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=Commercial production and uses of itaconic acid=
It is a non-toxic white solid that is soluble in water, ethanol, and acetone. Historically, it was obtained in relatively small quantities by the dry distillation of citric acid to form itaconic anhydride which then is hydrolyzed, i.e., broken down by water, to form itaconic acid. Since the 1960s, however, it has been produced for industry in the far larger amounts they need by fermenting glucose, molasses, or another carbohydrate by a fungus such as Aspergillus itaconicus, Aspergillus terreus, or Ustilago maydis. One generally accepted route by which fungi make itaconate is through their tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway. This pathway forms cis-aconitate which is converted to itaconate by cis-aconitate-decarboxylase (i.e., IRG1; see above section titled "Itaconate-forming metabolic pathway"). The itaconate made in this fermentation mixture is isolated in the form of itaconic acid. Ustilago maydis ( a species of Ustilago that causes the plant disease smut fungus) uses a different route to form itaconic acid. Its fermentation makes cis-aconitate which is converted to the thermodynamically favored product, trans-aconitate, by the enzyme aconitate delta-isomerase. The trans-aconitate product is decarboxylated to itaconate by trans-aconitate decarboxylase (i.e., TAD1, an enzyme found in Ustilago maydis). The itaconate in this fermentation mixture is isolated in its itaconic acid form. Itaconate has also been obtained by: a) fermenting the fungi Yarrowia lipolytica with glucose, various species of Candida fungi with glucose, Ustilago vetiveriae fungus with glycerol, and various species of Aspergillus niger fungi with glucose, sorbitol, or sorbitol plus xylose mixture and b) fermenting Escherichia coli bacteria with glucose, xylose, glycerol, or starch and Corynebacterium glutamicum bacteria with glucose or urea. Among the fungi, Aspergillus terreus has been the organism of choice for industrial itaconic acid production in part because it gives relatively high yields of itaconic acid. Recently, however, Ustilago maydis has been genetically engineered to increase its itaconic acid production and is being studied for its usefulness in mass-producing itaconic acid.
It's chemical structure consists of one unsaturated double bond and two carboxyl groups (see carboxylic acid}. This structure renders it readily converted to many valuable bio-based materials (i.e., materials derived from a living or once-living organism). For many years, these materials were commonly produced in the large amounts needed for industrial purposes from various types of carbohydrates. More recently, itaconic acid has also been used to make these materials. In doing so, it is a comonomer, i.e., a precursor monomer, that is readily polymerized to various desired polymers that are further altered to form some of the same or similar products made from the polymerization of carbohydrates. The products made from itaconate include synthetic styrene-butadiene-based rubber, synthetic latexes, various plastics, superabsorbent polymers that absorb large amounts of liquids (for use in, e.g., baby diapers), unsaturated polyester resins that are used to make glass fiber-reinforced plastics (e.g., fiberglass), detergents, and biofuels (i.e., fuels made from organic materials such as itaconic acid). It is also converted to methyl methacrylate, a product that has many commercial and some medical applications (see uses of methyl methacrylate). Fields using the products of itaconate include those that manufacture paint, lacquers (i.e., coatings for covering the surfaces of various objects), plasticizers, plastics, chemical fibers, hygienic materials, construction materials, and environmentally-friendly fuels that can be substituted for pollution-causing, non-renewable fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. It itself may be mass-produced if it or any of the analogs synthesized from it are found to be useful for treating medical disorders.
Recently, the demand for itaconic acid has grown to such an extent that it is projected to reach a market value of 177 million dollars per year in United States of American currency by 2028. Consequently, alternate methods for making products with properties similar or identical to those made from itaconic acid by using less costly substitutes for itaconic acid and/or methods that are more productive, less expensive, and/or more environmental-friendly than those used for itaconic acid are being evaluated. Betulin, for example, is an abundant, naturally occurring diol triterpene that is readily isolated from the bark of birch trees. Betulin forms polymers that have some of the biochemical properties found in itaconate polymers. Consequently, botulin is being studied to determine if it can be used in place of itaconic acid to form products with properties similar to those made from itaconic acid but doing so in economically and/or environmentally more favorable ways. | It is a chlorinated herbicide of the triazine class. It is used to prevent pre-emergence broadleaf weeds in crops such as maize (corn), soybean and sugarcane and on turf, such as golf courses and residential lawns. It's primary manufacturer is Syngenta and it is one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States, Canadian, and Australian agriculture. Its use was banned in the European Union in 2004, when the EU found groundwater levels exceeding the limits set by regulators, and Syngenta could not show that this could be prevented nor that these levels were safe.
At least two significant Canadian farm well studies showed that atrazine was the most common contaminant found. , atrazine was the most commonly detected pesticide contaminating drinking water in the U.S. Studies suggest it is an endocrine disruptor, an agent that can alter the natural hormonal system. However, in 2006 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) had stated that under the Food Quality Protection Act "the risks associated with the pesticide residues pose a reasonable certainty of no harm", and in 2007, the EPA said that atrazine does not adversely affect amphibian sexual development and that no additional testing was warranted. EPAs 2009 review concluded that "the agencys scientific bases for its regulation of atrazine are robust and ensure prevention of exposure levels that could lead to reproductive effects in humans". However, in their 2016 Refined Ecological Risk Assessment for It, it was stated that "it is difficult to make definitive conclusions about the impact of atrazine at a given concentration but multiple studies have reported effects to various endpoints at environmentally-relevant concentrations." EPA started a registration review in 2013.
The EPA's review has been criticized, and the safety of atrazine remains controversial. EPA has however stated that "If at any time EPA determines there are urgent human or environmental risks from atrazine exposure that require prompt attention, we will take appropriate regulatory action, regardless of the status of the registration review process." | 0 |
It is a terpene indole alkaloid produced by Catharanthus roseus. The metabolite is a substrate for 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine N-methyltransferase (NMT) which transfers a methyl group to the nitrogen of the indole ring forming desacetoxyvindoline. The enzyme catalyzing the formation of 3-hydroxy-16-methoxy-2,3-dihydrotabersonine from 16-methoxytabersonine is currently unknown, but is a result of hydration of the double bond connecting the 6 and 13 position carbons. | It is a natural product found in Apis cerana with data available. | 1 |
It is a member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent. It has a role as a neurotoxin, a psychotropic drug, a central nervous system stimulant, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is a member of amphetamines and a secondary amine. It is functionally related to a (S)-amphetamine. It is a conjugate base of a methamphetamine(1+). | It is a natural product found in Senegalia berlandieri and Vachellia rigidula with data available. | 1 |
It is an anilide that consists of 2-chloroacetanilide bearing an N-isopropyl substituent. It has a role as a herbicide, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is an anilide, an organochlorine compound and a monocarboxylic acid amide. | It is a dihydropyridine. | 0 |
It is a member of 6-aminopurines. | It is a member of salicylamides. | 0 |
It is a dicarboximide. | (+)-It is a member of isoquinolines and a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid. | 0 |
It is a dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. It has a role as an antidepressant, an adrenergic uptake inhibitor, a dopaminergic antagonist, a serotonin uptake inhibitor and a geroprotector. | It is a member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to a nitrogen is replaced by a monochlorotrityl group. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a member of imidazoles, a member of monochlorobenzenes, a conazole antifungal drug and an imidazole antifungal drug. | 0 |
It is an alpha-bromoketone that is acetone in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a bromine atom. A poweful lachrymator, it was formerly used as a chemical weapon. It has a role as a lachrymator. It is functionally related to an acetone. | It (4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one) is a herbicide used both pre- and post-emergence in crops including soy bean, potatoes, tomatoes and sugar cane.
It acts by inhibiting photosynthesis by disrupting photosystem II. It is widely used in agriculture and has been found to contaminate groundwater.
It is produced by reacting one mole of 4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-mercapto-(1,2,4)triazin-5(4H)one and half a mole of dimethyl sulfonate which react at 57°C in presence of sulfuric acid media about 7 hours and transfer methyl (CH) from triazine to metribuzin and product formed 1 mole of metribuzin and half mole of sulfuric acid and later neutralized with soda ash and then purified.
MP=125°C, BP=132°C, and cause dust explosion if enough amount of energy absorbed by it. | 0 |
It is a phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1). It has a role as a volatile oil component, a flavouring agent, an antimicrobial agent, an agrochemical and a TRPA1 channel agonist. It is a member of phenols, a p-menthane monoterpenoid and a botanical anti-fungal agent. It derives from a hydride of a p-cymene. | It is a member of beta-carbolines. | 0 |
It (trade name Polaramine) is an antihistamine with anticholinergic properties used to treat allergic conditions such as hay fever or urticaria. It is the pharmacologically active dextrorotatory isomer of chlorpheniramine.
It came into medical use in 1959 and was patented in 1962. | It is a phthalate ester and a diester. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Porpidia tuberculosa and Himatanthus articulatus with data available. | It is an alkali metal hydroxide and a rubidium molecular entity. | 0 |
It is a phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position. It has a role as a serotonergic antagonist, a H1-receptor antagonist, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, a dopaminergic antagonist, a first generation antipsychotic, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor and an EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor. It is a member of phenothiazines and a member of piperidines. It contains a methylsulfanyl group. | It ("tris") is a chemical once widely used as a flame retardant in plastics and textiles. | 0 |
It, also called freon-11, CFC-11, or R-11, is a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). It is a colorless, faintly ethereal, and sweetish-smelling liquid that boils around room temperature. CFC-11 is a Class 1 ozone-depleting substance which allegedly damages Earth's protective stratospheric ozone layer. | It is a natural product found in Basella alba with data available. | 1 |
It is a glycosyl glycoside formed by glucose and fructose units joined by an acetal oxygen bridge from hemiacetal of glucose to the hemiketal of the fructose. It has a role as an osmolyte, a sweetening agent, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | It is a dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. It has a role as a serotonergic antagonist, a serotonergic drug, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, an EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor, an antidepressant and an anticoronaviral agent. It is functionally related to an imipramine. It is a conjugate base of a clomipramine(1+). | 0 |
It is a quinolone antibiotic and a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. | It is an acyclic carboxylic anhydride. It is functionally related to a benzoic acid. | 0 |
It is the fatty acid ethyl ester of isovaleric acid. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a fatty acid ethyl ester and an olefinic compound. It is functionally related to an isovaleric acid. | It is a monoterpenoid that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 6. It has a role as a nematicide and a plant metabolite. It is a member of 1-benzofurans and a monoterpenoid. | 0 |
It is a steroid sulfate. It has a role as an EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a pregnenolone. It is a conjugate acid of a pregnenolone sulfate(1-). | It is a semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. It has a role as an antibacterial drug. It is a conjugate acid of a cefotetan(2-). | 0 |
It, or butyl butanoate, is an organic compound that is an ester formed by the condensation of butyric acid and n-butanol. It is a clear, colorless liquid that is insoluble in water, but miscible with ethanol and diethyl ether. Its refractive index is 1.406 at 20 °C. | It is a natural product found in Francisella tularensis, Mandragora autumnalis, and other organisms with data available. | 1 |
It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | It is an organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist, an anti-allergic agent, a muscarinic antagonist and an antiparkinson drug. It is a member of pyridines, a tertiary amino compound and a member of monochlorobenzenes. | 0 |
It is a member of pyrenes. | It is an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position. It has a role as a central nervous system depressant, a GABA agonist and a sedative. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Lutionex, is a progestin medication which was previously used to treat luteal insufficiency but is now no longer marketed. It is taken by mouth.
It is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has no androgenic activity.
It was first described in 1966 and was introduced for medical use in France in 1974. It has only been marketed in France, and has since been discontinued in this country. | It is a saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxy group of nonanoic acid. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism. It has a role as a human metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is a saturated fatty aldehyde, a n-alkanal and a medium-chain fatty aldehyde. It is functionally related to a nonanoic acid. | 0 |
It () (symbol T or Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine. It is also known as 5-methyluracil, a pyrimidine nucleobase. In RNA, thymine is replaced by the nucleobase uracil. It was first isolated in 1893 by Albrecht Kossel and Albert Neumann from calf thymus glands, hence its name. | It is a member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension. It has a role as an antihypertensive agent and a diuretic. | 0 |
It a naturally occurring alkaloid which can be isolated from certain members of the cactus family, such as Lophophora. It is structurally related to mescaline. | It is a penicillin. Properties are similar to benzylpenicillin particularly used in streptococcal infections, not resistant to penicillinase. It is acid resistant and can be used orally as the potassium salt. | 0 |
It is a saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent, a member of azocanes and an azacycloalkane. | It is the organic compound with the formula HN(CHCOH), often abbreviated to IDA. A white solid, the compound is a dicarboxylic acid amine (the nitrogen atom forms a secondary amino group, not an imino group as the name suggests). The iminodiacetate dianion is a tridentate ligand, forming metal complexes by forming two, fused, five membered chelate rings. The proton on the nitrogen atom can be replaced by a carbon atom of a polymer to create an ion-exchange resin, such as chelex 100. Complexes of IDA and EDTA were introduced in the early 1950's by Schwarzenbach.
IDA forms stronger complexes than the bidentate ligand glycine and weaker complexes than the tetradentate ligand nitrilotriacetic acid. It can also act as a bidentate ligand through its two carboxylate groups. Several technetium-99m complexes are used in cholescintigraphy scans (also known as hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scans) to evaluate the health and function of the gallbladder.
It is an important intermediate in one of the two main industrial processes used to manufacture the herbicide glyphosate. It is used in capillary electrophoresis for modulating peptide mobility. It is also used as a precursor for the manufacture of the indicator xylenol orange. | 0 |
It is an acylcholine. | It is a natural product found in Exserohilum holmii, Exserohilum monoceras, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a molecule formed from by the reduction of tRNA bound glutamate, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA reductase. It is isomerized by glutamate-1-semialdehyde 2,1-aminomutase to give aminolevulinic acid in the biosynthesis of porphyrins, including heme and chlorophyll. | It is a member of quinazolines, a member of piperazines, a member of furans and a primary amino compound. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antihypertensive agent and an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. | 0 |
It is an azo dye consisting of benzoic acid substituted at position 2 by a 4-[(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl group. It has a role as a dye. It is a member of azobenzenes, a monocarboxylic acid and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate acid of a methyl red(1-). | It is a member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7 and 4'. It has a role as an antimutagen and a metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavanone, a member of dihydroflavonols, a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone and a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones. | 0 |
It is the aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke. It has a role as a human metabolite, an EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor, a carcinogenic agent, a mutagen, a teratogenic agent, an oxidising agent, an electron acceptor, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | It is a benzyl ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two benzyl groups. It has a role as a metabolite. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Panax notoginseng and Xanthium strumarium with data available. | In organic chemistry, mandelonitrile is the nitrile of mandelic acid, or the cyanohydrin derivative of benzaldehyde. Small amounts of mandelonitrile occur in the pits of some fruits. | 0 |
It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents. It has a role as a metabolite, an antiviral agent, an analgesic, an anti-inflammatory agent and an antineoplastic agent. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a diol. It derives from a hydride of a lupane. | It is a member of iodomethanes. | 0 |
It, also known as phenyl-2-propanone, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHCHCOCH. It is a colorless oil that is soluble in organic solvents. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, consisting of an acetone attached to a phenyl group. As such, its systematic IUPAC name is 1-phenyl-2-propanone.
This substance is used in the manufacture of methamphetamine and amphetamine, where it is commonly known as P2P. Due to illicit drug labs using phenylacetone to make amphetamines, phenylacetone was declared a schedule II controlled substance in the United States in 1980. In humans, phenylacetone occurs as a metabolite of amphetamine and methamphetamine via FMO3-mediated oxidative deamination. | It is a primary amino compound obtained by formal decarboxylation of the amino acid tyrosine. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a neurotransmitter. It is a monoamine molecular messenger, a primary amino compound and a member of tyramines. It is a conjugate base of a tyraminium. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Polypodium virginianum and Polypodium vulgare with data available. | It is a molybdenum halide. | 0 |
It is 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. It has a role as an antiprotozoal drug, an antibacterial drug, an antiparasitic agent and an antiamoebic agent. | It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Raphanus sativus var. sativus, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula CH. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar hexagonal ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon.
It is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Due to the cyclic continuous pi bonds between the carbon atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma of gasoline. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structures, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Although benzene is a major industrial chemical, it finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity. It is a volatile organic compound.
It is classified as a carcinogen.[https://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/benzene/basics/facts.asp] | It is the chemical compound with the formula (CHS). This colorless crystalline material is often abbreviated PhS. It is one of the more commonly encountered organic disulfides in organic synthesis. Minor contamination by thiophenol is responsible for the disagreeable odour associated with this compound. | 0 |
It is a 20-oxo steroid that is pregn-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 20. It has a role as a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a 20-oxo steroid, a C21-steroid and a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | 2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester is a member of benzenes. | 0 |
It is a L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted at positions N3 and C5 on the imidazole ring by methyl and mercapto groups respectively. It has a role as an antioxidant, a marine metabolite and a radical scavenger. It is an aryl thiol, a L-histidine derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It is a tautomer of an ovothiol A zwitterion. | It is a natural product found in Nigrospora oryzae, Rehmannia glutinosa, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a hydracid that is cyanic acid in which the oxygen is replaced by a sulfur atom. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a hydracid, a one-carbon compound and an organosulfur compound. It is a conjugate acid of a thiocyanate. It is a tautomer of an isothiocyanic acid. | It is a natural product found in Solanum tuberosum, Ustilago maydis, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline. It has a role as a beta-adrenergic agonist, a prodrug, a bronchodilator agent, an anti-asthmatic drug, an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a sympathomimetic agent and a tocolytic agent. It is a carbamate ester and a member of phenylethanolamines. It is functionally related to a terbutaline. | 4'-methoxy-5,7-dihydroxyflavanone is a dihydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7 and a methoxy group at position 4' (the 2S stereoisomer). It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a dihydroxyflavanone, a monomethoxyflavanone, a member of 4'-methoxyflavanones and a (2S)-flavan-4-one. It is functionally related to a (S)-naringenin. | 0 |
It is a putative cognition-enhancing drug with a novel mechanism of action. It blocks the KCNQ2\3 heteromer M current with an IC50 of 2.4 micromolar disinhibiting acetylcholine release, and increasing hippocampal CA3-schaffer collateral mediated glutamate release onto CA1 pyramidal neurons. In a murine model linopirdine is able to nearly completely reverse the senescence-related decline in cortical c-FOS, an effect which is blocked by atropine and MK-801, suggesting It can compensate for the age related decline in acetylcholine release. It also blocks homomeric KCNQ1 and KCNQ4 voltage gated potassium channels which contribute to vascular tone with substantially less selectivity than KCNQ2/3. It also acts as a glycine receptor antagonist in concentrations typical for Kv7 studies in the brain. | It is a tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and argininal residues joined in sequenceby peptide linkages. It is an inhibitor of the calpains, a family of calcium-activated proteases which promote cell death. It has a role as a serine protease inhibitor, a bacterial metabolite, a cathepsin B inhibitor, a calpain inhibitor and an EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor. It is a tripeptide and an aldehyde. It is a conjugate base of a leupeptin(1+). | 0 |
It is a member of benzamides. | It, formerly called amfebutamone, and sold under the brand name Wellbutrin among others, is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder and to support smoking cessation. It is also popular as an add-on medication in the cases of "incomplete response" to the first-line selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. It has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants: it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction, it is not associated with weight gain and sleepiness, and it is more effective than SSRIs at improving symptoms of hypersomnia and fatigue. It, particularly the immediate release formulation, carries a higher risk of seizure than many other antidepressants, hence caution is recommended in patients with a history of seizure disorder.
Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. Raised blood pressure is notable. Rare but serious side effects include seizures, liver toxicity, psychosis, and risk of overdose. It use during pregnancy may be associated with increased odds of congenital heart defects.
It acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) and a nicotinic receptor antagonist. However, its effects on dopamine are weak and clinical significance is contentious. Chemically, bupropion is an aminoketone that belongs to the class of substituted cathinones and more generally that of substituted amphetamines and substituted phenethylamines.
It was invented by Nariman Mehta, who worked at Burroughs Wellcome, in 1969. It was first approved for medical use in the United States in 1985. It was originally called by the generic name amfebutamone, before being renamed in 2000. In 2021, it was the eighteenth most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 29million prescriptions. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. | 0 |
It is a straight-chain alkane with 16 carbon atoms. It is a component of essential oil isolated from long pepper. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a volatile oil component and a non-polar solvent. | It is a carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals. It has a role as a fungal metabolite, an EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor, an antifungal agent, a Penicillium metabolite and an apoptosis inducer. It is a carboxylic ester, a statin (naturally occurring), a member of hexahydronaphthalenes, a member of 2-pyranones and a polyketide. | 0 |
It is a sulfonamide antibacterial.
It is prescribed for vaginal irritation, and severe acute thrush.
It is also used in the treatment of Dermatitis herpetiformis, where it is an alternative therapy to Dapsone.
It is supplied as 500mg tablets. | It (BAN, USAN, INN, also known as thiamenidine, Hoe 440) is an imidazoline compound that shares many of the pharmacological properties of clonidine. It is a centrally-acting α adrenergic receptor agonist (IC = 9.1 nM). It also acts as an α-adrenergic receptor agonist to a far lesser extent (IC = 4.85 μM). In hypertensive volunteers, like clonidine, it significantly increased sinus node recovery time and lowered cardiac output. It was marketed (as tiamenidine hydrochloride) by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Sundralen for the management of essential hypertension. | 0 |
1,2-dihydrostilbene is a diphenylethane that is the 1,2-dihydro derivative of stilbene. | It is an organic compound with the formula (NCCl). This white solid is the chlorinated derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. It is the trimer of cyanogen chloride. It is the main precursor to the popular but controversial herbicide atrazine. | 0 |
It is a monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles. It is a mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent, a monocyclic heteroarene and a member of isoxazoles. | It is an antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, Burkholderia infection, plague, tularemia, and rat bite fever. For active tuberculosis it is often given together with isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide. It is administered by injection into a vein or muscle.
Common side effects include vertigo, vomiting, numbness of the face, fever, and rash. Use during pregnancy may result in permanent deafness in the developing baby. Use appears to be safe while breastfeeding. It is not recommended in people with myasthenia gravis or other neuromuscular disorders. It is an aminoglycoside. It works by blocking the ability of 30S ribosomal subunits to make proteins, which results in bacterial death.
Albert Schatz first isolated streptomycin in 1943 from Streptomyces griseus. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies it as critically important for human medicine. | 0 |
It is a member of piperidines. | It is a natural product found in Mangifera indica with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Exserohilum holmii, Exserohilum monoceras, and other organisms with data available. | Its are derivatives of methacrylic acid. These derivatives are mainly used to make poly(methyl methacrylate) and related polymers.
*Monomers
** Methyl methacrylate
** Ethyl methacrylate
** Butyl methacrylate
** Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
** Glycidyl methacrylate | 0 |
It (DHAP, also glycerone phosphate in older texts) is the anion with the formula HOCHC(O)CHOPO. This anion is involved in many metabolic pathways, including the Calvin cycle in plants and glycolysis. It is the phosphate ester of dihydroxyacetone. | It is a natural product found in Magnolia officinalis, Thymus cilicicus, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a steroidal saponin compound found in a number of plant species, most notably in the Tribulus, Trigonella Dioscorea and Trillium families. It is best known as the putative active component of the herbal aphrodisiac plant Tribulus terrestris.
Extracts from T. terrestris standardised for protodioscin content have been demonstrated to produce proerectile effects in isolated tissues and aphrodisiac action in several animal species. It is thought protodioscin achieves this primarily through causing an increase in androgen receptor immunoreactivity, meaning it increases the concentration of androgen receptors in cells, causing the organism to become more sensitive to androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The mechanism for these effects has not been clearly established, and while protodioscin has been demonstrated to trigger release of nitric oxide in corpus cavernosum tissue, and also to produce statistically significant increases in the levels of the hormones testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in animal studies, studies in humans have failed to show efficacy and its use remains controversial. | Malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside is an anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a beta-D-glucoside, an anthocyanin cation and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a malvidin. It is a conjugate acid of a malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside betaine. | 0 |
It is an inorganic molecular entity. | It is an organic compound with the formula . It is one of several possible nitrosonaphthols, and the most studied for applications as an indicator and a dye. | 0 |
It (Mentis, Menthen, Mentium, Nadex, Nadexen, Nadexon, Pridana, Stivane), also known as pyrisuccideanol, is the succinic acid ester of pyridoxine (a form of vitamin B) and of deanol (DMAE). It has been used in Europe in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment as well as fatigue and depression. | It, also known as Nabac, is an organochlorine compound that was once widely used as a disinfectant. The compound occurs as a white odorless solid, although commercial samples can be off-white and possess a slightly phenolic odor. It is insoluble in water but dissolves in acetone, ethanol, diethyl ether, and chloroform. In medicine, hexachlorophene is useful as a topical anti-infective and anti-bacterial agent. It is also used in agriculture as a soil fungicide, plant bactericide, and acaricide. | 0 |
Histidine is an alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It has a role as a metabolite. It is an alpha-amino acid, a member of imidazoles, an aromatic amino acid and a polar amino acid. It contains a 1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group. It is a conjugate base of a histidinium(1+). It is a conjugate acid of a histidinate(1-). | It is a homodetic cyclic peptide. | 0 |
It is the ester resulting from the condensation of heptanoic acid and ethanol. It is used in the flavor industry because of its odor that is similar to grape. | It is the fatty acid ethyl ester of heptanoic acid. It has a role as a metabolite. It is functionally related to a heptanoic acid. | 1 |
It, also referred to as trimethyluric acid and 8-oxy-caffeine, is a purine alkaloid that is produced in some plants and occurs as a minor metabolite of caffeine in humans. The enzymes that metabolize caffeine into 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid in humans include CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4. | It is a natural product found in Asimina triloba with data available. | 0 |
It is a bridged organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with maleic anhydride followed by hydrolysis of the resulting anhydride. A chemical intermediate used in the preparation of fire-retardant polyester resins and plasticisers. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent. It is an organochlorine compound, a dicarboxylic acid and a bridged compound. | It, or 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, is a chlorinated carboxylic acid used in the synthesis of some flame retardants and polymers. It is a common breakdown product of several organochlorine insecticides. | 1 |
It is a carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. It has a role as a metabolite, an anticholesteremic drug, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is a 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, a carboxylic ester, a secondary alcohol, a carbobicyclic compound and a statin (semi-synthetic). It is functionally related to a (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid and a (S)-2-methylbutyric acid. It is a conjugate acid of a pravastatin(1-). | It, sold under the brand names Demigran and Leomigran, is a progestin medication which is or has been used as an antimigraine agent. It is taken by mouth. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Aspergillus banksianus with data available. | It, sold under the brand name Gocovri among others, is a medication used to treat dyskinesia associated with parkinsonism and influenza caused by type A influenzavirus, though its use for the latter is no longer recommended because of widespread drug resistance. It acts as a nicotinic antagonist, dopamine agonist, and noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. The antiviral mechanism of action is antagonism of the influenzavirus A M2 proton channel, which prevents endosomal escape (i.e., the release of viral genetic material into the host cytoplasm).
It was first used for the treatment of influenza A. After antiviral properties were initially reported in 1963, amantadine received approval for prophylaxis against the influenza virus A in 1976. In 1973, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved amantadine for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In 2017, the extended release formulation was approved for use in the treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
It has a mild side-effect profile. Common neurological side effects include drowsiness, light-headedness, dizziness, and confusion. Because of its effects on the central nervous system, it should only be combined cautiously with additional CNS stimulants or anticholinergic drugs. It is contraindicated in persons with end stage kidney disease, given that the drug is cleared by the kidneys. It should also be taken with caution by those with enlarged prostates or glaucoma, because of its anticholinergic effects. | 0 |
Methionine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a plant metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite and an algal metabolite. It is an alpha-amino acid and a sulfur-containing amino acid. It is functionally related to a butyric acid. It is a conjugate base of a methioninium. It is a conjugate acid of a methioninate. It is a tautomer of a methionine zwitterion. | It is a dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration. It has a role as a radioopaque medium, a nephrotoxic agent, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is an organoiodine compound and a dicarboxylic acid diamide. It is functionally related to an isophthalamide and a glycerol. | 0 |
It is the ethyl ester of prop-2-ynoic acid. It is a ynoate ester, a terminal acetylenic compound and an ethyl ester. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It is an aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3. It has a role as a plant metabolite, a serotonergic antagonist, an antiviral agent and an antibacterial agent. It is an aminoalkylindole, an indole alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It is a conjugate base of a gramine(1+). | It is a carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O). It has a role as a flour treatment agent, a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a fertilizer. It is a monocarboxylic acid amide and a one-carbon compound. It is functionally related to a carbonic acid. It is a tautomer of a carbamimidic acid. | 0 |
It is a member of carbazoles. | It is a natural product found in Ricinus communis with data available. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. It has a role as an antiemetic, a dopaminergic antagonist, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, a cholinergic antagonist, a first generation antipsychotic, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor and a dopamine receptor D2 antagonist. It is an organochlorine compound, a N-alkylpiperazine, a N-methylpiperazine and a member of phenothiazines. It derives from a hydride of a 10H-phenothiazine. | It is a mitomycin. | 0 |
It is a bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a taurochenodeoxycholate. | It, sold under the brand name Periactin among others, is a first-generation antihistamine with additional anticholinergic, antiserotonergic, and local anesthetic properties.
It was patented in 1959 and came into medical use in 1961. In 2021, it was the 280th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 800,000 prescriptions. | 0 |
It is a member of indoles. It has a role as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a serotonergic drug. | It is a racemate composed of equimolar concentrations of (S)- and (R)-atropine. It is obtained from deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and other plants of the family Solanaceae. It has a role as a muscarinic antagonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant, an anti-arrhythmia drug, a mydriatic agent, a parasympatholytic, a bronchodilator agent, a plant metabolite, an antidote to sarin poisoning and a oneirogen. It contains a (S)-atropine and a (R)-atropine. | 0 |
It is a steroid saponin. | It is a herbicide that belongs to the group of triazines. It inhibits photosynthesis and is therefore used as a herbicide. | 0 |
It is an androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17. It has a role as an anabolic agent and an androgen. It is a 17beta-hydroxy steroid and a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid. It derives from a hydride of an estrane. | It is a polypeptide. | 0 |
It (SP) is an undecapeptide (a peptide composed of a chain of 11 amino acid residues) and a type of neuropeptide, belonging to the tachykinin family of neuropeptides. It acts as a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator. It and the closely related neurokinin A (NKA) are produced from a polyprotein precursor after alternative splicing of the preprotachykinin A gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of substance P is as follows:
* Arg Pro Lys Pro Gln Gln Phe Phe Gly Leu Met (RPKPQQFFGLM)
with an amide group at the C-terminus.
It is released from the terminals of specific sensory nerves. It is found in the brain and spinal cord and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain. | Palmitoyl ethanolamide is an N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of palmitic (hexadecanoic) acid. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug, an antihypertensive agent, a neuroprotective agent and an anticonvulsant. It is a N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine, an endocannabinoid and a N-(saturated fatty acyl)ethanolamine. It is functionally related to a hexadecanoic acid. | 0 |
It is a diester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of terephthalic acid with methanol. It is a primary ingredient widely used in the manufacture of polyesters and industrial plastics. It is a methyl ester, a diester and a phthalate ester. It is functionally related to a terephthalic acid. | It is an arsine that is arsane in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group. It derives from a hydride of an arsane. | 0 |
It is a natural organic compound classified as a terpene that is found naturally in a variety of plants. The chemical has a pleasant characteristic odor. Besides being a natural constituent of plants, it and its analogs are insect pheromones. In particular, verbenone when formulated in a long-lasting matrix has an important role in the control of bark beetles such as the mountain pine beetle and the Southern pine bark beetle. | It (INN, USAN) (brand names Androdurin, Testosid-Depot (with testosterone propionate)), also known as testosterone caprinoylacetate, is an androgen and anabolic steroid medication and a testosterone ester. It was introduced in 1956. It was marketed both as an oil solution and as a crystalline aqueous suspension. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Aspergillus fumigatus with data available. | It is a diarylmethane. | 0 |
It is a member of triazoles and a nitrile. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and an EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor. | It is a natural product found in Cannabis sativa with data available. | 0 |
It (brand names Methixart, CholinFall, Tremonil, Trest), also known as methixene, is an anticholinergic used as an antiparkinsonian agent. It has also been reported to induce incomplete autophagy and cell death in metastatic cancer and brain metastases. | It is a carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone. It has a role as an EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor, an antiparkinson drug and a dopaminergic agent. It is a carbohydrazide, a member of catechols, a primary amino compound and a primary alcohol. It is a conjugate base of a benserazide(1+). | 0 |
2,4-diaminobutyric acid is a diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups. It is a diamino acid, a gamma-amino acid and a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid. It is functionally related to a butyric acid. | It is a diarylmethane. | 0 |
It (MMS), also known as methyl mesylate, is an alkylating agent and a carcinogen. It is also a suspected reproductive toxicant, and may also be a skin/sense organ toxicant. It is used in cancer treatment. | It is a natural dye that is obtained from the extracts of Alkanna tinctoria which is found in the south of France. The dye is used as a food coloring and in cosmetics; the European E number schedule, it is numbered E103. It is used as a red-brown food additive in regions such as Australia. It is deep red in an acid and blue in an alkaline environment. The chemical structure as a naphthoquinone derivative was first determined by Brockmann in 1936. The R-enantiomer of alkannin is known as shikonin, and the racemic mixture of the two is known as shikalkin. | 0 |
It is an alpha-amino acid ester that is the methyl ester of histidine. It has a role as a metabolite. It is an alpha-amino acid ester, a histidine derivative and a methyl ester. | It (HME) is an irreversible histidine decarboxylase inhibitor. It is the methyl ester of histidine. | 1 |
It (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH form under biological conditions), a carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated –COO form under biological conditions), and an imidazole side chain (which is partially protonated), classifying it as a positively charged amino acid at physiological pH. Initially thought essential only for infants, it has now been shown in longer-term studies to be essential for adults also. It is encoded by the codons CAU and CAC.
It was first isolated by Albrecht Kossel and Sven Gustaf Hedin in 1896. The name stems from its discovery in tissue, from ἱστός histós "tissue". It is also a precursor to histamine, a vital inflammatory agent in immune responses. The acyl radical is histidyl. | It (TEA) is a quaternary ammonium cation with the chemical formula , consisting of four ethyl groups (, denoted Et) attached to a central nitrogen atom. It is a counterion used in the research laboratory to prepare lipophilic salts of inorganic anions. It is used similarly to tetrabutylammonium, the difference being that its salts are less lipophilic, more easily crystallized and more toxic. | 0 |
It is the cyclic lactone of sorbic acid. Thermal treatment or hydrolysis converts the lactone to sorbic acid. | It is a vanadium coordination entity and a metal sulfate. | 0 |
It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is taraxastane with a beta-hydroxy group at position 3. It has a role as a metabolite and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a secondary alcohol. It derives from a hydride of a taraxastane. | It is an actinoid atom and a f-block element atom. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Nocardiopsis prasina with data available. | It is a member of iodomethanes. | 0 |
It is a monocarboxylic acid amide. It has a role as an antiemetic, a sedative, a H1-receptor antagonist, a muscarinic antagonist and an antipsychotic agent. | It is an organoarsenic compound that is the main source of arsenic found in fish. It is the arsenic analog of trimethylglycine, commonly known as betaine. The biochemistry and its biosynthesis are similar to those of choline and betaine.
It is a common substance in marine biological systems and unlike many other organoarsenic compounds, such as trimethylarsine, it is relatively non-toxic. The compound may play a similar role as urea does for nitrogen, as a non-toxic waste compound made in the bodies of animals to dispose of the relevant element.
It has been known since 1920 that marine fish contain organoarsenic compounds, but it was not until 1977 that the chemical structure of the most predominant compound arsenobetaine was determined. | 0 |
It is a penicillin. Properties are similar to benzylpenicillin particularly used in streptococcal infections, not resistant to penicillinase. It is acid resistant and can be used orally as the potassium salt. | It is a piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. It has a role as a psychotropic drug, a histamine antagonist, a muscarinic antagonist, a serotonergic antagonist, a dopaminergic antagonist and an antipsychotic agent. It is a member of piperazines, an organochlorine compound, a member of indolones and a 1,2-benzisothiazole. | 0 |
It is a piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. It has a role as a psychotropic drug, a histamine antagonist, a muscarinic antagonist, a serotonergic antagonist, a dopaminergic antagonist and an antipsychotic agent. It is a member of piperazines, an organochlorine compound, a member of indolones and a 1,2-benzisothiazole. | It is a mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent, a monocyclic heteroarene and an oxacycle. | 0 |
It (or Phosphinol) is the inorganic compound with the formula HPOH. It exists, fleetingly, as a mixture with its less stable tautomer HPO (phosphine oxide). This mixture has been generated by low temperature oxidation of phosphine with ozone. HPOH is mainly of pedagogical interest. Organophosphinous acids are more prevalent than the parent HPOH. | It (marketed under the brand names Meilax, Ronlax and Victan) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. In animal studies it was found to have low toxicity, although in rats evidence of pulmonary phospholipidosis occurred with pulmonary foam cells developing with long-term use of very high doses. Its elimination half-life is 51–103 hours. Its mechanism of action is similar to other benzodiazepines. It also produces an active metabolite which is stronger than the parent compound. It was designed to be a prodrug for descarboxyloflazepate, its active metabolite. It is the active metabolite which is responsible for most of the pharmacological effects rather than ethyl loflazepate. The main metabolites of ethyl loflazepate are descarbethoxyloflazepate, loflazepate and 3-hydroxydescarbethoxyloflazepate. Accumulation of the active metabolites of ethyl loflazepate are not affected by those with kidney failure or impairment. The symptoms of an overdose of ethyl loflazepate include sleepiness, agitation and ataxia. Hypotonia may also occur in severe cases. These symptoms occur much more frequently and severely in children. Death from therapeutic maintenance doses of ethyl loflazepate taken for 2 – 3 weeks has been reported in 3 elderly patients. The cause of death was asphyxia due to benzodiazepine toxicity. High doses of the antidepressant fluvoxamine may potentiate the adverse effects of ethyl loflazepate.
Ethyl loflazeplate is commercialized in Mexico, under the trade name Victan. It is officially approved for the following conditions:
*Anxiety
*Post-trauma anxiety
*Anxiety associated with severe neuropathic pain
*Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
*Obsessive–compulsive disorder
*Panic attack
*Delirium tremens | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Monurol among others, is an antibiotic primarily used to treat lower urinary tract infections. It is not indicated for kidney infections. Occasionally it is used for prostate infections. It is generally taken by mouth.
Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, headache, and vaginal yeast infections. Severe side effects may include anaphylaxis and Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea. While use during pregnancy has not been found to be harmful, such use is not recommended. A single dose when breastfeeding appears safe. It works by interfering with the production of the bacterial cell wall.
It was discovered in 1969 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1996 . It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies fosfomycin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a generic medication. It was originally produced by certain types of Streptomyces', although it is now made chemically. | It is the acetate ester of hexan-1-ol. It has a role as a metabolite. It is functionally related to a hexan-1-ol. | 0 |
It is a set of isomeric terpenes. Existing as chiral cis and trans isomers, they arise from the hydrogenation of pinene. Both isomers undergo reaction with air to give 2-pinane hydroperoxides, also with chiral cis and trans isomers. Partial reduction of these isomers gives 2-pinanol. | It is a monoterpene that is bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 6 and 6. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a terpenoid fundamental parent, a monoterpene and a carbobicyclic compound. | 1 |
It is a cyclic peptide. | It is a peptide natural product produced by Prochloron didemni, a cyanobacterial symbiont of Lissoclinum patella, and was first isolated in 1981. It is one of many didemnid peptides. Other closely related peptides include patellamides B, C, and D and trunkamide. The patellamides and trunkamide show moderate cytotoxicity and activity against multidrug resistant cancer cell lines. | 1 |
It is a monothiocarbamic ester that is the methyl(3-tolyl)carbamothioate ester of 2-naphthol. A synthetic anti-fungal agent used to treat jock itch, athlete's foot and ringworm. It has a role as an antifungal drug. It is functionally related to a 2-naphthol. | It, also called methylbutane or 2-methylbutane, is a branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon (an alkane) with five carbon atoms, with formula or .
It is a volatile and flammable liquid. It is one of three structural isomers with the molecular formula CH, the others being pentane (n-pentane) and neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane).
It is commonly used in conjunction with liquid nitrogen to achieve a liquid bath temperature of −160 °C. Natural gas typically contains 1% or less isopentane, but it is a significant component of natural gasoline. | 0 |
It is a cholestanoid and a 3beta-sterol. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It derives from a hydride of a 5alpha-cholestane. | It is a saturated fatty aldehyde formally arising from reduction of the carboxylic acid group of undecanoic acid. It is a component of essential oils from citrus plants like Citrus reticulata. It has a role as an antimycobacterial drug, a volatile oil component and a plant metabolite. It is a saturated fatty aldehyde, a n-alkanal and a medium-chain fatty aldehyde. It is a tautomer of an undec-1-en-1-ol. | 0 |
It is the meso-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; a sulfur-containing sugar derived from the monosaccharide erythrose; and an epimer of dithiothreitol. It has a role as a reducing agent. | It is a primary aliphatic amine consisting of cyclohexane carrying an amino substituent. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a conjugate base of a cyclohexylammonium. | 0 |
It is a member of hydrazines. | It is an organofluorine compound. It has a role as an inhalation anaesthetic. It is functionally related to a methoxyethane. | 0 |
It (β-thujaplicin) is a natural monoterpenoid found in the wood of trees in the family Cupressaceae. It is a tropolone derivative and one of the thujaplicins. It is used in oral and skin care products, and is a food additive used in Japan. | It is a member of the class of guanidines that is tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-imine in which the hydrogen of the imino group is replaced by a thiazol-2-yl group which in turn is substituted by a 2-(2,4-dimethylphenoxy)phenyl group at position 4. It has been used for the topical treatment of fungal nail infections. It has a role as an antifungal drug. It is a member of 1,3-thiazoles, an aromatic ether and a member of guanidines. | 0 |
It is a diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms. It has a role as a Daphnia magna metabolite. It is a member of pyrazines and a diazine. | It is a dicarboxylic acid that is pyrole bearing aminomethyl, carboxymethyl and 2-carboxyethyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 4 respectively. It has a role as a metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a member of pyrroles, a dicarboxylic acid and an aralkylamino compound. It is a conjugate acid of a porphobilinogen(1-). | 0 |
It is a member of isoquinolines. | It is a bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycochenodeoxycholate. | 0 |
It is a systemic fungicide used for control of soil, root and leaf disease caused by oomycetes. It is used by watering or spraying. It is absorbed and distributed through the plant's tissue. | It is a natural product found in Citrus sulcata, Citrus reticulata, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a diterpenoid, a carbotricyclic compound and a monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an isopimarate. It derives from a hydride of an isopimara-7,15-diene. | It is an aldehyde that consists of acetaldehyde bearing a methyl substituent; the parent member of the phenylacetaldehyde class of compounds. It has a role as a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is an alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde and a member of phenylacetaldehydes. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Norpramin among others, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) used in the treatment of depression. It acts as a relatively selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, though it does also have other activities such as weak serotonin reuptake inhibitory, α-blocking, antihistamine, and anticholinergic effects. The drug is not considered a first-line treatment for depression since the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, which have fewer side effects and are safer in overdose. | It is a dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group. It has a role as an adrenergic uptake inhibitor, a serotonin uptake inhibitor, a cholinergic antagonist, an alpha-adrenergic antagonist, a H1-receptor antagonist, an EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, an antidepressant and a drug allergen. It is a dibenzoazepine and a secondary amino compound. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Klebsiella pneumoniae with data available. | It is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine that is (11aS)-2,3,5,10,11,11a-hexahydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine substituted by an oxo group at position 5, by a hydroxy group at position 9, and by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 11S. It is a natural product discovered in Klebsiella oxytoca which is the causative toxin in antibiotic associated hemorrhagic colitis. It exhibits a microtubule-stabilizing activity that leads to mitotic arrest in the host cells. It has a role as a microtubule-stabilising agent, a toxin and a bacterial metabolite. It is a pyrrolobenzodiazepine, a member of phenols, an indole alkaloid and a member of indoles. | 1 |
It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid that is 24,25,26-trinoroleana-1(10),3,5,7-tetraen-29-oic acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2, a hydroxy substituent at position 3 and two methyl groups at positions 9 and 13. An antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Potently inhibits lipid peroxidation in mitochondria and inhibits TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation. Also shown to inhibit topoisomerase II activity in vitro (IC50 = 7.41 muM). It has a role as an antioxidant, an anti-inflammatory drug, an EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, a Hsp90 inhibitor and a metabolite. It is a pentacyclic triterpenoid and a monocarboxylic acid. | It is a natural product found in Echinopora lamellosa with data available. | 0 |
It is a monoterpenoid. | It (trade name Thymazen in Poland) is a nasal decongestant that can be used to treat rhinitis. It acts as an antihistaminic and sympathomimetic, reducing swelling, inflammation and mucosal secretions. | 1 |
It is a member of benzoic acids and a member of guanidines. | It is a sulfur oxoanion and a sulfur oxide. It is a conjugate base of a peroxydisulfuric acid. | 0 |
It is a toxic diterpenoid alkaloid found in plants from the Delphinium (larkspur) and Atragene (a clematis) genera, both in the family Ranunculaceae. It is the principal alkaloid found in Delphinium staphisagria seeds – at one time, under the name stavesacre, a very well known herbal treatment for body lice. It is related in structure and has similar effects to aconitine, acting as an allosteric modulator of voltage gated sodium channels, and producing low blood pressure, slowed heart rate and abnormal heart rhythms. These effects make it highly poisonous ( 1.5–3.0 mg/kg in rabbit and dog; frogs are ~10x more susceptible). While it has been used in some alternative medicines (e.g. in herbal medicine), most of the medical community does not recommend using it due to its extreme toxicity. | It is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide normally produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. Present in animals since early stages of evolution, in humans it plays roles in behavior that include social bonding, reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth. It is released into the bloodstream as a hormone in response to sexual activity and during labour. It is also available in pharmaceutical form. In either form, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to speed up the process of childbirth. In its natural form, it also plays a role in maternal bonding and milk production. Production and secretion of oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, where its initial release stimulates production and release of further oxytocin. For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the intensity and frequency of contractions. This process compounds in intensity and frequency and continues until the triggering activity ceases. A similar process takes place during lactation and during sexual activity.
It is derived by enzymatic splitting from the peptide precursor encoded by the human OXT gene. The deduced structure of the active nonapeptide is:
: Cys – Tyr – Ile – Gln – Asn – Cys – Pro – Leu – Gly – NH, or CYIQNCPLG-NH. | 0 |