on less than $3.2 per day in 2011 PPP.
Data available for 141 countries.
R2=0.528.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 PERCENT OF POPULATION LIVING ON LESS THAN $3.2 PER DAY PUBLIC SOCIAL PROTECTION EXPENDITURE (INCLUDING HEALTH) AS PERCENTAGE OF GDP 4 Social Protection Systems for All to Prevent Homelessness facilitating access to adequate housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
While few ILO standards explicitly refer to housing and homelessness, it contains a number of important elements that should guide the implementation of policies at the national, re- gional and global level.
First, national social protection systems should guaran- tee a nationally-defined social protection floor that is at least a basic level of social security for all, throughout the life cycle, including effective access to essential health care and income security. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Second, national social protection systems should be further strengthened by the progressive achievement of higher levels of protec- tion to ensure adequate protection.
According to this framework, universal social protection encompasses three key aspects: universal coverage in terms of persons protected; comprehensive protection in terms of risks covered; adequacy of protection. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
In addition, given the complexity of the challenges of homelessness and inadequate housing, it is essential that social protection policies are embedded in a broader policy approach that also considers coordination with other social, economic and employment policies, and finds policy solutions that are adapted to each coun- try’s context.
Universal coverage According to ILO Recommendation No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
202, nationally- defined social protection floors guarantee at least a basic level of social security for everyone throughout his or her life course, ensuring that all in need can effec- tively access social protection.
These guarantees should cover at least all residents and all children, subject to other international obligations. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Social protection systems should promote the principles of social inclusion (including of persons in the informal economy) and respect for people’s rights and dignity; and respect the principles of non-discrimination, gender equality and responsiveness to special needs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
The latter points are also important in light of findings that the experience of homelessness may vary for different groups in the population, for example men and women (Johnson et al., 2018), but also persons with special needs such as living with a disability (ILO and IDA, 2019).
Universal social protection does not stop at a basic level of protection.
Recommendation No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Recommendation No.
202 also sets out that countries should progressively ensure higher levels of social security for as many people as possible and as soon as possible.
Adequacy of protection Universal social protection needs to be adequate to achieve the expected policy outcomes.
ILO social secu- rity standards provide a framework of internationally ac- cepted minimum standards to social protection systems. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Nationally-defined social protection floors play a partic- ularly important role in this respect, as they should pre- vent or at least alleviate poverty, vulnerability and social exclusion.
They should guarantee access to a set of nec- essary goods and services that allow life in dignity (Rec- ommendation No.
202, paras.
4 and 8). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
202, paras.
4 and 8).
These neces- sary goods and services should respond to the need for adequate housing and basic services, which are re- flected in the minimum core content of the human right to social security.
This consists of a minimum essential level of benefits that enables individuals and families to “acquire at least essential health care, basic shelter and housing, water and sanitation, foodstuffs, and the most basic forms of education” (CESCR, 2008, para.
59a). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
59a).
These guarantees can be provided through different means, including benefits in cash and in kind, and through close coordination of social protection policies with other policies, such as labour market, employment and wage policies (see below).
In fact, many countries take into account housing needs in the definition of their national social protection floor (ILO, 2019a). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
In addition to providing guidance regarding adequate benefit levels, ILO social security standards also set out Figure 3: Effective social protection coverage (SDG indicator 1.3.1) and urban population living in slums (SDG indicator 11.1.1), 2014/2015 Source: ILO World Social Protection Report 2017-2019 (ILO, 2017a) and UN-Habitat (2019, data accessed in May 2019). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Note: SDG indicator 1.3.1: Population covered by at least one social protection benefit (effective coverage): Proportion of the population receiving at least one contributory or non-contributory cash benefit, or actively contributing to at least one social security scheme.
SDG indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums: Includes also informal settlements or inadequate housing.
Data available for 32 countries.
R2=0.555. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Data available for 32 countries.
R2=0.555.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 20 40 60 80 100 PERCENT OF URBAN POPULATION LIVING IN SLLUMS, 2014 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL POPULATION COVERED BY AT LEAST ONE SOCIAL PROTECTION BENEFIT (EFFECTIVE COVERAGE), 2015 Social Protection Systems for All to Prevent Homelessness 5 key principles for the design and delivery of social pro- tection, such as the predictability of benefits, or non- discrimination, gender equality and responsiveness to special needs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
This may include specific measures to ensure the effective access for marginalized or vulnera- ble categories of the population, including with regard to awareness-raising and information about benefit en- titlements, decentralized structures to facilitate access to benefits and services and active outreach strategies.
Comprehensive protection Universal social protection requires comprehensive pro- tection in case of a broad set of social risks and contin- gencies. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Such comprehensive protection should encom- pass in particular the core areas of social protection systems, including sickness benefits, unemployment benefits, old-age benefits, employment injury benefits, child or family benefits, maternity benefits, invalid- ity/disability benefits and survivor benefits.
These are re- flected in Convention No.
102 and Recommendation No 202., as well as in SDG targets 1.3 on social protection systems, including floors and 3.8 on universal health coverage. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
As causes of homelessness are diverse and may overlap, comprehensive protection ensures that multiple risks that different population groups may face over their life cycle are addressed in an integrated way.
Coordination and coherence with other social, economic and employment policies Recommendation No.
202 calls on States to ensure co- ordination within social protection systems, and be- tween social protection policies and other policy areas. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Equally, the Commission on the Status of Women em- phasized the need for policy coherence in order to en- sure that social protection systems, public services and infrastructure policies are complementary (UN, 2019).
Policies to address homelessness and affordable hous- ing policies are case in point, as States often use multi- ple instruments and policies that share social policy ob- jectives. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
In OECD countries, key services for homeless people include social housing provision, social protec- tion, and specialist and emergency interventions (OECD, 2015).
Needs for coordination exist for instance be- tween unemployment or social assistance benefits, housing allowances, and employment programmes.
This requires a coordinated approach among the responsible institutions to deliver adequate benefits and high-qual- ity services. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
It is essential to consider a coherent policy approach with labour market, employment, wage and broader macro-economic policies.
For example, effective (mini- mum) wage policies play an important role in enabling people to afford adequate housing (ILO, 2019b).
In some contexts, public employment programmes may also contribute to ensuring employment opportunities and facilitating access to adequate, safe and affordable housing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Comprehensive housing policies should in- clude appropriate policies to ensure adequate, safe and affordable housing for workers, in line with the guidance provided by the ILO Workers' Housing Recommendation, 1961 (No.
115). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
115).
In addition, investment policies for housing should also take into account considerations regarding decent work, ensuring that rights at work including social protection are guaranteed to all workers involved in the construc- tion and maintenance of housing in line with interna- tional labour standards.
The Global Commission on the Future of Work (2019) also points to the need for stra- tegic investment and infrastructure policies that can contribute to a human-centred agenda for the future of work. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
No one-size-fits-all model In view of the diversity of national experiences with re- gard to homelessness and inadequate housing, countries may choose for different policy approaches to tackle homelessness depending on the scope and magnitude of homelessness, or depending on the needs of people who are homeless (OECD, 2015).
Equally, there is no one-size-fits-all model to build so- cial protection systems, as the focus is on the outcome rather than on the means.
Recommendation No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Recommendation No.
202 clearly specifies that social protection floors should be nationally defined, and that countries should consider “the most effective and efficient combination of bene- fits and schemes in the national context.” Likewise, they should consider different methods to mobilize the nec- essary resources. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Promoting universal social protection The international human rights framework, internation- al social security standards and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development set out a clear internationally agreed framework for achieving universal social protec- tion.
The Global Partnership for Universal Social Protection to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (USP2030) calls on all countries to live up to their com- mitment to develop nationally owned social protection systems for all, including floors. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
It calls upon countries and development partners to undertake the following five actions, to support the global commitment on uni- versal social protection: • ACTION 1.
Protection throughout life cycle: Es- tablish universal social protection systems, includ- ing floors that provide adequate protection through- out the life cycle, combining social insurance, so- cial assistance and other means, an-chored in na- tional strategies and legislation.
• ACTION 2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
• ACTION 2.
Universal coverage: Provide universal access to social protection and ensure that social protection systems are rights-based, gender-sensi- tive and inclusive, leaving no one behind.
• ACTION 3.
National ownership: Develop social protection strategies and policies based on nation- 6 Social Protection Systems for All to Prevent Homelessness al priorities and circumstances in close coopera- tion with all relevant actors.
• ACTION 4. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
• ACTION 4.
Sustainable and equitable financing: Ensure the sustainability and fairness of social pro- tection systems by prioritizing reliable and equita- ble forms of domestic financing, complemented by international cooperation and support where nec- essary.
• ACTION 5. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
• ACTION 5.
Participation and social dialogue: Strengthen governance of social protection systems through institutional leadership, multi-sector coor- dination and the participation of social partners and other relevant and representative organiza- tions, to generate broad-based support and pro- mote the effectiveness of services.
Many countries have already achieved significant pro- gress with regard to achieving universal social protec- tion for at least one area of their social protection sys- tem. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
This includes most high-income countries, as well as a growing number of middle- and low-income coun- tries, including Argentina, Cabo Verde, China, Georgia, Lesotho, Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, South Africa and Uruguay (see country briefs on www.usp2030.org and Ortiz et al., 2018). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
However, more efforts are needed to expand coverage and ensure comprehensive and adequate social protec- tion for all, to prevent homelessness and facilitate ac- cess to adequate, safe and affordable housing, including for marginalized and vulnerable groups. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Such efforts of national and local governments are essential to “re-en- gage and recommit to their role of providing social pro- tection and ensuring access to affordable housing for marginalized and vulnerable groups, reaffirming that housing is a human right rather than a commodity” (UN, 2015, p. 22). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Closer policy coordination between national social pro- tection policies and other policies relevant to the provi- sion of adequate, safe and affordable housing are nec- essary to ensure policy coordination and an effective allocation of resources, as to ensuring that no one is left behind.
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55, pp.
124- 132. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
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Johnson, G.; Ribar, D.C.; Zhu, A. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
Johnson, G.; Ribar, D.C.; Zhu, A.
(2018) “Women’s homeless- ness: International evidence on causes, consequences, cop- ing, and policies”, in Averett, S.L.
et al.
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This issue brief was prepared by Mira Bierbaum and Christina Behrendt, with inputs from Valérie Schmitt.
The authors would like to thank the participants of the Expert Group Meeting on “Affordable housing and social protection systems for all to address homelessness”, United Nations Office at Nairobi, 22-24 May 2019 for a very constructive discussion. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
The editor of the series is the Director of the ILO Social Protection Department, International Labour Office, 4, route des Morillons, 1211 Genève 22, Switzerland.
Visit our websites: www.social-protection.org; www.ilo.org. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755838888.pdf | https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/01/55706.pdf |
SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES M a r i a M a r t i n h o S E C R E T A R I A T O F T H E C O N V E N T I O N O N T H E R I G H T S O F P E R S O N S W I T H D I S A B I L I T I E S / D S P D / U N D E S A m a r t i n h o @ u n . | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |
o r g E X P E R T G R O U P M E E T I N G ‘ P R O M O T I N G I N C L U S I O N T H R O U G H S O C I A L P R O T E C T I O N ’ R E P O R T O N T H E W O R L D S O C I A L S I T U A T I O N 2 0 1 7 N E W Y O R K , 1 - 2 D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 6 SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES CONTENT Work of UNDESA/DSPD/Secretariat of the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities International legislation Why social protection is important for persons with disabilities? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |
Status of social protection for persons with disabilities Challenges Options for addressing existing challenges SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES SCRPD WORK Global Status Report on Disability and Development - 2015 Prototype Section on social protection, produced in collaboration with ILO 2018 UN flagship report on disability and development (A/RES/69/142) Section on social protection to be developed with experts from ILO, academia, etc. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |
SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Everyone has the right to social security (article 22) ILO Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention (1952) Social protection through periodic cash benefits when person can not engage in any gainful activity due to disabilities ILO Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivors’ Benefits Convention (1967) Social protection schemes for partial disability Rehabilitation services to enable persons with disabilities to resume employment Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) Recognizes the right of persons with disabilities to social protection (article 28) States shall take measures to safeguard and promote the realization of this right (idem) ILO Social Protection Floor Recommendation (2012) Persons with disabilities should enjoy the same guarantee of basic income and access to essential health care as other members of society SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |
Compared to persons without disabilities, persons with disabilities are less likely to be in full time employment Persons with disabilities face extra costs related to disability (support services, assistive devices, extra health care, costs linked to discriminations) Due to these costs, they are at risk of reduced economic resilience Social protection is important to correct these inequalities and meets the needs of persons with disabilities with regard to income security, health protection and social inclusion SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of countries with social security schemes which include provisions for disability SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of countries with social security schemes which include provisions for disability Most countries included disability in the 1960s and 1970s SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percentage of countries with social security schemes which include provisions for disability As of 2012-3 almost all countries include disability SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS As of 2012-3 almost all countries include disability But the type of social protection scheme however varies by country SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS As of 2012-3 almost all countries include disability But the type of social | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |
include disability But the type of social protection scheme however varies by country Contributory scheme only 81 countries 44% No cash disability benefits 4 countries 2% Non- contributory scheme is universal 27 countries 15% Non- contributory scheme is means-tested 60 countries 33% 183 countries | 100% Disability schemes with periodic cash benefits 168 countries | 92% Only lump-sum disability benefits 11 countries 6% Part or full non-contributory scheme 87 countries 48% Source: ILO SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS, BY | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |
FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS, BY REGION As of 2012-3 almost all countries include disability Contributory scheme only 81 countries 44% No cash disability benefits 4 countries 2% Non- contributory scheme is universal 27 countries 15% Non- contributory scheme is means-tested 60 countries 33% 183 countries | 100% Disability schemes with periodic cash benefits 168 countries | 92% Only lump-sum disability benefits 11 countries 6% Part or full non-contributory scheme 87 countries 48% Source: ILO Africa, Middle East, Asia and Pacific SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS, BY REGION As of 2012-3 almost all countries include disability Contributory scheme only 81 countries 44% No cash disability benefits 4 countries 2% Non- contributory scheme is universal 27 countries 15% Non- contributory scheme is means-tested 60 countries 33% 183 countries | 100% Disability schemes with periodic cash benefits 168 countries | 92% Only lump-sum disability benefits 11 countries 6% Part or full non-contributory scheme 87 countries 48% Source: ILO Western Europe and Latin America SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES GLOBAL STATUS, BY REGION As of 2012-3 almost all countries include disability Contributory scheme only 81 countries 44% No cash disability benefits 4 countries 2% Non- contributory scheme is universal 27 countries 15% Non- contributory scheme is means-tested 60 countries 33% 183 countries | 100% Disability schemes with periodic cash benefits 168 countries | 92% Only lump-sum | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |
cash benefits 168 countries | 92% Only lump-sum disability benefits 11 countries 6% Part or full non-contributory scheme 87 countries 48% Source: ILO Northern and Eastern Europe SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES CHALLENGES Social protection for persons with disabilities should achieve a balance between: Provide an adequate level of income security Promote as most as possible participation in the labour force SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES CHALLENGES Provide an adequate level of income security Promote as most as possible | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696755840534.pdf | https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/rwss/2017/Martinho.pdf |