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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertitles

Surtitles

["1 Projected titles or translations","2 Personal titling systems","2.1 Electronic libretto system","2.2 Rear Window Captioning System","3 Surtitling smart glasses","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Dialogue presented above a stage or screen This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Surtitles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Blank surtitle screen visible above the stage at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden Surtitles, also known as supertitles, Captitles, SurCaps, OpTrans, are translated or transcribed lyrics/dialogue projected above a stage or displayed on a screen, commonly used in opera, theatre or other musical performances. The word "surtitle" comes from the French language sur, meaning "over" or "on", and the English language word "title", formed in a similar way to the related and similarly-named subtitles. The word Surtitle is a trademark of the Canadian Opera Company. Surtitles were introduced in the 1990s to translate the meaning of the lyrics into the audience's language, or to transcribe lyrics that may be difficult to understand in the sung form in the opera-house auditoria. The two possible types of presentation of surtitles are as projected text, or as the electronic libretto system. Titles in the theatre have proven a commercial success in areas such as opera, and are finding increased use for allowing hearing-impaired patrons to enjoy theatre productions more fully. Surtitles are used in live productions in the same way as subtitles are used in film and television productions. Projected titles or translations Opera Un ballo in maschera in Moscow with Russian surtitles Generally projected above the theatre's proscenium arch (but, alternately, on either side of the stage), surtitles are usually displayed using a supertitling machine. The text must be prepared beforehand as in subtitles. These machines can be used for events other than artistic performances, when the text is easier to show to the audience than it is to vocalize. Surtitles are different from subtitles, which are more often used in filmmaking and television production. Originally, translations would be broken up into small chunks and photographed onto slides that could be projected onto a screen above the stage, but most companies now use a combination of video projectors and computers. John Leberg developed the Surtitle system for the Canadian Opera Company when he was the company's director of operations. Lotfi Mansouri, then general director of the company, first used the system in the January 1983 staging of Elektra. New York City Opera was the first American opera company to use supertitles, in 1983. The surtitle is given an insertion point in the score (piano score) for the surtitle's entry and exit. An operator will push a button at the marked point when following the music. The American company called Figaro Systems established by Patrick Markle, Geoff Webb, and Ron Erkman developed the first assistive technology for individualized libretto-reading for audiences. This technology allows the audience to select their preferred language from a list or simply turn it off, watching the performance without surtitles. Personal titling systems Surtitles can be a distraction, focusing attention on the titles instead of the stage. Therefore, several systems have been developed to provide captions visible only to those individual viewers who wish to see them. Electronic libretto system Personal subtitle system at the Santa Fe Opera The electronic libretto system uses individual screens placed in front of each seat allowing patrons either to view a translation or to switch them off during the performance. New York's Metropolitan Opera installed the patented Met Titles, becoming the first house in the United States to use this system. The Vienna State Opera and Santa Fe Opera use such a system. It allows the patron to choose among several different languages. Rear Window Captioning System The Rear Window Captioning System is a method for presenting, through captions, a transcript of the audio portion of a film in theatres. The system was co-developed by WGBH and Rufus Butler Seder and initially targeted at people who are deaf or hard-of-hearing. On the way into the theatre, viewers pick up a reflective plastic panel mounted on a flexible stalk. The panel sits in a seat cupholder or on the floor adjacent to the seat. A large LED display is mounted on a rear wall that displays caption characters in mirror image. Viewers move the panels into position (usually below the movie screen or stage) so they can read the reflected captions and watch the presentation. Others seated alongside do not watch, or usually even see, the captions. Surtitling smart glasses After a successful test run in 2015, the French-German surtitling company Panthea launched a pilot project on a larger scale introducing multilingual surtitles on smart glasses to the Festival d'Avignon 2017. The system was the subject of a study which was later published by the French Ministry of Culture. The device became commercially-available the following year and was tested by several houses, such as the Paris Opera. The Theatre Times' test user report that: "Supertitles are displayed on the lenses during the performance so that you can concentrate more on what is happening on the stage rather than reading supertitles." In October 2019, the Théâtre Édouard VII, in partnership with Panthea and the Fondation pour l'audition (a non-profit foundation for the hearing-impaired), became the first Parisian theatre to offer surtitling smart glasses for a full season, providing the service at no extra cost for audience members with hearing impairments. See also Same language subtitling Closed captioning Karaoke Radio Marconi References ^ Simantob, Eduardo (19 February 2020). "Non-German speakers can finally go to the theatre in Zurich". Swiss Info. ^ Smith, Patrick (Winter 1986). "Supertitles". Arts Review. 3 (2): 32. ^ "Surtitles™: An Introduction". Retrieved 23 March 2017. ^ "Canadian Trademarks Details 0498073 – Canadian Trademarks Database – Intellectual property and copyright – Canadian Intellectual Property Office – Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada". ^ Cooke, Mervyn (2005). The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Opera. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 321. ISBN 0521780098. ^ "The COC launches surtitles". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). 27 March 1983. Retrieved 23 March 2017. ^ "Lotfollah Mansouri." Marquis Who's Who TM. Marquis Who's Who, 2008. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2008. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Document Number: K2013018226. Fee. Retrieved 27 December 2008. ^ Tommasini, Anthony (2007-07-22). "No Supertitle Goes Here, and That's a Good Thing". The New York Times. ^ a b Webb, Andrew (November 23, 2003). "Opera subtitle firm eyes new game". The Business Journals. Retrieved 2019-10-25. ^ Lunettes de surtitrage, Festival d'Avignon 2017, Évaluation de l'expérimentation (Report). 2017. ^ Cathelinais, Coralie (17 December 2017). "Avec ces lunettes, on peut apprécier un spectacle en VO sans être polyglotte". BFM Business. ^ Wehle, Philippa (26 September 2019). "Glasses that translate. How is this possible?". The Theatre Times. ^ "Surtitrage au théâtre !". La Fondation Pour l'Audition. External links Captitles - app for creating and screening surtitles Guide des difficultés de rédaction en musique (GDRM): Guides > Surtitres et sous-titres, in French vteOpera terms by originEnglish Breeches role Chest voice Concert performance Duodrama Head voice Insertion aria Mad scene Melodrama Monodrama Number Opera house Patter song Prompter Sung-through Surtitles French Claque Coup de glotte Divertissement Encore Entr'acte Haute-contre Intermède Overture Répétiteur Roulade Timbre Tragédie en musique Travesti German Fach Gesamtkunstwerk Kammersänger Kapellmeister Leitmotif Literaturoper Regieoper Singspiel Sitzprobe Spieloper Sprechgesang Italian Aria Aria di sorbetto Arioso Banda Bel canto Bravura Brindisi Burletta Cabaletta Cadenza Cantabile Castrato Cavatina Chiaroscuro Coloratura Comprimario Contralto Convenienze Da capo aria Diva Falsetto Falsettone Fioritura Impresario Intermezzo Legato Libretto Licenza Maestro Melodramma Messa di voce Mezzo-soprano Musico Opera seria Ossia Passaggio Pasticcio Portamento Prima donna Recitative Ritornello Sinfonia Solita forma Soprano Soprano sfogato Spinto Squillo Stagione Stile rappresentativo Tenore contraltino Tenore di grazia Tessitura Verismo Vibrato Other Hovsångare Portal: Opera Authority control databases: National France BnF data

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The word Surtitle is a trademark of the Canadian Opera Company.[3][4]Surtitles were introduced in the 1990s to translate the meaning of the lyrics into the audience's language, or to transcribe lyrics that may be difficult to understand in the sung form in the opera-house auditoria.[5] The two possible types of presentation of surtitles are as projected text, or as the electronic libretto system. Titles in the theatre have proven a commercial success in areas such as opera, and are finding increased use for allowing hearing-impaired patrons to enjoy theatre productions more fully. 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An operator will push a button at the marked point when following the music.The American company called Figaro Systems established by Patrick Markle, Geoff Webb, and Ron Erkman developed the first assistive technology for individualized libretto-reading for audiences.[9] This technology allows the audience to select their preferred language from a list or simply turn it off, watching the performance without surtitles.[9]","title":"Projected titles or translations"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Surtitles can be a distraction, focusing attention on the titles instead of the stage. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guslagie_Malanda

Guslagie Malanda

["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]

French actress (born 1990) Guslagie MalandaMalanda in 2023Born1990 (age 33–34)OccupationsActresscuratorYears active2014–presentKnown forMy Friend VictoriaSaint Omer Guslagie Malanda (born 1990) is a French actress and art curator. She has starred in the films My Friend Victoria (2014) and Saint Omer (2022). Life and career Raised in France, Malanda had an interest in theater and cinema from a young age. She studied art history in college and has worked in art curation since graduation. Malanda made her screen debut in 2014, playing the title role of Jean-Paul Civeyrac's My Friend Victoria. She got the part after a friend working on the film recommended that she audition. Her acting was well-received; a New York Times review noted her "pensive performance" as Victoria, a young mother who gets back in contact with the family that once took her in. However, after My Friend Victoria, Malanda went many years without acting professionally; as a Black Frenchwoman, she refused to accept roles she considered stereotypical (criminals, immigrants, terrorists, etc.), which comprised almost all the parts she was offered. During this time, while working as an art curator, Malanda considered herself "an actress in secret". In 2018, she took a minor role on an episode of the US television series The Romanoffs. Director Alice Diop, a friend of Malanda's, encouraged her to return to film by offering to cast her in Saint Omer (2022). Based on the real-life Fabienne Kabou case, the film stars Malanda as Laurence Coly, a Senegalese immigrant on trial for killing her one-year-old daughter. Malanda studied tai chi to prepare for the challenge of controlling her breath on the courtroom stand. Shooting the film was intense, with Malanda delivering very long monologues and spending a lot of time in character; she described experiencing nightmares for a year. Malanda's acting was again well-regarded; Mario Naves of The New York Sun praised her "remarkable performance" for its "stately proportions, subtlety, and grit", and A. O. Scott of The New York Times said she gave her character "the tragic, piercing dignity of a Racine heroine". At the 48th César Awards, she was nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actress for Saint Omer. Malanda appeared in Bertrand Bonello's The Beast (2023). Filmography Key † Denotes films that have not yet been released Year Title Role Notes 2014 My Friend Victoria Victoria Feature film 2018 The Romanoffs Clotilde Television series; 1 episode 2022 Saint Omer Laurence Coly Feature film 2023 The Beast Poupée Kelly Feature film References ^ "Saint Omer press kit" (PDF). medias.unifrance.org. Unifrance. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023. ^ a b c d e f Brzeski, Patrick (16 November 2022). "'Saint Omer' Star Guslagie Malanda Says 'Being an Actress Was Always in My Gut'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Truffaut-Wang, Olivia (27 January 2023). "Saint Omer's Guslagie Malanda Is No Longer an Actress in Secret". The Cut. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Catsoulis, Jeannette (3 December 2015). "Review: An Exploration of Race and Class in 'My Friend Victoria'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ a b c Wong Macabasco, Lisa (13 January 2023). "Director Alice Diop and Star Guslagie Malanda on Their Powerful New Film, Saint Omer". Vogue. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Larsen, Peter (11 January 2023). "French director Alice Diop's 'Saint Omer' explores a mother's unspeakable act". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Zuckerman, Esther (16 January 2023). "For the Documentarian Alice Diop, Only Fiction Could Do Justice to a Tragedy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ Naves, Mario (9 January 2023). "While Flawed, 'Saint Omer' Offers Much That Is Worth Watching". The New York Sun. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Scott, A. O. (12 January 2023). "'Saint Omer' Review: The Trials of Motherhood". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ Keslassy, Elsa (25 January 2023). "France's Cesar Awards Nominations Unveiled". Variety. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Cheze, Thierry (27 November 2022). "Guslagie Malanda: 'La Bardot de La Vérité m'a aidée pour Saint Omer'" . Première (in French). Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023. External links Guslagie Malanda at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Other IdRef

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O. Scott of The New York Times said she gave her character \"the tragic, piercing dignity of a Racine heroine\".[8][9] At the 48th César Awards, she was nominated for the César Award for Most Promising Actress for Saint Omer.[10]Malanda appeared in Bertrand Bonello's The Beast (2023).[11]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_good

Coordination good

["1 See also","2 References"]

In economics, coordination goods are a form of good created by the coordination of people within civil society. Coordination goods are non-rivalrous, but may be partially excludable through the means of withholding cooperation from a non-cooperative state. See also Public good Club good Collective action problem References ^ Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de; Downs, George W. (August 17, 2005). "An open economy, a closed society". New York Times. ^ "Global Commons, Collective Goods, Free Riders, and Destruction of the Commons". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-12-23. This economics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_Zhang_(biochemist)

Jin Zhang (biochemist)

["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Research","4 Honors and awards","5 References"]

Chinese-American biochemist The native form of this personal name is Zhang Jin. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Jin Zhang (Chinese: 张瑾; pinyin: Zhāng Jǐn; born February 29, 1972) is a Chinese-American biochemist. She is a professor of pharmacology, chemistry and biochemistry, and biomedical engineering at the University of California, San Diego. Early life and education Zhang was born in Beijing, China. She received her Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Tsinghua University in Beijing in 1995. She completed her PhD with David G. Lynn at the University of Chicago in 2000, and conducted postdoctoral research with Roger Y. Tsien and Susan S. Taylor at the University of California, San Diego. Academic career Following her postdoc at UCSD, Zhang joined the faculty in the department of pharmacology and molecular sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 2003. At Johns Hopkins, she was a member of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center. In 2013, she was promoted to full professor in the departments of pharmacology and molecular sciences, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and department of oncology, and department of chemical and biomolecular engineering. In 2015, Zhang relocated her lab to UCSD, where she is a professor in the departments of pharmacology, bioengineering, and chemistry and biochemistry. She is a member of the Moores Cancer Center. Zhang is also director and cofounder of the Bio-Optical Probe Advancement Center at UCSD. Zhang is an editorial board member for Cell Chemical Biology. Research The Zhang group is interested in developing genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based biosensors for kinases, similar to those developed for calcium imaging. Genetically encoded biosensors utilize a kinase-specific substrate fused to fluorescent proteins and a phosphoamino acid binding domain, which change FRET ratio or fluorescence intensity based on kinase activity. Zhang and her lab have used this method to study several kinases, including protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and mechanistic target of rapamycin, among others. The Zhang group has also worked on super-resolution imaging techniques, including photochromic stochastic optical fluctuation imaging (pcSOFI), a variant of super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging, and fluorescence fluctuation increase by contact imaging (FLINC), which has been used to generate super-resolution kinase biosensors Zhang, along with the help from Johns Hopkins Laboratories, is also credited for the creation of a new technique referred to as CAESAR. This technique was designed to experimentally identify substrates for unique kinases. It results in high-quality KSRs. Honors and awards Zhang has received many honors and awards including: Lucent Technologies Fund, the University of Chicago (2000) Postdoctoral fellowship, La Jolla Interfaces in Science and Burroughs Wellcome Fund (2002-2003) Gordon Research Conference Young Scientist Research Award, Bioorganic Chemistry (2003) FAMRI Young Clinical Scientist Award, Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (2004-2009) National Scientist Development Award, American Heart Association (2005-2008) 3M Non-tenured Faculty Award (2006–2008) Margaret Oakley Dayoff Award, the Biophysical Society (2009) NIH Director's Pioneer Award (2009–2014) Finalist Prize, Creative Promise in Biomedical Research, the Vilcek Foundation (2010) John J. Abel Award in Pharmacology, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (2012) Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry, American Chemical Society (2012) Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2014) NCI Outstanding Investigator Award (2015-2022) Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Lecture, Experimental Biology (2017) International Chemical Biology Society Global Lectureship (2019) Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2019) Fellow of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (2021) References ^ Weidmann, Alyson (2018-07-20). "In Memoriam: Roger Tsien (1952—2016)". ACS Chemical Biology. 13 (7): 1700–1704. doi:10.1021/acschembio.8b00617. ISSN 1554-8929. S2CID 51703317. ^ "Zhang, Jin". UC San Diego Chemistry and Biochemistry. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020. ^ Marra, Jen La. "Jin Zhang". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. Retrieved 2020-03-29. ^ Zhang, Jin (August 2016). "An Interview with Jin Zhang". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences. 37 (8): 619–620. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.009. PMID 27290877. ^ "Welcome to Zhang Lab | Zhang Lab". jinzhanglab.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-08. ^ "Editorial Board: Cell Chemical Biology". www.cell.com. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ Tsien, Roger Y.; Alice Y. Ting; Campbell, Robert E.; Zhang, Jin (December 2002). "Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 3 (12): 906–918. doi:10.1038/nrm976. ISSN 1471-0080. PMID 12461557. S2CID 11588100. ^ Greenwald, Eric C.; Mehta, Sohum; Zhang, Jin (2018-12-14). "Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors Illuminate the Spatiotemporal Regulation of Signaling Networks". Chemical Reviews. 118 (24): 11707–11794. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00333. ISSN 1520-6890. PMC 7462118. PMID 30550275. ^ Zhang, J.; Ma, Y.; Taylor, S. S.; Tsien, R. Y. (2001-12-18). "Genetically encoded reporters of protein kinase A activity reveal impact of substrate tethering". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (26): 14997–15002. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9814997Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.211566798. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 64972. PMID 11752448. ^ "Protein kinase A activated in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm". News-Medical.net. 2012-06-27. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ Violin, Jonathan D.; Zhang, Jin; Tsien, Roger Y.; Newton, Alexandra C. (2003-06-09). "A genetically encoded fluorescent reporter reveals oscillatory phosphorylation by protein kinase C". The Journal of Cell Biology. 161 (5): 899–909. doi:10.1083/jcb.200302125. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2172956. PMID 12782683. ^ Zhou, Xin; Clister, Terri L.; Lowry, Pamela R.; Seldin, Marcus M.; Wong, G. William; Zhang, Jin (2015-03-17). "Dynamic Visualization of mTORC1 Activity in Living Cells". Cell Reports. 10 (10): 1767–1777. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.031. ISSN 2211-1247. PMC 4567530. PMID 25772363. ^ Dedecker, Peter; Mo, Gary C. H.; Dertinger, Thomas; Zhang, Jin (2012-07-03). "Widely accessible method for superresolution fluorescence imaging of living systems". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (27): 10909–10914. Bibcode:2012PNAS..10910909D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204917109. ISSN 1091-6490. PMC 3390831. PMID 22711840. ^ Mo, Gary C. H.; Ross, Brian; Hertel, Fabian; Manna, Premashis; Yang, Xinxing; Greenwald, Eric; Booth, Chris; Plummer, Ashlee M.; Tenner, Brian (April 2017). "Genetically encoded biosensors for visualizing live-cell biochemical activity at super-resolution". Nature Methods. 14 (4): 427–434. doi:10.1038/nmeth.4221. ISSN 1548-7105. PMC 5388356. PMID 28288122. ^ "Welcome to Zhang Lab | Zhang Lab". jinzhanglab.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-08. ^ "NIH Director's Pioneer Award Program - 2009 Award Recipients | NIH Common Fund". commonfund.nih.gov. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ "2015 Recipients of NCI Outstanding Investigator Awards". National Cancer Institute. 2015-10-14. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ "Dr. Jin Zhang selected for the 2019 ICBS Global Lectureship - International Chemical Biology Society". www.chemical-biology.org. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ "UC San Diego Researchers Inducted to Renowned Medical and Biological Engineering Organization". ucsdnews.ucsd.edu. Retrieved 2019-04-08. ^ "2021 Fellows". Default. Retrieved 2022-02-12. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Netherlands Academics Google Scholar Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Zhang Jin. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Jin Zhang (Chinese: 张瑾; pinyin: Zhāng Jǐn; born February 29, 1972) is a Chinese-American biochemist. She is a professor of pharmacology, chemistry and biochemistry, and biomedical engineering at the University of California, San Diego.","title":"Jin Zhang (biochemist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tsinghua University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"postdoctoral research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postdoctoral_research"},{"link_name":"Roger Y. Tsien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien"},{"link_name":"Susan S. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_S._Taylor"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Zhang was born in Beijing, China. She received her Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Tsinghua University in Beijing in 1995. She completed her PhD with David G. Lynn at the University of Chicago in 2000, and conducted postdoctoral research with Roger Y. Tsien and Susan S. Taylor at the University of California, San Diego.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Kimmel_Comprehensive_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Moores Cancer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_Cancer_Center"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Following her postdoc at UCSD, Zhang joined the faculty in the department of pharmacology and molecular sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 2003.[2] At Johns Hopkins, she was a member of the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center. In 2013, she was promoted to full professor in the departments of pharmacology and molecular sciences, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and department of oncology, and department of chemical and biomolecular engineering.[3]In 2015, Zhang relocated her lab to UCSD, where she is a professor in the departments of pharmacology, bioengineering, and chemistry and biochemistry. She is a member of the Moores Cancer Center. Zhang is also director and cofounder of the Bio-Optical Probe Advancement Center at UCSD.[4][5]Zhang is an editorial board member for Cell Chemical Biology.[6]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based biosensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetically_encoded_fluorescent_protein-based_biosensors&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kinases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"calcium imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_imaging"},{"link_name":"fluorescent proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_protein"},{"link_name":"FRET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rster_resonance_energy_transfer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"protein kinase A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"protein kinase C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_C"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mechanistic target of rapamycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTOR"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"super-resolution imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_imaging"},{"link_name":"photochromic stochastic optical fluctuation imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photochromic_stochastic_optical_fluctuation_imaging&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-resolution_optical_fluctuation_imaging"},{"link_name":"fluorescence fluctuation increase by contact imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence_fluctuation_increase_by_contact_imaging&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Zhang group is interested in developing genetically encoded fluorescent protein-based biosensors for kinases,[7] similar to those developed for calcium imaging. Genetically encoded biosensors utilize a kinase-specific substrate fused to fluorescent proteins and a phosphoamino acid binding domain, which change FRET ratio or fluorescence intensity based on kinase activity.[8] Zhang and her lab have used this method to study several kinases, including protein kinase A,[9][10] protein kinase C,[11] and mechanistic target of rapamycin,[12] among others. The Zhang group has also worked on super-resolution imaging techniques, including photochromic stochastic optical fluctuation imaging (pcSOFI),[13] a variant of super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging, and fluorescence fluctuation increase by contact imaging (FLINC), which has been used to generate super-resolution kinase biosensors[14]Zhang, along with the help from Johns Hopkins Laboratories, is also credited for the creation of a new technique referred to as CAESAR. This technique was designed to experimentally identify substrates for unique kinases. It results in high-quality KSRs.[15]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucent Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucent_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Wellcome_Fund"},{"link_name":"Gordon Research Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Research_Conferences"},{"link_name":"Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Attendant_Medical_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"American Heart Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Heart_Association"},{"link_name":"3M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3M"},{"link_name":"Margaret Oakley Dayoff Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oakley_Dayhoff_Award"},{"link_name":"Biophysical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biophysical_Society"},{"link_name":"NIH Director's Pioneer Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health_Director%27s_Pioneer_Award"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Vilcek Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vilcek_Foundation"},{"link_name":"American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Experimental_Therapeutics"},{"link_name":"Pfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer_Award_in_Enzyme_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"NCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"International Chemical Biology Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Chemical_Biology_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_for_Medical_and_Biological_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Pharmacology_and_Experimental_Therapeutics"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Zhang has received many honors and awards including:Lucent Technologies Fund, the University of Chicago (2000)\nPostdoctoral fellowship, La Jolla Interfaces in Science and Burroughs Wellcome Fund (2002-2003)\nGordon Research Conference Young Scientist Research Award, Bioorganic Chemistry (2003)\nFAMRI Young Clinical Scientist Award, Flight Attendant Medical Research Institute (2004-2009)\nNational Scientist Development Award, American Heart Association (2005-2008)\n3M Non-tenured Faculty Award (2006–2008)\nMargaret Oakley Dayoff Award, the Biophysical Society (2009)\nNIH Director's Pioneer Award (2009–2014)[16]\nFinalist Prize, Creative Promise in Biomedical Research, the Vilcek Foundation (2010)\nJohn J. Abel Award in Pharmacology, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (2012)\nPfizer Award in Enzyme Chemistry, American Chemical Society (2012)\nFellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2014)\nNCI Outstanding Investigator Award (2015-2022)[17]\nJournal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Lecture, Experimental Biology (2017)\nInternational Chemical Biology Society Global Lectureship (2019)[18]\nFellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (2019)[19]\nFellow of the American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (2021)[20]","title":"Honors and awards"}]

[]

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William; Zhang, Jin (2015-03-17). \"Dynamic Visualization of mTORC1 Activity in Living Cells\". Cell Reports. 10 (10): 1767–1777. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.02.031. ISSN 2211-1247. PMC 4567530. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaru_Tomita

Masaru Tomita

["1 Selected papers","2 References","3 External links"]

This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Masaru Tomita" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Masaru TomitaBorn (1957-12-28) December 28, 1957 (age 66)NationalityJapaneseAlma materKeio University, Carnegie Mellon University, Kyoto UniversityKnown forSystems biology, Metabolomics, Machine translationAwardsPresidential Young Investigators Award from National Science Foundation (1988); IBM Shared University Research Award (2003)Scientific careerFieldsSystems biology; Computer scienceInstitutionsKeio University Shonan Fujisawa Campus; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio UniversityDoctoral advisorHerbert Alexander Simon Masaru Tomita (Japanese: 冨田 勝, Hepburn: Tomita Masaru, born December 28, 1957) is a Japanese scientist in the fields of systems biology and computer science, best known as the founder of the E-Cell simulation system and/or the inventor of GLR parser algorithm. He served a professor of Keio University, Director of the Institute for Advanced Biosciences, and the founder and board member of various spinout companies, including Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc. and Spiber Inc. He is also the co-founder and on the board of directors of The Metabolomics Society. His father was the renowned composer and synthesiser pioneer Isao Tomita. From Oct. 2005 to Sep. 2007, he served as Dean of Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University. He received an M.S. (1983) and a Ph.D. (1985) in computer science from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) under Jaime Carbonell, and three other doctoral degrees in electronic engineering (Kyoto University, 1994), molecular biology (Keio University, 1998), and media and governance (Keio University, 2019). At CMU, starting in 1985, Tomita achieved a series of academic promotions from assistant professor to associate professor of computer science and from 1986 he became an associate director of the Center for Machine Translation. In 1990, he returned to Keio University and served as associate professor, professor, and Dean of the faculty of Environmental Information. At Keio University, he shifted his research emphasis to the studies of molecular biology and systems biology. In 2001, he founded Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University in Tsuruoka City, Yamagata Prefecture, and served as Director of the institute until 2023. Tomita is a recipient of the Presidential Young Investigator Award from the National Science Foundation of the USA (1988), IBM Japan Science Prize (2002), IBM Shared University Research Award (2003), Minister of Science and Technology Policy Award (2004), The Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2007), Audi Innovation Award (2016), International Metabolomics Society Lifetime Honorary Fellow (2017), 68th Kahoku Bunka Prize (2019), 5th Bioindustry Award Grand Prize (2021), and 27th Momofuku Ando Award Grand Prize (2023). Selected papers "Building Working Cells 'in Silico'", Science 1999; 284-5411:80 - 81 "Going for Grand Challenges", Nature 1999; 402:C70 "E-CELL: Software environment for whole cell simulation", Bioinformatics 1999; 15:72-84 "Computerized role models: Japan's push to create a virtual cell signals a new approach to research", Nature 2002; 417 "Multiple high-throughput analyses monitor the response of E. coli to perturbations", Science 2007; 316:593-7 References ^ Tomita M. et al. (1997) "E-CELL: Software Environment for Whole Cell Simulation." Genome Inform Ser Workshop Genome Inform, 8:147-155. ^ Tomita M. (1984). "LR parsers for natural languages". COLING. 10th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. pp. 354–357. ^ "History of the Society – Metabolomics Society". ^ "Details of a Researcher - Tomita, Masaru". ^ "Details of a Researcher - Tomita, Masaru". ^ "Details of a Researcher - Tomita, Masaru". External links Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University Human Metabolome Technologies, Inc. The E-Cell Project The Metabolomics Society Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Israel United States Japan Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii DBLP Mathematics Genealogy Project ORCID Other IdRef 2

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claud_Irvine_Boswell

Claud Irvine Boswell, Lord Balmuto

["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]

Scottish judge Lord Balmuto by John Kay, 1799. Plaque to Lord Balmuto on Kinghorn Church in Fife Claud Irvine Boswell, Lord Balmuto (1742 – 22 July 1824) was a Scottish judge. Biography The Boswell family acquired Balmuto Castle (aka Balmuto Tower) in the late 14th century. Boswell was born at Balmuto Castle in 1742. His father, John Boswell of Balmuto, a writer to the signet in Edinburgh, died when Claud was an infant. Boswell's paternal uncle was James Boswell of Auchinleck and his son (Boswell's cousin) was James Boswell, companion of Samuel Johnson. At the age of six he was sent to Mr Barclay's school in Dalkeith. After finishing his education at the University of Edinburgh, he was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates on 2 August 1766. While at university he befriended Henry Hunter and employed him as a tutor. In 1774 he organised and paid for the rebuilding of Kinghorn Parish Church. On 25 March 1780 he was appointed Sheriff Depute of Fife and Kinross. After serving this office for 19 years was, he was appointed a lord of session on the death of James Burnett, Lord Monboddo. On 21 June 1799, he took his seat on the bench with the title of Lord Balmuto. After nearly 23 years of judicial work he resigned in January 1822, and was succeeded by William Erskine, Lord Kinneder. The death, under his own roof, of his kinsman, Sir Alexander Boswell, from the effects of a wound received by him in the duel with James Stuart of Dunearn, gave him a shock from which he never entirely recovered. He died at Balmuto on 22 July 1824, in his 83rd year. He was a robust and athletic man, with black hair and beetling eyebrows. His manner was boisterous and his temper passionate. Though fond of joking, a habit he sometimes indulged in on the bench, he was not particularly keen in the perception of wit in others. In 1783 he married Anne Irvine, who, by the death of her brother and grandfather, became the heiress of Kingcussie. They had two daughters and a son. Two etchings of him will be found in Kay, Nos. 262 and 300. References ^ "Balmuto Castle | Castle in Kinghorn parish, Fife | Stravaiging around Scotland". ^ Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae; by Hew Scott  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Barker, George Fisher Russell (1886). "Boswell, Claud Irvine". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 5. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Media related to Claud Irvine Boswell at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker

Gottfried de Purucker

["1 Works","2 References","3 External links"]

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (May 2015) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Gottfried de Purucker}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Gottfried de PuruckerPredecessorKatherine TingleySuccessorArthur L. Conger Gottfried de Purucker (January 15, 1874, Suffern, New York – September 27, 1942) was a Theosophist, author and leader of the Theosophical Society Pasadena (then headquartered at Point Loma, California) from 1929-1942. Purucker's father, an Anglican minister, prepared his son for his future with the church through extensive training in language and religious studies. Purucker recalls having at age 14 translated the entire New Testament from Greek, and at age 17 having translated the Book of Genesis from Hebrew. But he recalls having had an intuition that something was wrong with the church system he grew up in. It was when he began studying eastern religions and philosophies and Theosophy that, in his words: "I realized that the instinct of my soul had been a true one". Of the Theosophical literature, he said: "I read it avidly and studied it eagerly, and then my heart awoke, as my brain had awoke before. But now, from a study of the theosophical literature, my heart awaking, I began to realize what there was, not only in me, but in my fellows; and I said to myself: hereafter my life is consecrate to what I know to be the truth. No man can live unto himself alone; no man can tread the pathway — the still, small, old pathway — of the spiritual self within him, alone." These experiences led him to the Theosophical Society, which he joined on August 16, 1893. The years from 1893 until 1903 were spent traveling and working, largely in Europe, before moving to Point Loma and joining the staff at Lomaland, the headquarters of the Theosophical Society, under the leadership of Katherine Tingley. Of this period, Purucker said: "all my early life, up till nearly thirty, was passed in the whirl of social and diplomatic and literary and artistic circles, in Geneva, Paris, and other European capitals and big cities. I hated this life, as you can imagine, and when the word came to me from the "Bosses" to pack up and go to Point Loma into years of retirement and training, I felt like a prisoner released from jail, and going home." From that time forward, Purucker taught classes, gave lectures and wrote several works on Theosophy. He succeeded Katherine Tingley to leadership of the Theosophical Society in 1929 and saw its operations through the great depression. In 1942, he sold the property at Point Loma and moved the headquarters to Covina, California. He died a few months later, on September 27, 1942. His legacy includes several publications, including elucidations of the writings of Helena Blavatsky. Several additional works were also published posthumously. Part of a series onTheosophy Founders Helena Blavatsky William Quan Judge Henry Steel Olcott Theosophists Annie Besant Isabel Cooper-Oakley Robert Crosbie Abner Doubleday Geoffrey Hodson Raghavan N. Iyer Wassily Kandinsky Archibald Keightley C. W. Leadbeater G. R. S. Mead Arthur E. Powell James Morgan Pryse Subba Row William Scott-Elliot Alfred Percy Sinnett Rudolf Steiner Brian Stonehouse Katherine Tingley Ernest Wood Concepts Root races Seven rays Theosophical mysticism Organizations Theosophical Society Theosophical Society Adyar Theosophical Society in America Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove) Theosophical Society Pasadena Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse United Lodge of Theosophists Texts At the Feet of the Master Book of Dzyan Esoteric Buddhism Isis Unveiled The Key to Theosophy The Secret Doctrine Theosophical Glossary The Voice of the Silence Publications Lucifer Sunrise The Theosophist Masters Kuthumi Maitreya Master Hilarion Master Jesus Morya St. Germain Comparative Buddhism and Theosophy Christianity and Theosophy Hinduism and Theosophy Theosophy and literature Theosophy and visual arts Theosophy and Western philosophy Related Agni Yoga Alice Bailey Anthroposophy Ascended Master Teachings Esotericism Gnosticism Hermeticism Jiddu Krishnamurti Liberal Catholic Church Masters of the Ancient Wisdom Mysticism Neo-Theosophy Neoplatonism New Age Occultism Order of the Star in the East Perennial philosophy Plane (esotericism) vte Works Wind of the Spirit Fundamentals of the Esoteric Philosophy Occult Glossary Encyclopedic Theosophical Glossary (Editor-in-Chief) Golden Precepts of Esotericism Man in Evolution The Esoteric Tradition Fountain-Source of Occultism The Path of Compassion The Four Sacred Seasons Studies in Occult Philosophy Questions We All Ask The Dialogues of G. de Purucker Messages to Conventions The Masters and the Path of Occultism The Story of Jesus Word Wisdom in Esoteric Tradition References ^ a b Gottfried de Purucker: A Biographical Sketch ^ Questions We All Ask, 2:514 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Gottfried de Purucker. Original Books by Gottfried de Purucker (PDF-files) Books by Purucker Biographical Sketch vteTheosophyTheosophical Society founders Helena Blavatsky William Quan Judge Henry Steel Olcott People Alice Bailey Annie Besant C.W. Leadbeater Arthur E. Powell Gottfried de Purucker Helena Roerich Nicholas Roerich A. P. Sinnett Rukmini Devi Arundale Jinarajadasa Walter Evans-Wentz Bertram Keightley Constance Wachtmeister W. B. Yeats Jiddu Krishnamurti More... Theosophical texts Isis Unveiled The Key to Theosophy The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett The Secret Doctrine Theosophical Glossary The Voice of the Silence More... Philosophical concepts Akashic records Astral body Astral plane Astral projection Mental body Universal Brotherhood More... Institutions Blavatsky Lodge Theosophical Society Theosophical Society Adyar Theosophical Society Pasadena United Lodge of Theosophists More... Publications Lucifer Sunrise The Theosophist The Theosophical Movement More... In relation to ... Buddhism Christianity Hinduism literature visual arts Western philosophy Related Agni Yoga Anthroposophy Esotericism Maitreya Neo-Theosophy Order of the Star in the East Plane (cosmology) Spiritual evolution Theosophical mysticism Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Netherlands Other IdRef

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Gonzalez_Alvarez

Jesús González (rower, born 1974)

["1 References","2 External links"]

Spanish rower For other people named Jesus Gonzalez, see Jesus Gonzalez (disambiguation). Jesús GonzálezJesus Gonzalez in 2016Personal informationNationalitySpanishBorn (1974-09-09) 9 September 1974 (age 49)Pontevedra, SpainSportSportRowing Jesús González Álvarez (born 9 September 1974) is a Spanish rower. He competed in the men's lightweight coxless four event at the 2004 Summer Olympics. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Jesús González Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2018. External links Jesús González Álvarez at World Rowing Jesús González Álvarez at Olympics.com Jesús González Álvarez at Olympedia This biographical article relating to Spanish rowing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_the_Jeep

Eugene the Jeep

["1 Fictional character biography","1.1 Origin","1.2 Attributes and abilities","2 Other uses","3 Notes","4 External links"]

Fictional character from Popeye franchise Fictional character Eugene the JeepPopeye characterFirst appearanceThimble Theatre (March 16, 1936)Created byE. C. SegarVoiced byDon MessickIn-universe informationSpeciesJeepGenderMale Eugene the Jeep is a character in the Popeye comic strip. A mysterious animal with magical or supernatural abilities, the Jeep first appeared in the Thimble Theatre comic strip (March 16, 1936). He was also present in animated versions of Popeye's adventures, including three of the Fleischer Studios shorts of the late 1930s/early 1940s, with more extensive appearances in later Popeye cartoons produced for TV. Fictional character biography Origin In the August 9, 1936, strip, headlined "Wha's a Jeep?" Popeye asks Professor Brainstine what exactly a Jeep is. He gets the following response: A Jeep is an animal living in a three dimensional world—in this case our world—but really belonging to a fourth dimensional world. Here's what happened. A number of Jeep life cells were somehow forced through the dimensional barrier into our world. They combined at a favorable time with free life cells of the African Hooey Hound. The electrical vibrations of the Hooey Hound cell and the foreign cell were the same. They were kindred cells. In fact, all things are, to some extent, relative, whether they be of this or some other world, now you see. The extremely favorable conditions of germination in Africa caused a fusion of these life cells. So the uniting of kindred cells caused a transmutation. The result, a mysterious strange animal. When asked if he had any further questions, Popeye, totally unenlightened by this explanation, repeated, "Wha's a Jeep?" The animated cartoons took the straightforward approach of defining the character as some type of dog. In The Jeep (1938), Popeye presents the animal to Olive Oyl and Swee'Pea with the simple explanation, "The Jeep's a magical dog and can disappear and things". In Popeye Presents Eugene the Jeep (1940), it is Popeye who receives the creature from Olive, in a box via a special delivery man (voiced by Pinto Colvig), and with the premise that he had never seen the creature before: "Well, blow me down! A baby puppy!" Eugene the Jeep appeared in several Popeye TV series, including Popeye the Sailor (1960-1963), The All-New Popeye Hour (1978-1983) and Popeye and Son (1987). In the latter two series he was voiced by Don Messick. Eugene the Jeep did not appear in the live-action 1980 Popeye movie. The Jeep was included in early drafts of the original screenplay but was soon deemed too difficult and too expensive to render believably, so the character was dropped and elements of the character were given to Swee'Pea. The baby's mysterious ability to answer questions and make predictions through the use of whistles were scenes originally written for Eugene the Jeep. Eugene was slated to appear in the animated Popeye film produced by Sony Pictures Animation but production of the film was cancelled in 2016. Attributes and abilities In the context of the comic strip, Eugene the Jeep was a gift to Popeye's girlfriend Olive Oyl from her Uncle Ben who found Eugene in Africa. The Jeep is a yellow creature about the size of a dog who walks on his hind legs. He has a bear-like head and ears but a large nose, long tail, and protruding belly. The Jeep's diet consists only of orchids. As his language is limited to the word "jeep", Eugene primarily communicates through body language. Eugene always tells the truth, even to criminals. He possesses high intelligence, so is able to help humans such as Popeye and Olive Oyl solve complex problems. He makes use of a limited form of teleportation: he can disappear from one place and reappear in another, and can walk through and on walls and ceilings. These teleportation powers are said to stem from the Jeep's ability to cross into the fourth dimension. Other uses Eugene the Jeep is the school mascot for Northeast Dubois High School in Dubois, Indiana, and South Webster High School in South Webster, Ohio, although the Jeep for Northeast Dubois is blue and gray, while South Webster's is red instead of yellow. An old elementary school in Wheatland, Indiana also used the Jeep as its mascot, but this school was consolidated, and the symbol is no longer in use. Many suggest that soldiers of World War II were so impressed with the new Willys MB light utility vehicle that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep, as it was "small, able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems". Notes ^ "Eugene the Jeep was the Snoopy of his day and possibly inspired the Jeep SUV". Me-TV Network. ^ "Watch Popeye Get Ready for His First Big-Screen Turn in More Than 30 Years". www.yahoo.com. 19 September 2014. ^ "Wordorigins.org". Wordorigins.org. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-07-04. ^ Anatoly Liberman (2008). An analytic dictionary of English etymology: An Introduction. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5272-3. OCLC 254563844. OL 11384448M. Wikidata Q100978596. External links Popeye at Don Markstein's Toonopedia vtePopeye created by E. C. SegarCharactersMain Popeye Bluto Olive Oyl Wimpy Swee'Pea Supporting Alice the Goon Eugene the Jeep George W. Geezil Harold Hamgravy Castor Oyl Poopdeck Pappy Sea Hag Authors and artists Hy Eisman Seymour Kneitel Roger Langridge Bobby London R. K. Milholland Bruce Ozella Bill Pearson Bud Sagendorf George Wildman Doc Winner Bela Zaboly Theatrical shorts Popeye the Sailor Fleischer Studios cartoons Famous Studios cartoons Feature film Popeye Television shows Popeye the Sailor The All New Popeye Hour Popeye and Son The Popeye Show TV specials Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy Video games Arcade game Popeye no Eigo Asobi Popeye (Game Boy) Popeye 2 Ijiwaru Majo Seahag no Maki Beach Volleyball Rush for Spinach Other Popeye Song Folio Popeye Village Popeye & Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges Popeye Saves the Earth

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He was also present in animated versions of Popeye's adventures, including three of the Fleischer Studios shorts of the late 1930s/early 1940s, with more extensive appearances in later Popeye cartoons produced for TV.[1]","title":"Eugene the Jeep"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"three dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"fourth dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space"},{"link_name":"life cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog"},{"link_name":"Olive Oyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Oyl"},{"link_name":"Swee'Pea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swee%27Pea"},{"link_name":"Pinto Colvig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinto_Colvig"},{"link_name":"Popeye the Sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_the_Sailor_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The All-New Popeye Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_All-New_Popeye_Hour"},{"link_name":"Popeye and Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_and_Son"},{"link_name":"Don Messick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Messick"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Animation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"In the August 9, 1936, strip, headlined \"Wha's a Jeep?\" [sic] Popeye asks Professor Brainstine what exactly a Jeep is. He gets the following response:A Jeep is an animal living in a three dimensional world—in this case our world—but really belonging to a fourth dimensional world. Here's what happened. A number of Jeep life cells were somehow forced through the dimensional barrier into our world. They combined at a favorable time with free life cells of the African Hooey Hound. The electrical vibrations of the Hooey Hound cell and the foreign cell were the same. They were kindred cells. In fact, all things are, to some extent, relative, whether they be of this or some other world, now you see. The extremely favorable conditions of germination in Africa caused a fusion of these life cells. So the uniting of kindred cells caused a transmutation. The result, a mysterious strange animal.When asked if he had any further questions, Popeye, totally unenlightened by this explanation, repeated, \"Wha's a Jeep?\"The animated cartoons took the straightforward approach of defining the character as some type of dog. In The Jeep (1938), Popeye presents the animal to Olive Oyl and Swee'Pea with the simple explanation, \"The Jeep's a magical dog and can disappear and things\". In Popeye Presents Eugene the Jeep (1940), it is Popeye who receives the creature from Olive, in a box via a special delivery man (voiced by Pinto Colvig), and with the premise that he had never seen the creature before: \"Well, blow me down! A baby puppy!\"Eugene the Jeep appeared in several Popeye TV series, including Popeye the Sailor (1960-1963), The All-New Popeye Hour (1978-1983) and Popeye and Son (1987). In the latter two series he was voiced by Don Messick.Eugene the Jeep did not appear in the live-action 1980 Popeye movie.\nThe Jeep was included in early drafts of the original screenplay but was soon deemed too difficult and too expensive to render believably, so the character was dropped and elements of the character were given to Swee'Pea. The baby's mysterious ability to answer questions and make predictions through the use of whistles were scenes originally written for Eugene the Jeep.Eugene was slated to appear in the animated Popeye film produced by Sony Pictures Animation but production of the film was cancelled in 2016.[2]","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"body language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_language"},{"link_name":"teleportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleportation"},{"link_name":"fourth dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-dimensional_space"}],"sub_title":"Attributes and abilities","text":"In the context of the comic strip, Eugene the Jeep was a gift to Popeye's girlfriend Olive Oyl from her Uncle Ben who found Eugene in Africa. The Jeep is a yellow creature about the size of a dog who walks on his hind legs. He has a bear-like head and ears but a large nose, long tail, and protruding belly. The Jeep's diet consists only of orchids.As his language is limited to the word \"jeep\", Eugene primarily communicates through body language. Eugene always tells the truth, even to criminals. He possesses high intelligence, so is able to help humans such as Popeye and Olive Oyl solve complex problems. He makes use of a limited form of teleportation: he can disappear from one place and reappear in another, and can walk through and on walls and ceilings. These teleportation powers are said to stem from the Jeep's ability to cross into the fourth dimension.","title":"Fictional character biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"Northeast Dubois High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Dubois_High_School"},{"link_name":"Dubois, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubois,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"South Webster High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Webster_High_School"},{"link_name":"South Webster, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Webster,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Wheatland, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatland,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Willys MB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_MB"},{"link_name":"light utility vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_light_utility_vehicle"},{"link_name":"named it after Eugene the Jeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep#Jeep_etymology"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Eugene the Jeep is the school mascot for Northeast Dubois High School in Dubois, Indiana, and South Webster High School in South Webster, Ohio, although the Jeep for Northeast Dubois is blue and gray, while South Webster's is red instead of yellow. An old elementary school in Wheatland, Indiana also used the Jeep as its mascot, but this school was consolidated, and the symbol is no longer in use.Many[who?] suggest that soldiers of World War II were so impressed with the new Willys MB light utility vehicle that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep, as it was \"small, able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems\".[3][4]","title":"Other uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Eugene the Jeep was the Snoopy of his day and possibly inspired the Jeep SUV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.metv.com/stories/eugene-the-jeep-was-the-snoopy-of-his-day-and-possibly-inspired-the-jeep-suv"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Watch Popeye Get Ready for His First Big-Screen Turn in More Than 30 Years\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yahoo.com/entertainment/watch-popeye-get-ready-for-his-first-big-screen-turn-in-97897854257.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Wordorigins.org\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100328072940/http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/more/372/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wordorigins.org/index.php/more/372/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Anatoly Liberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Liberman"},{"link_name":"An analytic dictionary of English etymology: An Introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/an-analytic-dictionary-of-english-etymology"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8166-5272-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-5272-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"254563844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/254563844"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11384448M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL11384448M"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q100978596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100978596"}],"text":"^ \"Eugene the Jeep was the Snoopy of his day and possibly inspired the Jeep SUV\". Me-TV Network.\n\n^ \"Watch Popeye Get Ready for His First Big-Screen Turn in More Than 30 Years\". www.yahoo.com. 19 September 2014.\n\n^ \"Wordorigins.org\". Wordorigins.org. Archived from the original on 2010-03-28. Retrieved 2010-07-04.\n\n^ Anatoly Liberman (2008). An analytic dictionary of English etymology: An Introduction. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-5272-3. OCLC 254563844. OL 11384448M. Wikidata Q100978596.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectern_desk

Lectern desk

["1 Antique lectern desk","2 Modern lectern desk","3 See also","4 References"]

A modern lectern. The lectern desk exists in two distinct forms, antique and modern. Antique lectern desk The antique is basically a lectern fitted with the conveniences needed to make writing easy, such as room for paper and writing implements. In a sense, it is a specialised and rarer form of standing desk. The term is sometimes used for large standing desks. Because the antique lectern desk is smaller than most kinds of standing desks, it is suitable for writing in cramped quarters, in a residence or at a workplace. Most lectern desks have a slanted top with a lip, to keep pens and paper from sliding down. Lectern desks can sometimes be found in churches. Modern lectern desk A rolling computer desk based on a single leg set on a four- or five-wheel stand is the most common modern form of lectern desk. It is usually sold directly by manufacturers or by catalog and online. It targets several distinct specialty markets such as hospitals and industrial plants. See also See also: List of desk forms and types References Aronson, Joseph. The Encyclopedia of Furniture. 3rd ed. New York: Crown Publishers, 1966. De Reyniès, Nicole. Le Mobilier Domestique: Vocabulaire Typologique. Paris, Ministère de la Culture et de La Communication, 1987. Moser,Thomas. Measured Shop Drawings for American Furniture. New York: Sterling Publishing Inc., 1985.

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[{"image_text":"A modern lectern.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flextern_orange_lectern_laptop.jpg/180px-Flextern_orange_lectern_laptop.jpg"}]

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[]

[]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrie%27s_Memorial

Guthrie's Memorial, Isle of Man

["1 A18 Snaefell Mountain Road","2 Motor-Sport Heritage","3 Gallery","4 Sources","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 54°17′46.2″N 4°24′20.8″W / 54.296167°N 4.405778°W / 54.296167; -4.405778 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Guthrie's Memorial, Isle of Man" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Historic siteGuthrie's MemorialTT race marshal's signal box on the A18 Snaefell mountain road looking north (in the opposite direction to a lap of the course) towards Guthrie's Memorial on the left and the Point of Ayre in the distanceCoordinates54°17′46.2″N 4°24′20.8″W / 54.296167°N 4.405778°W / 54.296167; -4.405778Built1860–1870, 1939Location of Guthrie's Memorial in Isle of Man The memorial Guthrie's Memorial (previously The Cutting) is a S-bend corner between the 26 and 27 mile road-side markers on the primary A18 Snaefell mountain road, part of the Snaefell Mountain Course known mainly for motorcycle racing, situated in the Isle of Man parish of Lezayre. A18 Snaefell Mountain Road This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The A18 Snaefell mountain road was developed in the mid-nineteenth century from a number of existing roads, carting-tracks and bridle paths. This included installation of a number of sheep-gates, milestones, the building of a series of embankments, revetments, purpose built graded sections which reflected nineteenth century highway and railway building practices. This included the distinctive road embankments which gave the S-bend corner the previous name of The Cutting. This section of the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road from the Keppel Gate to Park Mooar / Park Llewellyn (North Barrule) was built on common grazing land that were transferred to the UK Crown following the sale of the Islands feudal rights by the Duke of Atholl after the Disafforesting Commission of 1860. The nearby revetment and embankment at the 27th Milestone is sometimes informally referred to as the Guthrie's Bridge. The western side embankment at Guthrie's Memorial was removed during the winter of 2004/2005 by the Department of Transport as a road traffic improvement, followed by a small section of the north-eastern embankment in April 2009. During the winter of 2012/2013 the stone TT Marshall's shelter at Guthrie's Memorial was demolished. Motor-Sport Heritage During the 1937 TT races, Jimmie Guthrie won the Junior race, but retired on lap five of the Senior race at The Cutting section of the course. After crashing fatally during the 1937 German Grand Prix a memorial to Jimmie Guthrie was built in 1939 at The Cutting. Funded by public subscription, the memorial was built at the place where he retired in his last TT race. The inscription on the memorial reads: James Guthrie 1897–1937 Erected to the memory of Jimmy Guthrie, of Hawick, a brilliant motor cycle rider, famous on the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Course for his wonderful riding and great sportsmanship. He won the race six times, beat many world's records and was first in numerous foreign races. He died while upholding the honour of his country in the German Grand Prix, August, 1937. A further memorial called the "Guthrie Stone" was established in 1949 at the site of the fatal accident on the Sachsenring road course, near the German village of Hohenstein-Ernstthal. Gallery The inscription on the memorial Sources ^ The Magic of The TT. A Century of Racing over The Mountain page 42 Mac McDiarmid (2004) Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-84425-002-4 ^ Isle of Man Green Final page 3 29 April 1939 "Jim Guthrie Memorial" ^ Manx Milestones pages 13–17 by Stuart Slack (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3 ^ Manx Milestones pages 57–58 by Stuart Slack (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3 ^ Isle of Man Weekly Times page 18 dated 17 June 1939 External links Prohibited and Restricted Areas for the Isle of Man TT Races, Classic TT and Manx Grand Prix, 26th Milestone, Guthrie's Memorial, 27th Milestone and Mountain Mile vteSnaefell Mountain CourseStart to Glen Helen TT Grandstand St Ninian's Crossroads Bray Hill Quarterbridge Road Quarterbridge Braddan Bridge Union Mills Ballahutchin Hill Ballagarey Corner Glen Vine Crosby Cross-Roads Highlander Greeba Castle Appledene Greeba Bridge Gorse Lea Ballagarraghyn Ballacraine Ballaspur Ballig Doran's Bend Laurel Bank Black Dub Glen Helen Glen Helen to Ballaugh Bridge Creg Willey's Hill Sarah's Cottage Lambfell Molyneux's 11th Milestone Handley's Corner McGuinness's Barregarrow Cronk Urleigh Douglas Road Corner Rhencullen Birkin's Bend Bishopscourt Orrisdale North Dub Cottage Alpine Cottage Ballacobb Ballaugh Bridge Ballaugh Bridge to Ramsey Ballacrye Corner Quarry Bends Caley's Sulby Bridge Ginger Hall Kerrowmoar Glen Duff School House Corner Parliament Square Whitegates Ramsey Hairpin Ramsey to Bungalow Waterworks Tower Bends Gooseneck 26th Milestone (Joey's) Guthrie's Memorial Mountain Mile Stonebreakers Hut Verandah Bungalow Bridge Bungalow Bungalow to Cronk-ny-Mona Hailwood's Height Brandywell Windy Corner Keppel Gate Kate's Cottage Creg-ny-Baa Gob-ny-Geay Brandish Corner Hillberry Corner Cronk-ny-Mona Cronk-ny-Mona to Finish Signpost Corner The Nook Governor's Bridge List of named corners of the Snaefell Mountain Course vteIsle of Man racing circuits Andreas Airfield Billown Circuit Clypse Course Four Inch Course Highroads Course Jurby Airfield Jurby South Circuit Mannin Beg/Mannin Moar Course Snaefell Mountain Course St. John's Short Course Willaston Circuit

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A Century of Racing over The Mountain page 42 Mac McDiarmid (2004) Haynes Publishing. ISBN 1-84425-002-4 \n\n^ Isle of Man Green Final page 3 29 April 1939 \"Jim Guthrie Memorial\"[full citation needed]\n\n^ Manx Milestones pages 13–17 by Stuart Slack (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3\n\n^ Manx Milestones pages 57–58 by Stuart Slack (1st Edition)(2003)The Manx Experience ISBN 1-873120-58-3\n\n^ Isle of Man Weekly Times page 18 dated 17 June 1939","title":"Sources"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1cs

Kovács

["1 History","1.1 Cognates","2 Notable people","3 Fictional characters","4 References"]

Look up Kovacs, kovács, or Kovács in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kovács or Kovacs, meaning blacksmith, is one of the most common Hungarian family names. History The name is found in Hungary and Hungarian expatriate communities. There are similar names with the Kováts or Kovách spellings. The name means "blacksmith" in Hungarian, and it is a loanword from Slavic languages. There are 221,688 people in Hungary who are named Kovács, making the name the second most common family name among Hungarians. Cognates Covaci in Romania Koufax in Yiddish Kovač in many South Slavic and West Slavic communities Kováč in Slovakia Kovach, the Carpatho-Ruthenian form Kovachev in Bulgaria Kovaçi in Albania Kaval in Belarus (also Kavalchuk, Kavalenka, Kavaliou, Kavalski, Kavalchyk, Kavalevich) Koval in Ukraine and Russia (also Kovalchuk, Kovalchyk, Kovalenko, Kovalyov, Kovalevych, Kovalsky) Kovář (also Kováč) in Czech Republic. Kowal in Poland (also Kowalczyk, Kowalski) Kovač in Croatia (also Kovačić, Kovačević) Notable people Ágnes Kovács (born 1981), Hungarian swimmer Angela Kovács (born 1964), Swedish actress Barbara Kovács (born 1993), Hungarian racewalker Balázs Kovács (born 1977), Hungarian hurdler Bill Kovacs (1949–2006), American pioneer of commercial computer animation technology Dan Kovacs (born 1970), American powerlifter Dénes Kovács (1930–2005), Hungarian violinist Edit Kovács (fencer) (born 1954), Hungarian foil fencer Edit Kovács (swimmer) (born 1951), Hungarian swimmer Ella Kovacs (born 1964), Romanian middle distance runner Ernie Kovacs (1919–1962), American entertainer Ervin Kováts (1927–2012), Hungarian-born Swiss chemist known for the Kovats retention index Frank Kovacs (1919–1990), American tennis player Fred Kovacs, American soccer player Gábor Kovács (financier) (born 1957), Hungarian financier, banker, art collector, philanthropist and founder of KOGART Greg Kovacs (born 1968), American bodybuilder Iván Kovács (born 1970), Hungarian épée fencer János Kovács (born 1985), Hungarian footballer Joe Kovacs (puppeteer) (born 1967), American puppeteer Joe Kovacs (born 1989), American track and field athlete Julie Kovacs (born 1959), American chemist Kálmán Kovács (disambiguation) Katalin Kovács (born 1976), Hungarian canoer Ladislav Kovács (born 1991), Slovak Counter-Strike: Global Offensive player László Kovács (politician) (born 1939), Hungarian politician and diplomat László Kovács (cinematographer) (1933–2007), Hungarian-American cinematographer Magda Kósáné Kovács (1940–2020), Hungarian politician and Member of the European Parliament Michael Kovats de Fabriczy (1724–1779), Hungarian noble and military officer. Known as a founding father of the United States Cavalry. Michal Kováč (1930–2016), first president of Slovakia Mišo Kovač (born 1941), Croatian singer Margit Kovács (1902–1977) Hungarian ceramist and sculptor Pál Kovács (1912–1995), Hungarian saber fencer Péter Kovács (footballer) (born 1978), Hungarian footballer Richard Kovacs (1885–1950), physician Robin Kovacs (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player Rita Kovács (born 1970), Hungarian swimmer Sándor J. Kovács (born 1947), Hungarian-American cardiologist Sandy Koufax (born 1935), American baseball player Sharon Kovacs (born 1990), Dutch singer Stephen Kovacs (1972–2022), saber fencer and fencing coach, charged with sexual assault, died in prison István Kovács (footballer born 1920) (1920–1995), Romanian football manager Viktor Kovács (born 1973), Hungarian track and field athlete Zoltán Kovács (ice hockey) (born 1962), Hungarian ice hockey coach and administrator Zsófia Kovács (triathlete) (born 1988), Hungarian triathlete Fictional characters Takeshi Kovacs, a fictional character in three books by Richard Morgan Walter Kovacs, the identity of the character Rorschach, in the DC Comic series Watchmen Kirilli Kovacs, a character in Darren Shan's series, The Demonata. References ^ Ganzhina, I. M. (2001) Словарь современных русских фамилий. Moscow: Astrel. p. 260. ISBN 5-271-00127-X. Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Kovács (Kovacs). If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link. vteSurnames associated with the occupation of smithCeltic Goff Gow Gowan Gowans Mac a' Ghobhainn MacGavin / McGavin MacGowan / McGowan Germanic Brenneis De Smet Eisen Eisler Eisner Kleinschmidt Klier Klingbeil Klinkhamer Klinkhammer Nagel Pinkert Schmid Schmidt Schmied Schmieden Schmitt Schmitz Schmitzer Smeets Smet Smets Smit Smith Smithe Smither Smithers Smithies Smithson Smits Smyth Smythe Szmidt Šmíd Romance Fabbri Faber Fabre Fabri Faure Favre Feaver Ferrara Ferrari Ferraris Ferraro Ferré Ferreira Ferrer Ferrero Ferreiro Ferretti Ferreyra Ferrier Ferriero Fieraru Fierarul Herrera Herrero Lefébure Lefebvre Lefèvre Semitic Haddad Hadodo Al-Haddad El-Haddad Slavic Covaci Coval Covali Covaliov Kavalyow Kovač Kováč Kovach Kovačić Kovačič Kovačević Kovačevič Kovačovič Kovačev Kovachev Kovačec Kovačik Kováčik Kovačevski Kovack Kovács Koval Kovalchuk Kovalenko Kovalevich Kovalevsky Kovalic Kovalik Kovalik Kovalkov Kovals Kovalyov Kovalyuk Kovář Kovařík Kowal Kowalik Kowalczyk Kowalczuk Kowalewicz Kowalewski Kowalski Kuznets Kuznetsov Kuźniar Other Armenian: Darbinyan Baltic Kalējs Kalvaitis (Kalwejt, Kallweit, etc.) Finnic Sepp Seppä Seppänen Seppälä Indic: Lohar Kartvelian Mchedlidze Mchedlishvili Turkic Demirci Demircioğlu From "spark"rel. to occ. 'smith' Funk Funke Vonck Vonk   This Hungarian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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There are 221,688 people in Hungary who are named Kovács, making the name the second most common family name among Hungarians.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Covaci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covaci"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Koufax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koufax_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Kovač","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova%C4%8D_(surname)"},{"link_name":"South Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"West Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Kováč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Kovach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovach_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Carpatho-Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Kovachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovachev"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kovaçi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kova%C3%A7i&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Kaval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaval_(surname)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Kavalchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalchuk"},{"link_name":"Kavalenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kavalenka&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kavaliou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavaliou"},{"link_name":"Kavalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalski"},{"link_name":"Kavalchyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kavalchyk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kavalevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavalevich"},{"link_name":"Koval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koval_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kovalchuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalchuk"},{"link_name":"Kovalchyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovalchyk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kovalenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalenko"},{"link_name":"Kovalyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalyov"},{"link_name":"Kovalevych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovalevych&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kovalsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kovalsky&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kovář","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kov%C3%A1%C5%99"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"Kowal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowal_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Kowalczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowalczyk"},{"link_name":"Kowalski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowalski"},{"link_name":"Kovač","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova%C4%8D_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Kovačić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Kovačević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87"}],"sub_title":"Cognates","text":"Covaci in Romania\nKoufax in Yiddish\nKovač in many South Slavic and West Slavic communities\nKováč in Slovakia\nKovach, the Carpatho-Ruthenian form\nKovachev in Bulgaria\nKovaçi in Albania\nKaval in Belarus (also Kavalchuk, Kavalenka, Kavaliou, Kavalski, Kavalchyk, Kavalevich)\nKoval in Ukraine and Russia (also Kovalchuk, Kovalchyk, Kovalenko, Kovalyov, Kovalevych, Kovalsky)\nKovář (also Kováč) in Czech Republic.\nKowal in Poland (also Kowalczyk, Kowalski)\nKovač in Croatia (also Kovačić, Kovačević)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ágnes Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gnes_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Angela Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Barbara Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Balázs Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%A1zs_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Bill Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Dan Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Dénes Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9nes_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Edit Kovács (fencer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit_Kov%C3%A1cs_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Edit Kovács (swimmer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edit_Kov%C3%A1cs_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Ella Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Ernie Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Kovats retention index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovats_retention_index"},{"link_name":"Frank Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Fred Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Gábor Kovács (financier)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Kov%C3%A1cs_(financier)"},{"link_name":"Greg Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Iván Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"János Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Joe Kovacs (puppeteer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kovacs_(puppeteer)"},{"link_name":"Joe Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Julie Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Kálmán Kovács (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kov%C3%A1cs_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Katalin Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Ladislav Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"László Kovács (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kov%C3%A1cs_(politician)"},{"link_name":"László Kovács (cinematographer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kov%C3%A1cs_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Magda Kósáné Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_K%C3%B3s%C3%A1n%C3%A9_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Michael Kovats de Fabriczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kovats_de_Fabriczy"},{"link_name":"Michal Kováč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Kov%C3%A1%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Mišo Kovač","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1o_Kova%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Margit Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margit_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Pál Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Péter Kovács (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Kov%C3%A1cs_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Richard Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Robin Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Rita Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Sándor J. Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_J._Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Sandy Koufax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Koufax"},{"link_name":"Sharon Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Stephen Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"saber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saber"},{"link_name":"fencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"István Kovács (footballer born 1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Kov%C3%A1cs_(footballer_born_1920)"},{"link_name":"Viktor Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Kovács (ice hockey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Kov%C3%A1cs_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Zsófia Kovács (triathlete)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zs%C3%B3fia_Kov%C3%A1cs_(triathlete)"}],"text":"Ágnes Kovács (born 1981), Hungarian swimmer\nAngela Kovács (born 1964), Swedish actress\nBarbara Kovács (born 1993), Hungarian racewalker\nBalázs Kovács (born 1977), Hungarian hurdler\nBill Kovacs (1949–2006), American pioneer of commercial computer animation technology\nDan Kovacs (born 1970), American powerlifter\nDénes Kovács (1930–2005), Hungarian violinist\nEdit Kovács (fencer) (born 1954), Hungarian foil fencer\nEdit Kovács (swimmer) (born 1951), Hungarian swimmer\nElla Kovacs (born 1964), Romanian middle distance runner\nErnie Kovacs (1919–1962), American entertainer\nErvin Kováts (1927–2012), Hungarian-born Swiss chemist known for the Kovats retention index\nFrank Kovacs (1919–1990), American tennis player\nFred Kovacs, American soccer player\nGábor Kovács (financier) (born 1957), Hungarian financier, banker, art collector, philanthropist and founder of KOGART\nGreg Kovacs (born 1968), American bodybuilder\nIván Kovács (born 1970), Hungarian épée fencer\nJános Kovács (born 1985), Hungarian footballer\nJoe Kovacs (puppeteer) (born 1967), American puppeteer\nJoe Kovacs (born 1989), American track and field athlete\nJulie Kovacs (born 1959), American chemist\nKálmán Kovács (disambiguation)\nKatalin Kovács (born 1976), Hungarian canoer\nLadislav Kovács (born 1991), Slovak Counter-Strike: Global Offensive player\nLászló Kovács (politician) (born 1939), Hungarian politician and diplomat\nLászló Kovács (cinematographer) (1933–2007), Hungarian-American cinematographer\nMagda Kósáné Kovács (1940–2020), Hungarian politician and Member of the European Parliament\nMichael Kovats de Fabriczy (1724–1779), Hungarian noble and military officer. Known as a founding father of the United States Cavalry.\nMichal Kováč (1930–2016), first president of Slovakia\nMišo Kovač (born 1941), Croatian singer\nMargit Kovács (1902–1977) Hungarian ceramist and sculptor\nPál Kovács (1912–1995), Hungarian saber fencer\nPéter Kovács (footballer) (born 1978), Hungarian footballer\nRichard Kovacs (1885–1950), physician\nRobin Kovacs (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player\nRita Kovács (born 1970), Hungarian swimmer\nSándor J. Kovács (born 1947), Hungarian-American cardiologist\nSandy Koufax (born 1935), American baseball player\nSharon Kovacs (born 1990), Dutch singer\nStephen Kovacs (1972–2022), saber fencer and fencing coach, charged with sexual assault, died in prison\nIstván Kovács (footballer born 1920) (1920–1995), Romanian football manager\nViktor Kovács (born 1973), Hungarian track and field athlete\nZoltán Kovács (ice hockey) (born 1962), Hungarian ice hockey coach and administrator\nZsófia Kovács (triathlete) (born 1988), Hungarian triathlete","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takeshi Kovacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeshi_Kovacs"},{"link_name":"Richard Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Morgan_(author)"},{"link_name":"Rorschach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorschach_(comics)"},{"link_name":"DC Comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comic"},{"link_name":"Watchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchmen"},{"link_name":"Darren Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Shan"},{"link_name":"The Demonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Demonata"}],"text":"Takeshi Kovacs, a fictional character in three books by Richard Morgan\nWalter Kovacs, the identity of the character Rorschach, in the DC Comic series Watchmen\nKirilli Kovacs, a character in Darren Shan's series, The Demonata.","title":"Fictional characters"}]

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[{"Link":"http://www.onlinedics.ru/slovar/fam/t/tabachnik.html","external_links_name":"Словарь современных русских фамилий"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Kov%C3%A1cs&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kov%C3%A1cs&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadgils_of_the_Myrgings

Eadgils of the Myrgings

["1 References"]

Eadgils of the Myrgings is a king of the Myrgings a clan of Saxon origin who is mentioned on lines 93-96 in the Anglo-Saxon poem Widsith. He would have lived in the 5th century and is mentioned as the lord of the scop himself in the poem. According to the Old English poem Widsith, before Eadgils became king, the Myrgings had been at war with a tribe called the Mofdings under the previous king Meaca who was probably killed in battle fighting against them resulting in their defeat and forcing the Myrgings to retreat back to the Eider where Eadgils probably became king, Following Meaca's death Eadgils became a powerful Myrging king by defeating the Mofdings and plundering the Angles and their lands as he was determined to rule over them, however the Angles forced the Myrgings to flight. No other source remembers the Myrgings as they were probably assimilated to the surrounding Angles and only leaving the slightest of traces, This Eadgils has sometimes been confused with the Swedish king Eadgils who lived almost a century later. Eadgils was at war with the Angles and plundered their lands, He slew Frowinus, the governor of Schleswig. Frowinus' sons Ket and Wig avenged their father's death by killing Eadgils, but did so by fighting two against one. Because of this Offa decided to fight two Myrging princes, probably the sons of Eadgils, and slew them. After this, the Myrgings were successfully conquered by Offa. The slaying of Eadgils is also mentioned in Annales Ryenses and by the Danish historian Svend Aagesen. The latter says that the shameful act of letting two warriors fight at the same time against the Angle king Offa unable to speak when he was young. References The Chronicle of the Kings of Lejre, Peter Tunstall's translation The story of Offa of Angel and the Myrgings Archived 2008-09-22 at the Wayback Machine Legendary titles Preceded byMeaca King of the Myrgings Succeeded byConquest by Offa of Angel

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Widsith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith"},{"link_name":"Eider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eider_(river)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Eadgils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadgils"},{"link_name":"Frowinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frowinus"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Ket and Wig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ket_and_Wig"},{"link_name":"Offa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Angel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Svend Aagesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svend_Aagesen"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"According to the Old English poem Widsith, before Eadgils became king, the Myrgings had been at war with a tribe called the Mofdings under the previous king Meaca who was probably killed in battle fighting against them resulting in their defeat and forcing the Myrgings to retreat back to the Eider where Eadgils probably became king,[citation needed] Following Meaca's death Eadgils became a powerful Myrging king by defeating the Mofdings and plundering the Angles and their lands as he was determined to rule over them, however the Angles forced the Myrgings to flight.[citation needed]No other source remembers the Myrgings as they were probably assimilated to the surrounding Angles and only leaving the slightest of traces,[citation needed] This Eadgils has sometimes been confused with the Swedish king Eadgils who lived almost a century later.Eadgils was at war with the Angles and plundered their lands, He slew Frowinus, the governor of Schleswig. Frowinus' sons Ket and Wig avenged their father's death by killing Eadgils, but did so by fighting two against one. Because of this Offa decided to fight two Myrging princes, probably the sons of Eadgils, and slew them. After this, the Myrgings were successfully conquered by Offa.[citation needed]The slaying of Eadgils is also mentioned in Annales Ryenses and by the Danish historian Svend Aagesen. The latter says that the shameful act of letting two warriors fight at the same time against the Angle king Offa unable to speak when he was young.[clarification needed]","title":"Eadgils of the Myrgings"}]

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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310135852/http://www.oe.eclipse.co.uk/nom/lejre.html","external_links_name":"The Chronicle of the Kings of Lejre, Peter Tunstall's translation"},{"Link":"http://www.northvegr.org/lore/angliad/005.php","external_links_name":"The story of Offa of Angel and the Myrgings"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080922211336/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/angliad/005.php","external_links_name":"Archived"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creators:_The_Past

Creators: The Past

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Promotion","5 Soundtrack","6 Release","7 Reception","8 References","9 External links"]

2020 Italian filmCreators: The PastDirected byPiergiuseppe ZaiaWritten byPiergiuseppe ZaiaEleonora FaniProduced byPiergiuseppe ZaiaEleonora FaniBruce PayneMichel VandewalleStarringEleonora FaniBruce PayneJennifer MischiatiPer Fredrik ÅslyMarc FioriniGérard DepardieuWilliam ShatnerCinematographyEzio GambaEdited byAndrea TorreanoSimone FavaWalter VolpattoGeorge KoranPaul LavoieMusic byPiergiuseppe ZaiaProductioncompaniesAtlas InternationalArtuniverseDistributed byEuropicturesRelease date 8 October 2020 (2020-10-08) Running time97 minutesCountryItalyLanguageEnglish Creators: The Past is an Italian science fiction fantasy film directed by Piergiuseppe Zaia, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Eleonora Fani and composed the soundtrack. The film stars Eleonora Fani, Jennifer Mischiati, Bruce Payne, and Per Fredrik Åsly in the lead roles, and features guest appearances by Gérard Depardieu and William Shatner. The story is about how the destinies of mankind are being manipulated by a race of powerful extraterrestrials known as the Creators. The film was announced as the first part of a planned trilogy, with the next two installments being Creators: The Present and Creators: The Future. Principal photography began in 2014, but the film did not reach theaters before 2020. Its release in Italy eventually suffered from the COVID-19 pandemic. Plot The film provides a fictional explanation as to why the Mayan prophecy did not come to pass. As the end of the year 2012 arrives, the universe is about to undergo an extraordinary planetary alignment which will cause a total eclipse to be visible from planet Earth. The eight members of the Galactic Council regulating the stability of the universe gather to discuss the effects of the coming alignment. Each of the godlike members of the council is a "Creator" governing their own planet. All the data regarding the planets, including the secrets about the DNA of their respective species, are recorded into mystical objects known as the lens. Following the rebellion of Lord Kanaff, the regent of planet Earth, the Galactic Council loses control of the lens which contains the recording of the entire history and the memories of humanity. The data contained in the object includes the secret that mankind was created by aliens and that all religions are a sham to keep humanity under control. Sofy, a young woman who was abducted as a child by aliens, is entrusted by the Creators with the task of locating the missing lens. The female warrior Lady Airre is sent by the council of the Creators to capture Lord Kanaff. Meanwhile, another Creator, Lord Kal, has been secretly plotting to take control of Earth through the Illuminati, in order to replace his own dying planet. Cast Eleonora Fani as Lady Airre, an emissary of the Creators Bruce Payne as Lord Kal, a villainous Creator who wants to take control of planet Earth Jennifer Mischiati as Sofy, a young woman entrusted with finding the missing lens Per Fredrik Åsly as Alex Walker, a young doctor who helps Sofy in her quest Marc Fiorini as Lord Kanaff, the regent of planet Earth William Shatner as Lord Ogmha, chairman of the Creators' Galactic Council Gérard Depardieu as the Master of Faith, an agent of the Creators who secretly oversees all of Earth's religions Ksenia Prohaska as Dr. Ferrari, one of Lord Kal's evil minions Angelo Minoli as Natan, a man created by Lady Airre using the DNA of Jesus Christ Sébastien Foucan as Tammuz, Natan's "brother" Yohann Chopin as Chris Walker Elio Pascarelli as Young Natan Elisabetta Coraini as Elizabeth Pete Antico as Lord Marduk, a member of the Galactic council Daniel McVicar as Dan Anderson Kristina Pimenova as Singing Child Jonna Cambrand as Joro Mauro Biglino as himself Piergiuseppe Zaia as Jesus Christ Production The film originated with a project by music composer and festival organizer Piergiuseppe Zaia and psychologist and alternative medicine therapist Eleonora Fani. Zaia and Fani co-wrote the screenplay, with Zaia directing the film and Fani playing one of the lead roles. The film was shot on location in Italy, mostly in the Piedmont region. Locations included the province of Biella and the historical area of Canavese in Piedmont, as well as the Aosta Valley and Venice. Some scenes were filmed at the Verrès Castle and the Castle Savoia. The city of Biella and its province were actively involved in the making of the film, for which they provided locations as well as funding. Principal photography started in 2014. The first scenes involving Gérard Depardieu and Bruce Payne were shot in October of that year. Post-production took place at FotoKem in Burbank. The film, originally slated for a release in February 2016, remained unreleased at that date. In December 2017, director Zaia said that the film was "almost ready" for worldwide distribution and that it had been delayed in part due to the extensive use of green screen and special effects, and to the addition of new scenes involving new actors. As the film had been shot in English, the Italian dubbing had not yet been completed at that point. Promotion The official trailer was shown on January 17, 2019, on Vimeo. A novelization was released in February 2020 only in Italian. Soundtrack The theme song "Across Endless Dimensions" is performed by Dimash Kudaibergen. Director Piergiuseppe Zaia composed the song as well as the rest of the soundtrack. Release The film's trailer was released on March 6, 2019. Also in 2019, the film premiered in China at the Shanghai International Film Festival and in Santa Monica, United States at the Atlas International Film Exhibition. A promotional tour commenced in Italy at the Lucca Comics & Games festival. The film was first set to be theatrically released on March 13, 2020 but this was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was then released in cinemas in Italy on October 8, 2020, but was pulled from distribution two weeks later when Italian theaters closed again due to the resurging pandemic. The film was released to streaming on February 7, 2023, on Amazon Prime, licensed exclusively in Italy and Vatican City, with only Italian Dubs, even though English Dubs are known to have been completed. Reception Giancarlo Zappoli of mymovies.it stated that the film's two strengths were its notable cast and the foray into fantasy and sci-fi (which is pioneering for Italian films) but that the screenplay suffered from an abundance of subplots. Valerio Molinaro of Corriere spettacolo praised the film's scenography and its "first-rate choral cast" but found the screenplay "not always up to par". Antonio Palazzo of extratek.com commented that the film "is an ambitious all-Italian Blockbuster, with an excellent background story" and good performances from "world-famous actors" but that the screenplay was often confusing and that the film's running time did not allow the story to develop as it should have. Fiaba Di Martino of Film TV magazine criticized the screenplay and the underwritten characters, and compared the movie to an overenthusiastic fan film made for YouTube. Martina Catrambone of themacguffin.it wrote that the writing, editing, music, and special effects did not make any sense, and stated that such a film proved that Italian cinema should avoid science fiction. Alberto Mutignani of the online magazine The Walk of Fame called it "the worst film of the year", stating that the film ended up being an unintentional comedy, with a story so confusing that one wondered if some scenes were missing. A reviewer for the website Nerdevil.it panned the film for its confusing screenplay and uneven performances, and noted that while the story deserved some praise for its originality, it also alluded to all sorts of conspiracy theories, as evidenced by the cameo of author Mauro Biglino. Creators: the Past ranked ninth at the Italian box office during its first weekend, earning 69,000 euros. It eventually earned 120,000 euros before its release was cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2021, director Piergiuseppe Zaia stated that despite the film's aborted release, he and Fani were working on what would be the second installment of the trilogy. References ^ a b "LUCCA COMICS & GAMES 2019 - In programma "Creators: The Past"". cinemaitaliano.info. October 29, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ "Film Colossal di Fantascienza Creators - The Past". lafantascienza.com. September 19, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022. ^ ABOUT at piergiuzeppezaia.it ^ ELEONORA FANI at www.stazione4.it ^ Creators – The Past: intervista a Eleonora Fani e Piergiuseppe Zaia cinefilos.it, 24 February 2020 ^ a b Esce al cinema Creator – The Past, il colossal girato in Piemonte, torinofan.it, 10 October 2020 ^ a b c Il regista di “Creators” guarda al futuro: “Siamo già al lavoro per il secondo capitolo della trilogia”, La Stampa, 7 January 2021 ^ "Il Castello di Verrès e Castel Savoia Saranno Set del Film con Gérard Depardieu "Creators – The Past"". Aosta News. 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014. ^ "Si gira "Creators", in Valle arriva Depardieu". La Stampa. September 27, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ "Creators, with Depardieu, Bruce Payne also enters the scene". La Stampa. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015. ^ a b Molinaro, Valerio (9 October 2020). "Creators - The Past". corrierespettacolo.it. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ "Che fine ha fatto il film 'Creators' di Zaia-Jocollé?". Aosta Cronaca (in Italian). 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 1 March 2021. ^ "Cinema, Zaia: "Il mio film è quasi pronto per il debutto mondiale"". News Biella. December 5, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2022. ^ "(VIDEO) Il Trailer ufficiale del film "CREATORS – The Past"". mauribiglino.it. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2023-02-12. ^ Fani, Eleonora; Mizzani Corio, Gea (2020-02-25). Creators. The past (in Italian). Foreword by Barbara Alberti. Introduction by Mauro Biglino. Rome: Gruppo Albatros il Filo. ISBN 978-88-3061-775-9. ^ "Dimash Qudaibergen in the Creators - The Past soundtrack, a sci-fi blockbuster made in Italy" (in Italian). Musical News. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020. ^ "'Creators: The Past' Soundtrack Released". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ a b Official Trailer | CREATORS THE PAST english, retrieved 2023-02-12 ^ Il film “Creators” sbarca al Festival di Shangai, La Stampa, 19 June 2019 ^ Prewitt, Jean (October 25, 2019). "AFM 2019 Screenings Guide" (PDF). American Film Market Event. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ "@CreatorsMovie". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-02-12. ^ "Creators: The Past (2019)". IMDb. ^ "In October in the Creators - The Past cinemas, the blockbuster with locations and shots also shot in the Biellese area". La Provincia Di Biella. Retrieved 12 September 2020. ^ Cinema chiusi, di nuovo: dal 26 ottobre al 24 novembre, secondo l’ultimo Dpcm, Cinefilos.it, 25 October 2020 ^ Tag, Johnny (February 7, 2023). "Creators – The Past: recensione del film ora su Prime Video". UNIVERSAL MOVIES. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ Universe, Art (February 7, 2023). "Is finally available on AmazonPrimeVideo". Instagram. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ Guglielmo, Scialpi (February 7, 2023). "Creators – The Past, l'attesa è finita. Lo S-cult italiano sbarca su Prime Video". NPC Magazine. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ Zaia, Piergiuseppe (February 7, 2023). "JustWatch - Creators: The Past". JustWatch. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ Zaia, Piergiuseppe (January 23, 2019). "Director Biography - Piergiuseppe Zaia". Film Freeway. Retrieved February 11, 2023. ^ Zappoli, Giancarlo (9 October 2020). "A RESPECTABLE CAST FOR THE FIRST CHAPTER OF AN AMBITIOUS SCI-FI TRILOGY OF ITALIAN ORIGIN". mymovies.it. Retrieved 10 October 2020. ^ Palazzo, Antonio (11 October 2020). "Creators - The Past: la nostra Recensione Spoiler Free". extratrek.com. Retrieved 18 October 2020. ^ Creators - The Past at filmtv.press ^ Creators – The Past: ecco perché gli italiani non devono toccare la fantascienza at themacguffin.it, 19 October 2020 ^ Creators, il peggior film dell’anno at thewalkoffame.it, 15 October 2020 ^ ilTac (17 October 2020). "Creators – The Past". nerdevil.it. Retrieved 16 March 2021. ^ Greenland conquista il botteghino, subito terzo Mordini, Cinecittà news, 12 October 2020 ^ Creators - The Past, Mymovies.it External links (IT) Official website Creators-The Past at IMDb

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"fantasy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"Bruce Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Payne"},{"link_name":"Per Fredrik Åsly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Fredrik_%C3%85sly"},{"link_name":"guest appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_appearance"},{"link_name":"Gérard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner"},{"link_name":"trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaitaliano.info-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"}],"text":"Creators: The Past is an Italian science fiction fantasy film directed by Piergiuseppe Zaia, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Eleonora Fani and composed the soundtrack. The film stars Eleonora Fani, Jennifer Mischiati, Bruce Payne, and Per Fredrik Åsly in the lead roles, and features guest appearances by Gérard Depardieu and William Shatner. The story is about how the destinies of mankind are being manipulated by a race of powerful extraterrestrials known as the Creators. The film was announced as the first part of a planned trilogy,[1] with the next two installments being Creators: The Present and Creators: The Future.[2] Principal photography began in 2014, but the film did not reach theaters before 2020. Its release in Italy eventually suffered from the COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Creators: The Past"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayan prophecy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_prophecy"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"abducted as a child by aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_abduction"},{"link_name":"Illuminati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati"}],"text":"The film provides a fictional explanation as to why the Mayan prophecy did not come to pass. As the end of the year 2012 arrives, the universe is about to undergo an extraordinary planetary alignment which will cause a total eclipse to be visible from planet Earth. The eight members of the Galactic Council regulating the stability of the universe gather to discuss the effects of the coming alignment. Each of the godlike members of the council is a \"Creator\" governing their own planet. All the data regarding the planets, including the secrets about the DNA of their respective species, are recorded into mystical objects known as the lens.Following the rebellion of Lord Kanaff, the regent of planet Earth, the Galactic Council loses control of the lens which contains the recording of the entire history and the memories of humanity. The data contained in the object includes the secret that mankind was created by aliens and that all religions are a sham to keep humanity under control. Sofy, a young woman who was abducted as a child by aliens, is entrusted by the Creators with the task of locating the missing lens. The female warrior Lady Airre is sent by the council of the Creators to capture Lord Kanaff. Meanwhile, another Creator, Lord Kal, has been secretly plotting to take control of Earth through the Illuminati, in order to replace his own dying planet.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Payne"},{"link_name":"Per Fredrik Åsly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Fredrik_%C3%85sly"},{"link_name":"Marc Fiorini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Fiorini"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner"},{"link_name":"Gérard Depardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Sébastien Foucan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Foucan"},{"link_name":"Daniel McVicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_McVicar"},{"link_name":"Kristina Pimenova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Pimenova"},{"link_name":"Mauro Biglino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Biglino"}],"text":"Eleonora Fani as Lady Airre, an emissary of the Creators\nBruce Payne as Lord Kal, a villainous Creator who wants to take control of planet Earth\nJennifer Mischiati as Sofy, a young woman entrusted with finding the missing lens\nPer Fredrik Åsly as Alex Walker, a young doctor who helps Sofy in her quest\nMarc Fiorini as Lord Kanaff, the regent of planet Earth\nWilliam Shatner as Lord Ogmha, chairman of the Creators' Galactic Council\nGérard Depardieu as the Master of Faith, an agent of the Creators who secretly oversees all of Earth's religions\nKsenia Prohaska as Dr. Ferrari, one of Lord Kal's evil minions\nAngelo Minoli as Natan, a man created by Lady Airre using the DNA of Jesus Christ\nSébastien Foucan as Tammuz, Natan's \"brother\"\nYohann Chopin as Chris Walker\nElio Pascarelli as Young Natan\nElisabetta Coraini as Elizabeth\nPete Antico as Lord Marduk, a member of the Galactic council\nDaniel McVicar as Dan Anderson\nKristina Pimenova as Singing Child\nJonna Cambrand as Joro\nMauro Biglino as himself\nPiergiuseppe Zaia as Jesus Christ","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torinofan.it-6"},{"link_name":"province of Biella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Biella"},{"link_name":"Canavese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavese"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastampa21-7"},{"link_name":"Aosta Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aosta_Valley"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Verrès Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verr%C3%A8s_Castle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Biella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biella"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torinofan.it-6"},{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Post-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-production"},{"link_name":"FotoKem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FotoKem"},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molinaro-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"green screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_screen"},{"link_name":"special effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_effects"},{"link_name":"dubbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The film originated with a project by music composer and festival organizer Piergiuseppe Zaia[3] and psychologist and alternative medicine therapist Eleonora Fani.[4] Zaia and Fani co-wrote the screenplay, with Zaia directing the film and Fani playing one of the lead roles.[5] The film was shot on location in Italy, mostly in the Piedmont region.[6] Locations included the province of Biella and the historical area of Canavese[7] in Piedmont, as well as the Aosta Valley and Venice. Some scenes were filmed at the Verrès Castle and the Castle Savoia.[8] The city of Biella and its province were actively involved in the making of the film, for which they provided locations as well as funding.[6]Principal photography started in 2014.[9] The first scenes involving Gérard Depardieu and Bruce Payne were shot in October of that year.[10] Post-production took place at FotoKem in Burbank.[11] The film, originally slated for a release in February 2016, remained unreleased at that date.[12] In December 2017, director Zaia said that the film was \"almost ready\" for worldwide distribution and that it had been delayed in part due to the extensive use of green screen and special effects, and to the addition of new scenes involving new actors. As the film had been shot in English, the Italian dubbing had not yet been completed at that point.[13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vimeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimeo"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"novelization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelization"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The official trailer was shown on January 17, 2019, on Vimeo.[14] A novelization was released in February 2020 only in Italian.[15]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"theme song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_song"},{"link_name":"Dimash Kudaibergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimash_Kudaibergen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The theme song \"Across Endless Dimensions\" is performed by Dimash Kudaibergen.[16] Director Piergiuseppe Zaia composed the song as well as the rest of the soundtrack.[17]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-18"},{"link_name":"the Shanghai International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"the Lucca Comics & Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaitaliano.info-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastampa21-7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-18"}],"text":"The film's trailer was released on March 6, 2019.[18] Also in 2019, the film premiered in China at the Shanghai International Film Festival[19] and in Santa Monica, United States at the Atlas International Film Exhibition.[20] A promotional tour commenced in Italy at the Lucca Comics & Games festival.[21][1] The film was first set to be theatrically released on March 13, 2020[22] but this was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was then released in cinemas in Italy on October 8, 2020,[23] but was pulled from distribution two weeks later when Italian theaters closed again due to the resurging pandemic.[24][7] The film was released to streaming on February 7, 2023,[25][26] on Amazon Prime, licensed exclusively in Italy and Vatican City,[27][28] with only Italian Dubs, even though English Dubs are known to have been completed.[29][18]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subplots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subplot"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"scenography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenography"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molinaro-11"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"fan film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_film"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Mauro Biglino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Biglino"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lastampa21-7"}],"text":"Giancarlo Zappoli of mymovies.it stated that the film's two strengths were its notable cast and the foray into fantasy and sci-fi (which is pioneering for Italian films) but that the screenplay suffered from an abundance of subplots.[30] Valerio Molinaro of Corriere spettacolo praised the film's scenography and its \"first-rate choral cast\" but found the screenplay \"not always up to par\".[11] Antonio Palazzo of extratek.com commented that the film \"is an ambitious all-Italian Blockbuster, with an excellent background story\" and good performances from \"world-famous actors\" but that the screenplay was often confusing and that the film's running time did not allow the story to develop as it should have.[31] Fiaba Di Martino of Film TV magazine criticized the screenplay and the underwritten characters, and compared the movie to an overenthusiastic fan film made for YouTube.[32] Martina Catrambone of themacguffin.it wrote that the writing, editing, music, and special effects did not make any sense, and stated that such a film proved that Italian cinema should avoid science fiction.[33] Alberto Mutignani of the online magazine The Walk of Fame called it \"the worst film of the year\", stating that the film ended up being an unintentional comedy, with a story so confusing that one wondered if some scenes were missing.[34] A reviewer for the website Nerdevil.it panned the film for its confusing screenplay and uneven performances, and noted that while the story deserved some praise for its originality, it also alluded to all sorts of conspiracy theories, as evidenced by the cameo of author Mauro Biglino.[35]Creators: the Past ranked ninth at the Italian box office during its first weekend, earning 69,000 euros.[36] It eventually earned 120,000 euros before its release was cut short by the COVID-19 pandemic.[37]In January 2021, director Piergiuseppe Zaia stated that despite the film's aborted release, he and Fani were working on what would be the second installment of the trilogy.[7]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"LUCCA COMICS & GAMES 2019 - In programma \"Creators: The Past\"\". cinemaitaliano.info. October 29, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinemaitaliano.info/news/54399/lucca-comics-e-games-2019-in-programma-creators.html","url_text":"\"LUCCA COMICS & GAMES 2019 - In programma \"Creators: The Past\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film Colossal di Fantascienza Creators - The Past\". lafantascienza.com. September 19, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lafantascienza.com/Articoli/film-colossal-fantascienza-creators-the-past-intervista","url_text":"\"Film Colossal di Fantascienza Creators - The Past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il Castello di Verrès e Castel Savoia Saranno Set del Film con Gérard Depardieu \"Creators – The Past\"\". Aosta News. 26 September 2014. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141231155204/http://www.aostanews24.it/castello-verrps-castel-savoia-saranno-set-film-gerard-depardieu-creators-the-past/","url_text":"\"Il Castello di Verrès e Castel Savoia Saranno Set del Film con Gérard Depardieu \"Creators – The Past\"\""},{"url":"http://www.aostanews24.it/castello-verrps-castel-savoia-saranno-set-film-gerard-depardieu-creators-the-past/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Si gira \"Creators\", in Valle arriva Depardieu\". La Stampa. September 27, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lastampa.it/aosta/2014/09/27/news/si-gira-creators-in-valle-arriva-depardieu-1.35617978","url_text":"\"Si gira \"Creators\", in Valle arriva Depardieu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa","url_text":"La Stampa"}]},{"reference":"\"Creators, with Depardieu, Bruce Payne also enters the scene\". La Stampa. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lastampa.it/2014/10/01/edizioni/biella/creators-con-depardieu-entra-in-scena-anche-bruce-payne-v4NyZjkgep3f1mlGPWQcGL/pagina.html","url_text":"\"Creators, with Depardieu, Bruce Payne also enters the scene\""}]},{"reference":"Molinaro, Valerio (9 October 2020). \"Creators - The Past\". corrierespettacolo.it. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://corrierespettacolo.it/creators-the-past-uid-72/?fbclid=IwAR1bTL5NPTtOGlxiInN4aGRg1DhCgyNNRNVQ2xpW5C0n5Zs0WXDr0AAbpEc","url_text":"\"Creators - The Past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Che fine ha fatto il film 'Creators' di Zaia-Jocollé?\". Aosta Cronaca (in Italian). 19 February 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-02-20. Retrieved 1 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.valledaostaglocal.it/2016/02/19/leggi-notizia/argomenti/cronaca-4/articolo/che-fine-ha-fatto-il-film-creators-di-zaia-jocolle.html","url_text":"\"Che fine ha fatto il film 'Creators' di Zaia-Jocollé?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160220094109/http://www.valledaostaglocal.it/2016/02/19/leggi-notizia/argomenti/cronaca-4/articolo/che-fine-ha-fatto-il-film-creators-di-zaia-jocolle.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema, Zaia: \"Il mio film è quasi pronto per il debutto mondiale\"\". News Biella. December 5, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsbiella.it/2017/12/05/leggi-notizia/argomenti/cultura-e-spettacoli/articolo/cinema-zaia-il-mio-film-e-quasi-pronto-per-il-debutto-mondiale.html","url_text":"\"Cinema, Zaia: \"Il mio film è quasi pronto per il debutto mondiale\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"(VIDEO) Il Trailer ufficiale del film \"CREATORS – The Past\"\". mauribiglino.it. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2023-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190301013400/https://maurobiglino.it/2019/02/video-il-trailer-ufficiale-del-film-creators-the-past/","url_text":"\"(VIDEO) Il Trailer ufficiale del film \"CREATORS – The Past\"\""},{"url":"https://maurobiglino.it/2019/02/video-il-trailer-ufficiale-del-film-creators-the-past/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fani, Eleonora; Mizzani Corio, Gea (2020-02-25). Creators. The past (in Italian). Foreword by Barbara Alberti. Introduction by Mauro Biglino. Rome: Gruppo Albatros il Filo. ISBN 978-88-3061-775-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Alberti","url_text":"Barbara Alberti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Biglino","url_text":"Mauro Biglino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-3061-775-9","url_text":"978-88-3061-775-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Dimash Qudaibergen in the Creators - The Past soundtrack, a sci-fi blockbuster made in Italy\" (in Italian). Musical News. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicalnews.com/2020/03/09/dimash-qudaibergen-nella-colonna-sonora-di-creators-the-past-kolossal-sci-fi-made-in-italy/?","url_text":"\"Dimash Qudaibergen in the Creators - The Past soundtrack, a sci-fi blockbuster made in Italy\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Creators: The Past' Soundtrack Released\". Film Music Reporter. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmmusicreporter.com/2020/04/05/creators-the-past-soundtrack-released/","url_text":"\"'Creators: The Past' Soundtrack Released\""}]},{"reference":"Official Trailer | CREATORS THE PAST english, retrieved 2023-02-12","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZMs3BTiKyU","url_text":"Official Trailer | CREATORS THE PAST english"}]},{"reference":"Prewitt, Jean (October 25, 2019). \"AFM 2019 Screenings Guide\" (PDF). American Film Market Event. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://americanfilmmarket.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/AFM-2019-Screenings-Guide.pdf","url_text":"\"AFM 2019 Screenings Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"@CreatorsMovie\". Twitter. Retrieved 2023-02-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/CreatorsMovie/status/1189900864074457088","url_text":"\"@CreatorsMovie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creators: The Past (2019)\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4124980/","url_text":"\"Creators: The Past (2019)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"In October in the Creators - The Past cinemas, the blockbuster with locations and shots also shot in the Biellese area\". La Provincia Di Biella. Retrieved 12 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://laprovinciadibiella.it/eventi-e-cultura/a-ottobre-nei-cinema-creators-the-past-il-kolossal-con-location-e-riprese-girate-anche-nel-biellese/&prev=search&pto=aue","url_text":"\"In October in the Creators - The Past cinemas, the blockbuster with locations and shots also shot in the Biellese area\""}]},{"reference":"Tag, Johnny (February 7, 2023). \"Creators – The Past: recensione del film ora su Prime Video\". UNIVERSAL MOVIES. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.universalmovies.it/creators-the-past-recensione-film/","url_text":"\"Creators – The Past: recensione del film ora su Prime Video\""}]},{"reference":"Universe, Art (February 7, 2023). \"Is finally available on AmazonPrimeVideo\". Instagram. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CoSeSwAr0rz/","url_text":"\"Is finally available on AmazonPrimeVideo\""}]},{"reference":"Guglielmo, Scialpi (February 7, 2023). \"Creators – The Past, l'attesa è finita. Lo S-cult italiano sbarca su Prime Video\". NPC Magazine. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npcmagazine.it/creators-the-past-prime-video-recensione/","url_text":"\"Creators – The Past, l'attesa è finita. Lo S-cult italiano sbarca su Prime Video\""}]},{"reference":"Zaia, Piergiuseppe (February 7, 2023). \"JustWatch - Creators: The Past\". JustWatch. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justwatch.com/it/film/creators-the-past","url_text":"\"JustWatch - Creators: The Past\""}]},{"reference":"Zaia, Piergiuseppe (January 23, 2019). \"Director Biography - Piergiuseppe Zaia\". Film Freeway. Retrieved February 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmfreeway.com/Creators-ThePast","url_text":"\"Director Biography - Piergiuseppe Zaia\""}]},{"reference":"Zappoli, Giancarlo (9 October 2020). \"A RESPECTABLE CAST FOR THE FIRST CHAPTER OF AN AMBITIOUS SCI-FI TRILOGY OF ITALIAN ORIGIN\". mymovies.it. Retrieved 10 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymovies.it/film/2020/creators-the-past/","url_text":"\"A RESPECTABLE CAST FOR THE FIRST CHAPTER OF AN AMBITIOUS SCI-FI TRILOGY OF ITALIAN ORIGIN\""}]},{"reference":"Palazzo, Antonio (11 October 2020). \"Creators - The Past: la nostra Recensione Spoiler Free\". extratrek.com. Retrieved 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.extratrek.com/news/post/94076/creators---the-past:-la-nostra-recensione-spoiler-free","url_text":"\"Creators - The Past: la nostra Recensione Spoiler Free\""}]},{"reference":"ilTac (17 October 2020). \"Creators – The Past\". nerdevil.it. Retrieved 16 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nerdevil.it/2020/10/17/creators-the-past-film-recensione/","url_text":"\"Creators – The Past\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_Wenchang

Duan Wenchang

["1 Background","2 During Emperor Xianzong's reign","3 During Emperor Muzong's reign","4 During Emperor Jingzong's and Emperor Wenzong's reigns","5 Notes and references"]

In this Chinese name, the family name is Duan. Duan Wenchang (Chinese: 段文昌; 773 – April 1, 835), courtesy name Moqing (墨卿), alternative name Jingchu (景初), formally the Duke of Zouping (鄒平公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Muzong. Background Duan Wenchang was born in 773, during the reign of Emperor Daizong. His great-great-grandfather Duan Zhixuan (段志玄) was one of the major contributors to the establishment of Tang rule, and thus received two great honors — being buried near the tomb of Emperor Taizong and having his portrait being one of the 24 Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion. His great-grandfather Duan Guan (段瓘) served as a county magistrate; his grandfather Duan Huaichang (段懷昶) served as a prefectural military advisor; and his father Duan E (段諤) served as a prefectural prefect. By Duan Wenchang's time, his family, although originally from Qi Prefecture (齊州, in modern Zibo, Shandong), had been living at Jing Prefecture (荊州, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei). Duan Wenchang, in his youth, became known for his integrity and righteousness, and while this was known by the military governor (Jiedushi) of the region, Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou), Pei Zhou (裴冑) and Pei respected him for this, Pei did not invite him to serve on staff. However, Wei Gao the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) heard about him and invited him to serve on staff. While the future chancellor Li Jifu was serving as the prefect of Zhong Prefecture (忠州, in modern Chongqing), a part of Xichuan Circuit, he and Duan had correspondences. During Emperor Xianzong's reign In 806, by which time Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong was emperor, Wei Gao's successor Liu Pi rebelled against imperial rule, but was soon defeated and captured by the imperial general Gao Chongwen. Duan Wenchang, along with several other members of Liu's staff, wore mourning clothes and met Gao to ask for forgiveness. Gao treated them with respect and released them, recommending several of them for promotions, but stated to Duan, "You, sir, will one day be a major general or chancellor. I do not dare to recommend you." Meanwhile, in 807, Li Jifu became chancellor. Both he and Pei Ji recommended Duan, and Duan was made the magistrate of Dengfeng County. He was soon thereafter made an imperial censor with the title Jiancha Yushi (監察御史), then Zuo Bujue (左補闕), a consultant at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng). He was later made Cibu Yuanwailang (祠部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu). In 816, he was made an imperial scholar with the title Hanlin Xueshi (翰林學士), while keeping his office as Cibu Yuanwailang as well. (As Duan was a son-in-law to the deceased chancellor Wu Yuanheng, the chancellor Wei Guanzhi, who did not have a friendly relationship with Wu, opposed Emperor Xianzong's previous proposal to make Duan an imperial scholar; only after Wei's removal in 816 was Duan made imperial scholar with the support of the new chancellor Li Fengji.) In 819, Duan was further given the responsibility of drafting imperial edicts. During Emperor Muzong's reign In spring 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong. It was said that the very same day that Emperor Muzong took the throne, he summoned Duan Wenchang, along with two scholars that attended to Emperor Muzong's studies while he was Crown Prince, Xue Fang (薛放) and Ding Gongzhu (丁公著), for a meeting. When Emperor Muzong initially wanted to make Xue and Ding chancellors, they declined, and instead, Duan was made Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau (中書省), and de facto chancellor with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), along with Xiao Mian. While serving as chancellor with Xiao, both Xiao and Duan were blamed for a major policy misstep that cost the imperial government its control over the region north of the Yellow River. Both he and Xiao thought that the realm had been permanently pacified after Emperor Xianzong's campaigns against warlords, which destroyed many warlords and caused others to agree to follow imperial orders. He and Xiao submitted a proposal that secret orders be sent to each army, ordering them to reduce armies by forced attrition — such that each army was required to reduce its size by 8% each year by desertions or death. As Emperor Muzong, new to the throne, was spent much of his time in drinking and feasting, he did not see the problems with this proposal and approved it. The soldiers removed from army ranks as a result gathered as bandits as a result, and later, when Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) and Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) Circuits rebelled under the leadership of Zhu Kerong and Wang Tingcou respectively in 821 (by which time Xiao was no longer chancellor), the former soldiers joined Lulong and Chengde forces in droves, and as they were experienced soldiers and the soldiers that the imperial armies were forced to gather quickly in response were inexperienced, the Lulong and Chengde forces eventually prevailed over imperial forces despite a major numerical disadvantage — with Lulong and Chengde having less than 20,000 soldiers combined and the imperial forces numbering 150,000. In spring 821, it was said that then-military governor of Xichuan, Wang Bo, was making many attempts in official circles to become chancellor, including bribing the powerful eunuchs. Duan also was trying to affect the situation on Wang's behalf. Xiao opposed Wang's ascension, and when Emperor Muzong would not listen to Xiao, Xiao resigned. Shortly thereafter, Duan also offered to resign, and he was made the military governor of Xichuan, while Wang was kept at the capital Chang'an to serve as the minister of justice and director of salt and iron monopolies. He continued to carry the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi title as an honorary title. Shortly after Duan was sent to Xichuan, a major scandal broke over high-level officials' influence over the imperial examination results that year. Both Duan and the imperial scholar Li Shen had submitted a list of examinees that they hoped would be passed to Qian Hui (錢徽), one of the officials in charge of the examinations that season, but once the results were published, the examinees that Duan and Li Shen recommended did not pass, while those who passed included the several relatives of other officials — Zheng Tan's brother Zheng Lang; Pei Du's son Pei Zhuan (裴譔); Li Zongmin's son-in-law Su Chao (蘇巢); and Yang Yinshi (楊殷士), brother to the other official in charge of the examinations that year, Yang Rushi (楊汝士). Duan complained to Emperor Muzong that the examinations that year were not fair. When Emperor Muzong consulted imperial scholars, several imperial scholars who were political enemies of Li Zongmin, including Li Deyu, Yuan Zhen, and Li Shen, all agreed with Duan. Emperor Muzong thus ordered a reexamination, while demoting Qian, Li Zongmin, and Yang Rushi, along with 10 examinees who passed based on perceived influence. When Qian's friends subsequently suggested that he submit Duan's and Li Shen's letters trying to influence the examinations to the emperor to show that they were the ones trying to influence results, Qian, who believed that revealing these private letters was inappropriate, burned them. (This was considered a precipitating event to a partisan struggle among Tang officials later known as the Niu-Li Factional Struggles.) Meanwhile, because Duan was familiar with the customs of the Xichuan people, it was said that he governed with lenience and decisiveness, and that the non-Han people around the circuit respected and feared him. In 822, when Nanzhao attacked Tang territory, Duan sent an emissary and was able to persuade Nanzhao forces to withdraw. During Emperor Jingzong's and Emperor Wenzong's reigns After Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong, Duan Wenchang was recalled to Chang'an to serve as the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu). He was later made minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu), as well as acting Shangshu Zuo Cheng (尚書左丞), one of the Secretaries General of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng). After Emperor Jingzong died in 826 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wenzong, Duan was made chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu). Soon thereafter, he was made the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), carrying an honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi. In 830, he was moved to Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei). As Duan's ancestors had kept mansions in both Jingnan and Xichuan, he bought those mansions back from current owners and converted them into Buddhist temples. As many of his ancestors were buried at Jingnan, he also built a new ancestral shrine, and he often offered sacrifices to his ancestors as well as presenting dances and music to them, in contravention to the usual Confucian customs of ancestor worship, and therefore was criticized. In 832, Duan was moved back to Xichuan Circuit. In 835, when the imperial eunuch was at Xichuan to deliver new spring uniforms for the soldiers, Duan attended the ceremony for the eunuch to read the imperial edict, and died at the ceremony after the edict was read, without apparent illness. He was given posthumous honors, and he left a 30-volume collection of his works. It was said that after Duan became prominent, he spent much wealth on clothes, decorations, singing boys, and prostitutes, and was much criticized for this. Notes and references ^ http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%A4%E5%A9v&reign=%A4%D3%A9M&yy=9&ycanzi=&mm=2&dd=&dcanzi=%A4A%A4x ^ Old Book of Tang, vol. 17, part 2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Old Book of Tang, vol. 167. ^ New Book of Tang, vol. 75."漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十五‧表第十五". Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2010-02-07."新唐書-宰相世系五(段氏)". Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2009-04-30. ^ a b c d New Book of Tang, vol. 89. ^ Pei served as military governor of Jingnan from 792 to 803, so his knowing about Duan must have been during that period. See Old Book of Tang, vol. 13. ^ Wei served as military governor of Xichuan from 785 to 805, so his inviting Duan to serve on staff must have been during that period. See Old Book of Tang, vol. 158. ^ a b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 237. ^ a b c Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 241. ^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 242. ^ a b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 244. Old Book of Tang, vol. 167. New Book of Tang, vol. 89. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 237, 241, 242, 244.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Duan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Muzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Tang"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Duan.Duan Wenchang (Chinese: 段文昌; 773 – April 1, 835[1][2]), courtesy name Moqing (墨卿), alternative name Jingchu (景初), formally the Duke of Zouping (鄒平公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty, who served as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Muzong.","title":"Duan Wenchang"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Daizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraits_at_Lingyan_Pavilion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Zibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zibo"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT89-5"},{"link_name":"Jingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingzhou"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Jiedushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT89-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wei Gao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Gao"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT89-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Tang_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Li Jifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jifu"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"}],"text":"Duan Wenchang was born in 773, during the reign of Emperor Daizong. His great-great-grandfather Duan Zhixuan (段志玄) was one of the major contributors to the establishment of Tang rule, and thus received two great honors — being buried near the tomb of Emperor Taizong and having his portrait being one of the 24 Portraits at Lingyan Pavilion.[3] His great-grandfather Duan Guan (段瓘) served as a county magistrate; his grandfather Duan Huaichang (段懷昶) served as a prefectural military advisor; and his father Duan E (段諤) served as a prefectural prefect.[4]By Duan Wenchang's time, his family, although originally from Qi Prefecture (齊州, in modern Zibo, Shandong),[5] had been living at Jing Prefecture (荊州, in modern Jingzhou, Hubei). Duan Wenchang, in his youth, became known for his integrity and righteousness, and while this was known by the military governor (Jiedushi) of the region, Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou), Pei Zhou (裴冑) and Pei respected him for this, Pei did not invite him to serve on staff.[3][5][6] However, Wei Gao the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) heard about him and invited him to serve on staff.[5][7] While the future chancellor Li Jifu was serving as the prefect of Zhong Prefecture (忠州, in modern Chongqing), a part of Xichuan Circuit, he and Duan had correspondences.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Xianzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xianzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Liu Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Pi_(official)"},{"link_name":"Gao Chongwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Chongwen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ237-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ237-8"},{"link_name":"Pei Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Ji_(Late_Tang)"},{"link_name":"Dengfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengfeng"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT89-5"},{"link_name":"Wu Yuanheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Yuanheng"},{"link_name":"Wei Guanzhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Guanzhi"},{"link_name":"Li Fengji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Fengji"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"}],"text":"In 806, by which time Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong was emperor, Wei Gao's successor Liu Pi rebelled against imperial rule, but was soon defeated and captured by the imperial general Gao Chongwen. Duan Wenchang, along with several other members of Liu's staff, wore mourning clothes and met Gao to ask for forgiveness. Gao treated them with respect and released them, recommending several of them for promotions, but stated to Duan, \"You, sir, will one day be a major general or chancellor. I do not dare to recommend you.\"[8]Meanwhile, in 807, Li Jifu became chancellor.[8] Both he and Pei Ji recommended Duan, and Duan was made the magistrate of Dengfeng County. He was soon thereafter made an imperial censor with the title Jiancha Yushi (監察御史), then Zuo Bujue (左補闕), a consultant at the examination bureau of government (門下省, Menxia Sheng).[3][5] He was later made Cibu Yuanwailang (祠部員外郎), a low-level official at the ministry of rites (禮部, Libu). In 816, he was made an imperial scholar with the title Hanlin Xueshi (翰林學士), while keeping his office as Cibu Yuanwailang as well. (As Duan was a son-in-law to the deceased chancellor Wu Yuanheng, the chancellor Wei Guanzhi, who did not have a friendly relationship with Wu, opposed Emperor Xianzong's previous proposal to make Duan an imperial scholar; only after Wei's removal in 816 was Duan made imperial scholar with the support of the new chancellor Li Fengji.) In 819, Duan was further given the responsibility of drafting imperial edicts.[3]","title":"During Emperor Xianzong's reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Muzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Muzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Prince"},{"link_name":"Xiao Mian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Mian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ241-9"},{"link_name":"Yellow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_River"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Shijiazhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiazhuang"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Zhu Kerong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Kerong"},{"link_name":"Wang Tingcou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Tingcou"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wang Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Bo_(chancellor)"},{"link_name":"eunuchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)"},{"link_name":"Chang'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27an"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ241-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"imperial examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination"},{"link_name":"Li Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shen"},{"link_name":"Zheng Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Tan"},{"link_name":"Zheng Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Lang"},{"link_name":"Pei Du","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Du"},{"link_name":"Li Zongmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongmin"},{"link_name":"Li Deyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Deyu"},{"link_name":"Yuan Zhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Zhen"},{"link_name":"Niu-Li Factional Struggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu-Li_Factional_Struggles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ241-9"},{"link_name":"Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Nanzhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nanzhao"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"}],"text":"In spring 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong. It was said that the very same day that Emperor Muzong took the throne, he summoned Duan Wenchang, along with two scholars that attended to Emperor Muzong's studies while he was Crown Prince, Xue Fang (薛放) and Ding Gongzhu (丁公著), for a meeting. When Emperor Muzong initially wanted to make Xue and Ding chancellors, they declined, and instead, Duan was made Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau (中書省), and de facto chancellor with the title Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), along with Xiao Mian.[9]While serving as chancellor with Xiao, both Xiao and Duan were blamed for a major policy misstep that cost the imperial government its control over the region north of the Yellow River. Both he and Xiao thought that the realm had been permanently pacified after Emperor Xianzong's campaigns against warlords, which destroyed many warlords and caused others to agree to follow imperial orders. He and Xiao submitted a proposal that secret orders be sent to each army, ordering them to reduce armies by forced attrition — such that each army was required to reduce its size by 8% each year by desertions or death. As Emperor Muzong, new to the throne, was spent much of his time in drinking and feasting, he did not see the problems with this proposal and approved it. The soldiers removed from army ranks as a result gathered as bandits as a result, and later, when Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) and Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) Circuits rebelled under the leadership of Zhu Kerong and Wang Tingcou respectively in 821 (by which time Xiao was no longer chancellor), the former soldiers joined Lulong and Chengde forces in droves, and as they were experienced soldiers and the soldiers that the imperial armies were forced to gather quickly in response were inexperienced, the Lulong and Chengde forces eventually prevailed over imperial forces despite a major numerical disadvantage — with Lulong and Chengde having less than 20,000 soldiers combined and the imperial forces numbering 150,000.[10]In spring 821, it was said that then-military governor of Xichuan, Wang Bo, was making many attempts in official circles to become chancellor, including bribing the powerful eunuchs. Duan also was trying to affect the situation on Wang's behalf. Xiao opposed Wang's ascension, and when Emperor Muzong would not listen to Xiao, Xiao resigned. Shortly thereafter, Duan also offered to resign, and he was made the military governor of Xichuan, while Wang was kept at the capital Chang'an to serve as the minister of justice and director of salt and iron monopolies.[9] He continued to carry the Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi title as an honorary title.[3]Shortly after Duan was sent to Xichuan, a major scandal broke over high-level officials' influence over the imperial examination results that year. Both Duan and the imperial scholar Li Shen had submitted a list of examinees that they hoped would be passed to Qian Hui (錢徽), one of the officials in charge of the examinations that season, but once the results were published, the examinees that Duan and Li Shen recommended did not pass, while those who passed included the several relatives of other officials — Zheng Tan's brother Zheng Lang; Pei Du's son Pei Zhuan (裴譔); Li Zongmin's son-in-law Su Chao (蘇巢); and Yang Yinshi (楊殷士), brother to the other official in charge of the examinations that year, Yang Rushi (楊汝士). Duan complained to Emperor Muzong that the examinations that year were not fair. When Emperor Muzong consulted imperial scholars, several imperial scholars who were political enemies of Li Zongmin, including Li Deyu, Yuan Zhen, and Li Shen, all agreed with Duan. Emperor Muzong thus ordered a reexamination, while demoting Qian, Li Zongmin, and Yang Rushi, along with 10 examinees who passed based on perceived influence. When Qian's friends subsequently suggested that he submit Duan's and Li Shen's letters trying to influence the examinations to the emperor to show that they were the ones trying to influence results, Qian, who believed that revealing these private letters was inappropriate, burned them. (This was considered a precipitating event to a partisan struggle among Tang officials later known as the Niu-Li Factional Struggles.)[9]Meanwhile, because Duan was familiar with the customs of the Xichuan people, it was said that he governed with lenience and decisiveness, and that the non-Han people around the circuit respected and feared him. In 822, when Nanzhao attacked Tang territory, Duan sent an emissary and was able to persuade Nanzhao forces to withdraw.[3]","title":"During Emperor Muzong's reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Jingzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Jingzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wenzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wenzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Yangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou"},{"link_name":"Jiangsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangsu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"Jingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingzhou"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ244-11"},{"link_name":"Buddhist temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temple"},{"link_name":"Confucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZZTJ244-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BT167-3"}],"text":"After Emperor Muzong died in 824 and was succeeded by his son Emperor Jingzong, Duan Wenchang was recalled to Chang'an to serve as the minister of justice (刑部尚書, Xingbu Shangshu). He was later made minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu), as well as acting Shangshu Zuo Cheng (尚書左丞), one of the Secretaries General of the executive bureau (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng).[3]After Emperor Jingzong died in 826 and was succeeded by his brother Emperor Wenzong, Duan was made chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu). Soon thereafter, he was made the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), carrying an honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi.[3] In 830, he was moved to Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei).[11] As Duan's ancestors had kept mansions in both Jingnan and Xichuan, he bought those mansions back from current owners and converted them into Buddhist temples. As many of his ancestors were buried at Jingnan, he also built a new ancestral shrine, and he often offered sacrifices to his ancestors as well as presenting dances and music to them, in contravention to the usual Confucian customs of ancestor worship, and therefore was criticized.[3]In 832, Duan was moved back to Xichuan Circuit.[11] In 835, when the imperial eunuch was at Xichuan to deliver new spring uniforms for the soldiers, Duan attended the ceremony for the eunuch to read the imperial edict, and died at the ceremony after the edict was read, without apparent illness. He was given posthumous honors, and he left a 30-volume collection of his works.[3]It was said that after Duan became prominent, he spent much wealth on clothes, decorations, singing boys, and prostitutes, and was much criticized for this.[3]","title":"During Emperor Jingzong's and Emperor Wenzong's reigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%A4%E5%A9v&reign=%A4%D3%A9M&yy=9&ycanzi=&mm=2&dd=&dcanzi=%A4A%A4x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dbo.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%A4%E5%A9v&reign=%A4%D3%A9M&yy=9&ycanzi=&mm=2&dd=&dcanzi=%A4A%A4x"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Old Book of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Book_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"vol. 17, part 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Tongjian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian"},{"link_name":"237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7237"},{"link_name":"241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7241"},{"link_name":"242","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7242"},{"link_name":"244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7244"}],"text":"^ http://dbo.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%A4%E5%A9v&reign=%A4%D3%A9M&yy=9&ycanzi=&mm=2&dd=&dcanzi=%A4A%A4x[permanent dead link]\n\n^ Old Book of Tang, vol. 17, part 2.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Old Book of Tang, vol. 167.\n\n^ New Book of Tang, vol. 75.\"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十五‧表第十五\". Archived from the original on 2009-12-19. Retrieved 2010-02-07.\"新唐書-宰相世系五(段氏)\". Archived from the original on 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2009-04-30.\n\n^ a b c d New Book of Tang, vol. 89.\n\n^ Pei served as military governor of Jingnan from 792 to 803, so his knowing about Duan must have been during that period. See Old Book of Tang, vol. 13.\n\n^ Wei served as military governor of Xichuan from 785 to 805, so his inviting Duan to serve on staff must have been during that period. See Old Book of Tang, vol. 158.\n\n^ a b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 237.\n\n^ a b c Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 241.\n\n^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 242.\n\n^ a b Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 244.Old Book of Tang, vol. 167.\nNew Book of Tang, vol. 89.\nZizhi Tongjian, vols. 237, 241, 242, 244.","title":"Notes and references"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perni%C3%B6

Perniö

["1 External links"]

Coordinates: 60°12′15″N 23°07′20″E / 60.20417°N 23.12222°E / 60.20417; 23.12222Former municipality in Western Finland, FinlandPerniö Perniö – BjärnåFormer municipalityPerniön kuntaBjärnå kommunPerniö church Coat of armsCountryFinlandProvinceWestern FinlandRegionSouthwest FinlandSub-regionSaloMerged with SaloJanuary 1, 2009Government • City managerPentti VanhataloArea • Total407.79 km2 (157.45 sq mi) • Land397.88 km2 (153.62 sq mi) • Water9.91 km2 (3.83 sq mi) • Rank235thPopulation (2003) • Total6,023 • Rank177th • Density15/km2 (38/sq mi) −0.5% changeTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Official languagesFinnishUrbanisation52.8%Unemployment rate8.9%ClimateDfbWebsitehttp://www.pernio.fi/ Perniö (Finnish pronunciation: ; Swedish: Bjärnå) is a former municipality of Finland. It was consolidated with Salo on January 1, 2009. It is located in the province of Western Finland and is part of the Southwest Finland region. The municipality had a population of 6,026 (2004-12-31) and covered an area of 407.79 km² (excluding sea) of which 9.91 km² is inland water. The population density was 15.15 inhabitants per km². The municipality was unilingually Finnish. External links Media related to Perniö at Wikimedia Commons http://www.pernio.fi/ – Official website (in Finnish) 60°12′15″N 23°07′20″E / 60.20417°N 23.12222°E / 60.20417; 23.12222 vteMunicipalities of Southwest FinlandMunicipalities Aura Kaarina Kimitoön Koski Tl Kustavi Laitila Lieto Loimaa Marttila Masku Mynämäki Naantali Nousiainen Oripää Paimio Pargas Pyhäranta Pöytyä Raisio Rusko Salo Sauvo Somero Taivassalo Turku Uusikaupunki Vehmaa Former municipalities Alastaro Angelniemi Askainen Dragsfjärd Halikko Hitis Houtskär Iniö Kakskerta Kalanti Karinainen Karjala Karuna Kimito Kiikala Kisko Korpo Kuusisto Kuusjoki Lemu Loimaan kunta Lokalahti Maaria Mellilä Merimasku Metsämaa Mietoinen Muurla Naantalin maalaiskunta Nagu Paattinen Pargas landskommun Perniö Pertteli Piikkiö Pyhämaa Rymättylä Särkisalo Somerniemi Suomusjärvi Tarvasjoki Uskela Uudenkaupungin maalaiskunta Vahto Västanfjärd Velkua Yläne Southwest Finland Finland Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Israel Finland United States Czech Republic This Western Finland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Cavaliere

Felix Cavaliere

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Awards and honors","4 Personal life","5 Discography","5.1 Albums","5.2 Singles","6 References","7 External links"]

American musician Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Felix CavaliereCavaliere in 2009Background informationBorn (1942-11-29) November 29, 1942 (age 81)Pelham, New York, U.S.GenresRock, soul, soft rockOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)VocalskeyboardsYears active1965–presentLabelsBearsville, Wounded Bird, MCA, StaxWebsitewww.felixcavalieremusic.comMusical artist Felix Cavaliere (born November 29, 1942) is an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is best known for being the co-lead vocalist and keyboard player for The Young Rascals. Although he was a member of Joey Dee and the Starliters, known for their hit "Peppermint Twist", he is best known for his association with the Young Rascals during the 1960s. The other members of the Rascals were Eddie Brigati, Dino Danelli and Gene Cornish. Cavaliere sang vocals on six of their successful singles and played the Hammond B-3 organ. Early life and education Cavaliere was born to an Italian-American family in Pelham, New York on November 29, 1942. At an early age, he studied piano at the Allaire School of Music at his mother's behest from age 6 until her death when he was 14. He enrolled at Syracuse University in the early 1960s as a pre-med major and performed at fraternity and sorority parties with his band The Escorts. At the beginning of his junior year, he left Syracuse to pursue an opportunity to be a musician at a Borscht Belt resort in the Catskills. He was friends with poet and songwriter Stephen Kalinich, and they both were in the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity. Career He joined The Stereos, and moved on to form The Escorts, while attending Syracuse. He later produced albums by other artists such as Laura Nyro and Jimmie Spheeris. Between 1965 and 1972, Cavaliere played keyboards and sang for The Young Rascals and The Rascals. They achieved three US #1 hits. Following a pair of solo efforts, Cavaliere recorded under the band name Treasure and released a self-titled AOR-styled album in 1977 which featured future Kiss member Vinnie Vincent on guitar. Cavaliere had a solo hit with "Only a Lonely Heart Sees" (1980), which reached No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart. Cavaliere and former Rascals bandmate Dino Danelli joined Steve Van Zandt to record Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul's album, Men Without Women (1982). However, Cavaliere strongly disputes this and claims that he was never a member of Little Steven's band. He recorded Dreams in Motion in 1994, produced by Don Was. During 1995, Cavaliere was a touring member of Ringo Starr's third All-Starr Band. Cavaliere can be seen playing keyboard in the official video for "Hey Girl" by Billy Joel, a cover version of the Carole King song, recorded by Billy Joel in 1997 to add to his Greatest Hits Volume III compilation. The track was released as a single, but Cavaliere was not playing on the recording. On October 15, 2006, he inducted Vanilla Fudge into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame. In 2008, he recorded an album with Steve Cropper, Nudge it Up a Notch, which was released July 29, 2008. He continues to tour as Felix Cavaliere's Rascals. On April 24, 2010, all four members of the Rascals reunited for the Kristen Ann Carr benefit, which was held at New York's Tribeca Grill. Cavaliere reunited with his bandmates when the Rascals appeared at the Capitol Theater in Port Chester, New York, for six shows in December 2012 and for fifteen dates at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway (April 15 – May 5, 2013). Their current production, entitled "Once Upon A Dream", is currently touring North America (Toronto, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Chicago, Detroit, Rochester, and New York City). It is produced by long-time Rascals' fans Steven Van Zandt and his wife Maureen. He appeared with Billy Joel at Madison Square Garden on May 28, 2015. In 2017 and 2018, Cavaliere was a spokesperson in a television infomercial for the Time Life The 60s Music CD collection. Awards and honors In 1993, Cavaliere was inducted into the Syracuse Area Music Awards Hall of Fame. In 1997, Cavaliere was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the (Young) Rascals. On June 18, 2009, Cavaliere, along with former writing partner Eddie Brigati, was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame for having "changed the direction of pop music in 1965". In 2014, he was inducted into the Hammond Hall of Fame. Cavaliere was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2019. Personal life Cavaliere was married to Mary Theresa (Thompson) Cavaliere for 30 years and had three daughters with her. Cavaliere's daughter, Aria Cavaliere, is a singer based in Nashville, Tennessee. He also has four grandchildren. He lives in Nashville, with his current wife Donna Lewis. Discography Albums Year Title Label Chart positions USHeat USR&B 1974 Felix Cavaliere Bearsville - - 1975 Destiny - - 1977 Treasure Epic - - 1979 Castles in the Air - - 1994 Dreams in Motion MCA - - 2008 Nudge It Up a Notch Stax - 100 2010 Midnight Flyer 32 - 2023 Then & Now Atisha II - - Singles Year Title Chart positions US USAC 1980 "Only a Lonely Heart Sees" 36 2 "Good to Have Love Back" 105 41 References ^ Ruhlmann, William (November 29, 1944). "Felix Cavaliere". AllMusic. Retrieved July 2, 2013. ^ Bruce Eder. "Castles in the Air". AllMusic. Retrieved June 25, 2014. ^ New York, U.S., Birth Index, 1910-1965, Certificate Number 36807 ^ Joel Whitburn, Joel Whitburn's Music Stars, 2009, p.207 ^ "Felix Cavaliere THE RASCALS dumps on THE NEW RASCALS with Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli". YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2014. ^ a b "Felix Cavaliere". Hammondorganco.com. July 7, 2014. ^ Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 444. ISBN 0-85112-939-0. ^ a b "Felix Cavaliere". Songwriters Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ a b c Bialczak, Mark (June 19, 2011). "Felix Cavaliere played the porches of Syracuse University before becoming a Young Rascal". The Post-Standard. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ a b ""Rascals" frontman Felix Cavaliere talks about new book". WSYR-TV. April 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ Herbert, Geoff (April 25, 2022). "Forever a Rascal: Syracuse alum Felix Cavaliere shares lifelong love of music". The Post-Standard. Retrieved May 5, 2022. (subscription required) ^ James, Gary. "Interview With Felix Cavaliere Of The Young Rascals". classicbands.com. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ Kubernik, Harvey (April 6, 2022). "Kubernik: The Rascals' Felix Cavaliere". Music Connection. Retrieved May 5, 2022. ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Felix Cavaliere". AllMusic. Retrieved February 15, 2010. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 50. ^ Deming, Mark. "Steve Van Zandt, Men Without Women album". AllMusic. Retrieved February 15, 2010. ^ "Felix Cavaliere THE RASCALS Radio Interview Part 1 THE STRANGE DAVE SHOW". YouTube. April 11, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2014. ^ "HAMMOND HALL OF FAME – FRESHMAN CLASS | Hammond USA". hammondorganco.com. January 22, 2014. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2016. ^ "Lonely Too Long". People.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021. ^ "Groovin' with Felix Cavaliere and his Rascals at The Ridgefield Playhouse". Ctpost.com. January 26, 2015. ^ "NEW YORK-NOV 17: Singer Felix Cavaliere (R) and wife Donna Lewis attend the ASCAP Centennial Awards at the Waldorf Astoria on November 17, 2014 in New York City. #449492314 - Larastock". Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017. ^ "Felix Cavaliere: Heatseeker". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020. ^ "Felix Cavaliere: R&B". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020. ^ "Felix Cavaliere, Albums". AllMusic. Retrieved February 15, 2010. ^ "Felix Cavaliere: Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020. ^ "Felix Cavaliere: Adult Contemporay". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020. External links Official website The Rascals Appreciation Site Archived January 12, 2016, at the Wayback Machine vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 1997Performers Bee Gees Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, Robin Gibb Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, Neil Young Crosby, Stills, & Nash David Crosby, Graham Nash, Stephen Stills The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, Tito Jackson Joni Mitchell Parliament-Funkadelic Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, Billy Bass Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, Bernie Worrell The (Young) Rascals Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, Dino Danelli Early influences Mahalia Jackson Bill Monroe Non-performers(Ahmet Ertegun Award) Syd Nathan Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Finland United States Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz

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He is best known for being the co-lead vocalist and keyboard player for The Young Rascals.Although he was a member of Joey Dee and the Starliters, known for their hit \"Peppermint Twist\",[5] he is best known for his association with the Young Rascals during the 1960s. The other members of the Rascals were Eddie Brigati, Dino Danelli and Gene Cornish. 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Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borscht_Belt"},{"link_name":"Catskills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskills"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-porches_of_SU-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stephen Kalinich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kalinich"},{"link_name":"Sigma Phi Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Cavaliere was born to an Italian-American family in Pelham, New York on November 29, 1942.[7] At an early age, he studied piano at the Allaire School of Music[8] at his mother's behest from age 6 until her death when he was 14.[6] He enrolled at Syracuse University in the early 1960s as a pre-med major and performed at fraternity and sorority parties with his band The Escorts.[9][10][11] At the beginning of his junior year, he left Syracuse to pursue an opportunity to be a musician at a Borscht Belt resort in the Catskills.[9][12] He was friends with poet and songwriter Stephen Kalinich, and they both were in the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity.[13]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Laura Nyro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Nyro"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Spheeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Spheeris"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vinnie Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Vincent"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"Only a Lonely Heart Sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_a_Lonely_Heart_Sees"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Adult Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dino Danelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino_Danelli"},{"link_name":"Steve Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Steven_and_the_Disciples_of_Soul"},{"link_name":"Men Without Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_Without_Women_(album)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Don Was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Was"},{"link_name":"Ringo Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr"},{"link_name":"Billy Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Joel"},{"link_name":"Carole King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_King"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Fudge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Fudge"},{"link_name":"Long Island Music Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Music_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Steve Cropper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cropper"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsyr_tour-10"},{"link_name":"Capitol Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(Port_Chester,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Port Chester, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Chester,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Richard Rodgers Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Steven Van Zandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Van_Zandt"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden"},{"link_name":"spokesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokesperson"},{"link_name":"infomercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial"},{"link_name":"Time Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Life"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"}],"text":"He joined The Stereos, and moved on to form The Escorts, while attending Syracuse. He later produced albums by other artists[14] such as Laura Nyro and Jimmie Spheeris.Between 1965 and 1972, Cavaliere played keyboards and sang for The Young Rascals and The Rascals. They achieved three US #1 hits.Following a pair of solo efforts, Cavaliere recorded under the band name Treasure and released a self-titled AOR-styled album in 1977 which featured future Kiss member Vinnie Vincent on guitar. Cavaliere had a solo hit with \"Only a Lonely Heart Sees\" (1980), which reached No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart.[15] Cavaliere and former Rascals bandmate Dino Danelli joined Steve Van Zandt to record Little Steven and the Disciples of Soul's album, Men Without Women (1982).[16] However, Cavaliere strongly disputes this and claims that he was never a member of Little Steven's band.[17]He recorded Dreams in Motion in 1994, produced by Don Was. During 1995, Cavaliere was a touring member of Ringo Starr's third All-Starr Band. Cavaliere can be seen playing keyboard in the official video for \"Hey Girl\" by Billy Joel, a cover version of the Carole King song, recorded by Billy Joel in 1997 to add to his Greatest Hits Volume III compilation. The track was released as a single, but Cavaliere was not playing on the recording.On October 15, 2006, he inducted Vanilla Fudge into the Long Island Music Hall of Fame. In 2008, he recorded an album with Steve Cropper, Nudge it Up a Notch, which was released July 29, 2008. He continues to tour as Felix Cavaliere's Rascals.[10] On April 24, 2010, all four members of the Rascals reunited for the Kristen Ann Carr benefit, which was held at New York's Tribeca Grill.Cavaliere reunited with his bandmates when the Rascals appeared at the Capitol Theater in Port Chester, New York, for six shows in December 2012 and for fifteen dates at the Richard Rodgers Theatre on Broadway (April 15 – May 5, 2013). Their current production, entitled \"Once Upon A Dream\", is currently touring North America (Toronto, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Chicago, Detroit, Rochester, and New York City). It is produced by long-time Rascals' fans Steven Van Zandt and his wife Maureen.He appeared with Billy Joel at Madison Square Garden on May 28, 2015.In 2017 and 2018, Cavaliere was a spokesperson in a television infomercial for the Time Life The 60s Music CD collection.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-porches_of_SU-9"},{"link_name":"Eddie Brigati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Brigati"},{"link_name":"Songwriters Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-songhall-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammondorganco.com-hammond-hall-of-fame-18"},{"link_name":"Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicians_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum"}],"text":"In 1993, Cavaliere was inducted into the Syracuse Area Music Awards Hall of Fame.[9]In 1997, Cavaliere was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame with the (Young) Rascals.On June 18, 2009, Cavaliere, along with former writing partner Eddie Brigati, was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame for having \"changed the direction of pop music in 1965\".[8]In 2014, he was inducted into the Hammond Hall of Fame.[18]Cavaliere was inducted into the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in 2019.","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Cavaliere was married to Mary Theresa (Thompson) Cavaliere for 30 years and had three daughters with her. Cavaliere's daughter, Aria Cavaliere, is a singer based in Nashville, Tennessee. He also has four grandchildren.[19] He lives in Nashville, with his current wife Donna Lewis.[20][21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Ruhlmann, William (November 29, 1944). \"Felix Cavaliere\". AllMusic. Retrieved July 2, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/felix-cavaliere-mn0000169201","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere\""}]},{"reference":"Bruce Eder. \"Castles in the Air\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/castles-in-the-air-mw0000335592","url_text":"\"Castles in the Air\""}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere THE RASCALS dumps on THE NEW RASCALS with Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli\". YouTube. Retrieved June 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tyqc469HzIs","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere THE RASCALS dumps on THE NEW RASCALS with Gene Cornish and Dino Danelli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere\". Hammondorganco.com. July 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hammondorganco.com/artists/organ-and-leslie-artists/felix-cavaliere/","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1992). The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 444. ISBN 0-85112-939-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-939-0","url_text":"0-85112-939-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere\". Songwriters Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songhall.org/profile/felix_cavaliere","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"Songwriters Hall of Fame"}]},{"reference":"Bialczak, Mark (June 19, 2011). \"Felix Cavaliere played the porches of Syracuse University before becoming a Young Rascal\". The Post-Standard. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2011/06/felix_cavaliere_played_the_por.html","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere played the porches of Syracuse University before becoming a Young Rascal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post-Standard","url_text":"The Post-Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Rascals\" frontman Felix Cavaliere talks about new book\". WSYR-TV. April 5, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.localsyr.com/bridge-street/as-seen-on/rascals-frontman-felix-cavaliere-talks-about-new-book/","url_text":"\"\"Rascals\" frontman Felix Cavaliere talks about new book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSYR-TV","url_text":"WSYR-TV"}]},{"reference":"Herbert, Geoff (April 25, 2022). \"Forever a Rascal: Syracuse alum Felix Cavaliere shares lifelong love of music\". The Post-Standard. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2022/04/forever-a-rascal-syracuse-alum-felix-cavaliere-shares-lifelong-love-of-music.html","url_text":"\"Forever a Rascal: Syracuse alum Felix Cavaliere shares lifelong love of music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post-Standard","url_text":"The Post-Standard"}]},{"reference":"James, Gary. \"Interview With Felix Cavaliere Of The Young Rascals\". classicbands.com. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.classicbands.com/FelixCavaliereInterview.html","url_text":"\"Interview With Felix Cavaliere Of The Young Rascals\""}]},{"reference":"Kubernik, Harvey (April 6, 2022). \"Kubernik: The Rascals' Felix Cavaliere\". Music Connection. Retrieved May 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicconnection.com/kubernik-the-rascals-felix-cavaliere/","url_text":"\"Kubernik: The Rascals' Felix Cavaliere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Connection","url_text":"Music Connection"}]},{"reference":"Ruhlmann, William. \"Felix Cavaliere\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p63338","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–2001. Record Research. p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]},{"reference":"Deming, Mark. \"Steve Van Zandt, Men Without Women album\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r11833","url_text":"\"Steve Van Zandt, Men Without Women album\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere THE RASCALS Radio Interview Part 1 THE STRANGE DAVE SHOW\". YouTube. April 11, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zSCLqSrbsw","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere THE RASCALS Radio Interview Part 1 THE STRANGE DAVE SHOW\""}]},{"reference":"\"HAMMOND HALL OF FAME – FRESHMAN CLASS | Hammond USA\". hammondorganco.com. January 22, 2014. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905064935/http://hammondorganco.com/hammond-hall-of-fame-freshman-class/","url_text":"\"HAMMOND HALL OF FAME – FRESHMAN CLASS | Hammond USA\""},{"url":"http://hammondorganco.com/hammond-hall-of-fame-freshman-class/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lonely Too Long\". People.com. Retrieved August 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/lonely-too-long-vol-47-no-18/","url_text":"\"Lonely Too Long\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groovin' with Felix Cavaliere and his Rascals at The Ridgefield Playhouse\". Ctpost.com. January 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctpost.com/news/article/Groovin-with-Felix-Cavaliere-and-his-Rascals-at-6040365.php","url_text":"\"Groovin' with Felix Cavaliere and his Rascals at The Ridgefield Playhouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW YORK-NOV 17: Singer Felix Cavaliere (R) and wife Donna Lewis attend the ASCAP Centennial Awards at the Waldorf Astoria on November 17, 2014 in New York City. #449492314 - Larastock\". Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170519023004/http://larastock.com/shutterstock-photo-449492314/","url_text":"\"NEW YORK-NOV 17: Singer Felix Cavaliere (R) and wife Donna Lewis attend the ASCAP Centennial Awards at the Waldorf Astoria on November 17, 2014 in New York City. #449492314 - Larastock\""},{"url":"http://larastock.com/shutterstock-photo-449492314/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere: Heatseeker\". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/felix-cavaliere/chart-history/tln/","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere: Heatseeker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere: R&B\". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/felix-cavaliere/chart-history/blp/","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere: R&B\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere, Albums\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p63338","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere, Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere: Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/felix-cavaliere/chart-history","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere: Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Felix Cavaliere: Adult Contemporay\". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/felix-cavaliere/chart-history/asi/","url_text":"\"Felix Cavaliere: Adult Contemporay\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Audo

Joseph VI Audo

["1 Early life","2 Patriarch (1848–1878)","2.1 Establishment of seminaries","2.2 The Rokos affair","2.3 First Vatican Council","2.4 The Mellusian schism","2.5 Final years","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]

Head of the Chaldean Catholic Church from 1847 to 1878 Joseph VI AudoPatriarch of Babylon of the ChaldeansChurchChaldean Catholic ChurchArchdioceseBabylonSeeBabylon of the ChaldeansInstalledJuly 28, 1847Term endedMarch 14, 1878PredecessorNicholas I ZayaSuccessorEliya XIV AbulyonanOrdersOrdination1818 (Priest)ConsecrationMarch 25, 1825 (Bishop)by Augustine HindiPersonal detailsBornJoseph Audo1790AlqoshDiedMarch 14, 1878 (aged 87–88)MossulResidenceIraq Joseph VI Audo (or Audu or Oddo) (1790–1878) was the Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church from 1847 to 1878. Early life Joseph VI Audo was born in Alqosh in 1790 and in 1814 he became a monk of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd. He was ordained priest in 1818 and consecrated bishop of Mosul on the March 25, 1825, by the patriarchal administrator Augustine Hindi in Amid. From 1830 to 1847 he served as metropolitan bishop of Amadiya. In the early 19th century there was not yet a formal union between the two patriarchal lines that professed to be in communion with the Holy See. The ancient monastery of Rabban Hormizd, that for many centuries was the see of the Mama patriarchal family supported by most of the East Syrian Christians, in 1808 recognized as its own patriarch Mar Augustine Hindi, the leader of a patriarchal line started by Mar Joseph I in 1681 in union with Rome. This was fiercely opposed by the last descendant of the Mama family, Yohannan Hormizd, also in communion with Rome. Joseph Audo was a partisan of Mar Augustine Hindi and thus became an active opponent of Yohannan Hormizd: the strong conflict came to an end only through the direct intervention of two apostolic delegates sent by Rome in 1828–1829.: 297  After the death of Augustine Hindi the Chaldean Church was finally united under the aged Yohannan Hormizd in 1830, even if he, and his successor Nicholas I Zayʿa, had to deal with the internal opposition of several bishops led by Audo that lasted up to the resignation of patriarch Nicholas Zaya in 1846. Patriarch (1848–1878) Joseph Audo was elected Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on July 28, 1847, and confirmed by Pope Pius IX on September 11, 1848. He is also remembered as Joseph VI, considering Mar Augustine Hindi to have the name of Joseph V. Joseph showed himself to be as energetic and combative a patriarch as he had been a bishop. During his reign he took measures to improve the calibre of the Chaldean clergy and to strengthen the episcopate and the monastic order, and mounted a successful campaign to strengthen the spread of the Catholic faith into the Nestorian districts. A sincere Catholic, who had been brought to the Catholic faith after reading Joseph II's Book of the Pure Mirror, he clashed on a number of occasions with the Vatican on questions of jurisdiction. Audo laid the foundations, with help from the Vatican, for the Chaldean Church to grow and flourish remarkably in the last decades before the First World War. From his early days as bishop of ʿAmadiya, competing with the Nestorian church for the allegiance of the villages of the Sapna valley, he had appreciated the crucial role an educated clergy could play both in consolidating the Catholic faith where it already existed and in bringing it to new hearers. Hitherto many of the Chaldean Church's bishops had been educated at the College of the Propaganda at Rome, and its priests had picked up what education they could from their bishops. Audo worked to reduce the Chaldean Church's dependence on Rome, and to ensure that it was able to train and educate its own clergy. In doing so he was following in the footsteps of Gabriel Dambo, whose revival of monasticism in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd in 1808 had been partly intended to supply the church with a well-educated and disciplined clergy. To a certain extent it did; monks from the monastery were sent out as priests and deacons to Baghdad, Basra, and a number of Chaldean villages in the Mosul and ʿAmadiya districts in the 1820s, and no doubt served their congregations well. Audo himself and other monks later became bishops. But the first Rabban Hormizd superiors, Gabriel Dambo and Yohannan Gwera, also spent much of their energies quarreling with the patriarchs Yohannan VIII Hormizd and Nicholas I Zayʿa, with damaging consequences for the morale of the church. Establishment of seminaries These internal feuds came to an end with Audo's accession, as he had taken the side of the monastery in its struggles with his predecessors. With the co-operation of the monks assured, the new patriarch did his best to ensure that Dambo's original vision was at last realized. The Monastery of Rabban Hormizd was too remote and exposed to attack to remain a functioning monastery, and was also a symbol of a turbulent time best forgotten. Audo decided to replace it and in 1859, with financial assistance from the Vatican, built a new monastery of Notre Dame des Semences in a safer and more convenient site near Alqosh. The new monastery quickly replaced Rabban Hormizd as the principal monastery of the Chaldean church. Two other important centres for the education of Chaldean clergy were also established at Mosul during Audo's reign, the patriarchal seminary of Saint Peter in 1866 and the Syro-Chaldean seminary of Saint John, completed shortly after Audo's death in 1878. The Syro-Chaldean seminary, which trained priests for both the Chaldean and Syriac Catholic churches, was under the direction of the Dominicans, while the patriarchal seminary was directed entirely by Chaldean clergy. Although a number of Chaldean priests continued to be trained at Rome or elsewhere, most of the bishops and priests of the Chaldean church in the decades before the First World War came from one or other of these three centers founded in Audo's reign. The Rokos affair Despite Audo's energetic investment in the future of the Chaldean church, his relations with the Vatican were often strained. An early sign of the patriarch's independent attitude was given in 1858, when he held a synod from 7 June to 21 June in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, whose validity was not recognized by Rome. In 1860 a far more serious clash occurred when the Malabar Catholics sent a delegation to Mosul to ask the patriarch to consecrate a bishop of their own rite for them. Despite the protests of the apostolic delegate at Mosul, Henri Amanton, Audo consecrated Thomas Rokos bishop of Basra and dispatched him to visit the Malabar Christians. Amanton thereupon censured the patriarch and his bishops, and Audo responded with two encyclicals to the priests and people of his church, the first on 21 December 1860 and the second on 4 January 1861. Shortly afterwards he departed to Rome to give an account of his actions, arriving at the end of June. He was there invited to recall Rokos, to write a letter of apology to the Propaganda and to make an act of submission to the pope. He complied with the first and third demands, and was received by the pope on 14 September. On 23 September he issued a third encyclical to his church, in which he admitted his mistakes and revoked measures he had taken against the apostolic delegation and the Dominican missionaries. He returned to Mosul on 2 December. Meanwhile, Rokos, who had been excommunicated on the Vatican's orders by the vicar apostolic of Verapoly on his arrival in India, returned in failure to Baghdad in June 1862. The affair did not end there. One of the members of the reunion which had given Rokos his mission, the metropolitan of Seert Peter Bar Tatar, refused to accept the censures carried by the delegate. The patriarch was again embroiled with the Dominicans, and issued an interdict on all the places where he arrived to celebrate in the presence of the Chaldeans. There was another incident on 5 June 1864. Audo consecrated Elias Mellus bishop of ʿAqra, but the new bishop omitted from his profession of faith passages relating to the Council of Florence and the Council of Trent. This was reported to Rome, and although Audo spoke up for his subordinate and the affair was resolved, animosity grew on both sides. First Vatican Council Joseph Audo The Vatican seems to have decided thereafter to seek every opportunity to remind Audo of his position. In 1867 Gregory Peter di Natale, metropolitan of Amid, died at Rome. The Propaganda invoked the papacy's old privilege in such cases of directly appointing his successor, and asked the patriarch to submit three suitable names after discussion with his bishops. Shortly afterwards the diocese of Mardin also fell vacant with the death of Ignatius Dashto in 1868, and the Propaganda insisted on appointing his successor too. Audo duly submitted a list of seven names, and was directed to consecrate Peter Timothy ʿAttar metropolitan of Amid and Gabriel Farso metropolitan of Mardin. He was also informed that the provisions of the ecclesiastical constitution Reversurus promulgated on 12 July 1867 for the Armenian Catholic Church would in due course be applied to all the Eastern Catholic Churches, and on 31 August 1869 its rules for the election of bishops were applied to the Chaldean Church in the bull Cum ecclesiastica disciplina. This was too much for Audo, and he refused to consecrate the bishops-designate of Amid and Mardin. He was summoned to Rome and in January 1870 forced to consecrate them. He complained that Rome was infringing the rights of the Eastern patriarchs, and was particularly aggrieved that the Syriac, Maronite and Melkite patriarchs had not yet agreed to accept the provisions of the 1867 constitution. As a result, in the 1870 First Vatican Council he was warmly welcomed as a member of the Church party opposed to the doctrine of papal infallibility, and joined in the opposition to the controversial constitution Pastor aeternus, absenting himself from the session at which it was promulgated. He then refused to adhere to it, giving the excuse that he could only take such a solemn step back home, among his own flock. He met the Sultan in Constantinople on 16 September 1870, and denounced the constitution as infringing on the traditional customs of the church and damaging the interests of the Ottoman empire. He declared that he had not accepted its provisions and never would. At the same time he celebrated Mass with the Armenian priests who had separated themselves from the patriarch Hassoun, and refused to reply to letters from the Propaganda. The Vatican, alarmed, used every means at its disposal to recall him to obedience and head off a threatened schism. Finally, on 29 July 1872, last of all the eastern patriarchs, Audo wrote a letter accepting the decisions of the council. The Vatican decided to teach him a lesson. In Quae in patriarchatu, a stinging encyclical of 16 November 1872 addressed to the bishops, clergy and faithful of the Chaldean Church, Pope Pius IX rehearsed the many examples of Audo's intransigence, deplored his disobedience and welcomed his eventual submission. Audo's flock was left in little doubt as to who, in the Vatican's eyes, had been in the wrong. The Mellusian schism Audo clashed with the Vatican again in 1874. He asked pope Pius IX to restore to the Chaldean Church the traditional jurisdiction of the Church of the East over the Syrian Catholics of India. The Vatican delayed its response to this request and Audo decided not to wait. He sent Eliya Mellus, bishop of ʿAqra, to India as a metropolitan, where he was promptly excommunicated by the Vatican. On 24 May 1874, without prior consultation with the Vatican, he consecrated Eliya Peter ʿAbulyonan metropolitan of Gazarta and Mattai Paul Shamina metropolitan of ʿAmadiya. On 1 May 1875 he consecrated Quriaqos Giwargis Goga metropolitan of Zakho and Philip Yaʿqob Abraham metropolitan for India, to assist Elıya Mellus. The pope threatened in an encyclical letter of 1 September 1876 to excommunicate both the patriarch and the bishops whom he had consecrated unless they returned to obedience within 40 days. Audo yielded in March 1877 and wrote to recall Eliya Mellus and Philip Abraham from India. He was absolved from censure and commended for his compliance in the papal letters Solatio nobis fuit (9 June 1877) and Iucundum nobis (11 July 1877), and his episcopal appointments outside India were recognized. However, after being deprived of the long-desired bishop Audo had provided them, some of the Syrian Catholics in India broke away in the Mellusian schism to form the Nestorian Chaldean Syrian Church. Final years Joseph Audo died reconciled with the Vatican, in Mosul on March 14, 1878.: 740  His obituary was pronounced in a consistory held on 28 February 1879 by Pope Leo XIII, who praised him as "a man adorned with a fine sense of faith and belief" (quem eximius pietatis et religionis sensus ornabat). Although there are no lack of sources for his eventful career, he has not yet had a biographer. Audo was succeeded as patriarch of Babylon by Eliya Peter ʿAbulyonan, metropolitan of Gazarta, who was elected in 1878 in the monastery of Notre Dame des Semences and confirmed on 28 February 1879 under the title Eliya XII. See also Toma Audo Notes ^ Charles A. Frazee, Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4 ^ Giacomo Martina Pio IX (1851-1866) (1986) ISBN 88-7652-543-2, 372-4 ^ a b Michael Angold Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528-529 ^ "Quae In Patriarchatu - Papal Encyclicals". Papal Encyclicals. 1872-11-16. Retrieved 2017-12-12. ^ The Cambridge History of Christianity, Cambridge University Press: 2006 ISBN 0-521-81456-1, pag 422 ^ David Wilmshurst, The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913, Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9 References "Patriarchal See of Babylon". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 2009-01-24. Frazee, Charles A. (2006) . Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007. Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908765. Religious titles Preceded byNicholas I Zaya(1839–1846) Patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldean Catholic Church 1847–1878 Succeeded byEliya XIV Abulyonan (1878–1894) Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchs_of_Babylon"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Joseph VI Audo (or Audu or Oddo) (1790–1878) was the Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church from 1847 to 1878.","title":"Joseph VI Audo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alqosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqosh"},{"link_name":"Rabban Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Augustine Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Hindi"},{"link_name":"Amid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amid"},{"link_name":"metropolitan bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Amadiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadiya_(Chaldean_Diocese)"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"East Syrian Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Augustine Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Hindi"},{"link_name":"Mar Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_I_(Chaldean_Patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papacy"},{"link_name":"Yohannan Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohannan_Hormizd"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frazee-1"},{"link_name":"Nicholas I Zayʿa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_Zaya"}],"text":"Joseph VI Audo was born in Alqosh in 1790 and in 1814 he became a monk of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd. He was ordained priest in 1818 and consecrated bishop of Mosul on the March 25, 1825, by the patriarchal administrator Augustine Hindi in Amid. From 1830 to 1847 he served as metropolitan bishop of Amadiya.In the early 19th century there was not yet a formal union between the two patriarchal lines that professed to be in communion with the Holy See. The ancient monastery of Rabban Hormizd, that for many centuries was the see of the Mama patriarchal family supported by most of the East Syrian Christians, in 1808 recognized as its own patriarch Mar Augustine Hindi, the leader of a patriarchal line started by Mar Joseph I in 1681 in union with Rome. This was fiercely opposed by the last descendant of the Mama family, Yohannan Hormizd, also in communion with Rome. Joseph Audo was a partisan of Mar Augustine Hindi and thus became an active opponent of Yohannan Hormizd: the strong conflict came to an end only through the direct intervention of two apostolic delegates sent by Rome in 1828–1829.[1]: 297After the death of Augustine Hindi the Chaldean Church was finally united under the aged Yohannan Hormizd in 1830, even if he, and his successor Nicholas I Zayʿa, had to deal with the internal opposition of several bishops led by Audo that lasted up to the resignation of patriarch Nicholas Zaya in 1846.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II_(Chaldean_Patriarch)"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"College of the Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_the_Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Rabban Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"}],"text":"Joseph Audo was elected Patriarch of the Chaldean Church on July 28, 1847, and confirmed by Pope Pius IX on September 11, 1848. He is also remembered as Joseph VI, considering Mar Augustine Hindi to have the name of Joseph V.Joseph showed himself to be as energetic and combative a patriarch as he had been a bishop. During his reign he took measures to improve the calibre of the Chaldean clergy and to strengthen the episcopate and the monastic order, and mounted a successful campaign to strengthen the spread of the Catholic faith into the Nestorian districts. A sincere Catholic, who had been brought to the Catholic faith after reading Joseph II's Book of the Pure Mirror, he clashed on a number of occasions with the Vatican on questions of jurisdiction.Audo laid the foundations, with help from the Vatican, for the Chaldean Church to grow and flourish remarkably in the last decades before the First World War. From his early days as bishop of ʿAmadiya, competing with the Nestorian church for the allegiance of the villages of the Sapna valley, he had appreciated the crucial role an educated clergy could play both in consolidating the Catholic faith where it already existed and in bringing it to new hearers. Hitherto many of the Chaldean Church's bishops had been educated at the College of the Propaganda at Rome, and its priests had picked up what education they could from their bishops. Audo worked to reduce the Chaldean Church's dependence on Rome, and to ensure that it was able to train and educate its own clergy.In doing so he was following in the footsteps of Gabriel Dambo, whose revival of monasticism in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd in 1808 had been partly intended to supply the church with a well-educated and disciplined clergy. To a certain extent it did; monks from the monastery were sent out as priests and deacons to Baghdad, Basra, and a number of Chaldean villages in the Mosul and ʿAmadiya districts in the 1820s, and no doubt served their congregations well. Audo himself and other monks later became bishops. But the first Rabban Hormizd superiors, Gabriel Dambo and Yohannan Gwera, also spent much of their energies quarreling with the patriarchs Yohannan VIII Hormizd and Nicholas I Zayʿa, with damaging consequences for the morale of the church.","title":"Patriarch (1848–1878)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabban Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabban_Hormizd_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Alqosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alqosh"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Syriac Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Dominicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of seminaries","text":"These internal feuds came to an end with Audo's accession, as he had taken the side of the monastery in its struggles with his predecessors. With the co-operation of the monks assured, the new patriarch did his best to ensure that Dambo's original vision was at last realized. The Monastery of Rabban Hormizd was too remote and exposed to attack to remain a functioning monastery, and was also a symbol of a turbulent time best forgotten. Audo decided to replace it and in 1859, with financial assistance from the Vatican, built a new monastery of Notre Dame des Semences in a safer and more convenient site near Alqosh. The new monastery quickly replaced Rabban Hormizd as the principal monastery of the Chaldean church. Two other important centres for the education of Chaldean clergy were also established at Mosul during Audo's reign, the patriarchal seminary of Saint Peter in 1866 and the Syro-Chaldean seminary of Saint John, completed shortly after Audo's death in 1878. The Syro-Chaldean seminary, which trained priests for both the Chaldean and Syriac Catholic churches, was under the direction of the Dominicans, while the patriarchal seminary was directed entirely by Chaldean clergy. Although a number of Chaldean priests continued to be trained at Rome or elsewhere, most of the bishops and priests of the Chaldean church in the decades before the First World War came from one or other of these three centers founded in Audo's reign.","title":"Patriarch (1848–1878)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians"},{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"encyclicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclical"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Verapoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Verapoly"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Seert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seert"},{"link_name":"Elias Mellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Mellus"},{"link_name":"Council of Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"Council of Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"}],"sub_title":"The Rokos affair","text":"Despite Audo's energetic investment in the future of the Chaldean church, his relations with the Vatican were often strained. An early sign of the patriarch's independent attitude was given in 1858, when he held a synod from 7 June to 21 June in the monastery of Rabban Hormizd, whose validity was not recognized by Rome. In 1860 a far more serious clash occurred when the Malabar Catholics sent a delegation to Mosul to ask the patriarch to consecrate a bishop of their own rite for them. Despite the protests of the apostolic delegate at Mosul, Henri Amanton, Audo consecrated Thomas Rokos bishop of Basra and dispatched him to visit the Malabar Christians. Amanton thereupon censured the patriarch and his bishops, and Audo responded with two encyclicals to the priests and people of his church, the first on 21 December 1860 and the second on 4 January 1861. Shortly afterwards he departed to Rome to give an account of his actions, arriving at the end of June. He was there invited to recall Rokos, to write a letter of apology to the Propaganda and to make an act of submission to the pope. He complied with the first and third demands, and was received by the pope on 14 September. On 23 September he issued a third encyclical to his church, in which he admitted his mistakes and revoked measures he had taken against the apostolic delegation and the Dominican missionaries. He returned to Mosul on 2 December. Meanwhile, Rokos, who had been excommunicated on the Vatican's orders by the vicar apostolic of Verapoly on his arrival in India, returned in failure to Baghdad in June 1862.[2]The affair did not end there. One of the members of the reunion which had given Rokos his mission, the metropolitan of Seert Peter Bar Tatar, refused to accept the censures carried by the delegate. The patriarch was again embroiled with the Dominicans, and issued an interdict on all the places where he arrived to celebrate in the presence of the Chaldeans. There was another incident on 5 June 1864. Audo consecrated Elias Mellus bishop of ʿAqra, but the new bishop omitted from his profession of faith passages relating to the Council of Florence and the Council of Trent. This was reported to Rome, and although Audo spoke up for his subordinate and the affair was resolved, animosity grew on both sides.","title":"Patriarch (1848–1878)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Audo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Amid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amid"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Mardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardin"},{"link_name":"Armenian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches"},{"link_name":"Eastern patriarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs_of_the_east"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Maronite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Melkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"First Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"papal infallibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_infallibility"},{"link_name":"Pastor aeternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor_aeternus"},{"link_name":"Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ottoman empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empire"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-angold-3"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"First Vatican Council","text":"Joseph AudoThe Vatican seems to have decided thereafter to seek every opportunity to remind Audo of his position. In 1867 Gregory Peter di Natale, metropolitan of Amid, died at Rome. The Propaganda invoked the papacy's old privilege in such cases of directly appointing his successor, and asked the patriarch to submit three suitable names after discussion with his bishops. Shortly afterwards the diocese of Mardin also fell vacant with the death of Ignatius Dashto in 1868, and the Propaganda insisted on appointing his successor too. Audo duly submitted a list of seven names, and was directed to consecrate Peter Timothy ʿAttar metropolitan of Amid and Gabriel Farso metropolitan of Mardin. He was also informed that the provisions of the ecclesiastical constitution Reversurus promulgated on 12 July 1867 for the Armenian Catholic Church would in due course be applied to all the Eastern Catholic Churches, and on 31 August 1869 its rules for the election of bishops were applied to the Chaldean Church in the bull Cum ecclesiastica disciplina.This was too much for Audo, and he refused to consecrate the bishops-designate of Amid and Mardin. He was summoned to Rome and in January 1870 forced to consecrate them. He complained that Rome was infringing the rights of the Eastern patriarchs, and was particularly aggrieved that the Syriac, Maronite and Melkite patriarchs had not yet agreed to accept the provisions of the 1867 constitution. As a result, in the 1870 First Vatican Council he was warmly welcomed as a member of the Church party opposed to the doctrine of papal infallibility, and joined in the opposition to the controversial constitution Pastor aeternus, absenting himself from the session at which it was promulgated. He then refused to adhere to it, giving the excuse that he could only take such a solemn step back home, among his own flock. He met the Sultan in Constantinople on 16 September 1870, and denounced the constitution as infringing on the traditional customs of the church and damaging the interests of the Ottoman empire. He declared that he had not accepted its provisions and never would. At the same time he celebrated Mass with the Armenian priests who had separated themselves from the patriarch Hassoun, and refused to reply to letters from the Propaganda. The Vatican, alarmed, used every means at its disposal to recall him to obedience and head off a threatened schism.[3] Finally, on 29 July 1872, last of all the eastern patriarchs, Audo wrote a letter accepting the decisions of the council. The Vatican decided to teach him a lesson. In Quae in patriarchatu, a stinging encyclical of 16 November 1872 addressed to the bishops, clergy and faithful of the Chaldean Church, Pope Pius IX rehearsed the many examples of Audo's intransigence, deplored his disobedience and welcomed his eventual submission. Audo's flock was left in little doubt as to who, in the Vatican's eyes, had been in the wrong.[4]","title":"Patriarch (1848–1878)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Syrian Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Eliya Mellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliya_Mellus"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Eliya Peter ʿAbulyonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliya_Abulyonan"},{"link_name":"Gazarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazarta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-angold-3"},{"link_name":"Chaldean Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldean_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"The Mellusian schism","text":"Audo clashed with the Vatican again in 1874. He asked pope Pius IX to restore to the Chaldean Church the traditional jurisdiction of the Church of the East over the Syrian Catholics of India. The Vatican delayed its response to this request and Audo decided not to wait. He sent Eliya Mellus, bishop of ʿAqra, to India as a metropolitan, where he was promptly excommunicated by the Vatican. On 24 May 1874, without prior consultation with the Vatican, he consecrated Eliya Peter ʿAbulyonan metropolitan of Gazarta and Mattai Paul Shamina metropolitan of ʿAmadiya. On 1 May 1875 he consecrated Quriaqos Giwargis Goga metropolitan of Zakho and Philip Yaʿqob Abraham metropolitan for India, to assist Elıya Mellus. The pope threatened in an encyclical letter of 1 September 1876 to excommunicate both the patriarch and the bishops whom he had consecrated unless they returned to obedience within 40 days. Audo yielded in March 1877 and wrote to recall Eliya Mellus and Philip Abraham from India. He was absolved from censure and commended for his compliance in the papal letters Solatio nobis fuit (9 June 1877) and Iucundum nobis (11 July 1877), and his episcopal appointments outside India were recognized.[3] However, after being deprived of the long-desired bishop Audo had provided them, some of the Syrian Catholics in India broke away in the Mellusian schism to form the Nestorian Chaldean Syrian Church.[5]","title":"Patriarch (1848–1878)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mosul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosul"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilm-6"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Eliya Peter ʿAbulyonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliya_Abulyonan"},{"link_name":"Gazarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazarta"}],"sub_title":"Final years","text":"Joseph Audo died reconciled with the Vatican, in Mosul on March 14, 1878.[6]: 740  His obituary was pronounced in a consistory held on 28 February 1879 by Pope Leo XIII, who praised him as \"a man adorned with a fine sense of faith and belief\" (quem eximius pietatis et religionis sensus ornabat). Although there are no lack of sources for his eventful career, he has not yet had a biographer.Audo was succeeded as patriarch of Babylon by Eliya Peter ʿAbulyonan, metropolitan of Gazarta, who was elected in 1878 in the monastery of Notre Dame des Semences and confirmed on 28 February 1879 under the title Eliya XII.","title":"Patriarch (1848–1878)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Frazee_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-02700-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-02700-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-7652-543-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7652-543-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-angold_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-angold_3-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-81113-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81113-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Quae In Patriarchatu - Papal Encyclicals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.papalencyclicals.net/Pius09/p9quaein.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-81456-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81456-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilm_6-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-429-0876-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-0876-9"}],"text":"^ Charles A. Frazee, Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02700-4\n\n^ Giacomo Martina Pio IX (1851-1866) (1986) ISBN 88-7652-543-2, 372-4\n\n^ a b Michael Angold Eastern Christianity, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-81113-9 pag 528-529\n\n^ \"Quae In Patriarchatu - Papal Encyclicals\". Papal Encyclicals. 1872-11-16. Retrieved 2017-12-12.\n\n^ The Cambridge History of Christianity, Cambridge University Press: 2006 ISBN 0-521-81456-1, pag 422\n\n^ David Wilmshurst, The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913, Peeters Publishers, 2000 ISBN 90-429-0876-9","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Joseph Audo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Joseph_Audo.jpg/170px-Joseph_Audo.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Toma Audo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toma_Audo"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_(Fringe)

Fracture (Fringe)

["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Cultural references","4 Reception","4.1 Ratings","4.2 Reviews","5 References","6 External links"]

3rd episode of the 2nd season of Fringe "Fracture"Fringe episodeOlivia, Walter, Peter, and Broyles investigate the opening scene's explosion, and realize Walter's object is a human ear.Episode no.Season 2Episode 3Directed byBryan SpicerWritten byDavid WilcoxProduction code3X5103Original air dateOctober 1, 2009 (2009-10-01)Guest appearances Michael Cerveris as the Observer Kevin Corrigan as Sam Weiss Stephen McHattie as Colonel Raymond Gordon Navid Negahban as Dr. Malik Yusef Claudette Mink as Captain Diane Burgess Patrick Sabongui as Ahmed Barclay Hope as Andrew Burgess Kirsten Robek as Susan Gillespie Aaron Pearl as Agent Tevez Phillip Mitchell as Officer Daniel Gillespie Dalila Bela as Jenny Burgess Episode chronology ← Previous"Night of Desirable Objects" Next →"Momentum Deferred" Fringe season 2List of episodes "Fracture" is the third episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe. The episode followed the Fringe team's investigation into a man who mysteriously hardens and then explodes, killing those around him. The case leads them to a secret government project and an AWOL colonel. The episode was written by David Wilcox, and was directed by Bryan Spicer. "Fracture" was the third of a four-episode plot arc called the "gun arc", which focused on Olivia's physical and mental recovery from the season premiere. It featured guest actors Kevin Corrigan and Stephen McHattie. "Fracture" first broadcast in the United States on October 1, 2009 on the Fox network to an estimated 6.21 million viewers. It received generally mixed reviews from critics. Plot In Philadelphia, an on-duty cop gets a call from a man he calls "Colonel" to pick up a briefcase at Suburban Station. As he does so, a nearby pulse causes electronics to gain static, and his body becomes hardened. He explodes, killing eleven people and injuring others with his hardened body parts. Initially thinking the explosion was caused by a bomb, the Fringe team arrives to investigate, and discover that instead of a bomb, the cop's body parts killed the others. A further autopsy reveals needle marks between the cop's toes, and they realize he was injecting some type of drug every day for at least a year. While Peter and Olivia interview his wife, Olivia gets sick with flashes of crossing to the parallel universe, and accidentally discovers the drugs the cop was injecting. The cop had served in Iraq a year previously, and was involved in a secret military experiment called "Project Tin Man". Peter tells them they can find the project's doctors, and he and Olivia travel to Iraq. Peter learns from an old acquaintance the identity of one of the Iraqi doctors; he tells them the project was meant to cure soldiers exposed to a fatal chemical, but it failed to work, instead turning remaining survivors into human bombs. An AWOL colonel, Raymond Gordon, was opposed to ending the project; Peter and Olivia suspect he is behind the cop's explosion, and caused the deaths by emitting a radio signal. They find a list of names from the experiment, the victim in the train station being one of them. They return to find the surviving members, and are able to prevent the next subject, Diane Burgess, from exploding after she is contacted by Gordon to take a briefcase at a train station. Peter and Olivia find Gordon (Stephen McHattie) at the station, and bring him into custody; the man suggests the bombs were intended to eliminate agents working for the Observer. In a side plot, Olivia and Sam Weiss continue to meet at the bowling alley, where he subjects her to seemingly menial tasks like tying her shoes and keeping score during games. Although initially finding their conversations useless, he cures Olivia's inability to walk without a cane by the end of the episode. Production "Fracture" featured the only guest appearance by actor Stephen McHattie. Co-executive producer David Wilcox wrote the episode, and filmmaker Bryan Spicer directed it. According to producers Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz, "Fracture" was the third episode in the "gun arc", which involved Olivia gradually recovering from the wounds sustained in the premiere enough to be able to wield a gun and fight the shapeshifters. Sound editor Bruce Tanis explained the production of sound that went into the episode in an interview with Designing Sound: "In 'Fracture', the villain has created a serum which several characters inject because of a type of post-hypnotic suggestion. He has invented a frequency generator which causes these people to crystallize and then explode. In one of the best scenes all season, Walter and Astrid are in the lab and, using a watermelon for their experiments, are able to determine the exact frequency that the villain’s generator operates on. It was something like 68.7 megacycles (I don’t recall exactly), so I used the signal generator plugin and created some tones that started out as 68.7 megacycles. They were simply low-frequency tones on their own so I processed them so that they warbled and chorused and were a bit more mysterious than the straight tone. It ended up being pretty subtle for television, but when Walter identifies the tone as a certain frequency, that’s what’s actually playing." Actor John Noble noted that in the episode, "We see broken down. And it's kind of frightening to see our heroine who's carried the series basically... Suddenly she can't move, she can't even load her gun". "Fracture" marked the first and only guest appearance by actor Stephen McHattie as Colonel Raymond Gordon, as well as another appearance by previous guest actor Kevin Corrigan as Sam Weiss. Cultural references The episode featured the song "The Air That I Breathe" by The Hollies, as well as music from Roy Orbison, Les Paul, and The Marshall Tucker Band. Olivia makes a reference to Star Wars when she says, "Cut the Yoda crap and tell me what's happening to me". Peter mentions that his father taught him human reproduction using a jigsaw puzzle of "Ms. July", a reference to a glamour photography shot of an unknown Playboy model used in calendars to differentiate each month of the year. Reception Ratings The episode was initially watched by an estimated 6.21 million viewers in the United States, and scored a 2.3/6 rating share among viewers 18–49 and 3.7/6 for all households. After time shifted viewing was taken into account, Fringe was among the shows with the biggest increase, as its 18–49 rating rose 30 percent to score 3.9. Reviews Reviews of the episode tended to be mixed. Noel Murray from The Onion's The A.V. Club graded the episode with a D+, writing that "Unlike the previous two weeks’ episodes, which juggled a number of storylines and locations and generated a real sense of Fringe’s expanding milieu, 'Fracture' is so curtailed that it almost feels like it was made for the Fox accountants. The cast is small, the sets are few, and not much happens. The plot’s practically twist-free, until the very end. Large chunks of the episode are given over to Peter talking to Walter about finding a new place for them to live, and Walter trying to learn more about Astrid—and really not discovering much, except that she doesn’t like it when he experiments on fruit. So Astrid’s underused yet again, even in an episode where she gets a lot of lines... The story's too simple and the acting too broad, and yet the episode still felt choppy, as though the Fringe creative team had to scramble to fix 'Fracture' in post." Conversely, IGN's Ramsey Isler viewed the episode more positively, and rated it 7.9/10. He explained it "deserves praise for doing a lot of things well," and lauded the actors' performances, the props, the direction, and cinematography. Despite however finding Walter less entertaining than the previous season, and believing the first half of the episode moved too slowly and resembled "an ordinary procedural crime show," Isler enjoyed the ending for " it all together and the previous 90% worthwhile". After watching the episode, MTV columnist Josh Wigler "declared fondness" for Joshua Jackson, stating the actor had "won over thanks to Peter's central role in these first few episodes of Fringe's" second season". Wigler continued that it was "an excellent mystery-of-the-week episode to be sure, though I'm really itching for more details on the alternate reality. Luckily, that's supposed to come next week with the return of Nimoy's William Bell, which makes tonight's less mythology-oriented outing easier to swallow. Plus, the end reveal with the Observer was pretty spicy, to say the least." References ^ a b c d e Murray, Noel (2009-10-01). "Fracture". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2011-05-02. ^ a b Anna Torv, Akiva Goldsman, J. J. Abrams, Jeff Pinkner, J. H. Wyman, Joshua Jackson, John Noble, Jasika Nicole, Josh Singer, Lance Reddick, Jeffrey Vlaming, David Wilcox (2010). "Beyond the Pattern: The Mythology of Fringe". Fringe: The Complete Second Season (DVD). Warner Bros. Television. ^ Isaza, Miguel (2010-07-28). "Bruce Tanis Special: Cutting Weird Things on "Fringe"". Designing Sound. Retrieved 2011-05-02. ^ "Stephen McHattie: Credits". TV Guide. Retrieved 2011-05-30. ^ "Kevin Corrigan: Credits". TV Guide. Retrieved 2011-05-30. ^ "Music from Fringe - Fracture". Heard On TV. Retrieved 2011-06-01. ^ TV.com staff. "Fracture" Episode Summary". TV.com. Retrieved 2011-05-02. ^ a b Stegall, Sarah (2009-10-02). "Medusa—Fringe's "Fracture"". SFScope. Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2011-06-01. ^ Gorman, Bill (2009-10-01). "TV Ratings Thursday: FlashForward, Grey's Anatomy stay strong; Private Practice opens big". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2011-03-11. ^ Blastr staff (2009-10-07). "Vampire, Fringe get big boost from DVR ratings". Blastr. Retrieved 2011-03-13. ^ a b Isler, Ramsey (2009-10-02). "Fringe: "Fracture" Review". IGN. Retrieved 2011-03-13. ^ a b Wigler, Josh (2009-10-01). "'Fringe' Episode 2.03: 'Fracture'". MTV. Retrieved 2011-06-01. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Fracture. "Fracture" at Fox "Fracture" at IMDb vteFringeEpisodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "The Same Old Story" "The Ghost Network" "The Arrival" "Power Hungry" "The Cure" "In Which We Meet Mr. Jones" "The Equation" "The Dreamscape" "Safe" "Bound" "The No-Brainer" "The Transformation" "Ability" "Inner Child" "Unleashed" "Bad Dreams" "Midnight" "The Road Not Taken" "There's More Than One of Everything" Season 2 "A New Day in the Old Town" "Night of Desirable Objects" "Fracture" "Momentum Deferred" "Dream Logic" "Earthling" "Of Human Action" "August" "Snakehead" "Grey Matters" "Unearthed" "Johari Window" "What Lies Below" "The Bishop Revival" "Jacksonville" "Peter" "Olivia. In the Lab. With the Revolver." "White Tulip" "The Man from the Other Side" "Brown Betty" "Northwest Passage" "Over There (Parts 1 & 2)" Season 3 "Olivia" "The Box" "The Plateau" "Do Shapeshifters Dream of Electric Sheep?" "Amber 31422" "6955 kHz" "The Abducted" "Entrada" "Marionette" "The Firefly" "Reciprocity" "Concentrate and Ask Again" "Immortality" "6B" "Subject 13" "Os" "Stowaway" "Bloodline" "Lysergic Acid Diethylamide" "6:02 AM EST" "The Last Sam Weiss" "The Day We Died" Season 4 "Neither Here nor There" "One Night in October" "Alone in the World" "Subject 9" "Novation" "And Those We've Left Behind" "Wallflower" "Back to Where You've Never Been" "Enemy of My Enemy" "Forced Perspective" "Making Angels" "Welcome to Westfield" "A Better Human Being" "The End of All Things" "A Short Story About Love" "Nothing As It Seems" "Everything in Its Right Place" "The Consultant" "Letters of Transit" "Worlds Apart" "Brave New World (Parts 1 & 2)" Season 5 "Transilience Thought Unifier Model-11" "In Absentia" "The Recordist" "The Bullet That Saved the World" "An Origin Story" "Through the Looking Glass and What Walter Found There" "Five-Twenty-Ten" "The Human Kind" "Black Blotter" "Anomaly XB-6783746" "The Boy Must Live" "Liberty" "An Enemy of Fate" Characters Olivia Dunham Peter Bishop Walter Bishop Astrid Farnsworth Lincoln Lee See also Awards and nominations Fringepedia Mythology (Massive Dynamic)

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The episode followed the Fringe team's investigation into a man who mysteriously hardens and then explodes, killing those around him. The case leads them to a secret government project and an AWOL colonel.The episode was written by David Wilcox, and was directed by Bryan Spicer. \"Fracture\" was the third of a four-episode plot arc called the \"gun arc\", which focused on Olivia's physical and mental recovery from the season premiere. It featured guest actors Kevin Corrigan and Stephen McHattie. \"Fracture\" first broadcast in the United States on October 1, 2009 on the Fox network to an estimated 6.21 million viewers. It received generally mixed reviews from critics.","title":"Fracture (Fringe)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Suburban Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban_Station"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"AWOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWOL"},{"link_name":"Stephen McHattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McHattie"}],"text":"In Philadelphia, an on-duty cop gets a call from a man he calls \"Colonel\" to pick up a briefcase at Suburban Station. As he does so, a nearby pulse causes electronics to gain static, and his body becomes hardened. He explodes, killing eleven people and injuring others with his hardened body parts. Initially thinking the explosion was caused by a bomb, the Fringe team arrives to investigate, and discover that instead of a bomb, the cop's body parts killed the others. A further autopsy reveals needle marks between the cop's toes, and they realize he was injecting some type of drug every day for at least a year.While Peter and Olivia interview his wife, Olivia gets sick with flashes of crossing to the parallel universe, and accidentally discovers the drugs the cop was injecting. The cop had served in Iraq a year previously, and was involved in a secret military experiment called \"Project Tin Man\". Peter tells them they can find the project's doctors, and he and Olivia travel to Iraq. Peter learns from an old acquaintance the identity of one of the Iraqi doctors; he tells them the project was meant to cure soldiers exposed to a fatal chemical, but it failed to work, instead turning remaining survivors into human bombs. An AWOL colonel, Raymond Gordon, was opposed to ending the project; Peter and Olivia suspect he is behind the cop's explosion, and caused the deaths by emitting a radio signal. They find a list of names from the experiment, the victim in the train station being one of them. They return to find the surviving members, and are able to prevent the next subject, Diane Burgess, from exploding after she is contacted by Gordon to take a briefcase at a train station. Peter and Olivia find Gordon (Stephen McHattie) at the station, and bring him into custody; the man suggests the bombs were intended to eliminate agents working for the Observer.In a side plot, Olivia and Sam Weiss continue to meet at the bowling alley, where he subjects her to seemingly menial tasks like tying her shoes and keeping score during games. Although initially finding their conversations useless, he cures Olivia's inability to walk without a cane by the end of the episode.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StephenMcHattie08TIFF.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen McHattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McHattie"},{"link_name":"David Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilcox_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Bryan Spicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Spicer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-1"},{"link_name":"Ashley Edward Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Edward_Miller"},{"link_name":"Zack Stentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_Stentz"},{"link_name":"premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_New_Day_in_the_Old_Town"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mythology-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Noble"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mythology-2"},{"link_name":"Stephen McHattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_McHattie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kevin Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Corrigan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Fracture\" featured the only guest appearance by actor Stephen McHattie.Co-executive producer David Wilcox wrote the episode, and filmmaker Bryan Spicer directed it.[1] According to producers Ashley Edward Miller and Zack Stentz, \"Fracture\" was the third episode in the \"gun arc\", which involved Olivia gradually recovering from the wounds sustained in the premiere enough to be able to wield a gun and fight the shapeshifters.[2]Sound editor Bruce Tanis explained the production of sound that went into the episode in an interview with Designing Sound:\"In 'Fracture', the villain has created a serum which several characters inject because of a type of post-hypnotic suggestion. He has invented a frequency generator which causes these people to crystallize and then explode. In one of the best scenes all season, Walter and Astrid are in the lab and, using a watermelon for their experiments, are able to determine the exact frequency that the villain’s generator operates on. It was something like 68.7 megacycles (I don’t recall exactly), so I used the signal generator plugin and created some tones that started out as 68.7 megacycles. They were simply low-frequency tones on their own so I processed them so that they warbled and chorused and were a bit more mysterious than the straight tone. It ended up being pretty subtle for television, but when Walter identifies the tone as a certain frequency, that’s what’s actually playing.\"[3]Actor John Noble noted that in the episode, \"We see [Olivia] broken down. And it's kind of frightening to see our heroine who's carried the series basically... Suddenly she can't move, she can't even load her gun\".[2] \"Fracture\" marked the first and only guest appearance by actor Stephen McHattie as Colonel Raymond Gordon,[1][4] as well as another appearance by previous guest actor Kevin Corrigan as Sam Weiss.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Hollies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-1"},{"link_name":"Roy Orbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Orbison"},{"link_name":"Les Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Paul"},{"link_name":"The Marshall Tucker Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Marshall_Tucker_Band"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"jigsaw puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigsaw_puzzle"},{"link_name":"glamour photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_photography"},{"link_name":"Playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy"},{"link_name":"calendars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfscope-8"}],"text":"The episode featured the song \"The Air That I Breathe\" by The Hollies,[1] as well as music from Roy Orbison, Les Paul, and The Marshall Tucker Band.[6] Olivia makes a reference to Star Wars when she says, \"Cut the Yoda crap and tell me what's happening to me\".[7] Peter mentions that his father taught him human reproduction using a jigsaw puzzle of \"Ms. July\", a reference to a glamour photography shot of an unknown Playboy model used in calendars to differentiate each month of the year.[1][8]","title":"Cultural references"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfscope-8"},{"link_name":"time shifted viewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_shifting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"The episode was initially watched by an estimated 6.21 million viewers in the United States, and scored a 2.3/6 rating share among viewers 18–49[9] and 3.7/6 for all households.[8] After time shifted viewing was taken into account, Fringe was among the shows with the biggest increase, as its 18–49 rating rose 30 percent to score 3.9.[10]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Onion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Onion"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avclub-1"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignreview-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ignreview-11"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvreview-12"},{"link_name":"Nimoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtvreview-12"}],"sub_title":"Reviews","text":"Reviews of the episode tended to be mixed. Noel Murray from The Onion's The A.V. Club graded the episode with a D+, writing that \"Unlike the previous two weeks’ episodes, which juggled a number of storylines and locations and generated a real sense of Fringe’s expanding milieu, 'Fracture' is so curtailed that it almost feels like it was made for the Fox accountants. The cast is small, the sets are few, and not much happens. The plot’s practically twist-free, until the very end. Large chunks of the episode are given over to Peter talking to Walter about finding a new place for them to live, and Walter trying to learn more about Astrid—and really not discovering much, except that she doesn’t like it when he experiments on fruit. So Astrid’s underused yet again, even in an episode where she gets a lot of lines... The story's too simple and the acting too broad, and yet the episode still felt choppy, as though the Fringe creative team had to scramble to fix 'Fracture' in post.\"[1]Conversely, IGN's Ramsey Isler viewed the episode more positively, and rated it 7.9/10. He explained it \"deserves praise for doing a lot of things well,\" and lauded the actors' performances, the props, the direction, and cinematography.[11] Despite however finding Walter less entertaining than the previous season, and believing the first half of the episode moved too slowly and resembled \"an ordinary procedural crime show,\" Isler enjoyed the ending for \"[bringing] it all together and [making] the previous 90% worthwhile\".[11] After watching the episode, MTV columnist Josh Wigler \"declared [his] fondness\" for Joshua Jackson, stating the actor had \"won [him] over thanks to Peter's central role in these first few episodes of Fringe's\" second season\".[12] Wigler continued that it was \"an excellent mystery-of-the-week episode to be sure, though I'm really itching for more details on the alternate reality. Luckily, that's supposed to come next week with the return of Nimoy's William Bell, which makes tonight's less mythology-oriented outing easier to swallow. Plus, the end reveal with the Observer was pretty spicy, to say the least.\"[12]","title":"Reception"}]

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Retrieved 2011-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/stephen-mchattie/credits/175343","url_text":"\"Stephen McHattie: Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Corrigan: Credits\". TV Guide. Retrieved 2011-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/kevin-corrigan/credits/160570","url_text":"\"Kevin Corrigan: Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"Music from Fringe - Fracture\". Heard On TV. Retrieved 2011-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://heardontv.com/tvshow/Fringe/Season+2/Fracture","url_text":"\"Music from Fringe - Fracture\""}]},{"reference":"TV.com staff. \"Fracture\" Episode Summary\". TV.com. Retrieved 2011-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com","url_text":"TV.com"},{"url":"http://www.tv.com/fringe/fracture/episode/1296507/summary.html","url_text":"\"Fracture\" Episode Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV.com","url_text":"TV.com"}]},{"reference":"Stegall, Sarah (2009-10-02). \"Medusa—Fringe's \"Fracture\"\". SFScope. Archived from the original on 2010-11-29. Retrieved 2011-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129061005/http://sfscope.com/2009/10/medusafringes-fracture.html","url_text":"\"Medusa—Fringe's \"Fracture\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFScope","url_text":"SFScope"},{"url":"http://sfscope.com/2009/10/medusafringes-fracture.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gorman, Bill (2009-10-01). \"TV Ratings Thursday: FlashForward, Grey's Anatomy stay strong; Private Practice opens big\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on 2011-04-20. Retrieved 2011-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110420222519/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/10/02/tv-ratings-thursday-abc-wins-flashforward-greys-anatomy-stay-strong-private-practice-opens-big/29263","url_text":"\"TV Ratings Thursday: FlashForward, Grey's Anatomy stay strong; Private Practice opens big\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.com/2009/10/02/tv-ratings-thursday-abc-wins-flashforward-greys-anatomy-stay-strong-private-practice-opens-big/29263","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Blastr staff (2009-10-07). \"Vampire, Fringe get big boost from DVR ratings\". Blastr. Retrieved 2011-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastr","url_text":"Blastr"},{"url":"http://blastr.com/2009/10/vampire-fringe-get-big-bo.php","url_text":"\"Vampire, Fringe get big boost from DVR ratings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastr","url_text":"Blastr"}]},{"reference":"Isler, Ramsey (2009-10-02). \"Fringe: \"Fracture\" Review\". IGN. Retrieved 2011-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://tv.ign.com/articles/103/1030776p1.html","url_text":"\"Fringe: \"Fracture\" Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Wigler, Josh (2009-10-01). \"'Fringe' Episode 2.03: 'Fracture'\". MTV. Retrieved 2011-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/10/01/fringe-episode-203-fracture/","url_text":"\"'Fringe' Episode 2.03: 'Fracture'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_MN12_platform

Ford MN12 platform

["1 Development","2 Overview","2.1 Suspension","3 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ford MN12 platform" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Motor vehicle platform Ford MN12 platform1989 Ford Thunderbird SC (Super Coupe)OverviewManufacturerFord Motor CompanyAlso calledFN10 platform (Lincoln Mark VIII)Production1988–1997AssemblyLorain, Ohio (Lorain Assembly) Wixom, Michigan (Wixom Assembly)Body and chassisClassPersonal luxury coupeGrand touring luxury coupeLayoutFR layoutBody style(s)2-door coupeVehiclesFord Thunderbird (tenth generation)Mercury Cougar (seventh generation)Lincoln Mark VIIIPowertrainEngine(s)3.8 L (232 cu in) Essex V64.9 L (302 cu in) Windsor V84.6 L (281 cu in) Modular V8DimensionsWheelbase2,870 mm (113 in) The Ford MN12 platform (Mid-size North America, Corporate Program #12) is a car platform that was used by the Ford Motor Company from 1988 to 1997 for the 1989–1997 model year Ford Thunderbird and Mercury Cougar two-door personal luxury cars. A variant of this platform, known as the FN10 (Lincoln, North American, corporate Program #10), was used for the 1993–1998 model year Lincoln Mark VIII from 1992 to 1998. Each car based on this platform had a front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout with an independent rear suspension. Development 1996-1997 Mercury Cougar The roots of the MN12 program began in 1984 when Ford sought to build on the success of the then-current, Fox body-based Thunderbird and Cougar. Going beyond unique styling, Ford wanted to produce a Thunderbird and Cougar that could compete with more sophisticated and higher performing cars from European automakers such as BMW. To accomplish this, Ford needed to develop a new platform since the existing Fox platform couldn't satisfy the requirements of the MN12 program. Heading the program was Anthony "Tony" S. Kuchta, who was appointed to the position by Ford management in 1986, when formal production program began. Kuchta decided to retain a rear-wheel drive layout for the MN12 platform as a basis for delivering better road performance, as opposed to following the Thunderbird and Cougars' front-wheel drive-based rivals from General Motors, such as the Pontiac Grand Prix and Buick Regal. Kuchta also approved an independent rear suspension for the MN12 platform, something that would make the Thunderbird and Cougar the only rear-drive domestic cars other than the Chevrolet Corvette (and the later Dodge Viper RT/10) to feature this. Ford engineers working on the MN12 program also explored the use of all-wheel drive for the platform with Ford going so far as paying German automaker Porsche to study the feasibility of its use, but Kuchta ultimately decided against it out of cost concerns. Overview 1998 Lincoln Mark VIII LSC MN12 cars had a 113" wheelbase and were available with a 3.8L V6 engine, a 3.8L V6 supercharged engine from 1988 to 1995 (1988-1990 in Cougar), a 5.0L V8 engine from 1991 to 1993, and a 4.6L V8 engine from 1994 to 1997. A 4.6L DOHC V8 engine was used for the FN10 platform Lincoln Mark VIII from 1993 to 1998. Suspension The front suspension consists of upper and lower control arms with coilover shocks. A common misconception with this platform is that the front end has struts; however, since there is an upper control arm they are actually coilover shocks. Brakes were a vented rotor / single-piston caliper with Sport model Thunderbirds receiving a larger diameter rotor. The rear suspension consisted of upper and lower control arms with coil spring and shock. Varying sway bar diameters were used among the different models of Cougar and Thunderbird. All MN12 cars shipped from the factory with a 5 x 4.25" (5x108mm) lugnut bolt pattern. References ^ "What is MN12?". Thunderbird & Cougar Club of America. ^ Holloway, Charles A.; Bowen, Professor H. Kent; Clark, Kim B.; Wheelwright, Steven C. (1994). The Perpetual Enterprise Machine: Seven Keys to Corporate Renewal Through Successful Product and Process Development. ISBN 9780195080520. ^ Ingrassia, Paul; White, Joseph B. (18 October 1995). Comeback: The Fall & Rise of the American Automobile Industry. Simon & Schuster. p. 212–216. ISBN 978-0684804378. vteFord platformsFord Motor CompanySubcompact carsCurrent B3 Historic B Mazda DA Compact carsCurrent C1 C2 GE1 Historic CE14 Mazda B C170 Mid-size carsCurrent CD4 Historic Fox D186 CDW27 Mazda G CD3 EUCD DEW Ford DE-1 Platform Full-size carsHistoric Full-size Ford 1949 Ford 1952 Ford 1957 Ford 1960 Ford 1965 Ford 1969 Ford Panther D3 EA26 EA169 E8 Ford DE-1 Platform Other carsCurrent S650 (pony car) Historic FN10/MN12 (personal luxury car) SN-95 (pony car) D2C/S197 (pony car) S550 (pony car) Trucks/SUVs/crossovers/VansCurrent CD6 (SUV) T3 (full-size SUV, pickup) V363N (full-size van) V227 (compact MPV) Historic CD2 (compact CUV) D4 (full-size CUV and mid-size Crossover SUV) P2/P3 (full-size pickup) E265 (mid-size CUV) T1 (full-size SUV) U2 (mid-size ]) V (front-wheel drive minivan) VN1 (rear/AWD mid-size van) VN (full-size van) Mazda S (minivan) Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mn12plat-1"},{"link_name":"Ford Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Ford Thunderbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Thunderbird"},{"link_name":"Mercury Cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Cougar"},{"link_name":"personal luxury cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_luxury_car"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Mark VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Mark_VIII"},{"link_name":"front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR_layout"},{"link_name":"independent rear suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_suspension"}],"text":"Motor vehicle platformThe Ford MN12 platform (Mid-size North America, Corporate Program #12)[1] is a car platform that was used by the Ford Motor Company from 1988 to 1997 for the 1989–1997 model year Ford Thunderbird and Mercury Cougar two-door personal luxury cars. A variant of this platform, known as the FN10 (Lincoln, North American, corporate Program #10), was used for the 1993–1998 model year Lincoln Mark VIII from 1992 to 1998. Each car based on this platform had a front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout with an independent rear suspension.","title":"Ford MN12 platform"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%2795-%2797_Mercury_Cougar.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fox body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fox_platform"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"front-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Pontiac Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontiac_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Buick Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buick_Regal"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette"},{"link_name":"Dodge Viper RT/10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Viper"},{"link_name":"all-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comebackbook-3"}],"text":"1996-1997 Mercury CougarThe roots of the MN12 program began in 1984[2] when Ford sought to build on the success of the then-current, Fox body-based Thunderbird and Cougar. Going beyond unique styling, Ford wanted to produce a Thunderbird and Cougar that could compete with more sophisticated and higher performing cars from European automakers such as BMW. To accomplish this, Ford needed to develop a new platform since the existing Fox platform couldn't satisfy the requirements of the MN12 program.Heading the program was Anthony \"Tony\" S. Kuchta, who was appointed to the position by Ford management in 1986, when formal production program began. Kuchta decided to retain a rear-wheel drive layout for the MN12 platform as a basis for delivering better road performance, as opposed to following the Thunderbird and Cougars' front-wheel drive-based rivals from General Motors, such as the Pontiac Grand Prix and Buick Regal. Kuchta also approved an independent rear suspension for the MN12 platform, something that would make the Thunderbird and Cougar the only rear-drive domestic cars other than the Chevrolet Corvette (and the later Dodge Viper RT/10) to feature this.Ford engineers working on the MN12 program also explored the use of all-wheel drive for the platform with Ford going so far as paying German automaker Porsche to study the feasibility of its use, but Kuchta ultimately decided against it out of cost concerns.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1998_Lincoln_Mark_VIII_LSC_in_red,_rear_left.jpg"}],"text":"1998 Lincoln Mark VIII LSCMN12 cars had a 113\" wheelbase and were available with a 3.8L V6 engine, a 3.8L V6 supercharged engine from 1988 to 1995 (1988-1990 in Cougar), a 5.0L V8 engine from 1991 to 1993, and a 4.6L V8 engine from 1994 to 1997. A 4.6L DOHC V8 engine was used for the FN10 platform Lincoln Mark VIII from 1993 to 1998.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Suspension","text":"The front suspension consists of upper and lower control arms with coilover shocks. A common misconception with this platform is that the front end has struts; however, since there is an upper control arm they are actually coilover shocks. Brakes were a vented rotor / single-piston caliper with Sport model Thunderbirds receiving a larger diameter rotor. The rear suspension consisted of upper and lower control arms with coil spring and shock. Varying sway bar diameters were used among the different models of Cougar and Thunderbird. All MN12 cars shipped from the factory with a 5 x 4.25\" (5x108mm) lugnut bolt pattern.","title":"Overview"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibertel

Fibertel

["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]

FibertelCompany typePrivateIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded1997 (1997)DefunctOctober 4, 2021 (2021-10-04)Area servedArgentina (65 cities),ServicesInternet service provider by cable modemOwnerTelecom ArgentinaNumber of employees8,400 Fibertel was an Argentine Internet service provider. It worked as a stand-alone organization until 2003, when it was merged with Cablevisión, a cable television provider. Cablevisión was part of the Grupo Clarín, thus Fibertel became part of it. Fibertel has over a million clients, and it is the third ISP of the country. In 2018, Cablevisión, including Fibertel, merged with Telecom Argentina. History Fibertel started working in 1997, giving service of cable modem. This gave it an edge over contemporary ISP, many of which provided Dial-up Internet access. It was bought in 2003 by Cablevisión, a cable television provider. Cablevisión would be bought later by the Grupo Clarín. References ^ a b According to official communicate of the company, on video. ^ a b El Gobierno busca prohibir Fibertel y beneficiar a las telefónicas (in Spanish) ^ "Cablevisión-Telecom merger becomes effective in Argentina | NexTV News". nextvnews.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-08. ^ Fibertel - Nuestra historia Archived 2010-07-30 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) External links Official website (archived) vteClarín GroupPublishing Clarín Olé Papel Prensa Telecommunications Pol-ka Radio Mitre Telecom Flow Personal Fibertel TN El Trece Internacional TyC Sports People Roberto Noble Ernestina Herrera de Noble Héctor Magnetto Related topics Clarín Awards Conflict between Kirchnerism and the media This Argentina corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Internet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Singer

Walt Singer

["1 Early years","2 College","3 NFL","4 World War II","5 Death and legacy","6 References","7 External links"]

American football player (1911–1992) Walt SingerBornWalter Wallace SingerDecember 6, 1911Jersey City, New Jersey, USDiedFebruary 5, 1992(1992-02-05) (aged 80)EducationSyracuse UniversityOccupation(s)College football playerProfessional football playerKnown forSub-novice Intercollegiate boxing heavyweight championHit pivotal home run in the North African World SeriesHeight6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Relativesidentical twin brother, MiltonAwardsThe Star Ledger All-New Jersey 1930's honorable mention (high school)Hudson County Sports Hall of Fame Walter Wallace Singer (December 6, 1911 – February 5, 1992) was an American college football player at Syracuse University, and a professional football player in the National Football League for the New York Giants. He was also a sub-novice Intercollegiate boxing heavyweight champion, and hit a pivotal home run in the 1943 North African World Series to lead the Casablanca Yankees to victory over the Algiers Street Walkers. Early years Singer was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, on December 6, 1911, and was Jewish. He had an identical twin brother, Milton. Singer attended William L. Dickinson High School in Jersey City. In 1930 he (as an end, and achieving First-Team All-State football honors) and his brother (at running back, and achieving honorable mention for All-State football player honors) led the Dickinson football team to a 9–0 record as it became the second-ever Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association champion. He also played baseball for the high school team, as a catcher, alongside his brother, who was an All-State first baseman. College Singer attended Syracuse University, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity. He played end for the Syracuse Orangemen football team for three seasons, from 1932 to 1934, alongside his brother, who was the team's starting center. In 1933 Singer received the AP All-East honorable mention. In 1934 he was named First Team by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, at left end. His brother Milton, at center, was also named First Team. He and his brother also played baseball for Syracuse in 1933. Additionally, he boxed, winning the sub-novice Intercollegiate boxing heavyweight championship in 1933. He quit that sport on the insistence of his football coach. NFL Singer played offensive end and defensive end for the New York Giants in the NFL in 1935 – the year that the Giants won the NFL East – and in 1936. He then went to the Jersey City Giants football team as player-coach, until he was drafted during World War II. In 1936 he also served as the athletic director of the Jersey City Community Center. World War II As a private in the US Army, Singer tried out at Fort Dix, New Jersey, for the 44th Infantry Division baseball team in April 1941. In April 1943, he was a lieutenant stationed in Africa. He played in the North African World Series, a best two-out-of-three-game baseball championship played on October 3 and 4, 1943 in Algiers, Algeria, between the Casablanca Yankees and the Algiers Streetwalkers, drawn from the ranks of American soldiers and sailors stationed in North Africa during World War II. Singer, the only officer in the games, was the manager and first baseman for Casablanca. He hit a pivotal home run in the second game of the series – the only home run in the games – to carry the Casablanca Yankees to victory over the Algiers Street Walkers. Singer ultimately reached the rank of major. Death and legacy Singer died on February 5, 1992, at the age of 80. In 1999, Singer received The Star Ledger's All-New Jersey 1930's honorable mention (high school). In 2000, he was inducted into the Hudson County Sports Hall of Fame. References ^ a b c d "Walt Singer NFL Football Statistics". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g "Singer, Walt". Jewsinsports.org. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ a b c "Football Scores". Abilene Reporter-News. September 11, 1942. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Walt Singer Past Stats, Statistics, History, and Awards". databaseFootball.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ Jim Hague (October 14, 2007). "Moments of Gridiron Greatness; The history of football in Jersey City". Hudson Reporter. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ a b c d e "Milton Singer – Class of 2000". Hudson County Sports Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on December 2, 2013. Retrieved November 8, 2013. ^ "Class of 1935, Page 194". Syracuse University – Onondagan Yearbook (Syracuse, NY). Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "The First Team". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. November 27, 1934. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Tony Balash to Box for Orange" (PDF). Auburn Citizen. February 7, 1933. Retrieved November 8, 2013. ^ "Herman Is Favored to Beat Nelson; Watch Novices Show Boxing Skill; Singer Cody Davis and Home Capture Campus Title". Syracuse Herald. December 18, 1932. Retrieved November 8, 2013. ^ Joseph S. Page (2010). Pro Football Championships Before the Super Bowl: A Year-by-Year History, 1926–1965. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786457854. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Strictly Confidential". Ohio Jewish Chronicle. April 10, 1936. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Timeline 1941". Baseball in Wartime. October 1, 1940. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "In the Wake Of the News". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 16, 1943. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ a b c "The Yankees" Win North Africa, Too" (PDF). Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ Wanda Ellen Wakefield (1997). Playing to Win: Sports and the American Military, 1898–1945. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791433140. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Service Dept". Lawrence Journal-World. November 18, 1943. Retrieved November 7, 2013. External links Career statistics and player information from NFL.com · Pro Football Reference databasefootball.com bio

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Dickinson High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Dickinson_High_School"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_County_Interscholastic_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame-6"},{"link_name":"catcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catcher"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame-6"}],"text":"Singer was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, on December 6, 1911, and was Jewish.[1][2] He had an identical twin brother, Milton.[2][3]Singer attended William L. Dickinson High School in Jersey City.[4] In 1930 he (as an end, and achieving First-Team All-State football honors) and his brother (at running back, and achieving honorable mention for All-State football player honors) led the Dickinson football team to a 9–0 record as it became the second-ever Hudson County Interscholastic Athletic Association champion.[5][6] He also played baseball for the high school team, as a catcher, alongside his brother, who was an All-State first baseman.[6]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sigma Alpha Mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pro-football-reference1-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Orangemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Orangemen"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsinsports1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsinsports1-2"},{"link_name":"Jewish Telegraphic Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsinsports1-2"},{"link_name":"heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newspapers1-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Singer attended Syracuse University, where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity.[1][7] He played end for the Syracuse Orangemen football team for three seasons, from 1932 to 1934, alongside his brother, who was the team's starting center.[2][6] In 1933 Singer received the AP All-East honorable mention.[2] In 1934 he was named First Team by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency, at left end. His brother Milton, at center, was also named First Team.[8]He and his brother also played baseball for Syracuse in 1933.[2] Additionally, he boxed, winning the sub-novice Intercollegiate boxing heavyweight championship in 1933. He quit that sport on the insistence of his football coach.[3][9][10]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NFL East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_and_Western_Conferences_(NFL)_1933%E2%80%9369"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pro-football-reference1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsinsports1-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"player-coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newspapers1-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Singer played offensive end and defensive end for the New York Giants in the NFL in 1935 – the year that the Giants won the NFL East – and in 1936.[1][2][11] He then went to the Jersey City Giants football team as player-coach, until he was drafted during World War II. In 1936 he also served as the athletic director of the Jersey City Community Center.[3][12]","title":"NFL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Fort Dix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dix"},{"link_name":"44th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Algiers, Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googleusercontent19-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google1-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googleusercontent19-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-googleusercontent19-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame-6"}],"text":"As a private in the US Army, Singer tried out at Fort Dix, New Jersey, for the 44th Infantry Division baseball team in April 1941.[13] In April 1943, he was a lieutenant stationed in Africa.[14] He played in the North African World Series, a best two-out-of-three-game baseball championship played on October 3 and 4, 1943 in Algiers, Algeria, between the Casablanca Yankees and the Algiers Streetwalkers, drawn from the ranks of American soldiers and sailors stationed in North Africa during World War II.[15][16] Singer, the only officer in the games,[15] was the manager and first baseman for Casablanca. He hit a pivotal home run in the second game of the series – the only home run in the games – to carry the Casablanca Yankees to victory over the Algiers Street Walkers.[15][17] Singer ultimately reached the rank of major.[6]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Star Ledger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Star_Ledger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewsinsports1-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halloffame-6"}],"text":"Singer died on February 5, 1992, at the age of 80.In 1999, Singer received The Star Ledger's All-New Jersey 1930's honorable mention (high school).[2] In 2000, he was inducted into the Hudson County Sports Hall of Fame.[6]","title":"Death and legacy"}]

[]

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Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jysqjoco9rsC&q=%22walter+singer%22+nfl&pg=PA33","url_text":"Pro Football Championships Before the Super Bowl: A Year-by-Year History, 1926–1965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786457854","url_text":"978-0786457854"}]},{"reference":"\"Strictly Confidential\". Ohio Jewish Chronicle. April 10, 1936. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohiomemory.org/cdm/ref/collection/ojc/id/7015","url_text":"\"Strictly Confidential\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timeline 1941\". Baseball in Wartime. October 1, 1940. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.baseballinwartime.com/timeline/timeline_1941.htm","url_text":"\"Timeline 1941\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the Wake Of the News\". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 16, 1943. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/10347616/","url_text":"\"In the Wake Of the News\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Yankees\" Win North Africa, Too\" (PDF). Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmira-ny.com/radio/Yank431105-pg19.pdf","url_text":"\"The Yankees\" Win North Africa, Too\""}]},{"reference":"Wanda Ellen Wakefield (1997). Playing to Win: Sports and the American Military, 1898–1945. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791433140. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn72ufQc9KAC&q=%22Casablanca+Yankees%22&pg=PA88","url_text":"Playing to Win: Sports and the American Military, 1898–1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791433140","url_text":"9780791433140"}]},{"reference":"\"Service Dept\". Lawrence Journal-World. November 18, 1943. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LzRdAAAAIBAJ&pg=2105,4522511&dq=walt-singer+boxing&hl=en","url_text":"\"Service Dept\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Duncan_(musician)

Wayne Duncan (musician)

["1 Early years to the Rondells","2 Sons of the Vegetal Mother to Daddy Cool","3 Awards and nominations","3.1 Go-Set Pop Poll","4 References"]

Australian musician This article is about the musician. For the fictional character, see Wayne Duncan. Wayne DuncanBirth nameWayne Ian DuncanBorn(1944-05-31)31 May 1944Preston, Victoria, AustraliaDied4 December 2016(2016-12-04) (aged 72)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaGenresRock and rollprogressive rockOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Bass guitarbacking vocalsYears active1959–2016Formerly of The Rondells Sons of the Vegetal Mother Daddy Cool Gary Young's Hot Dog Jane Clifton and the Go Go Boys the Black Sorrows the Hornets Musical artist Wayne Ian Duncan (31 May 1944 – 4 December 2016) was an Australian rock musician. In 1970 he was a founding member of the doo-wop band, Daddy Cool, providing bass guitar and backing vocals. They were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2006. During his career he had also been a member of the Rondells, Sons of the Vegetal Mother, Gary Young's Hot Dog, Jane Clifton and the Go Go Boys, the Black Sorrows, and the Hornets. In late November 2016 Duncan had a stroke and died a week later, he was survived by his domestic partner, Anne, and by two children. According to Australian music journalist, Ian McFarlane, "Duncan was never a sedate bassist. One only has to listen to some of the latter-day DC material... to hear how inventive his playing could be." Early years to the Rondells Main article: The Rondells Wayne Ian Duncan was born on 31 May 1944 and grew up in Preston, a Melbourne suburb, as one of six children. Duncan left Northcote High School, aged 15, to work as a copy boy for a newspaper. He learned to play bass guitar and, from 1959, periodically performed in instrumental groups including the Ramrods and then the Lincolns. Duncan and Gary Young (drums, vocals) were the rhythm section of numerous Melbourne-based bands from 1963. They first worked together when Duncan joined Young in the Lincolns, replacing Ian Allen on bass guitar, alongside Gil Matthews on guitar, Ed Nantes on guitar and Roger Treble on lead guitar. Duncan had been taught bass guitar by Allen. The Lincolns added a singer, Bob Johnson, when beat music broke through in 1964. The Lincolns changed their name to the Rondells whenever they backed Bobby & Laurie, a popular singing duo of Bobby Bright and Laurie Allen. The touring version of the Rondells in 1965 were Duncan, Treble and Young joined by John Sullivan on rhythm guitar who was later replaced by Barry Rodgers. Bobby & Laurie, backed by the Rondells, had a No. 1 hit, with their cover version of Roger Miller's "Hitch Hiker", in May 1966. The Rondells also backed other artists: Bobby Knight, Lynne Randell, Buddy England, Billy Adams and Bobby Shore. In February 1967, following the split of Bobby & Laurie, Allen formed a soul music group, Dice, later renamed the Laurie Allen Revue. The line-up included Duncan and Young, with Barry Rogers, Phil Manning on guitar and backing singers, sisters Glenys and Colleen Hewett. The Revue released three singles on Festival Records – "Beautiful Brown Eyes" (August 1967), "Any Little Bit" (April 1968) and "As Long As I Got You" (June 1968). Sons of the Vegetal Mother to Daddy Cool Main articles: Sons of the Vegetal Mother and Daddy Cool Duncan and Young formed a progressive rock group, Sons of the Vegetal Mother in late 1969 with Ross Hannaford on lead vocals and lead guitar, and Ross Wilson on lead vocals, harmonica and rhythm guitar. It had an experimental sound and a floating line-up of auxiliary members. They included: Mike Rudd (later in Spectrum) (bass guitar), Trevor Griffin (piano), Jeremy Kellock (Jeremy Noone) (tenor sax), Tim Partridge (bass guitar), Ian Wallace (alto sax), Simon Wettenhall (trumpet) and Bruce Woodcock (tenor sax). As a side project of the Sons of the Vegetal Mother, Duncan, Hannaford, Wilson and Young formed Daddy Cool in 1970. In May 1971 Rosemary Fairbarn of The Canberra Times caught their performance and observed, "With a sound so together and free of mind-blasting, complicated pieces, its rhythm arousing the dancers and its non-association with rockie back-jazz... their harmony is the zinging powerful force behind their simple rock and roll beat." According to Australian music journalist, Ian McFarlane, "Duncan and Young comprised the tightest rhythm section of the day, with Duncan's melodic, yet always 'in the pocket', bass lines as the solid pulse for the whole... Duncan was never a sedate bassist. One only has to listen to some of the latter-day DC material, such as 'Hi Honey Ho', 'Daddy Rocks Off', 'Teenage Blues', 'Teen Love/Drive-In Movie/Love in a F.J.' or 'Make Your Stash', to hear how inventive his playing could be." The group were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2006. During his career Duncan had also been a member of Gary Young's Hot Dog, Jane Clifton and the Go Go Boys, the Black Sorrows, and the Hornets. Daddy Cool, with Duncan, Hannaford, Wilson and Young, reformed in 2005, released a single in February of that year and play at a benefit concert for victims of the 2004 tsunami at the Myer Music Bowl, Melbourne. A new Daddy Cool recording, "The Christmas Bug", was released for charity. A new Daddy Cool album, The New Cool was released in 2007 on Liberation Records. Duncan died in December 2016 and was survived by his partner, Anne, and two children. McFarlane observed, "It was reported that he had suffered a stroke last week from which he never recovered". Awards and nominations Go-Set Pop Poll The Go-Set Pop Poll was coordinated by teen-oriented pop music newspaper, Go-Set and was established in February 1966 and conducted an annual poll during 1966 to 1972 of its readers to determine the most popular personalities. Year Nominee / work Award Result 1971 himself Best Bass Guitarist 3rd References ^ "The Ryerson Index". Ryerson Index Inc. Retrieved 8 June 2019.. Note: User must add 'Duncan' into the Surname search parameter and 'Wayne' into the Any Given Name(s) parameter. ^ "Bass player's rolling lines provided the pulse behind some of Australia's greatest bands". The Age. Fairfax Media. 19 December 2016. p. 29. ISSN 0312-6307. ^ a b c d e Horne, Craig (28 December 2016). "'Come Back Again' – Daddy Cool, feat. Wayne Duncan, bass". Rest in Peace. Retrieved 8 June 2019. ^ a b c d e f g Gary Young: McFarlane, Ian (31 March 2017). "Encyclopedia entry for 'Gary Young'". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press (published 2017). pp. 527–529. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3. Bobby & Laurie: McFarlane, Ian (31 March 2017). "Encyclopedia entry for 'Bobby and Laurie'". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press (published 2017). p. 56. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3. Daddy Cool: McFarlane, Ian (31 March 2017). "Encyclopedia entry for 'Bobby and Laurie'". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press (published 2017). pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Daddy Cool: Kimball, Duncan (2007). "Daddy Cool". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2019. Bobby & Laurie: Kimball, Duncan (2002). "Bobby & Laurie". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2019. Sons of the Vegetal Mother: Kimball, Duncan (2002). "Sons of the Vegetal Mother". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2019. ^ a b c d e f Donovan, Patrick (19 February 2005). "Grandaddies of Oz rock are still cool". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 8 June 2019. ^ a b Hewitt, Karen. "Remembering Daddy Cool". National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA). Retrieved 9 June 2019. ^ Nuttall, Lyn. "'Hitch Hiker' – Bobby and Laurie (1966)". Where did they get that song?. PopArchives – Sources of Australian Pop Records from the 50s, 60s and 70s (Lyn Nuttall). Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ Nimmervoll, Ed. "Daddy Cool". Howlspace – The Living History of Our Music (Ed Nimmervoll). White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ Rudd, Mike; Putt, Bill. "Mike Rudd & Bill Putt's history page: The Party Machine and The Sons of the Vegetal Mother storie". mikeruddbillputtcom. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ a b c Holmgren, Magnus. "Daddy Cool". Passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ "Pop group plays for enjoyment and fun". The Canberra Times. Vol. 45, no. 12, 814. 19 May 1971. p. 25. Retrieved 11 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b McFarlane, Ian (6 December 2016). Brian Wise (ed.). "Vale Wayne Duncan (1944–4 December 2016)". Addicted to Noise. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ "ARIA presents the 2006 ARIA Hall of Fame". ARIA. 2006. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ "ARIA Awards 2007: About Hall of Fame". ARIA Awards. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ Elder, John (30 January 2005). "Hot rock plays it Daddy Cool". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ "Daddy Cool bio". Daddy Cool Official website. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2019. ^ Boulton, Martin (5 December 2016n). "Daddy Cool bass player Wayne Duncan dead, aged 72". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 11 June 2019. ^ "Australian Music Awards". Ron Jeff. Retrieved 16 December 2010. vteDaddy Cool Ross Wilson Gary Young Wayne Duncan Ross Hannaford Wayne Burt Gunther Gorman Jeremy Noone Ian "Willy" Winter Albums Daddy Who? Daddy Cool (1971) Sex, Dope, Rock'n'Roll: Teenage Heaven (1972) The New Cool (2006) Singles "Eagle Rock" "Come Back Again" "Duke of Earl" "The Ballad of Oz" Compilations Daddy's Coolest Related articles Mondo Rock Mighty Kong Sparmac Skyhooks Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

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Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy_Cool_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimball-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-11"},{"link_name":"The Canberra Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fairbairn-12"},{"link_name":"Ian McFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_2-13"},{"link_name":"ARIA Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIA_2006-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoF-15"},{"link_name":"Gary Young's Hot Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Young_(Australian_musician)"},{"link_name":"Jane Clifton and the Go Go Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Clifton"},{"link_name":"the Black Sorrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Sorrows"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horne-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-11"},{"link_name":"2004 tsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Myer Music Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myer_Music_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donovan-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elder-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bio_2008-17"},{"link_name":"The New Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Cool"},{"link_name":"Liberation Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmgren-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Horne-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boulton-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane_2-13"}],"text":"Duncan and Young formed a progressive rock group, Sons of the Vegetal Mother in late 1969 with Ross Hannaford on lead vocals and lead guitar, and Ross Wilson on lead vocals, harmonica and rhythm guitar.[4][6][9] It had an experimental sound and a floating line-up of auxiliary members.[5][10] They included: Mike Rudd (later in Spectrum) (bass guitar), Trevor Griffin (piano), Jeremy Kellock (Jeremy Noone) (tenor sax), Tim Partridge (bass guitar), Ian Wallace (alto sax), Simon Wettenhall (trumpet) and Bruce Woodcock (tenor sax).[5]As a side project of the Sons of the Vegetal Mother, Duncan, Hannaford, Wilson and Young formed Daddy Cool in 1970.[4][5][11] In May 1971 Rosemary Fairbarn of The Canberra Times caught their performance and observed, \"With a sound so together and free of mind-blasting, complicated pieces, its rhythm arousing the dancers and its non-association with rockie back-jazz... their harmony is the zinging powerful force behind their simple rock and roll beat.\"[12]According to Australian music journalist, Ian McFarlane, \"Duncan and Young comprised the tightest rhythm section of the day, with Duncan's melodic, yet always 'in the pocket', bass lines as the solid pulse for the whole... Duncan was never a sedate bassist. One only has to listen to some of the latter-day DC material, such as 'Hi Honey Ho', 'Daddy Rocks Off', 'Teenage Blues', 'Teen Love/Drive-In Movie/Love in a F.J.' or 'Make Your Stash', to hear how inventive his playing could be.\"[13] The group were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2006.[14][15]During his career Duncan had also been a member of Gary Young's Hot Dog, Jane Clifton and the Go Go Boys, the Black Sorrows, and the Hornets.[3][4][11] Daddy Cool, with Duncan, Hannaford, Wilson and Young, reformed in 2005, released a single in February of that year and play at a benefit concert for victims of the 2004 tsunami at the Myer Music Bowl, Melbourne.[6][16] A new Daddy Cool recording, \"The Christmas Bug\", was released for charity.[17] A new Daddy Cool album, The New Cool was released in 2007 on Liberation Records.[11]Duncan died in December 2016 and was survived by his partner, Anne, and two children.[3][18] McFarlane observed, \"It was reported that he had suffered a stroke last week from which he never recovered\".[13]","title":"Sons of the Vegetal Mother to Daddy Cool"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Go-Set Pop Poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_pop_music_awards#1966%E2%80%931972:Go-Set_pop_poll_results"},{"link_name":"Go-Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-Set"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Top40TV-19"}],"sub_title":"Go-Set Pop Poll","text":"The Go-Set Pop Poll was coordinated by teen-oriented pop music newspaper, Go-Set and was established in February 1966 and conducted an annual poll during 1966 to 1972 of its readers to determine the most popular personalities.[19]","title":"Awards and nominations"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"The Ryerson Index\". Ryerson Index Inc. Retrieved 8 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ryersonindex.net/search.php","url_text":"\"The Ryerson Index\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryerson_Index","url_text":"Ryerson Index Inc"}]},{"reference":"\"Bass player's rolling lines provided the pulse behind some of Australia's greatest bands\". The Age. Fairfax Media. 19 December 2016. p. 29. ISSN 0312-6307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0312-6307","url_text":"0312-6307"}]},{"reference":"Horne, Craig (28 December 2016). \"'Come Back Again' – Daddy Cool, feat. Wayne Duncan, bass\". Rest in Peace. Retrieved 8 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.godsjukebox.com/Rest_In_Peace/daddy-cool-feat-wayne-duncan-bass-come-back-again/","url_text":"\"'Come Back Again' – Daddy Cool, feat. Wayne Duncan, bass\""}]},{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (31 March 2017). \"Encyclopedia entry for 'Gary Young'\". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press (published 2017). pp. 527–529. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisborne,_Victoria","url_text":"Gisborne, VIC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9953856-0-3","url_text":"978-0-9953856-0-3"}]},{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (31 March 2017). \"Encyclopedia entry for 'Bobby and Laurie'\". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press (published 2017). p. 56. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9953856-0-3","url_text":"978-0-9953856-0-3"}]},{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (31 March 2017). \"Encyclopedia entry for 'Bobby and Laurie'\". The Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. Jenkins, Jeff (Foreword) (2nd ed.). Gisborne, VIC: Third Stone Press (published 2017). pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-0-9953856-0-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9953856-0-3","url_text":"978-0-9953856-0-3"}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Duncan (2007). \"Daddy Cool\". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080306130200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20080307-0002/www.milesago.com/Artists/daddy_cool.html","url_text":"\"Daddy Cool\""},{"url":"http://www.milesago.com/Artists/daddycool.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Duncan (2002). \"Bobby & Laurie\". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080306130200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20080307-0002/www.milesago.com/Artists/bobby_laurie.html","url_text":"\"Bobby & Laurie\""},{"url":"http://www.milesago.com/Artists/bobby_laurie.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kimball, Duncan (2002). \"Sons of the Vegetal Mother\". Milesago: Australasian Music and Popular Culture 1964–1975. Ice Productions. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080306130200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/35967/20080307-0002/www.milesago.com/Artists/vegetal.html","url_text":"\"Sons of the Vegetal Mother\""},{"url":"http://www.milesago.com/Artists/vegetal.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donovan, Patrick (19 February 2005). \"Grandaddies of Oz rock are still cool\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 8 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/Grandaddies-of-Oz-rock-are-still-cool/2005/02/17/1108609343051.html#","url_text":"\"Grandaddies of Oz rock are still cool\""}]},{"reference":"Hewitt, Karen. \"Remembering Daddy Cool\". National Film and Sound Archive (NFSA). Retrieved 9 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfsa.gov.au/latest/remembering-daddy-cool","url_text":"\"Remembering Daddy Cool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive","url_text":"National Film and Sound Archive"}]},{"reference":"Nuttall, Lyn. \"'Hitch Hiker' – Bobby and Laurie (1966)\". Where did they get that song?. PopArchives – Sources of Australian Pop Records from the 50s, 60s and 70s (Lyn Nuttall). Archived from the original on 3 May 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170503140100/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/43557/20170504-0001/www.poparchives.com.au/89/bobby-and-laurie/hitch-hiker.html","url_text":"\"'Hitch Hiker' – Bobby and Laurie (1966)\""},{"url":"http://www.poparchives.com.au/89/bobby-and-laurie/hitch-hiker","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nimmervoll, Ed. \"Daddy Cool\". Howlspace – The Living History of Our Music (Ed Nimmervoll). White Room Electronic Publishing Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Nimmervoll","url_text":"Nimmervoll, Ed"},{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20120726191200/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/14231/20120727-0512/www.howlspace.com.au/en/daddycool/daddycool.htm","url_text":"\"Daddy Cool\""},{"url":"http://www.whiteroom.com.au/howlspace/en/daddycool/daddycool.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rudd, Mike; Putt, Bill. \"Mike Rudd & Bill Putt's history page: The Party Machine and The Sons of the Vegetal Mother storie\". mikeruddbillputtcom. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rudd","url_text":"Rudd, Mike"},{"url":"http://www.mikeruddbillputt.com/history/history_page.htm#partymachine","url_text":"\"Mike Rudd & Bill Putt's history page: The Party Machine and The Sons of the Vegetal Mother storie\""}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Magnus. \"Daddy Cool\". Passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131127164644/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/d/daddycool.html","url_text":"\"Daddy Cool\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rock_Database","url_text":"Australian Rock Database"},{"url":"http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/d/daddycool.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pop group plays for enjoyment and fun\". The Canberra Times. Vol. 45, no. 12, 814. 19 May 1971. p. 25. Retrieved 11 June 2019 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131807460","url_text":"\"Pop group plays for enjoyment and fun\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia","url_text":"National Library of Australia"}]},{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (6 December 2016). Brian Wise (ed.). \"Vale Wayne Duncan (1944–4 December 2016)\". Addicted to Noise. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171010102938/https://a2noise.com/vale-wayne-duncan-1944-4-december-2016/","url_text":"\"Vale Wayne Duncan (1944–4 December 2016)\""},{"url":"https://a2noise.com/vale-wayne-duncan-1944-4-december-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA presents the 2006 ARIA Hall of Fame\". ARIA. 2006. Archived from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111013120427/http://aria.com.au/pages/news-ARIAhalloffame2006.htm","url_text":"\"ARIA presents the 2006 ARIA Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/pages/news-ARIAhalloffame2006.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Awards 2007: About Hall of Fame\". ARIA Awards. Archived from the original on 27 October 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071027045844/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/about-hall-of-fame.php","url_text":"\"ARIA Awards 2007: About Hall of Fame\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Awards","url_text":"ARIA Awards"},{"url":"http://www.ariaawards.com.au/about-hall-of-fame.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Elder, John (30 January 2005). \"Hot rock plays it Daddy Cool\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/Playing-it-Daddy-Cool/2005/01/29/1106850159008.html","url_text":"\"Hot rock plays it Daddy Cool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daddy Cool bio\". Daddy Cool Official website. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080208133414/http://www.daddycool.com.au/bio","url_text":"\"Daddy Cool bio\""},{"url":"http://www.daddycool.com.au/bio","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boulton, Martin (5 December 2016n). \"Daddy Cool bass player Wayne Duncan dead, aged 72\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/music/daddy-cool-bass-player-wayne-duncan-dead-aged-72-20161204-gt3kqp.html","url_text":"\"Daddy Cool bass player Wayne Duncan dead, aged 72\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Music Awards\". Ron Jeff. Retrieved 16 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.ncable.net.au/~ronjeff/top40/oz_king.htm","url_text":"\"Australian Music Awards\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships

2001 All England Open Badminton Championships

["1 Venue","2 Final results","3 Men's singles","3.1 Section 1","3.2 Section 2","4 Women's singles","4.1 Section 1","4.2 Section 2","5 References","6 External links"]

Badminton tournament2001 All England ChampionshipsTournament detailsDates7 March 2001 (2001-03-07)–11 March 2001 (2001-03-11)Edition91stLocationBirmingham ← < 2000 2002 > → The 2001 Yonex All England Open was the 91st edition of the All England Open Badminton Championships. It was held from 7–11 March 2001, at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, England. It was a four star tournament and the prize money was US$125,000. Venue National Indoor Arena Final results Category Winners Runners-up Score Men's singles Pullela Gopichand Chen Hong 15–12, 15–6 Women's singles Gong Zhichao Zhou Mi 11–7, 11–3 Men's doubles Tony Gunawan & Halim Heryanto Sigit Budiarto & Candra Wijaya 15–13, 7–15, 15–7 Women's doubles Gao Ling & Huang Sui Zhang Jiewen & Wei Yili 10–15, 15–8, 15–9 Mixed doubles Zhang Jun & Gao Ling Michael Søgaard & Rikke Olsen 13–15, 15–12, 17–14 Men's singles Section 1 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Pullela Gopichand 15 15 Colin Haugton 7 4 Gopichand 15 15 Ji Xinpeng 15 15 Xinpeng 3 9 George Rimarcdi 11 3 Gopichand 15 15 Anders Boesen 15 15 Boesen 11 7 Dicky Palyama 4 8 Boesen 15 15 Taufik Hidayat 15 15 Hidayat 13 10 Jens Roch 9 10 Gopichand 17 17 Peter Gade 8 15 15 Gade 14 15 Kai Chuen Tam 15 11 11 Gade 17 15 Rony Agustinus 15 6 15 Agustinus 14 10 Richard Vaughan 11 15 8 Gade 15 15 Chen Yu 7 15 15 Chen Yu 12 3 Ong Ewe Hock 15 10 10 Chen Yu 17 15 Shon Seung-mo 15 7 15 Shon 16 11 Marleve Mainaky 12 15 11 Section 2 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Chen Hong 15 15 Martin Hagberg 7 8 Chen Hong 15 15 Hendrawan 7 15 15 Hendrawan 13 3 Hidetaka Yamada 15 9 8 Chen Hong 15 15 Kenneth Jonassen 15 15 Jonassen 9 9 Agus Harianto 7 9 Jonassen 15 15 Ramesh Nathan 15 15 Nathan 6 8 Lee Hyun-il 10 1 Chen Hong 10 17 15 Muhammad Roslin Hashim 15 15 Roslin 15 16 12 Lee Tsuen Seng 10 1 Roslin 15 15 Rasmus Wengberg 17 7 15 Wengberg 6 1 Johan Hadikusuma 16 15 11 Roslin 15 15 Xia Xuanze 15 15 Xuanze 8 6 Ming Yao Alvin Chew 9 5 Xuanze 15 15 Budi Santoso 15 15 Santoso 4 5 Joachim Fischer Nielsen 8 11 Women's singles Section 1 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Gong Zhichao 11 11 Tine Rasmussen 3 2 Zhichao 11 11 Hyo Sun Park 11 11 Hyo Sun Park 2 2 Mika Anjo 8 1 Zhichao 11 11 Julia Mann 2 w/o Mann 5 9 Wang Chen 2 ret Mann 11 7 11 Yuli Marfuah 11 11 Marfuah 6 11 5 Anne Marie Pedersen 5 8 Zhichao 11 11 11 Gong Ruina 11 11 Ruina 6 2 3 Katja Michalowsky 4 1 Ruina 10 11 13 Mia Audina 11 11 Audina 13 6 10 Louisa Koon Wai Chee 2 9 Ruina 11 11 Marina Andrievskaya 11 11 Andrievskaya 6 9 Katy Brydon 1 1 Andrievskaya 8 11 11 Miho Tanaka 11 11 Tanaka 11 4 7 Kelly Morgan 7 3 Section 2 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter-finals Semi-finals Zhou Mi 11 11 Tracey Hallam 5 5 Zhou Mi 11 11 Brenda Beenhakker 11 13 Beenhakker 0 6 Anu Weckström 3 12 Zhou Mi 7 11 11 Camilla Martin 11 11 Martin 11 8 7 Charmaine Reid 0 1 Martin 12 11 11 Pi Hongyan 11 11 Hongyan 13 1 1 Markéta Koudelková 1 0 Zhou Mi 11 11 Dai Yun 11 11 Dai Yun 1 3 Jill Pittard 4 0 Dai Yun 13 11 Ling Wan Ting 11 11 Ting Ling 10 4 Kaori Mori 0 4 Dai Yun 11 11 Wang Rong 11 11 Wang Rong 2 3 Ellen Angelina 0 3 Wang Rong 11 9 11 Judith Meulendijks 11 11 Meulendijks 6 11 5 Kanako Yonekura 4 9 References ^ "Times Archives". Oxfordshire Libraries. ^ "Times Archives". Oxfordshire Libraries. External links Results 2001 All England Open vteAll England Open Badminton Championships 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Super Series 2007 2008 2009 2010 Super Series Premier 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Super 1000 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Men's singles – Women's singles – Men's doubles – Women's doubles – Mixed doubles

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Z:_Shin_Budokai

Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai

["1 Versus mode","1.1 Dragon Road","1.2 Training Mode","1.3 Network Battle Mode","1.4 Arcade","1.5 Time Attack","1.6 Survival","1.7 Profile Card","2 Playable characters","3 Release","4 Reception","5 External links","6 Notes","7 References"]

2006 video gameDragon Ball Z: Shin BudokaiEuropean cover artDeveloper(s)DimpsPublisher(s)JP/EU: Bandai Namco GamesAU/NA: Atari, Inc.Producer(s)Ryo MitoSeriesDragon BallBudokaiPlatform(s)PlayStation PortableReleaseNA: March 7, 2006JP: April 20, 2006PAL: May 26, 2006Genre(s)FightingMode(s)Multiplayer Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai is a fighting video game part of the Dragon Ball Z franchise, and was released on March 7, 2006, developed by Dimps. The story mode is based on the events of the Dragon Ball Z movie Fusion Reborn. The players follow the events of the story in which they encounter many Dragon Ball Z characters, including Goku and Vegeta. The choices that you make determine how the story evolves. The Arcade Mode, is a single-player mode that allows the player to battle computer controlled (CPU) fighters, in order to gain Dragon Balls. A Z Trial mode allows the player to either survive an unending wave of enemies for as long as possible, or to defeat as many enemies possible within an assigned time slot. There are also customization options present, in the form of the "Profile Card". This allows the player to design their own card and customize it with items from the in-game item store. Versus mode Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai was produced by Osaka-based Japanese video game production company Dimps, who notably produced several other Dragon Ball games, including Dragon Ball: Xenoverse and Dragon Ball: Xenoverse 2. Dragon Road Dragon Road is the title of the game's single-player campaign. The game takes inspiration from the plot of the Dragon Ball movie, entitled "Fusion Reborn". As the player progresses, they will find themselves participating in fights, either for friendly competition or against enemies. The campaign begins with a portal from hell, opening up on the earth, and the dead being resurrected. Goku and his allies must fight their way through, arenas such as the plains of earth, or the ruins of hell. The Dragon Road consists of a total of 5 chapters. Training Mode The training mode allows the players to battle CPU (computer-controlled enemies) to hone their skills. Several options are afforded to the player which they may tweak as they see fit, these include: Health: The amount of health either player begins the fight with, there are 7 total bars of health for each competitor. Starting Ki: How much energy the player wishes to begin the battle with. There are 7 bars of Ki for each competitor. Check Energy: The amount of Ki needed to teleport behind an enemy to dodge their attack, the default consumption is 3/7 of the Ki bar. Network Battle Mode Network Battle Mode allows the player to have wireless battles with their friends. The player may also add friends to their profile card, which displays their victory ratio. Each battle won will raise the players' power level. Arcade The objective of the arcade mode is to collect all 7 dragon balls. The player is forced to fight 10 opponents in a row, in a ladder-like setting, such as the arcade mode present in Mortal Kombat. Occasionally, depending on the existing in-world relationships between each character, there may be short dialogue scenes. Time Attack In Time Attack, the player must fight 7 courses of enemies and defeat them as fast as possible. Survival Survival allows the player to fight nonstop hordes of enemies until they lose, after a certain number of wins, their health will stop regenerating all 7 bars. Profile Card Here, the player can create a special ID card that is used during Network Battles. It records the players data, battles won, battles lost, Survival Records, Time Attacks, Rankings in Dragon Road, Power Level, Friends, Money, and the players Victory Ratio. The player can also buy stamps from the shop to customize them to their liking. Playable characters Goku Vegeta Teen Gohan Gohan Pikkon Android 18 Krillin Trunks Piccolo Frieza Cell Kid Buu Cooler Broly Gotenks Vegito Gogeta Janemba Release Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai was published by Bandai Namco Games in Japan and Europe, and by Atari in North America in Australia. It was first released in North America on March 7, 2006, followed by Japan on April 20, 2006, and the United Kingdom and Australia on May 26, 2006. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic70/100Review scoresPublicationScoreGameSpot7.5/10IGN7.0/10 The game received "mixed or average" reviews according to review aggregator Metacritic. IGN writer Chris Roper described the game's fighting system as "limited" and "basic" in nature. External links Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai at IGN.com Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai at Gamespot.com Notes ^ Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 真武道会, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto Shin Budôkai, Dragon Ball Z: True Tournament References ^ Roper, Chris (March 7, 2006). "Dragon Ball Z Ships". IGN. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Bandai Namco Games Channel". Bandai Namco Games. Archived from the original on April 23, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Dragon Ball Z Shin Budokai". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on August 31, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2024. ^ "Shin Budokai". Metacritic. Retrieved 2021-11-20. ^ "Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai Review". ^ am, Chris RoperUpdated: 24 Nov 2018 6:43 pmPosted: 8 Mar 2006 2:30 (8 March 2006). "Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai - IGN" – via www.ign.com.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai". Metacritic. Retrieved 2022-08-23. ^ Roper, Chris (2006-03-08). "Dragon Ball Z: Shin Budokai". IGN. Retrieved 2022-08-23. vteDragon Ball video gamesButōden series Super Butōden Super Butōden 2 Super Butōden 3 Shin Butōden Ultimate Butōden Extreme Butōden Idainaru Densetsu series Idainaru Son Goku Densetsu Idainaru Dragon Ball Densetsu Budokai series Budokai Budokai 2 Budokai 3 Shin Budokai Budokai Tenkaichi series Sparking! Zero Origins series Origins Origins 2 Raging Blast series Raging Blast Raging Blast 2 Ultimate Tenkaichi Xenoverse series Xenoverse Xenoverse 2 Other series The Legacy of Goku Supersonic Warriors Standalone games Buyū Retsuden Ultimate Battle 22 Hyper Dimension Final Bout Legendary Super Warriors Taiketsu Advanced Adventure Sagas Transformation Super Dragon Ball Z Harukanaru Densetsu Burst Limit Infinite World Attack of the Saiyans Revenge of King Piccolo Evolution Online Heroes For Kinect Battle of Z Dokkan Battle Fusions FighterZ Legends Kakarot Crossover games Famicom Jump: Hero Retsuden Famicom Jump II: Saikyō no Shichinin Jump Super Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N Jump Ultimate Stars J-Stars Victory VS Jump Force Category Authority control databases: National France BnF data

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th/20th_Hussars

14th/20th King's Hussars

["1 History","2 Regimental museum","3 Battle honours","4 Commanding Officers","5 Colonel-in-Chief","6 Regimental Colonels","7 Former officers","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

14th/20th King's HussarsActive1922–1992Country United KingdomBranch British ArmyTypeLine CavalrySizeOne regimentPart ofRoyal Armoured CorpsMarchQuick – Royal SussexCommandersColonel-in-ChiefAnne, Princess RoyalMilitary unit Light Tank Mk VI and crew from 14th/20th Kings Hussars in Iraq, 25 April 1942. Chieftain tanks of 14th/20th King's Hussars on parade in urban camouflage, Straße des 17. Juni, West Berlin, 18 June 1989 C Squadron 14th/20th Kings Hussars, West Berlin 1989. The 14th/20th King's Hussars was a cavalry regiment of the British Army. It was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922 and, after service in the Second World War, it amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars in 1992. History The regiment, which was initially styled the 14th/20th Hussars, was created by the amalgamation of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars in 1922. It was re-titled the 14th/20th King's Hussars in December 1936. The regiment, which was based in India at the start of the Second World War, dispatched a cadre of personnel to form the 26th Hussars in February 1941. The remainder of the regiment was deployed to Iraq and Persia later that year to guard the oil fields. It landed in Italy in 1944 and then took part in the capture of Medicina in April 1945. After the war the regiment remained in Germany until 1946 when it moved to Cambrai Lines at Catterick Garrison as RAC Training Regiment. It moved to Haig Lines in Church Crookham in January 1951 and then deployed to Libya in November 1952. The regiment joined 20th Armoured Brigade and moved to Portsmouth Barracks in Münster in March 1956 and then transferred to 11th Infantry Brigade and re-located to Haig Barracks in Hohne in November 1960. The regiment deployed to Wavell Barracks in Benghazi in 1962 from where it sent units to Cyprus in December 1963 and again in May 1965. It returned home in January 1966 but joined 6th Infantry Brigade and moved to Barker Barracks in Paderborn in December 1966. In June 1970 it returned home to join 5th Infantry Brigade with its base at Aliwal Barracks in Tidworth Camp from where it deployed units to Northern Ireland at the height of the Troubles. It returned to West Germany in a new role as a recce regiment based at Harewood Barracks in Herford in May 1973 from where it continued to deploy units to Northern Ireland. It moved to Bovington Camp as RAC Centre Regiment in May 1976 and then joined 1st Armoured Division with its new base at Caen Barracks in Hohne in December 1977. The regiment re-roled as RAC Centre Regiment at Cambrai Barracks at Catterick Garrison in May 1985 and then returned to West Germany to join 4th Infantry Brigade based at York Barracks at Münster in March 1988. It was amalgamated with the Royal Hussars to become the King's Royal Hussars on 4 December 1992. Regimental museum The Museum of the 14th/20th King's Hussars was in the Museum of Lancashire in Preston until it closed in 2016. Battle honours The combined battle honours of the 14th King's Hussars and the 20th Hussars, plus: Second World War: Bologna, Medicina, Italy 1945 Later wars: Wadi al Batin, Gulf 1991 Commanding Officers This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2021) The Commanding Officers have been: 1959–1961: Lt.-Col. Edward G.W.T. Walsh 1961–1964: Lt.-Col. Gilbert A.L.C. Talbot 1964–1966: Lt.-Col. Simon R.M. Frazer 1966–1969: Lt.-Col. Peter B. Cavendish 1969–1972: Lt.-Col. J. Michael Palmer 1972–1974: Lt.-Col. Thomas G. Williams 1974–1977: Lt.-Col. William J. Stockton 1977–1979: Lt.-Col. John A. Pharo-Tomlin 1979–1982: Lt.-Col. Daniel L. De Beaujeu 1982–1984: Lt.-Col. Peter Harman 1984–1987: Lt.-Col. John R. Smales 1987–1989: Lt.-Col. Christopher K. Price 1989–1992: Lt.-Col. Michael J.H. Vickery 1992: Lt.-Col. David J.B. Woodd Colonel-in-Chief 1969: Princess Anne, The Princess Royal, KG, KT, GCVO Regimental Colonels Colonels of the Regiment were: 1920–1930: (14th Hussars): Maj-Gen. Sir Henry West Hodgson, KCMG, CB, CVO 1920–1937: (20th Hussars): Gen. Sir George de Symons Barrow, GCB, KCMG 1937–1947: Brig. Frank Brereton Hurndall, MC 1947–1957: Gen. Sir Richard Loudon McCreery, GCB, KBE, DSO, MC 1957–1966: Col. Robert James Stephen, MBE 1966–1972: Col. Basil Bethune Neville Woodd 1972–1976: Lt.-Col. Ralph Percy David Fortescue Allen, MBE 1976–1981: Maj-Gen. Peter Boucher Cavendish, OBE 1981–1992: Maj-Gen. Sir Joseph Michael Palmer, KCVO. 1992: Regiment amalgamated with The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own), to form The King's Royal Hussars Former officers See also: Category:14th/20th King's Hussars officers References ^ a b c d e "14th/20th King's Hussars". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2016. ^ "14th/20th King's Hussars". National Army Museum. Retrieved 10 September 2016. ^ "Battle of Medicina". 6th Gurkhas. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016. ^ "Medicina: 40th Anniversary Extract" (PDF). Journal of the King's Royal Hussars. Retrieved 23 July 2020. ^ a b c d e f g h i "14th/20th King's Hussars". British Army units 1945 on. Retrieved 10 September 2016. ^ "Access Statement for the Museum of Lancashire" (PDF). Lancashire County Council. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ "Regiments and Commanding Officers, 1960 – Colin Mackie" (PDF). p. 26. Retrieved 4 February 2021. Further reading Perrett, Bryan (1984). The Hawks: A short history of 14th/20th King's Hussars. Picton Publishing. ISBN 978-0902633940. External links Noahs Arc – National Old & Ancient Hawks Annual Reunion Club The Club of the 14th/20th King's Hussars vteKing's Royal HussarsPredecessors1st generation 10th Royal Hussars (1715–1969) 11th Hussars (1715–1969) 14th King's Hussars (1715–1922) 20th Hussars (1862–1922) 2nd generation Royal Hussars (1969–1992) 14th/20th King's Hussars (1922–1992) Victoria Cross Henry Engleheart John Milbanke Alexander Dunn Edward Brown James Leith See also Dragoon Dragoon Guards Cavalry regiments of the British Army Armoured regiment Royal Armoured Corps 12th Armoured Infantry Brigade

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Woodd","title":"Commanding Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Princess Anne, The Princess Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anne,_The_Princess_Royal"}],"text":"1969: Princess Anne, The Princess Royal, KG, KT, GCVO","title":"Colonel-in-Chief"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regiments-1"},{"link_name":"14th Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Hussars"},{"link_name":"Henry West Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_West_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"20th Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Hussars"},{"link_name":"George de Symons Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_de_Symons_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Frank Brereton Hurndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brereton_Hurndall"},{"link_name":"Richard Loudon McCreery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_McCreery"},{"link_name":"Joseph Michael Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Palmer_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hussars_(Prince_of_Wales%27s_Own)"},{"link_name":"The King's Royal Hussars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Royal_Hussars"}],"text":"Colonels of the Regiment were:[1]1920–1930: (14th Hussars): Maj-Gen. Sir Henry West Hodgson, KCMG, CB, CVO\n1920–1937: (20th Hussars): Gen. Sir George de Symons Barrow, GCB, KCMG\n1937–1947: Brig. Frank Brereton Hurndall, MC\n1947–1957: Gen. Sir Richard Loudon McCreery, GCB, KBE, DSO, MC\n1957–1966: Col. Robert James Stephen, MBE\n1966–1972: Col. Basil Bethune Neville Woodd\n1972–1976: Lt.-Col. Ralph Percy David Fortescue Allen, MBE\n1976–1981: Maj-Gen. Peter Boucher Cavendish, OBE\n1981–1992: Maj-Gen. Sir Joseph Michael Palmer, KCVO.\n1992: Regiment amalgamated with The Royal Hussars (Prince of Wales's Own), to form The King's Royal Hussars","title":"Regimental Colonels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:14th/20th King's Hussars officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:14th/20th_King%27s_Hussars_officers"}],"text":"See also: Category:14th/20th King's Hussars officers","title":"Former officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0902633940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902633940"}],"text":"Perrett, Bryan (1984). The Hawks: A short history of 14th/20th King's Hussars. Picton Publishing. ISBN 978-0902633940.","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"reference":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070624173902/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D14-20h.htm","url_text":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\""},{"url":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D14-20h.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\". National Army Museum. Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/14th-20th-kings-hussars","url_text":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Medicina\". 6th Gurkhas. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919071934/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/website/regiment-battles/battle-of-medicina","url_text":"\"Battle of Medicina\""},{"url":"http://www.6thgurkhas.org/website/regiment-battles/battle-of-medicina","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Medicina: 40th Anniversary Extract\" (PDF). Journal of the King's Royal Hussars. Retrieved 23 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krh.org.uk/uploads/4/5/0/9/45090939/medicina_40th_anniversary_extract_2.pdf","url_text":"\"Medicina: 40th Anniversary Extract\""}]},{"reference":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\". British Army units 1945 on. Retrieved 10 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-armoured-corps/14th-20th-king-s-hussars.html","url_text":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Access Statement for the Museum of Lancashire\" (PDF). Lancashire County Council. pp. 4–5. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/media/464583/Access-statement-Museum-of-Lancashire.pdf","url_text":"\"Access Statement for the Museum of Lancashire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regiments and Commanding Officers, 1960 – Colin Mackie\" (PDF). p. 26. Retrieved 4 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/REGIMENTAL%20COs.pdf","url_text":"\"Regiments and Commanding Officers, 1960 – Colin Mackie\""}]},{"reference":"Perrett, Bryan (1984). The Hawks: A short history of 14th/20th King's Hussars. Picton Publishing. ISBN 978-0902633940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902633940","url_text":"978-0902633940"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th/20th_King%27s_Hussars&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070624173902/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D14-20h.htm","external_links_name":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\""},{"Link":"http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D14-20h.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nam.ac.uk/research/famous-units/14th-20th-kings-hussars","external_links_name":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919071934/http://www.6thgurkhas.org/website/regiment-battles/battle-of-medicina","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Medicina\""},{"Link":"http://www.6thgurkhas.org/website/regiment-battles/battle-of-medicina","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.krh.org.uk/uploads/4/5/0/9/45090939/medicina_40th_anniversary_extract_2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Medicina: 40th Anniversary Extract\""},{"Link":"http://british-army-units1945on.co.uk/royal-armoured-corps/14th-20th-king-s-hussars.html","external_links_name":"\"14th/20th King's Hussars\""},{"Link":"http://www.lancashire.gov.uk/media/464583/Access-statement-Museum-of-Lancashire.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Access Statement for the Museum of Lancashire\""},{"Link":"http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/REGIMENTAL%20COs.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regiments and Commanding Officers, 1960 – Colin Mackie\""},{"Link":"http://www.1420h.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Noahs Arc – National Old & Ancient Hawks Annual Reunion Club"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon

Great Norwegian Encyclopedia

["1 Paper editions 1978–2007","1.1 List of paper editions","2 Online encyclopedia","3 References","4 External links"]

Norwegian-language online encyclopedia Great Norwegian Encyclopedia (Store norske leksikon)CountryNorwayLanguageNorwegianDisciplinenon-fiction, encyclopediaPublisherGreat Norwegian Encyclopedia Association (Foreningen Store norske leksikon)Published1906 (1906)–presentWebsitesnl.no The Great Norwegian Encyclopedia (Norwegian: Store Norske Leksikon, abbreviated SNL) is a Norwegian-language online encyclopedia. The online encyclopedia is among the most-read Norwegian published sites, with up to 3.5 million unique visitors per month. Paper editions 1978–2007 The SNL was created in 1978, when the two publishing houses Aschehoug and Gyldendal merged their encyclopedias and created the company Kunnskapsforlaget. Up until 1978 the two publishing houses of Aschehoug and Gyldendal, Norway's two largest, had published Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon  and Gyldendals konversasjonsleksikon , respectively. The respective first editions were published in 1906–1913 (Aschehoug) and 1933–1934 (Gyldendal). The slump in sales for paper-based encyclopedias around the turn of the 21st century hit Kunnskapsforlaget hard, but a fourth edition of the paper encyclopedia was secured by a grant of ten million Norwegian kroner from the foundation Fritt Ord in 2003. The fourth edition consisted of 16 volumes, a total of 12,000 pages and 280,000 entries. List of paper editions First edition, 1978–1981, 12 volumes. Chief editors Olaf Kortner, Preben Munthe, Egil Tveterås  Second edition, 1986–1989, 15 volumes. Chief editors Olaf Kortner, Preben Munthe, Egil Tveterås . Third edition, 1995–1998, 16 volumes. Chief editor Petter Henriksen. Fourth edition, 2005–2007, 16 volumes. Chief editor Petter Henriksen. Online encyclopedia The online edition of SNL was launched in 2000, and had both private and institutional subscribers. The paywall was removed on 25 February 2009, and the online encyclopedia became free to use. On 12 March 2010, Kunnskapsforlaget announced that they would close the online encyclopedia because of lacklustre sales and failing revenue. It was also announced that the articles would not be given to the Wikimedia Foundation, with chief editor Petter Henriksen stating that: "It is important that the people behind the articles remain visible". In 2011, the foundations Fritt Ord and Sparebankstiftelsen DNB acquired the encyclopedia, hired Anne Marit Godal as the new chief editor and established a new organisation, assisted by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and Norwegian Non-Fiction Writers and Translators Association. In 2014 Foreningen Store norske leksikon ('the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia Association') was established; members of the association are Norwegian universities and other non-profit organisations. In 2016 Erik Bolstad  became the new chief editor. As of 2023, the SNL has around 200,000 articles online, updated by approximately 1200 affiliated academics. The SNL accepts contributions from users, but all changes to the articles are verified by a topic expert before publication. References ^ About the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia (English) ^ SNL annual report 2022 (Norwegian) ^ Bakke, Sven Ove; Hobbelstad, Inger Merete; Kvalshaug, Vidar; Nilsen, Morten Ståle (2012). Norske klassikere. Bøker, filmer, musikk, radio og TV fra 1945 til i dag (in Norwegian). Oslo: Spartacus. p. 182. ISBN 978-82-430-0560-0. ^ History of the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia (Norwegian) ^ Kunnskapsforlages historie (Norwegian) ^ National Library of Norway: Store norske leksikon, 1978 (Norwegian) ^ Press release from Kunnskapsforlaget, 16.09.2008 ^ Computerworld Norway, 12.03.2010 ^ History of the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia (Norwegian) ^ About the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia Association (Norwegian) ^ Journalisten.no: I 15 år har Erik Bolstad utviklet nye tjenester i NRK. Nå skal han lede et leksikon (Norwegian) ^ About the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia (Norwegian) External links Official website (in Norwegian) About the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia (in English)

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The respective first editions were published in 1906–1913 (Aschehoug) and 1933–1934 (Gyldendal).[4]The slump in sales for paper-based encyclopedias around the turn of the 21st century hit Kunnskapsforlaget hard, but a fourth edition of the paper encyclopedia was secured by a grant of ten million Norwegian kroner from the foundation Fritt Ord in 2003. The fourth edition consisted of 16 volumes, a total of 12,000 pages and 280,000 entries.[5]","title":"Paper editions 1978–2007"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olaf Kortner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Kortner"},{"link_name":"Preben Munthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Munthe"},{"link_name":"Egil Tveterås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Tveter%C3%A5s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Tveter%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Olaf Kortner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Kortner"},{"link_name":"Preben Munthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Munthe"},{"link_name":"Egil Tveterås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egil_Tveter%C3%A5s&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egil_Tveter%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Petter Henriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Henriksen"},{"link_name":"Petter Henriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Henriksen"}],"sub_title":"List of paper editions","text":"First edition, 1978–1981, 12 volumes. Chief editors Olaf Kortner, Preben Munthe, Egil Tveterås [no][6]\nSecond edition, 1986–1989, 15 volumes. Chief editors Olaf Kortner, Preben Munthe, Egil Tveterås [no].\nThird edition, 1995–1998, 16 volumes. Chief editor Petter Henriksen.\nFourth edition, 2005–2007, 16 volumes. Chief editor Petter Henriksen.","title":"Paper editions 1978–2007"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"paywall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paywall"},{"link_name":"online encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wikimedia Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Petter Henriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Henriksen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Fritt Ord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritt_Ord_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Sparebankstiftelsen DNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparebankstiftelsen_DNB"},{"link_name":"Anne Marit Godal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Marit_Godal"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Non-Fiction Writers and Translators Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Non-Fiction_Writers_and_Translators_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Erik Bolstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_Bolstad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Bolstad"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The online edition of SNL was launched in 2000, and had both private and institutional subscribers. The paywall was removed on 25 February 2009, and the online encyclopedia became free to use.[7]On 12 March 2010, Kunnskapsforlaget announced that they would close the online encyclopedia because of lacklustre sales and failing revenue. It was also announced that the articles would not be given to the Wikimedia Foundation, with chief editor Petter Henriksen stating that: \"It is important that the people behind the articles remain visible\".[8]In 2011, the foundations Fritt Ord and Sparebankstiftelsen DNB acquired the encyclopedia, hired Anne Marit Godal as the new chief editor and established a new organisation, assisted by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and Norwegian Non-Fiction Writers and Translators Association.[9] In 2014 Foreningen Store norske leksikon ('the Great Norwegian Encyclopedia Association') was established; members of the association are Norwegian universities and other non-profit organisations.[10] In 2016 Erik Bolstad [no] became the new chief editor.[11]As of 2023, the SNL has around 200,000 articles online, updated by approximately 1200 affiliated academics. The SNL accepts contributions from users, but all changes to the articles are verified by a topic expert before publication.[12]","title":"Online encyclopedia"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wheeler_(disambiguation)

Thomas Wheeler

["1 See also"]

Thomas Wheeler may refer to: Thomas Wheeler (MP) (died 1574), Member of Parliament (MP) for Ludlow Thomas Wheeler (soldier) (1620–1676), American colonial soldier and writer Thomas J. Wheeler (1803–1875), American physician and New York state senator Thomas Martin Wheeler (1811–1862), British radical activist and insurance society manager Tom Wheeler (born 1946), American FCC Chairman Thomas C. Wheeler (born 1948), American federal judge Tom Wheeler (writer), American television writer and producer Norman Wheeler (Thomas Norman Wheeler, 1915–1990), British army officer See also All pages with titles containing Thomas Wheeler Wheeler (surname) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pontotoc_(AVS-7)

USS Pontotoc

["1 Construction","1.1 World War II-related service","1.2 Post-war inactivation","2 Merchant service","3 Notes","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]

Cargo ship of the United States Navy USS Pontotoc (AVS-7) History United States NamePontotoc Namesake Pontotoc County, Mississippi, and Pontotoc County, Oklahoma Orderedas type (C1-M-AV1) hull, MC hull 2160 BuilderLeathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin Yard number326 Laid down15 January 1944 Launched2 July 1944 Commissioned22 March 1945 Decommissioned26 April 1946 Reclassified prior to launch, Miscellaneous Auxiliary 25 May 1945, Aviation Stores Issue Ship Refitprior to 22 March 1945, converted to Gwinnett-class Aviation Stores Issue Ship Stricken8 May 1946 Identification Hull symbol: AK-206 Hull symbol: AG-94 Hull symbol: AVS-7 Code letters: NXNN FateSold to France, 14 August 1947 Republic of France NameTaurus OperatorMessageries Maritimes Acquired14 August 1947 Fatereflagged to Morocco, 1960 Morocco NameTadjera Acquired1960 FateScrapped, 1968 General characteristics Class and type Alamosa-class cargo ship (1944–1945) Gwinnett-class aviation stores issue ship (1945–1946) TypeC1-M-AV1 Tonnage5,010 long tons deadweight (DWT) Displacement 2,382 long tons (2,420 t) (standard) 7,450 long tons (7,570 t) (full load) Length388 ft 8 in (118.47 m) Beam50 ft (15 m) Draft21 ft 1 in (6.43 m) Installed power 1 × Nordberg, TSM 6 diesel engine 1,750 shp (1,300 kW) Propulsion1 × propeller Speed11.5 kn (21.3 km/h; 13.2 mph) Capacity 3,945 t (3,883 long tons) DWT 9,830 cu ft (278 m3) (refrigerated) 227,730 cu ft (6,449 m3) (non-refrigerated) Complement 15 Officers 70 Enlisted Armament 1 × 3 in (76 mm)/50 caliber dual purpose gun (DP) 6 × 20 mm (0.8 in) Oerlikon anti-aircraft (AA) cannons USS Pontotoc (AK-206/AG-94/AVS-7) was an Alamosa-class cargo ship acquired by the US Navy shortly before the end of World War II. She was converted into a Gwinnett-class aviation stores issue ship to carry aviation parts and spares, and to issue them to the US Pacific Fleet and activities as needed. Construction Pontotoc was laid down for the US Maritime Commission (MARCOM), MC hull 2160, by Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, 15 January 1944; classified AK-206 on 25 February 1944; launched 2 July 1944; acquired from MARCOM on a loan-charter basis 28 February 1945; reclassified AG–94 on 12 March 1945; and commissioned 22 March 1945. World War II-related service After shakedown, Pontotoc transited the Panama Canal and arrived Pearl Harbor 18 April 1945. Reclassified as Gwinnett-class aviation stores issue ship AVS-7 effective 25 May, Pontotoc steamed for the Philippine Islands, reporting for duty 8 July at Guiuan, Samar, Philippine Islands. She provided aviation stores on station in the Philippines through the end of hostilities. Post-war inactivation Pontotoc then proceeded to the 12th Naval District. She decommissioned and was delivered to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) 26 April 1946, at San Francisco, California. She was struck from the Navy List 8 May 1946. Merchant service She was sold 14 August 1947, to the French firm Messageries Maritimes, and renamed Taurus. In 1960 she was sold to Morocco and renamed Tadjera. Notes Citations ^ a b c d C1 Cargo Ships 2009. ^ a b Navsource 2013. ^ a b c DANFS 2015. ^ MARAD. Bibliography Online resources "Nicollet". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. "C1 Cargo Ships". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2016. "Pontotoc (AG-94/AVS-7)". Navsource.org. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016. "Pontotoc (AK-206/AVS-7)". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 30 November 2016. External links Photo gallery of USS Pontotoc (AVS-7) at NavSource Naval History Portals: France Morocco vteAviation supply issue ships (AVS)Supply classSupplyFortune classFortuneGrumium class Grumium Allioth Gwinnett class Gwinnett Nicollet Pontotoc Jupiter classJupiter List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy vteAlamosa-class cargo ships Alamosa Alcona Amador Antrim Autauga Beaverhead Beltrami Blount Brevard Bullock Cabell Caledonia Charlevoix Chatham Chicot Claiborne Clarion Codington Colquitt Craighead Doddridge* Duval* Fairfield Faribault Fentress Flagler Gadsden Glacier Grainger Gwinnett Habersham Hennepin Herkimer Hidalgo Kenosha Lebanon Lehigh Lancaster Marengo Midland Minidoka Muscatine Muskingum Nicollet Pembina Pemiscot Pinellas Pipestone Pitkin Poinsett Pontotoc Richland Rockdale Schuyler Screven Sebastian Somerset / Coastal Sentry Sussex Tarrant Tipton Traverse* Tulare* Washtenaw** / Sgt. George Peterson Westchester* Wexford† / Coastal Crusader Maiden's Eye / Colonel William J. O'Brien Becket Bend / Private John F. Thorson Short Splice Long Splice / Private Frank J. Petrarca * = Canceled August 1945 ** = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Guide † = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Crusader List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy vteType C1-M shipsType C1-M-AV1 Alamosa Alcona Acorn Knot / Sgt. George D Keathley Amador Anchor Bend Anchor Hitch Antrim Autauga Beaverhead Becket Bend / Private John F. Thorson Becket Hitch Bell Ringer / Captain Arlo L. Olson Beltrami Bight Knot Blackwall Hitch Blount Boatswain's Hitch Bowline Knot Brevard Bullock Buntline Hitch Cabell Cable Splice Caledonia Cape Somerset Cape Stanhope Capstan Knot Carrick Bend Cat's Paw Chain and Crown Charlevoix Chatham Check Knot / Sgt. Joseph E. Muller Chicot Cinch Knot Claiborne Clarion Clove Hitch Coastal Captain Coastal Charger Coastal Courser Coastal Crusader Coastal Guide / Sgt. George Peterson Coastal Mariner Coastal Monarch Coastal Monitor Coastal Rambler Coastal Ranger Coastal Telegrapher Codington Colquitt Craighead Crossing Hitch Crown and Diamond Crown Knot Diamond Hitch Diamond Knot Doddridge Double Loop Dragon Fly Duval Elmer J. Burr Emerald Knot Fairfield Faribault Fentress Fiador Knot Fisherman's Bend Flagler Flemish Knot Gadsden Glacier Grainger Grass Knot Gunner's Knot Gwinnett Habersham Half Hitch Half Knot Harold W. Roberts Hawser Bend Hawser Eye Hawser Splice Hennepin Herkimer Hickory Bay Hickory Beck Hickory Bourne Hickory Brae Hickory Brook Hickory Burn Hickory Cairn Hickory Cape Hickory Coll Hickory Crest Hickory Dale Hickory Dell Hickory Dyke Hickory Ghyll Hickory Glen Hickory Isle Hickory Knoll Hickory Lake Hickory Mount Hickory Stream Hickory Tarn Hickory Tor Hidalgo Honda Knot Hook Hitch Horseshoe Splice Jacob's Ladder Jumper Hitch Kenneth E. Gruennert / Grommet Reefer Kenosha Knob Knot Lancaster Lanyard Knot Leader Loop Lebanon Lehigh Lever's Bend Lewis Hall Link Splice / Sgt. Jonah E. Kelley Lock Knot Long Eye Long Splice / Private Frank J. Petrarca Loop Knot Magnus Hitch Maiden's Eye / Colonel William J. O'Brien Mainsheet Eye Manrope Knot Marengo Mariner's Splice Marline Hitch Marlingspike Hitch Masthead Knot Midland Minidoka Mooring Hitch Mooring Knot Muscatine Muskingum Nicollet Ocean Plat Pembina Pemiscot Phoebe Knot Pinellas Pipestone Pitkin Poinsett Pontotoc Reef Knot Reeving Eye Richland Rigger's Eye Ring Hitch Ring Knot Ring Splice Roband Hitch Rockdale Rolling Hitch Rose Knot Round Splice / Private Jose F. Valdez Running Knot Sailmaker's Splice Sailor's Splice Salmon Knot Sampan Hitch Schuyler Screven Sebastian Shamrock Knot Sheepshank Sheet Bend Shell Bar Short Splice Sinnet Snakehead Snug Hitch Somerset / Coastal Sentry Span Splice Spanish Bowline Spar Hitch Spindle Eye / Sgt. Curtis F. Shoup Spool Sinnet Square Knot Square Sinnet Star Knot Studding Sail Sussex Sword Knot Tag Knot Tapir Splice Tarrant Terminal Knot Thimble Eye Timber Hitch Tipton Traverse True Knot Tucked Bend Tulare Turk's Head Wall Knot Water Knot Westchester William G. Fournier William N. Nelson Yard Hitch Type C1-M-AV7 Coastal Liberator Type C1-M-AV8 Crossing Knot Flat Knot Marline Bend Persian Knot Single Hitch Solid Sinnet Type C1-MT-BU1 Arizona Pine California Redwood Oregon Fir Washington Cedar vteShips built by Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, WisconsinTacoma-class frigates Brunswick Davenport Evansville Knoxville New Bedford Peoria Reading Uniontown PC-461-class submarine chasers PC-496 PC-550 PC-551 PC-588 PC-589 PC-590 PC-591 PC-821 PC-822 PC-823 PC-824 PC-825 PC-1171 PC-1172 PC-1173 PC-1174 PC-1175 PC-1176 PC-1177 PC-1178 PC-1179 / Morris PC-1180 PC-1225 PC-1226 PC-1227 PC-1228 / Munising PC-1229 PC-1230 / Grinnell PC-1260 PC-1261 PC-1262 PC-1263 PC-1560 PC-1561 PC-1562 PC-1563 PC-1564 PC-1565 PC-1566 PC-1567 PC-1568 PC-1569 Alamosa-class cargo ships Type C1-M-AV1 ships Poinsett Pontotoc Richland Rockdale Schuyler Screven Sebastian Somerset / Coastal Sentry Sussex Tarrant Tipton Traverse* Tulare** Washtenaw† / Sgt. George Peterson Westchester# Wexford‡ / Coastal Crusader Net laying ships Passaic Shakamaxon Tonawanda * = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Merchant ** = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Challenger † = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Guide # = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Defender ‡ = Canceled August 1945, but completed as Coastal Crusader

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alamosa-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamosa-class_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Gwinnett-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gwinnett-class_aviation_stores_issue_ship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"aviation stores issue ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation_stores_issue_ship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Pacific_Fleet"}],"text":"USS Pontotoc (AK-206/AG-94/AVS-7) was an Alamosa-class cargo ship acquired by the US Navy shortly before the end of World War II. She was converted into a Gwinnett-class aviation stores issue ship to carry aviation parts and spares, and to issue them to the US Pacific Fleet and activities as needed.","title":"USS Pontotoc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leathem_D._Smith_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgeon_Bay,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"text":"Pontotoc was laid down for the US Maritime Commission (MARCOM), MC hull 2160, by Leathem D. Smith Shipbuilding Company, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, 15 January 1944; classified AK-206 on 25 February 1944; launched 2 July 1944; acquired from MARCOM on a loan-charter basis 28 February 1945; reclassified AG–94 on 12 March 1945; and commissioned 22 March 1945.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shakedown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_cruise"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"Guiuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiuan"},{"link_name":"Samar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar"},{"link_name":"Philippine Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Islands"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"sub_title":"World War II-related service","text":"After shakedown, Pontotoc transited the Panama Canal and arrived Pearl Harbor 18 April 1945. Reclassified as Gwinnett-class aviation stores issue ship AVS-7 effective 25 May, Pontotoc steamed for the Philippine Islands, reporting for duty 8 July at Guiuan, Samar, Philippine Islands. She provided aviation stores on station in the Philippines through the end of hostilities.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"12th Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"War Shipping Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Shipping_Administration"},{"link_name":"San Francisco, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_List"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015-3"}],"sub_title":"Post-war inactivation","text":"Pontotoc then proceeded to the 12th Naval District. She decommissioned and was delivered to the War Shipping Administration (WSA) 26 April 1946, at San Francisco, California. She was struck from the Navy List 8 May 1946.[3]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavsource2013-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMARAD-4"}],"text":"She was sold 14 August 1947, to the French firm Messageries Maritimes, and renamed Taurus. In 1960 she was sold to Morocco and renamed Tadjera.[2][4]","title":"Merchant service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC1_Cargo_Ships2009_1-3"},{"link_name":"C1 Cargo Ships 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFC1_Cargo_Ships2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2013_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavsource2013_2-1"},{"link_name":"Navsource 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNavsource2013"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDANFS2015_3-2"},{"link_name":"DANFS 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDANFS2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMARAD_4-0"},{"link_name":"MARAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMARAD"}],"text":"Citations^ a b c d C1 Cargo Ships 2009.\n\n^ a b Navsource 2013.\n\n^ a b c DANFS 2015.\n\n^ MARAD.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Nicollet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pontotoc.html"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Naval_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"\"C1 Cargo Ships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//shipbuildinghistory.com/merchantships/2c1cargoships.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Pontotoc (AG-94/AVS-7)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navsource.org/archives/09/50/5006.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Pontotoc (AK-206/AVS-7)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.marad.dot.gov/sh/ShipHistory/Detail/3613"}],"text":"Online resources\n\n\"Nicollet\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\"C1 Cargo Ships\". www.ShipbuildingHistory.com. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2016.\n\"Pontotoc (AG-94/AVS-7)\". Navsource.org. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016.\n\"Pontotoc (AK-206/AVS-7)\". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved 30 November 2016.","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong_Makassar

Kampong Makassar

["1 References"]

Kampong Makassar was one several internment camps in the island of Java near Batavia (present-day Jakarta) in which the Japanese interned enemy civilians, mostly Dutch, after the Dutch East Indies fell to Japanese forces in 1942. Between January and October 1945, Kampong Makassar functioned as prisoners of war, civilian, and relief camps respectively. References ^ "BBC - WW2 People's War - Kampong Makassar". Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Bathing Room in the Women's Quarter of the Makassarese Village Near Master Cornelis in Batavia - World Digital Library". Retrieved 1 June 2013. ^ "Zoeken in Indische kamparchieven - Indischekamparchieven". Retrieved 1 June 2013.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideographic_Rapporteur_Group

Ideographic Research Group

["1 History","2 Overview","3 References","4 External links","4.1 Working Set Online Review Tools","4.2 IRG Working Document Series (IWDS)"]

Unicode committee for Chinese characters The Ideographic Research Group (IRG), formerly called the Ideographic Rapporteur Group, is a subgroup of Working Group 2 (WG2) of ISO/IEC JTC1 Subcommittee 2 (SC2), which is the committee responsible for developing the Universal Coded Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646). IRG is tasked with preparing and reviewing sets of CJK unified ideographs for eventual inclusion in both ISO/IEC 10646 and The Unicode Standard. The IRG is composed of representatives from national standards bodies from China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and other regions that have historically used Chinese characters, as well as experts from liaison organizations such as the Taipei Computer Association (TCA) and the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC). The group holds two meetings every year lasting 4-5 days each, subsequently reporting its activities to its parent ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 (SC2/WG2) committee. History The precursor to the IRG was the CJK Joint Research Group (CJK-JRG), established in 1990. In October 1993, this group was re-established with its present initials as a subgroup of WG2. In June 2019, the subgroup acquired its current name. The IRG rapporteur from 1993 to 2004 was Zhang Zhoucai (张轴材), who had been convenor and chief editor of CJK-JRG from 1990 to 1993. Since 2004, the IRG rapporteur has been Hong Kong Polytechnic University professor Lu Qin (陸勤) In June 2018, the title of "rapporteur" was changed to "convenor". Overview IRG is responsible for reviewing proposals to add new CJK unified ideographs to the Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646), and equivalently the Unicode Standard, and submitting consolidated proposals for sets of unified ideographs to WG2, which are then processed for encoding in the respective standards by SC2 and the Unicode Technical Committee. National and liaison bodies that have been represented in IRG include China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan (no longer active), North Korea (no longer active), South Korea, Singapore (no longer active), the Taipei Computer Association (TCA), the United Kingdom, Vietnam, and the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC). As of Unicode version 15.1, the IRG has been responsible for submitting the following blocks of CJK unified and compatibility ideographs for encoding: CJK Unified Ideographs and CJK Compatibility Ideographs (version 1.0) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A (version 3.0) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B and CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement (version 3.1) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C (version 5.2) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D (version 6.0) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E (version 8.0) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F (version 10.0) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G (version 13.0) CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H (version 15.0) Since 2015, proposed characters submitted by IRG member bodies have been processed in batches called "IRG Working Sets". Each working set undergoes several years of review by IRG experts before official submission of the working set to WG2 as a new block. Once accepted by WG2, the proposed block is processed according to the individual procedures followed by ISO/IEC JTC1 SC2 and the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC). In the case of SC2, this involves balloting of ISO member bodies. The following working sets have been processed by IRG: WS2015. 5,547 submitted characters which resulted in 4,939 characters encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G (Unicode version 13.0, March 2020): China: 2,277 submitted characters (1,268 Zhuang characters, 1,009 characters from the Hanyu Da Zidian (汉语大字典) dictionary) Republic of Korea: 469 submitted characters SAT: 350 submitted characters TCA: 500 submitted characters United Kingdom: 1,640 submitted characters UTC: 311 submitted characters WS2017. 5,027 submitted characters which resulted in 4,192 characters encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H (Unicode version 15.0, September 2022): China: 963 submitted characters (143 person name characters, 354 place name characters, 29 characters from the Hanyu Da Cidian (汉语大词典) dictionary, 33 characters from the Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (中医字典), and 404 Zhuang characters) Republic of Korea: 686 submitted characters SAT: 305 submitted characters TCA: 895 submitted characters United Kingdom: 1,001 submitted characters UTC: 193 submitted characters Vietnam: 984 submitted characters WS2021. 4,951 submitted characters which may result in up to 4,302 characters to be encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J in a future version of Unicode: China: 1,223 submitted characters (151 place name characters, 768 science and technology characters, 4 person name characters, and 300 Zhuang characters) Republic of Korea: 191 submitted characters SAT: 383 submitted characters TCA: 1,000 submitted characters United Kingdom: 1,000 submitted characters UTC: 153 submitted characters Vietnam: 1,001 submitted characters WS2024. China, Republic of Korea, SAT, TCA, United Kingdom, UTC, and Vietnam plan to submit up to 1,000 characters each for WS2024 in July 2024. References ^ a b "ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2/IRG: Ideographic Rapporteur Group". ^ a b "Resolutions of the 24th ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Plenary Meeting, Redmond, WA, US, 2019-06-17 and 21". ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ The Unicode Consortium (2021). "Han Unification History: Ideographic Rapporteur Group". The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0.0 (PDF). The Unicode Consortium. p. 987. ISBN 978-1-936213-29-0. ^ "LU, Qin(Lu Chin)". Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "Resolutions of the 23rd ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 Plenary Meeting, London, UK, 2018-06-18, 22". ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2019. ^ "Unicode Standard Annex #45: U-source Ideographs". The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. ^ "Appendix E: Han Unification History" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Unicode Consortium. September 2021. ^ "Ideographic Rapporteur Group". Office of the Government Chief Information Officer. ^ "FAQ - Chinese and Japanese". ^ "IRG2133: IRG 2015 Collection Version 1.1 attributes". Retrieved 2024-05-08. ^ "IRG Working Set 2017 - Index of Characters". Retrieved 2024-05-08. ^ "IRGN2678: WS 2021 V7.0". Retrieved 2024-05-08. ^ "IRG Working Set 2021 - Index of Characters". Retrieved 2024-05-08. ^ "IRG Meeting #62 Recommendations and Action Items" (PDF). 2024-03-22. Retrieved 2024-05-08. External links IRG homepage, including meeting documents and Working Set revisions Working Set Online Review Tools Working Set 2015 Working Set 2017 Working Set 2021 IRG Working Document Series (IWDS) vteUnicodeUnicode Unicode Consortium ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set) Versions Code points Block List Universal Character Set Character charts Character property Plane Private Use Area CharactersSpecial purpose BOM Combining grapheme joiner Left-to-right mark / Right-to-left mark Soft hyphen Variant form Word joiner Zero-width joiner Zero-width non-joiner Zero-width space Lists Characters CJK Unified Ideographs Combining character Duplicate characters Numerals Scripts Spaces Symbols Halfwidth and fullwidth Alias names and abbreviations Whitespace characters ProcessingAlgorithms Bidirectional text Collation ISO/IEC 14651 Equivalence Variation sequences International Ideographs Core Comparison of encodings BOCU-1 CESU-8 Punycode SCSU UTF-1 UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16/UCS-2 UTF-32/UCS-4 UTF-EBCDIC On pairs ofcode points Combining character Compatibility characters Duplicate characters Equivalence Homoglyph Precomposed character list Z-variant Variation sequences Regional indicator symbol Emoji skin color Usage Domain names (IDN) Email Fonts HTML entity references numeric references Input International Ideographs Core Related standards Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR) GB 18030 ISO/IEC 8859 DIN 91379 ISO 15924 Related topics Anomalies ConScript Unicode Registry Ideographic Research Group International Components for Unicode People involved with Unicode Han unification Scripts and symbols in UnicodeCommon and inherited scripts Combining marks Diacritics Punctuation marks Spaces Numbers Modern scripts Adlam Arabic Armenian Balinese Bamum Batak Bengali Bopomofo Braille Buhid Burmese Canadian Aboriginal Chakma Cham Cherokee CJK Unified Ideographs (Han) Cyrillic Deseret Devanagari Geʽez Georgian Greek Gujarati Gunjala Gondi Gurmukhi Hangul Hanifi Rohingya Hanja Hanunuoo Hebrew Hiragana Javanese Kanji Kannada Katakana Kayah Li Khmer Lao Latin Lepcha Limbu Lisu (Fraser) Lontara Malayalam Masaram Gondi Mende Kikakui Medefaidrin Miao (Pollard) Mongolian Mru N'Ko Nag Mundari New Tai Lue Nüshu Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong Odia Ol Chiki Osage Osmanya Pahawh Hmong Pau Cin Hau Pracalit (Newa) Ranjana Rejang Samaritan Saurashtra Shavian Sinhala Sorang Sompeng Sundanese Syriac Tagbanwa Tai Le Tai Tham Tai Viet Tamil Tangsa Telugu Thaana Thai Tibetan Tifinagh Tirhuta Toto Vai Wancho Warang Citi Yi Ancient andhistoric scripts Ahom Anatolian hieroglyphs Ancient North Arabian Avestan Bassa Vah Bhaiksuki Brāhmī Carian Caucasian Albanian Coptic Cuneiform Cypriot Cypro-Minoan Dives Akuru Dogra Egyptian hieroglyphs Elbasan Elymaic Glagolitic Gothic Grantha Hatran Imperial Aramaic Inscriptional Pahlavi Inscriptional Parthian Kaithi Kawi Kharosthi Khitan small script Khojki Khudawadi Khwarezmian (Chorasmian) Linear A Linear B Lycian Lydian Mahajani Makasar Mandaic Manichaean Marchen Meetei Mayek Meroitic Modi Multani Nabataean Nandinagari Ogham Old Hungarian Old Italic Old Permic Old Persian cuneiform Old Sogdian Old Turkic Old Uyghur Palmyrene ʼPhags-pa Phoenician Psalter Pahlavi Runic Sharada Siddham Sogdian South Arabian Soyombo Sylheti Nagri Tagalog (Baybayin) Takri Tangut Ugaritic Vithkuqi Yezidi Zanabazar Square Notational scripts Duployan SignWriting Symbols, emojis Cultural, political, and religious symbols Currency Control Pictures Mathematical operators and symbols List by subject Phonetic symbols (including IPA) Emoji  Category: Unicode  Category: Unicode blocks

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO/IEC JTC1 Subcommittee 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2"},{"link_name":"Universal Coded Character Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set"},{"link_name":"CJK unified ideographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_unified_ideographs"},{"link_name":"The Unicode Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unicode_Standard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irg-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2-24-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Unicode Technical Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Technical_Committee"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2"}],"text":"The Ideographic Research Group (IRG), formerly called the Ideographic Rapporteur Group, is a subgroup of Working Group 2 (WG2) of ISO/IEC JTC1 Subcommittee 2 (SC2), which is the committee responsible for developing the Universal Coded Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646). IRG is tasked with preparing and reviewing sets of CJK unified ideographs for eventual inclusion in both ISO/IEC 10646 and The Unicode Standard.[1][2] The IRG is composed of representatives from national standards bodies from China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and other regions that have historically used Chinese characters, as well as experts from liaison organizations such as the Taipei Computer Association (TCA) and the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC). The group holds two meetings every year lasting 4-5 days each, subsequently reporting its activities to its parent ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 (SC2/WG2) committee.","title":"Ideographic Research Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-e2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2-24-2"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irg-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2-23-5"}],"text":"The precursor to the IRG was the CJK Joint Research Group (CJK-JRG), established in 1990. In October 1993, this group was re-established with its present initials as a subgroup of WG2.[3] In June 2019, the subgroup acquired its current name.[2]The IRG rapporteur from 1993 to 2004 was Zhang Zhoucai (张轴材), who had been convenor and chief editor of CJK-JRG from 1990 to 1993. Since 2004, the IRG rapporteur has been Hong Kong Polytechnic University professor Lu Qin (陸勤)[1][4] In June 2018, the title of \"rapporteur\" was changed to \"convenor\".[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CJK unified ideographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_unified_ideographs"},{"link_name":"Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set"},{"link_name":"Unicode Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Standard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Taipei Computer Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"CJK unified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_unified_ideographs"},{"link_name":"compatibility ideographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compatibility_ideographs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block)"},{"link_name":"CJK Compatibility Ideographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B"},{"link_name":"CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC JTC1 SC2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_2"},{"link_name":"Unicode Technical Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_Technical_Committee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G"},{"link_name":"Zhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip"},{"link_name":"Hanyu Da Zidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Da_Zidian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H"},{"link_name":"Hanyu Da Cidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Da_Cidian"},{"link_name":"Zhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_J&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Zhuang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"IRG is responsible for reviewing proposals to add new CJK unified ideographs to the Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (ISO/IEC 10646), and equivalently the Unicode Standard, and submitting consolidated proposals for sets of unified ideographs to WG2, which are then processed for encoding in the respective standards by SC2 and the Unicode Technical Committee.[6][7] National and liaison bodies that have been represented in IRG include China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan (no longer active), North Korea (no longer active), South Korea, Singapore (no longer active), the Taipei Computer Association (TCA), the United Kingdom, Vietnam, and the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC).As of Unicode version 15.1, the IRG has been responsible for submitting the following blocks of CJK unified and compatibility ideographs for encoding:[8]CJK Unified Ideographs and CJK Compatibility Ideographs (version 1.0)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension A (version 3.0)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension B and CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement (version 3.1)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension C (version 5.2)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension D (version 6.0)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension E (version 8.0)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension F (version 10.0)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension G (version 13.0)\nCJK Unified Ideographs Extension H (version 15.0)Since 2015, proposed characters submitted by IRG member bodies have been processed in batches called \"IRG Working Sets\". Each working set undergoes several years of review by IRG experts before official submission of the working set to WG2 as a new block. Once accepted by WG2, the proposed block is processed according to the individual procedures followed by ISO/IEC JTC1 SC2 and the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC). In the case of SC2, this involves balloting of ISO member bodies.[9] The following working sets have been processed by IRG:WS2015. 5,547 submitted characters which resulted in 4,939 characters encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G (Unicode version 13.0, March 2020):China: 2,277 submitted characters (1,268 Zhuang characters, 1,009 characters from the Hanyu Da Zidian (汉语大字典) dictionary)\nRepublic of Korea: 469 submitted characters\nSAT: 350 submitted characters\nTCA: 500 submitted characters\nUnited Kingdom: 1,640 submitted characters\nUTC: 311 submitted characters[10]WS2017. 5,027 submitted characters which resulted in 4,192 characters encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H (Unicode version 15.0, September 2022):China: 963 submitted characters (143 person name characters, 354 place name characters, 29 characters from the Hanyu Da Cidian (汉语大词典) dictionary, 33 characters from the Dictionary of Chinese Medicine (中医字典), and 404 Zhuang characters)\nRepublic of Korea: 686 submitted characters\nSAT: 305 submitted characters\nTCA: 895 submitted characters\nUnited Kingdom: 1,001 submitted characters\nUTC: 193 submitted characters\nVietnam: 984 submitted characters[11]WS2021. 4,951 submitted characters which may result in up to 4,302 characters to be encoded in CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J in a future version of Unicode:[12]China: 1,223 submitted characters (151 place name characters, 768 science and technology characters, 4 person name characters, and 300 Zhuang characters)\nRepublic of Korea: 191 submitted characters\nSAT: 383 submitted characters\nTCA: 1,000 submitted characters\nUnited Kingdom: 1,000 submitted characters\nUTC: 153 submitted characters\nVietnam: 1,001 submitted characters[13]WS2024. China, Republic of Korea, SAT, TCA, United Kingdom, UTC, and Vietnam plan to submit up to 1,000 characters each for WS2024 in July 2024.[14]","title":"Overview"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton_and_the_Eternal_Diva

Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva

["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","3 Home media","4 Soundtracks","5 Reception","6 Possible sequel","7 References","8 Notes","9 External links"]

2009 Japanese anime by Masakazu Hashimoto Professor Layton and the Eternal DivaSingaporean release posterDirected byMasakazu HashimotoScreenplay byAya MatsuiStory byAkihiro HinoProduced byShūji AbeKenji HorikawaArimasa OkadaToshiaki OkunoShin OmuraIchiro TakaseStarringYo OizumiMaki HorikitaNana MizukiAtsurō WatabeSaki AibuMusic byTomohito NishiuraTsuneyoshi SaitoProductioncompaniesP.A. WorksOLMDistributed byTohoRelease date December 19, 2009 (2009-12-19) Running time100 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBox office$7,670,789 Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva (レイトン教授と永遠の歌姫, Reiton-kyōju to Eien no Utahime) is a 2009 Japanese animated mystery film directed by Masakazu Hashimoto, written by Aya Matsui from a story by Akihiro Hino and produced by P.A. Works and OLM. The film is based on the Professor Layton video game series by Level-5, taking place between the events of the video games Professor Layton and the Last Specter and Professor Layton and the Miracle Mask. In the story, renowned opera star Janice Quatlane contacts her former teacher, Professor Hershel Layton, after encountering a young girl who claims to be the reincarnation of her dead friend. While Layton and his apprentice, Luke Triton, are attending one of Janice's performances, they get unwillingly pulled into a puzzle-themed battle royal where the winner will apparently receive "the gift of eternal life". According to Level-5, the film stays true to the games, with music, puzzles and characters. An English-language version was released by Manga Entertainment in the United Kingdom on October 18, 2010, around the same time as Professor Layton and the Unwound Future was released, with a British voice cast (including Maria Darling reprising her role of Luke from the UK releases of the games). The film was released in the United States on November 8, 2011 by Viz Media and received generally positive reviews from critics. Plot Sometime after the events of the second game of the original trilogy — Professor Layton and the Diabolical Box — archaeologist and puzzle master Professor Hershel Layton and his young apprentice Luke Triton reminisce over one of their earliest adventures together from three years ago (this taking place after Professor Layton and the Last Specter, the first game chronologically): Layton is invited by his former student Janice Quatlane to watch her perform in an opera at the Crown Petone opera house, which is built on the White Cliffs of Dover. The performance centers on the legendary lost Kingdom of Ambrosia and the secret of eternal life it holds, which will be rediscovered when its queen returns. Janice believes recent strange occurrences are somehow connected to the opera: girls have disappeared from London, and the opera's composer, Oswald Whistler, has recently adopted a young girl who has claimed to be his deceased daughter Melina. Whistler plays the entire opera on the Detragon, an elaborate one-man orchestra machine. Once the performance is complete, a mystery man informs the audience that they are to play a game, the winner of which will receive the secret of eternal life, while the losers will die. Several members of the audience try to escape, but the floor opens up beneath them and they disappear. Inspector Grosky tries to arrest the mystery man, but the man is a puppet which inflates and floats out of the theater, taking Grosky with him. The Crown Petone is revealed to be a ship, which breaks off from the cliffs and sets sail. The mystery man unveils a series of timed puzzles intended to progressively eliminate the players until one winner remains. Layton's prolific puzzle-solving prowess allows him, Luke, Janice, and a group of nine others to quickly deduce the answers. The remaining contestants leave the ship in lifeboats, which takes the players to their next destination as the ship explodes behind them. The next morning, the group finds themselves on an island. After discovering a sculpted stone seal, amateur historian Marco Brock reasons they must be at Ambrosia. Evading a pack of wolves as they make their way towards the castle at the centre of the island, Layton, Luke and Janice become separated from the rest of the group and assemble a makeshift helicopter that allows them to fly to the castle quickly. There, they solve the fourth and final puzzle that directs them to the final room of the contest, but Layton leaves Luke, Janice and two other contestants (Brock and child prodigy Amelia Ruth) to enter it while he explores the rest of the castle. Back in London, Emmy Altava, Professor Layton's assistant, is meeting with Dr. Andrew Schrader when she hears about the events on the Crown Petone. She flies out to the remains of the ship, where she picks up Inspector Grosky and flies to the island. Layton finds a room filled with Melina Whistler's belongings, along with a piece of sheet music titled "A Song of the Sea". He meets Melina herself and witnesses her having an argument with herself. Luke, Janice, Brock and Amelia enter the final room of the contest, only to be trapped behind bars. The mystery man reveals himself as Jean Descole, Layton and Luke's old nemesis, who orders Amelia to be brought to him. Luke, Janice and Brock are taken by Descole's men, but they are saved by Emmy and Grosky. Layton and Melina meet up with them, and Emmy recognizes "Melina" as Nina, one of the girls who went missing. Amelia is brought to Oswald Whistler, believed to have been eliminated by a previous puzzle, and declares her the winner of the contest, but soon forces her into a machine connected to the Detragon and confesses that there is no Elixir of Life. Layton and company manage to save her, and Layton explains the truth: the Detragon is actually a machine that can copy a person's personality and download their memories into another person's brain. Whistler had conspired with Descole to abduct girls from London and use the Detragon to implant them with his dead daughter's memories as a means of keeping her alive indefinitely. This is the fate that befell Nina, and it is the fate that Whistler had planned for Amelia. Layton reveals that Janice also was a victim of Whistler's experiments, and that, unbeknownst to Whistler, he had actually succeeded in transferring Melina's memories into Janice's body. It was Melina who sought Layton's help in stopping her father from hurting anyone else. With Melina's cover blown, Descole captures her and reveals his true plan: to use the Detragon in concert with Melina's singing to raise Ambrosia by playing a pair of melodies found in the island's stone seal - the Song of the Stars and the Song of the Sea. After Descole's attempts fail, he flies into a rage: the Detragon destroys the castle and becomes the controls of a gigantic excavation robot, the Detragiganto, which Descole commands and begins rampaging across the island in a desperate attempt to uncover Ambrosia by force. Layton and company escape the castle, and Layton and Luke fly in their makeshift helicopter to save Melina. During the chaos, Melina tries to stop Descole, but he knocks her over the side of the robot, where she holds on for her life. Luke rescues Melina while Layton duels with Descole on top of the Detragiganto, and reveals that Descole had overlooked a third melody hidden in the seal, the Song of the Sun. Again, Melina sings as Layton takes the Detragon's controls, and this time, the ruins of Ambrosia do indeed rise, infuriating Descole even further. He lunges at Layton, believing that the ruins belong only to him, but merely damages the control panel instead, throwing the Detragiganto out of control and causing it to heavily damage itself. Descole falls off the machine and disappears while Layton, Luke and Melina escape. In the aftermath of the rise of Ambrosia, Melina decides she cannot take over Janice's life, and, after bidding farewell to her father, Luke and Layton, her spirit leaves Janice's body. Whistler plays one last song on the remains of the Detragon, and Janice, now in control of her body again, sings for Melina's memory. As the sun rises over the island, Layton concludes that the true "eternal life" of the people of Ambrosia comes from people in the modern age still speaking tales of them and their beloved Queen. Luke wonders if Melina could have been a reincarnation of the queen of Ambrosia, and Layton reminds him of the legend: that Ambrosia would rise again when its beloved queen returned. Voice cast See also: List of Professor Layton characters Character Japanese English Professor Hershel Layton Yo Oizumi Christopher Robin Miller Luke Triton Maki Horikita Maria Darling Emmy Altava Saki Aibu Emma Tate Janice Quatlane Nana Mizuki (singing voice in both versions) Emma Tate Jean Descole Atsuro Watabe Jonathan Keeble Inspector Clamp Grosky Hōchū Ōtsuka Stuart Organ Oswald Whistler Iemasa Kayumi Robbie Stevens Melina Whistler Fumiko Orikasa Emma Tate Celia Raidley Kikuko Inoue Sarah Hadland Nina Sumire Morohoshi Claire Morgan Curtis O'Donnell Shōzō Iizuka Wayne Forester Marco Brock Kenta Miyake David Holt Amelia Ruth Megumi Toyoguchi Claire Morgan Frederick Bargland Jouji Nakata Stuart Organ Annie Dretche LiLiCo Maria Darling Pierre Starbuck Kōichi Yamadera Robbie Stevens Don Paolo Minoru Inaba Christopher Robin Miller Inspector Chelmey Shirō Saitō Christopher Robin Miller Constable Barton Hiromi Sugino Wayne Forester Flora Reinhold Mamiko Noto Claire Morgan Dr. Andrew Schrader Rokurō Naya Stuart Organ Home media The film was released in Singapore on March 18, 2010, showing in Japanese with English and Chinese subtitles. Manga Entertainment UK has licensed the film for DVD and Blu-ray Disc release in the United Kingdom in October 2010. The Manga Entertainment release is dubbed by the voice actors used in the UK releases of the game, including several new voice actors, like Sarah Hadland and Wayne Forester. Several versions of the film have been released: a standard DVD release, a standard Blu-ray release, a three-disc DVD and Blu-ray combo pack, and a three-disc collector's edition that includes a 630-page book containing the complete storyboard. The film was also made available for digital purchase via the European Nintendo 3DS eShop on July 7, 2016. When asked about a North American release, director Akihiro Hino said, "We don't have any plans to release the movies in America currently, but we'll make sure to let you know if that changes." Viz Media announced they had licensed the movie and released it on DVD in North America on November 8, 2011. The DVD was a direct port of the UK version and was not redubbed with the North American voice actors. The film was also released in German as Professor Layton und die ewige Diva and in the Netherlands as Professor Layton en de Eeuwige Diva. Soundtracks This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two albums were released in Japan containing the music of the film. One titled The Eternal Diva: Janice Quatlane, containing all the vocal songs, and the other titled Layton Kyouju To Eien no Utahime Original Soundtrack, containing the main music from the film (most of which is reorchestrated versions of music from the first four games). Unlike the games, an actual orchestra was used for most of the music. In addition, the film's ending theme, The Eternal Diva, is included with its lyrics on both albums. The Eternal Diva: Janice QuatlaneNo.TitleLength1."Record of Memories"1:192."Let this Happiness be Eternal"1:463."A Transient Life's Departure"2:064."Janice's Tears"1:385."The Eternal Diva"7:036."A Song of the Stars"0:377."A Song of the Sea"0:498."A Song of the Sun"2:169."Indigo Memories"1:39Total length:19:13 Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva Original SoundtrackNo.TitleLength1."Cold Open ~Professor Layton's Theme"2:382."Prologue to the Adventure ~Puzzles"1:273."Travel Guide ~Descole's Theme (unused)"1:404."Compensation 1 ~Detragiganto's Theme"0:335."Departure to the Voyage ~Descole's Theme"2:056."Detragan's Echoes ~Whistler's Theme"1:067."Rules for the Survivors ~An Uneasy Atmosphere"0:468."Puzzle Number 001 ~Puzzles Reinvented (from Unwound Future)"1:569."Compensation 2 ~Detragiganto's Theme"0:2110."Puzzle Number 002 ~Puzzles 5 (from Last Specter)"4:1111."Melina's Tenacity ~An Uneasy Atmosphere (from Diabolical Box)"0:2712."People of the Past ~The Looming Tower (from Curious Village)"2:1313."The True Crown ~Descole's Theme"1:5414."About London ~About Town (from Curious Village)"0:4315."The Passionate Whistler ~Whistler's Theme"1:2616."The Legendary Kingdom ~Theme of Ambrosia"0:5617."Rest ~Time for a Break"0:5318."Approaching Pursuer 1 ~Approaching Pursuer"1:1819."Puzzle Number 003 ~Revolutionary Idea"0:5420."Adjusting the Pace ~Pursuit in the Night (from Curious Village)"1:1121."Compensation 3 ~Detragiganto's Theme"0:1222."Escape! ~Professor Layton's Theme"2:2423."Puzzle Number 004 ~The Plot Thickens (from Curious Village)"2:0724."Descole Appears ~Descole's Theme"1:0125."Professor Layton's Piano ~A Song of the Sea"0:3226."Approaching Pursuer 2 ~Approaching Pursuer"1:0427."Emmy's Efforts ~Emmy's Theme"0:3128."Whistler's Experiment ~Dangerous Experiment"2:1029."The Mystery Explained! ~Professor Layton's Theme"2:3430."Great Conspiracy ~Descole, Ambrosia's Theme"2:3631."Prelude to Destruction ~Descole's Theme"1:0732."Detragiganto Appears ~Detragiganto's Theme"1:4333."Janice's Crisis ~Tense Decision"0:2134."Future British Gentleman ~Luke's Theme"1:5335."The Final Battle ~Time of Conclusion"1:4936."The Dream Collapses ~Theme of Ambrosia"1:3837."Father's Memories ~Whistler's Theme"0:3538."The Feelings Will Always Be Close ~Whistler's Theme"2:4639."The Eternal Diva / Janice Quatlane (CV Nana Mizuki)"6:55Total length:62:36 Reception Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva debuted at number 6 at the Japanese box office, grossing $1,074,959 USD during its opening weekend. By the weekend of March 24 to the 26th, the film had grossed $6,140,049 in both Japanese and overseas (Taiwan and Singapore) totals. It was the ninth most watched anime film of the first of half of 2010 in Japan, and the 14th of the entire year. The film went on to gross ¥610 million ($7,643,438) in Japan, and $27,351 overseas (Singapore and Taiwan), for a total of $7,670,789 in Asia. GameSync.net gave it a positive review, calling it "wholeheartedly entertaining and heartwarming, with a dash of British wit and eccentricity." Martin Robinson of IGN gave the film a positive review stating, "It's not without faults; the climactic scene outstays its welcome, while the production levels don't match those of the top tier of anime. But it is disposable fun that's near certain to put a smile on your face - and that's something we've not been able to say about a video game adaptation for some time." Possible sequel The game series' developer and publisher Level-5 have stated that they wished to release a Professor Layton film every winter, and that they are already producing the next film. Besides the animated films, a British/Japanese live-action film was in the works as well. While not committing to a second film, director Akihiro Hino said that the "second season" of the Layton series (which begins with Professor Layton and the Last Specter) was originally imagined by another film. References ^ "Manga U.K. to Release 1st Professor Layton Anime Film - News". Anime News Network. 2013-06-10. Archived from the original on 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2013-06-14. ^ "Professor Layton And The Eternal Diva DVD+Blu-ray Combi Pack Deluxe Collector's Edition: Amazon.co.uk: Chris Miller, Maria Darling, Sarah Hadland, Wayne Forester, Masakazu Hashimoto: Film & TV". Amazon.co.uk. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 2013-06-14. ^ https://twitter.com/NintendoEurope/status/751778592921714688 Archived 2020-05-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ Yoon, Andrew (2010-09-27). "Level-5 president on making a better Professor Layton for America". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2013-06-14. ^ "Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva - more NA release details | GoNintendo - What are YOU waiting for?". GoNintendo. 7 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-08-25. Retrieved 2013-06-14. ^ "Reiton kyôju to eien no utahime (Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva) (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2011-05-14. ^ "Top Anime Movies at Japanese Box Office, 1st Half of 2010". Anime News Network. July 30, 2010. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2013. ^ "Top Anime Movies at Japanese Box Office: 2010". Anime News Network. December 12, 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2013. ^ "2010年 日本映画・外国映画 業界総決算 経営/製作/配給/興行のすべて". Kinema Junpo (in Japanese) (2011年（平成23年）2月下旬号). Kinema Junposha: 190. 2011. ^ Pang, Edward (2010-03-18). "Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva is out in Singapore | No Game No Talk". Gamesync.net. Archived from the original on 2010-05-05. Retrieved 2013-06-14. ^ Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva Review - IGN, 3 June 2010, archived from the original on 2018-04-12, retrieved 2019-06-18 ^ "Professor Layton: The First Movie Set for January 2010 - News". Anime News Network. 2013-06-10. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-14. ^ "Level-5 Details Professor Layton Plans". Andriasang.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-12. Retrieved 2013-06-14. Notes ^ Also known as Professor Layton: The First Movie (レイトン教授 ザ・ファースト・ムービー, Reiton-kyōju Za Fāsuto Mūbii). External links Japanese official website Official UK site (archived) Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva at IMDb Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva at Rotten Tomatoes vteProfessor Layton List of media Main series Professor Layton and the Curious Village Diabolical Box Unwound Future Last Specter Miracle Mask Azran Legacy Layton's Mystery Journey Professor Layton and the New World of Steam Other games Layton Brothers: Mystery Room Professor Layton vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney Anime The Eternal Diva Layton Mystery Tanteisha: Katori no Nazotoki File Related articles Professor Hershel Layton Level-5 Category vteLevel-5FranchisesDark Cloud Dark Cloud Dark Chronicle Dragon Quest VIII: Journey of the Cursed King IX: Sentinels of the Starry Skies Guild Attack of the Friday Monsters! Bugs vs. Tanks! Crimson Shroud Liberation Maiden The Starship Damrey Weapon Shop de Omasse Inazuma Eleven Inazuma Eleven 2 3 Strikers GO Strikers 2012 Xtreme GO 2: Chrono Stone GO Strikers 2013 GO 3: Galaxy Victory Road Ni no Kuni Dominion of the Dark Djinn Wrath of the White Witch II: Revenant Kingdom Mobile games Professor Layton Curious Village Diabolical Box Unwound Future Last Specter Miracle Mask Mystery Room vs. Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney Azran Legacy Layton's Mystery Journey White Knight Chronicles White Knight Chronicles White Knight Chronicles II Yo-kai Watch Yo-kai Watch Yo-kai Watch 2 Yo-kai Watch Blasters Yo-kai Watch 3 Yo-kai Watch 4 Yo-kai Watch Jam: Yo-kai Academy Y Other games Atamania Fantasy Life Jeanne d'Arc Little Battlers Experience LBX: Little Battlers eXperience Megaton Musashi Mobile Suit Gundam AGE Rogue Galaxy Snack World Time Travelers True Fantasy Live Online (cancelled) Wonder Flick Related articles Riverhillsoft Akihiro Hino Tomohito Nishiura Level-5 Comcept vteP.A. WorksTelevision series True Tears (2008) Canaan (2009) Angel Beats! (2010) Hanasaku Iroha (2011) Another (2012) Tari Tari (2012) Red Data Girl (2013) The Eccentric Family (2013) Nagi-Asu: A Lull in the Sea (2013–2014) Glasslip (2014) Shirobako (2014–2015) Charlotte (2015) Haruchika (2016) Kuromukuro (2016) Sakura Quest (2017) The Eccentric Family 2 (2017) Uma Musume Pretty Derby (2018) Sirius the Jaeger (2018) Iroduku: The World in Colors (2018) Fairy Gone (2019) A3! (2020) Appare-Ranman! (2020) The Day I Became a God (2020) The Aquatope on White Sand (2021) Ya Boy Kongming! (2022) Akiba Maid War (2022) Buddy Daddies (2023) Skip and Loafer (2023) Sakuna: Of Rice and Ruin (2024) Narenare: Cheer for You! (2024) Mayonaka Punch (2024) Feature films Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva (2009) Mai no Mahō to Katei no Hi (2011) Hanasaku Iroha: The Movie – Home Sweet Home (2013) Maquia: When the Promised Flower Blooms (2018) Shirobako: The Movie (2020) Komada: A Whisky Family (2023) OVA/ONAs Angel Beats!: Stairway to Heaven (2010) The Other -Karma- (2012) Exodus! Episode 1: Exit Tokyo (2015) Angel Beats!: Hell's Kitchen (2015) The Third Girls Aerial Squad Episode 1 (2015) Charlotte (2016) Uma Musume Pretty Derby (2018) Video games Wild Arms 3 (2002) Professor Layton and the Curious Village (2007) Professor Layton and the Diabolical Box (2007) Professor Layton and the Unwound Future (2008) Triggerheart Exelica -Enhanced- (2009) Professor Layton and the Last Specter (2009) Professor Layton and the Miracle Mask (2011) Professor Layton and the Azran Legacy (2013) Category vteOLM theatrical features1998–2009 Pokémon: The First Movie (1998) Pokémon the Movie 2000 (1999) Pokémon 3: The Movie (2000) Pokémon 4Ever (2001) Pokémon Heroes (2002) Pokémon: Jirachi—Wish Maker (2003) Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys (2004) Blade of the Phantom Master (2004) Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew (2005) Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea (2006) Gekijōban Dōbutsu no Mori (2006) Pokémon: The Rise of Darkrai (2007) Tamagotchi: The Movie (2007) Pokémon: Giratina & the Sky Warrior (2008) Tamagotchi: Happiest Story in the Universe! (2008) Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life (2009) Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva (2009) 2010–2019 Pokémon: Zoroark: Master of Illusions (2010) Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom (2011) Inazuma Eleven GO: Kyūkyoku no Kizuna Gurifon (2011) Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice (2012) Inazuma Eleven GO vs. Danbōru Senki W (2012) Pokémon the Movie: Genesect and the Legend Awakened (2013) Pokémon the Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction (2014) Yo-kai Watch: The Movie (2014) Pokémon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages (2015) Yo-kai Watch: Enma Daiō to Itsutsu no Monogatari da Nyan! (2015) Pokémon the Movie: Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel (2016) Rudolf the Black Cat (2016) Cyborg 009: Call of Justice (2016) Yo-kai Watch: Soratobu Kujira to Double no Sekai no Daibōken da Nyan! (2016) Eiga Kamisama Minarai: Himitsu no Cocotama: Kiseki o Okose ♪ Tepple to Dokidoki Cocotama Kai (2017) Eiga Tamagotchi: Himitsu no Otodoke Daisakusen! (2017) Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! (2017) Yo-kai Watch Shadowside: Oni-ō no Fukkatsu (2017) Laplace's Witch (2018) Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us (2018) Eiga Drive Head: Tomica Hyper Rescue Kidō Kyūkyū Keisatsu (2018) Yo-kai Watch: Forever Friends (2018) Pokémon: Mewtwo Strikes Back – Evolution (2019) NiNoKuni (2019) Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion the Movie: Mirai Kara Kita Shinsoku no ALFA-X (2019) 2020–2029 Pokémon the Movie: Secrets of the Jungle (2020) The Great Yokai War: Guardians (2021) Odd Taxi: In the Woods (2022) Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"Akihiro Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro_Hino"},{"link_name":"P.A. Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.A._Works"},{"link_name":"OLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLM,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Professor Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton"},{"link_name":"Level-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level-5_(company)"},{"link_name":"Professor Layton and the Last Specter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton_and_the_Last_Specter"},{"link_name":"Professor Layton and the Miracle Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton_and_the_Miracle_Mask"},{"link_name":"Professor Hershel Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Hershel_Layton"},{"link_name":"battle royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_royal"},{"link_name":"Manga Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Professor Layton and the Unwound Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton_and_the_Unwound_Future"},{"link_name":"Viz Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media"}],"text":"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva (レイトン教授と永遠の歌姫, Reiton-kyōju to Eien no Utahime)[a] is a 2009 Japanese animated mystery film directed by Masakazu Hashimoto, written by Aya Matsui from a story by Akihiro Hino and produced by P.A. Works and OLM. The film is based on the Professor Layton video game series by Level-5, taking place between the events of the video games Professor Layton and the Last Specter and Professor Layton and the Miracle Mask. In the story, renowned opera star Janice Quatlane contacts her former teacher, Professor Hershel Layton, after encountering a young girl who claims to be the reincarnation of her dead friend. While Layton and his apprentice, Luke Triton, are attending one of Janice's performances, they get unwillingly pulled into a puzzle-themed battle royal where the winner will apparently receive \"the gift of eternal life\". According to Level-5, the film stays true to the games, with music, puzzles and characters.An English-language version was released by Manga Entertainment in the United Kingdom on October 18, 2010, around the same time as Professor Layton and the Unwound Future was released, with a British voice cast (including Maria Darling reprising her role of Luke from the UK releases of the games). The film was released in the United States on November 8, 2011 by Viz Media and received generally positive reviews from critics.","title":"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professor Layton and the Diabolical Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton_and_the_Diabolical_Box"},{"link_name":"Professor Layton and the Last Specter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton_and_the_Last_Specter"}],"text":"Sometime after the events of the second game of the original trilogy — Professor Layton and the Diabolical Box — archaeologist and puzzle master Professor Hershel Layton and his young apprentice Luke Triton reminisce over one of their earliest adventures together from three years ago (this taking place after Professor Layton and the Last Specter, the first game chronologically): Layton is invited by his former student Janice Quatlane to watch her perform in an opera at the Crown Petone opera house, which is built on the White Cliffs of Dover. The performance centers on the legendary lost Kingdom of Ambrosia and the secret of eternal life it holds, which will be rediscovered when its queen returns. Janice believes recent strange occurrences are somehow connected to the opera: girls have disappeared from London, and the opera's composer, Oswald Whistler, has recently adopted a young girl who has claimed to be his deceased daughter Melina. Whistler plays the entire opera on the Detragon, an elaborate one-man orchestra machine. Once the performance is complete, a mystery man informs the audience that they are to play a game, the winner of which will receive the secret of eternal life, while the losers will die. Several members of the audience try to escape, but the floor opens up beneath them and they disappear. Inspector Grosky tries to arrest the mystery man, but the man is a puppet which inflates and floats out of the theater, taking Grosky with him.The Crown Petone is revealed to be a ship, which breaks off from the cliffs and sets sail. The mystery man unveils a series of timed puzzles intended to progressively eliminate the players until one winner remains. Layton's prolific puzzle-solving prowess allows him, Luke, Janice, and a group of nine others to quickly deduce the answers. The remaining contestants leave the ship in lifeboats, which takes the players to their next destination as the ship explodes behind them.The next morning, the group finds themselves on an island. After discovering a sculpted stone seal, amateur historian Marco Brock reasons they must be at Ambrosia. Evading a pack of wolves as they make their way towards the castle at the centre of the island, Layton, Luke and Janice become separated from the rest of the group and assemble a makeshift helicopter that allows them to fly to the castle quickly. There, they solve the fourth and final puzzle that directs them to the final room of the contest, but Layton leaves Luke, Janice and two other contestants (Brock and child prodigy Amelia Ruth) to enter it while he explores the rest of the castle.Back in London, Emmy Altava, Professor Layton's assistant, is meeting with Dr. Andrew Schrader when she hears about the events on the Crown Petone. She flies out to the remains of the ship, where she picks up Inspector Grosky and flies to the island.Layton finds a room filled with Melina Whistler's belongings, along with a piece of sheet music titled \"A Song of the Sea\". He meets Melina herself and witnesses her having an argument with herself. Luke, Janice, Brock and Amelia enter the final room of the contest, only to be trapped behind bars. The mystery man reveals himself as Jean Descole, Layton and Luke's old nemesis, who orders Amelia to be brought to him. Luke, Janice and Brock are taken by Descole's men, but they are saved by Emmy and Grosky. Layton and Melina meet up with them, and Emmy recognizes \"Melina\" as Nina, one of the girls who went missing.Amelia is brought to Oswald Whistler, believed to have been eliminated by a previous puzzle, and declares her the winner of the contest, but soon forces her into a machine connected to the Detragon and confesses that there is no Elixir of Life. Layton and company manage to save her, and Layton explains the truth: the Detragon is actually a machine that can copy a person's personality and download their memories into another person's brain. Whistler had conspired with Descole to abduct girls from London and use the Detragon to implant them with his dead daughter's memories as a means of keeping her alive indefinitely. This is the fate that befell Nina, and it is the fate that Whistler had planned for Amelia. Layton reveals that Janice also was a victim of Whistler's experiments, and that, unbeknownst to Whistler, he had actually succeeded in transferring Melina's memories into Janice's body. It was Melina who sought Layton's help in stopping her father from hurting anyone else.With Melina's cover blown, Descole captures her and reveals his true plan: to use the Detragon in concert with Melina's singing to raise Ambrosia by playing a pair of melodies found in the island's stone seal - the Song of the Stars and the Song of the Sea. After Descole's attempts fail, he flies into a rage: the Detragon destroys the castle and becomes the controls of a gigantic excavation robot, the Detragiganto, which Descole commands and begins rampaging across the island in a desperate attempt to uncover Ambrosia by force. Layton and company escape the castle, and Layton and Luke fly in their makeshift helicopter to save Melina.During the chaos, Melina tries to stop Descole, but he knocks her over the side of the robot, where she holds on for her life. Luke rescues Melina while Layton duels with Descole on top of the Detragiganto, and reveals that Descole had overlooked a third melody hidden in the seal, the Song of the Sun. Again, Melina sings as Layton takes the Detragon's controls, and this time, the ruins of Ambrosia do indeed rise, infuriating Descole even further. He lunges at Layton, believing that the ruins belong only to him, but merely damages the control panel instead, throwing the Detragiganto out of control and causing it to heavily damage itself. Descole falls off the machine and disappears while Layton, Luke and Melina escape.In the aftermath of the rise of Ambrosia, Melina decides she cannot take over Janice's life, and, after bidding farewell to her father, Luke and Layton, her spirit leaves Janice's body. Whistler plays one last song on the remains of the Detragon, and Janice, now in control of her body again, sings for Melina's memory. As the sun rises over the island, Layton concludes that the true \"eternal life\" of the people of Ambrosia comes from people in the modern age still speaking tales of them and their beloved Queen. Luke wonders if Melina could have been a reincarnation of the queen of Ambrosia, and Layton reminds him of the legend: that Ambrosia would rise again when its beloved queen returned.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Professor Layton characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Professor_Layton_characters"}],"text":"See also: List of Professor Layton characters","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manga Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"eShop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_eShop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Akihiro Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro_Hino"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Viz Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The film was released in Singapore on March 18, 2010, showing in Japanese with English and Chinese subtitles. Manga Entertainment UK has licensed the film for DVD and Blu-ray Disc release in the United Kingdom in October 2010.[1] The Manga Entertainment release is dubbed by the voice actors used in the UK releases of the game, including several new voice actors, like Sarah Hadland and Wayne Forester.[2] Several versions of the film have been released: a standard DVD release, a standard Blu-ray release, a three-disc DVD and Blu-ray combo pack, and a three-disc collector's edition that includes a 630-page book containing the complete storyboard. The film was also made available for digital purchase via the European Nintendo 3DS eShop on July 7, 2016.[3]When asked about a North American release, director Akihiro Hino said, \"We don't have any plans to release the movies in America currently, but we'll make sure to let you know if that changes.\"[4] Viz Media announced they had licensed the movie and released it on DVD in North America on November 8, 2011.[5] The DVD was a direct port of the UK version and was not redubbed with the North American voice actors. The film was also released in German as Professor Layton und die ewige Diva and in the Netherlands as Professor Layton en de Eeuwige Diva.","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two albums were released in Japan containing the music of the film. One titled The Eternal Diva: Janice Quatlane, containing all the vocal songs, and the other titled Layton Kyouju To Eien no Utahime Original Soundtrack, containing the main music from the film (most of which is reorchestrated versions of music from the first four games). Unlike the games, an actual orchestra was used for most of the music. In addition, the film's ending theme, The Eternal Diva, is included with its lyrics on both albums.The Eternal Diva: Janice QuatlaneNo.TitleLength1.\"Record of Memories\"1:192.\"Let this Happiness be Eternal\"1:463.\"A Transient Life's Departure\"2:064.\"Janice's Tears\"1:385.\"The Eternal Diva\"7:036.\"A Song of the Stars\"0:377.\"A Song of the Sea\"0:498.\"A Song of the Sun\"2:169.\"Indigo Memories\"1:39Total length:19:13Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva Original SoundtrackNo.TitleLength1.\"Cold Open ~Professor Layton's Theme\"2:382.\"Prologue to the Adventure ~Puzzles\"1:273.\"Travel Guide ~Descole's Theme (unused)\"1:404.\"Compensation 1 ~Detragiganto's Theme\"0:335.\"Departure to the Voyage ~Descole's Theme\"2:056.\"Detragan's Echoes ~Whistler's Theme\"1:067.\"Rules for the Survivors ~An Uneasy Atmosphere\"0:468.\"Puzzle Number 001 ~Puzzles Reinvented (from Unwound Future)\"1:569.\"Compensation 2 ~Detragiganto's Theme\"0:2110.\"Puzzle Number 002 ~Puzzles 5 (from Last Specter)\"4:1111.\"Melina's Tenacity ~An Uneasy Atmosphere (from Diabolical Box)\"0:2712.\"People of the Past ~The Looming Tower (from Curious Village)\"2:1313.\"The True Crown ~Descole's Theme\"1:5414.\"About London ~About Town (from Curious Village)\"0:4315.\"The Passionate Whistler ~Whistler's Theme\"1:2616.\"The Legendary Kingdom ~Theme of Ambrosia\"0:5617.\"Rest ~Time for a Break\"0:5318.\"Approaching Pursuer 1 ~Approaching Pursuer\"1:1819.\"Puzzle Number 003 ~Revolutionary Idea\"0:5420.\"Adjusting the Pace ~Pursuit in the Night (from Curious Village)\"1:1121.\"Compensation 3 ~Detragiganto's Theme\"0:1222.\"Escape! ~Professor Layton's Theme\"2:2423.\"Puzzle Number 004 ~The Plot Thickens (from Curious Village)\"2:0724.\"Descole Appears ~Descole's Theme\"1:0125.\"Professor Layton's Piano ~A Song of the Sea\"0:3226.\"Approaching Pursuer 2 ~Approaching Pursuer\"1:0427.\"Emmy's Efforts ~Emmy's Theme\"0:3128.\"Whistler's Experiment ~Dangerous Experiment\"2:1029.\"The Mystery Explained! ~Professor Layton's Theme\"2:3430.\"Great Conspiracy ~Descole, Ambrosia's Theme\"2:3631.\"Prelude to Destruction ~Descole's Theme\"1:0732.\"Detragiganto Appears ~Detragiganto's Theme\"1:4333.\"Janice's Crisis ~Tense Decision\"0:2134.\"Future British Gentleman ~Luke's Theme\"1:5335.\"The Final Battle ~Time of Conclusion\"1:4936.\"The Dream Collapses ~Theme of Ambrosia\"1:3837.\"Father's Memories ~Whistler's Theme\"0:3538.\"The Feelings Will Always Be Close ~Whistler's Theme\"2:4639.\"The Eternal Diva / Janice Quatlane (CV Nana Mizuki)\"6:55Total length:62:36","title":"Soundtracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boxoffice-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva debuted at number 6 at the Japanese box office, grossing $1,074,959 USD during its opening weekend. By the weekend of March 24 to the 26th, the film had grossed $6,140,049 in both Japanese and overseas (Taiwan and Singapore) totals.[6] It was the ninth most watched anime film of the first of half of 2010 in Japan,[7] and the 14th of the entire year.[8] The film went on to gross ¥610 million ($7,643,438) in Japan,[9] and $27,351 overseas (Singapore and Taiwan), for a total of $7,670,789 in Asia.GameSync.net gave it a positive review, calling it \"wholeheartedly entertaining and heartwarming, with a dash of British wit and eccentricity.\"[10] Martin Robinson of IGN gave the film a positive review stating, \"It's not without faults; the climactic scene outstays its welcome, while the production levels don't match those of the top tier of anime. But it is disposable fun that's near certain to put a smile on your face - and that's something we've not been able to say about a video game adaptation for some time.\"[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Level-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level-5_(company)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Professor Layton and the Last Specter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_Layton_and_the_Last_Specter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The game series' developer and publisher Level-5 have stated that they wished to release a Professor Layton film every winter, and that they are already producing the next film. Besides the animated films, a British/Japanese live-action film was in the works as well.[12] While not committing to a second film, director Akihiro Hino said that the \"second season\" of the Layton series (which begins with Professor Layton and the Last Specter) was originally imagined by another film.[13]","title":"Possible sequel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Also known as Professor Layton: The First Movie (レイトン教授 ザ・ファースト・ムービー, Reiton-kyōju Za Fāsuto Mūbii).","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Manga U.K. to Release 1st Professor Layton Anime Film - News\". Anime News Network. 2013-06-10. Archived from the original on 2022-11-14. Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-04-06/manga-u.k-to-release-1st-professor-layton-anime-film","url_text":"\"Manga U.K. to Release 1st Professor Layton Anime Film - News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221114101725/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-04-06/manga-u.k-to-release-1st-professor-layton-anime-film","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Layton And The Eternal Diva DVD+Blu-ray Combi Pack Deluxe Collector's Edition: Amazon.co.uk: Chris Miller, Maria Darling, Sarah Hadland, Wayne Forester, Masakazu Hashimoto: Film & TV\". Amazon.co.uk. 18 October 2010. Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B003VADNWS","url_text":"\"Professor Layton And The Eternal Diva DVD+Blu-ray Combi Pack Deluxe Collector's Edition: Amazon.co.uk: Chris Miller, Maria Darling, Sarah Hadland, Wayne Forester, Masakazu Hashimoto: Film & TV\""}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Andrew (2010-09-27). \"Level-5 president on making a better Professor Layton for America\". Joystiq. Archived from the original on 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.joystiq.com/2010/09/27/level-5-president-on-making-a-better-professor-layton-for-americ/","url_text":"\"Level-5 president on making a better Professor Layton for America\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121029042435/http://www.joystiq.com/2010/09/27/level-5-president-on-making-a-better-professor-layton-for-americ/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva - more NA release details | GoNintendo - What are YOU waiting for?\". GoNintendo. 7 August 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-08-25. Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://gonintendo.com/?mode=viewstory&id=158423","url_text":"\"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva - more NA release details | GoNintendo - What are YOU waiting for?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120825233120/http://gonintendo.com/?mode=viewstory&id=158423","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Reiton kyôju to eien no utahime (Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva) (2009)\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on 2015-01-28. Retrieved 2011-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=JP&id=_fREITONKYJUTOEIE01","url_text":"\"Reiton kyôju to eien no utahime (Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva) (2009)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132018/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=JP&id=_fREITONKYJUTOEIE01","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Anime Movies at Japanese Box Office, 1st Half of 2010\". Anime News Network. July 30, 2010. Archived from the original on December 7, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-07-30/top-anime-movies-at-japanese-box-office-1st-half-of-2010","url_text":"\"Top Anime Movies at Japanese Box Office, 1st Half of 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181207192526/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-07-30/top-anime-movies-at-japanese-box-office-1st-half-of-2010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Anime Movies at Japanese Box Office: 2010\". Anime News Network. December 12, 2010. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. 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Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://gamesync.net/article/1020839/professor-layton-and-the-eternal-diva-is-out-in-singapore","url_text":"\"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva is out in Singapore | No Game No Talk\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100505134553/http://gamesync.net/article/1020839/professor-layton-and-the-eternal-diva-is-out-in-singapore?","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva Review - IGN, 3 June 2010, archived from the original on 2018-04-12, retrieved 2019-06-18","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/06/03/professor-layton-and-the-eternal-diva-review","url_text":"Professor Layton and the Eternal Diva Review - IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180412112317/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/06/03/professor-layton-and-the-eternal-diva-review","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Layton: The First Movie Set for January 2010 - News\". Anime News Network. 2013-06-10. Archived from the original on 2022-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-11-26/professor-layton/the-first-movie-set-for-january-2010","url_text":"\"Professor Layton: The First Movie Set for January 2010 - News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221104161101/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2008-11-26/professor-layton/the-first-movie-set-for-january-2010","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Level-5 Details Professor Layton Plans\". Andriasang.com. Archived from the original on 2011-03-12. Retrieved 2013-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110312111619/http://www.andriasang.com/e/blog/2009/11/25/layton_plans/","url_text":"\"Level-5 Details Professor Layton Plans\""},{"url":"http://www.andriasang.com/e/blog/2009/11/25/layton_plans/","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Eider_(AM-17)

USS Eider

["1 Post-World War I Operations","2 Pacific Theatre operations","3 Fate","4 References","5 External links"]

Minesweeper of the United States Navy USS Eider (AM-17) at Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California, ca. August–September 1920 History United States NameUSS Eider BuilderPusey and Jones Co., Wilmington, Delaware Laid down25 September 1917 Launched26 May 1918 Commissioned23 January 1919, as Minesweeper No.17 Decommissioned18 April 1922 In service1941 Out of service1947 Reclassified AM-17, 17 July 1920 YNG-20 (Gate Craft), 7 October 1940 FateTransferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal, 1 July 1947 General characteristics Class and typeLapwing-class minesweeper Displacement840 long tons (853 t) Length187 ft 10 in (57.25 m) Beam35 ft 6 in (10.82 m) Draft9 ft 10 in (3.00 m) Propulsion Triple expansion reciprocating steam engine 2 × Babcock & Wilcox boilers 1 shaft Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) Complement72 Armament 2 × 3 in (76 mm) guns 2 × machine guns USS Eider (Minesweeper No. 17) (left), bearing the identification marking "N", with (left to right) Submarine Chaser No. 25, Submarine Chaser No. 45, Submarine Chaser No. 356, Submarine Chaser No. 47, and Submarine Chaser No. 40 alongside in a North Sea port (probably Kirkwall in the Orkney Islands) during the clearance of the North Sea Mine Barrage in 1919. USS Eider (AM-17) was a Lapwing-class minesweeper of the United States Navy. Laid down on 25 September 1917 by the Pusey and Jones Company of Wilmington, Delaware, Eider was launched on 26 May 1918, and commissioned as USS Eider, (Minesweeper No.17) on 23 January 1919. Post-World War I Operations Eider sailed out of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for minesweeping operations in the Delaware River approaches until 8 March 1919, then put into Norfolk, Virginia, to prepare for distant service. On 3 April 1919 she departed for Scotland and alternately based on Kirkwall and Invergordon, Orkney Islands, swept the vast North Sea minefield. Eider was on hand to assist in the rescue of USS Pelican (AM-27) when Pelican was gravely damaged by an exploding mine on 9 July 1919. Returning home in October she called at Brest, Lisbon, the Azores and Bermuda. Arriving at Charleston Navy Yard on 1 December 1919 Eider was placed in reduced commission for repairs. On 29 May 1920 she joined Penguin (AM-33) in salvage operations on Widgeon (AM-22). Placed in full commission again for passage to Mare Island, California, Eider sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, 10 July 1920 and arrived on 28 August to report to Commander, Train, Base Force. On 10 September she was again placed in reduced commission with a partial complement. Pacific Theatre operations In 1921 Eider's homeport was changed to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 18 June. She was decommissioned on 18 April 1922, laid up until 1937, and finally sent back to Mare Island, California, still in decommissioned status. In 1940 she was converted for duty as a gate tender and reclassified YNG-20 on 7 October 1940. Placed in service in 1941, based on the Naval Net Depot, Tiburon, she operated with net tenders in San Francisco Bay throughout World War II. Fate Eider was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 1 July 1947. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. ^ a b c d e f "USS Eider". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. ^ "Auk I (Minesweeper No. 38)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. External links Photo gallery of USS Eider at NavSource Naval History vteLapwing-class minesweepers United States Navy(minesweepers) Lapwing Owl Robin Swallow Tanager Cardinal Oriole Curlew Finch Heron CondorX PloverX Turkey Woodcock Quail Partridge Eider Thrush Avocet Bobolink Lark Widgeon Teal Brant Kingfisher Rail Pelican Falcon Osprey Seagull Tern Flamingo Penguin Swan Whippoorwill Bittern Sanderling Auk Chewink Cormorant Gannet Grebe Mallard Ortolan Peacock Pigeon Redwing Sandpiper Vireo Warbler Willet  United States Navy(rescue and salvage ships) Viking United States Coast and Geodetic Survey(survey ships) Discoverer Guide Pioneer Preceded by: None Followed by: Raven class X Cancelled List of minesweepers of the United States Navy

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On 3 April 1919 she departed for Scotland and alternately based on Kirkwall and Invergordon, Orkney Islands, swept the vast North Sea minefield.[1] Eider was on hand to assist in the rescue of USS Pelican (AM-27) when Pelican was gravely damaged by an exploding mine on 9 July 1919.[2] Returning home in October she called at Brest, Lisbon, the Azores and Bermuda.[1]Arriving at Charleston Navy Yard on 1 December 1919 Eider was placed in reduced commission for repairs. On 29 May 1920 she joined Penguin (AM-33) in salvage operations on Widgeon (AM-22). Placed in full commission again for passage to Mare Island, California, Eider sailed from Norfolk, Virginia, 10 July 1920 and arrived on 28 August to report to Commander, Train, Base Force. On 10 September she was again placed in reduced commission with a partial complement.[1]","title":"Post-World War I Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Mare Island, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island,_California"},{"link_name":"Tiburon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiburon,_California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DANFS-1"}],"text":"In 1921 Eider's homeport was changed to Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 18 June. She was decommissioned on 18 April 1922, laid up until 1937, and finally sent back to Mare Island, California, still in decommissioned status. In 1940 she was converted for duty as a gate tender and reclassified YNG-20 on 7 October 1940. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheno-Ingushetia

Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union

["1 History","1.1 Russian Empire","1.2 Soviet period","1.3 World War II","1.4 Post-war period","1.5 The collapse of Checheno-Ingushetia","2 Demographics","3 Maps","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Bibliography"]

Coordinates: 43°19′00″N 45°41′00″E / 43.3167°N 45.6833°E / 43.3167; 45.6833History of Caucasus regions during Soviet rule This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chechen Autonomous Oblast (1922–1934)Ingush Autonomous Oblast (1924–1934)Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast (1934–1936)Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1944, 1957–1993)Autonomous oblast of the RSFSRASSR of the Russian SFSRRepublic of the Russian Federation1922–19441957–1993 Flag Coat of arms Map of the Soviet Caucasusincluding the Checheno-Ingush ASSRAnthem"My Checheno-Ingushetia"Чечено-Ингушетия МояCapitalGroznyDemonymChechenIngushGovernment • MottoЕрриг Пачхьалкхийн Пролетареш, Цхьаьнакхета!(Workers of the world, unite!) Historical era20th century• Chechen Autonomous Oblast formed 30 November 1922• Ingush Autonomous oblast formed 7 July 1924• Unification of Ingush and Chechen autonomous oblasts 15 January 1934• Elevation into an ASSR 5 December 1936• Liquidated 7 March 1944• Autonomous Republic restored 9 January 1957• Sovereignty declared 27 November 1990• Renamed the Checheno-Ingush Republic 16 May 1992• The Checheno-Ingush Republic divided into Ingush and Chechen republics June 1992• Dissolved 9 January 1993 Contained within • CountrySoviet Union (1922–1991)Russian Federation (1991–1993) Preceded by Succeeded by 1922:Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1944:Stavropol Krai North Ossetian ASSR Dagestan ASSR Georgian SSR 1991:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1992:Ingushetia Today part ofRussia · Chechnya · Ingushetia When the Soviet Union existed, different governments had ruled the southern Caucasus regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, they were known as the Chechen Autonomous Oblast and the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which were unified on January 15, 1934, to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast. It was elevated to an autonomous republic as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1936 to 1944 and again from 1957 to 1993. Its capital was Grozny. However, because of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II, the autonomous republic was abolished on 7 March 1944 resulting the ethnic cleansing of the Chechens and Ingush from its territory. The autonomous republic's status was restored in January 1957. The 1979 census reported the territory had an area of 19,300 square kilometres (7,500 sq mi) and a population of 1,155,805 (1979 Census): 611,405 Chechens, 134,744 Ingush, and the rest were Russians and other ethnic groups. History Part of a series on the History of Chechnya Prehistory Kura–Araxes culture Maykop culture Kayakent culture Kharachoi culture Koban culture Ancient Durdzuks Cimmerians Alans Medieval Alania Simsim Early modern Ichkeria Caucasian Imamate Russian Empire Modern Mountain Republic 1917–1921 North Caucasian Emirate 1919–1920 Chechen National Okrug 1920–1922 Chechen Autonomous Oblast 1922–1934 Checheno-Ingush Aut. Oblast 1934–1936 Checheno-Ingush ASSR 1936–1944 Grozny Oblast 1944–1957 Checheno-Ingush ASSR 1957–1991 Chechen Republic of Ichkeria 1991–2000 Chechen Republic 2000–present vte Russian Empire The region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1770. In 1810 a treaty facilitated Ingushetia's further integration into Russia. The Ingush needed an alliance with the Russians to protect their villages; at the same time, they hoped to gain political support in opposing the expansion of the Kabardian and Aksai princes. Finally, these agreements contributed to Ingushetia's economic development in the spread context of capitalist relations. The agreement of 23 August 1810 gave the Ingush the right to use the lands on the right side of the Terek River. In 1859 historical Chechnya was annexed to Russia as well, in the context of the long Caucasian War of 1817–64. Soviet period After the Russian Revolution of 1917, on January 20, 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia joined the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Partition of the Mountain ASSR began shortly after it was formed, and its Chechen District was separated on November 30, 1922, as Chechen Autonomous Oblast. On July 7, 1924, the remains of the Mountain ASSR were split into North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and Ingush Autonomous Oblast. On January 15, 1934, Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were joined into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which was elevated in status to that of an ASSR (Checheno-Ingush ASSR) on December 5, 1936. World War II During World War II, in 1942–43, the republic was partly occupied by Nazi Germany while 40,000 Chechens fought in the Red Army. On March 7, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the republic was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the Axis powers and separatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Oblast was formed), the Dagestan ASSR, the North Ossetian ASSR, and the Georgian SSR where the extra territory was known as the Akhalkhevi District until 1957. Post-war period On January 9, 1957, Khruschev implemented a policy which allowed deportees and their families to return, and the republic was restored. The collapse of Checheno-Ingushetia See also: First Chechen War and Second Chechen War Main article: Declaration of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic On November 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Checheno-Ingush Republic, and on May 24, 1991, according to the amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called the Checheno-Ingush SSR. This decision before the dissolution of the USSR (December 1991) was not consistent with Art. 85 of the Constitution of the USSR, which retained the name of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR. On June 8, 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, a part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN). Following this, was proclaimed the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho), and the leaders of the Supreme Soviet of the republic were declared "usurpers". The events of August 19–22, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of the mass movement was the executive committee of the OKChN headed by Dzhokhar Dudaev. After the failure of the GKChP, the executive committee of the OKChN and organizations of the national-radical wing came forward with a demand for the resignation of the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and the holding of new elections. On September 1–2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Soviet of the Autonomous Republic "deposed" and transferred all power in the Chechen part of the republic to the executive committee of the OKChN. September 6, 1991 Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures. Armed supporters of OKChN occupied the building of the TV center and the House of Radio, took by storm the House of Political Education, where the meeting of the Supreme Council was held. On this day, the Supreme Soviet met in full force, heads of local councils, clergy, and heads of enterprises were invited for consultations. Dudayev and other leaders of the OKChN decided to take the building by storm. More than 40 deputies of the Checheno-Ingush parliament were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, was thrown out of the window by the separatists, and then finished off in the hospital. Doku Zavgayev resigned from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia under pressure from protesters. On September 15, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny. Under his leadership in the absence of a quorum the last session of the Supreme Soviet of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to dissolve the parliament. As a result of negotiations between Khasbulatov and the leaders of the executive committee of the OKChN as a temporary authority for the period before the elections (scheduled for November 17) the Provisional Supreme Council of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR was formed of 32 deputies, reduced shortly to 13 deputies, then up to 9. Dudaev's ally Khusein Akhmadov was elected chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia. Assistant to Khasbulatov Yuri Cherny became the deputy chairman of the council. By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Provisional High Council between supporters of the OKChN (4 members, headed by Khusein Akhmadov) and his opponents (5 members, headed by Yuri Cherny). Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Council, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the executive committee of the OKChN as the supreme authority, on October 1, announced the division of the Checheno-Ingush Republic into an independent Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho) and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR. On October 5, 7 out of 9 members of the Provisional Supreme Council made a decision on the resignation of Akhmedov and on the abolition of illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the executive committee of the OKChN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Council sat, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR. On October 6, the executive committee of the OKChN announced the dissolution of the Provisional Supreme Council "for subversive and provocative activities". The Council did not comply with this decision and the very next day made a decision to resume activity in full force (32 deputies). Lawyer Badruddin Bakhmadov was elected as the new chairman. On October 8, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR declared the Provisional Supreme Soviet to be the only legitimate body of state power on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia until the election of a new composition of the Supreme Soviet of the republic. On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKChN in the Chechen part of the republic, presidential and parliamentary elections were held for the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho). Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected President of the self-proclaimed republic. The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. On November 2, 1991, by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, these elections were declared illegal. The structures of previous power remained for several months after the September coup of Dudayev. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of Checheno-Ingushetia were abolished only by the end of 1991. On November 7, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia. However, practical measures to implement it have failed. Two planes with special forces that landed at the airfield in Khankala were blocked by Chechen separatists. Leaders of anti-Dudayev parties and movements went over to the side of Chechen separatists. The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis. On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps. On November 11, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR refused to approve the decree of President Yeltsin on the introduction of a state of emergency in Checheno-Ingushetia. November 30 – December 1, 1991 in three Ingush regions of Checheno-Ingushetia – Malgobek, Nazran and Sunzhensky – a referendum was held on the creation of the Ingush Republic within the RSFSR. 75% of the Ingush population took part in the referendum, 90% were in favor. As a result of the Chechen Revolution the Checheno-Ingushetia was de facto divided into the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and Ingushetia, which remained outside the territorial-administrative division. On May 16, 1992, according to the amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the de facto disintegrated Checheno-Ingush SSR received the name Checheno-Ingush Republic. On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopted the Law on the Education of the Ingush Republic. The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the supreme authority of Russia – the Congress of People's Deputies. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the formation of the Ingush Republic by its resolution and made a corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1978, which officially divided the Checheno-Ingush Republic into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic. This amendment was published on December 29, 1992, in the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" and entered into force on January 9, 1993, after 10 days from the date of official publication. Demographics Vital statistics Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Births Deaths Birth rate Death rate 1970 22,651 6,075 21.2 5.7 1975 22,783 6,469 20.4 5.8 1980 24,291 7,711 20.7 6.6 1985 30,745 10,170 25.0 8.3 1990 31,993 11,039 28.2 9.7 1991 31,498 11,081 26.3 9.2 1992 28,875 10,666 23.1 8.5 Ethnic groups 1926 census1 1939 census 1959 census 1970 census 1979 census 1989 census 2002 census1 Chechens 295,762 (61.4%) 368,446 (52.9%) 243,974 (34.3%) 508,898 (47.8%) 611,405 (52.9%) 734,501 (57.8%) 1,127,050 (71.7%) Ingushes 70,084 (14.5%) 83,798 (12.0%) 48,273 (6.8%) 113,675 (10.7%) 134,744 (11.7%) 163,762 (12.9%) 363,971 (23.2%) Russians 78,196 (16.2%) 201,010 (28.8%) 348,343 (49.0%) 366,959 (34.5%) 336,044 (29.1%) 293,771 (23.1%) 46,204 (2.9%) Others 38,038 (7.9%) 43,761 (6.3%) 69,834 (9.8%) 74,939 (7.0%) 73,612 (6.4%) 78,395 (6.2%) 33,755 (2.1%) Combined results of Chechnya and Ingushetia Maps Map of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast Map of Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast See also History of Chechnya List of leaders of Communist Chechnya Checheno-Ingush Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union National liberation struggle of the Ingush people Notes ^ Russian: Чеченская автономная область, romanized: Chechenskaya avtonomnaya oblast', also known as the Autonomous Oblast of Chechnya, Russian: автономная область Чечни, romanized: avtonomnaya oblast' Chechni ^ Ingush: ГӀалгӀай автономе область, romanized: Ġalġay avtonome oblast', Russian: Ингушская автономная область, romanized: Ingushskaya avtonomnaya oblast' ^ Russian: Чечено-Ингушская автономная област, romanized: Checheno-Ingushskaya avtonomnaya oblast' ^ Chechen: Нохч-ГӀалгӀайн Автономнин Советски Социалистически Республика, romanized: Noxç-Ġalġayn Avtonomnin Sovetski Socialistiçeski Respublika; Ingush: Нохч-ГӀалгӀай Автономе Советий Социализма Республика, romanized: Noxç-Ġalġay Avtonome Sovetiy Socializma Respublika; Russian: Чече́но-Ингу́шская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Checheno-Ingushskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika References ^ Heaney, Dominic; McIntyre, Philip, eds. (2013). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2013 (14th ed.). Oxfordshire: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9781857436754. ISSN 1465-461X. ^ Всероссийский Центральный Исполнительный Комитет. Декрет от 30 ноября 1922 г. «Об образовании автономной области Чечни». (All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Decree of November 30, 1922 On the Establishment of the Autonomous Oblast of Chechnya. ). ^ Большая советская энциклопедия. 1937. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ Askerov, Ali (22 April 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 76. ISBN 9781442249257 – via Google Books. ^ a b "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России" . Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics) (in Russian). 1979. Retrieved 25 November 2008. ^ Исторические документы свидетельствуют о добровольном вхождении Ингушетии в состав России, kavkaz-uzel.eu, 17 March 2015. ^ History of the Ingush by Georgian historians. Ingush. Citizenship of the Russian Empire, hiddenshell.ru ^ Agieva, L. T., Dolgieva, M. B., Yandieva, T. U., & Teboev, I. A. (2022). Some Issues Of Socio-Economic Consequences Of Ingushetia's Accession To Russia. In D. K. Bataev, S. A. Gapurov, A. D. Osmaev, V. K. Akaev, L. M. Idigova, M. R. Ovhadov, A. R. Salgiriev, & M. M. Betilmerzaeva (Eds.), Knowledge, Man and Civilization - ISCKMC 2022, vol 129. European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences (pp. 62-71). European Publisher. ^ Chechnya, britannica.com ^ Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 7 марта 1944 г «О ликвидации Чечено-Ингушской АССР и об административном устройстве её территории». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of 7 March 1944 On Abolishment of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and on the Administrative Structure of Its Territory. ). ^ The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives Bondyrev, Davitashvili & Singh, p25 ^ Президиум Верховного Совета СССР. Указ от 9 января 1957 г «О восстановлении Чечено-Ингушской АССР и упразднении Грозненской области». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Decree of 9 January 1957 On Reinstatement of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and on Abolishment of Grozny Oblast. ). ^ Декларация о государственном суверенитете Чечено-Ингушской республики ^ Закон РСФСР от 24 мая 1991 года «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) РСФСР» ^ Конституция СССР в редакции от 26 декабря 1990 г. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Чеченская Республика Ичкерия. Общий обзор // IGPI.RU ^ a b c d e f g Десять дней, которые отменили мир ^ РЕШЕНИЕ ОБЩЕНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО КОНГРЕССА (СЪЕЗДА) ЧЕЧЕНСКОГО НАРОДА (г. Грозный, 8 июня 1991 г.) ^ Чеченская Республика Нохчи-чо ^ Зайченко Григорий Чечено-Ингушетия: кунаки Ельцина взяли власть ^ Комиссия Говорухина. — С. 18. — М. : Издательство "Лавента", 1995. — 176 с. ^ Ойховиков Андрей, Сигал Лев Чечено-Ингушетия провозгласила независимость от России и Союза ^ Постановление Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 8 октября 1991 года № 1723-I «О политической ситуации в Чечено-Ингушской Республике» ^ Глебов Роман Выборы в Чеченской республике ^ Постановление Съезда народных депутатов РСФСР от 2 ноября 1991 года № 1847-I «О признании незаконными выборов, проведенных 27 октября 1991 года в Чечено-Ингушской Республике» ^ a b ДЕСЯТЬ ЛЕТ НАЗАД БЫЛ РАЗОГНАН ВЕРХОВНЫЙ СОВЕТ ЧЕЧЕНО-ИНГУШЕТИИ. ДЖОХАР ДУДАЕВ ВОСПОЛЬЗОВАЛСЯ БЕЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ ^ Указ Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 года № 178 «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике» ^ a b c РОССИЯ-ЧЕЧНЯ: цепь ошибок и преступлений ^ Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 11 ноября 1991 года N 1855-I "Об Указе Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 г. «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике» ^ Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики» // «Российская газета», 16 мая 1992 года, № 111 (447), с. 3–5 ^ "Закон РФ от 04 июня 1992 года № 2927-1 "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации"". ^ "Постановление Верховного Совета РФ от 04 июня 1992 г. "О порядке введения в действие Закона Российской Федерации "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации""". ^ Постановление Съезда народных депутатов Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. № 4070-I «О Законе Российской Федерации "Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации"» ^ Закон Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. N 4071-I «О внесении изменений в статью 71 Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Федерации – России» ^ Законы РСФСР/РФ 1990—1993 и поправки к ним до весны 1995 Bibliography Генко, А. Н (1930). Из культурного прошлого ингушей (in Russian). Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761. vteAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet UnionBy name Abkhaz Adjarian Bashkir Buryat1 Checheno-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkarian Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazakh2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhichevan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuvan Udmurt Volga German Yakut By yearestablished    1918–1924  Turkestan3 1918–1941  Volga German4 1919–1990  Bashkir 1920–1925  Kirghiz2 1920–1990  Tatar 1921–1991  Adjarian 1921–1945  Crimean 1921–1991  Dagestan 1921–1924  Mountain 1921–1990  Nakhichevan 1922–1991  Yakut 1923–1990  Buryat1 1923–1940  Karelian 1924–1940  Moldavian 1924–1929  Tajik 1925–1992  Chuvash5 1925–1936  Kazakh2 1926–1936  Kirghiz 1931–1992  Abkhaz 1932–1992  Karakalpak 1934–1990  Mordovian 1934–1990  Udmurt6 1935–1943  Kalmyk 1936–1944  Checheno-Ingush 1936–1944  Kabardino-Balkarian 1936–1990  Komi 1936–1990  Mari 1936–1990  North Ossetian 1944–1957  Kabardin 1956–1991  Karelian 1957–1992  Checheno-Ingush 1957–1991  Kabardino-Balkarian 1958–1990  Kalmyk 1961–1992  Tuvan 1990–1991  Gorno-Altai 1991–1992  Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazakh ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925 3 Autonomous Republic since 1920 4 Autonomous Republic since 1923 5 Autonomous Republic since 1925 6 Autonomous Republic since 1934 43°19′00″N 45°41′00″E / 43.3167°N 45.6833°E / 43.3167; 45.6833

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingushetia"},{"link_name":"Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"autonomous republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing of the Chechens and Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush"},{"link_name":"1979 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1979-9"},{"link_name":"Chechens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechens"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_people"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census1979-9"}],"text":"History of Caucasus regions during Soviet ruleWhen the Soviet Union existed, different governments had ruled the southern Caucasus regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, they were known as the Chechen Autonomous Oblast[a] and the Ingush Autonomous Oblast,[b] which were unified on January 15, 1934, to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast.[c][2][3][full citation needed][4] It was elevated to an autonomous republic as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[d] from 1936 to 1944 and again from 1957 to 1993. Its capital was Grozny.However, because of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany and the Axis powers during World War II, the autonomous republic was abolished on 7 March 1944 resulting the ethnic cleansing of the Chechens and Ingush from its territory. The autonomous republic's status was restored in January 1957. The 1979 census reported the territory had an area of 19,300 square kilometres (7,500 sq mi) and a population of 1,155,805 (1979 Census):[5] 611,405 Chechens, 134,744 Ingush, and the rest were Russians and other ethnic groups.[5]","title":"Chechnya and Ingushetia in the Soviet Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kabardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardians"},{"link_name":"capitalist relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism_in_the_nineteenth_century"},{"link_name":"Terek River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terek_(river)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Caucasian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Russian Empire","text":"The region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in 1770.[6] In 1810 a treaty facilitated Ingushetia's further integration into Russia.[7] The Ingush needed an alliance with the Russians to protect their villages; at the same time, they hoped to gain political support in opposing the expansion of the Kabardian and Aksai princes. Finally, these agreements contributed to Ingushetia's economic development in the spread context of capitalist relations. The agreement of 23 August 1810 gave the Ingush the right to use the lands on the right side of the Terek River.[8]In 1859 historical Chechnya was annexed to Russia as well, in the context of the long Caucasian War of 1817–64.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chechen Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ingush Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast"}],"sub_title":"Soviet period","text":"After the Russian Revolution of 1917, on January 20, 1921, Chechnya and Ingushetia joined the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Partition of the Mountain ASSR began shortly after it was formed, and its Chechen District was separated on November 30, 1922, as Chechen Autonomous Oblast. On July 7, 1924, the remains of the Mountain ASSR were split into North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast and Ingush Autonomous Oblast. On January 15, 1934, Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Oblasts were joined into Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which was elevated in status to that of an ASSR (Checheno-Ingush ASSR) on December 5, 1936.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"population forcibly deported","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Chechens_and_Ingush"},{"link_name":"collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Axis powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"separatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abolish-14"},{"link_name":"Stavropol Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropol_Krai"},{"link_name":"Grozny Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Dagestan ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_ASSR"},{"link_name":"North Ossetian ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetian_ASSR"},{"link_name":"Georgian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_SSR"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"During World War II, in 1942–43, the republic was partly occupied by Nazi Germany while 40,000[citation needed] Chechens fought in the Red Army. On March 7, 1944, on the orders of Stalin, the republic was disbanded and its population forcibly deported upon the accusations of collaboration with the Axis powers and separatism.[10] The territory of the ASSR was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Oblast was formed), the Dagestan ASSR, the North Ossetian ASSR, and the Georgian SSR where the extra territory was known as the Akhalkhevi District until 1957.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khruschev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"restored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoration_of_Chechen-Ingush_autonomy"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reinstate-16"}],"sub_title":"Post-war period","text":"On January 9, 1957, Khruschev implemented a policy which allowed deportees and their families to return, and the republic was restored.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"Second Chechen War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Chechen_War"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dzhokhar Dudayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhokhar_Dudayev"},{"link_name":"All-National Congress of the Chechen People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-National_Congress_of_the_Chechen_People"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-versia.ru-21"},{"link_name":"Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-versia.ru-21"},{"link_name":"The events of August 19–22, 1991 in Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-versia.ru-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-versia.ru-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-versia.ru-21"},{"link_name":"Doku Zavgayev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doku_Zavgayev"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Ruslan Khasbulatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-versia.ru-21"},{"link_name":"presidential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Chechen_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda.ru-30"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memo.ru-32"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memo.ru-32"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-versia.ru-21"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-memo.ru-32"},{"link_name":"Chechen Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igpi.ru-20"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda.ru-30"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the RSFSR 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1978"},{"link_name":"Ingush Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chechen Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_Republic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Rossiyskaya Gazeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossiyskaya_Gazeta"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"The collapse of Checheno-Ingushetia","text":"See also: First Chechen War and Second Chechen WarOn November 27, 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Checheno-Ingush Republic,[13] and on May 24, 1991, according to the amendments to Art. 71 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called the Checheno-Ingush SSR.[14] This decision before the dissolution of the USSR (December 1991) was not consistent with Art. 85 of the Constitution of the USSR, which retained the name of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.[15]On June 8, 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, a part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN).[16][17] Following this, was proclaimed the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho),[18][19] and the leaders of the Supreme Soviet of the republic were declared \"usurpers\".[17]The events of August 19–22, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of the mass movement was the executive committee of the OKChN headed by Dzhokhar Dudaev. After the failure of the GKChP, the executive committee of the OKChN and organizations of the national-radical wing came forward with a demand for the resignation of the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR and the holding of new elections. On September 1–2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Soviet of the Autonomous Republic \"deposed\" and transferred all power in the Chechen part of the republic to the executive committee of the OKChN.[16]September 6, 1991 Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures.[17] Armed supporters of OKChN occupied the building of the TV center and the House of Radio,[17] took by storm the House of Political Education, where the meeting of the Supreme Council was held.[16] On this day, the Supreme Soviet met in full force, heads of local councils, clergy, and heads of enterprises were invited for consultations. Dudayev and other leaders of the OKChN decided to take the building by storm. More than 40 deputies of the Checheno-Ingush parliament were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny City Council, Vitaly Kutsenko, was thrown out of the window by the separatists, and then finished off in the hospital.[17] Doku Zavgayev resigned from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia under pressure from protesters.[20]On September 15, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov arrived in Grozny.[16] Under his leadership in the absence of a quorum[21] the last session of the Supreme Soviet of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to dissolve the parliament.[16] As a result of negotiations between Khasbulatov and the leaders of the executive committee of the OKChN as a temporary authority for the period before the elections (scheduled for November 17) the Provisional Supreme Council of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR was formed of 32 deputies,[16] reduced shortly to 13 deputies,[22] then up to 9.[16] Dudaev's ally Khusein Akhmadov was elected chairman of the Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia. Assistant to Khasbulatov Yuri Cherny became the deputy chairman of the council.[16]By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Provisional High Council between supporters of the OKChN (4 members, headed by Khusein Akhmadov) and his opponents (5 members, headed by Yuri Cherny). Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Council, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the executive committee of the OKChN as the supreme authority, on October 1, announced the division of the Checheno-Ingush Republic into an independent Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho) and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR.[16]On October 5, 7 out of 9 members of the Provisional Supreme Council made a decision on the resignation of Akhmedov and on the abolition of illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the executive committee of the OKChN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Council sat, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.[16] On October 6, the executive committee of the OKChN announced the dissolution of the Provisional Supreme Council \"for subversive and provocative activities\". The Council did not comply with this decision and the very next day made a decision to resume activity in full force (32 deputies). Lawyer Badruddin Bakhmadov was elected as the new chairman.[16]On October 8, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR declared the Provisional Supreme Soviet to be the only legitimate body of state power on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia until the election of a new composition of the Supreme Soviet of the republic.[23]On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKChN[17] in the Chechen part of the republic, presidential and parliamentary elections were held for the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-cho). Dzhokhar Dudayev was elected President of the self-proclaimed republic.[16][24] The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Checheno-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic.[16] On November 2, 1991, by the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR, these elections were declared illegal.[25] The structures of previous power remained for several months after the September coup of Dudayev. Thus, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB of Checheno-Ingushetia were abolished only by the end of 1991.[26][better source needed]On November 7, the President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin issued a decree declaring a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia.[27] However, practical measures to implement it have failed. Two planes with special forces that landed at the airfield in Khankala were blocked by Chechen separatists.[28] Leaders of anti-Dudayev parties and movements went over to the side of Chechen separatists. The Provisional Supreme Council of Checheno-Ingushetia and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis.[16][28]On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps.[17]On November 11, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR refused to approve the decree of President Yeltsin on the introduction of a state of emergency in Checheno-Ingushetia.[29]November 30 – December 1, 1991 in three Ingush regions of Checheno-Ingushetia – Malgobek, Nazran and Sunzhensky – a referendum was held on the creation of the Ingush Republic within the RSFSR. 75% of the Ingush population took part in the referendum, 90% were in favor.[28]As a result of the Chechen Revolution the Checheno-Ingushetia was de facto divided into the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and Ingushetia,[16] which remained outside the territorial-administrative division.[26][better source needed]On May 16, 1992, according to the amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR, the de facto disintegrated Checheno-Ingush SSR received the name Checheno-Ingush Republic.[30]On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation adopted the Law on the Education of the Ingush Republic.[31] The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the supreme authority of Russia – the Congress of People's Deputies.[32] On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the formation of the Ingush Republic by its resolution[33] and made a corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1978, which officially divided the Checheno-Ingush Republic into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic.[34] This amendment was published on December 29, 1992, in the \"Rossiyskaya Gazeta\" and entered into force on January 9, 1993, after 10 days from the date of official publication.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingushetia"}],"text":"Vital statisticsSource: Russian Federal State Statistics ServiceEthnic groupsCombined results of Chechnya and Ingushetia","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chechen-Ingush_Autonomous_Oblast_(1934%E2%80%931936).svg"}],"text":"Map of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMap of Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast","title":"Maps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Chechen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language"},{"link_name":"Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"}],"text":"^ Russian: Чеченская автономная область, romanized: Chechenskaya avtonomnaya oblast', also known as the Autonomous Oblast of Chechnya, Russian: автономная область Чечни, romanized: avtonomnaya oblast' Chechni\n\n^ Ingush: ГӀалгӀай автономе область, romanized: Ġalġay avtonome oblast', Russian: Ингушская автономная область, romanized: Ingushskaya avtonomnaya oblast'\n\n^ Russian: Чечено-Ингушская автономная област, romanized: Checheno-Ingushskaya avtonomnaya oblast'\n\n^ Chechen: Нохч-ГӀалгӀайн Автономнин Советски Социалистически Республика, romanized: Noxç-Ġalġayn Avtonomnin Sovetski Socialistiçeski Respublika; Ingush: Нохч-ГӀалгӀай Автономе Советий Социализма Республика, romanized: Noxç-Ġalġay Avtonome Sovetiy Socializma Respublika; Russian: Чече́но-Ингу́шская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика, romanized: Checheno-Ingushskaya Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Из культурного прошлого ингушей","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dzurdzuki.com/download/genko-a-n-iz-kulturnogo-proshlogo-ingushej-1930/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Autonomous_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Adjarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bashkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Buryat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Checheno-Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chuvash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Crimean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Gorno-Altai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kabardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardin_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kalmyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Karakalpak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpak_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Karelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%931925)"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Moldavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mordovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordovian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Nakhichevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"North Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tuvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Udmurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Volga German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Turkestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Volga German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Bashkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%931925)"},{"link_name":"Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Adjarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Crimean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea_in_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Nakhichevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhichevan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Yakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakut_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Buryat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Karelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Moldavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tajik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chuvash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1926%E2%80%931936)"},{"link_name":"Abkhaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Karakalpak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakalpak_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mordovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordovian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Udmurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kalmyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Checheno-Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"North Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kabardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardin_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Karelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Checheno-Ingush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kabardino-Balkarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardino-Balkarian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kalmyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tuvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Gorno-Altai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno-Altai_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Crimean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1991%E2%80%931992)"},{"link_name":"Kazakh ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kirghiz ASSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirghiz_Autonomous_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1920%E2%80%931925)"},{"link_name":"43°19′00″N 45°41′00″E / 43.3167°N 45.6833°E / 43.3167; 45.6833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chechnya_and_Ingushetia_in_the_Soviet_Union&params=43.3167_N_45.6833_E_source:wikidata"}],"text":"Генко, А. Н (1930). Из культурного прошлого ингушей (in Russian). Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761.vteAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet UnionBy name\nAbkhaz\nAdjarian\nBashkir\nBuryat1\nChecheno-Ingush\nChuvash\nCrimean\nDagestan\nGorno-Altai\nKabardin\nKabardino-Balkarian\nKalmyk\nKarakalpak\nKarelian\nKazakh2\nKirghiz2\nKirghiz\nKomi\nMari\nMoldavian\nMordovian\nMountain\nNakhichevan\nNorth Ossetian\nTajik\nTatar\nTurkestan\nTuvan\nUdmurt\nVolga German\nYakut\nBy yearestablished   \n1918–1924  Turkestan3\n1918–1941  Volga German4\n1919–1990  Bashkir\n1920–1925  Kirghiz2\n1920–1990  Tatar\n1921–1991  Adjarian\n1921–1945  Crimean\n1921–1991  Dagestan\n1921–1924  Mountain\n\n\n1921–1990  Nakhichevan\n1922–1991  Yakut\n1923–1990  Buryat1\n1923–1940  Karelian\n1924–1940  Moldavian\n1924–1929  Tajik\n1925–1992  Chuvash5\n1925–1936  Kazakh2\n1926–1936  Kirghiz\n\n\n1931–1992  Abkhaz\n1932–1992  Karakalpak\n1934–1990  Mordovian\n1934–1990  Udmurt6\n1935–1943  Kalmyk\n1936–1944  Checheno-Ingush\n1936–1944  Kabardino-Balkarian\n1936–1990  Komi\n1936–1990  Mari\n\n\n1936–1990  North Ossetian\n1944–1957  Kabardin\n1956–1991  Karelian\n1957–1992  Checheno-Ingush\n1957–1991  Kabardino-Balkarian\n1958–1990  Kalmyk\n1961–1992  Tuvan\n1990–1991  Gorno-Altai\n1991–1992  Crimean\n\n\n1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958.\n2 Kazakh ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925\n3 Autonomous Republic since 1920\n4 Autonomous Republic since 1923\n5 Autonomous Republic since 1925\n6 Autonomous Republic since 193443°19′00″N 45°41′00″E / 43.3167°N 45.6833°E / 43.3167; 45.6833","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"History of Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chechnya"},{"title":"List of leaders of Communist Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Communist_Chechnya"},{"title":"Checheno-Ingush Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checheno-Ingush_Regional_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"title":"National liberation struggle of the Ingush people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_liberation_struggle_of_the_Ingush_people"}]

[{"reference":"Heaney, Dominic; McIntyre, Philip, eds. (2013). The Territories of the Russian Federation 2013 (14th ed.). Oxfordshire: Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9781857436754. ISSN 1465-461X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oeskuLMGrTwC&pg=PA39","url_text":"The Territories of the Russian Federation 2013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857436754","url_text":"9781857436754"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-461X","url_text":"1465-461X"}]},{"reference":"Большая советская энциклопедия. 1937.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Askerov, Ali (22 April 2015). Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 76. ISBN 9781442249257 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L0jDCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442249257","url_text":"9781442249257"}]},{"reference":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России\" [All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia.]. Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics) (in Russian). 1979. Retrieved 25 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.xls","url_text":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России\""}]},{"reference":"\"Закон РФ от 04 июня 1992 года № 2927-1 \"Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации\"\".","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901607658","url_text":"\"Закон РФ от 04 июня 1992 года № 2927-1 \"Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Постановление Верховного Совета РФ от 04 июня 1992 г. \"О порядке введения в действие Закона Российской Федерации \"Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации\"\"\".","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.cntd.ru/document/499058691","url_text":"\"Постановление Верховного Совета РФ от 04 июня 1992 г. \"О порядке введения в действие Закона Российской Федерации \"Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации\"\"\""}]},{"reference":"Генко, А. Н (1930). Из культурного прошлого ингушей (in Russian). Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761.","urls":[{"url":"https://dzurdzuki.com/download/genko-a-n-iz-kulturnogo-proshlogo-ingushej-1930/","url_text":"Из культурного прошлого ингушей"}]}]

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ДЖОХАР ДУДАЕВ ВОСПОЛЬЗОВАЛСЯ БЕЗДЕЙСТВИЕМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ВЛАСТИ"},{"Link":"http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/390","external_links_name":"Указ Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 года № 178 «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170119162608fw_/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/chechen/itogi/xp90.htm","external_links_name":"РОССИЯ-ЧЕЧНЯ: цепь ошибок и преступлений"},{"Link":"http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901606876","external_links_name":"Постановление Верховного Совета РСФСР от 11 ноября 1991 года N 1855-I \"Об Указе Президента РСФСР от 7 ноября 1991 г. «О введении чрезвычайного положения в Чечено-Ингушской Республике»"},{"Link":"http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183094/","external_links_name":"Закон Российской Федерации от 21 апреля 1992 года № 2708-I «Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона) Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики»"},{"Link":"http://docs.cntd.ru/document/901607658","external_links_name":"\"Закон РФ от 04 июня 1992 года № 2927-1 \"Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации\"\""},{"Link":"http://docs.cntd.ru/document/499058691","external_links_name":"\"Постановление Верховного Совета РФ от 04 июня 1992 г. \"О порядке введения в действие Закона Российской Федерации \"Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации\"\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.szrf.ru/szrf/doc.phtml?nb=110&issid=1101992052000&docid=700","external_links_name":"Постановление Съезда народных депутатов Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. № 4070-I «О Законе Российской Федерации \"Об образовании Ингушской Республики в составе Российской Федерации\"»"},{"Link":"http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/zakony/183098/","external_links_name":"Закон Российской Федерации от 10 декабря 1992 г. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_High_School_(Montreal)

Loyola High School (Montreal)

["1 History","2 School campus","3 Academic","4 Religious and spiritual formation","4.1 Jesuit affiliation","5 Athletics","5.1 Facilities","6 Coat of arms","7 Loyola in print","8 Loyola in court","9 Notable alumni","9.1 Religion","9.2 Politics, law and business","9.3 Arts, entertainment, and writing","9.4 Philosophy and academia","9.5 Athletics","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]

Coordinates: 45°27′23.93″N 73°38′22.33″W / 45.4566472°N 73.6395361°W / 45.4566472; -73.6395361 A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Loyola High School" Montreal – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Independent school in Montreal, Quebec, CanadaLoyola High SchoolMontrealLocation7272 Sherbrooke Street WestMontreal, QuebecCanadaCoordinates45°27′23.93″N 73°38′22.33″W / 45.4566472°N 73.6395361°W / 45.4566472; -73.6395361InformationTypeIndependentMottoAd Majorem Dei Gloriam: For the Greater Glory of GodReligious affiliation(s)Roman Catholic, (Jesuit)Established1896; 128 years ago (1896)PresidentMarcelle DeFreitasPrincipalDr. Mark Diaschyshyn Grades7-11Enrollment750Color(s) Maroon  and  White Team nameScouts (Peewee division)Braves (Bantam division)Warriors (Midget and Juvenile division)Tuition$10,450Websitewww.loyola.ca Loyola High School is a co-educational subsidized private Roman Catholic school, adhering to the Jesuit tradition, for grades 7–11. The school is located in the Loyola District of the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1896 by the Society of Jesus as part of Loyola College, at the request of the English Catholic community in Montreal. It is named after St. Ignatius of Loyola, who founded the Jesuit Order in 1534. History Founded in 1896, Loyola High School began as Loyola College (an eight-year classical college or "collège classique") which assumed responsibility for the English section of Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal, a French Jesuit school which existed from 1848 to 1969. In 1915, Loyola College moved from its downtown location to the west end location on Sherbrooke St. West. In 1964, the Loyola High School Corporation was established to run the High School separately from the College. Loyola College merged with Sir George Williams University in 1974 to form Concordia University. The school became fully co-educational in 2023. School campus Junior Building's east facing facade Loyola was originally located in an abandoned Sacred Heart Convent on Bleury and St. Catherine Street. A fire broke out at this location in 1898, forcing the college to move into the former Tucker School on Drummond Street. That summer, a wing was added, but space soon became inadequate. In 1900, the Jesuits purchased the Decary Farm in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce located in the west end of Montreal. Junior Building's north facing facade In 1916, Loyola College officially moved to the new campus. The high school was located in the Junior Building and, until 1961, shared the Administration Building and then the north half of the Central Building. It was the original campus, which was designed in the Collegiate Gothic architectural style and covered in gargoyles, leaded and stained-glass windows and oak moulding, where young men began their journey to become "Eight-Year Men". After four years of high school and four years of college, they graduated with university degrees in Arts or Sciences. In 1961, the era of boarders ended and the high school moved exclusively to the Junior Building. An extension was added in 1970 and a gymnasium was built south of Sherbrooke Street in 1978. In 1988 a decision was reached to erect a new building in order to properly accommodate the student body and to enable the school to offer the curriculum outlined by the Ministry of Education. New building's north facing facade Loyola considered a number of possible options for the future building, including adding an extension onto the Junior Building. The school eventually made arrangements with Concordia University to swap the Junior Building for a site on the southwest end of the Loyola campus beside the school gymnasium. The new building was completed in 1992. The Bishops Atrium and a three-story wing were constructed in 2004, along with the Eric Maclean, S.J. Centre for the Performing Arts auditorium the following year. Academic In the school’s Mission Statement, Loyola is described as a “university-preparatory school.” Students are also expected to complete the requirements for a Secondary School Diploma to be admitted to C.E.G.E.P. Core and optional subjects offered in the high school curriculum are broken down according to cycle - Cycle 1 (years 1 and 2) and Cycle 2 (years 3, 4, and 5). The high school performs competitively locally and provincially in examinations results. Religious and spiritual formation As a Catholic and Jesuit school, all of Loyola's activities are meant to be inspired by Catholic teachings in the tradition of St. Ignatius of Loyola. While the school's president is ultimately responsible for ensuring the school's spiritual mission, the Loyola Ignatian Formation director oversees its particular activities in the entire Loyola community (alumni, parents, faculty, and students). The Campus Ministry is tasked with overseeing students' spiritual formation. Jesuit affiliation Loyola is a member of the American Jesuit Schools Network, and is administered by the Jesuits of English Canada. The two Jesuit provinces, English and French, are currently in the process of merging into one Canadian Jesuit province. Athletics Loyola fields a number of athletic teams in competition with other schools in Canada and the United States, primarily competing in the Greater Montreal Athletics Association and Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec. Loyola's traditional rivals in athletics are Lower Canada College and Selwyn House School. Facilities Double gym (volleyball, basketball, wrestling, tennis) Strength and conditioning room (wrestling) The Lower Fields (football, soccer, rugby, ultimate) Concordia Stadium (football, soccer, rugby, ultimate); seating capacity of 4000 Stinger Dome (ultimate) Ed Meagher Arena (hockey): upgraded to NHL standards in 2013 Concordia Gym (basketball and wrestling during Ed Meagher Tournament only) Coat of arms The name "Loyola" is derived from the Spanish Lobo-y-olla, meaning "wolf" and "kettle". The school's coat of arms is a variation of St. Ignatius of Loyola's coat of arms, which depicts the union of the House of Loyola (represented by the two wolves and kettle) and the House of Onaz (represented by the seven red bars on a field of gold) in 1261. The phrase "Loyola y Onaz" typically appears at the bottom, though another variation of the school's coat of arms includes the Jesuit motto "Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam", meaning "for the greater glory of God". Loyola in print Jim Pearson, Loyola and Montreal: Stories from Our History (Montreal: 2018) Joseph B. Gavin, S.J., From 'Le petit collège de bois' to 7272 Sherbrooke St. West: A Brief History of Loyola High School, Montreal (Montreal: 2012) Dr. Gil Drolet, Loyola, The Wars: In Remembrance of 'Men for Others' (Waterloo: Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, 1996) T.P. Slattery, Loyola and Montreal (Montreal: Palm Publishers, 1962) Loyola in court In 2008, Quebec's Ministry of Education, Sport and Leisure introduced a mandatory "Ethics and Religious Culture" (ERC) course to all Quebec schools. Loyola had reservations about the course's ability to meet its objectives from a relativistic perspective, and applied for an exemption to teach an ERC equivalency course. Loyola's equivalency course had similar goals as the government's ERC but was structured on a methodology that was more in keeping with its Catholic, Jesuit identity. The government denied the request for exemption and, as a result, Loyola took the matter to the Superior Court of Quebec where in 2010 the Superior Court ruled in Loyola's favour. The Ministry appealed and in 2012 the appellate court overturned the Superior Court's decision. Loyola then took the case to the Supreme Court of Canada where, on 19 March 2015, it was ruled that the Quebec Ministry was in violation of Loyola's religious freedom and ordered the Ministry to reconsider the exemption. Notable alumni This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Religion Jean Vanier (1943) – founder of L'Arche Terrance Prendergast, S.J. (1961) – Archbishop of Ottawa, Canada Michael Czerny, S.J. (1963) – Cardinal, Under-secretary to Pope Francis in Migrants and Refugees Section Politics, law and business Georges P. Vanier (1906) – Governor General of Canada Charles Gavan "Chubby" Power (1906) – Senate of Canada; Canada federal Minister Eric Kierans (1931) – Quebec provincial Minister and federal Minister, President Montreal Stock Exchange Zbigniew Brzezinski (1943) – United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter Warren Allmand (1948) – Solicitor-General of Canada, Canada federal Minister Dominic D'Alessandro – President and CEO of Manulife Financial Allan Lutfy (1963) – Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Canada Michael L. Phelan (1964) – Judge of the Federal Court of Canada Jim Flaherty (1966) – Canada federal Minister of Finance Robert J. Bauman (1967) – Chief Justice of British Columbia and Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal for the Yukon Daniel Fournier (1971) – Chairman of the Board and CEO of Ivanhoé Cambridge Gerald T. McCaughey (1972) – President and CEO of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce Francis Scarpaleggia (1974) – Liberal Member of Parliament for Lac-Saint-Louis Jean-Pierre Blais (1978) – Chairman of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission Noubar Afeyan (1978) – Chairman and Co-founder of Moderna Arts, entertainment, and writing Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau (1924) – poet, diarist, painter Peter Desbarats – author, playwright and journalist Richard Monette (1963) – actor, artistic director of the Stratford Festival of Canada Don Ferguson (1963) – of the Royal Canadian Air Farce Roger Abbott (1963) – of the Royal Canadian Air Farce Mark Starowicz (1964) – historian, producer, journalist Don Carmody (1968) – Academy Award-winning film producer Michael Sarrazin – Hollywood actor Stephen Campanelli (1976) - film-maker and cameraman David Acer (1987) – author, magician and stand-up comedy performer Joseph Donovan (1992) – Juno Award-winning music producer for Sam Roberts Band Sam Roberts (1992) – Juno Award-winning singer, songwriter with Sam Roberts Band Philosophy and academia Bernard J.F. Lonergan, S.J. (1922) – philosopher and theologian William Joseph Mackey, S.J. (1932) – responsible for establishing the modern education system in Bhutan Witold Rybczynski (1966) – architect, historian, Professor of Urbanism Athletics Ralph Toohy (1943) – football player CFL, Montreal Alouette, Hamilton Tiger-Cats; three-time Grey Cup champion; four-time All-Star Keith English (1945) – football player CFL, Montreal Alouette, Grey Cup champion, Rookie of the year – 1948 Brian F. O'Neill (1945) – executive vice president of NHL; Stanley Cup trustee; elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame Jim Madigan – Head Coach Northeastern University men's ice hockey Alexander Killorn (2006) – ice hockey player NHL, Tampa Bay Lightning; two-time Stanley Cup champion See also List of Jesuit sites References ^ a b "Leadership". Loyola High School. Retrieved 13 October 2022. ^ Loyola High School - Tuition & Financial Aid ^ "Loyola High School - The Loyola Tradition". www.loyola.ca. Retrieved 2017-09-23. ^ "Loyola Archives". lhsarchives.omeka.net. Retrieved 2017-09-23. ^ "Loyola High School Student Handbook 2019-2020" (PDF). www.loyola.ca. Retrieved 2019-12-16. ^ "Fraser Institute High School Ranking". www.compareschoolrankings.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16. ^ "Loyola High School - Campus Ministry". Loyola.ca. ^ "Schools - Jesuit Schools Network". Jesuitschoolsnetwork.org. Retrieved 2017-08-20. ^ "Jesuits across Canada plan to rejoin into a single province". Ncronline.org. 16 April 2014. Retrieved 2017-08-20. ^ "Ed Meagher Arena inaugurates NHL-class upgrades". Concordia.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-20. ^ "Courts". Loyola.ca. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2017-08-20. ^ "Loyola High School - Loyola High School". Loyola.ca. ^ "Pope names 13 new cardinals, including Canadian Jesuit". cbc.ca. Retrieved 2019-09-06. ^ "The Honourable Michael L. Phelan". Retrieved 2023-07-31. ^ "The Honourable Chief Justice Robert Bauman". Retrieved 2023-10-01. ^ William H. New (ed.), “Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada” (University of Toronto Press, 2002) p.413. ^ "Carmody". Csc.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-02-21. Retrieved 2017-08-20. ^ "Michael Sarrazin". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-08-20. ^ "Stephen Campanelli" (PDF). Loyola.ca. Retrieved 2018-06-14. ^ "Northeastern's Jim Madigan ranks among University hockey's best behind the bench". The Suburban Newspaper. Retrieved 2020-10-29. External links Loyola High School official site vteSecondary schools on the Island of MontrealFrench-language public schoolsCSS de Montréal Académie Dunton Académie de Roberval Chomedey-De Maisonneuve École de la Lancée École de la Source Édouard-Montpetit École Espace-Jeunesse Eulalie-Durocher École Eurêka Évangeline École FACE École Georges-Vanier Honoré-Mercier École internationale de Montréal Irénée-Lussier Jeanne-Mance Joseph-Charbonneau Joseph-François-Perrault La Dauversière le Tremplin le Vitrail la Voie Louis-Joseph-Papineau Louis-Riel Louise-Trichet Lucien-Pagé Marguerite-De Lajemmerais Marie-Anne École Père-Marquette (fr) Rosalie-Jetté Saint-Henri Saint-Louis Saint-Luc Sophie-Barat CSS Marguerite-Bourgeoys Cavelier-De LaSalle Collège Saint-Louis Dalbé-Viau des Sources Dorval-Jean-XXIII Félix-Leclerc Monseigneur-Richard Mont-Royal Paul-Gérin-Lajoie-d'Outremont Pierre-Laporte Saint-Georges Saint-Laurent CSS de la Pointe-de-l'Île Anjou Antoine-de-Saint-Exupéry Calixa-Lavallée Daniel-Johnson Guy-Vanier Henri-Bourassa Jean-Grou La Passerelle La Relance Le Tournesol Pointe-aux-Trembles English-language public schoolsEnglish Montreal SB F.A.C.E. School James Lyng John F. Kennedy John Grant John Paul I Junior High LaurenHill Academy Laurier Macdonald Pearson Marymount Academy MIND Paul VI Rosemount Royal Vale Royal West St. Raphael Centre Vincent Massey Westmount High Lester B. Pearson SB Beaconsfield Beurling Academy Horizon Lakeside Academy LaSalle Community Comprehensive Macdonald Pierrefonds Community Riverdale John Rennie Lindsay Place St. Thomas Westwood Independent schoolsNon-religious Alexander von Humboldt Marie de France Jean-Eudes Reine-Marie Regina Assumpta Stanislas Sourp Hagop Armenian School Kuper Academy Lower Canada College Miss Edgar's and Miss Cramp's Selwyn House St. George's Trafalgar Vanguard West Island College Religious Bialik Brebeuf Notre-Dame École Maïmonide Emmanuel Christian School Greaves Adventist Academy Loyola High School Hebrew Academy Herzliah High School This list is incomplete. vteJesuit Schools NetworkMembers Arrupe Jesuit High School (CO) Belen Jesuit Preparatory School (FL) Bellarmine College Preparatory (CA) Bellarmine Preparatory School (WA) Boston College High School (MA) Brebeuf College School (ON) Brebeuf Jesuit Preparatory School (IN) Brooklyn Jesuit Prep (NY) Brophy College Preparatory School (AZ) Canisius High School (NY) Cheverus High School (ME) Chicago Jesuit Academy (IL) Christ the King Jesuit College Prep High School (IL) Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola (PR) Creighton Preparatory School (NE) Cristo Rey Atlanta High School (GA) Cristo Rey Jesuit College Preparatory School (TX) Cristo Rey High School (Sacramento) (CA) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Baltimore) (MD) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Chicago) (IL) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Milwaukee) (WI) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Minneapolis) (MN) Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (San Jose) (CA) Cristo Rey New York High School (NY) Cristo Rey Research Triangle (NC) De Smet Jesuit High School (MO) Fairbanks Catholic High School (AK) Fairfield College Preparatory School (CT) Fordham Preparatory School (NY) Georgetown Preparatory School (MD) Gesu School (PA) Gonzaga College High School (DC) Gonzaga Middle School (MB) Gonzaga Preparatory School (WA) Jesuit Academy (NE) Jesuit College Preparatory School (Dallas) (TX) Jesuit High School (New Orleans) (LA) Jesuit High School (Portland) (OR) Jesuit High School (Sacramento) (CA) Jesuit High School (Tampa) (FL) Loyola Academy (IL) Loyola Blakefield (MD) Loyola Academy of St. Louis (MO) Loyola High School (MI) Loyola High School (CA) Loyola High School (QC) Loyola Sacred Heart High School (MT) Loyola School (NY) The Loyola School (MD) Marquette University High School (WI) McQuaid Jesuit (NY) Mother Teresa Middle School (SK) Nativity Jesuit Academy (WI) NativityMiguel Middle School (NY) Nativity Preparatory School (Boston) (MA) Nativity Preparatory School (Worcester) (MA) Red Cloud Indian School (SD) Regis High School (NY) Regis Jesuit High School (CO) Rockhurst High School (MO) Sacred Heart Nativity School (CA) St. Andrew Nativity School (OR) St. Bonaventure's College (NL) St. Ignatius School (NY) St. Ignatius College Preparatory (CA) St. Ignatius College Preparatory School (IL) St. Ignatius High School (Cleveland) (OH) St. Ignatius Loyola Academy (MD) St. John's College (BZ) St. John's Jesuit High School and Academy (OH) St. Joseph's Preparatory School (PA) St. Louis University High School (MO) St Martin de Porres (OH) St. Paul's High School (MB) St. Peter's Preparatory School (NJ) St. Xavier High School (OH) Scranton Preparatory School (PA) Seattle Nativity School (WA) Seattle Preparatory School (WA) Strake Jesuit College Preparatory School (TX) University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy (MI) Verbum Dei Jesuit High School (CA) Walsh Jesuit High School (OH) Washington Jesuit Academy (DC) Xavier High School (NY) Xavier High School (Chuuk, FSM) Xavier Jesuit Academy (OH) Xavier Jesuit College Preparatory School (CA) Yap Catholic High School (Yap, FSM) Former Former Jesuit secondary schools in the United States Catholicism portal Society of Jesus vteSociety of Jesus in CanadaEducation St. Ignatius of Loyola School, Guelph Gonzaga High School, St. John's St. Bonaventure's College, St. John's Loyola High School, Montreal Mother Teresa Middle School, Regina St. Ignatius School, Winnipeg St. Paul's High School, Winnipeg Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf, Montréal Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal St. Charles Garnier College, Québec Higher education Campion College, Regina Regis College, Toronto St. Paul's College, Manitoba Social justice Jesuit Forum for Social Faith and Justice Centre for Justice and Faith, Montreal Churches Holy Rosary Church, Guelph Lake Huron First Nation Parishes Martyrs' Shrine, Midland St. Pius X Church, St. John's Thunder Bay First Nation Parishes Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Toronto St. Mark's Church, Vancouver Holy Cross Church, Wiikwemkoong St. Ignatius Church, Winnipeg Church of the Gesù, Montreal Jesuit Chapel, Québec Spirituality Anishinabe Spiritual Centre Loyola House, Guelph Jesuit Centre of Spirituality, Halifax Ignatian Centre, Montreal Manresa Jesuit Spiritual Renewal Centre, Pickering Manresa Spirituality Centre, Québec Villa Loyola, Sudbury Villa Saint Martin, Montreal Summer camp Camp Ekon Catholicism 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_school"},{"link_name":"Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te-des-Neiges%E2%80%93Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Loyola College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_College_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"St. Ignatius of Loyola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola"}],"text":"Independent school in Montreal, Quebec, CanadaLoyola High School is a co-educational subsidized private Roman Catholic school, adhering to the Jesuit tradition, for grades 7–11. The school is located in the Loyola District of the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1896 by the Society of Jesus as part of Loyola College, at the request of the English Catholic community in Montreal. It is named after St. Ignatius of Loyola, who founded the Jesuit Order in 1534.","title":"Loyola High School (Montreal)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loyola College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_College_(Montreal)"},{"link_name":"collège classique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/coll%C3%A8ge_classique"},{"link_name":"Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Sainte-Marie_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sir George Williams University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Williams_University"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University_(Montreal)"}],"text":"Founded in 1896, Loyola High School began as Loyola College (an eight-year classical college or \"collège classique\") which assumed responsibility for the English section of Collège Sainte-Marie de Montréal, a French Jesuit school which existed from 1848 to 1969.[3] In 1915, Loyola College moved from its downtown location to the west end location on Sherbrooke St. West. In 1964, the Loyola High School Corporation was established to run the High School separately from the College. Loyola College merged with Sir George Williams University in 1974 to form Concordia University.\nThe school became fully co-educational in 2023.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junior_Building_east_facing_facade.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Notre-Dame-de-Grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-de-Gr%C3%A2ce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Junior_Building_north_facing_facade.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loyola-High-School.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Junior Building's east facing facadeLoyola was originally located in an abandoned Sacred Heart Convent on Bleury and St. Catherine Street. A fire broke out at this location in 1898, forcing the college to move into the former Tucker School on Drummond Street. That summer, a wing was added, but space soon became inadequate. In 1900, the Jesuits purchased the Decary Farm in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce located in the west end of Montreal.Junior Building's north facing facadeIn 1916, Loyola College officially moved to the new campus. The high school was located in the Junior Building and, until 1961, shared the Administration Building and then the north half of the Central Building. It was the original campus, which was designed in the Collegiate Gothic architectural style and covered in gargoyles, leaded and stained-glass windows and oak moulding, where young men began their journey to become \"Eight-Year Men\". After four years of high school and four years of college, they graduated with university degrees in Arts or Sciences.In 1961, the era of boarders ended and the high school moved exclusively to the Junior Building. An extension was added in 1970 and a gymnasium was built south of Sherbrooke Street in 1978. In 1988 a decision was reached to erect a new building in order to properly accommodate the student body and to enable the school to offer the curriculum outlined by the Ministry of Education.New building's north facing facadeLoyola considered a number of possible options for the future building, including adding an extension onto the Junior Building. The school eventually made arrangements with Concordia University to swap the Junior Building for a site on the southwest end of the Loyola campus beside the school gymnasium. The new building was completed in 1992. The Bishops Atrium and a three-story wing were constructed in 2004, along with the Eric Maclean, S.J. Centre for the Performing Arts auditorium the following year.[4]","title":"School campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the school’s Mission Statement, Loyola is described as a “university-preparatory school.” Students are also expected to complete the requirements for a Secondary School Diploma to be admitted to C.E.G.E.P. Core and optional subjects offered in the high school curriculum are broken down according to cycle - Cycle 1 (years 1 and 2) and Cycle 2 (years 3, 4, and 5).[5] The high school performs competitively locally and provincially in examinations results.[6]","title":"Academic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As a Catholic and Jesuit school, all of Loyola's activities are meant to be inspired by Catholic teachings in the tradition of St. Ignatius of Loyola.While the school's president is ultimately responsible for ensuring the school's spiritual mission, the Loyola Ignatian Formation director oversees its particular activities in the entire Loyola community (alumni, parents, faculty, and students). The Campus Ministry is tasked with overseeing students' spiritual formation.[7]","title":"Religious and spiritual formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jesuit Schools Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_Schools_Network"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jesuit provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province#Religious_institutes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Jesuit affiliation","text":"Loyola is a member of the American Jesuit Schools Network,[8] and is administered by the Jesuits of English Canada. The two Jesuit provinces, English and French, are currently in the process of merging into one Canadian Jesuit province.[9]","title":"Religious and spiritual formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Montreal Athletics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Montreal_Athletics_Association"},{"link_name":"Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_du_sport_%C3%A9tudiant_du_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada_College"},{"link_name":"Selwyn House School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selwyn_House_School"}],"text":"Loyola fields a number of athletic teams in competition with other schools in Canada and the United States, primarily competing in the Greater Montreal Athletics Association and Réseau du sport étudiant du Québec. Loyola's traditional rivals in athletics are Lower Canada College and Selwyn House School.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concordia Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Facilities","text":"Double gym (volleyball, basketball, wrestling, tennis)\nStrength and conditioning room (wrestling)\nThe Lower Fields (football, soccer, rugby, ultimate)\nConcordia Stadium (football, soccer, rugby, ultimate); seating capacity of 4000\nStinger Dome (ultimate)\nEd Meagher Arena (hockey): upgraded to NHL standards in 2013[10]\nConcordia Gym (basketball and wrestling during Ed Meagher Tournament only)","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Loyola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola"},{"link_name":"Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Majorem_Dei_Gloriam"}],"text":"The name \"Loyola\" is derived from the Spanish Lobo-y-olla, meaning \"wolf\" and \"kettle\". The school's coat of arms is a variation of St. Ignatius of Loyola's coat of arms, which depicts the union of the House of Loyola (represented by the two wolves and kettle) and the House of Onaz (represented by the seven red bars on a field of gold) in 1261. The phrase \"Loyola y Onaz\" typically appears at the bottom, though another variation of the school's coat of arms includes the Jesuit motto \"Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam\", meaning \"for the greater glory of God\".","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Jim Pearson, Loyola and Montreal: Stories from Our History (Montreal: 2018)\nJoseph B. Gavin, S.J., From 'Le petit collège de bois' to 7272 Sherbrooke St. West: A Brief History of Loyola High School, Montreal (Montreal: 2012)\nDr. Gil Drolet, Loyola, The Wars: In Remembrance of 'Men for Others' (Waterloo: Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, 1996)\nT.P. Slattery, Loyola and Montreal (Montreal: Palm Publishers, 1962)","title":"Loyola in print"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Education, Sport and Leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Recreation_and_Sports_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"Ethics and Religious Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_and_religious_culture"},{"link_name":"Superior Court of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"on 19 March 2015, it was ruled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyola_High_School_v_Quebec_AG"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2008, Quebec's Ministry of Education, Sport and Leisure introduced a mandatory \"Ethics and Religious Culture\" (ERC) course to all Quebec schools. Loyola had reservations about the course's ability to meet its objectives from a relativistic perspective, and applied for an exemption to teach an ERC equivalency course. Loyola's equivalency course had similar goals as the government's ERC but was structured on a methodology that was more in keeping with its Catholic, Jesuit identity. The government denied the request for exemption and, as a result, Loyola took the matter to the Superior Court of Quebec where in 2010 the Superior Court ruled in Loyola's favour. The Ministry appealed and in 2012 the appellate court overturned the Superior Court's decision.Loyola then took the case to the Supreme Court of Canada where, on 19 March 2015, it was ruled that the Quebec Ministry was in violation of Loyola's religious freedom and ordered the Ministry to reconsider the exemption.[11]","title":"Loyola in court"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Vanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vanier"},{"link_name":"L'Arche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arche"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Terrance Prendergast, S.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrence_Prendergast"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Michael Czerny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Czerny"},{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Migrants and Refugees Section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrants_and_Refugees_Section"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Jean Vanier (1943) – founder of L'Arche[12]\nTerrance Prendergast, S.J. (1961) – Archbishop of Ottawa, Canada\nMichael Czerny, S.J. (1963) – Cardinal,[13] Under-secretary to Pope Francis in Migrants and Refugees Section","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georges P. Vanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vanier"},{"link_name":"Governor General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Charles Gavan \"Chubby\" Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Power"},{"link_name":"Senate of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Eric Kierans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kierans"},{"link_name":"Montreal Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Brzezinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski"},{"link_name":"National Security Advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Warren Allmand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Allmand"},{"link_name":"Dominic D'Alessandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_D%27Alessandro"},{"link_name":"Allan Lutfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Lutfy"},{"link_name":"Federal Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jim Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Flaherty"},{"link_name":"Robert J. Bauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Bauman"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal for the Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_the_Yukon_Territory"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Daniel Fournier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fournier"},{"link_name":"Ivanhoé Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanho%C3%A9_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Gerald T. McCaughey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_T._McCaughey"},{"link_name":"Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Imperial_Bank_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Francis Scarpaleggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scarpaleggia"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Lac-Saint-Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-Saint-Louis_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Blais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blais"},{"link_name":"Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Noubar Afeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noubar_Afeyan"},{"link_name":"Moderna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderna"}],"sub_title":"Politics, law and business","text":"Georges P. Vanier (1906) – Governor General of Canada\nCharles Gavan \"Chubby\" Power (1906) – Senate of Canada; Canada federal Minister\nEric Kierans (1931) – Quebec provincial Minister and federal Minister, President Montreal Stock Exchange\nZbigniew Brzezinski (1943) – United States National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter\nWarren Allmand (1948) – Solicitor-General of Canada, Canada federal Minister\nDominic D'Alessandro – President and CEO of Manulife Financial\nAllan Lutfy (1963) – Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Canada\nMichael L. Phelan (1964) – Judge of the Federal Court of Canada[14]\nJim Flaherty (1966) – Canada federal Minister of Finance\nRobert J. Bauman (1967) – Chief Justice of British Columbia and Chief Justice of the Court of Appeal for the Yukon[15]\nDaniel Fournier (1971) – Chairman of the Board and CEO of Ivanhoé Cambridge\nGerald T. McCaughey (1972) – President and CEO of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce\nFrancis Scarpaleggia (1974) – Liberal Member of Parliament for Lac-Saint-Louis\nJean-Pierre Blais (1978) – Chairman of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission\nNoubar Afeyan (1978) – Chairman and Co-founder of Moderna","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_de_Saint-Denys_Garneau"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Peter Desbarats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Desbarats"},{"link_name":"Richard Monette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Monette"},{"link_name":"Stratford Festival of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Shakespeare_Festival"},{"link_name":"Don Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Ferguson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Farce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Farce"},{"link_name":"Roger Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Abbott"},{"link_name":"Mark Starowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Starowicz"},{"link_name":"Don Carmody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carmody"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Michael Sarrazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sarrazin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Stephen Campanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Campanelli"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"David Acer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Acer"},{"link_name":"Joseph Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Donovan_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Juno Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award"},{"link_name":"Sam Roberts Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Roberts_Band"},{"link_name":"Sam Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(singer-songwriter)"}],"sub_title":"Arts, entertainment, and writing","text":"Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau (1924) – poet, diarist, painter[16]\nPeter Desbarats – author, playwright and journalist\nRichard Monette (1963) – actor, artistic director of the Stratford Festival of Canada\nDon Ferguson (1963) – of the Royal Canadian Air Farce\nRoger Abbott (1963) – of the Royal Canadian Air Farce\nMark Starowicz (1964) – historian, producer, journalist\nDon Carmody (1968) – Academy Award-winning film producer[17]\nMichael Sarrazin – Hollywood actor[18]\nStephen Campanelli (1976) - film-maker and cameraman[19]\nDavid Acer (1987) – author, magician and stand-up comedy performer\nJoseph Donovan (1992) – Juno Award-winning music producer for Sam Roberts Band\nSam Roberts (1992) – Juno Award-winning singer, songwriter with Sam Roberts Band","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernard J.F. Lonergan, S.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan"},{"link_name":"William Joseph Mackey, S.J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mackey_(Jesuit)"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Witold Rybczynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Rybczynski"}],"sub_title":"Philosophy and academia","text":"Bernard J.F. Lonergan, S.J. (1922) – philosopher and theologian\nWilliam Joseph Mackey, S.J. (1932) – responsible for establishing the modern education system in Bhutan\nWitold Rybczynski (1966) – architect, historian, Professor of Urbanism","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Toohy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Toohy"},{"link_name":"CFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Montreal Alouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Tiger-Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Tiger-Cats"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup"},{"link_name":"Keith English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_English_(end)"},{"link_name":"CFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Montreal Alouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup"},{"link_name":"Rookie of the year – 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruen_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Brian F. O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Neill_(ice_hockey,_born_1929)"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hockey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Jim Madigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Madigan"},{"link_name":"Northeastern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_University"},{"link_name":"men's ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_Huskies_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Alexander Killorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Killorn"},{"link_name":"NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHL"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Ralph Toohy (1943) – football player CFL, Montreal Alouette, Hamilton Tiger-Cats; three-time Grey Cup champion; four-time All-Star\nKeith English (1945) – football player CFL, Montreal Alouette, Grey Cup champion, Rookie of the year – 1948\nBrian F. O'Neill (1945) – executive vice president of NHL; Stanley Cup trustee; elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame\nJim Madigan – Head Coach Northeastern University men's ice hockey[20]\nAlexander Killorn (2006) – ice hockey player NHL, Tampa Bay Lightning; two-time Stanley Cup champion","title":"Notable alumni"}]

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[{"title":"List of Jesuit sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jesuit_sites"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium(III)_sulfide

Yttrium(III) sulfide

["1 References"]

Yttrium(III) sulfide Names IUPAC name Yttrium(III) sulfide Other names Yttrium sulfide Identifiers CAS Number 12039-19-9 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 145469 ECHA InfoCard 100.031.703 EC Number 234-887-2 PubChem CID 166021 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID30923374 InChI InChI=1S/3S.2Y/q3*-2;2*+3Key: BPMRLDMEAPSVQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES .... Properties Chemical formula Y2S3 Molar mass 274.010 g/mol Appearance yellow cubic crystals Density 3.87 g/cm3 Melting point 1,925 °C (3,497 °F; 2,198 K) Structure Crystal structure cubic Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Warning Hazard statements H261, H315, H319, H335 Precautionary statements P231+P232, P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P402+P404, P403+P233, P405, P501 Related compounds Other anions Yttrium(III) oxide Other cations Scandium(III) sulfide Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Yttrium(III) sulfide (Y2S3) is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a compound of yttrium and sulfur. References ^ Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 4–95, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2 vteYttrium compoundsYttrium(II) YO Yttrium(III) Y(acac)3 YAs YAl3(BO3)4 Y3Al5O12 Y3Fe5O12 YB6 YBr3 YCl3 YF3 YI3 YN Y(NO3)3 Y(OH)3 YOF Y(ClO4)3 YP YPO4 YSb YVO4 Y2O3 Y2S3Organoyttrium(III) compounds Y(C5H5)3 Y2(C2O4)3 vteSulfides (S2−) H2S He Li2S BeS B2S3+BO3 CS2COS (NH4)SH O F Ne Na2S MgS Al2S3 SiSSiS2-Si PxSy-P -S2−2 Cl Ar K2S CaS ScSSc2S3 TiSTiS2Ti2S3TiS3 VSVS2V2S3 CrSCr2S3 MnSMnS2 FeSFe3S4 CoS NiS Cu2SCuS ZnS GaSGa2S3 GeSGeS2-Ge As2S3As4S3-As SeS2+Se Br Kr Rb2S SrS Y2S3 ZrS2 NbS2 MoS2MoS3 Tc Ru Rh2S3 PdS Ag2S CdS In2S3 SnSSnS2-Sn Sb2S3Sb2S5-Sb TeS2 I Xe Cs2S BaS * LuSLu2S3 HfS2 TaS2 WS2WS3 ReS2Re2S7 OsS4 Ir2S3IrS2 PtSPtS2 Au2SAu2S3 HgS Tl2S PbSPbS2 Bi2S3 PoS At Rn Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og   * LaSLa2S3 CeSCe2S3 PrSPr2S3 NdSNd2S3 Pm2S3 SmSSm2S3 EuSEu2S3 GdSGd2S3 TbSTb2S3 DySDy2S3 HoSHo2S3 ErSEr2S3 TmSTm2S3 YbSYb2S3 ** Ac2S3 ThS2 Pa USUS2 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfide"},{"link_name":"inorganic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic"},{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"yttrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttrium"},{"link_name":"sulfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur"}],"text":"Chemical compoundYttrium(III) sulfide (Y2S3) is an inorganic chemical compound. It is a compound of yttrium and sulfur.","title":"Yttrium(III) sulfide"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Lide, David R. (1998), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87 ed.), Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, pp. 4–95, ISBN 0-8493-0594-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0594-2","url_text":"0-8493-0594-2"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_aminopeptidase

Alanine aminopeptidase

["1 Function","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]

Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens This article is about the cell membrane alanyl aminopeptidase. For the cytosolic alanine aminopeptidase, see NPEPPS. ANPEPAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes4FYQ, 4FYR, 4FYS, 4FYTIdentifiersAliasesANPEP, APN, CD13, GP150, LAP1, P150, PEPN, alanyl aminopeptidase, membrane, AP-M, hAPN, AP-NExternal IDsOMIM: 151530; MGI: 5000466; HomoloGene: 68163; GeneCards: ANPEP; OMA:ANPEP - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 15 (human)Band15q26.1Start89,784,895 bpEnd89,815,401 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 7 (mouse)Band7|7 D2Start79,471,551 bpEnd79,510,807 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed injejunal mucosaduodenumbody of pancreasmucosa of ileummucosa of transverse colonright lobe of liverstromal cell of endometriumgallbladderhuman kidneybloodTop expressed injejunumduodenumileumcrypt of lieberkuhn of small intestinelactiferous glandlipright lobe of liverepithelium of stomachlacrimal glandaortic valveMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function virus receptor activity zinc ion binding metalloaminopeptidase activity hydrolase activity metal ion binding peptidase activity aminopeptidase activity metallopeptidase activity peptide binding signaling receptor activity Cellular component lysosomal membrane integral component of membrane membrane endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment external side of plasma membrane extracellular exosome extracellular space nucleus plasma membrane secretory granule membrane cytoplasm Biological process viral process peptide catabolic process proteolysis viral entry into host cell multicellular organism development cell differentiation angiogenesis neutrophil degranulation signal transduction cell-cell signaling regulation of blood pressure Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez29016790EnsemblENSG00000166825ENSMUSG00000039062UniProtP15144P97449RefSeq (mRNA)NM_001150NM_001381923NM_001381924NM_008486RefSeq (protein)NP_001141NP_001368852NP_001368853NP_032512Location (UCSC)Chr 15: 89.78 – 89.82 MbChr 7: 79.47 – 79.51 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Membrane alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) also known as alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP) or aminopeptidase N (AP-N) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANPEP gene. Function Aminopeptidase N is located in the small-intestinal and renal microvillar membrane, and also in other plasma membranes. In the small intestine aminopeptidase N plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases. Its function in proximal tubular epithelial cells and other cell types is less clear. The large extracellular carboxyterminal domain contains a pentapeptide consensus sequence characteristic of members of the zinc-binding metalloproteinase superfamily. Sequence comparisons with known enzymes of this class showed that CD13 and aminopeptidase N are identical. The latter enzyme was thought to be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides by diverse cell types, including small intestinal and renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, and synaptic membranes from the CNS. Defects in this gene appear to be a cause of various types of leukemia or lymphoma. AAP is also used by some viruses as a receptor to which these viruses bind to and then enter cells. It is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E, feline coronavirus serotype II (FCoV-II), TGEV, PEDV, canine coronavirus genotype II (CCoV-II) as well as several Deltacoronaviruses. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000166825 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000039062 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: ANPEP alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase N, aminopeptidase M, microsomal aminopeptidase, CD13, p150)". ^ Jaimes JA, et al. (2020). "A tale of two viruses: the distinct spike glycoproteins of feline coronaviruses". Viruses. 12 (1): 83. doi:10.3390/v12010083. PMC 7019228. PMID 31936749. ^ Licitra BN, et al. (2014). "Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52 (12): 4230–4238. doi:10.1128/JCM.02158-14. PMC 4313292. PMID 25253797. ^ Liang QZ, Wang B, Ji CM, Hu F, Qin P, Feng Y, Tang YD, Huang YW (2023). "Chicken or Porcine Aminopeptidase N Mediates Cellular Entry of Pseudoviruses Carrying Spike Glycoprotein from the Avian Deltacoronaviruses HKU11, HKU13, and HKU17". Journal of Virology. 97 (2): e0194722. doi:10.1128/jvi.01947-22. PMC 9973037. PMID 36656013. Further reading Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT, Holmes KV (June 1992). "Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E". Nature. 357 (6377): 420–2. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..420Y. doi:10.1038/357420a0. PMC 7095410. PMID 1350662. Shapiro LH, Ashmun RA, Roberts WM, Look AT (June 1991). "Separate promoters control transcription of the human aminopeptidase N gene in myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (18): 11999–2007. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99056-3. PMID 1675638. O'Connell PJ, Gerkis V, d'Apice AJ (March 1991). "Variable O-glycosylation of CD13 (aminopeptidase N)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (7): 4593–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64364-2. PMID 1705556. Watt VM, Willard HF (October 1990). "The human aminopeptidase N gene: isolation, chromosome localization, and DNA polymorphism analysis". Human Genetics. 85 (6): 651–4. doi:10.1007/BF00193592. PMID 1977688. S2CID 19678944. Look AT, Peiper SC, Rebentisch MB, Ashmun RA, Roussel MF, Lemons RS, Le Beau MM, Rubin CM, Sherr CJ (October 1986). "Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding a human myeloid membrane antigen (gp150)". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 78 (4): 914–21. doi:10.1172/JCI112680. PMC 423717. PMID 2428842. Look AT, Ashmun RA, Shapiro LH, Peiper SC (April 1989). "Human myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13 (gp150) is identical to aminopeptidase N". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 83 (4): 1299–307. doi:10.1172/JCI114015. PMC 303821. PMID 2564851. Olsen J, Cowell GM, Kønigshøfer E, Danielsen EM, Møller J, Laustsen L, Hansen OC, Welinder KG, Engberg J, Hunziker W (October 1988). "Complete amino acid sequence of human intestinal aminopeptidase N as deduced from cloned cDNA". FEBS Letters. 238 (2): 307–14. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80502-7. PMID 2901990. Kruse TA, Bolund L, Grzeschik KH, Ropers HH, Olsen J, Sjöström H, Norén O (November 1988). "Assignment of the human aminopeptidase N (peptidase E) gene to chromosome 15q13-qter". FEBS Letters. 239 (2): 305–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80940-2. PMID 2903074. Tokioka-Terao M, Hiwada K, Kokubu T (1985). "Purification and characterization of aminopeptidase N from human plasma". Enzyme. 32 (2): 65–75. doi:10.1159/000469453. PMID 6149934. Watanabe Y, Iwaki-Egawa S, Mizukoshi H, Fujimoto Y (July 1995). "Identification of an alanine aminopeptidase in human maternal serum as a membrane-bound aminopeptidase N". Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler. 376 (7): 397–400. doi:10.1515/bchm3.1995.376.7.397. PMID 7576235. Favaloro EJ, Browning T, Facey D (December 1993). "CD13 (GP150; aminopeptidase-N): predominant functional activity in blood is localized to plasma and is not cell-surface associated". Experimental Hematology. 21 (13): 1695–701. PMID 7902291. Núñez L, Amigo L, Rigotti A, Puglielli L, Mingrone G, Greco AV, Nervi F (August 1993). "Cholesterol crystallization-promoting activity of aminopeptidase-N isolated from the vesicular carrier of biliary lipids". FEBS Letters. 329 (1–2): 84–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80199-5. PMID 8102610. S2CID 23782523. Söderberg C, Giugni TD, Zaia JA, Larsson S, Wahlberg JM, Möller E (November 1993). "CD13 (human aminopeptidase N) mediates human cytomegalovirus infection". Journal of Virology. 67 (11): 6576–85. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.11.6576-6585.1993. PMC 238095. PMID 8105105. Kolb AF, Maile J, Heister A, Siddell SG (October 1996). "Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV 229E receptor". The Journal of General Virology. 77 (10): 2515–21. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2515. PMID 8887485. Norén K, Hansen GH, Clausen H, Norén O, Sjöström H, Vogel LK (February 1997). "Defectively N-glycosylated and non-O-glycosylated aminopeptidase N (CD13) is normally expressed at the cell surface and has full enzymatic activity". Experimental Cell Research. 231 (1): 112–8. doi:10.1006/excr.1996.3455. PMID 9056417. Kolb AF, Hegyi A, Siddell SG (November 1997). "Identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229E receptor function of human aminopeptidase N". The Journal of General Virology. 78 (11): 2795–802. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-2795. PMID 9367365. Hegyi A, Kolb AF (June 1998). "Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase N". The Journal of General Virology. 79 (6): 1387–91. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-79-6-1387. PMID 9634079. Dong X, An B, Salvucci Kierstead L, Storkus WJ, Amoscato AA, Salter RD (January 2000). "Modification of the amino terminus of a class II epitope confers resistance to degradation by CD13 on dendritic cells and enhances presentation to T cells". Journal of Immunology. 164 (1): 129–35. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.129. PMID 10605003. Pasqualini R, Koivunen E, Kain R, Lahdenranta J, Sakamoto M, Stryhn A, Ashmun RA, Shapiro LH, Arap W, Ruoslahti E (February 2000). "Aminopeptidase N is a receptor for tumor-homing peptides and a target for inhibiting angiogenesis". Cancer Research. 60 (3): 722–7. PMC 4469333. PMID 10676659. Renold A, Cescato R, Beuret N, Vogel LK, Wahlberg JM, Brown JL, Fiedler K, Spiess M (March 2000). "Basolateral sorting signals differ in their ability to redirect apical proteins to the basolateral cell surface". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (13): 9290–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.13.9290. PMID 10734069. External links The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: M01.001 Archived 2019-09-25 at the Wayback Machine CD13+Antigens at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Human ANPEP genome location and ANPEP gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. vteProteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)1–50 CD1 a-c 1A 1B 1D 1E CD2 CD3 γ δ ε CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 a CD9 CD10 CD11 a b c d CD13 CD14 CD15 CD16 A B CD18 CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22 CD23 CD24 CD25 CD26 CD27 CD28 CD29 CD30 CD31 CD32 A B CD33 CD34 CD35 CD36 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD40 CD41 CD42 a b c d CD43 CD44 CD45 CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49 a b c d e f CD50 51–100 CD51 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD61 CD62 E L P CD63 CD64 A B C CD66 a b c d e f CD68 CD69 CD70 CD71 CD72 CD73 CD74 CD78 CD79 a b CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 a d e h j k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD90 CD91 - CD92 CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD99 CD100 101–150 CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107 a b CD108 CD109 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD120 a b CD121 a b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD138 CD140b CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD150 151–200 CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156 a b c CD157 CD158 (a d e i k) CD159 a c CD160 CD161 CD162 CD163 CD164 CD166 CD167 a b CD168 CD169 CD170 CD171 CD172 a b g CD174 CD177 CD178 CD179 a b CD180 CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD196 CD197 CDw198 CDw199 CD200 201–250 CD201 CD202b CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CDw210 a b CD212 CD213a 1 2 CD217 CD218 (a b) CD220 CD221 CD222 CD223 CD224 CD225 CD226 CD227 CD228 CD229 CD230 CD233 CD234 CD235 a b CD236 CD238 CD239 CD240CE CD240D CD241 CD243 CD244 CD246 CD247 - CD248 CD249 251–300 CD252 CD253 CD254 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD261 CD262 CD263 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD278 CD279 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD286 CD288 CD289 CD290 CD292 CDw293 CD294 CD295 CD297 CD298 CD299 301–350 CD300A CD301 CD302 CD303 CD304 CD305 CD306 CD307 CD309 CD312 CD314 CD315 CD316 CD317 CD318 CD320 CD321 CD322 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD327 CD328 CD329 CD331 CD332 CD333 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD350 vteCluster of differentiation by lineageLymphoidB cell Pre-B cell: CD10/CALLA CD79A mature: CD19 CD20 CD21/CR2 CD23/FcεRII CD127 CD40 plasma cell: CD38 CD138 T/NKT cell Pan-T antigens: CD3 CD7 CD1 CD4 CD8 CD13 CD18 CD26 CD27 CD28 NK cell CD16 CD56/NCAM CD57 All CD2 All CD5 MyeloidCFU-GM/Myelomonocyte CD11c CD14 CD15 CD31 CD64 CD68 MEPCFU-Meg CD34/CD36 CD42 CD41/CD61 CFU-E CD36 CD71 All (pan-myeloid) CD13 CD33 Stem cell CD34 vteHydrolase: proteases (EC 3.4)3.4.11-19: Exopeptidase3.4.11 Aminopeptidase Alanine Arginyl Aspartyl Cystinyl Leucyl Glutamyl Methionyl 1 2 O 3.4.13 Dipeptidase 1 2 3 3.4.14 Dipeptidyl peptidase Cathepsin C Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 Tripeptidyl peptidase Tripeptidyl peptidase I Tripeptidyl peptidase II 3.4.15 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 3.4.16 Serine type carboxypeptidases: Cathepsin A DD-transpeptidase 3.4.17 Metalloexopeptidases Carboxypeptidase A A2 B C E Glutamate II Other/ungrouped Metalloexopeptidase 3.4.21-25: Endopeptidase Serine protease Cysteine protease Aspartic acid protease Metalloendopeptidase Threonine endopeptidase Proteasome endopeptidase complex HslU—HslV peptidase Other/ungrouped: Amyloid precursor protein secretase Alpha secretase Beta-secretase 1 Beta-secretase 2 Gamma secretase 3.4.99: Unknown Staphylokinase vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology This hydrolase article is a stub. 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For the cytosolic alanine aminopeptidase, see NPEPPS.Membrane alanyl aminopeptidase (EC 3.4.11.2) also known as alanyl aminopeptidase (AAP) or aminopeptidase N (AP-N) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ANPEP gene.","title":"Alanine aminopeptidase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"},{"link_name":"human coronavirus 229E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_229E"},{"link_name":"feline coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_coronavirus"},{"link_name":"TGEV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGEV"},{"link_name":"PEDV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEDV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"canine coronavirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine_coronavirus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Deltacoronaviruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltacoronavirus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Aminopeptidase N is located in the small-intestinal and renal microvillar membrane, and also in other plasma membranes. In the small intestine aminopeptidase N plays a role in the final digestion of peptides generated from hydrolysis of proteins by gastric and pancreatic proteases. Its function in proximal tubular epithelial cells and other cell types is less clear. The large extracellular carboxyterminal domain contains a pentapeptide consensus sequence characteristic of members of the zinc-binding metalloproteinase superfamily. Sequence comparisons with known enzymes of this class showed that CD13 and aminopeptidase N are identical. The latter enzyme was thought to be involved in the metabolism of regulatory peptides by diverse cell types, including small intestinal and renal tubular epithelial cells, macrophages, granulocytes, and synaptic membranes from the CNS. Defects in this gene appear to be a cause of various types of leukemia or lymphoma.[5]AAP is also used by some viruses as a receptor to which these viruses bind to and then enter cells. It is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E, feline coronavirus serotype II (FCoV-II), TGEV, PEDV,[6] canine coronavirus genotype II (CCoV-II)[7] as well as several Deltacoronaviruses.[8]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 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(human aminopeptidase N) mediates human cytomegalovirus infection\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC238095"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/JVI.67.11.6576-6585.1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.67.11.6576-6585.1993"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"238095","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC238095"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8105105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8105105"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV 229E receptor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-77-10-2515"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-77-10-2515"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8887485","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8887485"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1006/excr.1996.3455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1006%2Fexcr.1996.3455"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9056417","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9056417"},{"link_name":"\"Identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229E receptor function of human aminopeptidase N\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-78-11-2795"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-2795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-78-11-2795"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9367365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367365"},{"link_name":"\"Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase N\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-79-6-1387"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1099/0022-1317-79-6-1387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-79-6-1387"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9634079","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9634079"},{"link_name":"\"Modification of the amino terminus of a class II epitope confers resistance to degradation by CD13 on dendritic cells and enhances presentation to T cells\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.129"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.129"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10605003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10605003"},{"link_name":"\"Aminopeptidase N is a receptor for tumor-homing peptides and a target for inhibiting angiogenesis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469333"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4469333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469333"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10676659","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10676659"},{"link_name":"\"Basolateral sorting signals differ in their ability to redirect apical proteins to the basolateral cell surface\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.13.9290"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.275.13.9290","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.13.9290"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10734069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10734069"}],"text":"Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT, Holmes KV (June 1992). \"Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E\". Nature. 357 (6377): 420–2. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..420Y. doi:10.1038/357420a0. PMC 7095410. PMID 1350662.\nShapiro LH, Ashmun RA, Roberts WM, Look AT (June 1991). \"Separate promoters control transcription of the human aminopeptidase N gene in myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (18): 11999–2007. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99056-3. PMID 1675638.\nO'Connell PJ, Gerkis V, d'Apice AJ (March 1991). \"Variable O-glycosylation of CD13 (aminopeptidase N)\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (7): 4593–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64364-2. PMID 1705556.\nWatt VM, Willard HF (October 1990). \"The human aminopeptidase N gene: isolation, chromosome localization, and DNA polymorphism analysis\". Human Genetics. 85 (6): 651–4. doi:10.1007/BF00193592. PMID 1977688. S2CID 19678944.\nLook AT, Peiper SC, Rebentisch MB, Ashmun RA, Roussel MF, Lemons RS, Le Beau MM, Rubin CM, Sherr CJ (October 1986). \"Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding a human myeloid membrane antigen (gp150)\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 78 (4): 914–21. doi:10.1172/JCI112680. PMC 423717. PMID 2428842.\nLook AT, Ashmun RA, Shapiro LH, Peiper SC (April 1989). \"Human myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13 (gp150) is identical to aminopeptidase N\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 83 (4): 1299–307. doi:10.1172/JCI114015. PMC 303821. PMID 2564851.\nOlsen J, Cowell GM, Kønigshøfer E, Danielsen EM, Møller J, Laustsen L, Hansen OC, Welinder KG, Engberg J, Hunziker W (October 1988). \"Complete amino acid sequence of human intestinal aminopeptidase N as deduced from cloned cDNA\". FEBS Letters. 238 (2): 307–14. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80502-7. PMID 2901990.\nKruse TA, Bolund L, Grzeschik KH, Ropers HH, Olsen J, Sjöström H, Norén O (November 1988). \"Assignment of the human aminopeptidase N (peptidase E) gene to chromosome 15q13-qter\". FEBS Letters. 239 (2): 305–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80940-2. PMID 2903074.\nTokioka-Terao M, Hiwada K, Kokubu T (1985). \"Purification and characterization of aminopeptidase N from human plasma\". Enzyme. 32 (2): 65–75. doi:10.1159/000469453. PMID 6149934.\nWatanabe Y, Iwaki-Egawa S, Mizukoshi H, Fujimoto Y (July 1995). \"Identification of an alanine aminopeptidase in human maternal serum as a membrane-bound aminopeptidase N\". Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler. 376 (7): 397–400. doi:10.1515/bchm3.1995.376.7.397. PMID 7576235.\nFavaloro EJ, Browning T, Facey D (December 1993). \"CD13 (GP150; aminopeptidase-N): predominant functional activity in blood is localized to plasma and is not cell-surface associated\". Experimental Hematology. 21 (13): 1695–701. PMID 7902291.\nNúñez L, Amigo L, Rigotti A, Puglielli L, Mingrone G, Greco AV, Nervi F (August 1993). \"Cholesterol crystallization-promoting activity of aminopeptidase-N isolated from the vesicular carrier of biliary lipids\". FEBS Letters. 329 (1–2): 84–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80199-5. PMID 8102610. S2CID 23782523.\nSöderberg C, Giugni TD, Zaia JA, Larsson S, Wahlberg JM, Möller E (November 1993). \"CD13 (human aminopeptidase N) mediates human cytomegalovirus infection\". Journal of Virology. 67 (11): 6576–85. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.11.6576-6585.1993. PMC 238095. PMID 8105105.\nKolb AF, Maile J, Heister A, Siddell SG (October 1996). \"Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV 229E receptor\". The Journal of General Virology. 77 (10): 2515–21. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2515. PMID 8887485.\nNorén K, Hansen GH, Clausen H, Norén O, Sjöström H, Vogel LK (February 1997). \"Defectively N-glycosylated and non-O-glycosylated aminopeptidase N (CD13) is normally expressed at the cell surface and has full enzymatic activity\". Experimental Cell Research. 231 (1): 112–8. doi:10.1006/excr.1996.3455. PMID 9056417.\nKolb AF, Hegyi A, Siddell SG (November 1997). \"Identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229E receptor function of human aminopeptidase N\". The Journal of General Virology. 78 (11): 2795–802. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-2795. PMID 9367365.\nHegyi A, Kolb AF (June 1998). \"Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase N\". The Journal of General Virology. 79 (6): 1387–91. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-79-6-1387. PMID 9634079.\nDong X, An B, Salvucci Kierstead L, Storkus WJ, Amoscato AA, Salter RD (January 2000). \"Modification of the amino terminus of a class II epitope confers resistance to degradation by CD13 on dendritic cells and enhances presentation to T cells\". Journal of Immunology. 164 (1): 129–35. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.129. PMID 10605003.\nPasqualini R, Koivunen E, Kain R, Lahdenranta J, Sakamoto M, Stryhn A, Ashmun RA, Shapiro LH, Arap W, Ruoslahti E (February 2000). \"Aminopeptidase N is a receptor for tumor-homing peptides and a target for inhibiting angiogenesis\". Cancer Research. 60 (3): 722–7. PMC 4469333. PMID 10676659.\nRenold A, Cescato R, Beuret N, Vogel LK, Wahlberg JM, Brown JL, Fiedler K, Spiess M (March 2000). \"Basolateral sorting signals differ in their ability to redirect apical proteins to the basolateral cell surface\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (13): 9290–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.13.9290. PMID 10734069.","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=290","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=16790","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: ANPEP alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase N, aminopeptidase M, microsomal aminopeptidase, CD13, p150)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=290","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: ANPEP alanyl (membrane) aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase N, aminopeptidase M, microsomal aminopeptidase, CD13, p150)\""}]},{"reference":"Jaimes JA, et al. (2020). \"A tale of two viruses: the distinct spike glycoproteins of feline coronaviruses\". Viruses. 12 (1): 83. doi:10.3390/v12010083. PMC 7019228. PMID 31936749.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7019228","url_text":"\"A tale of two viruses: the distinct spike glycoproteins of feline coronaviruses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fv12010083","url_text":"10.3390/v12010083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7019228","url_text":"7019228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31936749","url_text":"31936749"}]},{"reference":"Licitra BN, et al. (2014). \"Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States\". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 52 (12): 4230–4238. doi:10.1128/JCM.02158-14. PMC 4313292. PMID 25253797.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313292","url_text":"\"Genotypic characterization of canine coronaviruses associated with fatal canine neonatal enteritis in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.02158-14","url_text":"10.1128/JCM.02158-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4313292","url_text":"4313292"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25253797","url_text":"25253797"}]},{"reference":"Liang QZ, Wang B, Ji CM, Hu F, Qin P, Feng Y, Tang YD, Huang YW (2023). \"Chicken or Porcine Aminopeptidase N Mediates Cellular Entry of Pseudoviruses Carrying Spike Glycoprotein from the Avian Deltacoronaviruses HKU11, HKU13, and HKU17\". Journal of Virology. 97 (2): e0194722. doi:10.1128/jvi.01947-22. PMC 9973037. PMID 36656013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9973037","url_text":"\"Chicken or Porcine Aminopeptidase N Mediates Cellular Entry of Pseudoviruses Carrying Spike Glycoprotein from the Avian Deltacoronaviruses HKU11, HKU13, and HKU17\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjvi.01947-22","url_text":"10.1128/jvi.01947-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9973037","url_text":"9973037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36656013","url_text":"36656013"}]},{"reference":"Yeager CL, Ashmun RA, Williams RK, Cardellichio CB, Shapiro LH, Look AT, Holmes KV (June 1992). \"Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E\". Nature. 357 (6377): 420–2. Bibcode:1992Natur.357..420Y. doi:10.1038/357420a0. PMC 7095410. PMID 1350662.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095410","url_text":"\"Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.357..420Y","url_text":"1992Natur.357..420Y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F357420a0","url_text":"10.1038/357420a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095410","url_text":"7095410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1350662","url_text":"1350662"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro LH, Ashmun RA, Roberts WM, Look AT (June 1991). \"Separate promoters control transcription of the human aminopeptidase N gene in myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (18): 11999–2007. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99056-3. PMID 1675638.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2999056-3","url_text":"\"Separate promoters control transcription of the human aminopeptidase N gene in myeloid and intestinal epithelial cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2999056-3","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(18)99056-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1675638","url_text":"1675638"}]},{"reference":"O'Connell PJ, Gerkis V, d'Apice AJ (March 1991). \"Variable O-glycosylation of CD13 (aminopeptidase N)\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266 (7): 4593–7. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64364-2. PMID 1705556.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2964364-2","url_text":"\"Variable O-glycosylation of CD13 (aminopeptidase N)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2964364-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0021-9258(20)64364-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1705556","url_text":"1705556"}]},{"reference":"Watt VM, Willard HF (October 1990). \"The human aminopeptidase N gene: isolation, chromosome localization, and DNA polymorphism analysis\". Human Genetics. 85 (6): 651–4. doi:10.1007/BF00193592. PMID 1977688. S2CID 19678944.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00193592","url_text":"10.1007/BF00193592"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1977688","url_text":"1977688"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19678944","url_text":"19678944"}]},{"reference":"Look AT, Peiper SC, Rebentisch MB, Ashmun RA, Roussel MF, Lemons RS, Le Beau MM, Rubin CM, Sherr CJ (October 1986). \"Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding a human myeloid membrane antigen (gp150)\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 78 (4): 914–21. doi:10.1172/JCI112680. PMC 423717. PMID 2428842.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423717","url_text":"\"Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding a human myeloid membrane antigen (gp150)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI112680","url_text":"10.1172/JCI112680"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC423717","url_text":"423717"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2428842","url_text":"2428842"}]},{"reference":"Look AT, Ashmun RA, Shapiro LH, Peiper SC (April 1989). \"Human myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13 (gp150) is identical to aminopeptidase N\". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 83 (4): 1299–307. doi:10.1172/JCI114015. PMC 303821. PMID 2564851.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC303821","url_text":"\"Human myeloid plasma membrane glycoprotein CD13 (gp150) is identical to aminopeptidase N\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI114015","url_text":"10.1172/JCI114015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC303821","url_text":"303821"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2564851","url_text":"2564851"}]},{"reference":"Olsen J, Cowell GM, Kønigshøfer E, Danielsen EM, Møller J, Laustsen L, Hansen OC, Welinder KG, Engberg J, Hunziker W (October 1988). \"Complete amino acid sequence of human intestinal aminopeptidase N as deduced from cloned cDNA\". FEBS Letters. 238 (2): 307–14. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80502-7. PMID 2901990.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980502-7","url_text":"\"Complete amino acid sequence of human intestinal aminopeptidase N as deduced from cloned cDNA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980502-7","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(88)80502-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2901990","url_text":"2901990"}]},{"reference":"Kruse TA, Bolund L, Grzeschik KH, Ropers HH, Olsen J, Sjöström H, Norén O (November 1988). \"Assignment of the human aminopeptidase N (peptidase E) gene to chromosome 15q13-qter\". FEBS Letters. 239 (2): 305–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80940-2. PMID 2903074.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980940-2","url_text":"\"Assignment of the human aminopeptidase N (peptidase E) gene to chromosome 15q13-qter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2888%2980940-2","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(88)80940-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2903074","url_text":"2903074"}]},{"reference":"Tokioka-Terao M, Hiwada K, Kokubu T (1985). \"Purification and characterization of aminopeptidase N from human plasma\". Enzyme. 32 (2): 65–75. doi:10.1159/000469453. PMID 6149934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000469453","url_text":"10.1159/000469453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6149934","url_text":"6149934"}]},{"reference":"Watanabe Y, Iwaki-Egawa S, Mizukoshi H, Fujimoto Y (July 1995). \"Identification of an alanine aminopeptidase in human maternal serum as a membrane-bound aminopeptidase N\". Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler. 376 (7): 397–400. doi:10.1515/bchm3.1995.376.7.397. PMID 7576235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbchm3.1995.376.7.397","url_text":"10.1515/bchm3.1995.376.7.397"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7576235","url_text":"7576235"}]},{"reference":"Favaloro EJ, Browning T, Facey D (December 1993). \"CD13 (GP150; aminopeptidase-N): predominant functional activity in blood is localized to plasma and is not cell-surface associated\". Experimental Hematology. 21 (13): 1695–701. PMID 7902291.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7902291","url_text":"7902291"}]},{"reference":"Núñez L, Amigo L, Rigotti A, Puglielli L, Mingrone G, Greco AV, Nervi F (August 1993). \"Cholesterol crystallization-promoting activity of aminopeptidase-N isolated from the vesicular carrier of biliary lipids\". FEBS Letters. 329 (1–2): 84–8. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80199-5. PMID 8102610. S2CID 23782523.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2893%2980199-5","url_text":"10.1016/0014-5793(93)80199-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8102610","url_text":"8102610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23782523","url_text":"23782523"}]},{"reference":"Söderberg C, Giugni TD, Zaia JA, Larsson S, Wahlberg JM, Möller E (November 1993). \"CD13 (human aminopeptidase N) mediates human cytomegalovirus infection\". Journal of Virology. 67 (11): 6576–85. doi:10.1128/JVI.67.11.6576-6585.1993. PMC 238095. PMID 8105105.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC238095","url_text":"\"CD13 (human aminopeptidase N) mediates human cytomegalovirus infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.67.11.6576-6585.1993","url_text":"10.1128/JVI.67.11.6576-6585.1993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC238095","url_text":"238095"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8105105","url_text":"8105105"}]},{"reference":"Kolb AF, Maile J, Heister A, Siddell SG (October 1996). \"Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV 229E receptor\". The Journal of General Virology. 77 (10): 2515–21. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2515. PMID 8887485.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-77-10-2515","url_text":"\"Characterization of functional domains in the human coronavirus HCV 229E receptor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-77-10-2515","url_text":"10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2515"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8887485","url_text":"8887485"}]},{"reference":"Norén K, Hansen GH, Clausen H, Norén O, Sjöström H, Vogel LK (February 1997). \"Defectively N-glycosylated and non-O-glycosylated aminopeptidase N (CD13) is normally expressed at the cell surface and has full enzymatic activity\". Experimental Cell Research. 231 (1): 112–8. doi:10.1006/excr.1996.3455. PMID 9056417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fexcr.1996.3455","url_text":"10.1006/excr.1996.3455"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9056417","url_text":"9056417"}]},{"reference":"Kolb AF, Hegyi A, Siddell SG (November 1997). \"Identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229E receptor function of human aminopeptidase N\". The Journal of General Virology. 78 (11): 2795–802. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-2795. PMID 9367365.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-78-11-2795","url_text":"\"Identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229E receptor function of human aminopeptidase N\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-78-11-2795","url_text":"10.1099/0022-1317-78-11-2795"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9367365","url_text":"9367365"}]},{"reference":"Hegyi A, Kolb AF (June 1998). \"Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase N\". The Journal of General Virology. 79 (6): 1387–91. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-79-6-1387. PMID 9634079.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-79-6-1387","url_text":"\"Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase N\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-79-6-1387","url_text":"10.1099/0022-1317-79-6-1387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9634079","url_text":"9634079"}]},{"reference":"Dong X, An B, Salvucci Kierstead L, Storkus WJ, Amoscato AA, Salter RD (January 2000). \"Modification of the amino terminus of a class II epitope confers resistance to degradation by CD13 on dendritic cells and enhances presentation to T cells\". Journal of Immunology. 164 (1): 129–35. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.129. PMID 10605003.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.129","url_text":"\"Modification of the amino terminus of a class II epitope confers resistance to degradation by CD13 on dendritic cells and enhances presentation to T cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.129","url_text":"10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10605003","url_text":"10605003"}]},{"reference":"Pasqualini R, Koivunen E, Kain R, Lahdenranta J, Sakamoto M, Stryhn A, Ashmun RA, Shapiro LH, Arap W, Ruoslahti E (February 2000). \"Aminopeptidase N is a receptor for tumor-homing peptides and a target for inhibiting angiogenesis\". Cancer Research. 60 (3): 722–7. PMC 4469333. PMID 10676659.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469333","url_text":"\"Aminopeptidase N is a receptor for tumor-homing peptides and a target for inhibiting angiogenesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469333","url_text":"4469333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10676659","url_text":"10676659"}]},{"reference":"Renold A, Cescato R, Beuret N, Vogel LK, Wahlberg JM, Brown JL, Fiedler K, Spiess M (March 2000). \"Basolateral sorting signals differ in their ability to redirect apical proteins to the basolateral cell surface\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (13): 9290–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.13.9290. PMID 10734069.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.13.9290","url_text":"\"Basolateral sorting signals differ in their ability to redirect apical proteins to the basolateral cell surface\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.13.9290","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.275.13.9290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10734069","url_text":"10734069"}]}]

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N\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2F0022-1317-79-6-1387","external_links_name":"10.1099/0022-1317-79-6-1387"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9634079","external_links_name":"9634079"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.129","external_links_name":"\"Modification of the amino terminus of a class II epitope confers resistance to degradation by CD13 on dendritic cells and enhances presentation to T cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.164.1.129","external_links_name":"10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.129"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10605003","external_links_name":"10605003"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469333","external_links_name":"\"Aminopeptidase N is a receptor for tumor-homing peptides and a target for inhibiting angiogenesis\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469333","external_links_name":"4469333"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10676659","external_links_name":"10676659"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.13.9290","external_links_name":"\"Basolateral sorting signals differ in their ability to redirect apical proteins to the basolateral cell surface\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.13.9290","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.275.13.9290"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10734069","external_links_name":"10734069"},{"Link":"http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=M01.001","external_links_name":"M01.001"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190925124016/http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/merops.cgi?id=M01.001","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=CD13+Antigens","external_links_name":"CD13+Antigens"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?db=hg38&singleSearch=knownCanonical&position=ANPEP","external_links_name":"ANPEP"},{"Link":"https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgGene?db=hg38&hgg_type=knownGene&hgg_gene=ANPEP","external_links_name":"ANPEP"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alanine_aminopeptidase&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendix_AN/FPS-18_Radar

Bendix AN/FPS-18 Radar

["1 Classification of radar systems","2 References"]

The AN/FPS-18 was a medium-range search radar used by the United States Air Force Air Defense Command. This medium-range search radar was designed and built by Bendix as a SAGE system gap-filler radar to provide low-altitude coverage. Operating in the S-band at a frequency between 2700 and 2900 MHz, the AN/FPS-18 could detect at a range of 65 miles. The system was deployed in the late 1950s and 1960s at unmanned radar facilities (called "Gap Fillers") designed to fill the low-altitude gaps between manned long-range radar stations. Gaps in coverage existed due to the curvature of the Earth, mountains, hills, valleys, rivers, and so forth. The typical unmanned gap-filler radar annex consisted of a small L-shaped cinder-block building, with the radar equipment and the data-transmission equipment in one section and one or more diesel generators in the other section. These unmanned gap-filler sites generally had a three-legged radar tower about 85 feet tall where the AN/FPS-18 Radar was mounted inside a radome. Classification of radar systems Further information: Joint Electronics Type Designation System Under the Joint Electronics Type Designation System (JETDS), all U.S. military radar and tracking systems are assigned a unique identifying alphanumeric designation. The letters “AN” (for Army-Navy) are placed ahead of a three-letter code. The first letter of the three-letter code denotes the type of platform hosting the electronic device, where A=Aircraft, F=Fixed (land-based), S=Ship-mounted, and T=Ground transportable. The second letter indicates the type of equipment, where P=Radar (pulsed), Q=Sonar, and R=Radio. The third letter indicates the function or purpose of the device, where G=Fire control, R=Receiving, S=Search, and T=Transmitting. Thus, the AN/FPS-18 represents the 18th design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device. References  This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency ^ Bendix radio radar history bendixradiofoundation.com ^ a b Avionics Department (2013). "Missile and Electronic Equipment Designations". Electronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook (PDF) (4 ed.). Point Mugu, California: Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division. pp. 2–8.1. ^ Winkler, David F. (1997). "Radar Systems Classification Methods". Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program (PDF). Langley AFB, Virginia: United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command. p. 73. LCCN 97020912. AN/FPS-18 @ radomes.org vte Aerospace Defense Command (ADC)BasesCONUS Amarillo Beale Charleston Davis-Monthan Dobbins Dover Dow Duluth Eglin Edwards Ellington Ellsworth England Ent Ethan Allen Fairfax Fallon Fort Gregg-Adams Fort Heath Geiger George Glasgow Grand Forks Grenier Griffiss Gunter Hamilton Hancock Homestead Hurlburt Hunter Imeson Key West Kincheloe Kingsley Kirtland Lackland Laredo Larson Luke MacDill March Malmstrom McCoy McChord McClellan McGhee Tyson McGuire Minneapolis-St. Paul Minot Mitchel New Castle Niagara Falls Norton O'Hare Otis Oxnard Paine Perrin Peterson Pittsburgh Portland Presque Isle R.I. Bong Richards-Gebaur Robins K.I. Sawyer Selfridge Seymour Johnson Sioux City Stead Stewart Suffolk County Tinker Travis Truax Tyndall Vandenberg Vincent Walker Webb Westover Wright-Patterson Wurtsmith Youngstown Overseas Ernest Harmon Frobisher Bay Goose Keflavik McAndrew Pepperrell Thule StationsCONUS Adair Aiken Almaden Alpena Antigo Arlington Heights Baker Bedford Bellefontaine Belleville Benton Blaine Brookfield Brunswick Bucks Harbor Burns Calumet Cambria Cape Charles Cape Cod Carmi Caswell Chandler Charleston Cheyenne Mountain Claysburg Clear Colville Condon Continental Divide Cottonwood Cross City Crystal Springs Curlew Custer Cut Bank Dallas Center Dauphin Island Dickinson Duncanville Eldorado Empire Finland Finley Flintstone Fordland Fort Fisher Fort Lee Fortuna Gettysburg Grand Marais Grand Rapids Guthrie Hanna City Havre Highlands Houma Hutchinson Joelton Keno Killeen Kingman Kirksville Klamath Lake Charles Lake City Las Cruces Las Vegas Lewistown Lockport Lufkin Lyndonville Madera Makah Mica Peak Miles City Mill Valley Minot Montauk Moriarty Mount Hebo Mount Laguna Mount Lemmon Naselle North Bend North Charleston North Truro Oklahoma City Olathe Omaha Opheim Osceola Othello Owingsville Ozona Palermo Point Arena Port Austin Port Isabel Pyote Red Bluff Rochester Rockport Rockville (Indiana) Roslyn Rye Saint Albans San Clemente Island Santa Rosa Island Saratoga Springs Sault Ste Marie Shemya Snelling Snow Mountain Sweetwater Texarkana Tierra Amarilla Thomasville Tonopah Topsham Two Creeks Wadena Walnut Ridge Watertown Waverly West Mesa Willow Run Winnemucca Winslow Winston-Salem Woomera Yaak Zapata Overseas Armstrong Baldy Hughes Beausejour Cape Makkovik Cartwright Cut Throat Island Elliston Ridge Fox Harbour Hofn Hopedale Kamloops La Scie Langanes Latrar Melville Puntzi Mountain Ramore Red Cliff Rockville Saglek St. Anthony Saskatoon Mountain Sioux Lookout Spotted Island Stephenville AirDefenseunitsForces Central Air Defense Eastern Air Defense Iceland Western Air Defense First Fourth Tenth Fourteenth AirDivisions 8th 9th 20th 21st 23d 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32d 33d 34th 35th 36th 37th 58th 64th 73d 85th Sectors Albuquerque Bangor Boston Chicago Detroit Duluth Goose Grand Forks Great Falls Kansas City Los Angeles Minot Montgomery New York Oklahoma City Phoenix Portland Reno Sault Sainte Marie San Francisco Seattle Sioux City Spokane Stewart Syracuse Washington Wings Fighter 1st 4th 23d 32d 33d 50th 52d 56th 78th 81st 325th 328th 507th Detection and Control 71st 73d 551st 552d Air Defense 46th 4620th 4621st 4622d 4624th 4625th 4627th 4628th 4683d 4700th 4702d 4703d 4704th 4705th 4706th 4707th 4708th 4709th 4710th 4711th 4750th 4751st 4752d 4756th 4780th Groups Fighter 1st 4th 14th 15th 23d 32d 33d 50th 52d 53d 54th 56th 57th 78th 79th 81st 82d 84th 325th 326th 327th 328th 329th 337th 343d 355th 408th 412th 414th 473d 475th 476th 478th 507th Air Defense 10th 500th 501st 502d 503d 514th 515th 516th 517th 518th 519th 520th 521st 525th 527th 528th 529th 530th 533d 534th 564th 566th 567th 568th 575th 637th 665th 678th 692d 701st 751st 762d 765th 778th 780th 827th 858th 4606th 4620th 4676th 4700th 4721st 4722d 4727th 4728th 4729th 4730th 4731st 4732d 4733d 4734th 4735th 4750th 4756th Aircraft Control & Warning 503d 505th 540th 541st 542d 543d 544th 545th 546th 563d 564th 565th 566th Squadrons Aerospace Defense Command Fighter Squadrons Aircraft Control and Warning Squadrons MajorweaponsystemsElectronic TB-29 EB-57 EC-121 Fighters Propeller: F-47 F-51 P-61 F-82 Subsonic Jet: P-80 F-84 F-86 F-89 F-94 Supersonic Jet: F-101 F-102 F-104 F-106 Missiles AIM-4 AIM-26 AIR-2 CIM-10 Ships Guardian Interceptor Interdictor Interpreter Investigator Locator Lookout Outpost Pickett Protector Scanner Searcher Skywatcher Tracer Watchman Vigil Texas Towers Texas Tower 2 Texas Tower 3 Texas Tower 4 Miscellaneous Air Defense Command Emblem Gallery (on Wikimedia Commons) General Surveillance Radar Stations vteUS Air Force Ground-based search radarsAN/FPS-3 AN/FPS-4 AN/FPS-5 AN/FPS-6 AN/FPS-7 AN/FPS-8 AN/FPS-10 AN/FPS-14 AN/FPS-16 AN/FPS-17 AN-FPS-18 AN/FPS-19 AN-FPS-20 AN/FPS-23 AN/FPS-24 AN/FPS-26 AN/FPS-27 AN/FPS-30 AN/FPS-35 AN/FPS-41 AN/FPS-49 AN/FPS-49A AN/FPS-50 AN/FPS-65 AN/FPS-77 AN/FPS-85 AN/FPS-92 AN/FPS-95 AN/FPS-100 AN/FPS-107 AN/FPS-108 AN/FPS-113 AN/FPS-115 AN/FPS-117 AN/FPS-120 AN/FPS-123(V3) AN/FPS-123(V7) AN/FPS-124 AN/FPS-126 AN/FPS-129 AN/FPS-132

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries_(disambiguation)

Ride of the Valkyries (disambiguation)

["1 See also"]

"Ride of the Valkyries" is the popular term for the music of the beginning of act 3 of Richard Wagner's opera Die Walküre. Ride of the Valkyrie(s) may also refer to: Ride of the Valkyrie (1967 film) The Ride of the Valkyrs, a 1909 painting by John Charles Dollman "Hard Drive Courage / The Ride of the Valkyries", an episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog See also Flight of the Valkyries, an annual metal festival in the United States Valkyrie (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ride of the Valkyries.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Lachute_(K440)

HMCS Lachute

["1 Background","2 Construction","3 Service history","4 Notes","5 External links"]

Modified Flower-class corvette HMCS Lachute History Canada NameHMCS Lachute NamesakeLachute, Quebec OrderedJune 1942 BuilderMorton Engineering & Dry Dock Co., Quebec City Laid down24 November 1943 Launched9 June 1944 Commissioned26 October 1944 Decommissioned10 July 1945 IdentificationPennant number: K440 Honours andawardsAtlantic 1945 FateSold to Dominican Republic in 1947 Dominican Republic NameCristobal Colon Acquiredpurchased from Canada Commissioned1947 Decommissioned1978 IdentificationC101 FateRemoved from active list 1978; wrecked 1979 General characteristics Class and typeModified Flower-class corvette Displacement1,015 long tons (1,031 t; 1,137 short tons) Length208 ft (63.4 m)o/a Beam33 ft (10.1 m) Draught11 ft (3.35 m) Propulsion single shaft 2 × water tube boilers 1 × 4-cylinder triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine 2,750 ihp (2,050 kW) Speed16 knots (29.6 km/h) Range3,500 nautical miles (6,482 km) at 12 knots (22.2 km/h) Complement90 Sensors and processing systems 1 × Type 271 SW2C radar 1 × Type 144 sonar Armament 1 × 4 in (102 mm) BL Mk.IX single gun 1 × 2-pdr. Mk.VIII single "pom-pom" AA gun 2 × 20 mm Oerlikon single 1 × Hedgehog A/S mortar 4 × Mk.II depth charge throwers 2 depth charge rails with 70 depth charges HMCS Lachute was a modified Flower-class corvette that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She saw action primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic as a convoy escort. She was named for Lachute, Quebec. After the war she was sold to the Dominican Navy. Background Main article: Flower-class corvette Flower-class corvettes like Lachute serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes. The "corvette" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877. During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design. The generic name "flower" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants. Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas. Construction Lachute was ordered in June 1942 as part of the 1943–44 Increased Endurance Flower-class building program, which followed the main layout of the 1942–43 program. The only significant difference is that the majority of the 43–44 program replaced the 2-pounder Mk.VIII single "pom-pom" anti-aircraft gun with 2 twin 20-mm and 2 single 20-mm anti-aircraft guns. She was laid down 24 November 1943 by Morton Engineering & Dry Dock Co. in Quebec City. She was launched on 9 June 1944 and commissioned at Quebec City later that year on 26 October. Service history After being worked up in Bermuda Lachute was assigned to the Mid-Ocean Escort Force. She was allocated to escort group EG C-5. She served the rest of the war as a trans-Atlantic Ocean escort and participated in the final westbound convoy ON 305 on 26 May 1945. Lachute was paid off on 10 July 1945 and placed in reserve at Sorel. She was transferred to the War Assets Corporation and was sold to Dominican Republic in 1947. Renamed Cristobal Colon she served as a coastal escort until 1978 when she was removed from the active list. On 31 August 1979, Hurricane David struck the island. Cristobal Colon, along with her sister ship, Juan Alejandro Acosta, were driven ashore and wrecked. Notes ^ "Battle Honours". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 28 September 2013. ^ Ossian, Robert. "Complete List of Sailing Vessels". The Pirate King. Retrieved 13 April 2011. ^ Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 11. London: Phoebus. pp. 1137–1142. ^ Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. New Jersey: Random House. 1996. p. 68. ISBN 0-517-67963-9. ^ Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy. Stackpole Books. pp. 39–63. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4. ^ Chesneau, Roger; Gardiner, Robert (June 1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-87021-913-8. ^ Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. pp. 117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226, 235, 285–291. ISBN 0-87021-450-0. ^ a b Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939–1945. St. Catherines: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-052-7. ^ "HMCS Lachute (K 440)". Uboat.net. Retrieved 28 July 2013. ^ a b c Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910–1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Toronto: Collins. p. 101. ISBN 0-00216-856-1. ^ Lynch, Thomas G. (1981). Canada's Flowers – History of the Corvettes of Canada. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. p. 93. External links HMCS Lachute at the Arnold Hague Convoy Database Ready, Aye, Ready. "HMCS Lachute". Retrieved 28 July 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Hazegray. "Flower Class". Canadian Navy of Yesterday and Today. Retrieved 28 July 2013. vteFlower-class corvettesOriginal ships Free French Naval Forces Aconit Alysse Commandant d'Estienne d'Orves Commandant Detroyat Commandant Drogou La Bastiaise Lobelia Mimosa Renoncule Roselys  Royal Canadian Navy Agassiz Alberni Algoma Amherst Arrowhead Arvida Baddeck Barrie Battleford Bittersweet Brandon Brantford Buctouche Calgary Camrose Chambly Chicoutimi Chilliwack Cobalt Collingwood Dauphin Dawson Drumheller Dundas Dunvegan Edmundston Eyebright Fennel Fredericton Galt Halifax Hepatica Kamloops Kamsack Kenogami Kitchener La Malbaie Lethbridge Levis Louisburg Lunenburg Matapedia Mayflower Midland Moncton Moose Jaw Morden Nanaimo Napanee New Westminster Oakville Orillia Pictou Port Arthur Prescott Quesnel Regina Rimouski Rosthern Sackville Saskatoon Shawinigan Shediac Sherbrooke Snowberry Sorel Spikenard Sudbury Summerside The Pas Timmins Trail Trillium Vancouver Ville de Quebec Wetaskiwin Weyburn Windflower Woodstock  Hellenic Navy Apostolis Kriezis Sachtouris Tombazis  Royal Navy Abelia Acanthus Aconite Alisma Alyssum Amaranthus Anchusa Anemone Arabis Arbutus Armeria Arrowhead Asphodel Aster Aubrietia Auricula Azalea Balsam Begonia Bellwort Bergamot Bittersweet Bluebell Borage Bryony Burdock Buttercup Calendula Camellia Campanula Campion Candytuft Carnation Celandine Chrysanthemum Clarkia Clematis Clover Coltsfoot Columbine Convolvulus Coreopsis Coriander Cowslip Crocus Cyclamen Dahlia Delphinium Dianella Dianthus Eglantine Erica Eyebright Fennel Fleur de Lys Freesia Fritillary Gardenia Genista Gentian Geranium Gladiolus Gloriosa Gloxinia Godetia Godetia Harebell Heartsease Heather Heliotrope Hemlock Hepatica Hibiscus Hollyhock Honeysuckle Hyacinth Hyderabad Hydrangea Ivy Jasmine Jonquil Kingcup La Malouine Larkspur Lavender Ling Lobelia Loosestrife Lotus Lotus Mallow Marguerite Marigold Marjoram Mayflower Meadowsweet Mignonette Mimosa Monkshood Montbretia Myosotis Narcissus Nasturtium Nigella Orchis Oxlip Pennywort Pentstemon Peony Periwinkle Petunia Picotee Pimpernel Pink Polyanthus Poppy Potentilla Primrose Primula Ranonculus Rhododendron Rockrose Rose Salvia Samphire Saxifrage Snapdragon Snowberry Snowdrop Snowflake Spikenard Spiraea Starwort Stonecrop Sundew Sunflower Sweetbriar Tamarisk Thyme Trillium Tulip Verbena Veronica Vervain Vetch Violet Wallflower Windflower Woodruff Zinnia  Royal Netherlands Navy Friso  Royal Norwegian Navy Andenes Nordkyn Eglantine Montbretia Polarfront II Potentilla Rose  South African Navy Protea  United States NavyTemptress class Courage Fury Impulse Ready Restless Saucy Spry Surprise Temptress Tenacity Royal Navy Belgian Section Godetia Buttercup  Kriegsmarine PA 1 PA 2 PA 3 PA 4 Modified ships Royal Canadian Navy Asbestos Atholl Beauharnois Belleville Brampton Charlottetown Cobourg Fergus Forest Hill Frontenac Giffard Guelph Hawkesbury Ingersoll Lachute Lindsay Listowel Long Branch Louisburg Meaford Merrittonia Mimico Norsyd North Bay Owen Sound Parry Sound Peterborough Renfrew Riviere du Loup Smiths Falls St. Lambert Stellarton Strathroy Thorlock Trentonian West York Whitby  Royal Indian Navy Assam Gondwana Sind  Royal Navy Arabis Arbutus Balm Betony Buddleia Bugloss Bullrush Burnet Candytuft Ceanothos Charlock Comfrey Cornel Dittany Flax Honesty Linaria Mandrake Milfoil Musk Nepeta Privet Rosebay Smilax Statice Willowherb  Royal New Zealand Navy Arabis Arbutus  United States NavyAction class Action Alacrity Beacon Brisk Caprice Clash Haste Intensity Might Pert Prudent Splendor Tact Vim Vitality  Argentine Navy Capitán Cánepa República

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flower-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower-class_corvette"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Lachute, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachute"},{"link_name":"Dominican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Navy"}],"text":"HMCS Lachute was a modified Flower-class corvette that served with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She saw action primarily in the Battle of the Atlantic as a convoy escort. She was named for Lachute, Quebec. After the war she was sold to the Dominican Navy.","title":"HMCS Lachute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jane-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"whaling ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling_ship"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milner-7"},{"link_name":"Percy W. Nelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_W._Nelles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson2-8"}],"text":"Flower-class corvettes like Lachute serving with the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were different from earlier and more traditional sail-driven corvettes.[2][3][4] The \"corvette\" designation was created by the French as a class of small warships; the Royal Navy borrowed the term for a period but discontinued its use in 1877.[5] During the hurried preparations for war in the late 1930s, Winston Churchill reactivated the corvette class, needing a name for smaller ships used in an escort capacity, in this case based on a whaling ship design.[6] The generic name \"flower\" was used to designate the class of these ships, which – in the Royal Navy – were named after flowering plants.[7]Corvettes commissioned by the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War were named after communities for the most part, to better represent the people who took part in building them. This idea was put forth by Admiral Percy W. Nelles. Sponsors were commonly associated with the community for which the ship was named. Royal Navy corvettes were designed as open sea escorts, while Canadian corvettes were developed for coastal auxiliary roles which was exemplified by their minesweeping gear. Eventually the Canadian corvettes would be modified to allow them to perform better on the open seas.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-aircraft"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson2-8"},{"link_name":"Morton Engineering & Dry Dock Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Engineering_and_Dry_Dock_Company"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-10"}],"text":"Lachute was ordered in June 1942 as part of the 1943–44 Increased Endurance Flower-class building program, which followed the main layout of the 1942–43 program. The only significant difference is that the majority of the 43–44 program replaced the 2-pounder Mk.VIII single \"pom-pom\" anti-aircraft gun with 2 twin 20-mm and 2 single 20-mm anti-aircraft guns.[8] She was laid down 24 November 1943 by Morton Engineering & Dry Dock Co. in Quebec City. She was launched on 9 June 1944 and commissioned at Quebec City later that year on 26 October.[9][10]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Mid-Ocean Escort Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Ocean_Escort_Force"},{"link_name":"ON 305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ON_convoys"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-10"},{"link_name":"Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hurricane David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_David"},{"link_name":"sister ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Juan Alejandro Acosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Louisburg_(K401)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macpherson-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch-11"}],"text":"After being worked up in Bermuda Lachute was assigned to the Mid-Ocean Escort Force. She was allocated to escort group EG C-5. She served the rest of the war as a trans-Atlantic Ocean escort and participated in the final westbound convoy ON 305 on 26 May 1945.[10]Lachute was paid off on 10 July 1945 and placed in reserve at Sorel. She was transferred to the War Assets Corporation and was sold to Dominican Republic in 1947. Renamed Cristobal Colon she served as a coastal escort until 1978 when she was removed from the active list. On 31 August 1979, Hurricane David struck the island. Cristobal Colon, along with her sister ship, Juan Alejandro Acosta, were driven ashore and wrecked.[10][11]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Britain_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Battle Honours\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Battle%20Honours/A%20Battle%20Honour%20Date.htm#1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thepirateking.com/ships/ship_types.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jane_4-0"},{"link_name":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68"},{"link_name":"68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-67963-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-67963-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I59v6rkg8egC&pg=PA39"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8117-3275-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC&pg=PA62"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-913-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-913-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Milner_7-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-450-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-450-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Macpherson2_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Macpherson2_8-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55125-052-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55125-052-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uboat_9-0"},{"link_name":"\"HMCS Lachute (K 440)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/788.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Macpherson_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Macpherson_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Macpherson_10-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-00216-856-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00216-856-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lynch_11-0"}],"text":"^ \"Battle Honours\". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 28 September 2013.\n\n^ Ossian, Robert. \"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\". The Pirate King. Retrieved 13 April 2011.\n\n^ Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 11. London: Phoebus. pp. 1137–1142.\n\n^ Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. New Jersey: Random House. 1996. p. 68. ISBN 0-517-67963-9.\n\n^ Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy. Stackpole Books. pp. 39–63. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4.\n\n^ Chesneau, Roger; Gardiner, Robert (June 1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-87021-913-8.\n\n^ Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. pp. 117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226, 235, 285–291. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.\n\n^ a b Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939–1945. St. Catherines: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-052-7.\n\n^ \"HMCS Lachute (K 440)\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 28 July 2013.\n\n^ a b c Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910–1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Toronto: Collins. p. 101. ISBN 0-00216-856-1.\n\n^ Lynch, Thomas G. (1981). Canada's Flowers – History of the Corvettes of Canada. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. p. 93.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Battle Honours\". Britain's Navy. Retrieved 28 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britainsnavy.co.uk/Battle%20Honours/A%20Battle%20Honour%20Date.htm#1900","url_text":"\"Battle Honours\""}]},{"reference":"Ossian, Robert. \"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\". The Pirate King. Retrieved 13 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thepirateking.com/ships/ship_types.htm","url_text":"\"Complete List of Sailing Vessels\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. (1978). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons & Warfare. Vol. 11. London: Phoebus. pp. 1137–1142.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II. New Jersey: Random House. 1996. p. 68. ISBN 0-517-67963-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","url_text":"Jane's Fighting Ships of World War II"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/janesfightingshi00fran/page/68","url_text":"68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-67963-9","url_text":"0-517-67963-9"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Nicholas; Lawrence, Richard (2005). The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy. Stackpole Books. pp. 39–63. ISBN 0-8117-3275-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I59v6rkg8egC&pg=PA39","url_text":"The Illustrated Companion to Nelson's Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3275-4","url_text":"0-8117-3275-4"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger; Gardiner, Robert (June 1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946. Naval Institute Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-87021-913-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bJBMBvyQ83EC&pg=PA62","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-913-8","url_text":"0-87021-913-8"}]},{"reference":"Milner, Marc (1985). North Atlantic Run. Naval Institute Press. pp. 117–119, 142–145, 158, 175–176, 226, 235, 285–291. ISBN 0-87021-450-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-450-0","url_text":"0-87021-450-0"}]},{"reference":"Macpherson, Ken; Milner, Marc (1993). Corvettes of the Royal Canadian Navy 1939–1945. St. Catherines: Vanwell Publishing. ISBN 1-55125-052-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55125-052-7","url_text":"1-55125-052-7"}]},{"reference":"\"HMCS Lachute (K 440)\". Uboat.net. Retrieved 28 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/788.html","url_text":"\"HMCS Lachute (K 440)\""}]},{"reference":"Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John (1981). The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910–1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Toronto: Collins. p. 101. ISBN 0-00216-856-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00216-856-1","url_text":"0-00216-856-1"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Thomas G. (1981). Canada's Flowers – History of the Corvettes of Canada. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing. p. 93.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ready, Aye, Ready. \"HMCS Lachute\". Retrieved 28 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.readyayeready.com/ships/shipview.php?id=1211&ship=LACHUTE","url_text":"\"HMCS Lachute\""}]},{"reference":"Hazegray. \"Flower Class\". Canadian Navy of Yesterday and Today. Retrieved 28 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/ww2/flower/","url_text":"\"Flower Class\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVillage_UK

iVillage UK

["1 History","2 Content","3 Campaigns","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

British lifestyle website This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "IVillage UK" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) iVillage UK was a British women's lifestyle website run by media company iVillage, owned by NBC Universal. History iVillage UK was established in December 2000 as a British branch of US website iVillage.com. It was shut down in 2014 when its traffic was redirected to the U.S. website. Content iVillage UK offers interactive services, expert advice, information and a support network through its online community. Content channels include Diet & Fitness, Relationships, Parenting, Pregnancy & Baby, Health, Beauty, Food & Drink, Home & Garden, Travel, Money, News & Entertainment, Work & Career and Astrology. At the end of 2009, the website launched its blogging platform. Well-known bloggers include sex and relationship expert Dr Pam Spurr, businessperson Michelle Dewberry and television personality Katy Hill. In recent years, the website has hosted exclusive video content, including a 2010 mockumentary starring fashion personalities Trinny Woodall and Susannah Constantine. Campaigns iVillage UK has been involved in a number of national campaigns promoting women's wellbeing, including an integrated project with Wii Fit, which was nominated for the 2010 New Media Age Entertainment Award. See also Internet portalUnited Kingdom portal Lists of websites References ^ @iVillageUK (4 February 2014). "Starting this week, will be redirecting to. This twitter account will no longer be updated" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Aitkenhead, Decca (21 June 2010). "Trinny and Susannah: 'We Never, Ever Talk About Weight or Beauty or Looks' – The Fashion Makeover Presenters on Their New Internet Mockumentary, What Trinny and Susannah Did Next, Their Obsession with Clothes and How They Can Give Women the Courage to Change Their Lives". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ Smith, Alex (2 April 2009). "iVillage/ Wii Fit – Louise Redknapp Helps Promote Women's Fittness ". Funkadelic Advertising (blog). Retrieved 2 June 2015. External links ivillage.co.uk, its official website vteNBCUniversalA division of ComcastPredecessors MCA Inc. PolyGram RCA Seagram Company Ltd. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Eritrea

Sport in Eritrea

["1 History","2 Running","3 Cycling","4 Football","5 Other sports","6 See also","7 References"]

Part of a series on theCulture of Eritrea History People Languages Cuisine Religion Art Literature Music Media Radio Cinema Sport Monuments World Heritage Sites Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem Eritrea portalvte Sports in Eritrea primarily consist of football, cycling, and long-distance running. Football is a popular recreational sport (as it is across the continent), and at a professional level it is played under the authority of the Eritrean National Football Federation. However, Eritrea is best known on the international stage for cycling and running. History Football and cycling were both introduced by Italians during the Italian Eritrea period of the late-19th to mid-20th centuries. The 21st century has seen Eritrea become a long-distance running competitor of Ethiopia and Kenya. Running Though it is newer to the sport than fellow East African nations Ethiopia and Kenya, Eritrea has produced many successful long-distance runners since its independence. Most notable is Zersenay Tadese, who won Eritrea's first Olympic medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He held the half-marathon world record for over eight years, and remains in the all-time top ten for both the 10,000 metres and the half-marathon. Other notable runners include Ghirmay Ghebreslassie, Yonas Kifle, Nebiat Habtemariam, and Weini Frezghi. Cycling Tour of Eritrea Cycling competition in Asmara Eritrea. Cycling has a long tradition in Eritrea and was first introduced during the colonial period. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage cycling event, was held annually from 2001 to 2017 throughout the country. The national cycling teams of both men and women are ranked first on the African continent. The Eritrea national cycling team has experienced significant success, winning the African continental cycling championship several years in a row. In 2013, the women's team won the gold medal in the African Continental Cycling Championships for the first time, and for the second time in 2015 and third time in 2019. Eritrea has produced a number of professional road racing cyclists. As of 2013, there were five Eritrean cyclists competing professionally: Daniel Teklehaymanot, Natnael Berhane, Ferekalsi Debesay, Meron Russom, and Jani Tewelde. Teklehaymanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first Black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN–Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race. In July of that year, Teklehaimanot also became the first rider from an African team to wear the polka dot jersey at the Tour de France. In September 2021 Biniam Girmay became the first black African rider to achieve a podium finish in the history of the UCI Road World Championships, taking silver medal in men's under-23 road race. He has followed this with a successful spring 2022, when he became the first African winner of a classic cycle race in Gent–Wevelgem, and went on to become the first Black African to win a Grand Tour stage at the 2022 Giro d'Italia. The team captain for the Eritrean national football team is Henok Goitom Cycling also represents a widespread form of transportation, as many Eritreans cannot afford motorized vehicles. Football Main article: Football in Eritrea Under colonial administration, the Italian League was introduced to Eritrea, with the first championship played in 1936. In December of the same year, six indigenous Eritrean teams formed a separate league from the Italian one. Hamasien, the first indigenous club to play in the Italian League, was admitted in the 1944/45 season. An Eritrean football federation was founded in 1950; however, in 1953, following federation with Ethiopia, the federation's clubs were forced to play in the Ethiopian Premier League. This continued until Eritrea's independence and the formation of the Eritrean Premier League in 1994. The Eritrean National Football Federation was founded in 1996, and became a member of FIFA in 1998. Other sports Eritrea has an indigenous martial art called testa (from the Italian for "head") or riesy. It primarily focuses on headbutting. The game of gena, a traditional form of field hockey played on and around Christmas, is played in the Ethiopian and Eritrean Highlands. Eritrea made its Winter Olympic debut at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Eritrea's team was represented by their flagbearer Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda who competed as an alpine skier. See also Eritrea portal Eritrea at the Olympics Football in Eritrea References ^ a b "Cycling heaven: The African capital with 'no traffic'". BBC News. 27 March 2019. ^ "Brilliant Bekele takes gold". BBC Sport. 20 August 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2021. ^ Calcio in Eritrea (in Italian) ^ "The Bicycle Horn of Africa: How cycling became a part of Eritrea's national identity". The Globe and Mail. 6 January 2019. ^ "10,000 Metres - men - senior - outdoor". World Athletics. Retrieved 1 July 2020. ^ "Men's Half Marathon All-time toplist". World Athletics. Retrieved 8 December 2020. ^ Olympics. "Athens 2004 10000m men Results - Olympic athletics". Retrieved 27 June 2021. ^ IAAF (10 May 2010). "World Records Ratified". Monte Carlo. Retrieved 27 June 2021. ^ World Athletics. "10,000 Metres Men". Retrieved 27 June 2021. ^ "Cycling is isolated Eritrea's window to the world". Cycling. 28 July 2017. ^ "Eritrea and cycling: An unlikely relationship". The Best of Africa. ^ "CQ Ranking". cqranking.com. ^ Eritrean Cycling Team Wins the 2015 African Continental Cycling Championships TTT – Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Raimoq.com (10 February 2015). Retrieved on 5 June 2016. ^ 'Next wave of riders is even better' – Eritrean cycling preparing to peak. The Guardian (17 August 2015). Retrieved on 5 June 2016. ^ Eritrean national teams rank first at the African Cycling Championship time race – Archived 9 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Raimoq.com (1 December 2013). Retrieved on 5 June 2016. ^ "African Continental Championships - TTT 2019 | Results". www.procyclingstats.com. ^ McGrath, Andy (18 January 2013). "Eritrea's champions of the future". Cycling Weekly. Retrieved 4 May 2013. ^ Cummings, Basia (10 July 2015). "Daniel Teklehaimanot: 'I'm proud to be an Eritrean riding the Tour de France'". theguardian.com. Retrieved 10 July 2015. ^ "Eritrea's Daniel Teklehaimanot 1st African to wear the King of the Mountains jersey at the Tour de France". Caperi. 9 July 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016. ^ Fletcher, Patrick (24 September 2021). "Biniam Girmay wins Gent-Wevelgem". CyclingNews. Future plc. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ "Biniam Girmay: Eritrean becomes first African to win a one-day classic with Gent-Wevelgem victory". BBC Sport. 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022. ^ Ramsay, George (18 May 2022). "Biniam Girmay made history at the Giro d'Italia before a freak eye injury forced him to retire from the race". cnn.com. Retrieved 3 June 2022. ^ 1936 First Championship in Eritrea ^ Eritrea 1944/45 ^ Eritrea 1950 ^ Eritrean National Football Federation ^ Green, Thomas A.; Svinth, Joseph R. (2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. ABC-CLIO. p. 630. ISBN 9781598842449. ^ Niederstadt, Leah (2002). "Of Kings and Cohorts: The Game of Genna in Ethiopian Popular Painting". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 19: 57–71. doi:10.1080/714001706. S2CID 144828999. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ Fuller, Linda K. (2004). National Days/national Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations around the World. Praeger. p. 97. ISBN 9780275972707. ^ Rieger, Sarah (28 December 2017). "Calgary skier headed to Winter Olympics... but not with Team Canada". CBC News. Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Retrieved 31 December 2017. vteEritrea articlesHistory Kingdom of Dʿmt Kingdom of Aksum Medri Bahri Italian Eritrea World War II Civil wars War of Independence Eritrean–Ethiopian War border conflict 2018 peace summit Djiboutian–Eritrean conflict Tigray War Involvement Geography Cities Districts Earthquakes Mountains Provinces Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Cabinet Human rights LGBT International rankings Military Conscription Political parties President Economy Agriculture Companies Energy Nakfa (currency) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Cuisine Flag Independence Day Literature Media Music Public holidays Sport Olympics Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Languages List of Eritreans Religion OutlineIndex Category Portal vteSport in AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)

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Most notable is Zersenay Tadese, who won Eritrea's first Olympic medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics.[7] He held the half-marathon world record for over eight years, and remains in the all-time top ten for both the 10,000 metres and the half-marathon.[8][9] Other notable runners include Ghirmay Ghebreslassie, Yonas Kifle, Nebiat Habtemariam, and Weini Frezghi.","title":"Running"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race,_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tour of Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Asmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara"},{"link_name":"Tour of Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"African Continental Cycling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Cycling_Championships"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"road racing cyclists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Daniel Teklehaymanot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Teklehaymanot"},{"link_name":"Natnael Berhane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natnael_Berhane"},{"link_name":"Ferekalsi Debesay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferekalsi_Debesay"},{"link_name":"Meron Russom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meron_Russom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Merhawi Kudus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merhawi_Kudus"},{"link_name":"Black African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_African"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"MTN–Qhubeka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Qhubeka_NextHash"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"polka dot jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Biniam Girmay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biniam_Girmay"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"men's under-23 road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_under-23_road_race"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"classic cycle race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_cycle_race"},{"link_name":"Gent–Wevelgem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gent%E2%80%93Wevelgem"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"2022 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henok_Goitom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eritrean national football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Henok Goitom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henok_Goitom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AsmaraCycling-1"}],"text":"Tour of Eritrea Cycling competition in Asmara Eritrea.Cycling has a long tradition in Eritrea and was first introduced during the colonial period. The Tour of Eritrea, a multi-stage cycling event, was held annually from 2001 to 2017 throughout the country.[10][11]The national cycling teams of both men and women are ranked first on the African continent.[12] The Eritrea national cycling team has experienced significant success, winning the African continental cycling championship several years in a row. In 2013, the women's team won the gold medal in the African Continental Cycling Championships for the first time, and for the second time in 2015 and third time in 2019.[13][14][15][16]Eritrea has produced a number of professional road racing cyclists. As of 2013, there were five Eritrean cyclists competing professionally: Daniel Teklehaymanot, Natnael Berhane, Ferekalsi Debesay, Meron Russom, and Jani Tewelde.[17] Teklehaymanot and fellow Eritrean Merhawi Kudus became the first Black African riders to compete in the Tour de France when they were selected by the MTN–Qhubeka team for the 2015 edition of the race.[18] In July of that year, Teklehaimanot also became the first rider from an African team to wear the polka dot jersey at the Tour de France.[19] In September 2021 Biniam Girmay became the first black African rider to achieve a podium finish in the history of the UCI Road World Championships, taking silver medal in men's under-23 road race.[20] He has followed this with a successful spring 2022, when he became the first African winner of a classic cycle race in Gent–Wevelgem,[21] and went on to become the first Black African to win a Grand Tour stage at the 2022 Giro d'Italia.[22]The team captain for the Eritrean national football team is Henok GoitomCycling also represents a widespread form of transportation, as many Eritreans cannot afford motorized vehicles.[1]","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"federation with Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Eritrea's independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Eritrean Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Under colonial administration, the Italian League was introduced to Eritrea, with the first championship played in 1936. In December of the same year, six indigenous Eritrean teams formed a separate league from the Italian one.[23] Hamasien, the first indigenous club to play in the Italian League, was admitted in the 1944/45 season.[24]An Eritrean football federation was founded in 1950; however, in 1953, following federation with Ethiopia, the federation's clubs were forced to play in the Ethiopian Premier League. This continued until Eritrea's independence and the formation of the Eritrean Premier League in 1994.[25] The Eritrean National Football Federation was founded in 1996, and became a member of FIFA in 1998.[26]","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"headbutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headbutt"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"gena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gena"},{"link_name":"field hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Eritrean Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Pyeongchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongchang"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon-Ogbnai_Abeda"},{"link_name":"alpine skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skier"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Eritrea has an indigenous martial art called testa (from the Italian for \"head\") or riesy. It primarily focuses on headbutting.[27]The game of gena, a traditional form of field hockey played on and around Christmas, is played in the Ethiopian and Eritrean Highlands.[28][29]Eritrea made its Winter Olympic debut at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Eritrea's team was represented by their flagbearer Shannon-Ogbnai Abeda who competed as an alpine skier.[30]","title":"Other sports"}]

[{"image_text":"Tour of Eritrea Cycling competition in Asmara Eritrea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg/220px-Tour_of_Asmara_Cycling_race%2C_Asmara_Eritrea.jpg"},{"image_text":"The team captain for the Eritrean national football team is Henok Goitom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Henok_Goitom.jpg/220px-Henok_Goitom.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Eritrea portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Eritrea"},{"title":"Eritrea at the Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea_at_the_Olympics"},{"title":"Football in Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Eritrea"}]

[{"reference":"\"Cycling heaven: The African capital with 'no traffic'\". BBC News. 27 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47709673","url_text":"\"Cycling heaven: The African capital with 'no traffic'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brilliant Bekele takes gold\". BBC Sport. 20 August 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/athletics/3584572.stm","url_text":"\"Brilliant Bekele takes gold\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bicycle Horn of Africa: How cycling became a part of Eritrea's national identity\". The Globe and Mail. 6 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-the-bicycle-horn-of-africa-how-cycling-became-a-part-of-eritreas/","url_text":"\"The Bicycle Horn of Africa: How cycling became a part of Eritrea's national identity\""}]},{"reference":"\"10,000 Metres - men - senior - outdoor\". World Athletics. Retrieved 1 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/middle-long/10000-metres/outdoor/men/senior","url_text":"\"10,000 Metres - men - senior - outdoor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Half Marathon All-time toplist\". World Athletics. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/road-running/half-marathon/outdoor/men/senior?regionType=world&drop=regular&fiftyPercentRule=regular&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2020-12-08","url_text":"\"Men's Half Marathon All-time toplist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Athletics","url_text":"World Athletics"}]},{"reference":"Olympics. \"Athens 2004 10000m men Results - Olympic athletics\". Retrieved 27 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/athens-2004/results/athletics/10000m-men","url_text":"\"Athens 2004 10000m men Results - Olympic athletics\""}]},{"reference":"IAAF (10 May 2010). \"World Records Ratified\". Monte Carlo. Retrieved 27 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations","url_text":"IAAF"},{"url":"http://www.iaaf.org/news/kind=101/newsid=56665.html","url_text":"\"World Records Ratified\""}]},{"reference":"World Athletics. \"10,000 Metres Men\". Retrieved 27 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/middle-long/10000-metres/outdoor/men/senior","url_text":"\"10,000 Metres Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cycling is isolated Eritrea's window to the world\". Cycling. 28 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/cyclingcentral/article/2017/07/28/cycling-isolated-eritreas-window-world","url_text":"\"Cycling is isolated Eritrea's window to the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eritrea and cycling: An unlikely relationship\". The Best of Africa.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebestofafrica.org/content/eritrea-and-cycling-an-unlikely-relationship","url_text":"\"Eritrea and cycling: An unlikely relationship\""}]},{"reference":"\"CQ Ranking\". cqranking.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://cqranking.com/men/asp/gen/cqRankingCountry.asp","url_text":"\"CQ Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"African Continental Championships - TTT 2019 | Results\". www.procyclingstats.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/race/african-cycling-championships-ttt/2019","url_text":"\"African Continental Championships - TTT 2019 | Results\""}]},{"reference":"McGrath, Andy (18 January 2013). \"Eritrea's champions of the future\". Cycling Weekly. Retrieved 4 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/536483/berhane-and-kudus-eritrea-s-champions-of-the-future.html","url_text":"\"Eritrea's champions of the future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_Weekly","url_text":"Cycling Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Cummings, Basia (10 July 2015). \"Daniel Teklehaimanot: 'I'm proud to be an Eritrean riding the Tour de France'\". theguardian.com. Retrieved 10 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/10/tour-de-france-daniel-teklehaimanot-africa-eritrea-cycling","url_text":"\"Daniel Teklehaimanot: 'I'm proud to be an Eritrean riding the Tour de France'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theguardian.com","url_text":"theguardian.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Eritrea's Daniel Teklehaimanot 1st African to wear the King of the Mountains jersey at the Tour de France\". Caperi. 9 July 2015. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012151427/http://www.caperi.com/eritreas-daniel-teklehaimanot-1st-african-to-wear-the-king-of-the-mountains-jersey-at-the-tour-de-france/","url_text":"\"Eritrea's Daniel Teklehaimanot 1st African to wear the King of the Mountains jersey at the Tour de France\""},{"url":"http://www.caperi.com/eritreas-daniel-teklehaimanot-1st-african-to-wear-the-king-of-the-mountains-jersey-at-the-tour-de-france/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Patrick (24 September 2021). \"Biniam Girmay wins Gent-Wevelgem\". CyclingNews. Future plc. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/biniam-girmay-worlds-silver-is-for-eritrea-and-for-africa/","url_text":"\"Biniam Girmay wins Gent-Wevelgem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclingnews.com","url_text":"CyclingNews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future plc"}]},{"reference":"\"Biniam Girmay: Eritrean becomes first African to win a one-day classic with Gent-Wevelgem victory\". BBC Sport. 27 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/60894994","url_text":"\"Biniam Girmay: Eritrean becomes first African to win a one-day classic with Gent-Wevelgem victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"Ramsay, George (18 May 2022). \"Biniam Girmay made history at the Giro d'Italia before a freak eye injury forced him to retire from the race\". cnn.com. Retrieved 3 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/18/sport/biniam-girmay-giro-ditalia-cycling-spt-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Biniam Girmay made history at the Giro d'Italia before a freak eye injury forced him to retire from the race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnn.com","url_text":"cnn.com"}]},{"reference":"Green, Thomas A.; Svinth, Joseph R. (2010). Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation. ABC-CLIO. p. 630. ISBN 9781598842449.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P-Nv_LUi6KgC&dq=testa+riesy&pg=PA630","url_text":"Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598842449","url_text":"9781598842449"}]},{"reference":"Niederstadt, Leah (2002). \"Of Kings and Cohorts: The Game of Genna in Ethiopian Popular Painting\". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 19: 57–71. doi:10.1080/714001706. S2CID 144828999. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/714001706?needAccess=true","url_text":"\"Of Kings and Cohorts: The Game of Genna in Ethiopian Popular Painting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714001706","url_text":"10.1080/714001706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144828999","url_text":"144828999"}]},{"reference":"Fuller, Linda K. (2004). National Days/national Ways: Historical, Political, and Religious Celebrations around the World. Praeger. p. 97. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mansions

White Mansions

["1 Characters","2 Track listing","3 References"]

1978 concept album written by Paul Kennerley This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "White Mansions" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) White MansionsStudio album by Paul KennerleyReleasedJune 1978GenreCountryoutlaw countryLabelA&MProducerGlyn JohnsPaul Kennerley chronology White Mansions(1978) The Legend of Jesse James(1980) White Mansions is a 1978 concept album written by English singer-songwriter Paul Kennerley which imagines the lives of American Southerners in the Confederacy during the Civil War. The songs were performed by country singers, each portraying different characters in an attempt to show the Confederacy and the concept of "Southern pride" through their eyes. The album's vocalists included Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, John Dillon and Steve Cash. Eric Clapton played guitar on several tracks. The album charted at #38 on the Country Billboard chart and #181 on the Billboard 200. In his autobiography, Waylon Jennings claims Kennerley was inspired to compose the songs after hearing "Let’s All Help the Cowboys (Sing the Blues)" on London radio, which had appeared on Jennings 1975 LP Dreaming My Dreams, and declared, "White Mansions is a lovely record, and it touched me in a deeply personal way, as a man whose house is built on a Civil War battlefield and a Southerner. Though it probably went over the heads of its intended audience, making the album was one of my most enjoyable experiences." The album was re-released in 1999 in a two-for-one package with The Legend of Jesse James, a 1980 concept album conceived by Kennerley. Characters The four main characters portrayed in the album are: Matthew J. Fuller (played by John Dillon) – The 23-year-old son of a Southern cotton planter, he received a full education in college and military academy. When the Civil War begins, he joins the Confederate Army infantry regiment as a captain. Polly Ann Stafford (played by Jessi Colter) – Matthew's significant other; at the start of the war, she begins working in a hospital, tending to wounded and dying soldiers. Caleb Stone (played by Steve Cash) – Representing the stereotype of "white trash", Caleb is a man who possesses neither a permanent job nor his own property or land, opting instead for accepting random jobs requiring little skill. He detests the powerful plantation owners of the South and fights against the Union to "preserve his superiority over the blacks". The Drifter (played by Waylon Jennings) – The Drifter is the album's narrator. His real name is not known, but the listener is told that he was wounded fighting for Texas in the U.S.-Mexican War; during the Civil War, he doesn't participate in the fighting, traveling from town to town and commenting on the events that unfold instead. In addition, a single brief track is performed by Rodena Preston's Voices of Deliverance credited as The Slaves; this, as is explained in the liner notes, is symbolic, in that, "despite the fact that they represented over a third of the population of the South, their voice was seldom heard". Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link Track listing All songs written or co-written by Paul Kennerley; "White Trash" co-written by Bernie Leadon. "Story to Tell (The Preface)" – 2:52 Performed by Polly "Dixie, Hold On" – 3:14 Performed by The Drifter "Join Around the Flag" – 2:16 Performed by Matthew "White Trash" – 3:55 Performed by Caleb "Last Dance and the Kentucky Racehorse" – 5:26 Performed by Matthew and Polly "Southern Boys" – 2:58 Performed by Caleb "Union Mare and the Confederate Grey" – 3:53 Performed by The Drifter "No One Would Believe a Summer Could Be So Cold" – 2:59 Performed by Matthew "The Southland's Bleeding" – 4:12 Performed by The Drifter "Bring Up the Twelve Pounders" – 0:26 Performed by Matthew "They Laid Waste to Our Land" – 2:33 Performed by Caleb, Matthew and The Drifter "Praise the Lord" – 1:09 Performed by the Slaves "The King Has Called Me Home" – 3:13 Performed by Caleb "Bad Man" – 3:04 Performed by Matthew "Dixie, Now You're Done" – 3:13 Performed by The Drifter References ^ Jennings, Waylon; Kaye, Lenny (1996). Waylon: An Autobiography. Warner Brooks. pp. 264–265. ISBN 978-0-446-51865-9. vteWaylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD's Folk-Country Leavin' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker/Tulsa Cedartown, Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome, On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol' Waylon I've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City, Too Ugly for L.A. Ol' Waylon Sings Ol' Hank Cowboys, Sisters, Rascals & Dirt Waymore's Blues (Part II) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin' Down Rockin': The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die: Live Live from Austin, TX Never Say Die: The Final Concert Notable singles "Stop the World (And Let Me Off)" "The Chokin' Kind" "Only Daddy That'll Walk the Line" "The Days of Sand and Shovels" "Brown Eyed Handsome Man" "Under Your Spell Again" with Jessi Colter "Good Hearted Woman" "Sweet Dream Woman" "You Can Have Her" "We Had It All" "You Ask Me To" "This Time" "I'm a Ramblin' Man" "Rainy Day Woman" "Dreaming My Dreams with You" "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way" "Bob Wills Is Still the King" "Can't You See" "Are You Ready for the Country" "Luckenbach, Texas (Back to the Basics of Love)" "I've Always Been Crazy" "Don't You Think This Outlaw Bit's Done Got Out of Hand" "Amanda" "Come With Me" "I Ain't Living Long Like This" "Clyde" "Good Ol' Boys" "Shine" "Just to Satisfy You" with Willie Nelson "Women Do Know How to Carry On" "Lucille (You Won't Do Your Daddy's Will)" "Hold On, I'm Comin'" with Jerry Reed "The Conversation" with Hank Williams Jr. "I May Be Used (But Baby I Ain't Used Up)" "Never Could Toe the Mark" "America" "Waltz Me to Heaven" "Drinkin' and Dreamin'" "Working Without a Net" "Will the Wolf Survive" "What You'll Do When I'm Gone" "The Broken Promise Land" "Rose in Paradise" "My Rough and Rowdy Days" "If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now" "How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A." "Which Way Do I Go (Now That I'm Gone)" "Wrong" "Where Corn Don't Grow" "The Eagle" CollaborationsWaylon & Willie Albums: Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Singles:"The Wurlitzer Prize (I Don't Want to Get Over You)" "Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys" "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" "Take It to the Limit" Other collaborations Country-Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97's Collaboration singles "MacArthur Park" with The Kimberlys "Suspicious Minds" with Jessi Colter "There Ain't No Good Chain Gang" with Johnny Cash "The Wild Side of Life/It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" with Jessi Colter "Leave Them Boys Alone" with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb "Somewhere Between Ragged and Right" with John Anderson Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Don't Think Twice Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon's Greatest Hits, Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel Related The Waylors/Waymore's Outlaws Outlaw country Wanted! The Outlaws "We Are the World" The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright "Shooter" Jennings Buddy Holly The Day the Music Died vteJessi ColterDiscographyStudio albums A Country Star is Born I'm Jessi Colter Jessi Diamond in the Rough Mirriam That's the Way a Cowboy Rocks and Rolls Leather and Lace Ridin' Shotgun Rock and Roll Lullaby Jessi Colter Sings Just for Kids: Songs from Around the World Out of the Ashes Compilation albums Wanted! The Outlaws The Very Best of Jessi Colter: An Outlaw...a Lady Notable songs "Suspicious Minds" "Under Your Spell Again" "I'm Not Lisa" "What's Happened to Blue Eyes" "It's Morning (And I Still Love You)" "The Wild Side of Life"/"It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" Related articles Duane Eddy (first husband) Waylon Jennings (second husband) Shooter Jennings (son) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"Paul Kennerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennerley"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Waylon Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waylon_Jennings"},{"link_name":"Jessi Colter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Colter"},{"link_name":"Steve Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cash"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Jesse James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Jesse_James"}],"text":"White Mansions is a 1978 concept album written by English singer-songwriter Paul Kennerley which imagines the lives of American Southerners in the Confederacy during the Civil War. The songs were performed by country singers, each portraying different characters in an attempt to show the Confederacy and the concept of \"Southern pride\" through their eyes. The album's vocalists included Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, John Dillon and Steve Cash. Eric Clapton played guitar on several tracks. The album charted at #38 on the Country Billboard chart and #181 on the Billboard 200.In his autobiography, Waylon Jennings claims Kennerley was inspired to compose the songs after hearing \"Let’s All Help the Cowboys (Sing the Blues)\" on London radio, which had appeared on Jennings 1975 LP Dreaming My Dreams, and declared, \"White Mansions is a lovely record, and it touched me in a deeply personal way, as a man whose house is built on a Civil War battlefield and a Southerner. Though it probably went over the heads of its intended audience, making the album was one of my most enjoyable experiences.\"[1]The album was re-released in 1999 in a two-for-one package with The Legend of Jesse James, a 1980 concept album conceived by Kennerley.","title":"White Mansions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(land_and_air)"},{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"white trash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_trash"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"narrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrator"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S.-Mexican War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S.-Mexican_War"},{"link_name":"liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liner_notes"}],"text":"The four main characters portrayed in the album are:Matthew J. Fuller (played by John Dillon) – The 23-year-old son of a Southern cotton planter, he received a full education in college and military academy. When the Civil War begins, he joins the Confederate Army infantry regiment as a captain.\nPolly Ann Stafford (played by Jessi Colter) – Matthew's significant other; at the start of the war, she begins working in a hospital, tending to wounded and dying soldiers.\nCaleb Stone (played by Steve Cash) – Representing the stereotype of \"white trash\", Caleb is a man who possesses neither a permanent job nor his own property or land, opting instead for accepting random jobs requiring little skill. He detests the powerful plantation owners of the South and fights against the Union to \"preserve his superiority over the blacks\".\nThe Drifter (played by Waylon Jennings) – The Drifter is the album's narrator. His real name is not known, but the listener is told that he was wounded fighting for Texas in the U.S.-Mexican War; during the Civil War, he doesn't participate in the fighting, traveling from town to town and commenting on the events that unfold instead.In addition, a single brief track is performed by Rodena Preston's Voices of Deliverance credited as The Slaves; this, as is explained in the liner notes, is symbolic, in that, \"despite the fact that they represented over a third of the population of the South, their voice was seldom heard\".","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Kennerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kennerley"},{"link_name":"Bernie Leadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Leadon"}],"text":"All songs written or co-written by Paul Kennerley; \"White Trash\" co-written by Bernie Leadon.\"Story to Tell (The Preface)\" – 2:52\nPerformed by Polly\n\"Dixie, Hold On\" – 3:14\nPerformed by The Drifter\n\"Join Around the Flag\" – 2:16\nPerformed by Matthew\n\"White Trash\" – 3:55\nPerformed by Caleb\n\"Last Dance and the Kentucky Racehorse\" – 5:26\nPerformed by Matthew and Polly\n\"Southern Boys\" – 2:58\nPerformed by Caleb\n\"Union Mare and the Confederate Grey\" – 3:53\nPerformed by The Drifter\n\"No One Would Believe a Summer Could Be So Cold\" – 2:59\nPerformed by Matthew\n\"The Southland's Bleeding\" – 4:12\nPerformed by The Drifter\n\"Bring Up the Twelve Pounders\" – 0:26\nPerformed by Matthew\n\"They Laid Waste to Our Land\" – 2:33\nPerformed by Caleb, Matthew and The Drifter\n\"Praise the Lord\" – 1:09\nPerformed by the Slaves\n\"The King Has Called Me Home\" – 3:13\nPerformed by Caleb\n\"Bad Man\" – 3:04\nPerformed by Matthew\n\"Dixie, Now You're Done\" – 3:13\nPerformed by The Drifter","title":"Track listing"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Charles_Bigelow

Elmer Charles Bigelow

["1 Biography","2 Namesake","3 Medal of Honor citation","4 See also","5 References"]

United States Navy Medal of Honor recipient (1920–1945) Elmer Charles BigelowWatertender Second Class Elmer Charles BigelowBorn(1920-07-12)July 12, 1920Hebron, IllinoisDiedFebruary 15, 1945(1945-02-15) (aged 24)Manila Bay, PhilippinesPlace of burialLinn-Hebron Cemetery, Hebron, IllinoisAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Naval ReserveYears of service1942 – 1945RankWatertender First Class (posthumous)UnitUSS Fletcher (DD-445)Battles/warsWorld War II Philippines campaign  † AwardsMedal of Honor Elmer Charles Bigelow (July 12, 1920 – February 15, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of America's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor. Biography Elmer Charles Bigelow was born in Hebron, Illinois, on July 12, 1920. He enlisted in the Naval Reserve at Chicago, Illinois in September 1942 and received training at Naval Station Great Lakes in North Chicago, Illinois, and at Lawrence, Kansas, before being assigned as a Fireman Third Class on board the destroyer USS Fletcher (DD-445) in June 1943. While serving in that ship, he advanced in rate to watertender second class. On February 14, 1945, Bigelow's actions averted tragedy on board the USS Fletcher. While assisting minesweeping operations prior to landings on Manila Bay's Corregidor Island, Fletcher was hit by an enemy shell which penetrated the No. 1 gun magazine, igniting several powder cases. Bigelow picked up a pair of fire extinguishers and rushed below in a resolute attempt to quell the raging flames. Refusing to waste the precious time required to don rescue-breathing apparatus, Bigelow plunged through the blinding smoke billowing out of the magazine hatch and dropped into the blazing compartment. Despite the acrid, burning powder smoke which seared his lungs, he succeeded in quickly extinguishing the fires and in cooling the cases and bulkheads, thereby preventing further damage to the ship. However Bigelow was badly injured and succumbed to his injuries the following day. Bigelow was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity". Bigelow was buried in Linn-Hebron Cemetery in Hebron, Illinois. Bigelow's Medal of Honor, front and back Namesake The destroyer USS Bigelow (DD-942), 1957–1990, was named in his honor. Medal of Honor citation Elmer Bigelow's official Navy Medal of Honor citation is as follows: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving on board the U.S.S. Fletcher during action against enemy Japanese forces off Corregidor Island in the Philippines, February 14, 1945. Standing topside when an enemy shell struck the Fletcher, BIGELOW, acting instantly as the deadly projectile exploded into fragments which penetrated the No. 1 gun magazine and set fire to several powder cases, picked up a pair of fire extinguishers and rushed below in a resolute attempt to quell the raging flames. Refusing to waste the precious time required to don rescue-breathing apparatus, he plunged through the blinding smoke billowing out of the magazine hatch and dropped into the blazing compartment. Despite the acrid, burning powder smoke which seared his lungs with every agonizing breath, he worked rapidly and with instinctive sureness and succeeded in quickly extinguishing the fires and in cooling the cases and bulkheads, thereby preventing further damage to the stricken ship. Although he succumbed to his injuries on the following day, BIGELOW, by his dauntless valor, unfaltering skill and prompt action in the critical emergency, had averted a magazine explosion which undoubtedly would have left his ship wallowing at the mercy of the furiously pounding Japanese guns on Corregidor, and his heroic spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of almost certain death enhanced and sustained the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country. See also Biography portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elmer Charles Bigelow. List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References Naval Historical Center (2002-03-03). "US People - Bigelow, Elmer Charles". Online Library. Archived from the original on 2002-06-02. Retrieved 2006-08-03.

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He enlisted in the Naval Reserve at Chicago, Illinois in September 1942 and received training at Naval Station Great Lakes in North Chicago, Illinois, and at Lawrence, Kansas, before being assigned as a Fireman Third Class on board the destroyer USS Fletcher (DD-445) in June 1943. While serving in that ship, he advanced in rate to watertender second class.On February 14, 1945, Bigelow's actions averted tragedy on board the USS Fletcher. While assisting minesweeping operations prior to landings on Manila Bay's Corregidor Island, Fletcher was hit by an enemy shell which penetrated the No. 1 gun magazine, igniting several powder cases. Bigelow picked up a pair of fire extinguishers and rushed below in a resolute attempt to quell the raging flames. Refusing to waste the precious time required to don rescue-breathing apparatus, Bigelow plunged through the blinding smoke billowing out of the magazine hatch and dropped into the blazing compartment. Despite the acrid, burning powder smoke which seared his lungs, he succeeded in quickly extinguishing the fires and in cooling the cases and bulkheads, thereby preventing further damage to the ship. However Bigelow was badly injured and succumbed to his injuries the following day.Bigelow was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his \"conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity\". Bigelow was buried in Linn-Hebron Cemetery in Hebron, Illinois.Bigelow's Medal of Honor, front and back","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Bigelow (DD-942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bigelow"}],"text":"The destroyer USS Bigelow (DD-942), 1957–1990, was named in his honor.","title":"Namesake"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elmer Bigelow's official Navy Medal of Honor citation is as follows:For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving on board the U.S.S. Fletcher during action against enemy Japanese forces off Corregidor Island in the Philippines, February 14, 1945. Standing topside when an enemy shell struck the Fletcher, BIGELOW, acting instantly as the deadly projectile exploded into fragments which penetrated the No. 1 gun magazine and set fire to several powder cases, picked up a pair of fire extinguishers and rushed below in a resolute attempt to quell the raging flames. Refusing to waste the precious time required to don rescue-breathing apparatus, he plunged through the blinding smoke billowing out of the magazine hatch and dropped into the blazing compartment. Despite the acrid, burning powder smoke which seared his lungs with every agonizing breath, he worked rapidly and with instinctive sureness and succeeded in quickly extinguishing the fires and in cooling the cases and bulkheads, thereby preventing further damage to the stricken ship. Although he succumbed to his injuries on the following day, BIGELOW, by his dauntless valor, unfaltering skill and prompt action in the critical emergency, had averted a magazine explosion which undoubtedly would have left his ship wallowing at the mercy of the furiously pounding Japanese guns on Corregidor, and his heroic spirit of self-sacrifice in the face of almost certain death enhanced and sustained the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life in the service of his country.","title":"Medal of Honor citation"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Qantarah_El_Sharqiyya

El Qantara, Egypt

["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]

Coordinates: 30°51′20″N 32°18′45″E / 30.85556°N 32.31250°E / 30.85556; 32.31250For other uses, see Qanater. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "El Qantara, Egypt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Ismailia, EgyptEl Qantara القنطرةThe Suez Canal Bridge in El Qantara, Egypt.El QantaraLocation in EgyptCoordinates: 30°51′20″N 32°18′45″E / 30.85556°N 32.31250°E / 30.85556; 32.31250Country EgyptGovernorateIsmailiaTime zoneUTC+2 (EST) El Qantara (Arabic: القنطرة, romanized: al qantara, lit. 'the bridge') is a northeastern Egyptian city on both sides of the Suez Canal, in the Egyptian governorate of Ismailia, 160 kilometres (99 mi) northeast of Cairo and 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Port Said. The two parts of the city are connected by a high-level fixed road bridge, the Mubarak Peace Bridge. The bridge makes a connection between the division of Africa, and Asia, making El Qantara a Border town. History El Qantara was built next to a site of an ancient city Sele (Ancient Greek: Σελη, Coptic: ϩⲗⲗⲏ, ⲛⲗⲏ, ⲥⲉⲗⲏ, Ancient Egyptian: Ṯȝrw Tcharou). During World War I, Kantara, as it was referred to by the Allied troops, was the site of Headquarters No. 3 Section, Canal Defences and Headquarters Eastern Force during the latter stages of the Defence of the Suez Canal Campaign and the Sinai Campaign of 1916. The massive distribution warehouse and hospital centre supported and supplied all British, Australian and New Zealand operations in the Sinai from 1916 until final demobilization in 1919. Beginning in January 1916, a new railway was constructed from Kantara to Romani, and eastward through the Sinai to El Arish and Rafa on the border with the Ottoman Empire. A water pipeline was constructed along the same route by the Royal Engineers under the command of Brigadier General Everard Blair. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery and Memorial is located outside of town. It was begun in February, 1916 and remained in use until late 1920. After the war, it was doubled in size to accommodate the remains of soldiers from makeshift cemeteries and desert battlefields, notably in Qatia, Rumani, Magdhaba, El Arish and Rafa. Formally designed in 1919 by Sir Robert Lorimer, the cemetery contains 1,562 Commonwealth burials from World War I and 110 from World War II. There are also 341 war graves of other nationalities. The Kantara Memorial bears the names of 16 New Zealand World War I servicemen presumed killed in action at Rafa and Rumani. In 1961, panels bearing the names of 283 World War I Indian servicemen, interred in the now inaccessible Kantara Indian Cemetery, were affixed to the wall behind the Stone of Remembrance, forming the Kantara Indian Cemetery Memorial. The town's importance as a hospital centre was renewed during World War II when General Hospital No. 1 was located there from July 1941 to December 1945, and General Hospitals Nos. 41 and 92 at different periods. No. 8 Polish General Hospital was constructed adjoining the war cemetery. During the 1967 Six Day War, Israel captured the town. Egypt recaptured it at the start of the 1973 Yom Kippur War during The Crossing, and held it until the ceasefire was negotiated. Egypt regained formal control over the town in 1974. See also List of cities and towns in Egypt References ^ "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2020-10-09. ^ Lewis P (2014) For Kent and Country, pp.104–107. Brighton: Reveille Press. ^ Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Robert Lorimer

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qanater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanater_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Egyptian governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorates_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ismailia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Port Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Said"},{"link_name":"Mubarak Peace Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubarak_Peace_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Border town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_town"}],"text":"For other uses, see Qanater.Place in Ismailia, EgyptEl Qantara (Arabic: القنطرة, romanized: al qantara, lit. 'the bridge') is a northeastern Egyptian city on both sides of the Suez Canal, in the Egyptian governorate of Ismailia, 160 kilometres (99 mi) northeast of Cairo and 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Port Said. The two parts of the city are connected by a high-level fixed road bridge, the Mubarak Peace Bridge. The bridge makes a connection between the division of Africa, and Asia, making El Qantara a Border town.","title":"El Qantara, Egypt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Sinai Campaign of 1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Campaign"},{"link_name":"El Arish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Arish"},{"link_name":"Rafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafah"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Everard Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everard_Blair"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewis104-2"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"Qatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_of_Katia"},{"link_name":"Rumani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Romani"},{"link_name":"Magdhaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Magdhaba"},{"link_name":"El Arish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Arish"},{"link_name":"Rafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa"},{"link_name":"Robert Lorimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lorimer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"1967 Six Day War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Six_Day_War"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Yom Kippur War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War"},{"link_name":"The Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Badr_(1973)"}],"text":"El Qantara was built next to a site of an ancient city Sele (Ancient Greek: Σελη, Coptic: ϩⲗⲗⲏ, ⲛⲗⲏ, ⲥⲉⲗⲏ, Ancient Egyptian: Ṯȝrw Tcharou).[1]During World War I, Kantara, as it was referred to by the Allied troops, was the site of Headquarters No. 3 Section, Canal Defences and Headquarters Eastern Force during the latter stages of the Defence of the Suez Canal Campaign and the Sinai Campaign of 1916. The massive distribution warehouse and hospital centre supported and supplied all British, Australian and New Zealand operations in the Sinai from 1916 until final demobilization in 1919.Beginning in January 1916, a new railway was constructed from Kantara to Romani, and eastward through the Sinai to El Arish and Rafa on the border with the Ottoman Empire. A water pipeline was constructed along the same route by the Royal Engineers under the command of Brigadier General Everard Blair.[2]The Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery and Memorial is located outside of town. It was begun in February, 1916 and remained in use until late 1920. After the war, it was doubled in size to accommodate the remains of soldiers from makeshift cemeteries and desert battlefields, notably in Qatia, Rumani, Magdhaba, El Arish and Rafa. Formally designed in 1919 by Sir Robert Lorimer,[3] the cemetery contains 1,562 Commonwealth burials from World War I and 110 from World War II. There are also 341 war graves of other nationalities. The Kantara Memorial bears the names of 16 New Zealand World War I servicemen presumed killed in action at Rafa and Rumani. In 1961, panels bearing the names of 283 World War I Indian servicemen, interred in the now inaccessible Kantara Indian Cemetery, were affixed to the wall behind the Stone of Remembrance, forming the Kantara Indian Cemetery Memorial.The town's importance as a hospital centre was renewed during World War II when General Hospital No. 1 was located there from July 1941 to December 1945, and General Hospitals Nos. 41 and 92 at different periods. No. 8 Polish General Hospital was constructed adjoining the war cemetery.During the 1967 Six Day War, Israel captured the town. Egypt recaptured it at the start of the 1973 Yom Kippur War during The Crossing, and held it until the ceasefire was negotiated. Egypt regained formal control over the town in 1974.","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of cities and towns in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Treskow_(noble_family)

von Treskow (noble family)

["1 History","2 Streets and places","3 Estates","3.1 Austria","3.2 Berlin","3.3 Brandenburg","3.4 France","3.5 Poland","4 References"]

German noble family Treskow family coat of arms Friedrichsfelde Palace, Berlin residence of the Treskow family until the Soviet invasion in 1945 The Treskow family is an old and prominent German aristocratic family, that descended as a branch of the medieval ("Uradel") House of Tresckow. The family rose to fame in Prussia due to their large landholdings and business ventures, resulting in many streets and boulevards being named after the family today. History The Treskow branch of the medieval House of Tresckow descends from Sigmund Otto Joseph von Treskow (1756–1825) and was formally recognized by King Frederick William II of Prussia in 1797. U.S. President George Washington gave Sigismund Otto Joseph 4000 acres of woods along the Mississippi River in return for providing goods to the Continental Army. Treskow also financed Napoleon Bonaparte's army during the French Revolution, for which he was given the Regent Diamond. The diamond, which is one of the world's largest and was worn by various French kings and emperors in their crowns, is now on display at the Louvre as part of the French Crown Jewels. Napoleon later visited the family at their Owinska and Radojewo palaces and proctected the Treskow family's estates from destruction during his later campaigns. The descendants of Sigismund Otto Joseph von Treskow formed their own branches of the family, respectively, and acquired additional estates and palaces. Owinska Palace is known to be a remarkable early work of the famous architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, whose most famous works include the Old Museum and Concert Hall in Berlin. European aristocrats, such as Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, Princess Louise of Prussia and King Frederick William IV, came to the family's estate to enjoy the grounds and architecture. Friedrichsfelde Palace and its surrounding lands were acquired by Carl von Treskow in 1812, who went on to buy nine more surrounding country estates, and was the family's Berlin residence until the Soviet invasion in 1945. The Berlin district of Karlshorst is named after Carl von Treskow, who started its development into a mansion colony in 1825. Sigismund von Treskow, who lived in the palace from 1880, continued the development of the district and the nearby Karlshorst racecourse. Treskowallee, a major avenue in Berlin, was named after Carl von Treskow. Streets and places Owińska Palace Treskow Bridge in Berlin Am Treskower Berg in Treskow (Neuruppin) Elisabeth-Treskow-Square in Cologne Treskowallee in Berlin, major boulevard home to university and major rail stations. Treskow Bridge in Berlin Treptow-Köpenick, bridge over the Spree river. Treskowstraße in Berlin-Heinersdorf Treskowstraße in Berlin-Mahlsdorf Treskowstraße in Berlin-Niederschönhausen Treskowstraße in Berlin-Oberschöneweide Treskowstraße in Berlin-Tegel Treskower Ring in Treskow (Neuruppin) Von-Treskow-Pfad in Ilmenau Treskow-Höfe ("Treskow Courts") in Berlin-Karlshorst, award-winning residential development. Estates Austria Klaus Castle Klaus Castle, bought by Sigismund von Treskow and given to his niece Ursula von Sydow, whose family still owns the castle today. Berlin Friedrichsfelde Palace, home to the Friedrichsfelde branch of the Family until the Soviet Invasion in 1945 and home to the family's private cemetery. Maison George, built by Sigmund Otto v. Treskow's father in law Benjamin George 1796-1798: Residential building with palatial apartments in central Berlin. Former residents and visitors include Wilhelm von Humboldt, U.S. President John Quincy Adams and Bettina von Arnim, as well as various ambassadors. Brandenburg Altenplathow Manor Dahlwitz Palace, built in 1856 for Heinrich von Treskow Kade Manor Milow Manor France Niederbaumgarten Palace Chateau Livron in Vétraz-Monthoux near Geneva Poland Treskow Palace (Biedrusko) Bernau Manor (Bolechowo) Chludowo Palace Chodowo Palace, built in 1836 for Hermann von Treskow Domanikowo Manor, built in 1836 for Hermann von Treskow Giesenbrügge Estate (Gizyn) Hohenpetersdorff Palace (Pietrzykow) Jürgensburg Manor (Grocholin) Krähwinkel Manor (Wronczyn), Lechlin Palace Neuhaus Palace (Nowy Dwor) Niederbaumgarten Palace (Sady Dolne), built in 1844 for Otto Sigismund von Treskow Nieschawa Palace (Nieszawa) Nordheim Palace and Manor (Morasko) Owinska Palace, built for Sigmund Otto Joseph von Treskow by Karl Friedrich Schinkel Radojewo Palace, built for Sigmund Otto Joseph von Treskow Strelcze Manor, built in 1840 for Carl von Treskow Treskow Palace (Biedrusko), built in 1880 for Albrecht von Treskow Vogelsberg Manor (Nowa Sol), built in 1935 for Albrecht von Treskow by the architect Fritz Schopohl von Treskow Palace (Strykowo), built in 1900 for Hans von Treskow, now "Hotel Schloss von Treskow" (polish: Zamek von Treskov) References ^ Kneschke, Ernst Heinrich (1870). Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexicon. Vol. 9. Leipzig: Voigt. pp. 267–269. ^ "- ADELSLEXIKON.COM" (in German). Retrieved 2021-12-27. ^ Neues allgemeines deutsches Adels-Lexicon vol. 9, pp. 267-269 ^ Neues preußisches Adelslexicon, vol. 4, pp. 273-274 ^ "Napoleon I's Coronation Sword". napoleon.org. Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ Hedges, Williams (2010). Yule, Henry (ed.). Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (Afterwards Sir William Hedges). Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. ^ "Sun, Gold and Diamonds". Le Louvre. Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ "Początki - Owińska i okolice1) | Parafia pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela w Owińskach" (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ "Napoleon w Wielkopolsce • Odkryj Wielkopolskę • sprawdź ciekawe miejsca w Twojej okolicy". regionwielkopolska.pl (in Polish). 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ "Die Geschichte vom Schloss Friedrichsfelde". Schloss Friedrichsfelde (in German). Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ "Museum Lichtenberg im Stadthaus - Zur Geschichte von Karlshorst". www.museum-lichtenberg.de. Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ "Friedrichsfelde: Friedhof der Treskows ist restauriert". Berliner Zeitung (in German). 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2022-10-06. ^ Jürgens, Isabell (2015-06-19). "Schnell fertig und günstig: Die "Treskow-Höfe" in Karlshorst". www.morgenpost.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-06.

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Treskow_1797.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Tierpark_Friedrichsfelde_12-2015_Schloss_img1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Friedrichsfelde Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsfelde_Palace"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"German aristocratic family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nobility"},{"link_name":"Uradel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uradel"},{"link_name":"Tresckow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresckow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Treskow family coat of armsFriedrichsfelde Palace, Berlin residence of the Treskow family until the Soviet invasion in 1945The Treskow family is an old and prominent German aristocratic family, that descended as a branch of the medieval (\"Uradel\") House of Tresckow.[1] The family rose to fame in Prussia due to their large landholdings and business ventures, resulting in many streets and boulevards being named after the family today.[2][3][4]","title":"von Treskow (noble family)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tresckow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresckow"},{"link_name":"King Frederick William II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_II_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"U.S. President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_President"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Regent Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Diamond"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"French Crown Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Crown_Jewels"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Owinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owi%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Owinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owi%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Karl Friedrich Schinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel"},{"link_name":"Old Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altes_Museum"},{"link_name":"Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzerthaus_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Prince Antoni Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Anton_Radziwill"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"King Frederick William IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Frederick_William_IV"},{"link_name":"Friedrichsfelde Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsfelde_Palace"},{"link_name":"Soviet invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Karlshorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlshorst"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Treskowallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treskowallee_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Treskow branch of the medieval House of Tresckow descends from Sigmund Otto Joseph von Treskow (1756–1825) and was formally recognized by King Frederick William II of Prussia in 1797. U.S. President George Washington gave Sigismund Otto Joseph 4000 acres of woods along the Mississippi River in return for providing goods to the Continental Army. Treskow also financed Napoleon Bonaparte's army during the French Revolution, for which he was given the Regent Diamond.[5][6] The diamond, which is one of the world's largest and was worn by various French kings and emperors in their crowns, is now on display at the Louvre as part of the French Crown Jewels.[7] Napoleon later visited the family at their Owinska and Radojewo palaces and proctected the Treskow family's estates from destruction during his later campaigns.[8][9]The descendants of Sigismund Otto Joseph von Treskow formed their own branches of the family, respectively, and acquired additional estates and palaces. Owinska Palace is known to be a remarkable early work of the famous architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel, whose most famous works include the Old Museum and Concert Hall in Berlin. European aristocrats, such as Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, Princess Louise of Prussia and King Frederick William IV, came to the family's estate to enjoy the grounds and architecture.Friedrichsfelde Palace and its surrounding lands were acquired by Carl von Treskow in 1812, who went on to buy nine more surrounding country estates, and was the family's Berlin residence until the Soviet invasion in 1945.[10] The Berlin district of Karlshorst is named after Carl von Treskow, who started its development into a mansion colony in 1825.[11] Sigismund von Treskow, who lived in the palace from 1880, continued the development of the district and the nearby Karlshorst racecourse. Treskowallee, a major avenue in Berlin, was named after Carl von Treskow.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pa%C5%82ac_w_Owi%C5%84skach_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Owińska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owi%C5%84ska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_Erste_Treskowbr%C3%BCcke_Ansicht.jpg"},{"link_name":"Treskow Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treskow_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Neuruppin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuruppin"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Treskowallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treskowallee_(Berlin)"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Treskow Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treskow_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Berlin Treptow-Köpenick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treptow-K%C3%B6penick"},{"link_name":"Spree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spree_(river)"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Heinersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinersdorf"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Mahlsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlsdorf"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Niederschönhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersch%C3%B6nhausen"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Oberschöneweide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersch%C3%B6neweide"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Tegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegel"},{"link_name":"Neuruppin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuruppin"},{"link_name":"Ilmenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenau"},{"link_name":"Berlin-Karlshorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlshorst"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Owińska PalaceTreskow Bridge in BerlinAm Treskower Berg in Treskow (Neuruppin)\nElisabeth-Treskow-Square in Cologne\nTreskowallee in Berlin, major boulevard home to university and major rail stations.\nTreskow Bridge in Berlin Treptow-Köpenick, bridge over the Spree river.\nTreskowstraße in Berlin-Heinersdorf\nTreskowstraße in Berlin-Mahlsdorf\nTreskowstraße in Berlin-Niederschönhausen\nTreskowstraße in Berlin-Oberschöneweide\nTreskowstraße in Berlin-Tegel\nTreskower Ring in Treskow (Neuruppin)\nVon-Treskow-Pfad in Ilmenau\nTreskow-Höfe (\"Treskow Courts\") in Berlin-Karlshorst, award-winning residential development.[13]","title":"Streets and places"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss-_und_Burg_Klaus.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Austria","text":"Klaus CastleKlaus Castle, bought by Sigismund von Treskow and given to his niece Ursula von Sydow, whose family still owns the castle today.","title":"Estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrichsfelde Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsfelde_Palace"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"},{"link_name":"Bettina von Arnim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim"}],"sub_title":"Berlin","text":"Friedrichsfelde Palace, home to the Friedrichsfelde branch of the Family until the Soviet Invasion in 1945 and home to the family's private cemetery.\nMaison George, built by Sigmund Otto v. Treskow's father in law Benjamin George 1796-1798: Residential building with palatial apartments in central Berlin. Former residents and visitors include Wilhelm von Humboldt, U.S. President John Quincy Adams and Bettina von Arnim, as well as various ambassadors.","title":"Estates"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brandenburg","text":"Altenplathow Manor\nDahlwitz Palace, built in 1856 for Heinrich von Treskow\nKade Manor\nMilow Manor","title":"Estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Sady_Dolne.tif"},{"link_name":"Vétraz-Monthoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9traz-Monthoux"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Niederbaumgarten PalaceChateau Livron in Vétraz-Monthoux near Geneva","title":"Estates"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eklektyczny_pa%C5%82ac_neorenesansowy_zbudowany_dla_Albrechta_Ottona_von_Treskov.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bolechowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolechowo,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Chludowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chludowo"},{"link_name":"Chodowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chod%C3%B3w,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Domanikowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domanik%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Gizyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C5%BCyn,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Pietrzykow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietrzyk%C3%B3w,_Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Grocholin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocholin"},{"link_name":"Wronczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wronczyn,_Gmina_Pobiedziska"},{"link_name":"Lechlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechlin"},{"link_name":"Sady Dolne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sady_Dolne"},{"link_name":"Nieszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieszawa,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Owinska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owi%C5%84ska"},{"link_name":"Karl Friedrich Schinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel"},{"link_name":"Biedrusko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedrusko"},{"link_name":"Strykowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strykowo"}],"sub_title":"Poland","text":"Treskow Palace (Biedrusko)Bernau Manor (Bolechowo)\nChludowo Palace\nChodowo Palace, built in 1836 for Hermann von Treskow\nDomanikowo Manor, built in 1836 for Hermann von Treskow\nGiesenbrügge Estate (Gizyn)\nHohenpetersdorff Palace (Pietrzykow)\nJürgensburg Manor (Grocholin)\nKrähwinkel Manor (Wronczyn),\nLechlin Palace\nNeuhaus Palace (Nowy Dwor)\nNiederbaumgarten Palace (Sady Dolne), built in 1844 for Otto Sigismund von Treskow\nNieschawa Palace (Nieszawa)\nNordheim Palace and Manor (Morasko)\nOwinska Palace, built for Sigmund Otto Joseph von Treskow by Karl Friedrich Schinkel\nRadojewo Palace, built for Sigmund Otto Joseph von Treskow\nStrelcze Manor, built in 1840 for Carl von Treskow\nTreskow Palace (Biedrusko), built in 1880 for Albrecht von Treskow\nVogelsberg Manor (Nowa Sol), built in 1935 for Albrecht von Treskow by the architect Fritz Schopohl\nvon Treskow Palace (Strykowo), built in 1900 for Hans von Treskow, now \"Hotel Schloss von Treskow\" (polish: Zamek von Treskov)","title":"Estates"}]

[{"image_text":"Treskow family coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wappen_Treskow_1797.jpg/220px-Wappen_Treskow_1797.jpg"},{"image_text":"Friedrichsfelde Palace, Berlin residence of the Treskow family until the Soviet invasion in 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Berlin_Tierpark_Friedrichsfelde_12-2015_Schloss_img1.jpg/220px-Berlin_Tierpark_Friedrichsfelde_12-2015_Schloss_img1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Owińska Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Owi%C5%84skach_01.JPG/220px-Pa%C5%82ac_w_Owi%C5%84skach_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Treskow Bridge in Berlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Berlin_Erste_Treskowbr%C3%BCcke_Ansicht.jpg/220px-Berlin_Erste_Treskowbr%C3%BCcke_Ansicht.jpg"},{"image_text":"Klaus Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Schloss-_und_Burg_Klaus.jpg/220px-Schloss-_und_Burg_Klaus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Niederbaumgarten Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Castle_Sady_Dolne.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Castle_Sady_Dolne.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Treskow Palace (Biedrusko)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Eklektyczny_pa%C5%82ac_neorenesansowy_zbudowany_dla_Albrechta_Ottona_von_Treskov.JPG/220px-Eklektyczny_pa%C5%82ac_neorenesansowy_zbudowany_dla_Albrechta_Ottona_von_Treskov.JPG"}]

[{"reference":"Kneschke, Ernst Heinrich (1870). Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexicon. Vol. 9. Leipzig: Voigt. pp. 267–269.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10481621?q=%28Neues+allgemeines+Deutsches+Adels-Lexicon%29&page=274,275","url_text":"Neues allgemeines Deutsches Adels-Lexicon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig","url_text":"Leipzig"}]},{"reference":"\"- ADELSLEXIKON.COM\" (in German). Retrieved 2021-12-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://adelslexikon.com/","url_text":"\"- ADELSLEXIKON.COM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Napoleon I's Coronation Sword\". napoleon.org. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/objects/napoleon-is-coronation-sword/","url_text":"\"Napoleon I's Coronation Sword\""}]},{"reference":"Hedges, Williams (2010). Yule, Henry (ed.). Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (Afterwards Sir William Hedges). Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sun, Gold and Diamonds\". Le Louvre. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.louvre.fr/en/explore/the-palace/sun-gold-and-diamonds","url_text":"\"Sun, Gold and Diamonds\""}]},{"reference":"\"Początki - Owińska i okolice1) | Parafia pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela w Owińskach\" (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://owinska.pl/poczatki-owinska-i-okolice/","url_text":"\"Początki - Owińska i okolice1) | Parafia pw. św. Jana Chrzciciela w Owińskach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Napoleon w Wielkopolsce • Odkryj Wielkopolskę • sprawdź ciekawe miejsca w Twojej okolicy\". regionwielkopolska.pl (in Polish). 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://regionwielkopolska.pl/artykuly-dzieje-wielkopolski/napoleon-w-wielkopolsce/","url_text":"\"Napoleon w Wielkopolsce • Odkryj Wielkopolskę • sprawdź ciekawe miejsca w Twojej okolicy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die Geschichte vom Schloss Friedrichsfelde\". Schloss Friedrichsfelde (in German). Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.schloss-friedrichsfelde.de/geschichte-schloss-friedrichsfelde","url_text":"\"Die Geschichte vom Schloss Friedrichsfelde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum Lichtenberg im Stadthaus - Zur Geschichte von Karlshorst\". www.museum-lichtenberg.de. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museum-lichtenberg.de/index.php/orte/ortsgeschichte/115-zur-geschichte-von-karlshorst","url_text":"\"Museum Lichtenberg im Stadthaus - Zur Geschichte von Karlshorst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Friedrichsfelde: Friedhof der Treskows ist restauriert\". Berliner Zeitung (in German). 2020-02-04. Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://prod.berliner-zeitung.de/mensch-metropole/friedrichsfelde-friedhof-der-treskows-ist-restauriert-li.15829","url_text":"\"Friedrichsfelde: Friedhof der Treskows ist restauriert\""}]},{"reference":"Jürgens, Isabell (2015-06-19). \"Schnell fertig und günstig: Die \"Treskow-Höfe\" in Karlshorst\". www.morgenpost.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.morgenpost.de/berlin/article142750246/Schnell-fertig-und-guenstig-Die-Treskow-Hoefe-in-Karlshorst.html","url_text":"\"Schnell fertig und günstig: Die \"Treskow-Höfe\" in Karlshorst\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_B._Vail

Richard B. Vail

["1 Background","2 Career","2.1 Federal service","2.2 Private sector","3 Personal and death","4 See also","5 References"]

Coordinates: 41°41′21″N 87°46′14″W / 41.689228°N 87.7706°W / 41.689228; -87.7706American politician Richard B. VailMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Illinois's 2nd districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953Preceded byBarratt O'HaraSucceeded byBarratt O'HaraIn officeJanuary 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949Preceded byWilliam A. RowanSucceeded byBarratt O'Hara Personal detailsBornRichard Bernard Vail(1895-08-31)August 31, 1895Chicago, IllinoisDiedJuly 29, 1955(1955-07-29) (aged 59)Chicago, IllinoisResting placeHoly Sepulchre Cemetery41°41′21″N 87°46′14″W / 41.689228°N 87.7706°W / 41.689228; -87.7706Political partyRepublicanAlma materJohn Marshall Law School Richard Bernard Vail (August 31, 1895 – July 29, 1955) was an American businessman and U.S. Representative from Illinois. Background Richard B. Vail was born on August 31, 1895, in Chicago, Illinois. He attended public school, the School of Commerce, the Chicago Technical College, and the John Marshall Law School. Career During World War I, he served in the United States Army as a lieutenant of infantry. He then engaged in the manufacture of steel products. Federal service Vail worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) before running for office. Vail was elected as a Republican to the Eightieth Congress (January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949). He served on the House Un-American Activities Committee. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1948 to the Eighty-first Congress. Vail was elected to the Eighty-second Congress (January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953). He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1952 to the Eighty-third Congress and for election in 1954 to the Eighty-fourth Congress. Private sector He served as chairman of the board of directors of the Vail Manufacturing Company of Chicago. Vail manufactured staplers, paper clips, and fasteners and was eventually acquired by Acco International in 1966. Personal and death Vail's grave at Holy Sepulchre Cemetery Vail died age 59 on July 29, 1955, in Chicago and was interred in Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. See also 80th United States Congress House Un-American Activities Committee List of members of the House Un-American Activities Committee References Specific ^ a b c d e f g "Vail, Richard Bernard (1895–1955)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved December 27, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g "Vail, Richard B." Our Campaigns. Retrieved June 4, 2021. ^ "Rep. Richard Vail". GovTrack. Retrieved December 27, 2017. ^ Andrews, Bert; Andrews, Peter (1962). A Tragedy of History: A Journalist's Confidential Role in the Hiss-Chambers Case. R. B. Luce. p. 10. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ Labor Fact Book, Volume 12. International Publishers. 1955. p. 133. Retrieved December 26, 2017. ^ "Acco Plans Expansion" (PDF). Watertown Daily News. Watertown, New York. January 4, 1966. p. s. Retrieved August 1, 2012. General United States Congress. "Richard B. Vail (id: V000003)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on January 26, 2008 U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byWilliam A. Rowan Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 2nd congressional district 1947–1949 Succeeded byBarratt O'Hara Preceded byBarratt O'Hara Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 2nd congressional district 1951–1953 Succeeded byBarratt O'Hara vteIllinois's delegation(s) to the 80th & 82nd United States Congresses (ordered by seniority) 80th Senate: ▌S. Lucas (D) · ▌C. Brooks (R) House: ▌A. Sabath (D) ▌L. Allen (R) ▌E. Dirksen (R) ▌L. Arends (R) ▌C. Reed (R) ▌N. Mason (R) ▌R. Church (R) ▌T. O'Brien (D) ▌R. Chiperfield (R) ▌A. Johnson (R) ▌C. W. Bishop (R) ▌G. Howell (R) ▌W. Dawson (D) ▌T. Gordon (D) ▌M. Gorski (D) ▌S. Simpson (R) ▌C. Vursell (R) ▌R. McMillen (R) ▌M. Price (D) ▌R. Clippinger (R) ▌F. Busbey (R) ▌W. Stratton (R) ▌E. Jenison (R) ▌T. Owens (R) ▌R. Twyman (R) ▌R. Vail (R) 82nd Senate: ▌P. Douglas (D) · ▌E. Dirksen (R) House: ▌A. Sabath (D) ▌L. Allen (R) ▌L. Arends (R) ▌C. Reed (R) ▌N. Mason (R) ▌T. O'Brien (D) ▌R. Chiperfield (R) ▌C. W. Bishop (R) ▌W. Dawson (D) ▌T. Gordon (D) ▌S. Simpson (R) ▌C. Vursell (R) ▌M. Price (D) ▌E. Jenison (R) ▌F. Busbey (R) ▌R. Hoffman (R) ▌E. Jonas (R) ▌P. Mack (D) ▌H. Velde (R) ▌S. Yates (D) ▌R. Vail (R) ▌M. Church (R) ▌J. Kluczynski (D) ▌W. McVey (R) ▌T. Sheehan (R) ▌W. Springer (R) Authority control databases: People US Congress

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torshiz

Torshiz

["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]

Medieval city in Iran Imamzadeh Hamzeh, Kashmar of the remnants of the Safavid era. Turshiz (Persian: ترشیز Turshēz), also known as Turaythith (طریثیث), is a medieval district and city of the Quhistan region. It corresponds to the Kashmar area, located in the present-day Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. This region is divided into four regions Kashmar County, Kuhsorkh County, Khalilabad County and Bardaskan County. Gallery Aliabad Tower Firuzabad Tower Kondor Ab anbar 2 Jameh Mosque of Kashmar Haji Jalal Mosque Atashgah Castle Qal'eh Dokhtar, Kuhsorkh See also Kashmar Adur Burzen-Mihr Cypress of Kashmar References ^ "ترشیز شناسی". kashmardefa.blog.ir. Retrieved 7 August 2020.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Steele

Larry Steele

["1 Early life","1.1 College career","2 NBA playing career","2.1 Portland Trail Blazers","3 Personal life","4 NBA career statistics","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Playoffs","5 Head coaching record","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

This article is about the basketball player. For the songwriter and impresario, see Larry Steele (producer). Larry SteeleSteele in 1976Personal informationBorn (1949-05-05) May 5, 1949 (age 75)Greencastle, Indiana, U.S.NationalityAmericanListed height6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Listed weight180 lb (82 kg)Career informationHigh schoolBainbridge (Bainbridge, Indiana)CollegeKentucky (1968–1971)NBA draft1971: 3rd round, 37th overall pickSelected by the Portland Trail BlazersPlaying career1971–1980PositionGuardNumber15Career historyAs player:1971–1980Portland Trail BlazersAs coach:1987–1994University of Portland Career highlights and awardsAs player: NBA champion (1977) NBA steals leader (1974) No. 15 retired by Portland Trail Blazers Career statisticsPoints5,009 (8.2 ppg)Rebounds1,781 (2.9 rpg)Assists1,719 (2.8 apg) Stats  at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com Larry Nelson Steele (born May 5, 1949) is a former professional basketball player, best known for being on the Portland Trail Blazers team that won the 1977 NBA Finals. Early life Born in Greencastle, Indiana, Steele grew up in Bainbridge, Indiana, and played collegiately at the University of Kentucky under coach Adolph Rupp. As a junior at Bainbridge High School, he had a high game of 46 points and 38 points as a high game during senior year. He scored a total of 1,646 high school points. His senior year he was selected All-County, All-Sectional, All-Regional, All- Semi-State, Indianapolis News 1st Team All-State, and a member of the Indiana All-Star Team. In 2003, he was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame. College career At the University of Kentucky, he was a three-year starter, averaging 13.1 points, 6.7 rebounds, and 3.9 assists per game. He was selected 1st Team All-SEC twice, Co-captain, MVP, Leadership Award, Hustle Award, led the UK team in assists and free throws. In 2003, he was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame. As a junior in 1970, Steele earned 3rd team UPI/Coaches All-SEC honors and in 1971 as a senior 2nd team AP and 3rd team UPI/Coaches All-SEC honors. NBA playing career Portland Trail Blazers He was drafted by the Trail Blazers in 1971, with the 2nd pick in the 3rd round (37th overall) and by the Kentucky Colonels in the 1971 American Basketball Association draft. In 1974 he was drafted again by the Kentucky Colonels in the 5th round of the ABA draft of NBA players. He joined the Trail Blazers at the start of the Blazers' second season and became a roster mainstay for nine years before knee injuries forced him into retirement at the end of the 1979–80 season. Steele played his entire NBA career for the team (retiring from basketball at the end of the 1979–80 season). Steele led the NBA in steals in the 1973–74 NBA season—the first year steals were recorded by the league with 2.68 swipes per game. He played 20.7 MPG on the 1977 championship team (starting nine games) averaging a career high 10.3 points per game. During his nine-year NBA career, all with the Trail Blazers, he averaged 8.2 points, 2.9 assists, 1.39 steals and 24.2 minutes while starting 337 games. The Trail Blazers retired his jersey (15) on October 11, 1981. Personal life After his playing days, he worked in the Blazers front office in marketing and served as a commentator with broadcaster Bill Schonely. Steele later worked as a broadcaster for the NBA on CBS and as a head coach at the University of Portland from 1987 to 1994. He currently runs a basketball camp in Vernonia, Oregon. NBA career statistics Steele on the cover of a Portland Trail Blazers program in 1971. Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field goal percentage  3P%  3-point field goal percentage  FT%  Free throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  Bold  Career high  †  Won an NBA championship  *  Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1971–72 Portland 72 - 18.2 .481 - .722 3.9 2.2 - - 5.1 1972–73 Portland 66 - 19.7 .483 - .798 2.3 2.4 - - 5.9 1973–74 Portland 81 - 32.7 .478 - .789 3.8 4.0 2.7* 0.4 9.7 1974–75 Portland 76 - 31.4 .548 - .836 3.0 3.8 2.4 0.2 8.6 1975–76 Portland 81 - 29.4 .495 - .759 3.6 4.0 2.1 0.2 9.9 1976–77† Portland 81 - 20.7 .500 - .806 2.3 2.1 1.5 0.2 10.3 1977–78 Portland 65 - 17.4 .470 - .820 1.7 1.3 0.9 0.1 8.0 1978–79 Portland 72 - 20.7 .420 - .824 2.4 2.0 1.0 0.1 7.2 1979–80 Portland 16 - 27.9 .425 - .815 2.8 4.2 1.6 0.1 9.1 Career 610 - 24.2 .483 - .796 2.9 2.8 1.8 0.2 8.2 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1977† Portland 18 - 14.5 .371 - .750 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 4.2 1978 Portland 6 - 31.8 .417 - .905 4.3 2.3 1.2 0.3 11.5 1979 Portland 3 - 24.3 .571 - .889 3.7 2.3 3.3 0.0 13.3 Career 27 - 19.4 .424 - .823 2.4 1.4 1.0 0.1 6.9 Head coaching record Statistics overview Season Team Overall Conference Standing Postseason Portland (West Coast Conference) (1987–1993) 1987–88 Portland 6-22 1-13 8th 1988–89 Portland 2-26 2-12 T-7th 1989–90 Portland 11-17 7-7 4th 1990–91 Portland 5-23 3-11 8th 1991–92 Portland 10-18 3-11 8th 1992–93 Portland 9-18 3-11 7th 1993–94 Portland 13-17 6-8 T-5th Portland: 56-141 25-73 Total: 56-141       National champion         Postseason invitational champion         Conference regular season champion         Conference regular season and conference tournament champion       Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion       Conference tournament champion See also List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game References ^ Hall of Fame hoopshall.com ^ Retrieved 11-19-10 Archived November 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ Retrieved 11-20-10 Archived March 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ Retrieved 11-20-10 Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Oregonian/OregonLive, Jason Quick | The (December 25, 2009). "Blazers Top 40: No. 27 Larry Steele". oregonlive.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Retrieved 11-18-10". NBA.com. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved January 25, 2007. ^ Arnold, Geoffrey; Uthman, Daniel (June 4, 2007). "The 1976-77 NBA champion Portland Trail Blazers: 30 years later". OregonLive.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 4, 2007. External links Career statistics and player information from NBA.com  and Basketball-Reference.com Profile at Portland Trail Blazers website Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame UK bio Larry Steele Basketball Camp Archived July 10, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Links to related articles vtePortland Pilots men's basketball head coaches Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith (1922–1924) Thomas A. Berry (1924–1925) Vincent F. Harrington (1925–1927) Gene Murphy (1927–1928) Edmond Fiene (1928–1934) Edwin Fitzpatrick (1934–1942) Robert L. Mathews (1942–1943) No team (1943–1945) Len Yandle (1945–1946) Mush Torson (1946–1954) Art McLarney (1954–1955) Mike Tichy # (1955) Al Negratti (1955–1967) Bill Turner (1967–1969) Ernie Smith (1969) Joe Etzel # (1969–1970) Jack Avina (1970–1987) Larry Steele (1987–1994) Rob Chavez (1994–2001) Michael Holton (2001–2006) Eric Reveno (2006–2016) Terry Porter (2016–2021) Ben Johnson # (2021) Shantay Legans (2021– ) # denotes interim head coach. vtePortland Trail Blazers Founded in 1970 Based in Portland, Oregon Franchise History All-time roster Draft history 1970 Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Memorial Coliseum Moda Center Personnel Owner(s) Jody Allen President Dewayne Hankins General manager Joe Cronin Head coach Chauncey Billups G League affiliate Rip City Remix Retired numbers 1 13 14 15 20 22 30 (Gross) 30 (Porter) 32 36 45 77 NBA championships 1977 Rivalries Seattle SuperSonics (I-5 rivalry) Culture and lore Radio network Blazermania Rip City The Breaks of the Game Bulls vs. Blazers and the NBA Playoffs "Duck" Rose Garden arena bankruptcy Larry Weinberg Bill Walton Jack Ramsay Mike Barrett and Mike Rice Clyde the Glide The Schonz Trail Blazers Trumpets Memorial Day Miracle Blaze the Trail Cat Portland Indians Portland Fire Portlandia Dame Time vtePortland Trail Blazers 1976–77 NBA champions 3 Gilliam 10 Calhoun 13 Twardzik 14 Hollins 15 Steele 16 Davis 20 Lucas 30 Gross 32 Walton (Finals MVP) 34 Jones 36 Neal 42 Walker Head coach: Ramsay Assistant coach: McKinney Regular season Playoffs vteNBA annual steals leaders 1974: Steele 1975: Barry 1976: Watts 1977: Buse 1978: Lee 1979: Carr 1980: Richardson 1981: Johnson 1982: Johnson 1983: Richardson 1984: R. Green 1985: Richardson 1986: Robertson 1987: Robertson 1988: Jordan 1989: Stockton 1990: Jordan 1991: Robertson 1992: Stockton 1993: Jordan 1994: McMillan 1995: Pippen 1996: Payton 1997: Blaylock 1998: Blaylock 1999: Gill 2000: Jones 2001: Iverson 2002: Iverson 2003: Iverson 2004: Davis 2005: Hughes 2006: Wallace 2007: Davis 2008: Paul 2009: Paul 2010: Rondo 2011: Paul 2012: Paul 2013: Paul 2014: Paul 2015: Leonard 2016: Curry 2017: D. Green 2018: Oladipo 2019: George 2020: Simmons 2021: Butler 2022: Murray 2023: Anunoby 2024: Fox vteNBA on CBSRelated programs ABA on CBS The CBS Late Movie College Basketball on CBS Related articles NBA on TV NBA Finals TV ratings 1970s 1980s 1990s Commentators All-Star Game NBA Finals Key figuresPlay-by-play Gary Bender Tim Brant Bob Costas Don Criqui Eddie Doucette Frank Glieber Greg Gumbel Jim Kelly Verne Lundquist Brent Musburger Andy Musser Jim Nantz Mike Patrick Don Robertson Dick Stockton Pat Summerall Colorcommentators John Andariese Rick Barry Hubie Brown Elgin Baylor James Brown Quinn Buckner Doug Collins Billy Cunningham Terry Dischinger Len Elmore Keith Erickson John Havlicek Tom Heinsohn Rod Hundley Gus Johnson Steve Jones Sonny Jurgensen Stu Lantz Kevin Loughery Pete Maravich Jon McGlocklin Dick Motta Jeff Mullins Billy Packer Bill Raftery Cal Ramsey Oscar Robertson Mendy Rudolph Bill Russell Cazzie Russell Lynn Shackelford Larry Steele Lenny Wilkens Sideline reporters Charlsie Cantey Jane Chastain Irv Cross Jim Gray Sonny Hill Dan Jiggetts Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Lesley Visser NBA Finals 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 All-Star Game 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Lore "The Bad Boys" "Jordan Rules" Christmas Day "The Greatest Game Ever Played" "The Shot" Rivalries Bulls–Cavaliers Bulls–Pistons Celtics–Lakers Celtics–Pistons Lakers–Pistons 76ers–Celtics rivalry

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Larry Steele (producer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Steele_(producer)"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Portland Trail Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers"},{"link_name":"1977 NBA Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_NBA_Finals"}],"text":"This article is about the basketball player. For the songwriter and impresario, see Larry Steele (producer).Larry Nelson Steele (born May 5, 1949) is a former professional basketball player, best known for being on the Portland Trail Blazers team that won the 1977 NBA Finals.","title":"Larry Steele"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greencastle, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greencastle,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"University of Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Adolph Rupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Rupp"},{"link_name":"Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Born in Greencastle, Indiana, Steele grew up in Bainbridge, Indiana, and played collegiately at the University of Kentucky under coach Adolph Rupp. As a junior at Bainbridge High School, he had a high game of 46 points and 38 points as a high game during senior year. He scored a total of 1,646 high school points. His senior year he was selected All-County, All-Sectional, All-Regional, All- Semi-State, Indianapolis News 1st Team All-State, and a member of the Indiana All-Star Team. In 2003, he was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"College career","text":"At the University of Kentucky, he was a three-year starter, averaging 13.1 points, 6.7 rebounds, and 3.9 assists per game. He was selected 1st Team All-SEC twice, Co-captain, MVP, Leadership Award, Hustle Award, led the UK team in assists and free throws. In 2003, he was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.[2] As a junior in 1970, Steele earned 3rd team UPI/Coaches All-SEC honors and in 1971 as a senior 2nd team AP and 3rd team UPI/Coaches All-SEC honors.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NBA playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky Colonels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Colonels"},{"link_name":"American Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"1979–80 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"steals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steal_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"1973–74 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_NBA_season"}],"sub_title":"Portland Trail Blazers","text":"He was drafted by the Trail Blazers in 1971, with the 2nd pick in the 3rd round (37th overall) and by the Kentucky Colonels in the 1971 American Basketball Association draft. In 1974 he was drafted again by the Kentucky Colonels in the 5th round of the ABA draft of NBA players.[4] He joined the Trail Blazers at the start of the Blazers' second season and became a roster mainstay for nine years before knee injuries forced him into retirement at the end of the 1979–80 season.[5]Steele played his entire NBA career for the team (retiring from basketball at the end of the 1979–80 season). Steele led the NBA in steals in the 1973–74 NBA season—the first year steals were recorded by the league with 2.68 swipes per game. He played 20.7 MPG on the 1977 championship team (starting nine games) averaging a career high 10.3 points per game. During his nine-year NBA career, all with the Trail Blazers, he averaged 8.2 points, 2.9 assists, 1.39 steals and 24.2 minutes while starting 337 games. The Trail Blazers retired his jersey (15) on October 11, 1981.","title":"NBA playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nba.com-6"},{"link_name":"broadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_presenter"},{"link_name":"NBA on CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_on_CBS"},{"link_name":"University of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"Vernonia, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernonia,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blazers30years-7"}],"text":"After his playing days, he worked in the Blazers front office in marketing and served as a commentator with broadcaster Bill Schonely.[6] Steele later worked as a broadcaster for the NBA on CBS and as a head coach at the University of Portland from 1987 to 1994. He currently runs a basketball camp in Vernonia, Oregon.[7]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larry_Steele_program.jpeg"}],"text":"Steele on the cover of a Portland Trail Blazers program in 1971.","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"NBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}]

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[{"title":"List of National Basketball Association players with most steals in a game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Basketball_Association_players_with_most_steals_in_a_game"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Manchester_Cycle

Great Manchester Cycle

["1 Route","2 Participants","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Cyclists on the Mancunian Way, during the 2012 event The Great Manchester Cycle is a closed-road cyclosportive held in Manchester, Trafford and Salford, England, during summer. Participants are invited to ride one, two or four laps of a 13 mi (21 km) course which starts at the City of Manchester Stadium in east Manchester, heads along the Mancunian Way and into Old Trafford, before returning to the start line. Around 8,000 cyclists took part in the 2013 event. Route The 2012 13 mi (21 km) closed-road course began at the City of Manchester Stadium and headed south to Ashton Old Road. There it turned west and onto the Mancunian Way, leaving that road at its junction with Chester Road. From there the route went southwest, heading into Trafford Park, before crossing the Manchester Ship Canal to take a short diversion through Salford Quays. Once through MediaCityUK, the route again crossed the Ship Canal, went past Old Trafford and back onto Chester Road, from where it headed back to the start, along the Mancunian Way. The 2013 course followed a broadly similar route, with modified start and finish positions, and no diversion through Salford Quays. Participants Cyclists line up to start the 2013 event About 7,000 cyclists took part in 2012, with the 52 mi (84 km) event, which began at about 8:00 am, attracting around 1,500 riders. They were led by Olympic cyclists Rebecca Romero and Lizzie Armitstead. Other celebrities who took part in later events included actors from Coronation Street and Emmerdale, while some cyclists raised money for charity. The roads were re-opened by 5:00 pm. Officially launched on 28 February 2012, it was set up by Nova International in partnership with Manchester City Council. The event forms part of a "Great" series of sporting events in Manchester, including the Great Manchester Run and the Great Manchester Swim. Sponsors The Daily Mirror called it a "huge success". More than 8,000 cyclists took part in the 2013 event, led by Olympic gold medallist Joanna Rowsell. Actors from the television drama series Emmerdale also took part. About 2,800 cyclists rode the 52 mi (84 km) route. See also Cycling in Manchester References ^ The Course, greatcycle.org, archived from the original on 13 May 2012, retrieved 4 June 2012 ^ The Course (PDF), greatcycle.org, retrieved 1 July 2013 ^ Robson, Steve (4 June 2012), Thousands Get on Their Bikes for the Great Manchester Cycle, menmedia.co.uk, retrieved 5 June 2012 ^ Great Manchester Cycle Launched Today, bikeradar.com, 28 February 2012, retrieved 8 June 2012 ^ Major Urban Cycling Event on Closed Roads Featuring the Mancunian Way Announced for Manchester, greatcycle.org, 1 March 2012, retrieved 5 June 2012 ^ Peacock, Henry, The Daily Mirror Great Manchester Cycle Reaches 7,000 Entry Limit, cyclosport.org, retrieved 5 June 2012 ^ White, Steve (4 June 2012), "Highlight of Manchester’s Jubilee weekend": 7,000 cyclists take to the streets for Daily Mirror Great Manchester Cycle, mirror.co.uk, retrieved 5 June 2012 ^ Cockerton, Paul (30 June 2013), Great Manchester Cycle: Thousands bike from Etihad to Old Trafford on traffic-free roads, mirror.co.uk, retrieved 1 July 2013 External links Great Manchester Cycle official site ITV News video report This cycling-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"title":"Cycling in Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_in_Manchester"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Defence

Gunderam Defense

["1 History","2 Overview","3 Notable games","4 See also","5 References"]

Chess openingGunderam Defense abcdefgh8877665544332211abcdefgh Moves1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7ECOC40Origin1958Named afterGerhart GunderamParentKing's Knight OpeningThe Gunderam Defense, also known as the Brazilian Defense or the Câmara Defense if followed by moves ...g6, ...Bg7 and ...Nf6, creating the typical King's Indian formation, is a rarely played chess opening starting with the moves: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Qe7 It is named after chess player and theoretician Gerhart Gunderam , though Hélder Câmara played it 4 years prior to Gunderam. History The opening was first played by International Master Hélder Câmara in 1954, in the IV Centennial of the City of São Paulo Tournament and the XXII Brazilian Chess Championship. Gunderam played it for the first time in a correspondence match against August Babel in 1958 and published an analysis of it in his book Neue Eröffnungswege, in 1961. He named this defense "Damenverteidigung" ("Queen Defence"), whose main line would be 1. e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 3.Nc3 c6 4.Bc4 f5. He also analyzed a sharp line characterized by the moves: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Qe7 3.Bc4 f5 4.exf5 d5 5.Bxd5 Nf6 6.Bb3 Bxf5. In 1969, Washington de Oliveira published a work dedicated to the analysis of Câmara's use of the opening, called Notas Sobre a Defesa Brasileira ("Annotations on the Brazilian Defense"). Overview Although 2...Qe7 does answer the threat against Black's e-pawn, it interferes with the development of Black's dark-square bishop. One of the ideas behind this awkward queen move is to unbalance the game by castling queenside while White will presumably castle kingside. Whereas Gunderam's suggestion was the f7-f5 break, as a delayed Latvian Gambit, Câmara's intent was to allow the use of the King's Indian setup against King's Pawn opening, proceeding with ...g6, ...Bg7 and ...Nf6 after 2...Qe7. It became popular among Brazilian players then, so much so they began calling it "the Brazilian defense", being employed often in the top national competition the following years. Later on, Hélder Câmara requested that it be called "Camara Defense" instead. Notable games August Babel vs Gerhart Gunderam, Germany (corr), 1958 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Qe7 3. Nc3 c6 4. Bc4 f5 5. d3 Nf6 6. Ng5 h6 7. Nf3 g5 8. Qe2 Bg7 9. Bd2 d6 10. 0-0-0 Na6 11. Rhe1 b5 12. Nxb5 cxb5 13. Bxb5+ Kf8 14. exf5 Qb7 15. Bc4 Rb8 16. Bc3 Nc5 17. d4 Nce4 18. dxe5 Nxc3 19. bxc3 Qxb2+ 20. Kd2 Bxf5 21. Bd3 Nd5 22. Bxf5 Qxc3+ 23. Kc1 Nb4 24. Be6 d5 25. Bxd5 Qa3+ 26. Kd2 Rd8 27. Qe4 Nxd5 28. Qf5+ Ke7 0-1 See also List of chess openings List of chess openings named after people References ^ Câmara, Hélder (1996). Diagonais: crônicas de xadrez. São Paulo: Saraiva. ^ Gunderam, Gerhart (1961). Neue Eröffnungswege: ein Schach-Praktikum (in German). Siegfried Engelhardt Verlag. OCLC 601114772. ^ Oliveira, Washington de (1969). "Notas Sobre a Defesa Brasileira". ^ Prosdocimi-Almeida Soares, 1956; Asfora-Almeida Soares, 1957; De Athayde-Camara, 1958; Gadia-Toth, 1960 ^ "Hélder Câmara". www.heldercamara.com.br.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Fish

Killer Fish

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Filming","4 Reception","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]

1979 film directed by Antonio Margheriti Killer FishOriginal movie posterDirected byAntonio MargheritiWritten byMichael RogersProduced byAlex PontiStarringLee MajorsKaren BlackMargaux HemingwayMarisa BerensonJames FranciscusCinematographyAlberto SpagnoliEdited byCesare D'AmicoMusic byGuido De AngelisMaurizio De AngelisProductioncompaniesFawcett-Majors ProductionsVictoria ProductionsFilmar do BrasilDistributed byParis FilmesITC EntertainmentRelease date 7 December 1979 (1979-12-07) Running time101 minutesCountriesItalyFranceBrazilLanguagesEnglishPortugueseItalian Killer Fish is an Italian-French-Brazilian horror film directed by Antonio Margheriti. Plot The mastermind behind a precision theft of priceless emeralds decides to hide the jewels at the bottom of a reservoir he has secretly stocked with savage deadly piranha. Retrieving the gems turns out to be a caper in itself since the group is now torn by suspicion and jealousy. Several gang members try to recover the loot on their own, only to become screaming victims of the insatiable horde of killer fish. The treasure is down there just waiting to be brought up. To get them, everyone must face the inescapable terror of thousands of man-eating creatures. Cast Lee Majors as Robert Lasky Karen Black as Kate Neville Margaux Hemingway as Gabrielle Marisa Berenson as Ann James Franciscus as Paul Diller Roy Brocksmith as Ollie Dan Pastorini as Hans Frank Pesce as Warren Bailey Charles Guardino as Lloyd Bailey Anthony Steffen as Max Fábio Sabag as Quintin Gary Collins as Tom Filming The film was made on location in the city of Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Reception The Monthly Film Bulletin stated that the film "appears to have a greater budget than Piranha" and that it "exhibits considerably less imagination". Vincent Canby of The New York Times stated that the film "may not be a good movie — it's really inept—but it's friendly, like Mr. Majors's quizzical squint, which is, I'm told by people who watch more television than I do, what Mr. Majors does best. Everyone, in fact, carries on gamely, as people do at a picnic when it rains." Legacy The film is one of six movies featured in Season 12 of Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Gauntlet. The film was broadcast on Tele 5 as part of the programme format SchleFaZ in season 1. References ^ Killer Fish company credits. The New York Times ^ Lancia, Enrico; Melelli, Fabio (2006). Attori stranieri del nostro cinema. Gremese Editore. p. 279. ISBN 9788884404251. ^ a b "O Peixe Assasino" (in Portuguese). Cinemateca Brasileira. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2014. ^ "Killer Fish". Monthly Film Bulletin. 46 (540). London: 147–148. 1979. ISSN 0027-0407. ^ Canby, Vincent (December 7, 1979). "Killer Fish (1979) Screen: Human Prey Menaced in 'Killer Fish':The Plastic Skeleton". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2015. ^ Evangelista, Chris (November 12, 2018). "'Mystery Science Theater 3000' Season 12 Trailer Unleashes 'Mac and Me' and More Awful Movies". /Film. Retrieved November 12, 2018. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Killer Fish. Killer Fish at IMDb Film portal vteFilms directed by Antonio Margheriti Space-Men Battle of the Worlds The Golden Arrow The Fall of Rome The Virgin of Nuremberg Castle of Blood Devil of the Desert Against the Son of Hercules Hercules, Prisoner of Evil Giants of Rome The Long Hair of Death Wild, Wild Planet War of the Planets Lightning Bolt Bob Fleming... Mission Casablanca The Young, the Evil and the Savage Io ti amo Vengeance The Unnaturals And God Said to Cain Mr. Superinvisible Web of the Spider Treasure Island Seven Deaths in the Cat's Eye Mr. Hercules Against Karate The Stranger and the Gunfighter Take a Hard Ride Death Rage Killer Fish The Rip-Off Cannibal Apocalypse The Last Hunter Car Crash Hunters of the Golden Cobra Tiger Joe The Ark of the Sun God Yor, the Hunter from the Future Tornado: The Last Blood Code Name: Wild Geese Jungle Raiders Commando Leopard Treasure Island in Outer Space Indio Indio 2: The Revolt Virtual Weapon vteITC DistributionsSwashbucklers(1954—1961) 1955: The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel The Adventures of Robin Hood 1956: The Count of Monte Cristo The Adventures of Sir Lancelot The Buccaneers 1957: Sword of Freedom 1958: The Adventures of William Tell 1961:Sir Francis Drake Historical(1957, 1978) 1957: OSS 1978: Will Shakespeare Contemporary crime/Spy-fi(1958—1979) 1958: H.G. Wells' Invisible Man 1959: Interpol Calling The Four Just Men 1960: Danger Man 1961: Ghost Squad 1962: The Saint Man of the World 1963: The Sentimental Agent 1965: Gideon's Way 1966: The Baron 1967: Man in a Suitcase The Prisoner 1968: The Champions 1969: Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) Strange Report Department S 1971: Jason King The Persuaders! 1972: The Protectors The Adventurer 1974: The Zoo Gang 1978: Return of the Saint 1979: Sapphire & Steel Gerry Anderson productions(1962—1975, 1980) 1961: Supercar 1962: Fireball XL5 1964: Stingray 1965: Thunderbirds 1966: Thunderbirds Are Go 1967: Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 1968: Thunderbird 6 Joe 90 1969: The Secret Service 1970: UFO 1975: Space: 1999 1980: Captain Scarlet vs. the Mysterons (unofficial) Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars (unofficial) Films(1971—1997) 1971: Desperate Characters 1974: The Tamarind Seed 1975: The Count of Monte-Cristo Farewell, My Lovely The Return of the Pink Panther 1976: The Eagle Has Landed Voyage of the Damned 1977: Cross of Iron 1978: Autumn Sonata The Big Sleep Blood Feud The Boys from Brazil Capricorn One The Medusa Touch Movie Movie 1979: Escape to Athena Killer Fish 1980: Raise the Titanic Saturn 3 Can't Stop the Music Inside Moves 1981: On Golden Pond Gregory's Girl The Legend of the Lone Ranger 1982: The Last Unicorn Sophie's Choice 1983: The Scarlet and the Black 1984: The Company of Wolves The Evil That Men Do Where the Boys Are '84 1986: Whoops Apocalypse 1987: The Brave Little Toaster The Stepfather 1988: Without a Clue 1994: The Last Seduction 1997: Keys to Tulsa Religious productions(1976, 1977) 1976: Moses the Lawgiver 1977: Jesus of Nazareth Jim Henson productions(1976—1982) 1976: The Muppet Show 1979: The Muppet Movie 1981: The Great Muppet Caper 1982: The Dark Crystal Canadian co-productions(1957—1965) 1957: Last Of The Mohicans 1958: Cannonball 1963: The Forest Rangers 1965: Seaway American co-productions(1959—1971) 1959: New York Confidential 1960: Whiplash 1971: Shirley's World This article related to an Italian film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a 1970s horror film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horror film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_film"},{"link_name":"Antonio Margheriti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Margheriti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemateca-3"}],"text":"Killer Fish is an Italian-French-Brazilian horror film directed by Antonio Margheriti.[2][3]","title":"Killer Fish"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"emeralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald"},{"link_name":"piranha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha"},{"link_name":"man-eating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-eater"}],"text":"The mastermind behind a precision theft of priceless emeralds decides to hide the jewels at the bottom of a reservoir he has secretly stocked with savage deadly piranha. Retrieving the gems turns out to be a caper in itself since the group is now torn by suspicion and jealousy. Several gang members try to recover the loot on their own, only to become screaming victims of the insatiable horde of killer fish. The treasure is down there just waiting to be brought up. To get them, everyone must face the inescapable terror of thousands of man-eating creatures.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Majors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Majors"},{"link_name":"Karen Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Black"},{"link_name":"Margaux Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaux_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"Marisa Berenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Berenson"},{"link_name":"James Franciscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franciscus"},{"link_name":"Roy Brocksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Brocksmith"},{"link_name":"Dan Pastorini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Pastorini"},{"link_name":"Frank Pesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Pesce"},{"link_name":"Anthony Steffen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Steffen"},{"link_name":"Gary Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Collins_(actor)"}],"text":"Lee Majors as Robert Lasky\nKaren Black as Kate Neville\nMargaux Hemingway as Gabrielle\nMarisa Berenson as Ann\nJames Franciscus as Paul Diller\nRoy Brocksmith as Ollie\nDan Pastorini as Hans\nFrank Pesce as Warren Bailey\nCharles Guardino as Lloyd Bailey\nAnthony Steffen as Max\nFábio Sabag as Quintin\nGary Collins as Tom","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angra dos Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_dos_Reis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemateca-3"}],"text":"The film was made on location in the city of Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[3]","title":"Filming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monthly Film Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Film_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"Piranha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranha_(1978_film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mfb-4"},{"link_name":"Vincent Canby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Monthly Film Bulletin stated that the film \"appears to have a greater budget than Piranha\" and that it \"exhibits considerably less imagination\".[4] Vincent Canby of The New York Times stated that the film \"may not be a good movie — it's really inept—but it's friendly, like Mr. Majors's quizzical squint, which is, I'm told by people who watch more television than I do, what Mr. Majors does best. Everyone, in fact, carries on gamely, as people do at a picnic when it rains.\"[5]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Gauntlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Science_Theater_3000:_The_Gauntlet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tele 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele_5"},{"link_name":"SchleFaZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SchleFaZ"}],"text":"The film is one of six movies featured in Season 12 of Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Gauntlet.[6]The film was broadcast on Tele 5 as part of the programme format SchleFaZ in season 1.","title":"Legacy"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Lancia, Enrico; Melelli, Fabio (2006). Attori stranieri del nostro cinema. Gremese Editore. p. 279. ISBN 9788884404251.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8pevDl3NMUkC&pg=PA279","url_text":"Attori stranieri del nostro cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788884404251","url_text":"9788884404251"}]},{"reference":"\"O Peixe Assasino\" (in Portuguese). Cinemateca Brasileira. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054239/http://www.cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah%2Fiah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID%3D021892&format=detailed.pft","url_text":"\"O Peixe Assasino\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemateca_Brasileira","url_text":"Cinemateca Brasileira"},{"url":"http://www.cinemateca.gov.br/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/iah/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&base=FILMOGRAFIA&lang=p&nextAction=lnk&exprSearch=ID=021892&format=detailed.pft","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Killer Fish\". Monthly Film Bulletin. 46 (540). London: 147–148. 1979. ISSN 0027-0407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monthly_Film_Bulletin","url_text":"Monthly Film Bulletin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0407","url_text":"0027-0407"}]},{"reference":"Canby, Vincent (December 7, 1979). \"Killer Fish (1979) Screen: Human Prey Menaced in 'Killer Fish':The Plastic Skeleton\". The New York Times. Retrieved August 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Canby","url_text":"Canby, Vincent"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990DE1D7133EE732A25754C0A9649D946890D6CF","url_text":"\"Killer Fish (1979) Screen: Human Prey Menaced in 'Killer Fish':The Plastic Skeleton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Evangelista, Chris (November 12, 2018). \"'Mystery Science Theater 3000' Season 12 Trailer Unleashes 'Mac and Me' and More Awful Movies\". /Film. Retrieved November 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/mystery-science-theater-3000-season-12-trailer/","url_text":"\"'Mystery Science Theater 3000' Season 12 Trailer Unleashes 'Mac and Me' and More Awful Movies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film","url_text":"/Film"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_storage

Chemical storage

["1 Principles","2 Types of facilities","2.1 Shelving","2.2 Cabinetry","2.3 Desiccation","2.4 Cold storage","3 Maintenance","4 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chemical storage" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)A chemical storage cabinet Chemical storage is the storage of controlled substances or hazardous materials in chemical stores, chemical storage cabinets, or similar devices. Chemical storage devices are usually present where a workplace requires the use of non-hazardous and/or hazardous chemicals. Proper storage is imperative for the safety of, and access by, laboratory workers. Improper chemical storage can result in the creation of workplace safety hazards, including the presence of heat, fire, explosion and leakage of toxic gas. Chemical storage cabinets are typically used to safely store small amounts of chemical substances within a workplace or laboratory for regular use. These cabinets are typically made from materials that are resistant to the chemicals stored in them and occasionally contain a bunded tray to capture spillage. Chemical stores are warehouses commonly used by chemical or pharmaceutical companies to store bulk chemicals. In the US, the storage and handling of potentially hazardous materials must be disclosed to occupants under laws managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Principles Proper labeling is important to ensure that chemicals are not misidentified, which is key to protecting health and safety. For example, organizing chemicals alphabetically is not generally recommended, because it may lead to incompatible chemicals placed near each other, risking a dangerous reaction. Instead chemicals should be stored according to their reactivity and other properties. For example, acids and bases are incompatible and should be stored separately, whereas sodium and potassium can be kept together as they are both water-reactive but do not have any added hazard when placed with one another. The United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) is an international system created by the United Nations to classify chemicals. The Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or Material Safety Data sheet (MSDS) identifies and classifies the properties and hazards of chemicals. Unnecessary storage of large amounts of chemicals can pose a hazard if the amount exceeds the limits permitted by laboratory guidelines, and is avoided by accredited workplaces and laboratories. Chemicals are usually stored in cool areas, away from direct heat sources, moisture, or light and should be regularly checked for degradation or damage. Types of facilities Flammable cabinet Due to chemicals' varying properties, many types of facilities are needed. Chemical storage facilities must be adequately maintained to prevent and mitigate their hazards. Accidental spillage or mixing of chemicals can be hazardous. Shelving Shelving must be stable, constructed of a material that is compatible with the chemicals stored on it, and not loaded beyond its rated capacity. It is recommended not to store heavy containers on the highest shelves. Storing chemicals under a sink is not recommended, with the exception of compatible cleaning agents and non-hazardous chemicals. Cabinetry Chemical storage cabinets are usually suited for specific classes of chemicals. Acid cabinets, for example, consist of corrosion-resistant materials and sealing to prevent the leakage of fumes. Some institutions recommend a tray to contain any spillage and regular checks for any sign of corrosion. Flammable solvent cabinets are produced from specialized wood or metal able to resist fire for at least 30 minutes. For example, a flammable liquid is any liquid that has a flash point lower than 93 °C (199 °F). Corrosive storage cabinets are designed for storing corrosive or oxidizing liquids. They contain a single-piece, leak-proof floor pan to contain spills, must be vented to the fume hood or the lab exhaust system, and their interior is constructed of corrosive-resistant materials. Wooden cabinets provide excellent strength for storing corrosives. Their laminate finish offers a high level of chemical durability. Desiccation Desiccation is a chemical storage technique used to maintain or to regulate humidity, usually to store moisture-sensitive chemicals. Desiccation is generally performed with a desiccator. Several types of desiccators are available, including standard, automatic, gas purge and vacuum desiccators. Cold storage Refrigerators and freezers can be used to store flammable and hazardous chemicals. In most situations, specialized laboratory refrigerators are used to ensure that the flash points of certain chemicals are not reached. For flammable chemicals, explosion-proof equipment must be used because conventional refrigerators have sources of ignition. Maintenance Maintaining the proper condition of chemical storage areas reduces the likelihood of accidents or injuries in the workplace. For example, work areas should always be kept neat and clean and regularly inspected for any hazards such as improperly cleaned residue. References ^ "Safe Storage of Hazardous Chemicals in Stockrooms, Workshops and Laboratories" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. ^ "STORING CHEMICALS IN THE LABORATORY". chemistry.umeche.maine.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-02-23. ^ a b Chemical Inspection & Regulation Service. "The UN Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)". Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "Chemical storage". ^ "Guidance on Safe Storage of Chemicals in Laboratories" (PDF). ^ Occupational Health and Safety Service. "Safe storage of hazardous chemicals in stockrooms, workshops and laboratories" (PDF). Safety Office. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018.

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Proper storage is imperative for the safety of, and access by, laboratory workers. Improper chemical storage can result in the creation of workplace safety hazards, including the presence of heat, fire, explosion and leakage of toxic gas.[1]Chemical storage cabinets are typically used to safely store small amounts of chemical substances within a workplace or laboratory for regular use. These cabinets are typically made from materials that are resistant to the chemicals stored in them and occasionally contain a bunded tray to capture spillage.Chemical stores are warehouses commonly used by chemical or pharmaceutical companies to store bulk chemicals. In the US, the storage and handling of potentially hazardous materials must be disclosed to occupants under laws managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).","title":"Chemical storage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"incompatible chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compatibility"},{"link_name":"water-reactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-reactive"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labeling_of_Chemicals"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghs-3"},{"link_name":"Safety Data Sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_data_sheet"},{"link_name":"Material Safety Data sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Material_Safety_Data_sheet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghs-3"}],"text":"Proper labeling is important to ensure that chemicals are not misidentified, which is key to protecting health and safety. 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Chemicals are usually stored in cool areas, away from direct heat sources, moisture, or light and should be regularly checked for degradation or damage.","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_solvent_flammable_cabinet.png"}],"text":"Flammable cabinetDue to chemicals' varying properties, many types of facilities are needed. Chemical storage facilities must be adequately maintained to prevent and mitigate their hazards. Accidental spillage or mixing of chemicals can be hazardous.","title":"Types of facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Shelving","text":"Shelving must be stable, constructed of a material that is compatible with the chemicals stored on it, and not loaded beyond its rated capacity.[4] It is recommended not to store heavy containers on the highest shelves. 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For example, work areas should always be kept neat and clean and regularly inspected for any hazards such as improperly cleaned residue.","title":"Maintenance"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayer_Papyri

Mayer Papyri

["1 Papyrus Mayer A","2 Papyrus Mayer B","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

Ancient Egyptian documents The Mayer Papyri are two ancient Egyptian documents from the Twentieth Dynasty that contain records of court proceedings, now held at the World Museum in Liverpool, England. Papyrus Mayer A The best known of the two is Papyrus Mayer A. It deals with court sessions held in the first two years of the Whm Mswt or Renaissance, an era which began in year 19 of king Ramesses XI. A panel consisting of the vizier of the South and three high officials cross-examined suspects charged with tomb robbery at Deir el-Bahri (cf. also the Abbott Papyrus and the Amherst Papyrus). The interrogation of both suspects and witnesses was preceded by a bastinado and an oath in the name of the king was administered. The confessions of the six suspects were corroborated by the testimony of the chief of police of the Theban Necropolis and other witnesses, among them the son of one of the thieves who had died in the meantime. This witness claims to have been a child at the time of the crime; still, he was beaten when he was being examined, as was a female witness. While the ancient Egyptian judicial system was quite brutal and biased against the accused, a verdict of guilty was not a foregone conclusion: Papyrus Mayer A records the discharge of five men who had been found to be innocent. The World Museum has dated A circa 1083 - 1080 BCE. Papyrus Mayer B Papyrus Mayer B at the World Museum, Liverpool Papyrus Mayer B is a papyrus fragment, only inscribed on the recto. It consists of 14 preserved horizontal lines of hieratic script, in a form typical of the Twentieth Dynasty. Both its beginning and end are incomplete. It deals with the robbery of the tomb of king Ramesses VI, which is not alluded to in any of the other tomb-robbery papyri. No names of officials have survived in the extant part of the papyrus. Of the five thieves named, none can be identified with certainty. The coppersmith Pentahetnakht may or may not have been identical to the coppersmith Pentahetnakht, son of Kedakhtef, mentioned in Pap. BM 10054 as a member of a gang which was tried in year 16 of Ramesses IX. Cyril Aldred has pointed out that the coffer of the sarcophagus of Ramesses VI must have been removed relatively soon after the burial, because the sacramental oils had not yet had the time to solidify, but whether this was done during the pilfering by the thieves tried in Pap. Mayer B remains uncertain. The World Museum has dated B to circa 1118 BCE. See also List of ancient Egyptian papyri References ^ Breasted op. cit. §§ 544-556 ^ T. E. Peet, The Mayer Papyri A & B, London 1920 (Nos. M. 11162 and M. 11186) ^ "Tomb Robbery Papyrus (Papyrus Mayer A)". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 2023-11-21. ^ Peet, o.c., 19 ^ Peet, o.c., 20 ^ Ad Thijs, Reconsidering the End of the Twentieth Dynasty Part V, P. Ambras as an advocate of a shorter chronology, GM 179 (2000), 77-78 ^ Cyril Aldred, More Light on the Ramesside Tomb Robberies, in: J. Ruffle, G.A. Gaballa & K.A.. Kitchen (eds), Glimpses of Ancient Egypt, (Festschrift Fairman), Warminster 1979, 96-98 ^ "Tomb Robbery Papyrus (Papyrus Mayer B)". National Museums Liverpool. Retrieved 2023-11-21. Further reading Cyril Aldred, More Light on the Ramesside Tomb Robberies, in: J. Ruffle, G.A. Gaballa & K.A.. Kitchen (eds), Glimpses of Ancient Egypt, (Festschrift Fairman), Warminster 1979, 96-98 James Baikie, 1925, Egyptian Papyri and Papyrus-Hunting, Kessinger Publishing 2003, p. 110 J.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Four, Chicago 1906 T. E. Peet, The Mayer Papyri A & B, London 1920 Kim Ridealgh, A Tale of Semantics and Suppressions: Reinterpreting Papyrus Mayer A and the So-called 'War of the High Priest' during the Reign of Ramesses XI, SAK 43 (2014), 359-373 External links Mayer Papyrus A catalogue entry at the World Museum in Liverpool Mayer Papyrus B catalogue entry at the World Museum in Liverpool The Mayer Papyri, accessed April 22, 2007 Review of: The Great Tomb Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty, Being a Critical Study, with Translations and Commentaries, of the Papyri in Which These Are Recorded by T. Eric Peet, accessed April 23, 2007

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It deals with court sessions held in the first two years of the Whm Mswt or Renaissance, an era which began in year 19 of king Ramesses XI.A panel consisting of the vizier of the South and three high officials cross-examined suspects charged with tomb robbery at Deir el-Bahri (cf. also the Abbott Papyrus and the Amherst Papyrus). The interrogation of both suspects and witnesses was preceded by a bastinado and an oath in the name of the king was administered.The confessions of the six suspects were corroborated by the testimony of the chief of police of the Theban Necropolis and other witnesses, among them the son of one of the thieves who had died in the meantime. This witness claims to have been a child at the time of the crime; still, he was beaten when he was being examined, as was a female witness.While the ancient Egyptian judicial system was quite brutal and biased against the accused, a verdict of guilty was not a foregone conclusion: Papyrus Mayer A records the discharge of five men who had been found to be innocent.The World Museum has dated A circa 1083 - 1080 BCE. [3]","title":"Papyrus Mayer A"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papyrus_Mayer_B.JPG"},{"link_name":"World Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Museum"},{"link_name":"recto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recto"},{"link_name":"hieratic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieratic_script"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ramesses VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_VI"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cyril Aldred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Aldred"},{"link_name":"sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Papyrus Mayer B at the World Museum, LiverpoolPapyrus Mayer B is a papyrus fragment, only inscribed on the recto. It consists of 14 preserved horizontal lines of hieratic script, in a form typical of the Twentieth Dynasty.[4] Both its beginning and end are incomplete. It deals with the robbery of the tomb of king Ramesses VI, which is not alluded to in any of the other tomb-robbery papyri. No names of officials have survived in the extant part of the papyrus. Of the five thieves named, none can be identified with certainty.[5] The coppersmith Pentahetnakht may or may not have been identical to the coppersmith Pentahetnakht, son of Kedakhtef, mentioned in Pap. BM 10054 as a member of a gang which was tried in year 16 of Ramesses IX.[6]Cyril Aldred has pointed out that the coffer of the sarcophagus of Ramesses VI must have been removed relatively soon after the burial, because the sacramental oils had not yet had the time to solidify,[7] but whether this was done during the pilfering by the thieves tried in Pap. Mayer B remains uncertain.The World Museum has dated B to circa 1118 BCE.[8]","title":"Papyrus Mayer B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.H. Breasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted"},{"link_name":"T. E. Peet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eric_Peet"}],"text":"Cyril Aldred, More Light on the Ramesside Tomb Robberies, in: J. Ruffle, G.A. Gaballa & K.A.. Kitchen (eds), Glimpses of Ancient Egypt, (Festschrift Fairman), Warminster 1979, 96-98\nJames Baikie, 1925, Egyptian Papyri and Papyrus-Hunting, Kessinger Publishing 2003, p. 110\nJ.H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Four, Chicago 1906\nT. E. Peet, The Mayer Papyri A & B, London 1920\nKim Ridealgh, A Tale of Semantics and Suppressions: Reinterpreting Papyrus Mayer A and the So-called 'War of the High Priest' during the Reign of Ramesses XI, SAK 43 (2014), 359-373","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Papyrus Mayer B at the World Museum, Liverpool","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Papyrus_Mayer_B.JPG/220px-Papyrus_Mayer_B.JPG"}]

[{"title":"List of ancient Egyptian papyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_papyri"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caproni_Ca.56

Caproni Ca.1 (1914)

["1 Development and design","2 Operational history","3 Operators","4 Specifications","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

World War One era Italian bomber This article is about the World War I bomber. For the pioneering biplane of the same designation, see Caproni Ca.1 (1910). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Caproni Ca.1" 1914 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ca.1 (1914) Role Heavy day bomberType of aircraft National origin Italy Manufacturer Caproni First flight Late 1914 Number built 162 The Caproni Ca.1 was an Italian heavy bomber of the World War I era. Development and design The Ca.1 was a three-engine biplane of fabric-covered wooden construction. It had four crew members in an open central nacelle: two pilots, a front gunner, and rear gunner-mechanic, who manned upper machine guns, standing upon the central engine in a protective cage, just in front of the rear propeller. The Ca.1 had a tricycle landing gear. Italy and Russia were the first countries to start developing a heavy bomber capability before World War I. The first heavy bomber, designed by Gianni Caproni was a twin-boom biplane, featuring a layout that included three 67 kW (80 hp) Gnome rotary engines housed one behind the other in a central nacelle, the rearmost driving a pusher propeller, and the other two driving tractor propellers mounted on the fronts of the two booms. Referred to by Caproni as the Caproni 260 hp and retrospectively, after the war, as the Ca.30), this design flew in a slightly modified form (later called the Ca.31) in October 1914. Test flights revealed the power to be insufficient and the engine layout unworkable. Caproni altered the aircraft, retaining the pusher engine in its original location and moving the other two engines to the front of the booms, directly driving the propellers. With more powerful inline engines, the air arm of the Italian Army became interested in purchasing the Caproni 300 hp (later known as the Ca.32), which they designated the Ca.1. A total of 166 aircraft were delivered between August 1915 and December 1916. Some Ca.1s survived the war to be rebuilt as airliners, able to carry up to six passengers. This conversion became known as the Ca.56 in Caproni's postwar naming scheme. There is some variation in published sources over early Caproni designations. The confusion stems, in part, from three separate schemes used to designate these aircraft – Caproni's in-house designations of the time, those used by the Italian Army, and designations created after the war by Caproni to refer to past designs. Operational history The Ca.1 entered service with the Italian Army in the middle of 1915 and first saw action on August 20, 1915, attacking the Austrian air base at Aisovizza. Fifteen bomber squadrons (1-15 Squadriglia) were eventually equipped with Ca.1, Ca.2, and Ca.3 bombers, bombing mostly targets in Austria-Hungary. The 12th squadron operated in Libya. In 1918 three squadrons (3, 14 and 15) operated in France. Operators  Kingdom of Italy Corpo Aeronautico Militare Specifications Data from General characteristics Crew: 4 Length: 36 ft 3 in (11.05 m) Wingspan: 74 ft 7 in (22.74 m) Height: 12 ft 2 in (3.70 m) Wing area: 1,029 sq ft (95.6 m2) Empty weight: 7,264 lb (3,302 kg) Gross weight: 8,800 lb (4,000 kg) Performance Maximum speed: 75 mph (120 km/h, 65 kn) Range: 344 mi (550 km, 299 nmi) Service ceiling: 13,120 ft (4,000 m) Armament Guns: 2 × 6.5 mm FIAT-Revelli machine guns Bombs: Bombs mounted under the hull See also Push-pull configuration Related lists List of bomber aircraft List of World War I Entente aircraft References ^ a b Sharpe, Michael (2000). Biplanes, Triplanes, and Seaplanes. London: Friedman/Fairfax Books. p. 112. ISBN 1-58663-300-7. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing. Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caproni Ca.32. Aerei Italiani (Italian) vteCaproni aircraftEstablishmentsTaliedoCompany WW1HP designations 80 hp 260 hp 300 hp 350 hp 450 hp 600 hp 700 hp 750 hp 750 hp (2) 900 hp 1,200 hp Numericaldesignationsequence2, 3 Ca.1 Ca.2 Ca.3 Ca.4 Ca.5 Ca.6 Ca.7 Ca.8 Ca.9 Ca.10 Ca.11 Ca.12 Ca.13 Ca.14 Ca.15 Ca.16 Ca.17 Ca.18 Ca.19 Ca.20 Ca.21 Ca.22 Ca.23 Ca.24 Ca.25 Ca.26 Ca.27 Ca.28 Ca.29 Ca.30 Ca.31 Ca.32 Ca.33 Ca.34 Ca.35 Ca.36 Ca.37 Ca.38 Ca.39 Ca.40 Ca.41 Ca.42 Ca.43 Ca.44 Ca.45 Ca.46 Ca.47 Ca.48 Ca.49 Ca.50 Ca.51 Ca.52 Ca.53 Ca.54 Ca.55 Ca.56a Ca.57 Ca.58 Ca.59 Ca.60 Ca.61 Ca.62 Ca.63 Ca.64 Ca.65 Ca.66 Ca.67 Ca.68 Ca.69 Ca.70 Ca.71 Ca.72 Ca.73 Ca.74 Ca.75 Ca.76 Ca.77 Ca.78 Ca.79 Ca.80 Ca.81 Ca.82 Ca.83 Ca.84 Ca.85 Ca.86 Ca.87 Ca.88 Ca.89 Ca.90 Ca.91 Ca.92 Ca.93 Ca.94 Ca.95 Ca.96 Ca.97 Ca.98 Ca.99 Ca.100 Ca.101 Ca.102 Ca.103 Ca.104 Ca.105 Ca.106 Ca.107 Ca.108 Ca.109 Ca.110 Ca.111 Ca.112 Ca.113 Ca.114 Ca.115 Ca.116 Ca.117 Ca.118 Ca.119 Ca.120 Ca.121 Ca.122 Ca.123 Ca.124 Ca.125 Ca.126 Ca.127 Ca.128 Ca.129 Ca.130 Ca.131 Ca.132 Ca.133 Ca.134 Ca.135 Ca.136 Ca.137 Ca.138-1391 Ca.140 Ca.141 Ca.142 Ca.143 Ca.144-1451 Ca.146 Ca.1471 Ca.148 Ca.1491 Ca.150 Ca.151 Ca.1521 Ca.153 Ca.154 Ca.155 Ca.156 Ca.157-1591 Ca.160 Ca.161 Ca.162 Ca.163 Ca.164 Ca.165 Ca.166 Ca.167 Ca.1681 Ca.169 Ca.170-1721 Ca.173 Ca.1741 Ca.175 Ca.176 Ca.177 Ca.1781 Ca.179 Ca.180-1821 Ca.183 Ca.184 Ca.1851 Ca.186 Ca.187-1891 Ca.190 Ca.191 Ca.1921 Ca.193 Ca.194 Ca.195 Ca.196 Ca.197 198-1991 Ca.2001 Ca.201 Ca.202-2031 Ca.204 Ca.205 Ca.2061 Ca.207 Ca.208-2101 Ca.211 Ca.212-2131 Ca.214 Ca.2151 Ca.216 Ca.217-2241 Ca.225 Names Cinquemotore Transaereo Noviplano Capronissimo WW1 Militarydesignations Ca.1 Ca.2 Ca.3 Ca.4 Ca.5 Cantieri AeronauticiBergamaschi (CAB) PL.3 PS.1 AP.1 Ca.135 Ca.301 Ca.302 Ca.303 Ca.304 Ca.305 Ca.306 Ca.307 Ca.308 Ca.308 Borea Ca.309 Ca.310 Ca.311 Ca.312 Ca.313 Ca.314 Ca.315 Ca.316 Ca.3171 Ca.318 Ca.3191 Ca.320 Ca.321-3241 Ca.325 Ca.326-3291 Ca.330 Ca.331 Ca.332 Ca.333 Ca.3341 Ca.335 Ca.336-3391 Ca.340 Ca.341-3441 Ca.345 Ca.346-3491 Ca.350 Ca.3511 Ca.352 Ca.353-3541 Ca.355 Ca.356 Ca.357 Ca.358 Ca.3591 Ca.360 Ca.361-3641 Ca.365 Ca.366-3691 Ca.370 Ca.371-3741 Ca.375 Ca.376-3791 Ca.380 Ca.381 Caproni Reggiane Ca.400 Ca.401 Ca.402 Ca.403 Ca.404 Ca.405 Ca.406 Ca.4071 Ca.408 Ca.4091 Ca.410 Ca.4111 Ca.412 Ca.413-4141 Ca.415 Ca.416 Ca.4171 Ca.418 Ca.495 Ca.8000 Caproni-Predappio Ca.600-6011 Ca.602 Ca.603 Ca.6041 Ca.605 Ca.606 Caproni Peruana Ca.702 Caproni Vizzola MF 2 F.4 F.5 F.6 F.7 A-10 A-12 A-14 A-15 A-20 A-21 C22 Ventura Caproni Trento Trento F-5 Other groups Sauro-1 Stipa CH.1 Campini N.1 1 No details on project, or designation skipped 2Sequence retroactively applied to pre-1918 designs 3200 series reserved for multi-engine types Portals: Italy Companies Aviation

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For the pioneering biplane of the same designation, see Caproni Ca.1 (1910).The Caproni Ca.1 was an Italian heavy bomber of the World War I era.","title":"Caproni Ca.1 (1914)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"nacelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacelle"},{"link_name":"tricycle landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricycle_gear"},{"link_name":"heavy bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_bomber"},{"link_name":"Gianni Caproni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianni_Caproni"},{"link_name":"biplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biplane"},{"link_name":"Gnome rotary engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome_rotary_engine"},{"link_name":"pusher propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusher_propeller"},{"link_name":"tractor propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor_propeller"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_in_aviation"},{"link_name":"inline engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inline_engine_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_in_aviation"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_in_aviation"},{"link_name":"airliners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner"}],"text":"The Ca.1 was a three-engine biplane of fabric-covered wooden construction. It had four crew members in an open central nacelle: two pilots, a front gunner, and rear gunner-mechanic, who manned upper machine guns, standing upon the central engine in a protective cage, just in front of the rear propeller. The Ca.1 had a tricycle landing gear.Italy and Russia were the first countries to start developing a heavy bomber capability before World War I. The first heavy bomber, designed by Gianni Caproni was a twin-boom biplane, featuring a layout that included three 67 kW (80 hp) Gnome rotary engines housed one behind the other in a central nacelle, the rearmost driving a pusher propeller, and the other two driving tractor propellers mounted on the fronts of the two booms. Referred to by Caproni as the Caproni 260 hp and retrospectively, after the war, as the Ca.30), this design flew in a slightly modified form (later called the Ca.31) in October 1914.Test flights revealed the power to be insufficient and the engine layout unworkable. Caproni altered the aircraft, retaining the pusher engine in its original location and moving the other two engines to the front of the booms, directly driving the propellers. With more powerful inline engines, the air arm of the Italian Army became interested in purchasing the Caproni 300 hp (later known as the Ca.32), which they designated the Ca.1. A total of 166 aircraft were delivered between August 1915 and December 1916.Some Ca.1s survived the war to be rebuilt as airliners, able to carry up to six passengers. This conversion became known as the Ca.56 in Caproni's postwar naming scheme.There is some variation in published sources over early Caproni designations. The confusion stems, in part, from three separate schemes used to designate these aircraft – Caproni's in-house designations of the time, those used by the Italian Army, and designations created after the war by Caproni to refer to past designs.","title":"Development and design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aisovizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aisovizza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"}],"text":"The Ca.1 entered service with the Italian Army in the middle of 1915 and first saw action on August 20, 1915, attacking the Austrian air base at Aisovizza. Fifteen bomber squadrons (1-15 Squadriglia) were eventually equipped with Ca.1, Ca.2, and Ca.3 bombers, bombing mostly targets in Austria-Hungary. The 12th squadron operated in Libya. In 1918 three squadrons (3, 14 and 15) operated in France.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Corpo Aeronautico Militare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_Aeronautico_Militare"}],"text":"Kingdom of ItalyCorpo Aeronautico Militare","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BTS-1"},{"link_name":"FIAT-Revelli machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat-Revelli_Modello_1914"}],"text":"Data from [1]General characteristicsCrew: 4\nLength: 36 ft 3 in (11.05 m)\nWingspan: 74 ft 7 in (22.74 m)\nHeight: 12 ft 2 in (3.70 m)\nWing area: 1,029 sq ft (95.6 m2)\nEmpty weight: 7,264 lb (3,302 kg)\nGross weight: 8,800 lb (4,000 kg)PerformanceMaximum speed: 75 mph (120 km/h, 65 kn)\nRange: 344 mi (550 km, 299 nmi)\nService ceiling: 13,120 ft (4,000 m)ArmamentGuns: 2 × 6.5 mm FIAT-Revelli machine guns\nBombs: Bombs mounted under the hull","title":"Specifications"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"Sharpe, Michael (2000). Biplanes, Triplanes, and Seaplanes. London: Friedman/Fairfax Books. p. 112. ISBN 1-58663-300-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58663-300-7","url_text":"1-58663-300-7"}]},{"reference":"The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.","urls":[]},{"reference":"World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzan_Johnson_Cook

Suzan Johnson Cook

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Politics","2.3 Diplomacy","3 Personal life","4 Selected books","5 References","6 External links"]

American presidential advisor, pastor, theologian, and academic Suzan CookUnited States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious FreedomIn officeApril 2011 – October 2013PresidentBarack ObamaPreceded byJohn HanfordSucceeded byDavid Saperstein Personal detailsBorn (1957-01-28) January 28, 1957 (age 67)New York City, New York, U.S.Political partyDemocraticAlma materEmerson College (BA)Columbia University (MEd)Union Theological Seminary (M.Div., DDiv) Suzan Denise Johnson Cook (born January 28, 1957) is a U.S. presidential advisor, pastor, theologian, author, activist, and academic who served as the United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom from April 2011 to October 2013. She has served as a policy advisor to President Bill Clinton and later to the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Cisneros, a dean and professor of communications at Harvard University, a professor of theology at New York Theological Seminary, a pastor at a number of churches, a television producer, and the author of nearly a dozen books. She was the first female senior pastor in the 200-year history of the Mariners Temple Baptist Church in NYC part of the American Baptist Churches USA and a close friend of Coretta Scott King. She is an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. Early life and education Johnson Cook was raised in the Bronx, New York the younger of two children. Her father was one of the first black trolley drivers in New York City before opening a security agency and her mother was a public school teacher in Harlem. She and her elder brother, who went on to attend Dartmouth College, skipped grades during their school years. Johnson attended Riverdale Country Day School. Johnson graduated high school at sixteen, attending Fisk University before transferring to Emerson College, graduating in 1976 with a degree in speech. She then earned a master's degree in educational technology from Columbia University. She also received early experience in politics, helping her brother win a seat in the New York State Assembly. She later earned another master's degree from Union Theological Seminary in 1983 and a Doctor of Ministry from United Theological Seminary in 1990. She is a graduate of the Minority Business Executive Program at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College. Career Early career Johnson Cook in 2011 After college, Johnson began a career in television, serving as a producer for several news affiliates in Boston, Washington, and Miami before deciding to enter ministry. Johnson was ordained in 1982. She then went on to become the senior pastor at the Mariners Temple Baptist Church from 1983 to 1996. She became the first female senior pastor in the 200-year history of the American Baptist Churches USA. In 2002, she became the first woman elected president of the Hampton University Ministers' Conference, a conference which represents all of the historically African-American denominations. Johnson became the official chaplain of the New York City Police Department, a position which she held for twenty-one years, becoming the first and only woman to hold the position. Johnson Cook founded the Bronx Christian Fellowship Baptist Church in 1996, which she pastored until 2010. She also founded several non-profit and advocacy organization, such as the Multi-Ethnic Center Inc. She founded Moving Up Productions, a communications, leadership, and consulting firm. She taught at New York Theological Seminary from 1996 to 1998. She spent time on the faculty at Harvard University, serving as a dean and a professor teaching in the areas of speech and communications. Johnson Cook was the goddaughter of Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr. She became a close friend of Scott King, officiating her funeral. On July 13, 2013, she was initiated into Delta Sigma Theta sorority as an honorary member, during their Centennial Celebration in Washington, D.C. Politics In 1993 Johnson Cook was selected to become a White House Fellow. She then became an advisor to President Bill Clinton, serving as a domestic policy advisor on several issues as a member of the Domestic Policy Council. She was on the advisory team for President Clinton's One America Initiative. Following her service as a policy advisor to the president she became a consultant to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Cisneros from 1994 to 1997. In 2016 she ran in the Democratic primary election for New York's 13th congressional district to replace retiring congressman Charles Rangel. The election was held June 28, 2016 and was won by Adriano Espaillat. She placed sixth out of nine candidates with 2116 votes. Diplomacy Johnson Cook speaks to the National Naval Officers Association in 2019 On June 15, 2010, she was nominated by president Barack Obama for the post of United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom in the State Department. However, her nomination was put on hold in the Senate and therefore expired without a vote at the end of the 111th session of Congress on January 3, 2011. She was renominated and confirmed on April 14, 2011. She was sworn in and began work on May 16, 2011. She is the first woman and first African-American to hold the post. According to a report in the Washington Post, Chinese officials refused to meet with her to discuss issues of religious freedom. She resigned in October 2013 in order to earn more money in the private sector so she can give her sons the gift of a "debt-free college education." Personal life Johnson Cook lives in New York with her husband, Ronald, and their two sons. Selected books Live Like You're Blessed: Simple Steps for Making Balance, Love, Energy, Spirit, Success, Encouragement and Devotion Part of Your Life, Doubleday, 2006; ISBN 978-0-385-51719-5 Moving Up: Ten Steps to Turning Your Life Around and Getting to the Top!, Doubleday, 2008; ISBN 978-0385524292 References ^ a b "Ballotpedia.org". Retrieved August 13, 2016. ^ "Religious liberty ambassador's resignation raises concerns". catholicnewsagency.com. October 22, 2013. ^ "Dr. Suzan Johnson-Cook, Bronx Christian Fellowship – PreachingWoman.com Online Community for Women in Ministry". Preachingwoman.com. November 9, 2016. ^ "The Gospel According to Sujay". Nymag.com. May 15, 2000. ^ Cook, Suzan Johnson (April 26, 2016). Soul Sisters: Devotions for and from African American, Latina, and Asian Women. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-98353-9. ^ a b "Johnson Cook, Suzan". State.gov. May 16, 2011. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. ^ a b "First Baptist Church". Fbcsomerset.com. February 20, 2012. ^ Bettye Collier-Thomas (February 2, 2010). Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-0-307-59305-4. ^ Olivia Cloud (November 21, 2006). Joy to the World: Inspirational Christmas Messages from America's Preachers. Simon and Schuster. pp. 377–. ISBN 978-1-4165-4000-7. ^ "Bronx Rev. Suzan Johnson Cook is Obama's ambassador for religious freedom". Daily News. New York. May 7, 2011. ^ "Suzan Johnson Cook | Speaker Profile and Speaking Topics". Apbspeakers.com. November 9, 2016. ^ "Living the Blessed Life". Kdar.com. September 11, 2001. ^ "Suzan Johnson Cook Traveling the Globe to Promote International Religious Freedom". Urban Christian News. March 30, 2012. ^ "President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts". whitehouse.gov. June 15, 2010 – via National Archives. ^ Freedman, Samuel G. (January 14, 2011). "An Obama Nominee Is Stymied by Congress". The New York Times. ^ "Johnson Cook Confirmed As Ambassador-At-Large For International Religious Freedom". American Baptist Churches USA. April 21, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2014. ^ "Dr. Suzan Johnson Cook sworn in as Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom". State.gov. May 16, 2011. ^ "Bronx Rev. Suzan Johnson Cook is Obama's ambassador for religious freedom". Daily News. New York. May 17, 2011. ^ Wan, William; Boorstein, Michelle. "Chinese blocked visit by U.S. religious freedom envoy, advocates say". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 24, 2011. ^ "Suzan Johnson Cook defends her work on religious freedom and explains why she left". Religion News Service. October 28, 2013. ^ "About Our Pastor: Rev. Dr. Suzan Johnson Cook, M.Div. '83.", Bronx Christian Fellowship website, February 8, 2008. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suzan Johnson Cook. Appearances on C-SPAN Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presidential advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_advisor"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"academic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador-at-Large_for_International_Religious_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"Henry Cisneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cisneros"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"New York Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"part of the American Baptist Churches USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Part_of_the_American_Baptist_Churches_USA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coretta Scott King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King"},{"link_name":"Delta Sigma Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Suzan Denise Johnson Cook (born January 28, 1957) is a U.S. presidential advisor, pastor, theologian, author, activist, and academic who served as the United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom from April 2011 to October 2013.[2] She has served as a policy advisor to President Bill Clinton and later to the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Cisneros, a dean and professor of communications at Harvard University, a professor of theology at New York Theological Seminary, a pastor at a number of churches, a television producer, and the author of nearly a dozen books. She was the first female senior pastor in the 200-year history of the Mariners Temple Baptist Church in NYC part of the American Baptist Churches USA and a close friend of Coretta Scott King. She is an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.[3]","title":"Suzan Johnson Cook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Bronx, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Riverdale Country Day School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdale_Country_Day_School"},{"link_name":"Fisk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk_University"},{"link_name":"Emerson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Union Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Ministry"},{"link_name":"United Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"Tuck School of Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuck_School_of_Business"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state1-6"}],"text":"Johnson Cook was raised in the Bronx, New York the younger of two children. Her father was one of the first black trolley drivers in New York City before opening a security agency and her mother was a public school teacher in Harlem. She and her elder brother, who went on to attend Dartmouth College, skipped grades during their school years. Johnson attended Riverdale Country Day School. Johnson graduated high school at sixteen, attending Fisk University before transferring to Emerson College, graduating in 1976 with a degree in speech. She then earned a master's degree in educational technology from Columbia University. She also received early experience in politics, helping her brother win a seat in the New York State Assembly.[4][5]She later earned another master's degree from Union Theological Seminary in 1983 and a Doctor of Ministry from United Theological Seminary in 1990. She is a graduate of the Minority Business Executive Program at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College.[6]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suzan_Johnson_Cook_2011-06-14_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fbcsomerset1-7"},{"link_name":"American Baptist Churches USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Baptist_Churches_USA"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collier-Thomas2010-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cloud2006-9"},{"link_name":"New York City Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fbcsomerset1-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New York Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-state1-6"},{"link_name":"Coretta Scott King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Delta Sigma Theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Sigma_Theta"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Johnson Cook in 2011After college, Johnson began a career in television, serving as a producer for several news affiliates in Boston, Washington, and Miami before deciding to enter ministry. Johnson was ordained in 1982. She then went on to become the senior pastor at the Mariners Temple Baptist Church from 1983 to 1996.[7]She became the first female senior pastor in the 200-year history of the American Baptist Churches USA. In 2002, she became the first woman elected president of the Hampton University Ministers' Conference, a conference which represents all of the historically African-American denominations.[8][9] Johnson became the official chaplain of the New York City Police Department, a position which she held for twenty-one years, becoming the first and only woman to hold the position.[7]Johnson Cook founded the Bronx Christian Fellowship Baptist Church in 1996, which she pastored until 2010. She also founded several non-profit and advocacy organization, such as the Multi-Ethnic Center Inc.[10] She founded Moving Up Productions, a communications, leadership, and consulting firm.[11] She taught at New York Theological Seminary from 1996 to 1998. She spent time on the faculty at Harvard University, serving as a dean and a professor teaching in the areas of speech and communications.[6]Johnson Cook was the goddaughter of Coretta Scott King, wife of Martin Luther King Jr. She became a close friend of Scott King, officiating her funeral.[12][13] On July 13, 2013, she was initiated into Delta Sigma Theta sorority as an honorary member, during their Centennial Celebration in Washington, D.C.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White House Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Domestic Policy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_Policy_Council"},{"link_name":"One America Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_America_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Housing and Urban Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development"},{"link_name":"Henry Cisneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cisneros"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"New York's 13th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles Rangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rangel"},{"link_name":"Adriano Espaillat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Espaillat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ballotped-1"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"In 1993 Johnson Cook was selected to become a White House Fellow. She then became an advisor to President Bill Clinton, serving as a domestic policy advisor on several issues as a member of the Domestic Policy Council. She was on the advisory team for President Clinton's One America Initiative. Following her service as a policy advisor to the president she became a consultant to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Henry Cisneros from 1994 to 1997.[citation needed]In 2016 she ran in the Democratic primary election for New York's 13th congressional district to replace retiring congressman Charles Rangel. The election was held June 28, 2016 and was won by Adriano Espaillat. She placed sixth out of nine candidates with 2116 votes.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suzan_Johnson_Cook_speaks_in_2019_(48522605907).jpg"},{"link_name":"National Naval Officers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Naval_Officers_Association"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador-at-Large_for_International_Religious_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Diplomacy","text":"Johnson Cook speaks to the National Naval Officers Association in 2019On June 15, 2010, she was nominated by president Barack Obama for the post of United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom in the State Department.[14] However, her nomination was put on hold in the Senate and therefore expired without a vote at the end of the 111th session of Congress on January 3, 2011.[15]She was renominated and confirmed on April 14, 2011.[16] She was sworn in and began work on May 16, 2011.[17] She is the first woman and first African-American to hold the post.[18]According to a report in the Washington Post, Chinese officials refused to meet with her to discuss issues of religious freedom.[19]She resigned in October 2013 in order to earn more money in the private sector so she can give her sons the gift of a \"debt-free college education.\"[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Johnson Cook lives in New York with her husband, Ronald, and their two sons.[21]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-385-51719-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51719-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0385524292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385524292"}],"text":"Live Like You're Blessed: Simple Steps for Making Balance, Love, Energy, Spirit, Success, Encouragement and Devotion Part of Your Life, Doubleday, 2006; ISBN 978-0-385-51719-5\nMoving Up: Ten Steps to Turning Your Life Around and Getting to the Top!, Doubleday, 2008; ISBN 978-0385524292","title":"Selected books"}]

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Archived from the original on May 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520211624/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/163202.htm","url_text":"\"Johnson Cook, Suzan\""},{"url":"https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/163202.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"First Baptist Church\". Fbcsomerset.com. February 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://fbcsomerset.com/blog/?tag=suzan-johnson-cook","url_text":"\"First Baptist Church\""}]},{"reference":"Bettye Collier-Thomas (February 2, 2010). Jesus, Jobs, and Justice: African American Women and Religion. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 114–. 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New York. May 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-17/local/29572551_1_religious-freedom-johnson-cook-jewish-teachers","url_text":"\"Bronx Rev. Suzan Johnson Cook is Obama's ambassador for religious freedom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suzan Johnson Cook | Speaker Profile and Speaking Topics\". Apbspeakers.com. November 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apbspeakers.com/speaker/suzan-johnson-cook","url_text":"\"Suzan Johnson Cook | Speaker Profile and Speaking Topics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Living the Blessed Life\". Kdar.com. September 11, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kdar.com/1426367/print","url_text":"\"Living the Blessed Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suzan Johnson Cook Traveling the Globe to Promote International Religious Freedom\". Urban Christian News. March 30, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://urbanchristiannews.com/ucn/2012/03/suzan-johnson-cook-traveling-the-globe-to-promote-international-religious-freedom.html","url_text":"\"Suzan Johnson Cook Traveling the Globe to Promote International Religious Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"\"President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts\". whitehouse.gov. June 15, 2010 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/president-obama-announces-more-key-administration-posts-61510","url_text":"\"President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Freedman, Samuel G. (January 14, 2011). \"An Obama Nominee Is Stymied by Congress\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/us/politics/15religion.html?_r=2&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss","url_text":"\"An Obama Nominee Is Stymied by Congress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Johnson Cook Confirmed As Ambassador-At-Large For International Religious Freedom\". American Baptist Churches USA. April 21, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc-usa.org/2011/04/21/johnson-cook-confirmed-as-ambassador-at-large-for-international-religious-freedom","url_text":"\"Johnson Cook Confirmed As Ambassador-At-Large For International Religious Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Suzan Johnson Cook sworn in as Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom\". State.gov. May 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/05/163483.htm","url_text":"\"Dr. Suzan Johnson Cook sworn in as Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bronx Rev. Suzan Johnson Cook is Obama's ambassador for religious freedom\". Daily News. New York. May 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-05-17/local/29572551_1_religious-freedom-johnson-cook-jewish-teachers","url_text":"\"Bronx Rev. Suzan Johnson Cook is Obama's ambassador for religious freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Wan, William; Boorstein, Michelle. \"Chinese blocked visit by U.S. religious freedom envoy, advocates say\". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/chinese-blocked-visit-by-us-religious-freedom-envoy-advocates-say/2012/02/14/gIQAmvQxDR_story.html","url_text":"\"Chinese blocked visit by U.S. religious freedom envoy, advocates say\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suzan Johnson Cook defends her work on religious freedom and explains why she left\". Religion News Service. October 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.religionnews.com/2013/10/28/suzan-johnson-cook-defends-work-religious-freedom-explains-left","url_text":"\"Suzan Johnson Cook defends her work on religious freedom and explains why she left\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darboux_property

Darboux's theorem (analysis)

["1 Darboux's theorem","2 Proofs","3 Darboux function","4 Notes","5 External links"]

All derivatives have the intermediate value property In mathematics, Darboux's theorem is a theorem in real analysis, named after Jean Gaston Darboux. It states that every function that results from the differentiation of another function has the intermediate value property: the image of an interval is also an interval. When ƒ is continuously differentiable (ƒ in C1()), this is a consequence of the intermediate value theorem. But even when ƒ′ is not continuous, Darboux's theorem places a severe restriction on what it can be. Darboux's theorem Let I {\displaystyle I} be a closed interval, f : I → R {\displaystyle f\colon I\to \mathbb {R} } be a real-valued differentiable function. Then f ′ {\displaystyle f'} has the intermediate value property: If a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are points in I {\displaystyle I} with a < b {\displaystyle a<b} , then for every y {\displaystyle y} between f ′ ( a ) {\displaystyle f'(a)} and f ′ ( b ) {\displaystyle f'(b)} , there exists an x {\displaystyle x} in [ a , b ] {\displaystyle } such that f ′ ( x ) = y {\displaystyle f'(x)=y} . Proofs Proof 1. The first proof is based on the extreme value theorem. If y {\displaystyle y} equals f ′ ( a ) {\displaystyle f'(a)} or f ′ ( b ) {\displaystyle f'(b)} , then setting x {\displaystyle x} equal to a {\displaystyle a} or b {\displaystyle b} , respectively, gives the desired result. Now assume that y {\displaystyle y} is strictly between f ′ ( a ) {\displaystyle f'(a)} and f ′ ( b ) {\displaystyle f'(b)} , and in particular that f ′ ( a ) > y > f ′ ( b ) {\displaystyle f'(a)>y>f'(b)} . Let φ : I → R {\displaystyle \varphi \colon I\to \mathbb {R} } such that φ ( t ) = f ( t ) − y t {\displaystyle \varphi (t)=f(t)-yt} . If it is the case that f ′ ( a ) < y < f ′ ( b ) {\displaystyle f'(a)<y<f'(b)} we adjust our below proof, instead asserting that φ {\displaystyle \varphi } has its minimum on [ a , b ] {\displaystyle } . Since φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is continuous on the closed interval [ a , b ] {\displaystyle } , the maximum value of φ {\displaystyle \varphi } on [ a , b ] {\displaystyle } is attained at some point in [ a , b ] {\displaystyle } , according to the extreme value theorem. Because φ ′ ( a ) = f ′ ( a ) − y > 0 {\displaystyle \varphi '(a)=f'(a)-y>0} , we know φ {\displaystyle \varphi } cannot attain its maximum value at a {\displaystyle a} . (If it did, then ( φ ( t ) − φ ( a ) ) / ( t − a ) ≤ 0 {\displaystyle (\varphi (t)-\varphi (a))/(t-a)\leq 0} for all t ∈ ( a , b ] {\displaystyle t\in (a,b]} , which implies φ ′ ( a ) ≤ 0 {\displaystyle \varphi '(a)\leq 0} .) Likewise, because φ ′ ( b ) = f ′ ( b ) − y < 0 {\displaystyle \varphi '(b)=f'(b)-y<0} , we know φ {\displaystyle \varphi } cannot attain its maximum value at b {\displaystyle b} . Therefore, φ {\displaystyle \varphi } must attain its maximum value at some point x ∈ ( a , b ) {\displaystyle x\in (a,b)} . Hence, by Fermat's theorem, φ ′ ( x ) = 0 {\displaystyle \varphi '(x)=0} , i.e. f ′ ( x ) = y {\displaystyle f'(x)=y} . Proof 2. The second proof is based on combining the mean value theorem and the intermediate value theorem. Define c = 1 2 ( a + b ) {\displaystyle c={\frac {1}{2}}(a+b)} . For a ≤ t ≤ c , {\displaystyle a\leq t\leq c,} define α ( t ) = a {\displaystyle \alpha (t)=a} and β ( t ) = 2 t − a {\displaystyle \beta (t)=2t-a} . And for c ≤ t ≤ b , {\displaystyle c\leq t\leq b,} define α ( t ) = 2 t − b {\displaystyle \alpha (t)=2t-b} and β ( t ) = b {\displaystyle \beta (t)=b} . Thus, for t ∈ ( a , b ) {\displaystyle t\in (a,b)} we have a ≤ α ( t ) < β ( t ) ≤ b {\displaystyle a\leq \alpha (t)<\beta (t)\leq b} . Now, define g ( t ) = ( f ∘ β ) ( t ) − ( f ∘ α ) ( t ) β ( t ) − α ( t ) {\displaystyle g(t)={\frac {(f\circ \beta )(t)-(f\circ \alpha )(t)}{\beta (t)-\alpha (t)}}} with a < t < b {\displaystyle a<t<b} . g {\displaystyle \,g} is continuous in ( a , b ) {\displaystyle (a,b)} . Furthermore, g ( t ) → f ′ ( a ) {\displaystyle g(t)\rightarrow {f}'(a)} when t → a {\displaystyle t\rightarrow a} and g ( t ) → f ′ ( b ) {\displaystyle g(t)\rightarrow {f}'(b)} when t → b {\displaystyle t\rightarrow b} ; therefore, from the Intermediate Value Theorem, if y ∈ ( f ′ ( a ) , f ′ ( b ) ) {\displaystyle y\in ({f}'(a),{f}'(b))} then, there exists t 0 ∈ ( a , b ) {\displaystyle t_{0}\in (a,b)} such that g ( t 0 ) = y {\displaystyle g(t_{0})=y} . Let's fix t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}} . From the Mean Value Theorem, there exists a point x ∈ ( α ( t 0 ) , β ( t 0 ) ) {\displaystyle x\in (\alpha (t_{0}),\beta (t_{0}))} such that f ′ ( x ) = g ( t 0 ) {\displaystyle {f}'(x)=g(t_{0})} . Hence, f ′ ( x ) = y {\displaystyle {f}'(x)=y} . Darboux function A Darboux function is a real-valued function ƒ which has the "intermediate value property": for any two values a and b in the domain of ƒ, and any y between ƒ(a) and ƒ(b), there is some c between a and b with ƒ(c) = y. By the intermediate value theorem, every continuous function on a real interval is a Darboux function. Darboux's contribution was to show that there are discontinuous Darboux functions. Every discontinuity of a Darboux function is essential, that is, at any point of discontinuity, at least one of the left hand and right hand limits does not exist. An example of a Darboux function that is discontinuous at one point is the topologist's sine curve function: x ↦ { sin ⁡ ( 1 / x ) for  x ≠ 0 , 0 for  x = 0. {\displaystyle x\mapsto {\begin{cases}\sin(1/x)&{\text{for }}x\neq 0,\\0&{\text{for }}x=0.\end{cases}}} By Darboux's theorem, the derivative of any differentiable function is a Darboux function. In particular, the derivative of the function x ↦ x 2 sin ⁡ ( 1 / x ) {\displaystyle x\mapsto x^{2}\sin(1/x)} is a Darboux function even though it is not continuous at one point. An example of a Darboux function that is nowhere continuous is the Conway base 13 function. Darboux functions are a quite general class of functions. It turns out that any real-valued function ƒ on the real line can be written as the sum of two Darboux functions. This implies in particular that the class of Darboux functions is not closed under addition. A strongly Darboux function is one for which the image of every (non-empty) open interval is the whole real line. The Conway base 13 function is again an example. Notes ^ a b Apostol, Tom M.: Mathematical Analysis: A Modern Approach to Advanced Calculus, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. (1974), page 112. ^ a b Olsen, Lars: A New Proof of Darboux's Theorem, Vol. 111, No. 8 (Oct., 2004) (pp. 713–715), The American Mathematical Monthly ^ Rudin, Walter: Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition, MacGraw-Hill, Inc. (1976), page 108 ^ a b Ciesielski, Krzysztof (1997). Set theory for the working mathematician. London Mathematical Society Student Texts. Vol. 39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–111. ISBN 0-521-59441-3. Zbl 0938.03067. ^ Bruckner, Andrew M: Differentiation of real functions, 2 ed, page 6, American Mathematical Society, 1994 External links This article incorporates material from Darboux's theorem on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. "Darboux theorem", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001

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It states that every function that results from the differentiation of another function has the intermediate value property: the image of an interval is also an interval.When ƒ is continuously differentiable (ƒ in C1([a,b])), this is a consequence of the intermediate value theorem. But even when ƒ′ is not continuous, Darboux's theorem places a severe restriction on what it can be.","title":"Darboux's theorem (analysis)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_interval"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apostol1974-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olsen2004-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudin1976-3"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n be a closed interval, \n \n \n \n f\n :\n I\n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\colon I\\to \\mathbb {R} }\n \n be a real-valued differentiable function. Then \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'}\n \n has the intermediate value property: If \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n are points in \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I}\n \n with \n \n \n \n a\n <\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a<b}\n \n, then for every \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n between \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(a)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(b)}\n \n, there exists an \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n in \n \n \n \n [\n a\n ,\n b\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [a,b]}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(x)=y}\n \n.[1][2][3]","title":"Darboux's theorem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extreme value theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_value_theorem"},{"link_name":"extreme value theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_value_theorem"},{"link_name":"Fermat's theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_theorem_(stationary_points)"},{"link_name":"mean value theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_value_theorem"},{"link_name":"intermediate value theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_value_theorem"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apostol1974-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olsen2004-2"}],"text":"Proof 1. The first proof is based on the extreme value theorem.If \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n equals \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(a)}\n \n or \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(b)}\n \n, then setting \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n equal to \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n or \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n, respectively, gives the desired result. Now assume that \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n is strictly between \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(a)}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(b)}\n \n, and in particular that \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n >\n y\n >\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(a)>y>f'(b)}\n \n. Let \n \n \n \n φ\n :\n I\n →\n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi \\colon I\\to \\mathbb {R} }\n \n such that \n \n \n \n φ\n (\n t\n )\n =\n f\n (\n t\n )\n −\n y\n t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi (t)=f(t)-yt}\n \n. If it is the case that \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n <\n y\n <\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(a)<y<f'(b)}\n \n we adjust our below proof, instead asserting that \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n has its minimum on \n \n \n \n [\n a\n ,\n b\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [a,b]}\n \n.Since \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n is continuous on the closed interval \n \n \n \n [\n a\n ,\n b\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [a,b]}\n \n, the maximum value of \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n on \n \n \n \n [\n a\n ,\n b\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [a,b]}\n \n is attained at some point in \n \n \n \n [\n a\n ,\n b\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [a,b]}\n \n, according to the extreme value theorem.Because \n \n \n \n \n φ\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n =\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n −\n y\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi '(a)=f'(a)-y>0}\n \n, we know \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n cannot attain its maximum value at \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}\n \n. (If it did, then \n \n \n \n (\n φ\n (\n t\n )\n −\n φ\n (\n a\n )\n )\n \n /\n \n (\n t\n −\n a\n )\n ≤\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\varphi (t)-\\varphi (a))/(t-a)\\leq 0}\n \n for all \n \n \n \n t\n ∈\n (\n a\n ,\n b\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\in (a,b]}\n \n, which implies \n \n \n \n \n φ\n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n ≤\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi '(a)\\leq 0}\n \n.)Likewise, because \n \n \n \n \n φ\n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n =\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n −\n y\n <\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi '(b)=f'(b)-y<0}\n \n, we know \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n cannot attain its maximum value at \n \n \n \n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b}\n \n.Therefore, \n \n \n \n φ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi }\n \n must attain its maximum value at some point \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n (\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in (a,b)}\n \n. Hence, by Fermat's theorem, \n \n \n \n \n φ\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\varphi '(x)=0}\n \n, i.e. \n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'(x)=y}\n \n.Proof 2. The second proof is based on combining the mean value theorem and the intermediate value theorem.[1][2]Define \n \n \n \n c\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n (\n a\n +\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c={\\frac {1}{2}}(a+b)}\n \n.\nFor \n \n \n \n a\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n c\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a\\leq t\\leq c,}\n \n define \n \n \n \n α\n (\n t\n )\n =\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha (t)=a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n β\n (\n t\n )\n =\n 2\n t\n −\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta (t)=2t-a}\n \n.\nAnd for \n \n \n \n c\n ≤\n t\n ≤\n b\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\leq t\\leq b,}\n \n define \n \n \n \n α\n (\n t\n )\n =\n 2\n t\n −\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha (t)=2t-b}\n \n and \n \n \n \n β\n (\n t\n )\n =\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\beta (t)=b}\n \n.Thus, for \n \n \n \n t\n ∈\n (\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\in (a,b)}\n \n we have \n \n \n \n a\n ≤\n α\n (\n t\n )\n <\n β\n (\n t\n )\n ≤\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a\\leq \\alpha (t)<\\beta (t)\\leq b}\n \n.\nNow, define \n \n \n \n g\n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n \n (\n f\n ∘\n β\n )\n (\n t\n )\n −\n (\n f\n ∘\n α\n )\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n β\n (\n t\n )\n −\n α\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(t)={\\frac {(f\\circ \\beta )(t)-(f\\circ \\alpha )(t)}{\\beta (t)-\\alpha (t)}}}\n \n with \n \n \n \n a\n <\n t\n <\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a<t<b}\n \n.\n\n \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\,g}\n \n is continuous in \n \n \n \n (\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (a,b)}\n \n.Furthermore, \n \n \n \n g\n (\n t\n )\n →\n \n \n f\n \n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(t)\\rightarrow {f}'(a)}\n \n when \n \n \n \n t\n →\n a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\rightarrow a}\n \n and \n \n \n \n g\n (\n t\n )\n →\n \n \n f\n \n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(t)\\rightarrow {f}'(b)}\n \n when \n \n \n \n t\n →\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t\\rightarrow b}\n \n; therefore, from the Intermediate Value Theorem, if \n \n \n \n y\n ∈\n (\n \n \n f\n \n ′\n \n (\n a\n )\n ,\n \n \n f\n \n ′\n \n (\n b\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y\\in ({f}'(a),{f}'(b))}\n \n then, there exists \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n ∈\n (\n a\n ,\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{0}\\in (a,b)}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n g\n (\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n =\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g(t_{0})=y}\n \n.\nLet's fix \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{0}}\n \n.From the Mean Value Theorem, there exists a point \n \n \n \n x\n ∈\n (\n α\n (\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n ,\n β\n (\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\in (\\alpha (t_{0}),\\beta (t_{0}))}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n g\n (\n \n t\n \n 0\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {f}'(x)=g(t_{0})}\n \n.\nHence, \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n ′\n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {f}'(x)=y}\n \n.","title":"Proofs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"real-valued function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-valued_function"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cie-4"},{"link_name":"intermediate value theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_value_theorem"},{"link_name":"continuous function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_function"},{"link_name":"real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_numbers"},{"link_name":"interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"discontinuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuity_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"essential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_discontinuity"},{"link_name":"topologist's sine curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologist%27s_sine_curve"},{"link_name":"nowhere continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere_continuous_function"},{"link_name":"Conway base 13 function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_base_13_function"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Conway base 13 function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_base_13_function"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cie-4"}],"text":"A Darboux function is a real-valued function ƒ which has the \"intermediate value property\": for any two values a and b in the domain of ƒ, and any y between ƒ(a) and ƒ(b), there is some c between a and b with ƒ(c) = y.[4] By the intermediate value theorem, every continuous function on a real interval is a Darboux function. Darboux's contribution was to show that there are discontinuous Darboux functions.Every discontinuity of a Darboux function is essential, that is, at any point of discontinuity, at least one of the left hand and right hand limits does not exist.An example of a Darboux function that is discontinuous at one point is the topologist's sine curve function:x\n ↦\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n x\n )\n \n \n \n for \n \n x\n ≠\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n for \n \n x\n =\n 0.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\mapsto {\\begin{cases}\\sin(1/x)&{\\text{for }}x\\neq 0,\\\\0&{\\text{for }}x=0.\\end{cases}}}By Darboux's theorem, the derivative of any differentiable function is a Darboux function. In particular, the derivative of the function \n \n \n \n x\n ↦\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n (\n 1\n \n /\n \n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x\\mapsto x^{2}\\sin(1/x)}\n \n is a Darboux function even though it is not continuous at one point.An example of a Darboux function that is nowhere continuous is the Conway base 13 function.Darboux functions are a quite general class of functions. It turns out that any real-valued function ƒ on the real line can be written as the sum of two Darboux functions.[5] This implies in particular that the class of Darboux functions is not closed under addition.A strongly Darboux function is one for which the image of every (non-empty) open interval is the whole real line. The Conway base 13 function is again an example.[4]","title":"Darboux function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Apostol1974_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Apostol1974_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Olsen2004_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Olsen2004_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rudin1976_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cie_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cie_4-1"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-59441-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59441-3"},{"link_name":"Zbl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0938.03067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0938.03067"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ a b Apostol, Tom M.: Mathematical Analysis: A Modern Approach to Advanced Calculus, 2nd edition, Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. (1974), page 112.\n\n^ a b Olsen, Lars: A New Proof of Darboux's Theorem, Vol. 111, No. 8 (Oct., 2004) (pp. 713–715), The American Mathematical Monthly\n\n^ Rudin, Walter: Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd edition, MacGraw-Hill, Inc. (1976), page 108\n\n^ a b Ciesielski, Krzysztof (1997). Set theory for the working mathematician. London Mathematical Society Student Texts. Vol. 39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–111. ISBN 0-521-59441-3. Zbl 0938.03067.\n\n^ Bruckner, Andrew M: Differentiation of real functions, 2 ed, page 6, American Mathematical Society, 1994","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Ciesielski, Krzysztof (1997). Set theory for the working mathematician. London Mathematical Society Student Texts. Vol. 39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–111. ISBN 0-521-59441-3. Zbl 0938.03067.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-59441-3","url_text":"0-521-59441-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbl_(identifier)","url_text":"Zbl"},{"url":"https://zbmath.org/?format=complete&q=an:0938.03067","url_text":"0938.03067"}]},{"reference":"\"Darboux theorem\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Darboux_theorem","url_text":"\"Darboux theorem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo-Balolo_Mission

Congo-Balolo Mission

["1 Formation","2 Early Congo activities","3 Expansion into RBMU","4 References","4.1 Sources","5 External links"]

British Baptist missionary society Congo-Balolo MissionCongo-Balolo Missionary on donkey, with Congolese man (c. 1910).SuccessorRegions Beyond Missionary UnionFormation1888Dissolved1915TypeMission SocietyLocationBelgian Congo Congo Balolo Mission missionary and village boys (c. 1910). Congo-Balolo Mission's landing on the Congo River (c. 1910). Congolese women and female missionary (c. 1910). The Congo-Balolo Mission (CBM) was a British Baptist missionary society that was active in the Belgian Congo, the present day Democratic Republic of the Congo, from 1889 to 1915. It was the predecessor of the Regions Beyond Missionary Union (RBMU), established in 1900, which today is called World Team. Formation The leading figure in establishing the mission was Henry ("Harry") Grattan Guinness II, born in Toronto on 2 October 1861, son of the charismatic preacher Henry Grattan Guinness. Harry Guinness studied at the London Hospital from 1880 to 1885, then spent two years as a minister in Australia and Tasmania. In June 1887 Harry Guinness became leader of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions, which his parents had established. In 1888 there was a World Missionary Convention at Exeter Hall in London. Harry was able to talk with Dr. Murdock, the leader of the American Baptist Missionary Union (ABMU), who had taken responsibility to the Livingstone Inland Mission (LIM) four years earlier. Harry had become enthusiastic about the plans of John McKittrick, a former LIM missionary now working for the ABMU, who wanted to extent the field of missionary activity further upstream into the tributaries of the Congo south and west of the great bend of that river. Dr. Murdoch supported the plan, agreeing to release McKittrick and also to loan the former LIM steamer Henry Reed for a year. The new mission was called the Congo Balolo Mission, with plans to operate on six southern tributaries of the Congo: the Lulonga, Maringa, Lopori, Ikelemba, Juapa and Bosira. During the years that followed many of the missionaries died, to be replaced by fresh volunteers. Only six of the first thirty five CBM missionaries were alive by 1900. Early Congo activities The first party of volunteers left England in April 1889 and reached Matadi in August 1889, from where they trekked upstream to Stanley Pool. The society was given enough money to buy a side-paddle steamer named the Pioneer, which was shipped to the Congo, arriving in December 1889. The boat was then carried in sections to Stanley Pool where it was rebuilt and launched. By March 1891, first using the Henry Reed and then the Pioneer, the CBM missionaries had established stations.at Bonginda, Lulonga, Ikau and Bongandanga. During the years that followed many of the missionaries died of accidents or diseases such as malaria and sleeping sickness, to be replaced by fresh volunteers. Only six of the first thirty five CBM missionaries were alive by 1900. According to Fanny Guinness, "The basis of the Congo Balolo Nission is interdenominational, simply Christian and thoroughly evangelical. Members of any of the evangelical churches are welcomed as workers in it". However, the mission found some of the neighboring missions easier to work with than others. The CBM signed a comity agreement with the Mission Evangelique de l'Ubangi, but had difficulty reaching an agreement with the Disciples of Christ Congo Mission (DCCM), which had a rather different philosophy. An internal letter complained of the DCCM that "They have come into CBM villages, in some cases placing teachers and in other cases baptizing large numbers of natives without any reference to us". The missionaries arrived at a time of great stress. The Abir Congo Company of King Leopold II of Belgium was using brutal techniques to coerce the local population into producing rubber, the slave trade continued, and new epidemic diseases were causing considerable loss of life. This disruption and apparent failure of the old systems may have made the people more receptive to the new message brought by the missionaries. The missionaries taught local people to spread the word, and these evangelists communicated their understanding of the Bible in their own words. Many of the missionaries were from working-class backgrounds, and took pride in teaching their African students practical skills such as printing or carpentry. With these skills the CBM graduates were much in demand by the government. They were also at risk, in the eyes of the missionaries, from corruption by the loose standards of the larger towns where they went to work. The missionaries generally had a rigid view of right and wrong, condemning practices such as polygamy, immodest dress and lascivious dancing. On the other hand, they sometimes mocked Africans who attempted to imitate European ways too closely. Despite these handicaps, the missionaries succeeded in communicating the essence of their faith, which the local people adopted, adapted and assimilated. Expansion into RBMU In 1899 the CBM sent its first missionaries to India, and in 1900 changed its name to the Regions Beyond Missionary Union (RBMU). The RBMU was to expand into many other parts of the world. By 1916 the RBMU had forty-one missionaries in the Congo, in nine stations scattered over an area the size of England. In 1932 the RBMU founded the Baringa Hospital, and in 1945 opened a second hospital at Yoseki. By 1955 there were 32,000 church members, and 9,000 children in the mission's schools in the Congo. References ^ Conley 2000. ^ Conley 2000, p. 69. ^ Conley 2000, p. 72. ^ Conley 2000, p. 72-73. ^ a b Conley 2000, p. 76. ^ Conley 2000, p. 74. ^ Fiedler 1997, p. 200. ^ Fiedler 1997, p. 192. ^ Fiedler 1997, p. 209. ^ Doherty 2008, p. 74. ^ a b Doherty 2008, p. 77. ^ Doherty 2008, p. 78. ^ Doherty 2008, p. 80. ^ Conley 2000, p. 101. ^ Conley 2000, p. 93. Sources Conley, Joseph F. (2000). Drumbeats that changed the world: a history of the Regions Beyond Missionary Union and the West Indies Mission, 1873-1999. William Carey Library. ISBN 0-87808-603-X. Doherty, Matthew (2008). "The Congo Balolo Mission and the Indigenous Christian Community: The Agency of Locals". In Amanda Barry; Joanna Cruickshank; Andrew Brown-May; Patricia Grimshaw (eds.). Evangelists of Empire?: Missionaries in Colonial History. Melbourne: University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre. ISBN 978-0-9807594-0-2. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-12-24. Fiedler, Klaus (1997). Story of Faith Missions. OCMS. ISBN 1-870345-18-5. External links Media related to Congo-Balolo Mission at Wikimedia Commons vteProtestant missions to AfricaPeople Roland Allen William Anderson Frederick Stanley Arnot John Arthur Carl K. Becker Samuel Bill Joseph Booth Daniel Coker Daniel Kumler Flickinger Joseph Jackson Fuller George Grenfell Carl Hugo Hahn Joseph Hardcastle Joseph Crane Hartzell Johannes Ittmann Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt Johann Ludwig Krapf Margaret Nicholl Laird Christian Ignatius Latrobe David Livingstone Mary Livingstone Alexander Murdoch Mackay Joseph Merrick Mary Moffat Robert Moffat Andrew Murray Helen Roseveare Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder John Philip Martti Rautanen Orishatukeh Faduma Alfred Saker Heinrich Schmelen William Henry Sheppard Mary Slessor John McKendree Springer Marion Scott Stevenson Charles Studd Hulda Stumpf John Denys Taylor William Taylor Gottlieb Viehe Missionaryagencies American Board Africa Inland Mission Australian Baptist Missionary Society Berlin Missionary Society Bethel Mission BMS World Mission Congo-Balolo Mission Christian and Missionary Alliance Church Mission Society Echoes of Service Finnish Missionary Society Livingstone Inland Mission London Missionary Society Mission Africa Mission to the World Paris Evangelical Missionary Society Rhenish Missionary Society SIM USPG WEC International Wycliffe Global Alliance Pivotal events Slave Trade Act 1807 Slavery Abolition Act 1833 See also Christianity in Africa Timeline of Christian missions Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congo_Balolo_Mission_missionary_and_village_boys,_Congo,_ca._1900-1910_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS11-63).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baringa_Beach,_Congo,_ca._1900-1915_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-79).jpg"},{"link_name":"Congo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Congolese_women_and_female_missionary,_Congo,_ca._1900-1915_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-29).jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgian Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Congo"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley2000-1"},{"link_name":"Regions Beyond Missionary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Beyond_Missionary_Union"}],"text":"Congo Balolo Mission missionary and village boys (c. 1910).Congo-Balolo Mission's landing on the Congo River (c. 1910).Congolese women and female missionary (c. 1910).The Congo-Balolo Mission (CBM) was a British Baptist missionary society that was active in the Belgian Congo, the present day Democratic Republic of the Congo, from 1889 to 1915.[1]\nIt was the predecessor of the Regions Beyond Missionary Union (RBMU), established in 1900, which today is called World Team.","title":"Congo-Balolo Mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Grattan Guinness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Grattan_Guinness"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley200069-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley200072-3"},{"link_name":"American Baptist Missionary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Baptist_Missionary_Union"},{"link_name":"Livingstone Inland Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingstone_Inland_Mission"},{"link_name":"Lulonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulonga_River"},{"link_name":"Maringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maringa_River"},{"link_name":"Lopori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopori_River"},{"link_name":"Ikelemba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikelemba_River"},{"link_name":"Juapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juapa_River"},{"link_name":"Bosira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busira_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley200072-73-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley200076-5"}],"text":"The leading figure in establishing the mission was Henry (\"Harry\") Grattan Guinness II, born in Toronto on 2 October 1861, son of the charismatic preacher Henry Grattan Guinness.\nHarry Guinness studied at the London Hospital from 1880 to 1885, then spent two years as a minister in Australia and Tasmania.[2]\nIn June 1887 Harry Guinness became leader of the East London Training Institute for Home and Foreign Missions, which his parents had established.[3]In 1888 there was a World Missionary Convention at Exeter Hall in London. Harry was able to talk with Dr. Murdock, the leader of the American Baptist Missionary Union (ABMU), who had taken responsibility to the Livingstone Inland Mission (LIM) four years earlier. Harry had become enthusiastic about the plans of John McKittrick, a former LIM missionary now working for the ABMU, who wanted to extent the field of missionary activity further upstream into the tributaries of the Congo south and west of the great bend of that river.\nDr. Murdoch supported the plan, agreeing to release McKittrick and also to loan the former LIM steamer Henry Reed for a year.\nThe new mission was called the Congo Balolo Mission, with plans to operate on six southern tributaries of the Congo: the Lulonga, Maringa, Lopori, Ikelemba, Juapa and Bosira.[4]\nDuring the years that followed many of the missionaries died, to be replaced by fresh volunteers. Only six of the first thirty five CBM missionaries were alive by 1900.[5]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matadi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley200074-6"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"sleeping sickness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley200076-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler1997200-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler1997192-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler1997209-9"},{"link_name":"Abir Congo Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abir_Congo_Company"},{"link_name":"King Leopold II of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200874-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200877-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200877-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200878-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoherty200880-13"}],"text":"The first party of volunteers left England in April 1889 and reached Matadi in August 1889, from where they trekked upstream to Stanley Pool.\nThe society was given enough money to buy a side-paddle steamer named the Pioneer, which was shipped to the Congo, arriving in December 1889. The boat was then carried in sections to Stanley Pool where it was rebuilt and launched.\nBy March 1891, first using the Henry Reed and then the Pioneer, the CBM missionaries had established stations.at Bonginda, Lulonga, Ikau and Bongandanga.[6]\nDuring the years that followed many of the missionaries died of accidents or diseases such as malaria and sleeping sickness, to be replaced by fresh volunteers. Only six of the first thirty five CBM missionaries were alive by 1900.[5]According to Fanny Guinness, \"The basis of the Congo Balolo Nission is interdenominational, simply Christian and thoroughly evangelical. Members of any of the evangelical churches are welcomed as workers in it\".[7]\nHowever, the mission found some of the neighboring missions easier to work with than others. The CBM signed a comity agreement with the Mission Evangelique de l'Ubangi, but had difficulty reaching an agreement with the Disciples of Christ Congo Mission (DCCM), which had a rather different philosophy.[8]\nAn internal letter complained of the DCCM that \"They have come into CBM villages, in some cases placing teachers and in other cases baptizing large numbers of natives without any reference to us\".[9]The missionaries arrived at a time of great stress. The Abir Congo Company of King Leopold II of Belgium was using brutal techniques to coerce the local population into producing rubber, the slave trade continued, and new epidemic diseases were causing considerable loss of life.\nThis disruption and apparent failure of the old systems may have made the people more receptive to the new message brought by the missionaries.[10]\nThe missionaries taught local people to spread the word, and these evangelists communicated their understanding of the Bible in their own words.[11]Many of the missionaries were from working-class backgrounds, and took pride in teaching their African students practical skills such as printing or carpentry. With these skills the CBM graduates were much in demand by the government. They were also at risk, in the eyes of the missionaries, from corruption by the loose standards of the larger towns where they went to work.[11]\nThe missionaries generally had a rigid view of right and wrong, condemning practices such as polygamy, immodest dress and lascivious dancing. On the other hand, they sometimes mocked Africans who attempted to imitate European ways too closely.[12]\nDespite these handicaps, the missionaries succeeded in communicating the essence of their faith, which the local people adopted, adapted and assimilated.[13]","title":"Early Congo activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regions Beyond Missionary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Beyond_Missionary_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley2000101-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConley200093-15"}],"text":"In 1899 the CBM sent its first missionaries to India, and in 1900 changed its name to the Regions Beyond Missionary Union (RBMU). The RBMU was to expand into many other parts of the world.[14]\nBy 1916 the RBMU had forty-one missionaries in the Congo, in nine stations scattered over an area the size of England. In 1932 the RBMU founded the Baringa Hospital, and in 1945 opened a second hospital at Yoseki.\nBy 1955 there were 32,000 church members, and 9,000 children in the mission's schools in the Congo.[15]","title":"Expansion into RBMU"}]

[{"image_text":"Congo Balolo Mission missionary and village boys (c. 1910).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Congo_Balolo_Mission_missionary_and_village_boys%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1900-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS11-63%29.jpg/220px-Congo_Balolo_Mission_missionary_and_village_boys%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1900-1910_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS11-63%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Congo-Balolo Mission's landing on the Congo River (c. 1910).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Baringa_Beach%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1900-1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-79%29.jpg/220px-Baringa_Beach%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1900-1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-79%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Congolese women and female missionary (c. 1910).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Congolese_women_and_female_missionary%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1900-1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-29%29.jpg/220px-Congolese_women_and_female_missionary%2C_Congo%2C_ca._1900-1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS12-29%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Conley, Joseph F. (2000). Drumbeats that changed the world: a history of the Regions Beyond Missionary Union and the West Indies Mission, 1873-1999. William Carey Library. ISBN 0-87808-603-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8PmgGyt43-kC&pg=PA52","url_text":"Drumbeats that changed the world: a history of the Regions Beyond Missionary Union and the West Indies Mission, 1873-1999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87808-603-X","url_text":"0-87808-603-X"}]},{"reference":"Doherty, Matthew (2008). \"The Congo Balolo Mission and the Indigenous Christian Community: The Agency of Locals\". In Amanda Barry; Joanna Cruickshank; Andrew Brown-May; Patricia Grimshaw (eds.). Evangelists of Empire?: Missionaries in Colonial History. Melbourne: University of Melbourne eScholarship Research Centre. ISBN 978-0-9807594-0-2. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424032354/http://www.msp.unimelb.edu.au/missions/index.php/missions/article/viewFile/7/30","url_text":"Evangelists of Empire?: Missionaries in Colonial History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9807594-0-2","url_text":"978-0-9807594-0-2"},{"url":"http://www.msp.unimelb.edu.au/missions/index.php/missions/article/viewFile/7/30","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fiedler, Klaus (1997). Story of Faith Missions. OCMS. ISBN 1-870345-18-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qvipsruxM0AC&pg=PA192","url_text":"Story of Faith Missions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870345-18-5","url_text":"1-870345-18-5"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFA_Awards

KFA Awards

["1 Player of the Year","2 Women's Player of the Year","3 Young Player of the Year","4 Coach of the Year","5 Goal of the Year","6 Hall of Fame","6.1 Player","6.2 Officer","7 Best XI (1969–1988)","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]

South Korean annual award ceremony This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The KFA Awards is an annual award ceremony hosted by Korea Football Association (KFA). Player of the Year Main article: South Korean Footballer of the Year KASA Best Footballer: The KFA recommended the best Korean footballer of the year who would be awarded a citation by the Korea Amateur Sports Association (KASA), from 1957 to 1972. Most Valuable Player: South Korean journalists selected the best players from 1969 to 1984 under the KFA. The KFA also chose the best players in some other years by itself. Fans' Player of the Year: The KFA held an annual poll to select Korean fans' best player in its website from 2003 to 2015. Player of the Year: The KFA members and South Korean journalists have voted for annual best Korean players since 2010. Women's Player of the Year Year Player Club Ref. 2010 Ji So-yun Hanyang Women's University 2011 Ji So-yun (2) INAC Kobe Leonessa 2012 Jeon Eun-ha Gangwon State University 2013 Ji So-yun (3) Chelsea 2014 Ji So-yun (4) Chelsea 2015 Cho So-hyun Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels 2016 Kim Jung-mi Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels 2017 Lee Min-a Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels 2018 Jang Sel-gi Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels 2019 Ji So-yun (5) Chelsea 2020 Jang Sel-gi (2) Incheon Hyundai Steel Red Angels 2021 Ji So-yun (6) Chelsea 2022 Ji So-yun (7) Suwon FC 2023 Chun Ga-ram Hwacheon KSPO Young Player of the Year Year Player Club Ref. 2015 Lee Sang-min Hyundai High School 2016 Cho Young-wook Eonnam High School 2017 Oh Se-hun Hyundai High School 2018 Jeon Se-jin Suwon Samsung Bluewings 2019 Lee Kang-in Valencia 2020 Won Du-jae Ulsan Hyundai 2021 Seol Young-woo Ulsan Hyundai 2022 Yang Hyun-jun Gangwon FC 2023 Hwang Jae-won Daegu FC Coach of the Year Year Coach Team Ref. 1965 Lee Young-chang Korea Electric Power 2015 Lee Jang-kwan Yong In University 2016 Seo Dong-won Korea University 2017 Park Ki-wook Hyundai High School 2018 Kim Hak-bum South Korea U23 2019 Chung Jung-yong South Korea U20 2020 Baek Ki-tae Pohang Jecheol High School 2021 Kim Sang-sik Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 2022 Paulo Bento  South Korea 2023 Kim Gi-dong FC Seoul Goal of the Year The KFA held an annual poll to select Korean fans' best goal in its website. Year Player Opponent Score Competition Date Ref. 2002 Park Ji-sung  Portugal 1–0 2002 FIFA World Cup 14 June 2002 2003 Not awarded 2004 Lee Dong-gook  Germany 2–1 International friendly 19 December 2004 2005 Not awarded 2006 Kim Do-heon  Chinese Taipei 6–0 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualification 6 September 2006 2007 Lee Chun-soo  Greece 1–0 International friendly 6 February 2007 2008 Park Chu-young  Saudi Arabia 2–0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification 19 November 2008 2009 Not awarded 2010 Park Ji-sung (2)  Japan 1–0 International friendly 24 May 2010 2011 Yoon Bit-garam  Iran 1–0 (a.e.t.) 2011 AFC Asian Cup 22 January 2011 2012 Park Chu-young (2)  Japan U23 1–0 2012 Summer Olympics 10 August 2012 2013 Ha Dae-sung Esteghlal 1–0 2013 AFC Champions League 2 October 2013 2014 Lee Keun-ho  Russia 1–0 2014 FIFA World Cup 17 June 2014 2015 Son Heung-min  Australia 1–1 2015 AFC Asian Cup 22 January 2015 2016 Son Heung-min (2)  Germany Olympic 2–2 2016 Summer Olympics 7 August 2016 2017 Lee Seung-woo  Argentina U20 1–0 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 23 May 2017 2018 Son Heung-min (3)  Germany 2–0 2018 FIFA World Cup 27 June 2018 2019 Hwang Ui-jo  Iran 1–0 International friendly 11 June 2019 2020 Cho Gue-sung  Iran U23 2–0 2020 AFC U-23 Championship 12 January 2020 2021 Son Heung-min (4)  Iran 1–0 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification 12 October 2021 2022 Hwang Hee-chan  Portugal 2–1 2022 FIFA World Cup 2 December 2022 2023 Son Heung-min (5)  Singapore 3–0 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification 16 November 2023 Hall of Fame Player Year Inductee Ref. 2005 Kim Yong-sik 2005 Hong Deok-young 2005 Lee Hoe-taik 2005 Cha Bum-kun Officer Year Inductee Ref. 2005 Kim Hwa-jip 2005 Guus Hiddink 2005 Chung Mong-joon Best XI (1969–1988) South Korean journalists selected the best eleven annually from 1969 to 1988 under the KFA. Players marked bold won the Most Valuable Player award in that respective year. Year Goalkeeper Defenders Midfielders Forwards Ref. 1969 Lee Se-yeon Seo Yoon-chan Kim Jung-nam Lim Kook-chan Choi Tae-yeol Kim Ho — Kim Ki-bok Lee Hoe-taik Jung Kang-ji Jung Byung-tak Lee Yi-woo 1970 Lee Se-yeon (2) Kim Jung-nam (2) Kim Ho (2) Choi Jae-mo Park Byung-joo Seo Yoon-chan (2) Kim Ki-bok (2) Lee Hoe-taik (2) Jung Kang-ji (2) Park Lee-chun Park Su-deok 1971 Lee Se-yeon (3) Kim Ho (3) Kim Jung-nam (3) Choi Kil-su Choi Jae-mo (2) Lee Cha-man Kim Chang-il Park Lee-chun (2) Lee Hoe-taik (3) Park Su-deok (2) Jung Kyu-pung 1972 Lee Se-yeon (4) Kim Ho (4) Park Young-tae Kim Ho-kon Hwang Jae-man Ko Jae-wook Lee Cha-man (2) Park Lee-chun (3) Kim Jae-han Cha Bum-kun Lee Hoe-taik (4) 1973 Byun Ho-young Yoo Ki-heung Park Young-tae (2) Kang Ki-wook Kim Ho-kon (2) Ko Jae-wook (2) Park Byung-chul Park Lee-chun (4) Cha Bum-kun (2) Jung Kyu-pung (2) Kim Jae-han (2) 1974 Byun Ho-young (2) Kang Ki-wook (2) Kim Ho-kon (3) Choi Jae-mo (3) Hwang Jae-man (2) Ko Jae-wook (3) Park Byung-chul (2) Cha Bum-kun (3) Lee Hoe-taik (5) Park Lee-chun (5) Huh Jung-moo 1975 Kwon Yi-woon Kim Ho-kon (4) Hwang Jae-man (3) Cho Young-jeung Choi Jong-duk Park Byung-chul (3) Park Sang-in Cha Bum-kun (4) Kim Jin-kook Lee Young-moo Cho Dong-hyun 1976 Kim Hee-cheon Kim Ho-kon (5) Choi Jong-duk (2) Hwang Jae-man (4) Park Sung-hwa Kim Kang-nam Park Sang-in (2) Cha Bum-kun (5) Kim Jin-kook (2) Lee Young-moo (2) Park Yong-joo 1977 Kim Hee-cheon (2) Kim Ho-kon (6) Choi Jong-duk (3) Cho Young-jeung (2) Park Sung-hwa (2) Cho Kwang-rae Park Sang-in (3) Cha Bum-kun (6) Kim Jae-han (3) Lee Young-moo (3) Huh Jung-moo (2) 1978 Kim Hwang-ho Kim Ho-kon (7) Cho Young-jeung (3) Park Sung-hwa (3) Hwang Jae-man (5) Cho Kwang-rae (2) Park Sang-in (4) Lee Young-moo (4) Kim Jae-han (4) Cha Bum-kun (7) Huh Jung-moo (3) 1979 Kim Hwang-ho (2) Kim Ho-kon (8) Cho Young-jeung (4) Park Byung-chul (4) Lee Jang-soo Park Sang-in (5) Cho Kwang-rae (3) Park Sung-hwa (4) Lee Young-moo (5) Shin Hyun-ho Huh Jung-moo (4) 1980 Cho Byung-deuk Cho Young-jeung (5) Hong Seong-ho Choi Jong-duk (4) Chang Woe-ryong Cho Kwang-rae (4) Lee Young-moo (6) Lee Kang-jo Chung Hae-won Choi Soon-ho Park Jong-won 1981 Jung Seong-gyo Park Sung-hwa (5) Kwon Oh-son Chang Woe-ryong (2) Park Kyung-hoon Cho Kwang-rae (5) Lee Kang-jo (2) Lee Tae-ho Hwang Seok-keun Chung Hae-won (2) Byun Byung-joo 1982 Not awarded 1983 Jeong Gi-dong Park Sung-hwa (6) Lee Kang-jo (3) Jang Jung Yoo Byung-ok Cho Kwang-rae (6) Kim Chong-kon Kim Jong-boo Lee Kil-yong Park Yoon-ki Lee Chun-seok 1984 Choi In-young Park Kyung-hoon (2) Chung Yong-hwan Park Sung-hwa (7) Kim Pan-keun Huh Jung-moo (5) Lee Tae-ho (2) Park Chang-sun Choi Soon-ho (2) Baek Jong-chul Kim Jong-boo (2) 1985 Cho Byung-deuk (2) Chung Yong-hwan (2) Chung Jong-soo Park Kyung-hoon (3) Yoo Byung-ok (2) Park Chang-sun (2) Cho Kwang-rae (7) Huh Jung-moo (6) Choi Soon-ho (3) Kim Jong-boo (3) Kim Joo-sung 1986 Cho Byung-deuk (3) Cho Young-jeung (6) Cho Min-kook Park Kyung-hoon (4) Huh Jung-moo (7) Park Chang-sun (3) Cho Kwang-rae (8) Lee Heung-sil Choi Soon-ho (4) Chung Hae-won (3) Kim Joo-sung (2) 1987 Cho Byung-deuk (4) Chung Yong-hwan (3) Nam Ki-young Park Kyung-hoon (5) Kim Pyung-seok Kim Sam-soo Noh Soo-jin Lee Tae-ho (3) Choi Sang-kook Kim Joo-sung (3) Chung Hae-won (4) 1988 Cho Byung-deuk (5) Cho Min-kook (2) Gu Sang-bum Park Kyung-hoon (6) Chung Yong-hwan (4) Choi Kang-hee Chung Hae-won (5) Hwangbo Kwan Kim Joo-sung (4) Lee Tae-ho (4) Hwang Sun-hong See also Korea Football Association References ^ 58年度優秀選手. Naver (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 28 December 1958. Retrieved 14 May 2022. ^ "Park and Ji named Players of the Year". KFA. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010. ^ 기성용•지소연, 축구협회 '올해의 선수'(종합). Naver (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 20 December 2011. ^ 기성용·전은하, 축구협 선정 '올해의 선수'. KBS.co.kr (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2020. ^ 손흥민 축구협회 선정 올해의 선수 (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 24 January 2014. ^ 손흥민 2년 연속 대한축구협회 올해의 선수 (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 23 December 2014. ^ a b c 김영권-조소현, KFA 시상식 '올해의 선수' 영광 안았다 (in Korean). KFA. 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2020. ^ a b c d 기성용-김정미, 2016 올해의 선수로 선정 (in Korean). KFA. 20 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2020. ^ a b c d 손흥민, 축구협회 '올해의 선수' 통산 3번째 수상…최다 타이(종합) (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2020. ^ a b c 황의조-장슬기, 2018 KFA 올해의 선수 영예 (in Korean). KFA. 18 December 2018. ^ a b c 2019 KFA 시상식 개최...손흥민-지소연 올해의 선수. KFA.or.kr (in Korean). KFA. 19 December 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2019. ^ a b c d 손흥민-장슬기 올해의 선수 선정... 올해의 골은 조규성 (in Korean). KFA. 15 December 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2020. ^ a b c 손흥민-지소연, 2021년 빛낸 KFA 올해의 선수 선정 (in Korean). KFA. 28 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021. ^ a b c KFA 시상식 개최 --- 올해의 선수, 지도자, 심판상 등 수여 (in Korean). KFA. 23 December 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2023. ^ a b c 2023년 대한축구협회 ‘올해의 선수’는 김민재, 천가람 (in Korean). KFA. 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ 65年最優秀選手에 蹴協서趙潤玉선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 23 April 1966. Retrieved 23 August 2020. ^ 올해 가장 멋진 골 '박지성 골' (in Korean). Seoul Broadcasting System. 29 December 2002. ^ 독일전 이동국 골,올해'최고의 골'. Naver (in Korean). YTN. 28 December 2004. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ 2006년 최고 축구경기 '독일월드컵 프랑스전' (in Korean). KBS World. 28 December 2006. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ 축구팬 '그리스전 이천수 프리킥골이 올해 최고' (in Korean). The Hankyoreh. 28 December 2007. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ 올 최고의 골은 박주영 사우디전 쐐기골. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 31 December 2008. ^ 일본전 박지성 골, 팬들이 뽑은 '2010년의 골' (in Korean). KFA. 27 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. ^ 기성용, 2011 팬들이 뽑은 '올해의 선수'. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). OSEN. 28 December 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ 팬들이 선정한 '올해의 베스트' 최고 경기는 일본전! (in Korean). KFA. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. ^ '하대성 10만 침묵 골', 올해의 골로 선정 (in Korean). Sportalkorea. 26 December 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ 손흥민, 팬이 뽑은 '올해의 선수'…'올해의 경기'·'골'은? (in Korean). Sports Chosun. 29 December 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2020. ^ 손흥민 호주전 동점골, 2015년 올해의 베스트골 (in Korean). Sportalkorea. 23 December 2015. ^ 축구팬들이 뽑은 '올해의 골'은 손흥민의 독일전 쐐기골 (in Korean). Korea Football Association. 13 December 2018. ^ 2019 KFA 팬투표...'올해의 골’은 황의조, '올해의 경기’는 U-20 월드컵 8강전. KFA.or.kr (in Korean). KFA. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020. ^ 손흥민 이란전 골, 팬들이 뽑은 ‘올해의 골’ 선정... ‘올해의 경기’는 UAE전 (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022. ^ 팬들이 뽑은 '올해의 골'은 황희찬의 포르투갈전 결승포 (in Korean). KFA. 27 December 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022. ^ 팬들이 뽑은 ‘올해의 골’은 싱가포르전 손흥민 감아차기 (in Korean). KFA. 27 December 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024. ^ a b c d e f g '축구 명예의 전당'에서 한국 축구의 전통 세워나간다. (in Korean). KFA. 23 November 2006. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ 最優秀에金浩 蹴球베스트11選定. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 27 December 1969. Retrieved 23 January 2020. ^ 축구記者團 올해『베스트11』선정 最優秀선수에李會澤. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 30 December 1970. Retrieved 23 January 2020. ^ 최우수상 金正男 선수 71년 베스트11도 선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 29 December 1971. Retrieved 23 January 2020. ^ 體育記者團「베스트11」뽑아 朴利天 올해 蹴球最優秀선수. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 28 December 1972. Retrieved 24 January 2020. ^ 축구 베스트11선정 最優秀선수 車範根 기자단. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 22 December 1973. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ 記者團 최우수선수 卞鎬瑛 蹴球베스트11 선발. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 24 December 1974. Retrieved 24 January 2020. ^ 최우수 축구선수 金鎬坤 선정 體育記者團. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 28 January 1976. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ 76年最優秀選手에 蹴球崔鍾德을選定 體育記者團. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 8 February 1977. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ 趙榮增 최우수選手로 新聞·通信 蹴球기자 선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 26 December 1977. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ 최우수선수 金在漢 蹴球베스트11 선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 16 January 1979. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ 최우수選手 朴成華 체육기자단 蹴球11. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 26 December 1979. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ 80最優秀선수 李榮武 蹴球기자단 選定…27일표창. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 21 January 1981. Retrieved 27 January 2020. ^ 축구 최우수선수 趙廣來 뽑혀. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 8 January 1982. Retrieved 27 January 2020. ^ 축구MVP 金鍾夫 記者団 선정. Naver (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 18 January 1984. Retrieved 7 April 2022. ^ 축구 베스트11 선정 許丁茂 MVP 뽑혀. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 17 January 1985. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ 85축구 베스트11 선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 22 January 1986. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ 축구「올해의 베스트11」선정. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 17 December 1986. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ 87축구「베스트11」선정. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 22 January 1988. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ 88MVP 鄭용환 축구협 베스트11선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 25 January 1989. Retrieved 14 January 2020. External links vteKorea Football Association Women's Player of the Year 2010: Ji So-yun 2011: Ji So-yun 2012: Jeon Eun-ha 2013: Ji So-yun 2014: Ji So-yun 2015: Cho So-hyun 2016: Kim Jung-mi 2017: Lee Min-a 2018: Jang Sel-gi 2019: Ji So-yun 2020: Jang Sel-gi 2021: Ji So-yun 2022: Ji So-yun 2023: Chun Ga-ram

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korea Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Football_Association"}],"text":"The KFA Awards is an annual award ceremony hosted by Korea Football Association (KFA).","title":"KFA Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korea Amateur Sports Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Sport_%26_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KASA-1"}],"text":"KASA Best Footballer: The KFA recommended the best Korean footballer of the year who would be awarded a citation by the Korea Amateur Sports Association (KASA), from 1957 to 1972.[1]\nMost Valuable Player: South Korean journalists selected the best players from 1969 to 1984 under the KFA. The KFA also chose the best players in some other years by itself.\nFans' Player of the Year: The KFA held an annual poll to select Korean fans' best player in its website from 2003 to 2015.\nPlayer of the Year: The KFA members and South Korean journalists have voted for annual best Korean players since 2010.","title":"Player of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women's Player of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Young Player of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coach of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The KFA held an annual poll to select Korean fans' best goal in its website.","title":"Goal of the Year"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hall of Fame"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Player","title":"Hall of Fame"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Officer","title":"Hall of Fame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korean_Footballer_of_the_Year#Most_Valuable_Player"}],"text":"South Korean journalists selected the best eleven annually from 1969 to 1988 under the KFA. Players marked bold won the Most Valuable Player award in that respective year.","title":"Best XI (1969–1988)"}]

[]

[{"title":"Korea Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Football_Association"}]

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Yonhap News Agency. 20 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.naver.com/sports/index.nhn?category=soccer&ctg=news&mod=read&office_id=001&article_id=0005428833","url_text":"기성용•지소연, 축구협회 '올해의 선수'(종합)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"}]},{"reference":"기성용·전은하, 축구협 선정 '올해의 선수'. KBS.co.kr (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 21 December 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://mn.kbs.co.kr/mobile/news/view.do?ncd=2586164#kbsnews","url_text":"기성용·전은하, 축구협 선정 '올해의 선수'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"}]},{"reference":"손흥민 축구협회 선정 올해의 선수 (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 24 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2014/01/24/0200000000AKR20140124133251007.HTML","url_text":"손흥민 축구협회 선정 올해의 선수"}]},{"reference":"손흥민 2년 연속 대한축구협회 올해의 선수 (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 23 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2014/12/23/0200000000AKR20141223096200007.HTML?input=1195m","url_text":"손흥민 2년 연속 대한축구협회 올해의 선수"}]},{"reference":"김영권-조소현, KFA 시상식 '올해의 선수' 영광 안았다 (in Korean). KFA. 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180707162512/https://www.kfa.or.kr/news/news_view.asp?BoardNo=12733&Query=Gubun%3D11311","url_text":"김영권-조소현, KFA 시상식 '올해의 선수' 영광 안았다"},{"url":"https://www.kfa.or.kr/news/news_view.asp?BoardNo=12733&Query=Gubun%3D11311","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"기성용-김정미, 2016 올해의 선수로 선정 (in Korean). KFA. 20 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221154714/http://www.kfa.or.kr/news/news_view.asp?BoardNo=13775&Query=Gubun=11311","url_text":"기성용-김정미, 2016 올해의 선수로 선정"},{"url":"http://www.kfa.or.kr/news/news_view.asp?BoardNo=13775&Query=Gubun=11311","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"손흥민, 축구협회 '올해의 선수' 통산 3번째 수상…최다 타이(종합) (in Korean). Yonhap News Agency. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20171219143051007","url_text":"손흥민, 축구협회 '올해의 선수' 통산 3번째 수상…최다 타이(종합)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"}]},{"reference":"황의조-장슬기, 2018 KFA 올해의 선수 영예 (in Korean). KFA. 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kfa.or.kr/layer_popup/popup_live.php?act=news_tv_detail&idx=21071&div_code=news&check_url=bGF5ZXI=&lang=KOR","url_text":"황의조-장슬기, 2018 KFA 올해의 선수 영예"}]},{"reference":"2019 KFA 시상식 개최...손흥민-지소연 올해의 선수. KFA.or.kr (in Korean). 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The Dong-a Ilbo. 31 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.news.naver.com/general/news/read.nhn?oid=020&aid=0002015751","url_text":"올 최고의 골은 박주영 사우디전 쐐기골"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo","url_text":"The Dong-a Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"일본전 박지성 골, 팬들이 뽑은 '2010년의 골' (in Korean). KFA. 27 December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305140625/http://www.kfa.or.kr/news/news_view.asp?BoardNo=6115&Page=2&Query=PageSize%3D10%26Gubun%3D11311%26Key%3D3%26Word%3D%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8","url_text":"일본전 박지성 골, 팬들이 뽑은 '2010년의 골'"},{"url":"http://www.kfa.or.kr/news/news_view.asp?BoardNo=6115&Page=2&Query=PageSize%3D10%26Gubun%3D11311%26Key%3D3%26Word%3D%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"기성용, 2011 팬들이 뽑은 '올해의 선수'. The Chosun Ilbo (in Korean). OSEN. 28 December 2011. 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Korea Football Association. 13 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kfa.or.kr/layer_popup/popup_live.php?act=news_tv_detail&idx=21060&div_code=news&check_url=bGF5ZXI=&lang=KOR","url_text":"축구팬들이 뽑은 '올해의 골'은 손흥민의 독일전 쐐기골"}]},{"reference":"2019 KFA 팬투표...'올해의 골’은 황의조, '올해의 경기’는 U-20 월드컵 8강전. KFA.or.kr (in Korean). KFA. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kfa.or.kr/layer_popup/popup_live.php?act=news_tv_detail&idx=22201&div_code=news&check_url=bGF5ZXI=&lang=KOR","url_text":"2019 KFA 팬투표...'올해의 골’은 황의조, '올해의 경기’는 U-20 월드컵 8강전"}]},{"reference":"손흥민 이란전 골, 팬들이 뽑은 ‘올해의 골’ 선정... ‘올해의 경기’는 UAE전 (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 15 December 2021. 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Kyunghyang Shinmun. 21 January 1981. Retrieved 27 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1981012100329208016&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1981-01-21&officeId=00032&pageNo=8&printNo=10864&publishType=00020","url_text":"80最優秀선수 李榮武 蹴球기자단 選定…27일표창"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"}]},{"reference":"축구 최우수선수 趙廣來 뽑혀. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 8 January 1982. Retrieved 27 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1982010800329208007&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1982-01-08&officeId=00032&pageNo=8&printNo=11162&publishType=00020","url_text":"축구 최우수선수 趙廣來 뽑혀"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"}]},{"reference":"축구MVP 金鍾夫 記者団 선정. Naver (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. 18 January 1984. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.naver?articleId=1984011800239109008&editNo=1&printCount=1&publishDate=1984-01-18&officeId=00023&pageNo=9&printNo=19318&publishType=00010","url_text":"축구MVP 金鍾夫 記者団 선정"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo","url_text":"The Chosun Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"축구 베스트11 선정 許丁茂 MVP 뽑혀. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 17 January 1985. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1985011700329208016&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1985-01-17&officeId=00032&pageNo=8&printNo=12094&publishType=00020","url_text":"축구 베스트11 선정 許丁茂 MVP 뽑혀"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"}]},{"reference":"85축구 베스트11 선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 22 January 1986. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1986012200329208003&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1986-01-22&officeId=00032&pageNo=8&printNo=12406&publishType=00020","url_text":"85축구 베스트11 선정"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"}]},{"reference":"축구「올해의 베스트11」선정. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 17 December 1986. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1986121700209205006&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1986-12-17&officeId=00020&pageNo=5&printNo=20066&publishType=00020","url_text":"축구「올해의 베스트11」선정"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo","url_text":"The Dong-a Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"87축구「베스트11」선정. Naver (in Korean). The Dong-a Ilbo. 22 January 1988. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1988012200209208010&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1988-01-22&officeId=00020&pageNo=8&printNo=20401&publishType=00020","url_text":"87축구「베스트11」선정"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dong-a_Ilbo","url_text":"The Dong-a Ilbo"}]},{"reference":"88MVP 鄭용환 축구협 베스트11선정. Naver (in Korean). Kyunghyang Shinmun. 25 January 1989. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1989012500329210017&editNo=3&printCount=1&publishDate=1989-01-25&officeId=00032&pageNo=10&printNo=13334&publishType=00020","url_text":"88MVP 鄭용환 축구협 베스트11선정"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun","url_text":"Kyunghyang Shinmun"}]}]

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선정"},{"Link":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1986121700209205006&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1986-12-17&officeId=00020&pageNo=5&printNo=20066&publishType=00020","external_links_name":"축구「올해의 베스트11」선정"},{"Link":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1988012200209208010&editNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1988-01-22&officeId=00020&pageNo=8&printNo=20401&publishType=00020","external_links_name":"87축구「베스트11」선정"},{"Link":"https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1989012500329210017&editNo=3&printCount=1&publishDate=1989-01-25&officeId=00032&pageNo=10&printNo=13334&publishType=00020","external_links_name":"88MVP 鄭용환 축구협 베스트11선정"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_1

Staten Island Community Board 1

["1 References","2 External links"]

Community District in New York, United StatesStaten Island Community District 1 Staten Island Community Board 1 North ShoreCommunity DistrictLocation of Staten Island Community Board 1 in Staten IslandCountry United StatesState New YorkCity New York CityBorough Staten IslandNeighborhoods list Arlingtonnorthern Castleton CornersCliftonConcordElm ParkFort Wadsworthnorthern GranitevilleGrymes HillLivingstonMariners' Harbornorthern Meiers CornersNew BrightonPort Ivory Port RichmondRandall ManorRosebank, Staten IslandSt. GeorgeShore AcresSilver LakeStapletonSunnysideTompkinsvilleWest New BrightonWesterleigh Government • TypeCommunity board • BodyStaten Island Community Board 1 • ChairpersonNicholas Siclari • District ManagerJoseph CarrollArea • Total13.5 sq mi (35 km2)Population (2010) • Total175,756 • Density13,000/sq mi (5,000/km2)Ethnicity • Hispanic and Latino Americans29.7% • African-American21.3% • White37.7% • Asian8.5% • Others2.8%Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP codes10301, 10302, 10303, 10304, 10305, 10310, and 10314Area codes718, 347, and 929, and 917Police Precincts 120th (website) 121st (website) Websitewww1.nyc.gov/site/statenislandcb1/index.page Staten Island Community Board 1 is a local government unit of New York City, encompassing the Staten Island neighborhoods of Arlington, northern Castleton Corners, Clifton Concord, Elm Park, Fort Wadsworth, northern Graniteville, Grymes Hill, Livingston, Mariners' Harbor, northern Meiers Corners, New Brighton, Port Ivory, Port Richmond, Randall Manor, Rosebank, Staten Island, St. George, Shore Acres, Silver Lake, Stapleton, Sunnyside, Tompkinsville, West New Brighton, Westerleigh, and northern Willowbrook. Community Board 1 is essentially the entire area of Staten Island north of the Staten Island Expressway. Community Boards play an advisory role in New York City government in the areas of land use, zoning, budget and municipal service delivery. Its current chairperson is Nicholas Siclari, and its district manager is Joseph Carroll. Leticia Remauro is a former chairperson. References ^ "NYC Community District Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. Retrieved October 14, 2021. ^ "si01_profile.pdf" (PDF). docs.google.com. Retrieved October 14, 2021. ^ "Staten Island Boards". Retrieved October 14, 2021. ^ Community Boards, Mayor's Community Affairs Unit (CAU), New York City. External links Official site of the Community Board vteCommunity boards of New York CityThe Bronx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Brooklyn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Manhattan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Queens 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Staten Island 1 2 3 vteUniform Land Use Review Procedure of New York City DCPCity Planning CBCommunity boards BPBorough president CPC City Planning Commission CC City Council MayorNYC Mayor vteNeighborhoods in the New York City borough of Staten IslandNorth Shore (Community District 1) Arlington northern Castleton Corners Brighton Heights Clifton Concord Elm Park Fort Wadsworth northern Graniteville Grymes Hill Livingston Mariners Harbor northern Meiers Corners New Brighton Old Place Park Hill Port Ivory Port Richmond Randall Manor Rosebank Saint George Shore Acres Silver Lake Stapleton Stapleton Heights Sunnyside Tompkinsville Ward Hill West New Brighton Westerleigh Mid-Island (Community District 2) Arrochar Bloomfield Bulls Head southern Castleton Corners Chelsea Dongan Hills Egbertville Emerson Hill southern Graniteville Grant City Grasmere Heartland Village Lighthouse Hill Manor Heights southern Meiers Corners Midland Beach New Dorp New Springville Oakwood Ocean Breeze Old Town Richmondtown South Beach Teleport Todt Hill Travis southern Willowbrook South Shore (Community District 3) Annadale Arden Heights Bay Terrace Charleston Eltingville Great Kills Greenridge Huguenot Pleasant Plains Prince's Bay Richmond Valley Rossville Sandy Ground Tottenville Woodrow Related areas East Shore West Shore Community boards: 1 2 3 Joint interest areas: 95 This New York City–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armitage_(computing)

Armitage (computing)

["1 History","2 Features","3 References","4 External links"]

Cyber attack management tool This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for products and services. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Armitage" computing – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Armitage" computing – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ArmitageOriginal author(s)Raphael MudgeStable release08.13.15 / August 13, 2015; 8 years ago (2015-08-13) Written inJavaOperating systemCross-platformAvailable inEnglishTypeComputer securityLicenseBSD 3-Clause LicenseWebsitehttp://www.fastandeasyhacking.com/ Armitage is a graphical cyber attack management tool for the Metasploit Project that visualizes targets and recommends exploits. It is a free and open source network security tool notable for its contributions to red team collaboration allowing for: shared sessions, data, and communication through a single Metasploit instance. Armitage is written and supported by Raphael Mudge. History Armitage is a GUI front-end for the Metasploit Framework developed by Raphael Mudge with the goal of helping security professionals better understand hacking and to help them realize the power of Metasploit. It was originally made for Cyber Defense Exercises, but has since expanded its user base to other penetration testers. Features Armitage is a scriptable red team collaboration tool built on top of the Metasploit Framework. Through Armitage, a user may launch scans and exploits, get exploit recommendations, and use the advanced features of the Metasploit Framework's meterpreter. References ^ "Armitage A GUI for Metasploit". Strategic Cyber LLC. Retrieved 2013-11-18. ^ "Armitage". Offensive Security. Retrieved 2013-11-18. ^ "Features". Strategic Cyber LLC. Retrieved 2013-11-18. External links Official website Cobalt Strike (Strategic Cyber LLC)

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotab

Geotab

["1 History","1.1 2000-2009 Early years","1.2 2010-2019: MyGeotab, the Geotab Marketplace and global expansion","1.3 2020-present: EV fleet management tools","2 Awards and recognition","3 References","4 External links"]

Canadian technology company This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Geotab Inc.Company typePrivateIndustryTelematicsFounded2000HeadquartersOakville, OntarioArea servedNorth America, Latin America, Europe, Australia, Asia, AfricaKey peopleNeil Cawse (CEO)Websitewww.geotab.com  Geotab Inc. is a Canadian technology company headquartered in Oakville, Ontario. The company develops and markets telematics hardware and software for use with motor vehicles. The company's products are primarily used for fleet management, including on-board diagnostics, electronic logging, route optimization, accident data recording and CO2 emissions reporting. Geotab was founded in 2000 by Neil Cawse, the CEO of the company. Its primary customers are private and public sector fleets. Geotab sells its products to end users mainly through a global network of third-party resellers. As of 2023, the company’s products have over 4 million subscriptions by customers in 160 countries. Geotab’s core product lines are the GO device and MyGeotab software as a service (SaaS) platform. The GO device connects to the OBD port of a motor vehicle and transmits diagnostics and location information (obtained via a built-in GPS receiver) over commercial cellular networks in real-time. This information can then be viewed or analyzed using the MyGeotab platform. The MyGeotab platform and GO device also support extensibility through a software development kit (SDK) and an on-device expansion port. History The company was founded in North America in 2000 by Neil Cawse, the current CEO. 2000-2009 Early years 2000: CEO Neil Cawse established Geotab Canada in Oakville, Ontario. 2002: The GO2 fleet management device was introduced to the market. 2006: GO3 with Wi-Fi was released. 2010-2019: MyGeotab, the Geotab Marketplace and global expansion 2010: Launched GO4 version 3 with more memory and accelerometer data, supported all protocols in one hardware, Geotab was officially named Garmin’s Fleet Management Partner, Geotab developed a compact-sized GO device smaller than the GO4. 2011: The GO5 hardware plug-and-play device was launched. 2012: Geotab developed GO6 and began production. Geotab patents the Curve Logging Algorithm (curve-based logic) for recording speed, position and other engine information. Sprint signs as partner. Geotab launched their fleet management software, MyGeotab. 2013: Geotab launched its first NFC Driver ID Key Solution., Geotab launched their partnership with Navistar Inc. for Remote diagnostics. 2014: Geotab announced GO7 new commercial telematics solution. Geotab announced their J1939 integration with the Mobileye 560 (Mobileye’s Advanced Driver Assistance System). 2015: Geotab launched their Marketplace, which complements their pre-existing MyGeotab platform. Geotab acquired Strategic Telecom Solutions. 2016: Geotab launches MyGeotab mobile app. Geotab defeated two IP trolls: Rothschild Location Technologies and Orthosie. GO RUGGED ruggedized telematics device designed for harsh conditions or external installation is launched. BSM Technologies (acquired by Geotab in 2019) acquires scheduling and route optimization company Mobi Corp (formerly PointServe). 2017: Electric logging solution Geotab Cloud ELD is registered with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). The US Department of Homeland Security issued a blanket purchase agreement to Geotab. 2018: Reached 1 million subscribers, Geotab launched the GO8 device, data.geotab.com. Geotab acquired the time-of-use EV charging software FleetCarma. Geotab acquired Intendia. 2019: Geotab launched the GO9 device, Geotab was awarded the world's largest telematics contract by General Services Administration (GSA), Geotab locations expanded with new offices in China, Australia, Italy and France. BSM Technologies Inc and its routing analytics and optimization technology was acquired. 2020-present: EV fleet management tools 2020: Geotab launched the Electric Vehicle Suitability Assessment to enable fleets to go electric and the EV Battery Degradation Tool. Registers 2 million subscriptions. Geotab launched a new Geotab Community website. Geotab launched its Public Works Solution in North America. Geotab achieved FedRAMP authorization for its cloud-based telematics platform. Geotab achieved ISO 27001 certification for its Information Security Management System. Geotab unveiled Geotab Keyless, one of the world’s first platform that integrates a secured digital key function with a comprehensive and data-driven fleet management product. The U.S. Air Force awards Geotab sole-source contract for its 21,000 vehicles. 2021: Geotab launches their advanced electricity demand management, Geotab released an upgraded GO9+ device, Geotab surpassed 2,000 government customers. 2022: Geotab surpassed 3 million global subscriptions. The Fleet Electrification Knowledge Center is launched, a resource hub for learning about the fleet electrification process. 2023: Geotab achieves 4 million subscriptions. Geotab launches Data Connector integrated intelligence tool. Geotab launches beta of Project G, a virtual assistant that enables customers to ask questions through a chat interface about their fleet on vehicle performance, idling times, fuel economy, vehicle usage, cost savings, and more. Awards and recognition Geotab has been included in Deloitte’s Technology Fast 500 list in North America, eight times in the last 10 years (2010-2014, 2017, 2018, 2019). Geotab has been included in Deloitte’s Technology Fast 50 in Canada four times (2010, 2012, 2013, 2014). In 2020, Geotab was named one of Canada's Enterprise Fast 15 in Deloitte's Technology Fast 50™ awards. In 2018 and 2020, Geotab ranked on Canada's Fastest-Growing Companies Growth 500. Geotab was also recognized as one of Canada's Best Managed Companies for 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, Geotab became a certified Great Place to Work in Canada, as well as a Great Place to Work in the USA in 2018, 2019 and 2020. In 2018 and 2020, Geotab ranked on Canada’s Fastest-Growing Companies list Growth 500. Geotab was ranked the number one Commercial Telematics vendor in the world in 2019 and 2020 by ABI Research. In 2020, Geotab placed no. 210 on Globe and Mail's Canada's Top Growing Companies list. In 2022, ABI Research recognized Geotab as the top commercial telematics vendor for the third time, for its innovation and implementation. Geotab was included on the 2022 Report on Business Canada’s Top Growing Companies ranking for the fourth year in a row. References ^ "Geotab Inc Company Overview". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab Overview". ^ "Geotab sets standard for vehicle connectivity in Asia through meaningful data management". South China Morning Post. 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Directories of Canadian companies". aem. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab Overview". ^ a b "Geotab GO Device - The History, Evolution & Future". Geotab. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Garmin, Geotab join forces". 20 December 2010. ^ "GO5". www.government-fleet.com. October 21, 2010. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Versatile Geotab Plug-and-Play Fleet Solutions Join Sprint Portfolio | Sprint Newsroom". newsroom.sprint.com. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab Adds NFC RFID to Solution for Managing Fleet Vehicles - 2013-07-30 - Page 1". www.rfidjournal.com. 30 July 2013. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab Launches Partnership with Navistar Inc. for Remote Diagnostics". www.prnewswire.com (Press release). Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Telefónica and Geotab Partner to Launch M2M Plug-and-Play Fleet Management Solution". www.businesswire.com. 2014-11-19. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ July 15; Bookmark +, 2015 • Staff •. "Geotab Launches Geotab Marketplace". www.automotive-fleet.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Geotab Acquisition of Strategic Telecom Solutions Gives Fleet Owners New Opportunities for Maximizing Productivity and Safety". www.businesswire.com. 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Geotab launches MyGeotab mobile app". Vehicle Service Pros. 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Geotab Triumphs over Rothschild Location Technologies in Patent Lawsuit". www.businesswire.com. 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2023-12-07. ^ "Geotab Emerges Victorious in Orthosie Systems LLC Patent Infringement Lawsuit". www.businesswire.com. 2016-02-10. Retrieved 2023-12-07. ^ "Geotab launches new GO RUGGED telematics device". Geotab. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "BSM Technologies Acquires Mobi". www.newswire.ca. CNW Group Ltd. 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2024-04-23. ^ "Geotab Cloud ELD registered with FMCSA". www.fleetequipmentmag.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ December 12; Bookmark +, 2017 • Staff •. "Homeland Security Awards Additional Purchase Agreement for Telematics". www.government-fleet.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Geotab Surpasses 1M Subscribers". www.truckinginfo.com. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ Record, Brent Davis Record Reporter, Waterloo Region (2018-06-13). "Electric vehicle technology firm charging ahead with new owner". The Record. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Frank (2019-11-21). "Geotab buys Intendia to boost growth in Europe". Global Fleet. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Geotab Announces Launch of New GO9 Device". www.businesswire.com. 2019-03-11. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab Awarded World's Largest Telematics Contract by General Services Administration". www.businesswire.com. 2019-03-19. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "BSM Technologies to be Acquired by Geotab for Cash Consideration of CDN $1.40 per Share". www.newswire.ca. CNW Group Ltd. 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-23. ^ a b January 11; Bookmark +, 2021 • Automotive Fleet Staff •. "Geotab's Plug-In Telematics Device Gets Upgrade". www.automotive-fleet.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Geotab introduces two tools to help fleets go electric". www.fleetequipmentmag.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ January 14; Bookmark +, 2020 • Automotive Fleet Staff •. "Geotab Surpasses 2M Subscribers". www.automotive-fleet.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b January 17; Bookmark +, 2020 • Andy Lundin •. "Highlights of Geotab Connect 2020". www.automotive-fleet.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Geotab launches public works solution for government fleets". www.fleetequipmentmag.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Geotab achieves ISO 27001 certification for its Information Security Management System". www.businesswire.com. 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ admin (2020-10-19). "Geotab launches keyless entry system for shared fleets". Telematics Wire. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "Geotab wins contract for fleet telematics in U.S. Air Force vehicles - GPS World". GPS World - The Business and Technology of Global Navigation and Positioning. 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ April 27; Bookmark +, 2021 • Government Fleet Staff •. "Geotab Surpasses 2,000 Government Customers". www.government-fleet.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ August 23; Bookmark +, 2022 • From News/Media Release •. "Geotab Surpasses 3 Million Connected Vehicles". www.automotive-fleet.com. Retrieved 2022-08-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ June 22; Bookmark +, 2022 • Government Fleet Staff •. "Geotab Launches Fleet Electrification Knowledge Center". www.government-fleet.com. Retrieved 2023-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Inc, Geotab. "Global demand for connected vehicle data grows Geotab's subscriptions to 4 million". www.newswire.ca. Retrieved 2023-12-06. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ "Geotab launches Data Connector". Truck News. 2023-02-16. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ González, Jhonattan (2023-07-21). "Geotab Launches "Project G" with Generative Artificial Intelligence". Latam Mobility. Retrieved 2023-12-06. ^ "2010 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). ^ "2011 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). ^ "2012 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). ^ "2013 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). ^ "2014 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). ^ "2017 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). ^ "2018 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-12. ^ "2019 Deloitte Technology Fast 500" (PDF). ^ "Technology Fast 50 winners 2020". Deloitte Canada. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "2018 - 237 - Geotab - Canadian Business". www.canadianbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Growth List 2020: No. 175 - Geotab - Canadian Business". Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News. 2020-10-15. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "Geotab: Canada's Best Managed Companies 2018 - Canadian Business". www.canadianbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Canada's Best Managed Companies: Returning Winners 2019". www.canadianbusiness.com. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Canada's Best Managed Companies: Returning Winners - Canadian Business". Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News. 2020-03-05. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "Best Managed Companies 2021 - Returning Winners". Canadian Business - Your Source For Business News. Archived from the original on 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ Abhishek. "100-999 employees". Great Place to Work. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab Usa, Inc". Great Place To Work United States. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab ranks no. 237 on the 2018 Growth 500". Geotab. Retrieved 2023-12-12. ^ "Geotab Takes Overall Lead in ABI Research's Commercial Telematics Competitive Assessment". www.abiresearch.com. Retrieved 2020-03-24. ^ "Geotab and Verizon Hold Lead Again in ABI Research's Commercial Telematics Competitive Ranking". www.abiresearch.com. Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ "Canada's top growing companies: 2020". Retrieved 2021-06-28. ^ Maguire, Jessica. "Fleet briefs: Latest industry news from Lookers, Novuna and Geotab". www.fleetnews.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-12-12. ^ "Geotab recognized as one of Canada's Top Growing Companies for fourth year in a row". www.newswire.ca. Retrieved 2023-12-12. External links Official website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakville,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"telematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telematics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"fleet management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_management"},{"link_name":"on-board diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-board_diagnostics"},{"link_name":"electronic logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_logging_device"},{"link_name":"accident data recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_data_recorder"},{"link_name":"CO2 emissions reporting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_accounting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"OBD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-board_diagnostics#Standard_interfaces"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"cellular networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network"}],"text":"Geotab Inc. is a Canadian technology company headquartered in Oakville, Ontario. The company develops and markets telematics hardware and software for use with motor vehicles.[1] The company's products are primarily used for fleet management, including on-board diagnostics, electronic logging, route optimization, accident data recording and CO2 emissions reporting.Geotab was founded in 2000 by Neil Cawse, the CEO of the company.[2] Its primary customers are private and public sector fleets. Geotab sells its products to end users mainly through a global network of third-party resellers.[3] As of 2023, the company’s products have over 4 million subscriptions by customers in 160 countries.[4]Geotab’s core product lines are the GO device and MyGeotab software as a service (SaaS) platform. The GO device connects to the OBD port of a motor vehicle and transmits diagnostics and location information (obtained via a built-in GPS receiver) over commercial cellular networks in real-time. This information can then be viewed or analyzed using the MyGeotab platform. The MyGeotab platform and GO device also support extensibility through a software development kit (SDK) and an on-device expansion port.","title":"Geotab"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"}],"text":"The company was founded in North America in 2000 by Neil Cawse, the current CEO.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geotab.com-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geotab.com-6"}],"sub_title":"2000-2009 Early years","text":"2000: CEO Neil Cawse established Geotab Canada in Oakville, Ontario.[5]\n2002: The GO2 fleet management device was introduced to the market.[6]\n2006: GO3 with Wi-Fi was released.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accelerometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer"},{"link_name":"Garmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmin"},{"link_name":"Fleet Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Management"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Navistar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navistar"},{"link_name":"Remote diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_diagnostics"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mobileye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobileye"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"IP trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_troll"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Motor_Carrier_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"time-of-use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-use"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"2010-2019: MyGeotab, the Geotab Marketplace and global expansion","text":"2010: Launched GO4 version 3 with more memory and accelerometer data, supported all protocols in one hardware, Geotab was officially named Garmin’s Fleet Management Partner,[7] Geotab developed a compact-sized GO device smaller than the GO4.\n2011: The GO5 hardware plug-and-play device was launched.[8]\n2012: Geotab developed GO6 and began production. Geotab patents the Curve Logging Algorithm (curve-based logic) for recording speed, position and other engine information. Sprint signs as partner.[9] Geotab launched their fleet management software, MyGeotab.\n2013: Geotab launched its first NFC Driver ID Key Solution.,[10] Geotab launched their partnership with Navistar Inc. for Remote diagnostics.[11]\n2014: Geotab announced GO7 new commercial telematics solution. Geotab announced their J1939 integration with the Mobileye 560 (Mobileye’s Advanced Driver Assistance System).[12]\n2015: Geotab launched their Marketplace, which complements their pre-existing MyGeotab platform.[13] Geotab acquired Strategic Telecom Solutions.[14]\n2016: Geotab launches MyGeotab mobile app.[15] Geotab defeated two IP trolls: Rothschild Location Technologies[16] and Orthosie.[17] GO RUGGED ruggedized telematics device designed for harsh conditions or external installation is launched.[18] BSM Technologies (acquired by Geotab in 2019) acquires scheduling and route optimization company Mobi Corp (formerly PointServe).[19]\n2017: Electric logging solution Geotab Cloud ELD is registered with the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA).[20] The US Department of Homeland Security issued a blanket purchase agreement to Geotab.[21]\n2018: Reached 1 million subscribers,[22] Geotab launched the GO8 device, data.geotab.com. Geotab acquired the time-of-use EV charging software FleetCarma.[23] Geotab acquired Intendia.[24]\n2019: Geotab launched the GO9 device,[25] Geotab was awarded the world's largest telematics contract by General Services Administration (GSA),[26] Geotab locations expanded with new offices in China, Australia, Italy and France. BSM Technologies Inc and its routing analytics and optimization technology was acquired.[27]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-automotive-fleet.com-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"demand management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_management"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-automotive-fleet.com-28"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"2020-present: EV fleet management tools","text":"2020: Geotab launched the Electric Vehicle Suitability Assessment to enable fleets to go electric and the EV Battery Degradation Tool.[28][29] Registers 2 million subscriptions.[30] Geotab launched a new Geotab Community website.[31] Geotab launched its Public Works Solution in North America.[32] Geotab achieved FedRAMP authorization for its cloud-based telematics platform.[31] Geotab achieved ISO 27001 certification for its Information Security Management System.[33] Geotab unveiled Geotab Keyless, one of the world’s first platform that integrates a secured digital key function with a comprehensive and data-driven fleet management product.[34] The U.S. Air Force awards Geotab sole-source contract for its 21,000 vehicles.[35]\n2021: Geotab launches their advanced electricity demand management, Geotab released an upgraded GO9+ device,[28] Geotab surpassed 2,000 government customers.[36]\n2022: Geotab surpassed 3 million global subscriptions.[37] The Fleet Electrification Knowledge Center is launched, a resource hub for learning about the fleet electrification process.[38]\n2023: Geotab achieves 4 million subscriptions.[39] Geotab launches Data Connector integrated intelligence tool.[40] Geotab launches beta of Project G, a virtual assistant that enables customers to ask questions through a chat interface about their fleet on vehicle performance, idling times, fuel economy, vehicle usage, cost savings, and more.[41]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deloitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Deloitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloitte"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Geotab has been included in Deloitte’s Technology Fast 500 list in North America, eight times in the last 10 years (2010-2014, 2017, 2018, 2019).[42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] Geotab has been included in Deloitte’s Technology Fast 50 in Canada four times (2010, 2012, 2013, 2014). In 2020, Geotab was named one of Canada's Enterprise Fast 15 in Deloitte's Technology Fast 50™ awards.[50]In 2018 and 2020, Geotab ranked on Canada's Fastest-Growing Companies Growth 500.[51][52] Geotab was also recognized as one of Canada's Best Managed Companies for 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021.[53][54][55][56] In 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, Geotab became a certified Great Place to Work in Canada,[57] as well as a Great Place to Work in the USA in 2018, 2019 and 2020.[58]In 2018 and 2020, Geotab ranked on Canada’s Fastest-Growing Companies list Growth 500.[59]Geotab was ranked the number one Commercial Telematics vendor in the world in 2019 and 2020 by ABI Research.[60][61]In 2020, Geotab placed no. 210 on Globe and Mail's Canada's Top Growing Companies list.[62]In 2022, ABI Research recognized Geotab as the top commercial telematics vendor for the third time, for its innovation and implementation.[63] Geotab was included on the 2022 Report on Business Canada’s Top Growing Companies ranking for the fourth year in a row.[64]","title":"Awards and recognition"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Geotab Inc Company Overview\". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2020-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/5099578Z:CN?cic_redirect=true","url_text":"\"Geotab Inc Company Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geotab Overview\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.owler.com/company/geotab#press","url_text":"\"Geotab Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geotab sets standard for vehicle connectivity in Asia through meaningful data management\". South China Morning Post. 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2020-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/country-reports/country-reports/topics/canada-business-report-2019/article/3041563/geotab-sets","url_text":"\"Geotab sets standard for vehicle connectivity in Asia through meaningful data management\""}]},{"reference":"\"Directories of Canadian companies\". aem. 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2020-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canada.ca/en/services/business/research/directoriescanadiancompanies.html","url_text":"\"Directories of Canadian companies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geotab Overview\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.owler.com/company/geotab#press","url_text":"\"Geotab Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geotab GO Device - The History, Evolution & Future\". Geotab. Retrieved 2023-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geotab.com/blog/geotab-go-device-past-present-future/","url_text":"\"Geotab GO Device - The History, Evolution & Future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Garmin, Geotab join forces\". 20 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fleetowner.com/fleet-management/article/21666064/garmin-geotab-join-forces","url_text":"\"Garmin, Geotab join forces\""}]},{"reference":"\"GO5\". www.government-fleet.com. October 21, 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Masked_Marvel

The Masked Marvel

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Cliffhangers","3.2 Stunts","3.3 Special effects","4 Release","4.1 Theatrical","4.2 Television","5 Critical reception","6 Chapter list","7 References","8 External links"]

1943 film by Spencer Gordon Bennet For other uses, see Masked Marvel. The Masked MarvelFilm posterDirected bySpencer Gordon BennetWritten byRoyal K. ColeRonald DavidsonBasil DickeyGrant NelsonGeorge H. PlymptonJoseph F. PolandProduced byWilliam J. O'SullivanStarringWilliam ForrestLouise CurrieJohnny ArthurRichard ClarkeAnthony WardeDavid BaconTom SteeleCinematographyReggie LanningDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date November 6, 1943 (1943-11-06) CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$157,110 (negative cost: $179,960) The Masked Marvel (1943) is a 12-chapter film serial created by Republic Pictures, who produced many other well known serials. It was Republic's thirty-first serial, of the sixty-six they produced. Plot In The Masked Marvel, a hero dressed in a business suit and a face mask fights the Japanese saboteur Sakima and his espionage organization. The hook of the story is that, in a reversal of the common serial "Masked Mystery Villain" stock character, the audience doesn't know who the hero is until the final reel—all the audience is told is that The Masked Marvel is one of a group of special investigators (the same plotline is used in the Republic serial The Lone Ranger). Cast William Forrest as Martin Crane Louise Currie as Alice Hamilton Johnny Arthur as Mura Sakima, Japanese saboteur Rod Bacon as Jim Arnold Richard Clarke as Frank Jeffers Anthony Warde as 'Killer' Mace David Bacon as Bob Barton/The Masked Marvel Bill Healy as Terry Morton Howard C. Hickman as Warren Hamilton Tom Steele as the Masked Marvel (and two Sakima thugs, both of whom are quickly killed, uncredited) Gayne Whitman as The Masked Marvel's voice (uncredited) Production The Masked Marvel was budgeted at $157,110 (equivalent to $2,766,345 in 2023) although the final negative cost was $179,960 (equivalent to $3,168,680 in 2023)—a $22,850, or 14.5%, overspend. It was filmed between 14 July and 18 August 1943. In terms of cost per chapter, this was Republic's third most expensive serial, behind Radar Men from the Moon and The Tiger Woman. The serial's production number was 1296. The Masked Marvel is a reverse of the "old mystery villain theme". The identity of the Masked Marvel is kept secret from the audience until the last chapter. Clues and red herrings about the hero's identity are unveiled throughout the serial. Four possible candidates are shown: Bob Barton (David Bacon), Frank Jeffers (Richard Clarke), Terry Morton (Bill Healy) and Jim Arnold (Rob Bacon). The Masked Marvel is really stuntman Tom Steele throughout the serial except the very final shot, in which he removes his mask. The mask was directly moulded from Steele's face. Despite this, Tom Steele was given no screen credit at all, even for the bit parts and stunts he performed in addition to the title role. The voice of the Masked marvel was dubbed in by radio actor Gayne Whitman, since Steele's natural voice was a light tenor, somewhat similar to Henry Fonda's, and did not record as particularly "tough". However, in Steele's most visible secondary role, as a murderous assassin, he disguises his voice, apparently believing that his natural voice would be used for the Marvel. Bob Barton was a "jinxed" role. David Bacon got the role because four previous actors had injured themselves and were unable to work. While filming one of the serial's big fight scenes, every actor but Bacon was seriously injured. He had joked: "I'll probably get hurt going home in the car". Just two weeks after the production of the serial had been completed, Bacon was murdered and died moments after exiting his car. Rod Bacon who played Jim Arnold was murdered in 1948. The Masked Marvel was screenwriter George Plympton's only work at Republic. Cliffhangers Chapter four has an unusual cliffhanger, especially for Republic, as it has no action or death involved. Instead, Sakima, sitting behind his desk in his secret basement, simply (although incorrectly) announces "So, Jim Arnold is the Masked Marvel". Stunts In addition to playing the main character, Tom Steele was also the stunt gaffer on this serial. As stated above, he received no screen credit for this. As an odd outcome of playing both the Masked Marvel and other stunts and bit parts, in one scene Tom Steele chased himself up some stairs. Steele himself was doubled by a dummy in the scene in which the Marvel is thrown off the top of an enormous gas tank. On the way down one of the dummy's arms gets caught in the rigging of the tank and is clearly ripped off. Yet when the Marvel lands in the back of the truck below, he has both arms intact. The budget and schedules of serials mandated that retakes only occur in the most dire circumstances. One stunt in Chapter 10 is particularly notable: to prevent a rolling handcar filled with explosives from destroying a train transporting aircraft parts, the Masked Marvel crashes his own car into the handcar. The Masked Marvel survives by jumping aside at the last second. Harmon and Glut write that "the scene is both thrilling and perfect craftsmanship". Tom Steele, Republic's stunt gaffer Fred Graham doubling Roy Barcroft & Harry Woods Duke Green doubling Anthony Warde & Stanley Price Betty Miles doubling Louise Currie Allen Pomeroy Ken Terrell doubling Johnny Arthur Carey Loftin Eddie Parker Special effects The effects in The Masked Marvel were produced by Republic's team, the Lydecker brothers. Release Theatrical The Masked Marvel's official release date is 6 November 1943, although this is actually the date the sixth chapter was made available to film exchanges. Television The Masked Marvel was one of twenty-six Republic serials re-edited into features for television release in 1966. The title was changed to Sakima and the Masked Marvel. This version was 100-minutes in length. Critical reception Harmon and Glut describe The Masked Marvel as an "exciting serial, one of Republic's best". They especially note "some of the most beautifully photographed and edited action sequences in the history of cliffhangers". Cline writes that the sight of seeing the hero "jump right into his own fights" rather than have the camera cut between an actor and a stuntman, more than compensated for the reveal in the final chapter when the actor playing the Masked Marvel removes his mask and is clearly not the same actor playing the part in every other scene. This scene is described as almost anticlimactic and "must have been just a little embarrassing". This was one of Republic's best serials. Chapter list The Masked Crusader (26min 11s) Death Takes the Helm (15min 33s) Dive to Doom (15min 33s) Suspense at Midnight (15min 33s) Murder Meter (15min 33s) Exit to Eternity (15min 33s) Doorway to Destruction (15min 34s) Destined to Die (15min 34s) Danger Express (15min 33s) Suicide Sacrifice (15min 33s) The Fatal Mistake (15min 33s) The Man Behind the Mask (15min 34s) Source: References ^ a b c d e f g h i Mathis, Jack (1995). Valley of the Cliffhangers Supplement. Jack Mathis Advertising. pp. 3, 10, 72–73. ISBN 0-9632878-1-8. ^ a b c d e f g Harmon, Jim; Donald F. Glut (1973). "11. New Masks for New Heroes "Get That Masked Trouble Maker"". The Great Movie Serials: Their Sound and Fury. Routledge. pp. 274, 279, 280–281. ISBN 978-0-7130-0097-9. ^ Cline, William C. (1984). "4. The Plotters of Peril (The Writers)". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 61. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X. ^ Cline, William C. (1984). "3. The Six Faces of Adventure". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 53. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X. ^ Cline, William C. (1984). "5. A Cheer for the Champions (The Heroes and Heroines)". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X. ^ "Drive to Doom" is recorded as the title of the third chapter in William C. Cline's In the Nick of Time while "Dive to Doom" is recorded on the film print chapter title card and as the title in Jack Mathis’ Valley of the Cliffhangers Supplement. ^ Cline, William C. (1984). "Filmography". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 236. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X. External links The Masked Marvel at IMDb The Masked Marvel at AllMovie vteRepublic serialsPre-war serials(1936–1941) Darkest Africa Undersea Kingdom The Vigilantes Are Coming Robinson Crusoe of Clipper Island Dick Tracy The Painted Stallion S.O.S. Coast Guard Zorro Rides Again The Lone Ranger The Fighting Devil Dogs Dick Tracy Returns Hawk of the Wilderness The Lone Ranger Rides Again Daredevils of the Red Circle Dick Tracy's G-Men Zorro's Fighting Legion Drums of Fu Manchu Adventures of Red Ryder King of the Royal Mounted Mysterious Doctor Satan Adventures of Captain Marvel Jungle Girl King of the Texas Rangers Dick Tracy vs. Crime, Inc. War-time serials(1942–1945) Spy Smasher Perils of Nyoka King of the Mounties G-Men vs. the Black Dragon Daredevils of the West Secret Service in Darkest Africa The Masked Marvel Captain America The Tiger Woman Haunted Harbor Zorro's Black Whip Manhunt of Mystery Island Federal Operator 99 The Purple Monster Strikes Post-war serials(1946–1955) The Phantom Rider King of the Forest Rangers Daughter of Don Q The Crimson Ghost Son of Zorro Jesse James Rides Again The Black Widow G-Men Never Forget Dangers of the Canadian Mounted Adventures of Frank and Jesse James Federal Agents vs. Underworld, Inc Ghost of Zorro King of the Rocket Men The James Brothers of Missouri Radar Patrol vs Spy King The Invisible Monster Desperadoes of the West Flying Disc Man from Mars Don Daredevil Rides Again Government Agents vs. Phantom Legion Radar Men from the Moon Zombies of the Stratosphere Jungle Drums of Africa Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe Canadian Mounties vs. Atomic Invaders Trader Tom of the China Seas Man with the Steel Whip Panther Girl of the Kongo King of the Carnival Category

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The identity of the Masked Marvel is kept secret from the audience until the last chapter. Clues and red herrings about the hero's identity are unveiled throughout the serial. Four possible candidates are shown: Bob Barton (David Bacon), Frank Jeffers (Richard Clarke), Terry Morton (Bill Healy) and Jim Arnold (Rob Bacon).[2]The Masked Marvel is really stuntman Tom Steele throughout the serial except the very final shot, in which he removes his mask. The mask was directly moulded from Steele's face. Despite this, Tom Steele was given no screen credit at all, even for the bit parts and stunts he performed in addition to the title role.[2] The voice of the Masked marvel was dubbed in by radio actor Gayne Whitman, since Steele's natural voice was a light tenor, somewhat similar to Henry Fonda's, and did not record as particularly \"tough\". However, in Steele's most visible secondary role, as a murderous assassin, he disguises his voice, apparently believing that his natural voice would be used for the Marvel.Bob Barton was a \"jinxed\" role. David Bacon got the role because four previous actors had injured themselves and were unable to work. While filming one of the serial's big fight scenes, every actor but Bacon was seriously injured. He had joked: \"I'll probably get hurt going home in the car\". Just two weeks after the production of the serial had been completed, Bacon was murdered and died moments after exiting his car.Rod Bacon who played Jim Arnold was murdered in 1948.The Masked Marvel was screenwriter George Plympton's only work at Republic.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMS-2"}],"sub_title":"Cliffhangers","text":"Chapter four has an unusual cliffhanger, especially for Republic, as it has no action or death involved. Instead, Sakima, sitting behind his desk in his secret basement, simply (although incorrectly) announces \"So, Jim Arnold is the Masked Marvel\".[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stunt gaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunt_coordinator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMS-2"},{"link_name":"Tom Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Steele_(stuntman)"},{"link_name":"Betty Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Miles"},{"link_name":"Ken Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Terrell"}],"sub_title":"Stunts","text":"In addition to playing the main character, Tom Steele was also the stunt gaffer on this serial. As stated above, he received no screen credit for this.[2] As an odd outcome of playing both the Masked Marvel and other stunts and bit parts, in one scene Tom Steele chased himself up some stairs.[2]Steele himself was doubled by a dummy in the scene in which the Marvel is thrown off the top of an enormous gas tank. On the way down one of the dummy's arms gets caught in the rigging of the tank and is clearly ripped off. Yet when the Marvel lands in the back of the truck below, he has both arms intact. The budget and schedules of serials mandated that retakes only occur in the most dire circumstances.One stunt in Chapter 10 is particularly notable: to prevent a rolling handcar filled with explosives from destroying a train transporting aircraft parts, the Masked Marvel crashes his own car into the handcar. The Masked Marvel survives by jumping aside at the last second. Harmon and Glut write that \"the scene is both thrilling and perfect craftsmanship\".[2]Tom Steele, Republic's stunt gaffer\nFred Graham doubling Roy Barcroft & Harry Woods\nDuke Green doubling Anthony Warde & Stanley Price\nBetty Miles doubling Louise Currie\nAllen Pomeroy\nKen Terrell doubling Johnny Arthur\nCarey Loftin\nEddie Parker","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lydecker brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydecker_brothers"}],"sub_title":"Special effects","text":"The effects in The Masked Marvel were produced by Republic's team, the Lydecker brothers.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathis-1"}],"sub_title":"Theatrical","text":"The Masked Marvel's official release date is 6 November 1943, although this is actually the date the sixth chapter was made available to film exchanges.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathis-1"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The Masked Marvel was one of twenty-six Republic serials re-edited into features for television release in 1966. The title was changed to Sakima and the Masked Marvel. This version was 100-minutes in length.[1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMS-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Harmon and Glut describe The Masked Marvel as an \"exciting serial, one of Republic's best\". They especially note \"some of the most beautifully photographed and edited action sequences in the history of cliffhangers\".[2]Cline writes that the sight of seeing the hero \"jump right into his own fights\" rather than have the camera cut between an actor and a stuntman, more than compensated for the reveal in the final chapter when the actor playing the Masked Marvel removes his mask and is clearly not the same actor playing the part in every other scene. This scene is described as almost anticlimactic and \"must have been just a little embarrassing\".[4] This was one of Republic's best serials.[5]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mathis-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Masked Crusader (26min 11s)\nDeath Takes the Helm (15min 33s)\nDive to Doom (15min 33s)[6]\nSuspense at Midnight (15min 33s)\nMurder Meter (15min 33s)\nExit to Eternity (15min 33s)\nDoorway to Destruction (15min 34s)\nDestined to Die (15min 34s)\nDanger Express (15min 33s)\nSuicide Sacrifice (15min 33s)\nThe Fatal Mistake (15min 33s)\nThe Man Behind the Mask (15min 34s)Source:[1][7]","title":"Chapter list"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Mathis, Jack (1995). Valley of the Cliffhangers Supplement. Jack Mathis Advertising. pp. 3, 10, 72–73. ISBN 0-9632878-1-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9632878-1-8","url_text":"0-9632878-1-8"}]},{"reference":"Harmon, Jim; Donald F. Glut (1973). \"11. New Masks for New Heroes \"Get That Masked Trouble Maker\"\". The Great Movie Serials: Their Sound and Fury. Routledge. pp. 274, 279, 280–281. ISBN 978-0-7130-0097-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Harmon","url_text":"Harmon, Jim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_F._Glut","url_text":"Donald F. Glut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7130-0097-9","url_text":"978-0-7130-0097-9"}]},{"reference":"Cline, William C. (1984). \"4. The Plotters of Peril (The Writers)\". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 61. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin","url_text":"In the Nick of Time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin/page/61","url_text":"61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0471-X","url_text":"0-7864-0471-X"}]},{"reference":"Cline, William C. (1984). \"3. The Six Faces of Adventure\". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 53. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin","url_text":"In the Nick of Time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin/page/53","url_text":"53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0471-X","url_text":"0-7864-0471-X"}]},{"reference":"Cline, William C. (1984). \"5. A Cheer for the Champions (The Heroes and Heroines)\". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. pp. 89–90. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin","url_text":"In the Nick of Time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin/page/89","url_text":"89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0471-X","url_text":"0-7864-0471-X"}]},{"reference":"Cline, William C. (1984). \"Filmography\". In the Nick of Time. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 236. ISBN 0-7864-0471-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin","url_text":"In the Nick of Time"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/innickoftimemot00clin/page/236","url_text":"236"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0471-X","url_text":"0-7864-0471-X"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Street_Grounds

Jefferson Street Grounds

["1 History","1.1 25th and Jefferson, 1864 to 1875","1.2 26th and Jefferson, 1883 to 1890","2 Ballpark site today","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 39°58′41″N 75°10′34″W / 39.9781°N 75.1762°W / 39.9781; -75.1762Former baseball field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US (1864–90) Jefferson Street GroundsFormer namesAthletic Base Ball GroundsLocationPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, United StatesCoordinates39°58′41″N 75°10′34″W / 39.9781°N 75.1762°W / 39.9781; -75.1762Capacity5,000SurfaceNatural grassConstructionOpened1864 (amateur)1871 (professional)April 22, 1876 (National League)April 7, 1883 (American Association)Renovated1883ClosedOctober 11, 1890TenantsPhiladelphia Athletics (AA) (1883–1890)Philadelphia Athletics (NL) (1876)Philadelphia White Stockings (NA) (1873–1875)Philadelphia Athletics (NA) (1871–1875) Jefferson Street Grounds was a baseball field located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was also known as Jefferson Park and Athletics Park. It was home to three different professional baseball teams, competing in three different leagues. Notably, it was the venue for the first game in National League history, played on April 22, 1876. History Baseball had first been played on the site in 1864. Several local clubs held their games there, including the historic Olympic Ball Club of Philadelphia, which had begun playing various varieties of town ball starting in the early 1830s and had adopted the "New York game" by 1860. When they began playing at the Jefferson site, the diamond was situated at the southeast corner, at 25th (first base) and Master (third base). The Olympics built a clubhouse along Master. Jefferson was behind right field. Local newspapers typically gave the ballfield location as "25th and Jefferson". The grounds would be home to three different professional teams: Athletic Club of Philadelphia (also known as the Philadelphia Athletics) from 1871 to 1876. The team competed in the National Association until 1875, and in the National League of Base Ball Clubs in 1876. Philadelphia Base Ball Club (also known as the Philadelphia White Stockings) from 1873 to 1875, when they shared the venue with the Athletics. The White Stockings competed in the National Association. Philadelphia Athletics from 1883 to 1890. This franchise competed in the American Association. 25th and Jefferson, 1864 to 1875 The grounds were located on a large block bounded by Jefferson Street (north); 25th Street (east); Master Street (south); and 27th Street (west). Across the street to the south was the Spring Garden Reservoir, which has since been filled in. Although often listed as one ballpark, the 1870s diamond was located in the opposite corner of the block from the 1880s diamond. The facility opened to professional league baseball during 1871, as early as May 15. The club's first official National Association home game was played on June 3. The seating capacity was meager, only 5,000 seats. The inaugural National League game was played there, on Saturday, April 22, 1876, between Athletic and Boston; the Bostons won, 6–5. By a quirk of fate, it was the only National League game played that day, all others being rained out. This game is often pointed to as the beginning of Major League Baseball. 26th and Jefferson, 1883 to 1890 Athletic Base Ball Grounds, 27th and Master Streets, during 1883 season After an early Athletics franchise was expelled from the National League following the 1876 season, the field fell into disuse. The City of Philadelphia cut 26th Street through the lot, allowing the eastern half of the large block to be developed. The western half remained vacant. A new American Association team, also called the Athletics, decided to move from their Oakdale Park after their inaugural 1882 season. Beginning in 1883, the Athletics leased the western half of the Jefferson Street lot, and erected a new diamond and grandstands at the northwest corner. Local newspapers then referred to the ballfield location as "26th and Jefferson", where there was an entrance gate. Also by this time, the venue was being called Athletic Grounds or Athletic Park. The Athletics opened the new ballpark to the public on Saturday, April 7, 1883 for a preseason exhibition game against Yale University which Athletic won 12 to 0. It was reported that the new ballpark could accommodate 5,000 to 6,000 fans. One of the largest crowds at the ballpark was recorded on April 4, 1887 for the first game of Philadelphia's 1887 City Series when 9,183 tickets were sold and an "immense crowd" turned out to see the Phillies defeat the Athletics by a score of 10 to 2. Prior to the 1889 season, a new band stand was erected on the left field side next to the grandstand large enough for a 25-piece military band. On March 1, 1890, the Kensington Rovers and Philadelphia South End soccer clubs met at the ballpark in what the Philadelphia Inquirer called "the roughest and most exciting game of football (under English Association rules) that has ever been played in this city..." The last major league game played in the park was October 11, 1890. The "Athletics" teams that played at the Jefferson Street Grounds do not have any direct lineage to the Philadelphia Athletics franchise that was an inaugural member of the American League in 1901, and exists today as the Oakland Athletics. Ballpark site today The ball field still exists in a revised form. The ballpark site is currently occupied by various structures including Daniel Boone Public School, also known as Camelot Academy, at 1435 N 26th St, and the Athletic Recreation Center and its ball fields. The field at the northwest corner of the lot approximates the location of the 1883–1890 diamond. References ^ a b c "Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia, PA". Retrosheet. Retrieved August 31, 2020. ^ "1871 Log For Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia, PA". Retrosheet. Retrieved August 31, 2020. ^ "1876 Log For Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia, PA". Retrosheet. Retrieved August 31, 2020. ^ a b Noble, Marty (September 23, 2011). "MLB carries on strong, 200,000 games later: Look what they started on a ballfield in Philadelphia in 1876". MLB.com. Retrieved 2011-09-30. aseball is about to celebrate its 200,000th game — Saturday .... ^ Events of Saturday, April 22, 1876. Retrosheet. Retrieved 2011-09-30. ^ "Base Ball: The Athletics' Opening Game with Yale". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. April 9, 1883. p. 2. ^ "The Phillies Win: The Athletics Beaten by a Score of Ten to Two". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. April 5, 1887. p. 2. ^ "Ball and Bat Sports: Base Ball Season Opens To-Day". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. March 30, 1889. p. 6. ^ "Association Football Match: Philadelphia South End and Kensington Rovers Play an Exciting Match". Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. March 2, 1890. p. 6. ^ "1890 Log For Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia, PA". Retrosheet. Retrieved August 31, 2020. Further reading SABR article on Jefferson Street ballparks SABR article on early Philadelphia ballparks External links Photos of current site Thomas Eakins painting probably set at Jefferson Street Grounds 1887 birds-eye map showing Jefferson Street grounds and Recreation Park

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_park"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_league"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"}],"text":"Former baseball field in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US (1864–90)Jefferson Street Grounds was a baseball field located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was also known as Jefferson Park and Athletics Park. It was home to three different professional baseball teams, competing in three different leagues. Notably, it was the venue for the first game in National League history, played on April 22, 1876.","title":"Jefferson Street Grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Ball Club of Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Ball_Club_of_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"town ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_ball"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_(1860%E2%80%931876)"},{"link_name":"National Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia White Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_White_Stockings"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_(American_Association)"},{"link_name":"American Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_(19th_century)"}],"text":"Baseball had first been played on the site in 1864. Several local clubs held their games there, including the historic Olympic Ball Club of Philadelphia, which had begun playing various varieties of town ball starting in the early 1830s and had adopted the \"New York game\" by 1860. When they began playing at the Jefferson site, the diamond was situated at the southeast corner, at 25th (first base) and Master (third base). The Olympics built a clubhouse along Master. Jefferson was behind right field. Local newspapers typically gave the ballfield location as \"25th and Jefferson\".The grounds would be home to three different professional teams:Athletic Club of Philadelphia (also known as the Philadelphia Athletics) from 1871 to 1876. The team competed in the National Association until 1875, and in the National League of Base Ball Clubs in 1876.\nPhiladelphia Base Ball Club (also known as the Philadelphia White Stockings) from 1873 to 1875, when they shared the venue with the Athletics. The White Stockings competed in the National Association.\nPhiladelphia Athletics from 1883 to 1890. This franchise competed in the American Association.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_block"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-log-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1871/B06030PH11871.htm"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Caps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-log-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLBcarriesOnStrong-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"beginning of Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball#Founding"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MLBcarriesOnStrong-4"}],"sub_title":"25th and Jefferson, 1864 to 1875","text":"The grounds were located on a large block bounded by Jefferson Street (north); 25th Street (east); Master Street (south); and 27th Street (west). Across the street to the south was the Spring Garden Reservoir, which has since been filled in. Although often listed as one ballpark, the 1870s diamond was located in the opposite corner of the block from the 1880s diamond.The facility opened to professional league baseball during 1871,[1][2] as early as May 15.[citation needed] The club's first official National Association home game was played on June 3.[1] The seating capacity was meager, only 5,000 seats.The inaugural National League game was played there, on Saturday, April 22, 1876, between Athletic and Boston;[1][3] the Bostons won, 6–5.[4][5] By a quirk of fate, it was the only National League game played that day, all others being rained out. This game is often pointed to as the beginning of Major League Baseball.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1883JSG.png"},{"link_name":"Oakdale Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakdale_Park"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Bulldogs_baseball"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"City Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Series_(Philadelphia)"},{"link_name":"Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Philadelphia_Quakers_season"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_Philadelphia_Athletics_season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-log-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philadelphia_Athletics"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"}],"sub_title":"26th and Jefferson, 1883 to 1890","text":"Athletic Base Ball Grounds, 27th and Master Streets, during 1883 seasonAfter an early Athletics franchise was expelled from the National League following the 1876 season, the field fell into disuse. The City of Philadelphia cut 26th Street through the lot, allowing the eastern half of the large block to be developed. The western half remained vacant. A new American Association team, also called the Athletics, decided to move from their Oakdale Park after their inaugural 1882 season.Beginning in 1883, the Athletics leased the western half of the Jefferson Street lot, and erected a new diamond and grandstands at the northwest corner. Local newspapers then referred to the ballfield location as \"26th and Jefferson\", where there was an entrance gate. Also by this time, the venue was being called Athletic Grounds or Athletic Park.The Athletics opened the new ballpark to the public on Saturday, April 7, 1883 for a preseason exhibition game against Yale University which Athletic won 12 to 0. It was reported that the new ballpark could accommodate 5,000 to 6,000 fans.[6]One of the largest crowds at the ballpark was recorded on April 4, 1887 for the first game of Philadelphia's 1887 City Series when 9,183 tickets were sold and an \"immense crowd\" turned out to see the Phillies defeat the Athletics by a score of 10 to 2.[7]Prior to the 1889 season, a new band stand was erected on the left field side next to the grandstand large enough for a 25-piece military band.[8]On March 1, 1890, the Kensington Rovers and Philadelphia South End soccer clubs met at the ballpark in what the Philadelphia Inquirer called \"the roughest and most exciting game of football (under English Association rules) that has ever been played in this city...\"[9]The last major league game played in the park was October 11, 1890.[1][10]The \"Athletics\" teams that played at the Jefferson Street Grounds do not have any direct lineage to the Philadelphia Athletics franchise that was an inaugural member of the American League in 1901, and exists today as the Oakland Athletics.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The ball field still exists in a revised form.The ballpark site is currently occupied by various structures including Daniel Boone Public School, also known as Camelot Academy, at 1435 N 26th St, and the Athletic Recreation Center and its ball fields. The field at the northwest corner of the lot approximates the location of the 1883–1890 diamond.","title":"Ballpark site today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SABR article on Jefferson Street ballparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sabr.org/research/jefferson-street-ball-parks-1864-91"},{"link_name":"SABR article on early Philadelphia ballparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sabr.org/research/early-years-philadelphia-baseball"}],"text":"SABR article on Jefferson Street ballparks\nSABR article on early Philadelphia ballparks","title":"Further reading"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Dushan

Stefan Dušan

["1 Background","2 Biography","2.1 Youth and usurpation","2.2 Personal traits","2.3 Early reign","2.4 Imperial coronation and autocephaly of the Serbian church","2.5 Epirus and Thessaly","2.6 War with the Bosnian banate","2.7 Last years and Death","3 Religious activity","3.1 Church policy","4 Reign","4.1 Royal ideology","4.2 Lawmaker","4.3 Military tactics","5 Name, epithets and titles","6 Legacy","7 Family","8 Foundations","9 In fiction","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]

14th century Serbian king and emperor "Dušan the Mighty" redirects here. For a 1990s Serbian militia, see Dušan the Mighty (paramilitary). Stefan DušanСтефан ДушанDetail of fresco in the Lesnovo Monastery, 1350King of all Serbian and Maritime LandsReign8 September 1331 –16 April 1346PredecessorStefan Uroš IIISuccessorStefan Uroš VEmperor of the Serbs and GreeksReign16 April 1346 –20 December 1355Coronation16 April 1346, SkopjeSuccessorStefan Uroš VBornc. 1308Died20 December 1355(1355-12-20) (aged 46–47)Serbian EmpireBurialMonastery of the Holy Archangels; after 1927: St. Mark's ChurchSpouseHelena of BulgariaIssueStefan Uroš VTheodora UrošIrina Uroš (disputed)DynastyNemanjićFatherStefan Uroš IIIMotherTheodora Smilets of BulgariaReligionSerbian Orthodox Christian Stefan Uroš IV Dušan (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Урош IV Душан, pronounced ⓘ), also known as Dušan the Mighty (Serbian: Душан Силни/Dušan Silni; c. 1308 – 20 December 1355), was the king of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and tsar (or emperor) and autocrat of the Serbs, Greeks (or Romans), Albanians and Bulgarians from 16 April 1346 until his death in 1355. Dušan conquered a large part of southeast Europe, becoming one of the most powerful monarchs of the era. Under Dušan's rule, Serbia was the most powerful state in Southeast Europe, one of the most powerful European states and an Eastern Orthodox multi-ethnic and multilingual empire that stretched from the Danube in the north to the Gulf of Corinth in the south, with its capital in Skopje. He enacted the constitution of the Serbian Empire, known as Dušan's Code, perhaps the most important literary work of medieval Serbia. Dušan promoted the Serbian Church from an archbishopric to a patriarchate, finished the construction of the Visoki Dečani Monastery (now a UNESCO site), and founded the monastery of the Holy Archangels, among others. Under his rule, Serbia reached its territorial, political, economic, and cultural peak. After Dušan's sudden death in 1355, the empire began to weaken. With the death of Dušan's successor, emperor Stefan Uroš V, the Serbian Empire was definitively divided into a large number of independent Serbian states, among which the Serbian Despotate will stand out as the most prominent under the rule of Lazarević dynasty. Background Fresco of Stefan Uroš III and Stefan Dušan, Visoki Dečani Monastery, 14th century (UNESCO) In 1314, Serbian King Stefan Milutin quarreled with his son, Stefan Uroš III. Milutin sent Dečanski to Constantinople to have him blinded, though he was never totally blinded. Dečanski wrote to Danilo, the bishop of Hum, asking him to intervene with his father. Danilo wrote to Archbishop Nicodemus of Serbia, who spoke with Milutin and persuaded him to recall his son. In 1320 Dečanski was permitted to return to Serbia and was given the appanage of 'Budimlje' (modern Berane), while his half-brother, Stefan Konstantin, held the province of Zeta. Milutin became ill and died on 29 October 1321, and Konstantin was crowned king. Civil war erupted immediately, as Dečanski and his cousin, Stefan Vladislav II, claimed the throne. Konstantin refused to submit to Dečanski, who then invaded Zeta, defeating and killing Konstantin. Dečanski was crowned king on 6 January 1322 by Nicodemus, and his son, Stefan Dušan, was crowned "young king". Dečanski later granted Zeta to Dušan, indicating him as the intended heir. Since April 1326 Dušan appears in written sources as the "young king" and ruler in Zeta and Zahumlje. From that fact and the "Old Serbian genealogies and annals", in recent works, some Serbian historians write that Dusan was 14 years old probably in March, or April 1326, and that he was born in 1312, not around 1308. In the meantime, Vladislav II mobilized local support from Rudnik, the former appanage of his father, Stefan Dragutin. Vladislav proclaimed himself king, and he was supported by the Hungarians, consolidating control over his lands and preparing for battle with Dečanski. As was the case with their fathers, Serbia was divided by the two independent rulers; in 1322 and 1323 Ragusan merchants freely visited both lands. In 1323, war broke out between Dečanski and Vladislav. Rudnik had fallen to Dečanski by the end of 1323, and Vladislav appeared to have fled north. Vladislav was defeated in battle in late 1324 and fled to Hungary, leaving the Serbian throne to Dečanski as undisputed "king of All Serbian and Maritime lands". Biography Youth and usurpation Dušan was the eldest son of King Stefan Dečanski and Theodora Smilets, the daughter of emperor Smilets of Bulgaria. He was born c. 1308, or in 1312, in Serbia. In 1314 Dušan's father was exiled, and the family lived in Constantinople until his recall in 1320. Dušan became acquainted with the Byzantine Empire during his stay in its capital, learning cultural customs and the Greek language. He was interested in the arts of war; in his youth he fought exceptionally in two battles, defeating Bosnian forces in 1329 during the War of Hum, and the Bulgarian emperor Michael III Shishman in the 1330 Battle of Velbužd. Dečanski appointed his nephew Ivan Stephen (through Anna Neda) to the throne of Bulgaria in August 1330. Stefan Dečanski with his son Stefan Dušan (lower left corner) on the icon of St. Nicholas in the Basilica di San Nicola, Bari, Italy Dečanski's decision not to attack the Byzantines after the victory at Velbazhd, when he had an opportunity, resulted in the alienation of many nobles, who sought to expand to the south. By January or February 1331, Dušan was quarreling with his father, perhaps pressured by the nobility. According to contemporary pro-Dušan sources, advisors turned Dečanski against his son, and he decided to seize and exclude Dušan from his inheritance. Dečanski sent an army into Zeta against his son; the army ravaged Skadar (modern Shkodër), but Dušan had crossed the Bojana river. A brief period of anarchy took place in parts of Serbia before father and son concluded peace in April 1331. Three months later, Dečanski ordered Dušan to meet him. Dušan feared for his life and his advisors persuaded him to resist, so Dušan marched from Skadar to Nerodimlje, where he besieged his father. Dečanski fled, and Dušan captured the treasury and family. He then pursued his father, catching up with him at Petrich. On 21 August 1331 Dečanski surrendered, and on the advice or insistence of Dušan's advisors, he was imprisoned. Dušan was crowned King of All Serbian and Maritime lands in the first week of September. Personal traits Contemporary writers described Dušan as unusually tall and strong, "the tallest man of his time", very handsome, and a rare leader full of dynamism, quick intelligence, and strength, bearing "a kingly presence". According to contemporary depictions, he had dark hair and brown eyes; in adult age he grew a beard and longer hair. Early reign Main article: Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 The remains of the Prizren Fortress (left) and Višegrad (right) in Prizren, Dušan's first capital Serbia made some raids into the Macedonia region in late 1331, but a planned major attack on Byzantium was delayed as Dušan had to suppress revolts in Zeta in 1332. Dušan's ingratitude toward those who had aided his rise – the Zetan nobility may have been neglected their promised reward and greater influence – may have been the cause of the rebellion, which was suppressed in the course of the same year. "Wedding of Emperor Dušan", by Paja Jovanović The struggle between Dušan and Stefan Dečanski prevented Serbian intervention in Bulgaria on behalf of Anna and Ivan Stephen and they were overthrown by Ivan Alexander in March 1331, however Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria was aware of future danger from Serbia and immediately sought peace with Dušan. Two rulers concluded peace and formed an alliance, sealed with Dušan's marriage to Ivan Alexander's sister Helen of Bulgaria. Good relations with Bulgaria continued during Dušan's reign and though Bulgaria was weaker then Serbia, it did not suffer any legal dependence. In 1333 after negotiations with Ragusa, Dušan sold Ston and its envisions, including the Pelješac peninsula and the coastland between Ston and Dubrovnik for eight thousand perpers and an annual tribute of five hundred perpers. Ragusa also had to guarantee freedom of worship for Orthodox believers in this territory. Dušan began campaigning against the Byzantine Empire in 1333. In late 1333, a leading Byzantine general Syrgiannes revolted against Andronikos III and sought Dušan's help. In spring of 1334 Serbs launched an attack on Byzantine Macedonia, benefiting greatly due to Syrgiannes' strategic abilities, knowledge of Byzantine position and his allies that surrendered fortresses to Serbs. Peace with Byzantines was concluded on 26. August 1334, with Byzantines recognizing Serbian gains in Ohrid, Prilep, Strumitsa, Siderokastron, Chermen and Prosek. Hungarians, knowing of Dušan's involvement in the south, were mobilizing to attack Serbia from the north. Hungarians, not expecting any serious Serbian resistance penetrated deep into Serbia, reaching neighborhood of Žiča monastery. Hungarians have received military support from Stephen II of Bosnia. Dušan marched north to face Hungarians. Hungarians quickly withdrew their armies to avoid Dušan's army. Charles I was wounded by an arrow but survived. As a result, the Hungarians lost Mačva and Belgrade in 1335. Dušan then focused his attention on the internal affairs of his country, writing, in 1349, the first statute book of the Serbs. Dušan exploited the civil war in the Byzantine Empire between the regent of the minor Emperor John V Palaiologos, Anna of Savoy, and his father's general John Kantakouzenos. Dušan and Ivan Alexander picked opposite sides in the conflict but remained at peace with each other, taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war to secure gains for themselves. Dušan's systematic offensive began in 1342, and in the end he conquered all Byzantine territories in the western Balkans as far as Kavala, except for the Peloponnesus and Thessaloniki, which he could not besiege due to his small fleet. There has been speculation that Dušan's ultimate goal was no less than to conquer Constantinople and replace the declining Byzantine Empire with a united Orthodox Greco-Serbian Empire under his control. In May 1344, his commander Preljub was stopped at Stephaniana by a Turkic force of 3,100. The Turks won the battle, but the victory was not enough to thwart the Serbian conquest of Macedonia. Faced with Dušan's aggression, the Byzantines sought allies in the Ottoman Turks, whom they brought into Europe for the first time. In 1343, Dušan added "of Romans (Greeks)" to his self-styled title "King of Serbia, Albania and the coast". In another instance, in a charter issued to the fortified city of Krujë, Dušan referred to himself as "King of the Bulgarians". In 1345 he began calling himself tsar, equivalent of Emperor, as attested in charters to two athonite monasteries, one from November 1345 and the other from January 1346, and around Christmas 1345 at a council meeting in Serres, which was conquered on 25 September 1345, he proclaimed himself "Tsar of the Serbs and Romans" (Romans is equivalent to Greeks in Serbian documents). Imperial coronation and autocephaly of the Serbian church The coronation of the Tsar Stefen Dušan in Skopje (1926), part of The Slav Epic series by Alphonse Mucha Skopje Fortress, where Dušan adopted the title of Emperor at his coronation On 16 April 1346 (Easter), Dušan convoked a huge assembly at Skopje, attended by the Serbian Archbishop Joanikije II, the Archbishop of Ochrid Nikolas I, the Bulgarian Patriarch Simeon, and various religious leaders of Mount Athos. The assembly and clerics agreed upon, and then ceremonially performed, the raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the status of Serbian Patriarchate. The Archbishop from then on was titled Serbian Patriarch, although some documents called him Patriarch of Serbs and Romans, with the seat at the Monastery of Peć. The first Serbian Patriarch Joanikije II solemnly crowned Dušan as "Emperor and autocrat of Serbs and Romans" (Greek Bασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτoκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Pωμανίας). Dušan had his son Uroš crowned King of Serbs and Greeks, giving him nominal rule over the Serbian lands, and although Dušan was governing the whole state, he had special responsibility for the Eastern Roman lands. A further increase in the Byzantinization of the Serbian court followed, particularly in court ceremonial and titles. As Emperor, Dušan could grant titles only possible as an Emperor. In the years that followed, Dušan's half-brother Symeon Uroš and brother-in-law Jovan Asen became despotes. Jovan Oliver already had the despot title, granted to him by Andronikos III. His brother-in-law Dejan Dragaš and Branko Mladenović were granted the title of sebastocrator. The military commanders (voivodes) Preljub and Vojihna received the title of caesar. The raising of the Serbian Patriarch resulted in the same spirit as bishoprics became metropolitans, as for example the Metropolitanate of Skopje. Coin of Emperor Stefan Dušan The Serbian Patriarchate took over sovereignty on Mt. Athos and the Greek eparchies under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, while the Archbishopric of Ohrid remained autocephalous. For those acts he was excommunicated by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in 1350. Epirus and Thessaly In 1347, Dušan conquered Epirus, Aetolia and Acarnania, appointing his half-brother, despot Simeon Uroš as governor of those provinces. In 1348, Dušan also conquered Thessaly, appointing Preljub as governor. In eastern regions of Macedonia, he appointed Vojihna as governor of Drama. Once Dušan conquered Byzantine possessions in western regions, he sought to obtain Constantinople. To acquire the city, he needed a fleet. Knowing that fleets of southern Serbian Dalmatian towns were not strong enough to overcome Constantinople, he opened negotiations with Venice, with which he maintained fairly good relations. Venice feared a reduction of privileges in the Empire if Serbs became the masters of Constantinople over the weakened Byzantines. But if the Venetians had allied with Serbia, Dušan would have examined existing privileges. Once he became master of all Byzantine lands (especially Thessalonika and Constantinople) the Venetians would have gained privileges. But Venice chose to avoid a military alliance. While Dušan sought Venetian aid against Byzantium, the Venetians sought Serbian support in the struggle against the Hungarians over Dalmatia. When sensing that Serbian aid would result in a Venetian obligation to Serbia, Venice politely turned down Dušan's offers of help. Serbian Empire and neighbors at death of Tsar Dušan, 1355 While Dušan launched the Bosnian campaign (absent the Serbian troops in Macedonia and Thessaly), Kantakouzenos tried to regain lands Byzantium had lost. In his support, the Constantinopolitan patriarch Kallistos excommunicated Dušan to discourage the Greek population in Dušan's Greek provinces from supporting the Serbian administration and thereby assist the Kantakouzenos campaign. The excommunication did not stop Dušan's relations with Mount Athos, which still addressed him as Emperor, though rather as Emperor of Serbs than Emperor of Serbs and Greeks. Kantakouzenos raised a small army and took the Chalcidic peninsula, then Veria and Voden. Veria was the richest town in the Bottiaea region. Dušan had earlier replaced many Greeks with Serbs, including a Serb garrison. However, the remaining locals were able to open the gates for Kantakouzenos in 1350. Voden resisted Kantakouzenos but was taken by assault. Kantakouzenos then marched toward Thessaly but was stopped at Servia by Caesar Preljub and his army of 500 men. The Byzantine force retired to Veria, and the aiding Turk contingent went off plundering, reaching Skopje. Once news of the Byzantine campaign reached Dušan in Hum, he quickly reassembled his forces from Bosnia and Hum and marched for Thessaly. War with the Bosnian banate The attributed Coat of arms of Stefan Dušan presented in the Korjenić-Neorić Armorial. Dušan evidently wanted to expand his rule over the provinces that had earlier been in the hands of Serbia, such as Hum, which was annexed by Bosnian Ban Stephen II Kotromanić in 1326. In 1329, Ban Stephen II launched an attack on Lord Vitomir, who held Travunia and Konavle. The Bosnian army was defeated at Pribojska Banja by Dušan, when he was still Young King. The Ban soon took over Nevesinje and the rest of Bosnia. Petar Toljenović, the Lord of "seaside Hum" and a distant relative of Dušan, sparked a rebellion against the new ruler, but he was soon captured and died in prison. "Entry of Emperor Dušan into Ragusa" by Marko Murat In 1350, Dušan attacked Bosnia, seeking to regain the previously lost land of Hum and stop raids on his tributaries at Konavle. Venice sought a settlement between the two but failed. In October he invaded Hum, with an army said to be of 80,000 men, and successfully occupied part of the disputed territory. According to Orbini, Dušan had secretly been in contact with various Bosnian nobles, offering them bribes for support. Many nobles, chiefly of Hum, were ready to betray the Ban, such as the Nikolić family, which was kin to the Nemanjić dynasty. The Bosnian Ban avoided any major confrontation and did not meet Dušan in battle; he instead retired to the mountains and made small hit-and-run actions. Most of Bosnia's fortresses held out, but some nobles submitted to Dušan. The Serbs ravaged much of the countryside. With one army they reached Duvno and Cetina; another reached Krka, on which lay Knin (modern Croatia); and another took Imotski and Novi, where they left garrisons and entered Hum. From this position of strength, Dušan tried to negotiate peace with the Ban, sealing it by the marriage of Dušan's son Uroš with Stephen's daughter Elizabeth, who would receive Hum as her dowry – restoring it to Serbia. The Ban was not willing to consider this proposal. Dušan may have also launched the campaign to aid his sister, Jelena, who married Mladen III Šubić of Klis, Omiš and Skradin, in 1347. Mladen died from Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348, and Jelena sought to maintain the rule of the cities for herself and her son. She was challenged by Hungary and Venice, so the dispatch of Serbian troops to western Hum and Croatia may have been for her aid, as operations in this region were unlikely to help Dušan conquer Hum. If Dušan had intended to aid Jelena, rising trouble in the East precluded this. Pope Clement VI in 1335 addresses to King Stefan Dušan and request him to stop the persecution and that to the bishop of Kotor which is responsible for Roman Catholic Diocese of Trebinje return monasteries, churches, islands and villages, which some kings of Raška before him overtook. Last years and Death Sarcophagus of Stefan Dušan, kept at St. Mark's church, Belgrade In 1354 Dušan was attacked by Hungarians. They occupied part of northern Serbia. At this point Dušan began corresponding with the pope, stating that he was ready to recognize papal supremacy. Since there is no other evidence that Dušan was seriously attracted to Catholicism, this was most likely a diplomatic action to improve relations with papacy while Serbia was endangered by Hungary. Dušan successfully repelled Hungarian invasion, preserving or even extending his original borders in the north. When Hungarians retreated from Serbia, he did not continue the correspondence with the pope. Peace with Lois I of Hungary was concluded in May of 1355. Dušan had grand intentions to capture Constantinople, and to place himself at the head of a grand crusading army to drive the Muslim Turks from Europe. His premature death created a large power vacuum in the Balkans, that ultimately enabled Turkish invasion and Turkish dominance over the Balkans until the early 20th century. While mounting a crusade against the Turks, he suddenly died on 20 December 1355. He was buried in his foundation, the Monastery of the Holy Archangels near Prizren. His empire slowly crumbled. His son and successor Stefan Uroš V could not keep the integrity of the Empire intact for long, as several feudal families immensely increased their power, though nominally acknowledging Uroš V as Emperor. Simeon Uroš, Dušan's half-brother, had proclaimed himself Emperor after the death of Dušan, ruling a large area of Thessaly and Epirus, which he had received from Dušan earlier. Today Dušan's remains are in the Church of Saint Mark in Belgrade. Dušan is the only monarch of the Nemanjić dynasty who has not been canonised as a saint. Religious activity This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mosaic, Church of Saint Sava, Belgrade Much like his ancestors, Emperor Dušan was very active in renovating churches and monasteries, and also for founding new ones. First, he cared for the monasteries in which his parents were buried. Both the Banjska monastery, built by King Milutin, where his mother was buried, and the monastery of Visoki Dečani, an endowment of his father, were generously looked after. The monastery was built for eight years and it is certain that the Emperor's role in the building process was huge. Between 1337 and 1339, the emperor became ill, and he gave his word that if he survived, he would build a church and monastery in Jerusalem. At the time, there was one Serbian monastery in Jerusalem, dedicated to Archangel Michael (believed to be founded by King Milutin), and a number of Serbian monks at the Sinai Peninsula. His greatest endowment was the Saint Archangels Monastery, located near the town of Prizren, in which he was originally buried. Dušan gave many possessions to this monastery, including the forest of Prizren which was supposed to be a special property of the monastery where all precious goods and relics were to be stored. His son, Stefan Uroš V, did not make peace with the Constantinopolitan Patriarch. The first initiative was made by despot Uglješa in 1368, which resulted that the areas under his rule were restored to Constantinople. The final initiative for reconciliation between the churches came from Prince Lazar in 1375. There is no evidence of an existing cult of Emperor Dušan in the decades after his death. Dušan's charter to Ragusa (Dubrovnik) served as a statute in the future trade between Serbia and Ragusa, and its regulations were deemed inviolable. Emperor Dušan's legacy was esteemed in Ragusa. Later folk tradition in Serbia included various attitudes toward Dušan, mostly negative, made under the influence of the church. Church policy Monastery of the Holy Archangels in PrizrenTreskavec Monastery near Prilep Dušan rejected Constantinople's claims to authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church and contemplated a religious union with the Latin Church. In 1354, Dušan reached out to the Papal States, offering to recognise Pope Innocent VI as the "father of all Christians" and to solidify a union between the Catholic and Serbian Orthodox Church, in exchange for supporting Dušan in his plans for a military crusade against the Turks. Dušan's plans were welcomed, however such plans never materialized due to his death in 1355. With the raising of the Serbian Archbishopric to a Patriarchate, serious changes in the organization of the church followed. Joanikije II became Patriarch. Bishoprics (Eparchies) were raised to Metropolitanates, and new territories of the Ochrid Archbishopric and Ecumenical Constantinople were added to the jurisdiction of the Serbian church. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople had Dušan excommunicated in 1350, although this did not affect the religious organization. Under Serbian jurisdiction came one of the foremost centers of spirituality – Mount Athos. As of November 1345, Athonite monks accept his supreme rule, and Dušan guaranteed autonomy, also giving a row of economic privileges, with tremendous gifts and endowments. The monks of Chilandar (the cradle of the Serbian church, founded by Saint Sava, his ancestor) came at the front of the ecclesiastical community. In his codex, Dušan accentuates his role as a protector of Christianity and points out the independence of the church. From the codex we can also see care that the parishes are equally arranged both in cities and villages. He was also taking care of few churches and monasteries from Bari to the west, to Jerusalem to the east. Besides Orthodox Christians, there were many Catholics in the Empire, mostly in the coastal cities, Cattaro, Alessio (modern Lezhë) etc. In the court of Dušan there were also Catholics (servants from Cattaro and Ragusa, mercenaries, guests etc.). In the central parts, Saxons were in areas active in mining and trading. Serbia under Dušan claimed its identity through Orthodoxy, and opposition to Catholicism. Catholics were persecuted, especially Catholic Albanians. Reign Royal ideology Divellion of Emperor Dušan Some historians consider that the goal of Emperor Dušan was to establish a new, Serbian-Greek Empire, replacing the Byzantine Empire. Ćirković considered his initial ideology as that of the previous Bulgarian emperors, who had envisioned co-rulership. However, starting in 1347, relations with John VI Kantakouzenos worsened, Dušan allied himself with rival John V Palaiologos. Dušan was the first Serbian monarch who wrote most of his letters in Greek, also signing with the Imperial red ink. He was the first to publish prostagma, a kind of Byzantine document, characteristic for Byzantine rulers. In his royal title, Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks, his claim as Eastern Roman (Byzantine) successor is clear. He also gave Byzantine court titles to his nobility, something that would continue into the 16th century. Lawmaker Dušan's Code, the second oldest preserved constitution of Serbia "The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex" by Paja Jovanović The most lasting monument to Dušan's rulership was a law code. For the purposes of Dušan's Code, a wealth of charters were published, and some great foreign works of law were translated to Serbian; however, the third section of the Code was new and distinctively Serbian, albeit with Byzantine influence and attention to a long legal tradition in Serbia. Dušan explained the purpose of his Code in one of in his charters; he intimated that its aims were spiritual and that the code would help his people to save themselves for the afterlife. The Code was proclaimed on 21 May 1349. in Skopje, and contained 155 clauses, while 66 further clauses were added at Serres in 1353 or 1354. The authors of the code are not known, but they were probably members of the court who specialised in law. Dušan's Code proclaims on subjects both secular and ecclesiastic, the more so because Serbia had recently achieved full ecclesiastic autonomy as an independent Orthodox Church under a Patriarchate. The first 38 clauses relate to the church and they deal with issues that the Medieval Serbian Church faced, while the next 25 clauses relate to the nobility. Civil law is largely excluded, since it was covered in earlier documents, namely Saint Sava's Nomokamon and in Corpus Juris Civilis. Dušan's Code originally dealt with criminal law, with heavy emphasis on the concept of lawfulness, which was mostly taken directly from Byzantine law. The original manuscript of Dušan's Code does not survive. The Code continued as a de facto constitution under the rule of Dušan's son, Stefan Uroš V, and after the fall of the Serbian Empire in 1371, it was used in all the successor provinces. It was officially used in the successor state, Serbian Despotate, until its annexation by the Ottoman Empire in 1459. The Code was used as a reference for Serbian communities under Turkish rule, which exercised considerable legal autonomy in civil cases. The Code was also used in the Serbian autonomical areas under the Republic of Venice, like Grbalj and Paštrovići. Military tactics Further information: Military history of Serbia Serbian military uniform, depicted in fresco in Lesnovo Monastery Map of expansion of Serbian state under Stefan Dušan Serbian tactics favored wedge shaped heavy cavalry attacks with horse archers on the flanks. Many foreign mercenaries were in the Serbian army in the 14th century, mostly German knights and Catalan halberdiers. Dušan had his personal mercenary guard on his disposal, consisting of German knights led by Palman, commander of the Serbian "Alemannic Guard", who upon crossing Serbia to Jerusalem in 1331, became leader of all mercenaries in the Serbian army. The main strength of the Serbian army were their heavy cavalry, feared for their ferocious charge and staying power. The imperial army of Stefan Dušan was built on existing military administration of Byzantium. Although Vlach cavalry of Thessaly was disbanded his army include Serbian feudal forces, Albanians and Greeks. Dušan recruited light cavalry composed of 15,000 Albanians, armed with spears and swords. The Serbian expansion in the former territory of Byzantine Empire proceeded without a single major battle, it was based on besieging Greek fortifications. Name, epithets and titles Statue of Emperor Dušan in Belgrade He was crowned Young King as heir apparent on 6 January 1322 but he was too young to really rule with his father 1322. and later in April 1326 Dušan appears as the co-ruler in Zeta and Zahumlje. He was entitled the rule of Zeta; thus he ruled as "King of Zeta". In 1331 he succeeded his father as "King of all Serbian and Maritime Lands". In 1343 his title was "King of Serbia, Greeks, Albania and the coast". In 1345 he began calling himself tsar, Emperor, and in 1345 he proclaimed himself "Emperor of Serbs and Eastern Romans ". On 16 April 1346 he was crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks. This title was soon enlarged into "Emperor and Autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks, the Bulgarians and Albanians". His epithet Silni (Силни) is translated into the Mighty, but also the Great, the Powerful or the Strong. Legacy Stefan Dušan was the most powerful Serbian ruler in the Middle Ages and remains a folk hero to Serbs. Dušan, a contemporary of England's Edward III, is regarded with the same reverence as the Bulgarians feel for Tsar Simeon I, the Poles for Sigismund I the Old, and the Czechs for Charles IV. According to Steven Runciman, he was "perhaps the most powerful ruler in Europe" during the 14th century. His state was a rival to the regional powers of Byzantium and Hungary, and it encompassed a large territory, which would also be his empire's greatest weakness. By nature a soldier and a conqueror, Dušan also proved to be very able but nonetheless feared ruler. His empire however, slowly crumbled at the hands of his son, as regional aristocrats distanced from the central rule. The aim of restoring Serbia as an Empire it once was, was one of the greatest ideals of Serbs, living both in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian lands. In 1526, Jovan Nenad, in the style of Dušan, proclaimed himself Emperor, when ruling a short-lived state of Serbian provinces under the crown of Hungary. The Realm of the Slavs, written by Ragusian historian Mavro Orbin (l. ca. 1550–1614), saw Emperor Dušan's actions and works positively. The book served as the primary source about early history of South Slavs at the time and most of the western historians drew their information on the Slavs from it. Early Serbian historians, even though they wrote according to the sources, were influenced by the ideas of the time they lived in. They made efforts to harmonize with two different traditions: one from brevets and public documents and other from genealogies and narrative writings. Of early historians, most information came from Jovan Rajić (1726–1801), who wrote fifty pages about Dušan's life. Rajić's work had great influence on Serbian culture of that time, and for decades it was the main source of information about Serbian history. After the restoration of Serbia in the 19th century, continuity with the Serbian Middle Ages was accentuated, particularly of its greatest moment – during Emperor Dušan. A political agenda, as with a restoration of his Empire, would find its place in the political programmes of the Principality of Serbia, notably the Načertanije by Ilija Garašanin. Family Fresco of Dušan, his wife Helena, and their son Uroš By his wife, Helena of Bulgaria, Emperor Dušan had at least a son, Stefan Uroš V, who succeeded his father as Emperor, r. 1355–1371. Dušan and Helena also had a daughter, Theodora, who in 1351, at twelve, married the Ottoman Sultan Orhan. Theodora most likely died between 1352 and 1354. According to Nicephorus Gregoras, Dušan was negotiating a potential alliance with Orhan, which would have involved marrying off his daughter to Orhan himself or one of Orhan's sons in 1351 with the aim of signing a truce between their kingdoms. However, after the Serbian emissaries were attacked by Nikephoros Orsini Serbia and the Ottoman Empire resumed hostilities. Some historians speculate that the couple had another child, a daughter. J. Fine suggested that it might be "Irina" or "Irene", the wife of caesar Preljub (governor of Thessaly, d. 1355–1356), mother of Thomas Preljubović (Ruler of Epirus, 1367–1384). In one theory, she married Radoslav Hlapen, Governor of Voden and Veria and Lord of Kastoria, after her first husband's death in 1360. This hypothesis is not widely accepted. Foundations This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2011) Saint Archangels Monastery Podlastva monastery Duljevo monastery A monumental church (27x14m) found near Aranđelovac in 2020 Reconstructions: Visoki Dečani In fiction Epic folk song "Ženidba Cara Dušana" ("Emperor Dušan's wedding"). 1875 historical three-tome novel "Car Dušan" ("Emperor Dušan") by Dr Vladan Đorđević. 1987 historical novel "Stefan Dušan" by Slavomir Nastasijević. 2002 historical novel "Dušan Silni" ("Dušan the Great") by Mile Kordić. See also Serbian Empire Serbian Patriarchate of Peć Serbian Despotate Serbia in the Middle Ages Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 Lesnovo monastery Danilo's anonymous pupil Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i Fine 1994, p. 309. ^ White 2000, p. 246 ^ Clissold 1968, p. 98 ^ Hupchick 1995, p. 141 ^ Positive Peace in Kosovo: A Dream Unfulfilled by Elisabeth Schleicher, p. 49, 2012 ^ Bury, John Bagnell (1911). "Roman Empire, Later" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 517. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 260, 263 ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 262. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 263. ^ a b c d e f g Fine 1994, p. 264. ^ a b Ječmenica 2012, pp. 35, 37, 39, 41–42. ^ a b Ječmenica 2012, pp. 34–35. ^ a b Logos 2017, p. 296. ^ Fine 1994, p. 265. ^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 273. ^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 274. ^ Paul Pavlovich, The Serbians: the story of a people, p. 35 ^ William Miller, The Balkans: Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, p. 273: "Character of Dušan" ^ Andrew Archibald Paton, Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic, Vol 1, p. 17 ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 275. ^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 287. ^ Fine 1994, p. 288. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 288–289. ^ Károly Szilágyi. "Hungarians and Serbs during the centuries". Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010. ^ Nicol (1993), p. 121: "The resulting assimilation of Byzantine culture by the Serbians helped to fortify the ideal of a Slavo-Byzantine Empire, which came to dominate the mind of Milutin's grandson, Stephen Dusan, later in the fourteenth century". ^ Radoman Stankovic, The Code of Serbian Emperor Stephan Dushan, Serbian Culture of the 14th Century. Volume I: "Powerful Byzantium started to decline, and young Serbian King Stephan Dushan, Stephan of Dechani's son, wanted, by getting crowned in 1331, to replace weakened Byzantium with the powerful Serbian-Greek Empire. By proclaiming himself emperor of the Serbs and Greeks, Dushan showed that he aspired to a legitimate rule over the subjects of the Byzantine Empire". ^ Fine 1994, p. 303 ^ Fine 1994, p. 304 ^ Soulis 1984, p. 25 ^ Vizantološki institut, Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta, (Naučno delo, 1996), 194. ^ Šufflay, Milan (2012). Serbs & Albanians: Their Symbiosis in the Middle Ages (2 ed.). Alerion. p. 77. ISBN 978-0988712928. In 1343, King Stephen Dušan issued a charter to the fortified city of Krujë. The original charter was written in Greek. It has been preserved in Latin translation in an attestation of the King of Aragon Alphonse V (1457). Dušan here calls himself "crales Bugarorum" . ^ George W. White. Nationalism and territory: constructing group identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 193. ^ Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 468. ^ a b c d e Fine 1994, p. 310. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fine, p. 322 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fine, p. 323 ^ a b c d e f g h Fine 1994, p. 324 ^ Dijana Pinjuh, Vjerske Prilike Kod Katolika u Hercegovini (Od Turskog Osvajanja Do Konca 17. Stoljeća, Zagreb, 2013. p. 15 ^ a b c d e Fine 1994, p. 334. ^ Mitchell, Laurence (2010), Serbia, Bradt Travel Guides ed. 3. p. 149. ISBN 1-84162-326-1 ^ Ryder 2010, p. 244. ^ Dvornik 1962, p. 113. ^ Nicol 1993, p. 254. ^ p. 66 ^ a b Alexandru Madgearu; Martin Gordon (2008). The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins. Scarecrow Press. p. 86. ^ Ines Angeli Murzaku (2015). Monasticism in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics. Routledge. p. 249. ^ Joan Mervyn Hussey (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Byzantine Empire V. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 540. ^ http://againandagaininpeace.com/2012/02/07/the-serbian-church-in-history-the-serbian-patriarchate/ ^ a b Sedlar, p. 330 ^ Sindik, I. (1951) Dušanovo zakonodavstvo u Paštrovićima i Grblju. u: Zbornik u čast šeste stogodišnjice Zakonika cara Dušana, Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka, I, 119–182 ^ David Nicolle; (1988) Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568 (Men-at-Arms) pp. 35, 37; Osprey Publishing, ISBN 0850458331 ^ Jean W Sedlar: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. p. 384, University of Washington Press ^ Logos 2017, p. 286, 296 with note 1403. ^ Hupchick 1995, p. 141 ^ Clissold 1968, p. 98 ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 11, p. 234 ^ Europa Publications (1999). Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent State (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 944–. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5. ^ Vladislav Boskovic (2009). King Vukasin and the Disastrous Battle of Marica. GRIN Verlag. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-3-640-49243-5. ^ Mitja Velikonja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3. ^ Steven Runciman, Byzantine Civilization. Cited in Radoman Stanković, The Code of Serbian Emperor Stephan Dushan, Serbian Culture of the 14th Century. Volume I ^ Alderson, Anthony Dolphin (1982). "Orhan I". The structure of the Ottoman dynasty (Reprinted ed.). Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-22522-2. ^ George Ostrogorsky (1986), Byzantine sources on the history of the peoples of Yugoslavia, (Institute of Byzantine Studies), VI-280. ^ Група аутора, "Родословне таблице и грбови српских династија и властеле (према таблицама Алексе Ивића)" (друго знатно допуњено и проширено издање), Београд, 1991. ISBN 86-7685-007-0 ^ "Velika otkrića u malim uslovima". Nedeljnik Vreme. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ Talija Izdavaštvo, http://www.talijaizdavastvo.rs/korpa/knjige/34-dr-vladan-dordevic-trilogija-car-dusan.html ^ Delfi.rs, http://www.delfi.rs/knjige/49995_stefan_dusan_knjiga_delfi_knjizare.html ^ Knjižare Vulkan, https://www.knjizare-vulkan.rs/knjige/dusan-silni-mile-kordic-isbn-9788683583270 References Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1405142915. Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604. Gavrilović, Zaga (2001). Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Medieval Art. London: The Pindar Press. ISBN 978-1899828340. Hupchick, Dennis P. (1995). Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-12116-7. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6 Nicol, Donald M. (1993) . The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521439916. Nicol, Donald M. (1996). The Reluctant Emperor: A Biography of John Cantacuzene, Byzantine Emperor and Monk, c. 1295–1383. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521522014. Ostrogorsky, George (1956). History of the Byzantine State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Popović, Tatyana (1988). Prince Marko: The Hero of South Slavic Epics. New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0815624448. Ryder, Judith (2010). The Career and Writings of Demetrius Kydones A Study of Fourteenth-Century Byzantine Politics, Religion and Society. Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-9004185654. Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0295800646. Soulis, George Christos (1984). The Serbs and Byzantium during the reign of Tsar Stephen Dušan (1331–1355) and his successors. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection. ISBN 978-0884021377. Vizantološki institut, Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta, (Naučno delo, 1996), 194. Clissold, Stephen (1968). A short history of Yugoslavia: from early times to 1966. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521095310. Alexander Soloviev "Selected Monuments of Serbian Law from the 12th to 15th centuries" (1926) Alexander Soloviev "Legislation of Stefan Dušan, emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (1928) Alexander Soloviev "Dušan's Code in 1349 and 1354" (1929) Alexander Soloviev "Greek charters of Serbian rulers" Soloviev and Makin {1936} Harris, Jonathan, The End of Byzantium. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-300-11786-8 Pirivatrić Srđan, Entering of Stefan Dušan into the Empire, Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta 2007, Issue 44, pp: 381–409, doi:10.2298/ZRVI0744381P Ječmenica, Dejan (2012). "Stefan Dušan I Dubrovnik". Универзитет У Београду. Beograd. doi:10.2298/bg20130213jecmenica. hdl:21.15107/rcub_nardus_3216. (in Serbian) Logos, Aleksandar A (2017). Istorija Srba I. Beograd. ISBN 978-86-85117-37-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (in Serbian) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stefan Dušan. Historical library:Stefan Dušan Stefan Dušan Nemanjić dynastyBorn: 1308 Died: 20 December 1355 Regnal titles New title Emperor of Serbia 16 April 1346 – 20 December 1355 Succeeded byStefan Uroš V Preceded byStefan Dečanski King of Serbia 8 September 1331 – 16 April 1346 vteMonarchs of SerbiaPrincipality of Serbia (early medieval), 641–969 Unknown Archon Višeslav Radoslav Prosigoj Vlastimir Mutimir Pribislav Petar Pavle Zaharija Časlav Byzantine annexation, Duklja subsequently emerging as seat Serbian Principality of Duklja, 998–1101 Jovan Vladimir Stefan Vojislav Neda Mihailo Constantine Bodin Raška re-emerging as seat (Grand Principality) Grand Principality of Serbia, 1101–1217 Vukan Uroš I Uroš II Beloš Desa Tihomir Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Proclamation of Kingdom Kingdom of Serbia, 1217–1346Serbian Empire, 1346–1371 Stefan the First-Crowned Stefan Radoslav Stefan Vladislav Stefan Uroš I Stefan Dragutin Vladislav at Syrmia Stefan Milutin Stefan Konstantin Stefan Dečanski Stefan Dušan Proclamation of Empire Stefan Dušan Stefan Uroš V Fall of the Serbian Empire Moravian Serbia, 1371–1402Serbian Despotate, 1402–1537 Lazar Stefan Lazarević Proclamation of Despotate Stefan Lazarević Đurađ Branković Lazar Branković Stefan Branković Stephen Tomašević Ottoman annexation, titular: Vuk Grgurević Đorđe Branković Jovan Branković Ivaniš Berislavić Stevan Berislavić Radič Božić Pavle Bakić Stefan Štiljanović Ottoman annexation Second Serbian Empire and Duchy of Srem, 1526–1532 Jovan Nenad Radoslav Čelnik Revolutionary Serbia, 1804–1837 Karađorđe Miloš Obrenović Principality of Serbia, 1837–1882 Miloš I Milan II Mihailo III Aleksandar Miloš I Mihailo III Milan IV Proclamation of Kingdom Kingdom of Serbia, 1882–1918 Milan I Aleksandar I Petar I Proclamation of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes vteNemanjić dynastyMain ruling members see family tree Stefan Nemanja Stefan the First-Crowned Vukan Radoslav Vladislav Uroš I Dragutin (Uroš II) Milutin (Uroš III) Dečanski (Uroš IV) Dušan Uroš V Other ruling members Đorđe Konstantin Tih Vladislav of Syrmia Stefan Konstantin John Uroš Simeon Uroš Archbishops Sava Sava II Minor members Vratislav Vratko Urošica Dmitar Stefan Vukanović Stefan Uroš of Pharsalos Desa Female members Komnena, Duchess of Kruja and Elbasan Brnjača Zorica Jelena, Princess of Bribir Elizabeth, Baness of Bosnia Ana-Neda, Empress of Bulgaria Teodora-Evdokija, Despotess Milica, Princess of Serbia Maria Angelina, Empress of Epirus Jelena Lazarević Consorts Anastasia Eudokia of Byzantium Anna Dandolo Anna Doukaina Beloslava of Bulgaria Helena of Anjou Catherine of Hungary Helena Doukaina Angelina Elizabeth of Hungary Anna Terter of Bulgaria Simonida of Byzantium Theodora Smilets of Bulgaria Maria Palaiologina Helena of Bulgaria Anna of Wallachia vteSerbian epic poetryCharacters Ailing Dojčin Alil-Aga Arnaut Osman Bajo Pivljanin Beg Kostadin Deli Radivoje Djemo the Mountaineer General Vuča Ivan Kosančić Janko od Kotara Jug Bogdan Jugović brothers Mali Radojica Maksim Crnojević Manojlo Grčić Mihajlo Svilojević Milan Toplica Miloš Obilić Miloš Vojinović Musa Kesedžija Pavle Orlović Petar Dojčin Philip the Magyar Pop Milo Jovović Prince Lazar Relja the Winged Stari Vujadin Starina Novak Strahinja Banović Sibinjanin Janko Tsar Dušan Voivode Prijezda Zmaj Ognjeni Vuk Poems The Building of Skadar The Beginning of the Revolt against the Dahijas The Kosovo Cycle Gusle playersand collectors Avram Miletić Dimitrije Karaman Đuro Milutinović-Slepi Filip Višnjić Old Rashko Petar Perunović Tešan Podrugović Vuk Karadžić Vuk Vrčević Živana Antonijević See also Gusle, Bugarštica, Erlangen Manuscript, Perast manuscript, List of national poetries Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef

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For a 1990s Serbian militia, see Dušan the Mighty (paramilitary).Stefan Uroš IV Dušan (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Урош IV Душан, pronounced [stêfaːn ûroʃ tʃětʋr̩ːtiː dǔʃan] ⓘ), also known as Dušan the Mighty (Serbian: Душан Силни/Dušan Silni; c. 1308 – 20 December 1355), was the king of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and tsar (or emperor) and autocrat of the Serbs, Greeks (or Romans), Albanians and Bulgarians from 16 April 1346 until his death in 1355.[2][3][4]Dušan conquered a large part of southeast Europe, becoming one of the most powerful monarchs of the era. Under Dušan's rule, Serbia was the most powerful state in Southeast Europe, one of the most powerful European states and an Eastern Orthodox multi-ethnic and multilingual empire that stretched from the Danube in the north to the Gulf of Corinth in the south, with its capital in Skopje.[5] He enacted the constitution of the Serbian Empire, known as Dušan's Code, perhaps the most important literary work of medieval Serbia. Dušan promoted the Serbian Church from an archbishopric to a patriarchate, finished the construction of the Visoki Dečani Monastery (now a UNESCO site), and founded the monastery of the Holy Archangels, among others. Under his rule, Serbia reached its territorial, political, economic, and cultural peak.[6]After Dušan's sudden death in 1355, the empire began to weaken. With the death of Dušan's successor, emperor Stefan Uroš V, the Serbian Empire was definitively divided into a large number of independent Serbian states, among which the Serbian Despotate will stand out as the most prominent under the rule of Lazarević dynasty.","title":"Stefan Dušan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stefan_i_Dusan_ktitorski_portret_Decani2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stefan Uroš III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_III"},{"link_name":"Visoki Dečani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Stefan Milutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Milutin"},{"link_name":"Stefan Uroš III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_III"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994262-8"},{"link_name":"Archbishop Nicodemus of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikodim_I"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994262-8"},{"link_name":"appanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appanage"},{"link_name":"Berane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berane"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994262-8"},{"link_name":"Stefan Konstantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Konstantin"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(crown_land)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994263-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994264-10"},{"link_name":"Stefan Vladislav II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Vladislav_II"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994264-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994263-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994264-10"},{"link_name":"Zahumlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachlumia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJe%C4%8Dmenica201235,_37,_39,_41%E2%80%9342-11"},{"link_name":"\"Old Serbian genealogies and annals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_chronicles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJe%C4%8Dmenica201234%E2%80%9335-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogos2017296-13"},{"link_name":"Rudnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudnik_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dragutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Dragutin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994264-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994264-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994264-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994264-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994265-14"}],"text":"Fresco of Stefan Uroš III and Stefan Dušan, Visoki Dečani Monastery, 14th century (UNESCO)In 1314, Serbian King Stefan Milutin quarreled with his son, Stefan Uroš III. Milutin sent Dečanski to Constantinople to have him blinded, though he was never totally blinded.[7] Dečanski wrote to Danilo, the bishop of Hum, asking him to intervene with his father.[8] Danilo wrote to Archbishop Nicodemus of Serbia, who spoke with Milutin and persuaded him to recall his son.[8] In 1320 Dečanski was permitted to return to Serbia and was given the appanage of 'Budimlje' (modern Berane),[8] while his half-brother, Stefan Konstantin, held the province of Zeta.[9]Milutin became ill and died on 29 October 1321, and Konstantin was crowned king.[10] Civil war erupted immediately, as Dečanski and his cousin, Stefan Vladislav II, claimed the throne. Konstantin refused to submit to Dečanski, who then invaded Zeta, defeating and killing Konstantin.[10] Dečanski was crowned king on 6 January 1322 by Nicodemus, and his son, Stefan Dušan, was crowned \"young king\".[9] Dečanski later granted Zeta to Dušan, indicating him as the intended heir.[10] Since April 1326 Dušan appears in written sources as the \"young king\" and ruler in Zeta and Zahumlje.[11] From that fact and the \"Old Serbian genealogies and annals\", in recent works, some Serbian historians write that Dusan was 14 years old probably in March, or April 1326, and that he was born in 1312, not around 1308.[12][13]In the meantime, Vladislav II mobilized local support from Rudnik, the former appanage of his father, Stefan Dragutin.[10] Vladislav proclaimed himself king, and he was supported by the Hungarians, consolidating control over his lands and preparing for battle with Dečanski.[10] As was the case with their fathers, Serbia was divided by the two independent rulers; in 1322 and 1323 Ragusan merchants freely visited both lands.[10]In 1323, war broke out between Dečanski and Vladislav. Rudnik had fallen to Dečanski by the end of 1323, and Vladislav appeared to have fled north.[10] Vladislav was defeated in battle in late 1324 and fled to Hungary,[14] leaving the Serbian throne to Dečanski as undisputed \"king of All Serbian and Maritime lands\".","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stefan Dečanski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_De%C4%8Danski"},{"link_name":"Theodora Smilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_Smilets"},{"link_name":"Smilets of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilets_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJe%C4%8Dmenica201234%E2%80%9335-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogos2017296-13"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greek language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"War of Hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Hum_(1326%E2%80%9329)"},{"link_name":"Michael III Shishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_III_Shishman"},{"link_name":"Battle of Velbužd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd"},{"link_name":"Ivan Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Stephen_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Anna Neda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Neda_of_Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icona_di_san_nicola_tra_maria,_ges%C3%B9_e_i_donatori,_donata_nel_1319_dai_re_di_serbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stefan Dušan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"St. Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Basilica di San Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994273-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994274-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994274-16"},{"link_name":"Shkodër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Bojana river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojana_(river)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994273-15"},{"link_name":"Nerodimlje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerodimlje&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994273-15"},{"link_name":"Petrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994273-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994274-16"}],"sub_title":"Youth and usurpation","text":"Dušan was the eldest son of King Stefan Dečanski and Theodora Smilets, the daughter of emperor Smilets of Bulgaria. He was born c. 1308, or in 1312, in Serbia.[12][13] In 1314 Dušan's father was exiled, and the family lived in Constantinople until his recall in 1320. Dušan became acquainted with the Byzantine Empire during his stay in its capital, learning cultural customs and the Greek language. He was interested in the arts of war; in his youth he fought exceptionally in two battles, defeating Bosnian forces in 1329 during the War of Hum, and the Bulgarian emperor Michael III Shishman in the 1330 Battle of Velbužd. Dečanski appointed his nephew Ivan Stephen (through Anna Neda) to the throne of Bulgaria in August 1330.Stefan Dečanski with his son Stefan Dušan (lower left corner) on the icon of St. Nicholas in the Basilica di San Nicola, Bari, ItalyDečanski's decision not to attack the Byzantines after the victory at Velbazhd, when he had an opportunity, resulted in the alienation of many nobles,[15] who sought to expand to the south.[16] By January or February 1331, Dušan was quarreling with his father, perhaps pressured by the nobility.[16] According to contemporary pro-Dušan sources, advisors turned Dečanski against his son, and he decided to seize and exclude Dušan from his inheritance. Dečanski sent an army into Zeta against his son; the army ravaged Skadar (modern Shkodër), but Dušan had crossed the Bojana river. A brief period of anarchy took place in parts of Serbia before father and son concluded peace in April 1331.[15] Three months later, Dečanski ordered Dušan to meet him. Dušan feared for his life and his advisors persuaded him to resist, so Dušan marched from Skadar to Nerodimlje, where he besieged his father.[15] Dečanski fled, and Dušan captured the treasury and family. He then pursued his father, catching up with him at Petrich. On 21 August 1331 Dečanski surrendered, and on the advice or insistence of Dušan's advisors, he was imprisoned.[15] Dušan was crowned King of All Serbian and Maritime lands in the first week of September.[16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Personal traits","text":"Contemporary writers described Dušan as unusually tall and strong, \"the tallest man of his time\", very handsome, and a rare leader full of dynamism, quick intelligence, and strength,[17][18] bearing \"a kingly presence\".[19] According to contemporary depictions, he had dark hair and brown eyes; in adult age he grew a beard and longer hair.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalaja_e_qytetit_ne_Prizren_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Medieval_Vi%C5%A1egrad_Fortress,_Prizren,_Serbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prizren Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Višegrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad_(Bistri%C4%8Dki)"},{"link_name":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994275-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994275-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-%C5%BDenidba_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paja Jovanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Alexander_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Helen of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Bulgaria,_Empress_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994274-16"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa"},{"link_name":"Ston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ston"},{"link_name":"Pelješac peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelje%C5%A1ac"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994287-21"},{"link_name":"Andronikos III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994287-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994287-21"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilep"},{"link_name":"Strumitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumica"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994288-22"},{"link_name":"Žiča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Stephen II of Bosnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_II,_Ban_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994288%E2%80%93289-23"},{"link_name":"Mačva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dva"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Anna of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"John Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"Balkans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kavala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavala"},{"link_name":"Peloponnesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesus"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Stephaniana by a Turkic force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stephaniana"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine303-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"},{"link_name":"Krujë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"}],"sub_title":"Early reign","text":"The remains of the Prizren Fortress (left) and Višegrad (right) in Prizren, Dušan's first capitalSerbia made some raids into the Macedonia region in late 1331, but a planned major attack on Byzantium was delayed as Dušan had to suppress revolts in Zeta in 1332.[20] Dušan's ingratitude toward those who had aided his rise – the Zetan nobility may have been neglected their promised reward and greater influence – may have been the cause of the rebellion, which was suppressed in the course of the same year.[20]\"Wedding of Emperor Dušan\", by Paja JovanovićThe struggle between Dušan and Stefan Dečanski prevented Serbian intervention in Bulgaria on behalf of Anna and Ivan Stephen and they were overthrown by Ivan Alexander in March 1331, however Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria was aware of future danger from Serbia and immediately sought peace with Dušan. Two rulers concluded peace and formed an alliance, sealed with Dušan's marriage to Ivan Alexander's sister Helen of Bulgaria. Good relations with Bulgaria continued during Dušan's reign and though Bulgaria was weaker then Serbia, it did not suffer any legal dependence.[16]In 1333 after negotiations with Ragusa, Dušan sold Ston and its envisions, including the Pelješac peninsula and the coastland between Ston and Dubrovnik for eight thousand perpers and an annual tribute of five hundred perpers. Ragusa also had to guarantee freedom of worship for Orthodox believers in this territory.[21]Dušan began campaigning against the Byzantine Empire in 1333. In late 1333, a leading Byzantine general Syrgiannes revolted against Andronikos III and sought Dušan's help.[21] In spring of 1334 Serbs launched an attack on Byzantine Macedonia, benefiting greatly due to Syrgiannes' strategic abilities, knowledge of Byzantine position and his allies that surrendered fortresses to Serbs.[21] Peace with Byzantines was concluded on 26. August 1334, with Byzantines recognizing Serbian gains in Ohrid, Prilep, Strumitsa, Siderokastron, Chermen and Prosek.[22] Hungarians, knowing of Dušan's involvement in the south, were mobilizing to attack Serbia from the north. Hungarians, not expecting any serious Serbian resistance penetrated deep into Serbia, reaching neighborhood of Žiča monastery. Hungarians have received military support from Stephen II of Bosnia. Dušan marched north to face Hungarians. Hungarians quickly withdrew their armies to avoid Dušan's army.[23] Charles I was wounded by an arrow but survived. As a result, the Hungarians lost Mačva and Belgrade in 1335. Dušan then focused his attention on the internal affairs of his country, writing, in 1349, the first statute book of the Serbs.[24]Dušan exploited the civil war in the Byzantine Empire between the regent of the minor Emperor John V Palaiologos, Anna of Savoy, and his father's general John Kantakouzenos. Dušan and Ivan Alexander picked opposite sides in the conflict but remained at peace with each other, taking advantage of the Byzantine civil war to secure gains for themselves.Dušan's systematic offensive began in 1342, and in the end he conquered all Byzantine territories in the western Balkans as far as Kavala, except for the Peloponnesus and Thessaloniki, which he could not besiege due to his small fleet. There has been speculation that Dušan's ultimate goal was no less than to conquer Constantinople and replace the declining Byzantine Empire with a united Orthodox Greco-Serbian Empire under his control.[25][26] In May 1344, his commander Preljub was stopped at Stephaniana by a Turkic force of 3,100.[27] The Turks won the battle, but the victory was not enough to thwart the Serbian conquest of Macedonia.[28][29] Faced with Dušan's aggression, the Byzantines sought allies in the Ottoman Turks, whom they brought into Europe for the first time.[30]In 1343, Dušan added \"of Romans (Greeks)\" to his self-styled title \"King of Serbia, Albania and the coast\".[1] In another instance, in a charter issued to the fortified city of Krujë, Dušan referred to himself as \"King of the Bulgarians\".[31] In 1345 he began calling himself tsar, equivalent of Emperor, as attested in charters to two athonite monasteries, one from November 1345 and the other from January 1346, and around Christmas 1345 at a council meeting in Serres, which was conquered on 25 September 1345, he proclaimed himself \"Tsar of the Serbs and Romans\" (Romans is equivalent to Greeks in Serbian documents).[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an,_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_(1926).jpg"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"The Slav Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slav_Epic"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Mucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skopje_Fortress_(9451263327).jpg"},{"link_name":"Skopje Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Joanikije II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanikije_II"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Ochrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Ochrid"},{"link_name":"Nikolas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriarchate"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"Serbian Archbishopric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarchate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-White2000-32"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarch"},{"link_name":"Monastery of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchal_Monastery_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"},{"link_name":"Serbian Patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"crowned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Serbian_monarch"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileus"},{"link_name":"autocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocrator"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaioi"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"},{"link_name":"Uroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_V"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrogorsky1956468-33"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994310-34"},{"link_name":"Symeon Uroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symeon_Uro%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Jovan Asen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Asen"},{"link_name":"despotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotes"},{"link_name":"Jovan Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Dejan Dragaš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Draga%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Branko Mladenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branko_Mladenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"sebastocrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastocrator"},{"link_name":"Preljub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preljub"},{"link_name":"Vojihna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojihna"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994310-34"},{"link_name":"Metropolitanate of Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitanate_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994310-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coin_of_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Archbishopric of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994310-34"}],"sub_title":"Imperial coronation and autocephaly of the Serbian church","text":"The coronation of the Tsar Stefen Dušan in Skopje (1926), part of The Slav Epic series by Alphonse MuchaSkopje Fortress, where Dušan adopted the title of Emperor at his coronationOn 16 April 1346 (Easter), Dušan convoked a huge assembly at Skopje, attended by the Serbian Archbishop Joanikije II, the Archbishop of Ochrid Nikolas I, the Bulgarian Patriarch Simeon, and various religious leaders of Mount Athos. The assembly and clerics agreed upon, and then ceremonially performed, the raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the status of Serbian Patriarchate.[1][32] The Archbishop from then on was titled Serbian Patriarch, although some documents called him Patriarch of Serbs and Romans, with the seat at the Monastery of Peć.[1] The first Serbian Patriarch Joanikije II solemnly crowned Dušan as \"Emperor and autocrat of Serbs and Romans\" (Greek Bασιλεὺς καὶ αὐτoκράτωρ Σερβίας καὶ Pωμανίας).[1] Dušan had his son Uroš crowned King of Serbs and Greeks, giving him nominal rule over the Serbian lands, and although Dušan was governing the whole state, he had special responsibility for the Eastern Roman lands.[33][1]\nA further increase in the Byzantinization of the Serbian court followed, particularly in court ceremonial and titles.[1] As Emperor, Dušan could grant titles only possible as an Emperor.[34] In the years that followed, Dušan's half-brother Symeon Uroš and brother-in-law Jovan Asen became despotes. Jovan Oliver already had the despot title, granted to him by Andronikos III. His brother-in-law Dejan Dragaš and Branko Mladenović were granted the title of sebastocrator. The military commanders (voivodes) Preljub and Vojihna received the title of caesar.[34] The raising of the Serbian Patriarch resulted in the same spirit as bishoprics became metropolitans, as for example the Metropolitanate of Skopje.[34]Coin of Emperor Stefan DušanThe Serbian Patriarchate took over sovereignty on Mt. Athos and the Greek eparchies under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, while the Archbishopric of Ohrid remained autocephalous. For those acts he was excommunicated by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople in 1350.[34]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus"},{"link_name":"Aetolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetolia"},{"link_name":"Acarnania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acarnania"},{"link_name":"Simeon Uroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Preljub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preljub"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Vojihna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojihna"},{"link_name":"Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_empire_1355.jpg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"},{"link_name":"Chalcidic peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcidic_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Veria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veria"},{"link_name":"Voden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voden"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"},{"link_name":"Servia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servia,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine324-37"}],"sub_title":"Epirus and Thessaly","text":"In 1347, Dušan conquered Epirus, Aetolia and Acarnania, appointing his half-brother, despot Simeon Uroš as governor of those provinces. In 1348, Dušan also conquered Thessaly, appointing Preljub as governor. In eastern regions of Macedonia, he appointed Vojihna as governor of Drama. Once Dušan conquered Byzantine possessions in western regions, he sought to obtain Constantinople.[35] To acquire the city, he needed a fleet.[35] Knowing that fleets of southern Serbian Dalmatian towns were not strong enough to overcome Constantinople, he opened negotiations with Venice, with which he maintained fairly good relations.[35] Venice feared a reduction of privileges in the Empire if Serbs became the masters of Constantinople over the weakened Byzantines. But if the Venetians had allied with Serbia, Dušan would have examined existing privileges. Once he became master of all Byzantine lands (especially Thessalonika and Constantinople) the Venetians would have gained privileges. But Venice chose to avoid a military alliance.[35] While Dušan sought Venetian aid against Byzantium, the Venetians sought Serbian support in the struggle against the Hungarians over Dalmatia. When sensing that Serbian aid would result in a Venetian obligation to Serbia, Venice politely turned down Dušan's offers of help.[35]Serbian Empire and neighbors at death of Tsar Dušan, 1355While Dušan launched the Bosnian campaign (absent the Serbian troops in Macedonia and Thessaly), Kantakouzenos tried to regain lands Byzantium had lost.[36] In his support, the Constantinopolitan patriarch Kallistos excommunicated Dušan to discourage the Greek population in Dušan's Greek provinces from supporting the Serbian administration and thereby assist the Kantakouzenos campaign.[36] The excommunication did not stop Dušan's relations with Mount Athos, which still addressed him as Emperor, though rather as Emperor of Serbs than Emperor of Serbs and Greeks.[37]Kantakouzenos raised a small army and took the Chalcidic peninsula, then Veria and Voden.[37] Veria was the richest town in the Bottiaea region. Dušan had earlier replaced many Greeks with Serbs, including a Serb garrison.[37] However, the remaining locals were able to open the gates for Kantakouzenos in 1350.[37] Voden resisted Kantakouzenos but was taken by assault.[37] Kantakouzenos then marched toward Thessaly but was stopped at Servia by Caesar Preljub and his army of 500 men.[37] The Byzantine force retired to Veria, and the aiding Turk contingent went off plundering, reaching Skopje.[37] Once news of the Byzantine campaign reached Dušan in Hum, he quickly reassembled his forces from Bosnia and Hum and marched for Thessaly.[37]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CoA_Serbian_Empire_K_N_Armorial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Korjenić-Neorić Armorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korjeni%C4%87-Neori%C4%87_Armorial"},{"link_name":"Hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahumlje"},{"link_name":"Stephen II Kotromanić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_II,_Ban_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"Travunia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travunia"},{"link_name":"Konavle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konavle"},{"link_name":"Nevesinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevesinje"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marko Murat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Murat"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine322-35"},{"link_name":"Orbini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavro_Orbini"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"Nikolić family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikoli%C4%87_noble_family"},{"link_name":"Nemanjić dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"Duvno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duvno"},{"link_name":"Cetina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetina"},{"link_name":"Krka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krka_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Knin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knin"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Imotski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imotski"},{"link_name":"Novi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Novi_(Imotski)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bosnia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"Mladen III Šubić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen_III_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Klis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klis"},{"link_name":"Omiš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omi%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Skradin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skradin"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fine323-36"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI"},{"link_name":"Kotor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Trebinje"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"War with the Bosnian banate","text":"The attributed Coat of arms of Stefan Dušan presented in the Korjenić-Neorić Armorial.Dušan evidently wanted to expand his rule over the provinces that had earlier been in the hands of Serbia, such as Hum, which was annexed by Bosnian Ban Stephen II Kotromanić in 1326.[35] In 1329, Ban Stephen II launched an attack on Lord Vitomir, who held Travunia and Konavle. The Bosnian army was defeated at Pribojska Banja by Dušan, when he was still Young King. The Ban soon took over Nevesinje and the rest of Bosnia. Petar Toljenović, the Lord of \"seaside Hum\" and a distant relative of Dušan, sparked a rebellion against the new ruler, but he was soon captured and died in prison.\"Entry of Emperor Dušan into Ragusa\" by Marko MuratIn 1350, Dušan attacked Bosnia, seeking to regain the previously lost land of Hum and stop raids on his tributaries at Konavle.[35] Venice sought a settlement between the two but failed.[35] In October he invaded Hum, with an army said to be of 80,000 men, and successfully occupied part of the disputed territory.[35] According to Orbini, Dušan had secretly been in contact with various Bosnian nobles, offering them bribes for support.[36] Many nobles, chiefly of Hum, were ready to betray the Ban, such as the Nikolić family, which was kin to the Nemanjić dynasty.[36] The Bosnian Ban avoided any major confrontation and did not meet Dušan in battle; he instead retired to the mountains and made small hit-and-run actions.[36] Most of Bosnia's fortresses held out, but some nobles submitted to Dušan.[36] The Serbs ravaged much of the countryside. With one army they reached Duvno and Cetina; another reached Krka, on which lay Knin (modern Croatia); and another took Imotski and Novi, where they left garrisons and entered Hum.[36] From this position of strength, Dušan tried to negotiate peace with the Ban, sealing it by the marriage of Dušan's son Uroš with Stephen's daughter Elizabeth, who would receive Hum as her dowry – restoring it to Serbia.[36] The Ban was not willing to consider this proposal.[36]Dušan may have also launched the campaign to aid his sister, Jelena, who married Mladen III Šubić of Klis, Omiš and Skradin, in 1347.[36] Mladen died from Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348, and Jelena sought to maintain the rule of the cities for herself and her son.[36] She was challenged by Hungary and Venice, so the dispatch of Serbian troops to western Hum and Croatia may have been for her aid, as operations in this region were unlikely to help Dušan conquer Hum.[36] If Dušan had intended to aid Jelena, rising trouble in the East precluded this.[36] Pope Clement VI in 1335 addresses to King Stefan Dušan and request him to stop the persecution and that to the bishop of Kotor which is responsible for Roman Catholic Diocese of Trebinje return monasteries, churches, islands and villages, which some kings of Raška before him overtook.[38]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83,_6.1.2024.,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Mark's church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church,_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994334-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994334-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994334-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994334-39"},{"link_name":"Lois I of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994334-39"},{"link_name":"until the early 20th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Wars"},{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Monastery of the Holy Archangels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Archangels_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"link_name":"Stefan Uroš V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_V"},{"link_name":"Simeon Uroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Uro%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Church,_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"canonised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"}],"sub_title":"Last years and Death","text":"Sarcophagus of Stefan Dušan, kept at St. Mark's church, BelgradeIn 1354 Dušan was attacked by Hungarians.[39] They occupied part of northern Serbia. At this point Dušan began corresponding with the pope, stating that he was ready to recognize papal supremacy.[39] Since there is no other evidence that Dušan was seriously attracted to Catholicism, this was most likely a diplomatic action to improve relations with papacy while Serbia was endangered by Hungary.[39] Dušan successfully repelled Hungarian invasion, preserving or even extending his original borders in the north.[39] When Hungarians retreated from Serbia, he did not continue the correspondence with the pope. Peace with Lois I of Hungary was concluded in May of 1355.[39] Dušan had grand intentions to capture Constantinople, and to place himself at the head of a grand crusading army to drive the Muslim Turks from Europe. His premature death created a large power vacuum in the Balkans, that ultimately enabled Turkish invasion and Turkish dominance over the Balkans until the early 20th century. While mounting a crusade against the Turks, he suddenly died on 20 December 1355. He was buried in his foundation, the Monastery of the Holy Archangels near Prizren.His empire slowly crumbled. His son and successor Stefan Uroš V could not keep the integrity of the Empire intact for long, as several feudal families immensely increased their power, though nominally acknowledging Uroš V as Emperor. Simeon Uroš, Dušan's half-brother, had proclaimed himself Emperor after the death of Dušan, ruling a large area of Thessaly and Epirus, which he had received from Dušan earlier.Today Dušan's remains are in the Church of Saint Mark in Belgrade.[40] Dušan is the only monarch of the Nemanjić dynasty who has not been canonised as a saint.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5,_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Banjska monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjska_monastery"},{"link_name":"Visoki Dečani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Saint Archangels Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Archangels_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"link_name":"Uglješa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglje%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"Prince Lazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Lazar"}],"text":"Mosaic, Church of Saint Sava, BelgradeMuch like his ancestors, Emperor Dušan was very active in renovating churches and monasteries, and also for founding new ones. First, he cared for the monasteries in which his parents were buried. Both the Banjska monastery, built by King Milutin, where his mother was buried, and the monastery of Visoki Dečani, an endowment of his father, were generously looked after. The monastery was built for eight years and it is certain that the Emperor's role in the building process was huge. Between 1337 and 1339, the emperor became ill, and he gave his word that if he survived, he would build a church and monastery in Jerusalem. At the time, there was one Serbian monastery in Jerusalem, dedicated to Archangel Michael (believed to be founded by King Milutin), and a number of Serbian monks at the Sinai Peninsula.His greatest endowment was the Saint Archangels Monastery, located near the town of Prizren, in which he was originally buried. Dušan gave many possessions to this monastery, including the forest of Prizren which was supposed to be a special property of the monastery where all precious goods and relics were to be stored.His son, Stefan Uroš V, did not make peace with the Constantinopolitan Patriarch. The first initiative was made by despot Uglješa in 1368, which resulted that the areas under his rule were restored to Constantinople. The final initiative for reconciliation between the churches came from Prince Lazar in 1375. There is no evidence of an existing cult of Emperor Dušan in the decades after his death. Dušan's charter to Ragusa (Dubrovnik) served as a statute in the future trade between Serbia and Ragusa, and its regulations were deemed inviolable. Emperor Dušan's legacy was esteemed in Ragusa. Later folk tradition in Serbia included various attitudes toward Dušan, mostly negative, made under the influence of the church.","title":"Religious activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erzengelkloster1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monastery of the Holy Archangels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Archangels"},{"link_name":"Prizren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prizren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treskavec_Monastery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Treskavec Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treskavec_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilep"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyder2010244-41"},{"link_name":"Papal States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VI"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962113-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol1993254-43"},{"link_name":"Joanikije II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanikije_II"},{"link_name":"Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Chilandar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilandar"},{"link_name":"Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bari"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Cattaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Cattaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotor"},{"link_name":"Ragusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MadgearuGordon2008-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MadgearuGordon2008-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Murzaku2015-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hussey1966-47"}],"sub_title":"Church policy","text":"Monastery of the Holy Archangels in PrizrenTreskavec Monastery near PrilepDušan rejected Constantinople's claims to authority over the Serbian Orthodox Church and contemplated a religious union with the Latin Church.[41] In 1354, Dušan reached out to the Papal States, offering to recognise Pope Innocent VI as the \"father of all Christians\" and to solidify a union between the Catholic and Serbian Orthodox Church, in exchange for supporting Dušan in his plans for a military crusade against the Turks. Dušan's plans were welcomed, however such plans never materialized due to his death in 1355.[42][43]With the raising of the Serbian Archbishopric to a Patriarchate, serious changes in the organization of the church followed. Joanikije II became Patriarch. Bishoprics (Eparchies) were raised to Metropolitanates, and new territories of the Ochrid Archbishopric and Ecumenical Constantinople were added to the jurisdiction of the Serbian church. The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople had Dušan excommunicated in 1350, although this did not affect the religious organization.Under Serbian jurisdiction came one of the foremost centers of spirituality – Mount Athos.[44] As of November 1345, Athonite monks accept his supreme rule, and Dušan guaranteed autonomy, also giving a row of economic privileges, with tremendous gifts and endowments. The monks of Chilandar (the cradle of the Serbian church, founded by Saint Sava, his ancestor) came at the front of the ecclesiastical community.In his codex, Dušan accentuates his role as a protector of Christianity and points out the independence of the church. From the codex we can also see care that the parishes are equally arranged both in cities and villages. He was also taking care of few churches and monasteries from Bari to the west, to Jerusalem to the east.Besides Orthodox Christians, there were many Catholics in the Empire, mostly in the coastal cities, Cattaro, Alessio (modern Lezhë) etc. In the court of Dušan there were also Catholics (servants from Cattaro and Ragusa, mercenaries, guests etc.). In the central parts, Saxons were in areas active in mining and trading. Serbia under Dušan claimed its identity through Orthodoxy, and opposition to Catholicism.[45] Catholics were persecuted, especially Catholic Albanians.[45][46][47]","title":"Religious activity"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Divellion_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an.svg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994310-34"},{"link_name":"Ćirković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"John VI Kantakouzenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos"},{"link_name":"John V Palaiologos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"prostagma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostagma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994309-1"}],"sub_title":"Royal ideology","text":"Divellion of Emperor DušanSome historians consider that the goal of Emperor Dušan was to establish a new, Serbian-Greek Empire, replacing the Byzantine Empire.[34] Ćirković considered his initial ideology as that of the previous Bulgarian emperors, who had envisioned co-rulership. However, starting in 1347, relations with John VI Kantakouzenos worsened, Dušan allied himself with rival John V Palaiologos.Dušan was the first Serbian monarch who wrote most of his letters in Greek, also signing with the Imperial red ink. He was the first to publish prostagma, a kind of Byzantine document, characteristic for Byzantine rulers. In his royal title, Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks, his claim as Eastern Roman (Byzantine) successor is clear. He also gave Byzantine court titles to his nobility,[1] something that would continue into the 16th century.","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code,_Prizren_manuscript,_15th_c.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dušan's Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Proclamation_of_Du%C5%A1an%27s_Law_Codex"},{"link_name":"Dušan's Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Saint Sava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sava"},{"link_name":"Corpus Juris Civilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis"},{"link_name":"fall of the Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sedlar330-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sedlar330-49"},{"link_name":"Grbalj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grbalj"},{"link_name":"Paštrovići","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1trovi%C4%87i"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"Lawmaker","text":"Dušan's Code, the second oldest preserved constitution of Serbia\"The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex\" by Paja JovanovićThe most lasting monument to Dušan's rulership was a law code. For the purposes of Dušan's Code, a wealth of charters were published, and some great foreign works of law were translated to Serbian; however, the third section of the Code was new and distinctively Serbian, albeit with Byzantine influence and attention to a long legal tradition in Serbia. Dušan explained the purpose of his Code in one of in his charters; he intimated that its aims were spiritual and that the code would help his people to save themselves for the afterlife. The Code was proclaimed on 21 May 1349. in Skopje, and contained 155 clauses, while 66 further clauses were added at Serres in 1353 or 1354. The authors of the code are not known, but they were probably members of the court who specialised in law.Dušan's Code proclaims on subjects both secular and ecclesiastic, the more so because Serbia had recently achieved full ecclesiastic autonomy as an independent Orthodox Church under a Patriarchate.[48] The first 38 clauses relate to the church and they deal with issues that the Medieval Serbian Church faced, while the next 25 clauses relate to the nobility. Civil law is largely excluded, since it was covered in earlier documents, namely Saint Sava's Nomokamon and in Corpus Juris Civilis. Dušan's Code originally dealt with criminal law, with heavy emphasis on the concept of lawfulness, which was mostly taken directly from Byzantine law.The original manuscript of Dušan's Code does not survive. The Code continued as a de facto constitution under the rule of Dušan's son, Stefan Uroš V, and after the fall of the Serbian Empire in 1371, it was used in all the successor provinces. It was officially used in the successor state, Serbian Despotate,[49] until its annexation by the Ottoman Empire in 1459. The Code was used as a reference for Serbian communities under Turkish rule, which exercised considerable legal autonomy in civil cases.[49] The Code was also used in the Serbian autonomical areas under the Republic of Venice, like Grbalj and Paštrovići.[50]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Military history of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frescos_from_the_Michael_the_Archangel_Church_of_Lesnovo_0139.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lesnovo Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesnovo_Monastery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dusan%27s_conquests.png"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalans"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"Palman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palman"},{"link_name":"Alemannic Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_Guard"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"Military tactics","text":"Further information: Military history of SerbiaSerbian military uniform, depicted in fresco in Lesnovo MonasteryMap of expansion of Serbian state under Stefan DušanSerbian tactics favored wedge shaped heavy cavalry attacks with horse archers on the flanks. Many foreign mercenaries were in the Serbian army in the 14th century, mostly German knights and Catalan halberdiers. Dušan had his personal mercenary guard on his disposal, consisting of German knights led by Palman, commander of the Serbian \"Alemannic Guard\", who upon crossing Serbia to Jerusalem in 1331, became leader of all mercenaries in the Serbian army. The main strength of the Serbian army were their heavy cavalry, feared for their ferocious charge and staying power. The imperial army of Stefan Dušan was built on existing military administration of Byzantium. Although Vlach cavalry of Thessaly was disbanded his army include Serbian feudal forces, Albanians and Greeks. Dušan recruited light cavalry composed of 15,000 Albanians, armed with spears and swords.[51]The Serbian expansion in the former territory of Byzantine Empire proceeded without a single major battle, it was based on besieging Greek fortifications.[52]","title":"Reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"co-ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coregency"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJe%C4%8Dmenica201235,_37,_39,_41%E2%80%9342-11"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogos2017286,_296_with_note_1403-53"},{"link_name":"Zeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeta_(crown_land)"},{"link_name":"Emperor of Serbs and Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Serbs_and_Greeks"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hupchick_1995,_p._141-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Statue of Emperor Dušan in BelgradeHe was crowned Young King as heir apparent on 6 January 1322 but he was too young to really rule with his father 1322. and later in April 1326 Dušan appears as the co-ruler in Zeta and Zahumlje.[11][53] He was entitled the rule of Zeta; thus he ruled as \"King of Zeta\". In 1331 he succeeded his father as \"King of all Serbian and Maritime Lands\". In 1343 his title was \"King of Serbia, Greeks, Albania and the coast\". In 1345 he began calling himself tsar, Emperor, and in 1345 he proclaimed himself \"Emperor of Serbs and Eastern Romans \". On 16 April 1346 he was crowned Emperor of Serbs and Greeks. This title was soon enlarged into \"Emperor and Autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks, the Bulgarians and Albanians\".[54][55]His epithet Silni (Силни) is translated into the Mighty,[56] but also the Great,[57] the Powerful[58] or the Strong.[59]","title":"Name, epithets and titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_hero"},{"link_name":"Tsar Simeon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sigismund I the Old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old"},{"link_name":"Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jovan Nenad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Nenad"},{"link_name":"Mavro Orbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavro_Orbin"},{"link_name":"South Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Jovan Rajić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovan_Raji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Principality of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Načertanije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%8Dertanije"},{"link_name":"Ilija Garašanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilija_Gara%C5%A1anin"}],"text":"Stefan Dušan was the most powerful Serbian ruler in the Middle Ages and remains a folk hero to Serbs. Dušan, a contemporary of England's Edward III, is regarded with the same reverence as the Bulgarians feel for Tsar Simeon I, the Poles for Sigismund I the Old, and the Czechs for Charles IV. According to Steven Runciman, he was \"perhaps the most powerful ruler in Europe\" during the 14th century.[60] His state was a rival to the regional powers of Byzantium and Hungary, and it encompassed a large territory, which would also be his empire's greatest weakness. By nature a soldier and a conqueror, Dušan also proved to be very able but nonetheless feared ruler. His empire however, slowly crumbled at the hands of his son, as regional aristocrats distanced from the central rule.The aim of restoring Serbia as an Empire it once was, was one of the greatest ideals of Serbs, living both in the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian lands. In 1526, Jovan Nenad, in the style of Dušan, proclaimed himself Emperor, when ruling a short-lived state of Serbian provinces under the crown of Hungary.The Realm of the Slavs, written by Ragusian historian Mavro Orbin (l. ca. 1550–1614), saw Emperor Dušan's actions and works positively. The book served as the primary source about early history of South Slavs at the time and most of the western historians drew their information on the Slavs from it. Early Serbian historians, even though they wrote according to the sources, were influenced by the ideas of the time they lived in. They made efforts to harmonize with two different traditions: one from brevets[clarification needed] and public documents and other from genealogies and narrative writings. Of early historians, most information came from Jovan Rajić (1726–1801), who wrote fifty pages about Dušan's life. Rajić's work had great influence on Serbian culture of that time, and for decades it was the main source of information about Serbian history.After the restoration of Serbia in the 19th century, continuity with the Serbian Middle Ages was accentuated, particularly of its greatest moment – during Emperor Dušan. A political agenda, as with a restoration of his Empire, would find its place in the political programmes of the Principality of Serbia, notably the Načertanije by Ilija Garašanin.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_of_Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an,_De%C4%8Dani.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Bulgaria,_Empress_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Uroš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_V"},{"link_name":"Helena of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Bulgaria,_Empress_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Stefan Uroš V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Uro%C5%A1_V"},{"link_name":"Orhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Nicephorus Gregoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicephorus_Gregoras"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros Orsini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Orsini"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"J. Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_(title)"},{"link_name":"Preljub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preljub"},{"link_name":"Thessaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thessaly"},{"link_name":"Thomas Preljubović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Preljubovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ruler of Epirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus"},{"link_name":"Radoslav Hlapen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_Hlapen"},{"link_name":"Voden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voden"},{"link_name":"Veria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veria"},{"link_name":"Kastoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastoria"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Fresco of Dušan, his wife Helena, and their son UrošBy his wife, Helena of Bulgaria, Emperor Dušan had at least a son, Stefan Uroš V, who succeeded his father as Emperor, r. 1355–1371. Dušan and Helena also had a daughter, Theodora, who in 1351, at twelve, married the Ottoman Sultan Orhan. Theodora most likely died between 1352 and 1354.[61]According to Nicephorus Gregoras, Dušan was negotiating a potential alliance with Orhan, which would have involved marrying off his daughter to Orhan himself or one of Orhan's sons in 1351 with the aim of signing a truce between their kingdoms. However, after the Serbian emissaries were attacked by Nikephoros Orsini Serbia and the Ottoman Empire resumed hostilities.[62]Some historians speculate that the couple had another child, a daughter. J. Fine suggested that it might be \"Irina\" or \"Irene\", the wife of caesar Preljub (governor of Thessaly, d. 1355–1356), mother of Thomas Preljubović (Ruler of Epirus, 1367–1384). In one theory, she married Radoslav Hlapen, Governor of Voden and Veria and Lord of Kastoria, after her first husband's death in 1360. This hypothesis is not widely accepted.[63]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Archangels Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Archangels_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Podlastva monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podlastva_monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duljevo monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duljevo_monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aranđelovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran%C4%91elovac"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Visoki Dečani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani"}],"text":"Saint Archangels Monastery\nPodlastva monastery\nDuljevo monastery\nA monumental church (27x14m) found near Aranđelovac in 2020[64]Reconstructions:Visoki Dečani","title":"Foundations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"Epic folk song \"Ženidba Cara Dušana\" (\"Emperor Dušan's wedding\").\n1875 historical three-tome novel \"Car Dušan\" (\"Emperor Dušan\") by Dr Vladan Đorđević.[65]\n1987 historical novel \"Stefan Dušan\" by Slavomir Nastasijević.[66]\n2002 historical novel \"Dušan Silni\" (\"Dušan the Great\") by Mile Kordić.[67]","title":"In 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dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i Fine 1994, p. 309.\n\n^ White 2000, p. 246\n\n^ Clissold 1968, p. 98\n\n^ Hupchick 1995, p. 141\n\n^ Positive Peace in Kosovo: A Dream Unfulfilled by Elisabeth Schleicher, p. 49, 2012\n\n^ Bury, John Bagnell (1911). \"Roman Empire, Later\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 517.\n\n^ Fine 1994, pp. 260, 263\n\n^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 262.\n\n^ a b Fine 1994, p. 263.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Fine 1994, p. 264.\n\n^ a b Ječmenica 2012, pp. 35, 37, 39, 41–42.\n\n^ a b Ječmenica 2012, pp. 34–35.\n\n^ a b Logos 2017, p. 296.\n\n^ Fine 1994, p. 265.\n\n^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 273.\n\n^ a b c d Fine 1994, p. 274.\n\n^ Paul Pavlovich, The Serbians: the story of a people, p. 35\n\n^ William Miller, The Balkans: Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Montenegro, p. 273: \"Character of Dušan\"\n\n^ Andrew Archibald Paton, Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic, Vol 1, p. 17\n\n^ a b Fine 1994, p. 275.\n\n^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 287.\n\n^ Fine 1994, p. 288.\n\n^ Fine 1994, pp. 288–289.\n\n^ Károly Szilágyi. \"Hungarians and Serbs during the centuries\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.\n\n^ Nicol (1993), p. 121: \"The resulting assimilation of Byzantine culture by the Serbians helped to fortify the ideal of a Slavo-Byzantine Empire, which came to dominate the mind of Milutin's grandson, Stephen Dusan, later in the fourteenth century\".\n\n^ Radoman Stankovic, The Code of Serbian Emperor Stephan Dushan, Serbian Culture of the 14th Century. Volume I: \"Powerful Byzantium started to decline, and young Serbian King Stephan Dushan, Stephan of Dechani's son, wanted, by getting crowned in 1331, to replace weakened Byzantium with the powerful Serbian-Greek Empire. [...] By proclaiming himself emperor of the Serbs and Greeks, Dushan showed that he aspired to a legitimate rule over the subjects of the Byzantine Empire\".\n\n^ Fine 1994, p. 303\n\n^ Fine 1994, p. 304\n\n^ Soulis 1984, p. 25\n\n^ Vizantološki institut, Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta, (Naučno delo, 1996), 194.\n\n^ Šufflay, Milan (2012). Serbs & Albanians: Their Symbiosis in the Middle Ages (2 ed.). Alerion. p. 77. ISBN 978-0988712928. In 1343, King Stephen Dušan issued a charter to the fortified city of Krujë. The original charter was written in Greek. It has been preserved in Latin translation in an attestation of the King of Aragon Alphonse V (1457). Dušan here calls himself \"crales Bugarorum\" [King of the Bulgarians].\n\n^ George W. White. Nationalism and territory: constructing group identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 193.\n\n^ Ostrogorsky 1956, p. 468.\n\n^ a b c d e Fine 1994, p. 310.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Fine, p. 322\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Fine, p. 323\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Fine 1994, p. 324\n\n^ Dijana Pinjuh, Vjerske Prilike Kod Katolika u Hercegovini (Od Turskog Osvajanja Do Konca 17. Stoljeća, Zagreb, 2013. p. 15\n\n^ a b c d e Fine 1994, p. 334.\n\n^ Mitchell, Laurence (2010), Serbia, Bradt Travel Guides ed. 3. p. 149. ISBN 1-84162-326-1\n\n^ Ryder 2010, p. 244.\n\n^ Dvornik 1962, p. 113.\n\n^ Nicol 1993, p. 254.\n\n^ p. 66\n\n^ a b Alexandru Madgearu; Martin Gordon (2008). The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins. Scarecrow Press. p. 86.\n\n^ Ines Angeli Murzaku (2015). Monasticism in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics. Routledge. p. 249.\n\n^ Joan Mervyn Hussey (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Byzantine Empire V. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 540.\n\n^ http://againandagaininpeace.com/2012/02/07/the-serbian-church-in-history-the-serbian-patriarchate/[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b Sedlar, p. 330\n\n^ Sindik, I. (1951) Dušanovo zakonodavstvo u Paštrovićima i Grblju. u: Zbornik u čast šeste stogodišnjice Zakonika cara Dušana, Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka, I, 119–182\n\n^ David Nicolle; (1988) Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000–1568 (Men-at-Arms) pp. 35, 37; Osprey Publishing, ISBN 0850458331\n\n^ Jean W Sedlar: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. p. 384, University of Washington Press\n\n^ Logos 2017, p. 286, 296 with note 1403.\n\n^ Hupchick 1995, p. 141\n\n^ Clissold 1968, p. 98\n\n^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 11, p. 234\n\n^ Europa Publications (1999). Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent State (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 944–. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5.\n\n^ Vladislav Boskovic (2009). King Vukasin and the Disastrous Battle of Marica. GRIN Verlag. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-3-640-49243-5.\n\n^ Mitja Velikonja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3.\n\n^ Steven Runciman, Byzantine Civilization. Cited in Radoman Stanković, The Code of Serbian Emperor Stephan Dushan, Serbian Culture of the 14th Century. Volume I\n\n^ Alderson, Anthony Dolphin (1982). \"Orhan I\". The structure of the Ottoman dynasty (Reprinted ed.). Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-22522-2.\n\n^ George Ostrogorsky (1986), Byzantine sources on the history of the peoples of Yugoslavia, (Institute of Byzantine Studies), VI-280.\n\n^ Група аутора, \"Родословне таблице и грбови српских династија и властеле (према таблицама Алексе Ивића)\" (друго знатно допуњено и проширено издање), Београд, 1991. ISBN 86-7685-007-0\n\n^ \"Velika otkrića u malim uslovima\". Nedeljnik Vreme. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.\n\n^ Talija Izdavaštvo, http://www.talijaizdavastvo.rs/korpa/knjige/34-dr-vladan-dordevic-trilogija-car-dusan.html\n\n^ Delfi.rs, http://www.delfi.rs/knjige/49995_stefan_dusan_knjiga_delfi_knjizare.html\n\n^ Knjižare Vulkan, https://www.knjizare-vulkan.rs/knjige/dusan-silni-mile-kordic-isbn-9788683583270[permanent dead link]","title":"Notes"}]

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Skopje (1926), part of The Slav Epic series by Alphonse Mucha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg/220px-Coronation_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an%2C_in_%22The_Slavonic_Epic%22_%281926%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Skopje Fortress, where Dušan adopted the title of Emperor at his coronation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Skopje_Fortress_%289451263327%29.jpg/220px-Skopje_Fortress_%289451263327%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Emperor Stefan Dušan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Coin_of_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an.jpg"},{"image_text":"Serbian Empire and neighbors at death of Tsar Dušan, 1355","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Byzantine_empire_1355.jpg/220px-Byzantine_empire_1355.jpg"},{"image_text":"The attributed Coat of arms of Stefan 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Belgrade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/220px-%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%2C_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Divellion of Emperor Dušan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Divellion_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an.svg/143px-Divellion_of_Emperor_Du%C5%A1an.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Dušan's Code, the second oldest preserved constitution of Serbia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg/220px-Du%C5%A1an%27s_Code%2C_Prizren_manuscript%2C_15th_c.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Proclamation of Dušan's Law Codex\" by Paja Jovanović","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg/242px-Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87-Krunisanje_Cara_Du%C5%A1ana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Serbian military uniform, depicted in fresco in Lesnovo Monastery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Frescos_from_the_Michael_the_Archangel_Church_of_Lesnovo_0139.JPG/220px-Frescos_from_the_Michael_the_Archangel_Church_of_Lesnovo_0139.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of expansion of Serbian state under Stefan Dušan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dusan%27s_conquests.png/149px-Dusan%27s_conquests.png"},{"image_text":"Statue of Emperor Dušan in Belgrade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fresco of Dušan, his wife Helena, and their son Uroš","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Family_of_Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_De%C4%8Dani.jpg/220px-Family_of_Serbian_Emperor_Stefan_Du%C5%A1an%2C_De%C4%8Dani.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Serbian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire"},{"title":"Serbian Patriarchate of Peć","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87"},{"title":"Serbian Despotate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Despotate"},{"title":"Serbia in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"title":"Byzantine civil war of 1341–47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%9347"},{"title":"Lesnovo monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesnovo_monastery"},{"title":"Danilo's anonymous pupil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danilo%27s_anonymous_pupil"}]

[{"reference":"Bury, John Bagnell (1911). \"Roman Empire, Later\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 517.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roman_Empire,_Later","url_text":"\"Roman Empire, Later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Károly Szilágyi. \"Hungarians and Serbs during the centuries\". Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101030170224/http://hungarian-history.hu/lib/szilagyi/szerb.doc","url_text":"\"Hungarians and Serbs during the centuries\""},{"url":"http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/szilagyi/szerb.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Šufflay, Milan (2012). Serbs & Albanians: Their Symbiosis in the Middle Ages (2 ed.). Alerion. p. 77. ISBN 978-0988712928. In 1343, King Stephen Dušan issued a charter to the fortified city of Krujë. The original charter was written in Greek. It has been preserved in Latin translation in an attestation of the King of Aragon Alphonse V (1457). Dušan here calls himself \"crales Bugarorum\" [King of the Bulgarians].","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0988712928","url_text":"978-0988712928"}]},{"reference":"George W. White. Nationalism and territory: constructing group identity in Southeastern Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 193.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Alexandru Madgearu; Martin Gordon (2008). The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins. Scarecrow Press. p. 86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ines Angeli Murzaku (2015). Monasticism in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics. Routledge. p. 249.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Joan Mervyn Hussey (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History: The Byzantine Empire V. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 540.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Europa Publications (1999). Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent State (4th ed.). Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 944–. ISBN 978-1-85743-058-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&pg=PA944","url_text":"Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-058-5","url_text":"978-1-85743-058-5"}]},{"reference":"Vladislav Boskovic (2009). King Vukasin and the Disastrous Battle of Marica. GRIN Verlag. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-3-640-49243-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_QIDL9ZOloUC&pg=PA1","url_text":"King Vukasin and the Disastrous Battle of Marica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-49243-5","url_text":"978-3-640-49243-5"}]},{"reference":"Mitja Velikonja (2003). Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-1-58544-226-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli","url_text":"Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli/page/47","url_text":"47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3","url_text":"978-1-58544-226-3"}]},{"reference":"Alderson, Anthony Dolphin (1982). \"Orhan I\". The structure of the Ottoman dynasty (Reprinted ed.). Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-22522-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-22522-2","url_text":"978-0-313-22522-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Velika otkrića u malim uslovima\". Nedeljnik Vreme. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1822624&fbclid=IwAR2vWP1eJXxYbNfnheAgJyqPyesYr3DC5yW0EnEMTXltKHzrob5pX3GipFI","url_text":"\"Velika otkrića u malim uslovima\""}]},{"reference":"Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1405142915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87","url_text":"Ćirković, Sima"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC","url_text":"The Serbs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405142915","url_text":"978-1405142915"}]},{"reference":"Dvornik, Francis (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dvornik","url_text":"Dvornik, Francis"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/slavsineuropeanh0000dvor_f9h0","url_text":"The Slavs in European History and Civilization"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472082604.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0472082604","url_text":"0472082604"}]},{"reference":"Gavrilović, Zaga (2001). Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Medieval Art. London: The Pindar Press. ISBN 978-1899828340.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0UBNAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Studies in Byzantine and Serbian Medieval Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1899828340","url_text":"978-1899828340"}]},{"reference":"Hupchick, Dennis P. (1995). Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-12116-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ycNApODqgRUC","url_text":"Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12116-7","url_text":"978-0-312-12116-7"}]},{"reference":"Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991), Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-504652-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6","url_text":"978-0-19-504652-6"}]},{"reference":"Nicol, Donald M. (1993) [1972]. The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiangyanansha

Jiuduansha

["1 Name","2 History","3 Ecology","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 31°10′N 121°55.5′E / 31.167°N 121.9250°E / 31.167; 121.9250 (Jiuduansha Island) Intertidal wetlands of Shanghai JiuduanshaChinese九段沙Literal meaning9-part sandsTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJiǔduànshāWuShanghaineseRomanizationJieudoesoJiuduansha Wetland Nature ReserveSimplified Chinese九段沙湿地自然保护区Traditional Chinese九段沙濕地自然保護區TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJiǔduànshā Shīdì ZìránbǎohùqūWuShanghaineseRomanizationJieudoeso Sehdi Zyzoebauwuchiu IslandsShangshaChinese上沙Literal meaningUpper shaTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinShàngshāWuShanghaineseRomanizationZånsoZhongshaChinese中沙Literal meaningMiddle shaTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngshāWuShanghaineseRomanizationTzonsoXiashaChinese下沙Literal meaningLower shaTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiàshāWuShanghaineseRomanizationGhosoJiangyananshaSimplified Chinese江亚南沙Traditional Chinese江亞南沙Literal meaningKiangya South shaTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJiāngyà NánshāWuShanghaineseRomanizationKånia Noeso Jiuduansha is a collection of four intertidal wetland shoals at the mouth of China's Yangtze River. They are administered as an island region of the municipality of Shanghai's Pudong New Area. These shoals and the submerged land surrounding them to a depth of 6 meters (20 ft) form the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve. The entire area stretches roughly 46.3 kilometers (28.8 mi) east to west and 25.9 kilometers (16.1 mi) north to south, covering an area of 423.5 square kilometers (163.5 sq mi), although only 114.6 square kilometers (44.2 sq mi) of this is above sea level. The area is considered one of the national urban wetland parks of China and forms part of the China Biosphere Reserve Network. A 1996 field study found that, for seven bird species investigated, the number present at Jiuduansha exceeded 1% of the world's total for the species, establishing it as a Wetland of International Importance. Name Although Jiuduansha literally translates as "Nine-Part Sands", the number nine is here being used in a colloquial way similar to English several. In fact, the group consists of four main shoals. These are sometimes given their Mandarin names of Shangsha, Zhongsha, Xiasha, and Jiangyanansha and sometimes translated as Upper, Middle, Lower, and South Jiuduansha. South Jiuduansha is known as Jiangya Nansha in Chinese after the pinyin romanization of the SS Kiangya, the passenger steamer which exploded nearby (probably owing to a mine from the Second World War or the Chinese Civil War) in 1948. History Jiuduansha originally formed part of the Waitongsha shoal, but frequent floods of the Yangtze in 1949 and 1954 connected a series of troughs and separated Jiuduansha from the Tongsha shoal. Shanghai's universities have studied Jiuduansha since the 1990s and, in 1995, introduced cordgrass in order to speed the shoal's stabilization, particularly in light of roughly 71% reduction in sedimentation caused by the many dams erected along the course of the Yangtze during the 20th century. In March 2003, the Shanghai municipal government established the nature reserve. The cordgrass and environmental protection were intended to accommodate birds then living at the site being developed as Pudong International Airport. From October 2002 to January 2003, Fudan University and the reserve's administration conducted four joint surveys and, in 2005, the wetland was finally upgraded to a national nature reserve. In the time since its introduction, the cordgrass has been found to have become invasive, aggressively crowding out the native reeds and bulrushes and degrading parts of the wetlands. A wetland museum, as well as a Science Popularization Park on about 5 square kilometers (1.9 sq mi) of the island, are planned to increase public awareness and support. Ecology Jiuduansha is the spawning ground for the hairy crab, one of the most important products of the Chinese fishing industry and a delicacy of the cuisine of Shanghai and eastern China. The shoals also host large communities of Cipango and Siberian prawn and swimming crabs. They are known to host 5 protected species of fish and 14 protected species of birds, including the black-faced spoonbill. All 14 observed species of aquatic mammals are protected and Jiuduansha is thought to be the most important habitat in China for the finless porpoise, the bottlenose dolphin, and the spotted seal. References ^ But here using the number nine in its colloquial Chinese sense of "some" or "several". ^ a b c d e "Overview Archived 2015-01-08 at the Wayback Machine". The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve (Shanghai), 2014. ^ Li Bo. "Ecosystem Ecology Study on Jiuduansha Island—A Site Description". US–China Carbon Consortium. ^ a b "Birds Archived 2015-01-09 at the Wayback Machine". The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve (Shanghai), 2014. ^ a b c d e f "Fourth Island Wetland Emerging", pp. 1–2. Shanghai Daily. 8 Dec 2009. Hosted at China.org. ^ "Introduction Archived 2015-01-08 at the Wayback Machine". The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve (Shanghai), 2014. ^ a b Pratolongo, Paula & al. "Temperate Coastal Wetlands: Morphology, Sediment Processes, and Plant Communities" in Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach, p. 105. Elsevier (Amsterdam), 2009. ^ a b Scott, David B. Coastal Wetlands of the World: Geology, Ecology, Distribution, and Applications, pp. 229 f. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), 2014. ^ Fu Jing & al. "Ecotourism and Environmental Interpretation Planning in Jiuduansha Wetland National Nature Reserve, Shanghai". Shanghai Normal University (Shanghai). Hosted at Academia.edu. ^ a b "Zoobenthos Archived 2015-01-09 at the Wayback Machine". The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve (Shanghai), 2014. ^ Dennis McMahon (November 28, 2008). "The Dish: Hairy Crab". Wall Street Journal. ^ Dunlop, Fuchsia. "The Chinese delicacy of hairy crabs". BBC News Magazine (London), 15 December 2012. Accessed 19 January 2015. ^ "Fish Archived 2015-01-09 at the Wayback Machine". The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve (Shanghai), 2014. ^ "Mammals Archived 2015-01-09 at the Wayback Machine". The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve (Shanghai), 2014. External links The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve vtePudongAreas Gaoqiao Lujiazui Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park EducationPublic highschools No. 2 High School Attached to East China Normal University Jianping High School Dongchang High School of ECNU Pudong Foreign Languages School of Shanghai International Studies University Private schools Concordia International School Shanghai Dulwich College Shanghai Harrow International School Shanghai Nord Anglia International School Shanghai Pudong Shanghai American School Pudong Campus The SMIC Private School Shanghai Gold Apple Bilingual School Shanghai Japanese School Pudong campus Shanghai Pinghe School Shanghai Shangde Experimental School Wellington College International Shanghai Colleges anduniversities China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong Fudan University Zhangjiang Campus New York University Shanghai Shanghai Maritime University Landmarks Century Avenue Century Park Jin Mao Tower Grand Hyatt Shanghai Jiuduansha Oriental Art Center Oriental Pearl Tower Shanghai Detention Center Shanghai Disney Resort More information Shanghai Expo Park Shanghai New International Expo Center Shanghai Science and Technology Museum Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Gigafactory Shanghai TransportAviation Shanghai Pudong International Airport Maglev Shanghai Maglev Train Shanghai Metrostations Century Avenue Century Park Changqing Road China Art Museum Chuansha Dongchang Road East Huaxia Road Fanghua Road (formerly Hunan Road) Guanglan Road Haitiansan Road Houtan Huamu Road Jinke Road Jinxiu Road Lancun Road Lingkong Road Lingzhao Xincun Longyang Road Lujiazui Middle Chuangxin Road (formerly Tang Town East) Oriental Sports Center Pudian Road (Line 4) Pudian Road (Line 6) Pudong Avenue Pudong International Airport Shanghai Science and Technology Museum South Yanggao Road Tangqiao Tangzhen West Gaoke Road (formerly Hi-Tech West Road) Yangsi station Yaohua Road Yuandong Avenue Yuntai Road This list is incomplete.German School Shanghai and French School of Shanghai formerly had campuses in Pudong. 31°10′N 121°55.5′E / 31.167°N 121.9250°E / 31.167; 121.9250 (Jiuduansha Island)

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They are administered as an island region of the municipality of Shanghai's Pudong New Area.These shoals and the submerged land surrounding them to a depth of 6 meters (20 ft) form the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve.[2] The entire area stretches roughly 46.3 kilometers (28.8 mi) east to west and 25.9 kilometers (16.1 mi) north to south, covering an area of 423.5 square kilometers (163.5 sq mi),[2] although only 114.6 square kilometers (44.2 sq mi) of this is above sea level.[3] The area is considered one of the national urban wetland parks of China and forms part of the China Biosphere Reserve Network. A 1996 field study found that, for seven bird species investigated, the number present at Jiuduansha exceeded 1% of the world's total for the species, establishing it as a Wetland of International Importance.[4]","title":"Jiuduansha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4isle-5"},{"link_name":"shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Mandarin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-intro-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-over-2"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese"},{"link_name":"SS Kiangya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Kiangya"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Chinese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War"}],"text":"Although Jiuduansha literally translates as \"Nine-Part Sands\", the number nine is here being used in a colloquial way similar to English several.[5] In fact, the group consists of four main shoals. These are sometimes given their Mandarin names of Shangsha, Zhongsha, Xiasha, and Jiangyanansha[6] and sometimes translated as Upper, Middle, Lower, and South Jiuduansha.[2] South Jiuduansha is known as Jiangya Nansha in Chinese after the pinyin romanization of the SS Kiangya, the passenger steamer which exploded nearby (probably owing to a mine from the Second World War or the Chinese Civil War) in 1948.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waitongsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waitongsha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Floods_of_the_Yangtze_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yangtze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze"},{"link_name":"troughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Tongsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongsha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-over-2"},{"link_name":"cordgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartina_alterniflora"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prat-7"},{"link_name":"sedimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dams_in_China"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotty-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"nature reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_reserve"},{"link_name":"Pudong International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudong_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4isle-5"},{"link_name":"Fudan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fudan_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-over-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4isle-5"},{"link_name":"invasive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4isle-5"},{"link_name":"reeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmites_australis"},{"link_name":"bulrushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scirpus_mariqueter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prat-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scotty-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4isle-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4isle-5"}],"text":"Jiuduansha originally formed part of the Waitongsha shoal, but frequent floods of the Yangtze in 1949 and 1954 connected a series of troughs and separated Jiuduansha from the Tongsha shoal.[2] Shanghai's universities have studied Jiuduansha since the 1990s and, in 1995, introduced cordgrass in order to speed the shoal's stabilization,[7] particularly in light of roughly 71% reduction in sedimentation caused by the many dams erected along the course of the Yangtze during the 20th century.[8] In March 2003,[9] the Shanghai municipal government established the nature reserve. The cordgrass and environmental protection were intended to accommodate birds then living at the site being developed as Pudong International Airport.[5] From October 2002 to January 2003, Fudan University and the reserve's administration conducted four joint surveys[2] and, in 2005, the wetland was finally upgraded to a national nature reserve.[5] In the time since its introduction, the cordgrass has been found to have become invasive,[5] aggressively crowding out the native reeds and bulrushes[7][8] and degrading parts of the wetlands.[5] A wetland museum, as well as a Science Popularization Park on about 5 square kilometers (1.9 sq mi) of the island, are planned to increase public awareness and support.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hairy crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_hairy_crab"},{"link_name":"Chinese fishing industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_fishing_industry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo-10"},{"link_name":"cuisine of Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghainese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cipango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exopalaemon_annandalei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siberian prawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exopalaemon_mondestus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"swimming crabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._trituberculatus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zoo-10"},{"link_name":"protected species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_species_in_China"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishy-13"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"black-faced spoonbill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-faced_spoonbill"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hellobirdy-4"},{"link_name":"aquatic mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal"},{"link_name":"finless porpoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophocaena_phocaenoides"},{"link_name":"bottlenose dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tursiops_truncates"},{"link_name":"spotted seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoca_largha"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mammy-14"}],"text":"Jiuduansha is the spawning ground for the hairy crab, one of the most important products of the Chinese fishing industry[10] and a delicacy of the cuisine of Shanghai and eastern China.[11][12] The shoals also host large communities of Cipango and Siberian prawn and swimming crabs.[10] They are known to host 5 protected species of fish[13] and 14 protected species of birds, including the black-faced spoonbill.[4] All 14 observed species of aquatic mammals are protected and Jiuduansha is thought to be the most important habitat in China for the finless porpoise, the bottlenose dolphin, and the spotted seal.[14]","title":"Ecology"}]

[]

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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiuduansha&params=31_10_N_121_55.5_E_region:CN-31_type:isle&title=Jiuduansha+Island","external_links_name":"31°10′N 121°55.5′E / 31.167°N 121.9250°E / 31.167; 121.9250 (Jiuduansha Island)"},{"Link":"http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english2.htm","external_links_name":"Overview"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150108160043/http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english2.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://usccc.ibcas.ac.cn/meetings/BFU031216/Fudan's%20Site-Jiuduansha%20Island-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ecosystem Ecology Study on Jiuduansha Island—A Site Description\""},{"Link":"http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english8.htm","external_links_name":"Birds"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109061128/http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english8.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2009-12/08/content_19028666_2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Fourth Island Wetland Emerging\", pp. 1–2."},{"Link":"http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english.htm","external_links_name":"Introduction"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150108150728/http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6bA_wEtlSuMC&pg=PA105","external_links_name":"\"Temperate Coastal Wetlands: Morphology, Sediment Processes, and Plant Communities\" in Coastal Wetlands: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach, p. 105."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b1AHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA229","external_links_name":"Coastal Wetlands of the World: Geology, Ecology, Distribution, and Applications, pp. 229 f."},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/3716029/Ecotourism_and_Environmental_Interpretation_Planning_in_Jiuduansha_Wetland_National_Nature_Reserve_Shanghai","external_links_name":"\"Ecotourism and Environmental Interpretation Planning in Jiuduansha Wetland National Nature Reserve, Shanghai\"."},{"Link":"http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english6.htm","external_links_name":"Zoobenthos"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109070419/http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english6.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122772215221660073","external_links_name":"\"The Dish: Hairy Crab\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20701058","external_links_name":"\"The Chinese delicacy of hairy crabs\""},{"Link":"http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english7.htm","external_links_name":"Fish"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109070252/http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english7.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english9.htm","external_links_name":"Mammals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150109070334/http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english9.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150108150728/http://www.jiuduansha.org.cn/en/english.htm","external_links_name":"The Shanghai Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jiuduansha&params=31_10_N_121_55.5_E_region:CN-31_type:isle&title=Jiuduansha+Island","external_links_name":"31°10′N 121°55.5′E / 31.167°N 121.9250°E / 31.167; 121.9250 (Jiuduansha Island)"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_at_Heart_(1980_TV_series)

Young at Heart (1980 TV series)

["1 Cast","2 References"]

British TV sitcom (1980–1982) Young at HeartGenreSitcomCreated byVince PowellStarring John Mills Megs Jenkins Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series3No. of episodes19ProductionProducerStuart AllenProduction companyATVOriginal releaseNetworkITVRelease14 April 1980 (1980-04-14) –5 November 1982 (1982-11-05) Young at Heart is a British independent television sitcom that was broadcast between 1980 and 1982. Starring John Mills and Megs Jenkins the series was about a married couple, Albert and Ethel Collyer, after Albert's enforced retirement at age 65 from his 50 years as a pottery worker. Although Mills had performed in comedy prior to this, Young at Heart was his first leading role in a sitcom. The series was devised and written by Vince Powell. A pilot episode was broadcast in 1977 and three full series of five, seven and six episodes respectively were broadcast each year from 1980. Filming was at the ATV studios in Elstree, London and on location in Stoke-on-Trent. As well as starring Mills also sang the show's theme song. Cast John Mills as Albert Collyer Megs Jenkins as Ethel Collyer David Neilson as Norman Charlton and Carol Leader as Barbara Charlton, the Collyer's next door neighbours (series 1 and 2) References ^ "Obituary: Sir John Mills". BBC News. 23 April 2005. Retrieved 24 January 2016. ^ a b c "Young at Heart (TV Series)". Artist Direct. Retrieved 24 January 2016. ^ Walker, Craig (2009). On The Buses: The Complete Story. p. 1984. ISBN 9781907792168. ^ "Street star recalls being cast as a Potteries man". This is Staffordshire. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2016. This article about an episode from a comedy television series is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This ITC Entertainment–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_Institute

Folklore Institute

["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Folklore Institute" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Folklore Institute refers to the folklore studies program of Indiana University Bloomington (USA). The Folklore Institute, together with the Ethnomusicology Institute, constitute the larger Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology. The Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology is a unit of the College of Arts and Sciences. Overview Prior to the establishment (c. 2000) of the parallel Ethnomusicology Institute and the renaming of the paired units as The Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology, the name "Folklore Institute" served as the overarching designation for what was already a full-fledged academic department. This unit had roots going back to the 1940s and was fully established in 1962. After the name change to Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology, the designation Folklore Institute referred to the department's folklore faculty, the folklore graduate students that they supervised, and the folklore studies-specific teaching, research, and outreach projects that the department's folklorists pursued. Many generations of professional folklorists (and some ethnomusicologists) earned their degrees (B.A., M.A., and/or Ph.D.) from the unit when it was known as the Folklore Institute and in informal discourse the name remains synonymous with the Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology. Prominent scholars in the history of the Folklore Institute include the following distinguished rank faculty: Stith Thompson, Richard M. Dorson, Linda Dégh, Henry Glassie, Richard Bauman, Beverly J. Stoeltje, and Hasan M. El-Shamy. Over its history, the Folklore Institute has trained very large number of professional folklorists. A small sample of its prominent alumni includes: Alan Dundes, Michael Owen Jones, Dorthy Noyes, Bill Ivy, Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Sabina Magliocco, Regina Bendix, Ronald L. Baker, Simon J. Bronner, Jan Harold Brunvand, Dan Ben-Amos, and Edward D. Ives. Like the Ethnomusicology Institute, the Folklore Institute is led by a Director. One of these two Directors typically also serves as Chair of the department as a whole. Among the long-term projects of the Folklore Institute are Traditional Arts Indiana (a statewide public folklore agency) and the Journal of Folklore Research. The Folklore Institute has long organized focused conferences in folklore studies and neighboring fields. Some of these were later published by the institute or in partnership with other publishers. See also Smithsonian Folklife Festival References ^ "Folklore and Ethnomusicology | Indiana University Bloomington". Indiana.edu. Retrieved 2012-01-20. ^ Dorson, Richard M. (1963). "The American Folklore Scene, 1963". Folklore. 74 (3): 444. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1963.9716918. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 1259024. ^ Bulger, Peggy A. (2003). "Looking Back, Moving Forward: The Development of Folklore as a Public Profession (AFS Presidential Plenary Address, 2002)". The Journal of American Folklore. 116 (462): 379. doi:10.1353/jaf.2003.0052. ISSN 0021-8715. JSTOR 4137754. S2CID 162665600. ^ "Folklore and Ethnomusicology | Indiana University Bloomington". Webdb.iu.edu. Retrieved 2012-01-20. ^ "Indiana University Bloomington". ^ Stith Thompson, ed. (1953) Four Symposia on Folklore: Held at the Midcentury International Folklore Conference at Indiana University, July 21 – August 4, 1950. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press). ^ Gregory Schrempp and William Hansen, eds. (2002) Myth: A New Symposium.(Bloomington: Indiana University Press). External links Folklore Institute website Indiana University Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology Records

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[]

[{"title":"Smithsonian Folklife Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Folklife_Festival"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_European_Plain

European Plain

["1 Location","2 Hydrology","2.1 List of large bodies of water","3 Ecology","4 Geopolitical significance","5 See also","6 References"]

Coordinates: 57°30′00″N 29°00′00″E / 57.5000°N 29.0000°E / 57.5000; 29.0000This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "European Plain" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Largest mountain-free landform in Europe Main article: Physiographic regions of the world 57°30′00″N 29°00′00″E / 57.5000°N 29.0000°E / 57.5000; 29.0000 The European Plain marked in grey Topography of Europe Biomes of the Western Palearctic realm The European Plain or the Great European Plain is a plain in Europe and is a major feature of one of four major topographical units of Europe – the Central and Interior Lowlands. It is the largest mountain-free landform in Europe, although a number of highlands are identified within it. Location The Great European Plain stretches from the Pyrenees mountains and the French coast of the Bay of Biscay in the west to the Russian Ural Mountains in the east, including parts of Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Bulgaria, and Kazakhstan. Most of the Great European Plain lies below 500 feet (152 metres) in elevation. It has coastlines in the west and northwest in the Atlantic basin, to the northeast the Arctic Basin, and to the southeast the Mediterranean Basin, including the Black Sea. To the south of the Middle European Plain stretch the central uplands and plateaus of Europe elevating to the peaks of the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains and the Balkan Mountains. To the northwest across the English Channel lie the British Isles and their lowlands, while across several straits north of the Jutland Peninsula lies the Central Swedish lowland in the Scandinavian Peninsula, which is part of the Fennoscandia ecoregion. Most of the plain lies in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome, while its far eastern portion extends into steppe of the ecoregion Eurasian Steppe. Beside the Great European Plain, there are other, smaller European plains such as the Pannonian Basin or Mid-Danube Plain, which lies in Central Europe, Padana Plain which is located in the valley of the Po river, the Thracian Plain with Maritsa river, and lowlands of the British Isles. The Great European Plain is divided into the North European Plain (Central/Middle European Plain) and the East European Plain. The subdivision is a historical one, rather than geomorphological: the Russian portion of the East European Plain is also known as the Russian Plain which covers almost all of European Russia. In Western Europe, the plain is relatively narrow (mostly within 200 miles or 320 kilometres in width) in the northern part of Europe, but it broadens significantly toward its eastern part in Western Russia. Hydrology The plains are cut by many important rivers like the Loire, Rhine and Vistula in the west; the Northern Dvina and Daugava flowing northwards in East Europe and Russia and the Volga, the Don and the Dnieper flowing southwards of European Russia. List of large bodies of water Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Black Sea Caspian Sea English Channel Gulf of Bothnia North Sea Sea of Azov White Sea Ecology The European plain was once largely covered by forest, before human settlement and the resulting deforestation that occurred. One of the last (and largest) remnants of this primeval forest is Białowieża Forest, which straddles the border between Belarus and Poland. Now the European Plain is the most agriculturally productive region of Europe. Ecological regions include: Atlantic mixed forests Baltic mixed forests East European forest steppe Pontic–Caspian steppe Geopolitical significance This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2021) See also: Invasion of Russia and Invasion of France The large uninterrupted flatland of the European Plain provides very little geographic protection against invasion. This has been a continuing problem for states whose heartlands are on the European Plain, especially Russia, Poland and France, the latter of which was invaded through the plain three times since 1870, two of which successfully occupied the country. Historically, the plains have been the site of numerous battles and invasions, as they offer relatively easy access to neighboring countries and provide an open space for armies to maneuver. They also play a major role in the European Union as a key region for trade and industry. The EU's Common Agricultural Policy, which regulates agricultural production, is also heavily influenced by the plains. The plains are also a major center for the production of renewable energy. Additionally, the plains are also home to many of Europe's most important cultural and historical sites. See also Geography of Europe References ^ Archived 15 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica ^ a b "European Plain". Encyclopædia Britannica. britannica.com. 10 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2010. ^ a b Anirban Paul (9 July 2019). "Russia and the 'Geo' of its geopolitics". Orf. Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021. ^ "European Plain | plain, Europe | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2023. vteGeography topics Glossary History Index Outline BranchesHuman Agricultural Behavioral Cultural Development Economic Health Historical Internet Military Political Population Settlement Regional Urban Transportation Physical Biogeography Ecology Phytogeography Zoogeography Coastal / Oceanography Earth science Atmospheric science / Meteorology Environmental science Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Geobiology Geophysics / Geodesy Earth system science Geomorphology / Geology Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Pedology (Edaphology/Soil science) Quaternary science Technical Geodesign Geodesy Geoinformatics Geographic information science Geomatics Statistical geography Spatial analysis Integrated Integrated / Environmental Environmental social science Environmental studies Landscape architecture Landscape ecology Time geography Techniques and toolsQuantitative Cartography Computer cartography Web mapping Geomathematics Geovisualization Geologic modelling Geographic information system Distributed GIS Internet GIS Web GIS Geochronology Geostatistics Hydrography Photogrammetry Remote sensing Surveying Land change modeling Qualitative Ethnography Geopoetics Interview (research) Survey (human research) Institutions Geographic data and information organizations Geographical societies Geoscience societies National mapping agency Education Geography education Geo-literacy Geographers on Film International Geography Olympiad National Council for Geographic Education Spatial citizenship Category Portal Commons WikiProject vtePhysical geography Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Soil science / Pedology / Edaphology Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science Category Portal Commons

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It has coastlines in the west and northwest in the Atlantic basin, to the northeast the Arctic Basin, and to the southeast the Mediterranean Basin, including the Black Sea. To the south of the Middle European Plain stretch the central uplands and plateaus of Europe elevating to the peaks of the Alps, the Carpathian Mountains and the Balkan Mountains. To the northwest across the English Channel lie the British Isles and their lowlands, while across several straits north of the Jutland Peninsula lies the Central Swedish lowland in the Scandinavian Peninsula, which is part of the Fennoscandia ecoregion.Most of the plain lies in the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome, while its far eastern portion extends into steppe of the ecoregion Eurasian Steppe.Beside the Great European Plain, there are other, smaller European plains such as the Pannonian Basin or Mid-Danube Plain, which lies in Central Europe, Padana Plain which is located in the valley of the Po river, the Thracian Plain with Maritsa river, and lowlands of the British Isles.The Great European Plain is divided into the North European Plain (Central/Middle European Plain) and the East European Plain. The subdivision is a historical one, rather than geomorphological: the Russian portion of the East European Plain is also known as the Russian Plain which covers almost all of European Russia.In Western Europe, the plain is relatively narrow (mostly within 200 miles or 320 kilometres in width) in the northern part of Europe, but it broadens significantly toward its eastern part in Western Russia.[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula"},{"link_name":"Northern Dvina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Dvina"},{"link_name":"Daugava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugava_River"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"European Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia"}],"text":"The plains are cut by many important rivers like the Loire, Rhine and Vistula in the west; the Northern Dvina and Daugava flowing northwards in East Europe and Russia and the Volga, the Don and the Dnieper flowing southwards of European Russia.","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Bothnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sea of Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Azov"},{"link_name":"White Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea"}],"sub_title":"List of large bodies of water","text":"Baltic Sea\nBay of Biscay\nBlack Sea\nCaspian Sea\nEnglish Channel\nGulf of Bothnia\nNorth Sea\nSea of Azov\nWhite Sea","title":"Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"Białowieża Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Atlantic mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_mixed_forests"},{"link_name":"Baltic mixed forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_mixed_forests"},{"link_name":"East European forest steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"}],"text":"The European plain was once largely covered by forest, before human settlement and the resulting deforestation that occurred. One of the last (and largest) remnants of this primeval forest is Białowieża Forest, which straddles the border between Belarus and Poland. Now the European Plain is the most agriculturally productive region of Europe. Ecological regions include:Atlantic mixed forests\nBaltic mixed forests\nEast European forest steppe\nPontic–Caspian steppe","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Russia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Invasion of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_invasions_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orf-3"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orf-3"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"See also: Invasion of Russia and Invasion of FranceThe large uninterrupted flatland of the European Plain provides very little geographic protection against invasion.[3] This has been a continuing problem for states whose heartlands are on the European Plain, especially Russia, Poland and France, the latter of which was invaded through the plain three times since 1870, two of which successfully occupied the country.[3] Historically, the plains have been the site of numerous battles and invasions, as they offer relatively easy access to neighboring countries and provide an open space for armies to maneuver. They also play a major role in the European Union as a key region for trade and industry. The EU's Common Agricultural Policy, which regulates agricultural production, is also heavily influenced by the plains. The plains are also a major center for the production of renewable energy. Additionally, the plains are also home to many of Europe's most important cultural and historical sites.[4]","title":"Geopolitical significance"}]

[{"image_text":"The European Plain marked in grey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/European_plain.png/300px-European_plain.png"},{"image_text":"Topography of Europe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Europe_geographique_grande.jpg/300px-Europe_geographique_grande.jpg"},{"image_text":"Biomes of the Western Palearctic realm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Western_palearctic_biomes_%28with_labels%29.svg/300px-Western_palearctic_biomes_%28with_labels%29.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Geography of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Europe"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJ_Giltinan_Shield

J. J. Giltinan Shield

["1 Winners","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]

Trophy awarded annually in Australian rugby league J. J. Giltinan ShieldCountry Australia New ZealandPresented byNRLHistoryFirst award1951 (1997 to Minor premier)Most wins St. George Dragons (15 Titles)Most recent Penrith Panthers (2023)The J.J. Giltinan Shield is an Australian rugby league trophy, awarded annually to the National Rugby League minor premiers. It was named after James J. Giltinan who was central to the founding of rugby league in Australia. Giltinan died in 1950 and the Shield was created for the following season in his honour, first introduced for the 1951 New South Wales Rugby Football League season. From 1951, the Shield was awarded to the winner of the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL) Grand Final, replacing the Labor Daily Cup. In addition to the Shield, premiership winning teams received the W. D. & H. O. Wills Cup from 1960 to 1981, the Winfield Cup from 1982 to 1995, and the Optus Cup in 1996. Since 1997 the J.J. Giltinan Shield has been awarded to the competition's minor premiers. Winners Season Winners Awarded to Premiers 1951 South Sydney 1952 Western Suburbs 1953 South Sydney 1954 South Sydney 1955 South Sydney 1956 St. George 1957 St. George 1958 St. George 1959 St. George 1960 St. George 1961 St. George 1962 St. George 1963 St. George 1964 St. George 1965 St. George 1966 St. George 1967 South Sydney 1968 South Sydney 1969 Balmain 1970 South Sydney 1971 South Sydney 1972 Manly-Warringah 1973 Manly-Warringah 1974 Eastern Suburbs 1975 Eastern Suburbs 1976 Manly-Warringah 1977 St. George 1978 Manly-Warringah 1979 St. George 1980 Canterbury-Bankstown 1981 Parramatta 1982 Parramatta 1983 Parramatta 1984 Canterbury-Bankstown 1985 Canterbury-Bankstown 1986 Parramatta 1987 Manly-Warringah 1988 Canterbury-Bankstown 1989 Canberra Raiders 1990 Canberra Raiders 1991 Penrith Panthers 1992 Brisbane Broncos 1993 Brisbane Broncos 1994 Canberra Raiders 1995 Sydney Bulldogs 1996 Manly-Warringah Awarded to Minor Premiers 1997 Manly-Warringah 1998 Brisbane Broncos 1999 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks 2000 Brisbane Broncos 2001 Parramatta 2002 New Zealand Warriors 2003 Penrith Panthers 2004 Sydney Roosters 2005 Parramatta 2006 Withheld 1 2007 Withheld 1 2008 Withheld 1 2009 St. George-Illawarra Dragons 2010 St. George-Illawarra Dragons 2011 Melbourne Storm 2012 Canterbury-Bankstown 2013 Sydney Roosters 2014 Sydney Roosters 2015 Sydney Roosters 2016 Melbourne Storm 2017 Melbourne Storm 2018 Sydney Roosters 2019 Melbourne Storm 2020 Penrith Panthers 2021 Melbourne Storm 2022 Penrith Panthers 2023 Penrith Panthers 1 The Melbourne Storm were stripped of the 2006, 2007 and 2008 minor premierships on 22 April 2010 due to salary cap breaches. See also Sports portal References ^ Hardy, Karen (12 October 2013). "Tall tales of the first Kangaroos still strike a chord today". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2014. External links NSWRL Premiership at rleague.com vteNational Rugby LeagueTeamsCurrent Brisbane Broncos Canberra Raiders Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks Dolphins Gold Coast Titans Manly Warringah Sea Eagles Melbourne Storm Newcastle Knights New Zealand Warriors North Queensland Cowboys Parramatta Eels Penrith Panthers South Sydney Rabbitohs St. George Illawarra Dragons Sydney Roosters Wests Tigers Former Balmain Tigers (1908–99) Western Suburbs Magpies (1908–99) North Sydney Bears (1908–99) Newtown Bluebags / Jets (1908–83) Glebe Dirty Reds (1908–29) Newcastle Rebels (1908–09) Cumberland (1908) Annandale Dales (1910–20) University (1920–37) St. George Dragons (1921–98) Illawarra Steelers (1982–98) Gold Coast-Tweed Giants / Gold Coast Seagulls / Chargers (1988–98) South Queensland Crushers (1995–97) Western Reds / Perth Reds (1995–97) Adelaide Rams (1997–98) Hunter Mariners (1997) Northern Eagles (2000–02) Annual events Pre-season NRL Nines All Stars World Club Challenge World Club Series Charity Shield Regular season Good Friday Easter Sunday Easter Monday Anzac Day Cup Michael Moore Trophy Magic Round King's Birthday Finals Grand Final Breakfast State Championship Grand Final List State of Origin History League history NSWRL premiership Winfield Cup ARL Premiership ARL Super League Super League war Seasons All time club list Expansion Premiers All First-Class Premiers Winning captains and coaches Wooden spooners Records Grand Final Most tries in a game Golden point games Players sent off Rivalries Referees Awards and honours Dally M Awards Dally M Medal Clive Churchill Medal Hall of Fame The Immortals J. J. Giltinan Shield Rothmans Medal Media Friday Night Football Fox League Sunday Night with Matty Johns NRL 360 The Fan Narrow World of Sports Nine's Wide World of Sports The Footy Show The Sunday Footy Show 100% Footy Over the Black Dot Continuous Call Team Monday Night Football on Triple M Big League Rugby League Review Rugby League Week Rugby League (video games series) NRL SuperCoach SuperCoach Finals Administration Australian Rugby League Commission Club owners Judiciary Salary cap Match officials Reserves affiliations Rugby League Players Association Related articles Current team squads Current head coaches Stadiums Men of League Foundation Women in League NRLW Premiership Brisbane Rugby League Amco Cup Tooheys Challenge Cup

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[]

[{"title":"Sports portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sports"}]

[{"reference":"Hardy, Karen (12 October 2013). \"Tall tales of the first Kangaroos still strike a chord today\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 3 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/comment/tall-tales-of-the-first-kangaroos-still-strike-a-chord-today-20131011-2ve6q.html","url_text":"\"Tall tales of the first Kangaroos still strike a chord today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_journalism

Comics journalism

["1 History","2 Techniques","3 Comics journalists","4 Magazines of comics journalism","4.1 Active","4.2 Defunct","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Journalism in comics form Journalism News Writing style Ethics code of ethics Culture Objectivity News values Attribution Defamation Sensationalism Editorial independence Journalism school Index of journalism articles Areas Arts Business Data Entertainment Environment Fashion Medicine Music Politics Science Sports Technology Traffic War Weather World Genres Adversarial Advocacy Interventionism Analytic Blogging Broadcast Churnalism Citizen Civic Collaborative Comics-based Community Data Database Digital/Online Explanatory Fact-checking Gonzo Immersion Interpretive Investigative Multimedia Narrative New Journalism Non-profit Opinion Peace Photojournalism Press release Sensor Underground Video Visual Watchdog Social impact Fake news Fourth Estate Fifth Estate Freedom of the press Infotainment Media bias Pink-slime journalism Public relations Propaganda model Yellow journalism News media Newspapers Newspaper of record Magazines TV and radio Internet News agencies Alternative media Roles Journalists (reporters) Columnist Blogger Editor Copy editor Meteorologist News presenter Photographer Pundit / commentator Journalism portal Category: Journalismvte Example of comics/graphic journalism by Gianluca Costantini Comics journalism is a form of journalism that covers news or nonfiction events using the framework of comics, a combination of words and drawn images. Typically, sources are actual people featured in each story, and word balloons are actual quotes. The term "comics journalism" was coined by one of its most notable practitioners, Joe Sacco. Other terms for the practice include "graphic journalism," "comic strip journalism", "cartoon journalism", "cartoon reporting", "comics reportage", "journalistic comics", "sequential reportage," and "sketchbook reports". Visual narrative storytelling has existed for thousands of years, but comics journalism brings reportage to the field in more direct ways. The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists distinguished comics journalism from political cartoons this way: "Editorial cartoons are quick, in-the-moment commentary, whose artists have to educate themselves on complex issues and craft well-informed opinions in a single take that emphasizes clarity under daily deadlines. Illustrated reporting, or comics journalism, takes days, weeks, or months to craft a story, which can run for pages, and which may or may not be presenting an opinion." The use of the comics medium to cover real-life events for news organizations, publications or publishers (in graphic novel format) is currently at an all-time peak. Comics journalism publications are active in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and India, and comics journalists also hail from such countries as Russia, Lebanon, Belgium, Peru, and Germany. Many of the works are featured online and in collaboration with established publications, as well as the small press. In recent decades, works of comics journalism have appeared in such publications as Harper's Magazine, The Atlantic, The New Yorker, The New York Times, The Boston Globe, The Guardian, Slate, Columbia Journalism Review, and LA Weekly. History "The Menace of the Hour" by George Luks, published in The Verdict magazine, 30 Jan. 1899. Antecedents to comics journalism included printmakers like Currier and Ives, who illustrated American Civil War battles; political cartoonists like Thomas Nast; and George Luks, who was dubbed a "war artist" for his work from the front lines of the Spanish–American War. Historically, pictorial representation (typically engravings) of news events were commonly used before the proliferation of photography in publications such as The Illustrated London News and Harper's Magazine. In the 1920s, the political magazine New Masses sent cartoonists to cover strikes and labor battles, but they were restricted to single-panel cartoons. In the 1950s and the 1960s, Harvey Kurtzman did a number of true comics journalism pieces for magazines like Esquire and TV Guide. In 1965, Robert Crumb, later a key founder of the underground comix movement, produced "Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report" for Kurtzman's Help!, a tongue-in-cheek journalistic overview of the socialist country of Bulgaria, based on his own travels there. Crumb had done an earlier, similar "sketchbook report" on Harlem, which was also published in Help! Kurtzman also hired Jack Davis and Arnold Roth to do light-hearted journalistic comics for Help! Editor/cartoonist Leonard Rifas' two-issue series Corporate Crime Comics (Kitchen Sink Press, 1977, 1979) was an early example of comics reportage, with a number of notable contributors, including Greg Irons, Trina Robbins, Harry Driggs, Guy Colwell, Kim Deitch, Justin Green, Jay Kinney, Denis Kitchen, and Larry Gonick. Joe Sacco is widely considered to be one of the pioneers of the form, starting with his 1991 series Palestine. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Sacco produced a number of works of comics journalism for such established publications as Details, Time, The New York Times Magazine, The Guardian, and Harper's Magazine. Since then, he has published a number of book-length works of comics journalism. In October 1994 cartoonist Bill Griffith toured Cuba for two weeks, during a period of mass exodus, as thousands of Cubans took advantage of President Fidel Castro's decision to permit emigration for a limited time. In early 1995, Griffith published a six-week series of stories about Cuban culture and politics in his strip Zippy. The Cuba series included transcripts of conversations Griffith had conducted with various Cubans, including artists, government officials, and a Yoruba priestess. Cartoonist Art Spiegelman was comics editor of Details in the mid-1990s; in 1997 — modeling himself after Harvey Kurtzman — Spiegelman began assigning comics journalism pieces to a number of his cartoonist associates, including Sacco, Peter Kuper, Ben Katchor, Peter Bagge, Charles Burns, Kaz, Kim Deitch, and Jay Lynch. The magazine published these works of journalism in comics form throughout 1998 and 1999, helping to legitimize the form in popular perception. Starting in 1998, and really intensely in the years 2000 to 2002, Peter Bagge did a number of comics journalism stories — on such topics as politics, the Miss America Pageant, bar culture, Christian rock, and the Oscars — mostly for Suck.com. In the period 2000–2001, cartoonist Marisa Acocella Marchetto produced the semi-regular comics journalism strip The Strip for The New York Times, often on the topic of fashion. Some of the first known magazines focused specifically on comics journalism include Mamma!, a magazine of comics journalism printed in Italy since 2009 and produced by a group of authors; and Symbolia, a digital magazine of comics journalism for tablet computers, which operated from 2013 to 2015. Other digital magazines which focused on comics journalism during this period included Darryl Holliday & Erik Rodriguez' The Illustrated Press and Josh Kramer's The Cartoon Picayune. Jen Sorensen was editor of the "Graphic Culture" section of Splinter News (formerly Fusion) from 2014 to 2018, while Matt Bors edited the online comics collection The Nib from 2014 to 2023. Both sites published comics journalism pieces. In May 2016, The New York Times put comics journalism front-and-center for the first time with "Inside Death Row," by Patrick Chappatte (with Anne-Frédérique Widmann), a five-part series about the death penalty in the United States. In 2017, it published "Welcome to the New World," by Jake Halpern and Michael Sloan, chronicling a Syrian refugee family settling in the United States. The series ran in the print Sunday Review edition from January to September 2017 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 2018. In November 2019 the book Libia, about the war in Libya, written by Francesca Mannocchi and drawn by Gianluca Costantini, was published in Italy; it was translated and published in France in 2020. In 2022, in a sign of tacit approval of the form of comics journalism, the Pulitzer Prize committee changed the name of the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (which had been in place since 1922) to the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary. The 2022 award went to a work of comics journalism about the persecution of Uyghurs in China published by Insider. Techniques As with traditional journalism, there are no rules per se about comics journalism, and there are a wide variety of practices. Some practitioners, like Joe Sacco and Susie Cagle, have a background in journalism, while others were trained first as cartoonists. One feature that unites all forms of comics journalism is a reliance on witness interviews and other primary sources. Many practitioners highlight the form's power to engender empathy in its subjects. Sacco is a trained journalist who extensively documents his subjects and spends years crafting his stories. Among the techniques he uses to protect his subjects — who are often survivors of conflict zones in the Middle East and the former Yugoslavia — are to change their names and use his art to anonymize their faces. Wendy MacNaughton sketches extensively with her subjects and locations before retreating to her studio to craft the finished piece. Austrian graduate student Lukas Plank created a comic, "Drawn Truth: Transparency in Journalist Comics," based on his research into the field, that outlines some potential "best practices" for comics journalists. In a February 2005 article on comics journalism for Columbia Journalism Review, Kristian Williams introduced, explained, and defended comics journalism: The ability to alternate between the realistic and the symbolic is a major strength of comics journalism. It is also one reason why editors are likely to shy away from it — or, as with the recent newspaper strips, to relegate comics journalism to cultural coverage and human-interest stories. When it comes to the front page, newspapers favor plain language, in part to protect the readers from the seductions of rhetoric, of art. And comics are irreducibly artistic. But such reasoning also cuts the other way. The hard-nosed, facts-are-facts tone of "journalistic language" is also seductive. Plain-speaking is itself a kind of rhetoric, which wins trust precisely by seeming to leave rhetoric aside. Art Spiegelman argues, "The phony objectivity that comes with a camera is a convention and a lie in the same way as writing in the third person rather than the first person. To write a comics journalism report you're already making an acknowledgment of biases and an urgency that communicates another level of information." Comics journalists Dan Archer Peter Bagge Matt Bors Steve Brodner Susie Cagle Claudio Calia Patrick Chappatte Sue Coe Gianluca Costantini Sarah Glidden Carlo Gubitosa Wendy MacNaughton Marisa Acocella Marchetto Josh Neufeld Ted Rall Leonard Rifas Joe Sacco Orijit Sen Jen Sorensen Seth Tobocman Sam Wallman Chip Zdarsky Magazines of comics journalism Active Cartoon Movement, platform for works of graphic journalism and editorial cartoons Drawing the Times, international platform for graphic journalism La Revue Dessinée, French quarterly of comics journalism. Published since 2013 by Éditions du Seuil. La Revue Dessinée Italia, the Italian version of the French magazine Le Revue Dessinée Defunct The Cartoon Picayune, American anthology of comics journalism and nonfiction comics, published from 2011 to 2017. Founded and edited by Josh Kramer. The Illustrated Press, Chicago-based outlet founded by Darryl Holliday. Active from 2011 to 2015. Mamma!, Italian printed magazine of comics journalism, editorial cartoons, data journalism, and photojournalism. Founded by Carlo Gubitosa and published by cultural association Altrinformazione from 2009 to 2013. Symbolia, American digital magazine of comics journalism. Published from 2013 to 2015. The Nib, American online non-fiction comics publication founded and operated by Matt Bors. Published under Medium from 2013 to 2015, under First Look Media from 2016 to 2019, and independently member-supported from 2019 to 2023. It is defunct as of September 2023. See also Autobiographical comics Visual journalism References ^ Steinhauer, Jillian (quoting Hillary Chute). "The Outsider: Joe Sacco's comics journalism," The Nation (Dec. 28, 2020). ^ a b c Hodara, Susan. "Graphic Journalism," Communication Arts (March 2020). ^ Rhode, Mike (Dec 2006). "Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography". Comics Stuff #11. APA-I. No. 104. ^ a b Cavna, Michael (September 16, 2016). "Meet the man who's creating a space for longform journalism — in graphic novel form". COMICS. The Washington Post. ^ Rhode, Michael (March 2000). "Sequential Reportage ". The Comics Journal. No. 221. ^ "SPIEGELMAN SPEAKS: Art Spiegelman is the author of Maus for which he won a special Pulitzer in 1992. Kathleen McGee interviewed him when he visited Minneapolis in 1998". Conduit. Interviewed by Kathleen McGee. 1998. ^ a b c Tornoe, Rob (May 1, 2022). "Pulitzer change leaves illustrators feeling slighted: New category muddies distinctions between illustrated reporting and editorial cartooning". Editor & Publisher. ^ Thorne, Laura. Reporting, Illustrated," Columbia Journalism Review (Summer 2019). ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mackay, Brad (Jan 2008). "Behind the rise of investigative cartooning". Ad Astra Comix. This Magazine. ^ Crumb, Robert (July 1965). "Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report". Help!. No. 25. Retrieved April 3, 2019 – via Transverse Alchemy. ^ Crumb, Robert (Jan 1965). "Harlem: A Sketchbook Report". Help!. No. 22. ^ Nalvic (June 12, 2012). "A Quick Guide to Comic Journalism". Nalvic's Reviews. ^ Crumm, David (June 29, 2012). "Joe Sacco nails down comic credentials in Journalism: Sacco contributes to new global language". Read the Spirit. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. ^ "About Bill Griffith". Current Biography. 2001. Retrieved Dec 11, 2019 – via Zippy the Pinhead official Website. ^ "Details Begins Cartoon Journalism Features". The Comics Journal. No. 205. June 1998. p. 27. ^ a b "Symbolia digital magazine draws in readers with 'illustrated journalism'". Poynter.org. 3 December 2012. ^ "Illustrated Press | "Reporter Darryl Holliday and illustrator Erik Rodriguez are Chicago's pioneers of the comics journalism medium". Chicago. Archived from the original on 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2020-12-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Bors, Matt (30 August 2023). "The End of The Nib". Retrieved 6 September 2023. ^ "Inside Death Row". The New York Times. May 2016. ^ "Welcome to the New World". The New York Times. September 2017. ^ Ayres, Andrea (April 19, 2018). "How a Graphic Novel "Welcome to the New World" Won a Pulitzer". The Beat. ^ "Libia". ChannelDraw. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 2020-12-12. ^ "Representing conflict beyond the headlines: An excerpt of Libia, a graphic novel by Francesca Mannocchi and Gianluca Costantini". The Polis Project, Inc. 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-12-12. ^ "Libye | Rackham" (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-12. ^ Degg, D. D. (June 7, 2022). "Editor & Publisher Reports on Pulitzer Prize's New Illustrated Reporting and Commentary Category". The Daily Cartoonist. ^ a b c H.G. "In the frame: The power of comics journalism: The medium is able to narrate personal experiences more effectively than traditional journalism can" The Economist (Oct 21st 2016). ^ Plank, Lukas. "Drawn Truth". Drawn Truth (Tumblr). Archived from the original on Aug 29, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2019. ^ Williams, Kristian (Feb 2005). "The Case for Comics Journalism: Artist-reporters leap tall conventions in a single bound". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on Mar 10, 2005. ^ a b c d e f Polgreen, Erin. "What is Graphic Journalism?", The Hooded Utilitarian (Mar. 29, 2011). ^ "La Revue Dessinée, c'est quoi ?". Retrieved 31 July 2018. ^ Clough, Rob (Oct 29, 2011). "The Comics Journalism of Josh Kramer". High-Low. ^ Kaneya, Rui (Sep 19, 2014). "How comics journalism brings stories to life: Chicago's Illustrated Press is at the forefront of a burgeoning movement". Columbia Journalism Review. ^ "Darryl Holliday". LinkedIn. Retrieved Jan 23, 2022. ^ "Focus sulla rivista Mamma! La nuova frontiera del giornalismo a fumetti". Il nuovo Corriere di Lucca e Versilia (in Italian). 30 October 2010. ^ "Matt Bors Brings the Nib to First Look Media". First Look Media. Feb 10, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016. ^ The Nib (2023-05-22). "The Future of The Nib". The Nib. Retrieved 2023-09-22. Further reading Archer, Dan (Aug 19, 2011). "An introduction to comics journalism, in the form of comics journalism". Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on Sep 8, 2014. Bake, Julika; Zöhrer, Michaela (2017). "Telling the Stories of Others: Claims of Authenticity in Human Rights Reporting and Comics Journalism". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 11 (1): 81–97. Butler, Kirstin (Aug 2011). "Comic Books as Journalism: 10 Masterpieces of Graphic Nonfiction,". The Atlantic. Duncan, Randy; Taylor, Michael Ray; Stoddard, David, eds. (2015). Creating Comics as Journalism, Memoir and Nonfiction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415730075. Embury, Gary; Minichiello, Mario (2018). Reportage Illustration: Visual Journalism. London: Bloomsbury. Gilbert, Jérémie; Keane, David (2015). "Graphic Reporting: Human Rights Violations through the Lens of Graphic Novels". In Giddens, Thomas (ed.). Graphic Justice: Intersections of Comics and Law. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 236–254. Hare, Kristen (May 6, 2016). "A graphics journalism project from The New York Times is taking readers inside death row". Poynter. Kelp-Stebbins, Katherine; Saunders, Ben, eds. (2021). Art of the News: Comics Journalism. Eugene: Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art. Mirk, Sarah; Harris, Eleri (2024). Drawn from the Margins: The Power of Graphic Journalism. New York: Abrams ComicArts. Najarian, Jonathan (June 23, 2022). "Graphic depictions: Long-form comics as journalism". Quill. Orbán, Katalin (2015). "Mediating Distant Violence: Reports on Non-photographic Reporting in The Fixer and The Photographer". Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 6 (2): 122–137. Rhode, Mike (Dec 2006). "Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography". Comics Stuff #11. APA-I. No. 104. Weber, Wibke; Rall, Hans-Martin (2017). "Authenticity in Comics Journalism. Visual Strategies for Reporting Facts". Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 8 (4): 376–397. Williams, Paul; Lyons, James, eds. (2010). The Rise of the American Comics Journalist. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comics journalism. The Nib Cartoon Movement Drawing the Times La Revue Dessinée World Comics Network, grassroots nonfiction comics from around the world Positive Negatives, produces literary comics, animations, and podcasts about contemporary social and humanitarian issues Symbolia website (archived) vteComicsGlossary of comics terminologyFormats Comic book Ashcan comic Limited series One-shot Ongoing series Minicomic Trade paperback Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Topper Yonkoma Digital comics Mobile comic Webcomic Webtoon Gag cartoon Graphic novel Political cartoon Techniques Film comic Motion comic Photo comics Silent comics Text comics Creators Cartoonists list Colorists Editors Inkers Letterers Publishing companies Writers By format Editorial list Minicomics Webcomics By country American Jewish American Australian Canadian Cuban Filipino Japanese (manga) Macedonian Other Female comics creators list History Years in comics Comics historiography American Golden Age Silver Age Bronze Age Modern Age events Japanese (manga) Webcomics Comics studiesand narratologyGenres Abstract Adult Alternative Ambiguous Anthropomorphic Autobiographical Celebrity Comics in education Comics journalism Comics poetry Crime Dystopian Erotic Fantasy list Gekiga Graphic medicine Horror Romance list Science fiction Superhero Teen humor Tijuana bible Underground War Western Wrestling Tropes Antihero Decompression Talking animals Masking Rogue Superhero Supervillain Widescreen comics Themes Ethnic stereotypes Feminist Gender and webcomics LGBT American mainstream Portrayal of black people African characters Portrayal of women The Hawkeye Initiative Women in Refrigerators By countryAfrica South Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Quebec Mexico United States list Asia China and Taiwan list Hong Kong India list Japan lists Korea list Pakistan Philippines list Thailand Turkey Vietnam Europe Czech Republic Croatia France and Belgium list Belgium Germany Hungary Ireland Italy list Netherlands Poland Portugal Serbia Spain list United Kingdom Wales Oceania Australia ListsBy format Comic books Comic strips Manga magazines Webcomics By source Based on fiction Based on films Based on television programs Based on video games Other lists Awards Best-selling comic series manga manga magazines Comic books on CD/DVD Comics and comic strips made into feature films Comics solicited but never published Limited series Collections and museums Belgian Comic Strip Center Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum National Cartoon Museum British Cartoon Archive Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel Cartoon Art Museum The Cartoon Museum Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo Michigan State University Comic Art Collection Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art ToonSeum Words & Pictures Museum Schools Center for Cartoon Studies The Kubert School OrganizationsProfessional Academy of Comic Book Arts Association of Canadian Cartoonists Association of Comics Magazine Publishers Australian Cartoonists' Association Comic Art Professional Society National Cartoonists Society Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas Critical and academic Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association Canadian Society for the Study of Comics Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association Comics Studies Society Sequart Organization Svenska Serieakademien Charitable and outreach Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors British Amateur Press Association (comics) Club des bandes dessinées Comic Book Legal Defense Fund Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund Finnish Comics Society Friends of Lulu The Hero Initiative Xeric Foundation Comics portal Cartoon portal Category WikiProject

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gianluca_Costantini_Bassel_graphical_journalism.jpg"},{"link_name":"journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism"},{"link_name":"comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comics"},{"link_name":"word balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_balloons"},{"link_name":"Joe Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sacco"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashPost-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conduit-6"},{"link_name":"Association of American Editorial Cartoonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Editorial_Cartoonists"},{"link_name":"political cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_cartoons"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"small press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_press"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Columbia Journalism Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review"},{"link_name":"LA Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Weekly"}],"text":"Example of comics/graphic journalism by Gianluca CostantiniComics journalism is a form of journalism that covers news or nonfiction events using the framework of comics, a combination of words and drawn images. Typically, sources are actual people featured in each story, and word balloons are actual quotes. The term \"comics journalism\" was coined by one of its most notable practitioners, Joe Sacco.[1] Other terms for the practice include \"graphic journalism,\"[2] \"comic strip journalism\", \"cartoon journalism\", \"cartoon reporting\",[3] \"comics reportage\",[4] \"journalistic comics\", \"sequential reportage,\"[5] and \"sketchbook reports\".[6]Visual narrative storytelling has existed for thousands of years, but comics journalism brings reportage to the field in more direct ways. The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists distinguished comics journalism from political cartoons this way:\"Editorial cartoons are quick, in-the-moment commentary, whose artists have to educate themselves on complex issues and craft well-informed opinions in a single take that emphasizes clarity under daily deadlines. Illustrated reporting, or comics journalism, takes days, weeks, or months to craft a story, which can run for pages, and which may or may not be presenting an opinion.\"[7]The use of the comics medium to cover real-life events for news organizations, publications or publishers (in graphic novel format) is currently at an all-time peak.[citation needed] Comics journalism publications are active in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Italy, and India, and comics journalists also hail from such countries as Russia, Lebanon, Belgium, Peru, and Germany.[8] Many of the works are featured online and in collaboration with established publications, as well as the small press. In recent decades, works of comics journalism have appeared in such publications as Harper's Magazine, The Atlantic, The New Yorker, The New York Times, The Boston Globe, The Guardian, Slate, Columbia Journalism Review, and LA Weekly.","title":"Comics journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OctopusTheVerdict1899.jpg"},{"link_name":"Currier and Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currier_and_Ives"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast"},{"link_name":"George Luks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Luks"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"engravings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engravings"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated London News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"New Masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Masses"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Harvey Kurtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Kurtzman"},{"link_name":"Esquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Robert Crumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crumb"},{"link_name":"underground comix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_comix"},{"link_name":"Help!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help!_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jack Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Davis_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Arnold Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Roth"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Leonard Rifas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Rifas"},{"link_name":"Kitchen Sink Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_Sink_Press"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Greg Irons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Irons"},{"link_name":"Trina Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trina_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Harry Driggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Driggs"},{"link_name":"Guy Colwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Colwell"},{"link_name":"Kim Deitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Deitch"},{"link_name":"Justin Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Green_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Jay Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Kinney"},{"link_name":"Denis Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"Larry Gonick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Gonick"},{"link_name":"Joe Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sacco"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Details_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Bill Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Zippy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippy_(comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_religion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Art Spiegelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Spiegelman"},{"link_name":"Details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Details_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Peter Kuper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kuper"},{"link_name":"Ben Katchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Katchor"},{"link_name":"Peter Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bagge"},{"link_name":"Charles Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Burns_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Kaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaz_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Kim Deitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Deitch"},{"link_name":"Jay Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Peter Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bagge"},{"link_name":"Miss America Pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_America_Pageant"},{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"Oscars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscars"},{"link_name":"Suck.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suck.com"},{"link_name":"Marisa Acocella Marchetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Acocella_Marchetto"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion"},{"link_name":"tablet computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter.org-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jen Sorensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Sorensen"},{"link_name":"Splinter News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splinter_News"},{"link_name":"Matt Bors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bors"},{"link_name":"The Nib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nib"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashPost-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bors-end-of-the-nib-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Patrick Chappatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Chappatte"},{"link_name":"Anne-Frédérique Widmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Widmann"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jake Halpern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Halpern"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Cartooning"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Francesca Mannocchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesca_Mannocchi"},{"link_name":"Gianluca Costantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluca_Costantini"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Editorial_Cartooning"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Illustrated_Reporting_and_Commentary"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-7"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"persecution of Uyghurs in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China"},{"link_name":"Insider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Insider"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-7"}],"text":"\"The Menace of the Hour\" by George Luks, published in The Verdict magazine, 30 Jan. 1899.Antecedents to comics journalism included printmakers like Currier and Ives, who illustrated American Civil War battles; political cartoonists like Thomas Nast; and George Luks, who was dubbed a \"war artist\" for his work from the front lines of the Spanish–American War.[9] Historically, pictorial representation (typically engravings) of news events were commonly used before the proliferation of photography in publications such as The Illustrated London News and Harper's Magazine.In the 1920s, the political magazine New Masses sent cartoonists to cover strikes and labor battles, but they were restricted to single-panel cartoons.[9]In the 1950s and the 1960s, Harvey Kurtzman did a number of true comics journalism pieces for magazines like Esquire and TV Guide.[9] In 1965, Robert Crumb, later a key founder of the underground comix movement, produced \"Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report\" for Kurtzman's Help!, a tongue-in-cheek journalistic overview of the socialist country of Bulgaria, based on his own travels there.[10] Crumb had done an earlier, similar \"sketchbook report\" on Harlem, which was also published in Help![11] Kurtzman also hired Jack Davis and Arnold Roth to do light-hearted journalistic comics for Help![9]Editor/cartoonist Leonard Rifas' two-issue series Corporate Crime Comics (Kitchen Sink Press, 1977, 1979) was an early example of comics reportage,[9] with a number of notable contributors, including Greg Irons, Trina Robbins, Harry Driggs, Guy Colwell, Kim Deitch, Justin Green, Jay Kinney, Denis Kitchen, and Larry Gonick.Joe Sacco is widely considered to be one of the pioneers of the form,[12][13] starting with his 1991 series Palestine.[9] In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Sacco produced a number of works of comics journalism for such established publications as Details, Time, The New York Times Magazine, The Guardian, and Harper's Magazine. Since then, he has published a number of book-length works of comics journalism.In October 1994 cartoonist Bill Griffith toured Cuba for two weeks, during a period of mass exodus, as thousands of Cubans took advantage of President Fidel Castro's decision to permit emigration for a limited time. In early 1995, Griffith published a six-week series of stories about Cuban culture and politics in his strip Zippy. The Cuba series included transcripts of conversations Griffith had conducted with various Cubans, including artists, government officials, and a Yoruba priestess.[14]Cartoonist Art Spiegelman was comics editor of Details in the mid-1990s; in 1997 — modeling himself after Harvey Kurtzman — Spiegelman began assigning comics journalism pieces to a number of his cartoonist associates,[15] including Sacco, Peter Kuper, Ben Katchor, Peter Bagge, Charles Burns, Kaz, Kim Deitch, and Jay Lynch. The magazine published these works of journalism in comics form throughout 1998 and 1999, helping to legitimize the form in popular perception.[9]Starting in 1998, and really intensely in the years 2000 to 2002, Peter Bagge did a number of comics journalism stories — on such topics as politics, the Miss America Pageant, bar culture, Christian rock, and the Oscars — mostly for Suck.com.In the period 2000–2001, cartoonist Marisa Acocella Marchetto produced the semi-regular comics journalism strip The Strip for The New York Times, often on the topic of fashion.Some of the first known magazines focused specifically on comics journalism include Mamma!, a magazine of comics journalism printed in Italy since 2009 and produced by a group of authors; and Symbolia, a digital magazine of comics journalism for tablet computers, which operated from 2013 to 2015.[16] Other digital magazines which focused on comics journalism during this period included Darryl Holliday & Erik Rodriguez' The Illustrated Press[17] and Josh Kramer's The Cartoon Picayune.Jen Sorensen was editor of the \"Graphic Culture\" section of Splinter News (formerly Fusion) from 2014 to 2018, while Matt Bors edited the online comics collection The Nib from 2014[4] to 2023.[18] Both sites published comics journalism pieces.In May 2016, The New York Times put comics journalism front-and-center for the first time with \"Inside Death Row,\"[19] by Patrick Chappatte (with Anne-Frédérique Widmann), a five-part series about the death penalty in the United States. In 2017, it published \"Welcome to the New World,\"[20] by Jake Halpern and Michael Sloan, chronicling a Syrian refugee family settling in the United States. The series ran in the print Sunday Review edition from January to September 2017 and won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning in 2018.[21]In November 2019 the book Libia, about the war in Libya,[22] written by Francesca Mannocchi and drawn by Gianluca Costantini, was published in Italy;[23] it was translated and published in France in 2020.[24]In 2022, in a sign of tacit approval of the form of comics journalism, the Pulitzer Prize committee changed the name of the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (which had been in place since 1922) to the Pulitzer Prize for Illustrated Reporting and Commentary.[7][25] The 2022 award went to a work of comics journalism about the persecution of Uyghurs in China published by Insider.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sacco"},{"link_name":"Susie Cagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Cagle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-2"},{"link_name":"primary sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sources"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist-26"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Wendy MacNaughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_MacNaughton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Columbia Journalism Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review"},{"link_name":"Kristian Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_Williams"},{"link_name":"Art Spiegelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Spiegelman"},{"link_name":"third person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_limited"},{"link_name":"first person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_narrative"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"As with traditional journalism, there are no rules per se about comics journalism, and there are a wide variety of practices. Some practitioners, like Joe Sacco and Susie Cagle, have a background in journalism, while others were trained first as cartoonists.[2] One feature that unites all forms of comics journalism is a reliance on witness interviews and other primary sources.[26] Many practitioners highlight the form's power to engender empathy in its subjects.[26]Sacco is a trained journalist who extensively documents his subjects and spends years crafting his stories.[9] Among the techniques he uses to protect his subjects — who are often survivors of conflict zones in the Middle East and the former Yugoslavia — are to change their names and use his art to anonymize their faces.[9]Wendy MacNaughton sketches extensively with her subjects and locations before retreating to her studio to craft the finished piece.[2]Austrian graduate student Lukas Plank created a comic, \"Drawn Truth: Transparency in Journalist Comics,\" based on his research into the field, that outlines some potential \"best practices\" for comics journalists.[27]In a February 2005 article on comics journalism for Columbia Journalism Review, Kristian Williams introduced, explained, and defended comics journalism:The ability to alternate between the realistic and the symbolic is a major strength of comics journalism. It is also one reason why editors are likely to shy away from it — or, as with the recent newspaper strips, to relegate comics journalism to cultural coverage and human-interest stories. When it comes to the front page, newspapers favor plain language, in part to protect the readers from the seductions of rhetoric, of art. And comics are irreducibly artistic.\nBut such reasoning also cuts the other way. The hard-nosed, facts-are-facts tone of \"journalistic language\" is also seductive. Plain-speaking is itself a kind of rhetoric, which wins trust precisely by seeming to leave rhetoric aside.\n\nArt Spiegelman argues, \"The phony objectivity that comes with a camera is a convention and a lie in the same way as writing in the third person rather than the first person. To write a comics journalism report you're already making an acknowledgment of biases and an urgency that communicates another level of information.\"[28]","title":"Techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dan Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Archer_(comics)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polgreen-29"},{"link_name":"Peter Bagge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bagge"},{"link_name":"Matt Bors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bors"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polgreen-29"},{"link_name":"Steve Brodner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Brodner"},{"link_name":"Susie Cagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Cagle"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polgreen-29"},{"link_name":"Claudio Calia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Calia"},{"link_name":"Patrick Chappatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Chappatte"},{"link_name":"Sue Coe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Coe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Gianluca Costantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianluca_Costantini"},{"link_name":"Sarah Glidden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Glidden"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist-26"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polgreen-29"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gubitosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gubitosa"},{"link_name":"Wendy MacNaughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_MacNaughton"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polgreen-29"},{"link_name":"Marisa Acocella Marchetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Acocella_Marchetto"},{"link_name":"Josh Neufeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Neufeld"},{"link_name":"Ted Rall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Rall"},{"link_name":"Leonard Rifas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Rifas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Joe Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Sacco"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Polgreen-29"},{"link_name":"Orijit Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orijit_Sen"},{"link_name":"Jen Sorensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen_Sorensen"},{"link_name":"Seth Tobocman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Tobocman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"},{"link_name":"Sam Wallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Wallman"},{"link_name":"Chip Zdarsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Zdarsky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackay-9"}],"text":"Dan Archer[29]\nPeter Bagge\nMatt Bors[29]\nSteve Brodner\nSusie Cagle[29]\nClaudio Calia\nPatrick Chappatte\nSue Coe[9]\nGianluca Costantini\nSarah Glidden[26][29]\nCarlo Gubitosa\nWendy MacNaughton[29]\nMarisa Acocella Marchetto\nJosh Neufeld\nTed Rall\nLeonard Rifas[9]\nJoe Sacco[29]\nOrijit Sen\nJen Sorensen\nSeth Tobocman[9]\nSam Wallman\nChip Zdarsky[9]","title":"Comics journalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Magazines of comics journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartoon Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Movement"},{"link_name":"Drawing the Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//drawingthetimes.com/"},{"link_name":"La Revue Dessinée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.larevuedessinee.fr"},{"link_name":"Éditions du Seuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"La Revue Dessinée Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.larevuedessineeitalia.it"}],"sub_title":"Active","text":"Cartoon Movement, platform for works of graphic journalism and editorial cartoons\nDrawing the Times, international platform for graphic journalism\nLa Revue Dessinée, French quarterly of comics journalism. Published since 2013 by Éditions du Seuil.[30]\nLa Revue Dessinée Italia, the Italian version of the French magazine Le Revue Dessinée","title":"Magazines of comics journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter.org-16"},{"link_name":"The Nib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nib"},{"link_name":"non-fiction comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-fiction_comics"},{"link_name":"Matt Bors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Bors"},{"link_name":"Medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(website)"},{"link_name":"First Look Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Look_Media"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Defunct","text":"The Cartoon Picayune, American anthology of comics journalism and nonfiction comics, published from 2011 to 2017. Founded and edited by Josh Kramer.[31]\nThe Illustrated Press, Chicago-based outlet founded by Darryl Holliday.[32] Active from 2011 to 2015.[33]\nMamma!, Italian printed magazine of comics journalism, editorial cartoons, data journalism, and photojournalism. Founded by Carlo Gubitosa and published by cultural association Altrinformazione from 2009 to 2013.[34]\nSymbolia, American digital magazine of comics journalism. Published from 2013 to 2015.[16]\nThe Nib, American online non-fiction comics publication founded and operated by Matt Bors. Published under Medium from 2013 to 2015, under First Look Media from 2016[35] to 2019, and independently member-supported from 2019 to 2023. It is defunct as of September 2023.[36]","title":"Magazines of comics journalism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"An introduction to comics journalism, in the form of comics journalism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140908235312/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/143253/an-introduction-to-comics-journalism-in-the-form-of-comics-journalism/"},{"link_name":"Poynter Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynter_Institute"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/143253/an-introduction-to-comics-journalism-in-the-form-of-comics-journalism"},{"link_name":"\"Telling the Stories of Others: Claims of Authenticity in Human Rights Reporting and Comics Journalism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2016.1272903"},{"link_name":"\"Comic Books as Journalism: 10 Masterpieces of Graphic Nonfiction,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/08/comic-books-as-journalism-10-masterpieces-of-graphic-nonfiction/243351/"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415730075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415730075"},{"link_name":"\"A graphics journalism project from The New York Times is taking readers inside death row\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.poynter.org/news/graphics-journalism-project-new-york-times-taking-readers-inside-death-row"},{"link_name":"Art of the News: Comics Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//issuu.com/jsmauo/docs/art_of_the_news_catalog-digital-v2"},{"link_name":"Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Schnitzer_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"\"Graphic depictions: Long-form comics as journalism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.quillmag.com/2022/06/23/graphic-depictions/"},{"link_name":"Quill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"\"Mediating Distant Violence: Reports on Non-photographic Reporting in The Fixer and The Photographer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2015.1027943"},{"link_name":"\"Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/journal_202202"},{"link_name":"\"Authenticity in Comics Journalism. Visual Strategies for Reporting Facts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2017.1299020"}],"text":"Archer, Dan (Aug 19, 2011). \"An introduction to comics journalism, in the form of comics journalism\". Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on Sep 8, 2014.\nBake, Julika; Zöhrer, Michaela (2017). \"Telling the Stories of Others: Claims of Authenticity in Human Rights Reporting and Comics Journalism\". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 11 (1): 81–97.\nButler, Kirstin (Aug 2011). \"Comic Books as Journalism: 10 Masterpieces of Graphic Nonfiction,\". The Atlantic.\nDuncan, Randy; Taylor, Michael Ray; Stoddard, David, eds. (2015). Creating Comics as Journalism, Memoir and Nonfiction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415730075.\nEmbury, Gary; Minichiello, Mario (2018). Reportage Illustration: Visual Journalism. London: Bloomsbury.\nGilbert, Jérémie; Keane, David (2015). \"Graphic Reporting: Human Rights Violations through the Lens of Graphic Novels\". In Giddens, Thomas (ed.). Graphic Justice: Intersections of Comics and Law. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 236–254.\nHare, Kristen (May 6, 2016). \"A graphics journalism project from The New York Times is taking readers inside death row\". Poynter.\nKelp-Stebbins, Katherine; Saunders, Ben, eds. (2021). Art of the News: Comics Journalism. Eugene: Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art.\nMirk, Sarah; Harris, Eleri (2024). Drawn from the Margins: The Power of Graphic Journalism. New York: Abrams ComicArts.\nNajarian, Jonathan (June 23, 2022). \"Graphic depictions: Long-form comics as journalism\". Quill.\nOrbán, Katalin (2015). \"Mediating Distant Violence: Reports on Non-photographic Reporting in The Fixer and The Photographer\". Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 6 (2): 122–137.\nRhode, Mike (Dec 2006). \"Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography\". Comics Stuff #11. APA-I. No. 104.\nWeber, Wibke; Rall, Hans-Martin (2017). \"Authenticity in Comics Journalism. Visual Strategies for Reporting Facts\". Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 8 (4): 376–397.\nWilliams, Paul; Lyons, James, eds. (2010). The Rise of the American Comics Journalist. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Example of comics/graphic journalism by Gianluca Costantini","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gianluca_Costantini_Bassel_graphical_journalism.jpg/220px-Gianluca_Costantini_Bassel_graphical_journalism.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Menace of the Hour\" by George Luks, published in The Verdict magazine, 30 Jan. 1899.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/OctopusTheVerdict1899.jpg/220px-OctopusTheVerdict1899.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Autobiographical comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographical_comics"},{"title":"Visual journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_journalism"}]

[{"reference":"Rhode, Mike (Dec 2006). \"Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography\". Comics Stuff #11. APA-I. No. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journal_202202","url_text":"\"Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography\""}]},{"reference":"Cavna, Michael (September 16, 2016). \"Meet the man who's creating a space for longform journalism — in graphic novel form\". COMICS. The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cavna","url_text":"Cavna, Michael"},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2016/09/16/meet-the-man-whos-creating-a-space-for-longform-journalism-in-graphic-novel-form/","url_text":"\"Meet the man who's creating a space for longform journalism — in graphic novel form\""}]},{"reference":"Rhode, Michael (March 2000). \"Sequential Reportage [letter]\". The Comics Journal. No. 221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comics_Journal","url_text":"The Comics Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"SPIEGELMAN SPEAKS: Art Spiegelman is the author of Maus for which he won a special Pulitzer in 1992. Kathleen McGee interviewed him when he visited Minneapolis in 1998\". Conduit. Interviewed by Kathleen McGee. 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conduit.org/interview/5/spiegelman","url_text":"\"SPIEGELMAN SPEAKS: Art Spiegelman is the author of Maus for which he won a special Pulitzer in 1992. Kathleen McGee interviewed him when he visited Minneapolis in 1998\""}]},{"reference":"Tornoe, Rob (May 1, 2022). \"Pulitzer change leaves illustrators feeling slighted: New category muddies distinctions between illustrated reporting and editorial cartooning\". Editor & Publisher.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/pulitzer-change-leaves-illustrators-feeling-slighted,229083","url_text":"\"Pulitzer change leaves illustrators feeling slighted: New category muddies distinctions between illustrated reporting and editorial cartooning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher","url_text":"Editor & Publisher"}]},{"reference":"Mackay, Brad (Jan 2008). \"Behind the rise of investigative cartooning\". Ad Astra Comix. This Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://adastracomix.com/2016/04/07/comics-journalism-a-guest-post-by-brad-mackay","url_text":"\"Behind the rise of investigative cartooning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Magazine","url_text":"This Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Crumb, Robert (July 1965). \"Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report\". Help!. No. 25. Retrieved April 3, 2019 – via Transverse Alchemy.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crumb","url_text":"Crumb, Robert"},{"url":"http://transversealchemy.com/2016/07/when-robert-crumb-did-bulgaria.html","url_text":"\"Bulgaria: A Sketchbook Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help!_(magazine)","url_text":"Help!"}]},{"reference":"Crumb, Robert (Jan 1965). \"Harlem: A Sketchbook Report\". Help!. No. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nalvic (June 12, 2012). \"A Quick Guide to Comic Journalism\". Nalvic's Reviews.","urls":[{"url":"http://nalvicreviews.wordpress.com/2012/06/12/a-quick-guide-to-comic-journalism","url_text":"\"A Quick Guide to Comic Journalism\""}]},{"reference":"Crumm, David (June 29, 2012). \"Joe Sacco nails down comic credentials in Journalism: Sacco contributes to new global language\". Read the Spirit. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120713142725/http://www.readthespirit.com/explore/2012/6/29/joe-sacco-nails-down-comic-credentials-in-journalism.html","url_text":"\"Joe Sacco nails down comic credentials in Journalism: Sacco contributes to new global language\""},{"url":"http://www.readthespirit.com/explore/2012/6/29/joe-sacco-nails-down-comic-credentials-in-journalism.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"About Bill Griffith\". Current Biography. 2001. Retrieved Dec 11, 2019 – via Zippy the Pinhead official Website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zippythepinhead.com/pages/aabillgr.html","url_text":"\"About Bill Griffith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_Biography","url_text":"Current Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Details Begins Cartoon Journalism Features\". The Comics Journal. No. 205. June 1998. p. 27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comics_Journal","url_text":"The Comics Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Symbolia digital magazine draws in readers with 'illustrated journalism'\". Poynter.org. 3 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poynter.org/news/symbolia-digital-magazine-draws-readers-illustrated-journalism","url_text":"\"Symbolia digital magazine draws in readers with 'illustrated journalism'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Illustrated Press | \"Reporter Darryl Holliday and illustrator Erik Rodriguez are Chicago's pioneers of the comics journalism medium\". Chicago. Archived from the original on 2018-07-15. Retrieved 2020-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715075959/https://illuspress.com/","url_text":"\"Illustrated Press | \"Reporter Darryl Holliday and illustrator Erik Rodriguez are Chicago's pioneers of the comics journalism medium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(magazine)","url_text":"Chicago"}]},{"reference":"Bors, Matt (30 August 2023). \"The End of The Nib\". Retrieved 6 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mattbors.substack.com/p/the-end-of-the-nib","url_text":"\"The End of The Nib\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inside Death Row\". The New York Times. May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/deathrow","url_text":"\"Inside Death Row\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the New World\". The New York Times. September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/26/opinion/sunday/welcome-to-the-new-world.html","url_text":"\"Welcome to the New World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ayres, Andrea (April 19, 2018). \"How a Graphic Novel \"Welcome to the New World\" Won a Pulitzer\". The Beat.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comicsbeat.com/how-a-graphic-novel-welcome-to-the-new-world-won-a-pulitzer","url_text":"\"How a Graphic Novel \"Welcome to the New World\" Won a Pulitzer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libia\". ChannelDraw. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 2020-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channeldraw.org/2019/10/28/libia/","url_text":"\"Libia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Representing conflict beyond the headlines: An excerpt of Libia, a graphic novel by Francesca Mannocchi and Gianluca Costantini\". The Polis Project, Inc. 2020-11-26. Retrieved 2020-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://thepolisproject.com/representing-conflict-beyond-the-headlines-an-excerpt-of-libia-a-graphic-novel-by-francesca-mannocchi-and-gianluca-costantini/#.X8CyG6pKiS5","url_text":"\"Representing conflict beyond the headlines: An excerpt of Libia, a graphic novel by Francesca Mannocchi and Gianluca Costantini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libye | Rackham\" (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.editions-rackham.com/produit/libye/","url_text":"\"Libye | Rackham\""}]},{"reference":"Degg, D. D. (June 7, 2022). \"Editor & Publisher Reports on Pulitzer Prize's New Illustrated Reporting and Commentary Category\". The Daily Cartoonist.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailycartoonist.com/index.php/2022/06/07/editor-publisher-reports-on-pulitzer-prizes-new-illustrated-reporting-and-commentary-category/","url_text":"\"Editor & Publisher Reports on Pulitzer Prize's New Illustrated Reporting and Commentary Category\""}]},{"reference":"Plank, Lukas. \"Drawn Truth\". Drawn Truth (Tumblr). Archived from the original on Aug 29, 2016. Retrieved April 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160829105507/https://www.drawntruth.tumblr.com","url_text":"\"Drawn Truth\""},{"url":"https://www.drawntruth.tumblr.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Kristian (Feb 2005). \"The Case for Comics Journalism: Artist-reporters leap tall conventions in a single bound\". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on Mar 10, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050310122241/http://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/2/ideas-essay-williams.asp","url_text":"\"The Case for Comics Journalism: Artist-reporters leap tall conventions in a single bound\""},{"url":"http://www.cjr.org/issues/2005/2/ideas-essay-williams.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La Revue Dessinée, c'est quoi ?\". Retrieved 31 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.larevuedessinee.fr/qui-sommes-nous/presentation/","url_text":"\"La Revue Dessinée, c'est quoi ?\""}]},{"reference":"Clough, Rob (Oct 29, 2011). \"The Comics Journalism of Josh Kramer\". High-Low.","urls":[{"url":"http://highlowcomics.blogspot.com/2011/10/comics-journalism-of-josh-kramer.html","url_text":"\"The Comics Journalism of Josh Kramer\""}]},{"reference":"Kaneya, Rui (Sep 19, 2014). \"How comics journalism brings stories to life: Chicago's Illustrated Press is at the forefront of a burgeoning movement\". 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Retrieved February 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://firstlook.media/news/2016/02/10/matt-bors-brings-the-nib-to-first-look-media.html","url_text":"\"Matt Bors Brings the Nib to First Look Media\""}]},{"reference":"The Nib (2023-05-22). \"The Future of The Nib\". The Nib. Retrieved 2023-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenib.com/the-future-of-the-nib/","url_text":"\"The Future of The Nib\""}]},{"reference":"Archer, Dan (Aug 19, 2011). \"An introduction to comics journalism, in the form of comics journalism\". Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on Sep 8, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140908235312/http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/143253/an-introduction-to-comics-journalism-in-the-form-of-comics-journalism/","url_text":"\"An introduction to comics journalism, in the form of comics journalism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynter_Institute","url_text":"Poynter Institute"},{"url":"http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/143253/an-introduction-to-comics-journalism-in-the-form-of-comics-journalism","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bake, Julika; Zöhrer, Michaela (2017). \"Telling the Stories of Others: Claims of Authenticity in Human Rights Reporting and Comics Journalism\". Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. 11 (1): 81–97.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2016.1272903","url_text":"\"Telling the Stories of Others: Claims of Authenticity in Human Rights Reporting and Comics Journalism\""}]},{"reference":"Butler, Kirstin (Aug 2011). \"Comic Books as Journalism: 10 Masterpieces of Graphic Nonfiction,\". The Atlantic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2011/08/comic-books-as-journalism-10-masterpieces-of-graphic-nonfiction/243351/","url_text":"\"Comic Books as Journalism: 10 Masterpieces of Graphic Nonfiction,\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Duncan, Randy; Taylor, Michael Ray; Stoddard, David, eds. (2015). Creating Comics as Journalism, Memoir and Nonfiction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415730075.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415730075","url_text":"978-0415730075"}]},{"reference":"Embury, Gary; Minichiello, Mario (2018). Reportage Illustration: Visual Journalism. London: Bloomsbury.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Jérémie; Keane, David (2015). \"Graphic Reporting: Human Rights Violations through the Lens of Graphic Novels\". In Giddens, Thomas (ed.). Graphic Justice: Intersections of Comics and Law. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 236–254.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hare, Kristen (May 6, 2016). \"A graphics journalism project from The New York Times is taking readers inside death row\". Poynter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poynter.org/news/graphics-journalism-project-new-york-times-taking-readers-inside-death-row","url_text":"\"A graphics journalism project from The New York Times is taking readers inside death row\""}]},{"reference":"Kelp-Stebbins, Katherine; Saunders, Ben, eds. (2021). Art of the News: Comics Journalism. Eugene: Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/jsmauo/docs/art_of_the_news_catalog-digital-v2","url_text":"Art of the News: Comics Journalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Schnitzer_Museum_of_Art","url_text":"Jordan Schnitzer Museum of Art"}]},{"reference":"Mirk, Sarah; Harris, Eleri (2024). Drawn from the Margins: The Power of Graphic Journalism. New York: Abrams ComicArts.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Najarian, Jonathan (June 23, 2022). \"Graphic depictions: Long-form comics as journalism\". Quill.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quillmag.com/2022/06/23/graphic-depictions/","url_text":"\"Graphic depictions: Long-form comics as journalism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_(magazine)","url_text":"Quill"}]},{"reference":"Orbán, Katalin (2015). \"Mediating Distant Violence: Reports on Non-photographic Reporting in The Fixer and The Photographer\". Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 6 (2): 122–137.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2015.1027943","url_text":"\"Mediating Distant Violence: Reports on Non-photographic Reporting in The Fixer and The Photographer\""}]},{"reference":"Rhode, Mike (Dec 2006). \"Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography\". Comics Stuff #11. APA-I. No. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/journal_202202","url_text":"\"Cartoon reporting or comic strip journalism: An evolving genre's beginning bibliography\""}]},{"reference":"Weber, Wibke; Rall, Hans-Martin (2017). \"Authenticity in Comics Journalism. Visual Strategies for Reporting Facts\". Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics. 8 (4): 376–397.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21504857.2017.1299020","url_text":"\"Authenticity in Comics Journalism. Visual Strategies for Reporting Facts\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Paul; Lyons, James, eds. (2010). The Rise of the American Comics Journalist. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Kyoung-hwan

Choi Kyoung-hwan

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

South Korean politician (born 1955) For the President of the New Alternatives, see Choi Kyoung-hwan (1959). In this Korean name, the family name is Choi. Choi Kyoung-hwan최경환Choi in 2014Deputy Prime Minister of South KoreaIn office15 July 2014 – 13 January 2016Prime MinisterChung Hong-wonLee Wan-kooHwang Kyo-ahnPreceded byHyun Oh-seokSucceeded byYoo Il-hoMinister of Strategy and FinanceIn office13 June 2014 – 13 January 2016Prime MinisterChung Hong-wonLee Wan-kooHwang Kyo-ahnPreceded byHyun Oh-seokSucceeded byYoo Il-ho Personal detailsBorn (1955-06-22) 22 June 1955 (age 68)Sincheon-dong, South KoreaPolitical partySaenuri PartyAlma materYonsei UniversityUniversity of Wisconsin, Madison Choi Kyoung-hwanHangul최경환Hanja崔炅煥Revised RomanizationChoe Gyeong-hwanMcCune–ReischauerCh'oe Kyŏng-hwan Choi Kyoung-hwan (Korean: 최경환; born June 22, 1955) is a South Korean politician who was a member of the National Assembly of South Korea in the Hannara Party. He represented the Gyeongsan-Cheongdo region of Gyeongsangbuk-do. Choi has promised to work for the extension of Daegu Subway Line 1 beyond the borders of Daegu to Gyeongsan, and to expand the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology. Choi was the acting Prime Minister from 27 April 2015 to 18 June 2015, following the departure of Lee Wan-koo. Early life and education Born in Gyeongsan's Sincheon-dong, Choi graduated from Daegu High School in 1975. He obtained his bachelor's in economics at Yonsei University, passing the civil service exam while enrolled for a fourth year of study in 1979. He later received his Ph.D. in economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he studied from 1987 to 1991. Career His work in economics has opened up various opportunities for Choi. In 1995, he served as a researcher at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. In the 2002 South Korean presidential election, he was special advisor on economics to then-presidential candidate Lee Hoi-chang. In 2018 he was jailed for 5 years for bribery. See also Politics of South Korea References ^ 경제현안 산적 최경환, 총리 직무대행까지 - 비즈한국 ^ "Yonhap News Agency". External links Official campaign website, in Korean Political offices Preceded byHyun Oh-seok Minister of Strategy and Finance 2014–2016 Succeeded byYoo Il-ho

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[]

[{"title":"Politics of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_II_of_Salzwedel

Conrad II of Salzwedel

["1 Life","2 References"]

Conrad II of SalzwedelDied(1241-09-20)20 September 1241Noble familySalzwedelFatherFrederick II of Salzwedel Conrad II of Salzwedel (died 20 September 1241) was a German nobleman. He was a Roman Catholic priest and was bishop of Cammin as Conrad III from 1233 until his death. Life Conrad II of Salzwedel was the son of the Vogt Frederick II of Salzwedel. He became a canon of Magdeburg in 1211. When Bishop Conrad II of Cammin died in 1233, Conrad II of Salzwedel was elected as his successor, at the instigation of his brother Jaczo I, Count of Gützkow. His election was due to the growing influence of Brandenburg in Pomerania. His election was confirmed by the Pope later that year, and he became bishop as Conrad III. In the early years of his tenure, there was a border dispute between Pomerania and Mecklenburg about Circipania, when the Bishopric of Schwerin attempted to wrestle this territory away from the Bishopric of Cammin. Conrad III managed to retain Circipania, however, in the east he lost some territory to the Archbishopric of Gniezno. In 1240, he received Stargard from Duke Barnim I of Pomerania. In return, he invested Barnim I with the tithe over 1800 farms in the Uckermark, around Stargard and Pyrzyce. Conrad died on 20 September 1241. After his death, there was an interregnum in Cammin, which lasted until 1244. References Theodor Pyl (1881), "Jaczo I.", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 13, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 633–636 (mentions Conrad as Jaczo's son) Martin Wehrmann: Geschichte von Pommern, vol. 1, Weltbild Verlag, 1992, reprint of an edition published in 1919 and 1921, ISBN 3-89350-112-6, p. 100–101 Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Poland People Deutsche Biographie Conrad II of Salzwedel Salzwedel Died: 20 September 1241 Preceded byConrad II Bishop of Cammin 1233-1241 Succeeded byWilliam This article about a member of the German nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxdata

Maxdata

["1 Products","2 References"]

German information companies You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (January 2020) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,897 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Maxdata}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. MaxdataNative nameMaxdata Computer GmbH (1987-2003) Maxdata AG (2003-2010)HeadquartersMarl, North Rhine-Westphalia Maxdata is the name of two German information technology companies. The original Maxdata was founded in 1987 by Holger Lampatz in Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia, as the Maxdata Computer GmbH. It began selling personal computers in 1990. Maxdata used its own name for B2B products while selling notebooks and displays for the customer market under the Belinea brand. In 1997, Maxdata was majority-owned by Vobis, itself a fully-owned subsidiary of the Metro AG. In 2003, the company was restructured as the Maxdata AG and listed in the Prime Standard. Maxdata filed insolvency proceedings at the Local Court in Essen on Wednesday, 25 June 2008. It had 1000 employees at the time of closure. The Belinea brand was sold to Brunen IT Group while the Maxdata name was sold to S&T. The Maxdata Computer AG, a fully-owned Swiss subsidiary of the Maxdata AG, was taken over by Brunen IT as Belinea AG before being sold to S&T and re-named Maxdata (Schweiz) AG. In 2016, S&T stopped the production of computers and notebooks. S&T founded a new Maxdata Deutschland GmbH in 2014 in Mendig as a fully-owned subsidiary but in 2016 it was renamed to S&T Deutschland GmbH. Products Maxdata Laptop Its product lines included servers, desktop computers, notebooks and the Belinea series of monitors. References ^ Biberger, Volker (1999-03-28). Attraktivität des Internetvertriebs von Apple Computern in Deutschland mit Blick auf Österreich und die Schweiz (in German). p. 48. ISBN 978-3-8324-1505-1. ^ Libbenga, Jan. "Maxdata goes titsup". The Register. Retrieved July 1, 2011. ^ Jacob, Harry (25 September 2008). "Maxdata: Zerschlagen und verkauft". www.it-business.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-09. ^ "IT Reseller - Maxdata Schweiz stellt Betrieb ein". IT Reseller (in German). 6 May 2016. Retrieved 2020-01-09. ^ Borbe, Andre (2014-06-02). "Maxdata kommt zurück nach Deutschland". silicon.de (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-09. ^ Wurm, Michaela. "S&T baut Systemhausgeschäft in Deutschland auf: Maxdata Deutschland ist Geschichte". CRN (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-09. This article related to a computer company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"image_text":"Maxdata Laptop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Notebook_maxdata.jpg/220px-Notebook_maxdata.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Street_Circuit

Shanghai Street Circuit

["1 Lap records","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 31°13′16″N 121°32′38″E / 31.22111°N 121.54389°E / 31.22111; 121.54389Shanghai Street Circuit上海街道赛道DTM Circuit (2010)DTM Circuit (2004)LocationPudong, ShanghaiTime zoneUTC+08:00Coordinates31°13′16″N 121°32′38″E / 31.22111°N 121.54389°E / 31.22111; 121.54389Opened17 July 2004; 19 years ago (2004-07-17)Closed28 November 2010; 13 years ago (2010-11-28)Major eventsDTM (2004, 2010)DTM Circuit (2010)Length2.465 km (1.532 miles)Race lap record0:59.189 ( David Coulthard, AMG-Mercedes C-Klasse 2008, 2010, DTM)DTM Circuit (2004)Length2.840 km (1.765 miles)Race lap record1:13.189 ( Bernd Schneider, AMG-Mercedes C-Klasse 2004, 2004, DTM) Shanghai Street Circuit (上海街道赛道) is a street circuit in Pudong, Shanghai. On 18 July 2004, the 2.840 km (1.765 mi) track hosted a non-championship race of Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters won by Gary Paffett for Mercedes-AMG. On 28 January 2010, DTM bosses revealed the final calendar for the 2010 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters season featured a season finale on a shortened 2.465 km (1.532 mi) version of the street circuit on 31 October 2010 for the first time in six years. The race was later rescheduled for 28 November 2010, and was won by Gary Paffett, while his teammate at HWA Team Paul di Resta claimed the drivers' title there. Lap records The official fastest race lap records at the Shanghai Street Circuit are listed as: Category Time Driver Vehicle Event DTM Circuit: 2.465 km (2010) DTM 0:59.189 David Coulthard AMG-Mercedes C-Klasse 2008 2010 Pudong DTM round DTM Circuit: 2.840 km (2010) DTM 1:13.189 Bernd Schneider AMG-Mercedes C-Klasse 2004 2004 Pudong DTM round References ^ a b Glenn Freeman (28 January 2010). "Shanghai to host DTM finale". autosport.com. Autosport. Retrieved 27 February 2010. ^ "DTM announces Asian finale". crash.net. 2010. Retrieved 27 February 2010. ^ "Shanghai to host series finale". touringcartimes.com. n.d. Retrieved 27 February 2010. ^ "Contract signed: DTM finale at Shanghai on November 28th". dtm.com. 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. ^ "DTM 2010 » Shanghai Pudong City Round 11 Results". 28 November 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2024. ^ "DTM 2004 » Shanghai Pudong Round NC Results". 18 July 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2024. External links Track map 2004 AutoRacing1 Exclusive - Is Shanghai in CART's future vteDeutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft & Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters circuits (1984–1996 and 2000–present)Current (2024) Oschersleben Lausitzring Zandvoort Norisring Nürburgring Sachsenring Spielberg Hockenheimring Former Adria Alemannenring Algarve Assen AVUS Brands Hatch Brno Catalunya Diepholz Dijon Donington Park Erding Estoril Fuji (NC) Helsinki Hungaroring Imola Interlagos Istanbul Kyalami (NC) Le Mans Bugatti Magny-Cours Mainz-Finthen Misano Monza Moscow Mugello Olympiastadion München (NC) Pudong Salzburgring Siegerlandring Silverstone Spa-Francorchamps Suzuka Valencia Wunstorf Zolder vteShanghai Culture Economy Geography History Timeline Politics AdministrativedivisionsCurrent Huangpu Xuhui Changning Jing'an Putuo Hongkou Yangpu Minhang Baoshan Jiading Pudong Shanghai Free-Trade Zone Jinshan Songjiang Qingpu Fengxian Chongming Defunct Nanshi Luwan Wusong Nanhui Zhabei Chuansha County Shanghai County SEZ Pudong Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone Shanghai Free-Trade Zone Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone Yangshan Free Trade Port Area Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Culture anddemographicsArchitect Shikumen Longtang Culture Haipai Opera LGBT culture Other Shanghainese people List of people from Shanghai Shanghailanders Shanghainese language Shanghainese cuisine TouristattractionsAreas Historic Old City French Concession International Settlement People's Square Xujiahui Qibao Jinshanzui Fishing Village European-style boroughs Thames Town Holland Village Scandinavian Venice Town German Town Canada Water Town Zhujiajiao Jinze Dianshan Lake Fengjing Beach Jinshan Beach Bund Beach Streets Historic The Bund Wukang Road Duolun Road Dongmen Road Zhouqiao Old Street Shopping Nanjing Road Huaihai Road Xintiandi Xujiahui North Sichuan Road Tianzifang M50 Art district Thoroughfare Yan'an Road Century Avenue Hengshan Road Henan Road Mall 1933 Old Millfun Tianzifang Union Building Xujiahui Shopping City Global Harbor Grand Gateway HKRI Taikoo Hui IAPM Mall Jing An Kerry Centre K11 Longemont Shopping Centre Ciros Plaza Plaza 66 Raffles City IFC Mall The River Mall Super Brand Mall Amusement Circus World Disney Resort Film Studio Great World Haichang Ocean Park Happy Valley Jinjiang Action Park Ocean Aquarium Zoo Cultural Oriental Art Concert Hall Shanghai Grand Theatre Opera Theater Yue Opera House Tianchan Dramatic Arts Grand Theatre Library Museums Art Art Contemporary Art Power Station Rockbund Art Long Poster Art Yuz OV Museum Shanghai Aerospace Enthusiasts Film Revolution History Jewish Refugees Natural History Planetarium Science and Technology Urban Planning C. Y. Tung Maritime Postal Bamboo Carving Madame Tussauds Open House Waterworks Science and Technology Transport Railway Metro Maglev Auto Protected Historical and Cultural Site Party's First National Congress Former Residence of: Sun Yat-Sen Lu Xun Zhou Enlai Zhang Wentian Soong Ching-ling Moller Villa Tomb of Lu Xun Xu Guangqi People's Heroes Memorial Tower Urban parks Public Century Park Gongqing Forest Park Park of the Old City Expo Park Huangpu Park Fuxing Park Jing'an Park Lu Xun Park People's Park Zhongshan Park Dongping National Forest Park Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve Shanghai Greenway Jinshan Binhai Park Admission Ancient Chinese gardens Guyi Garden Yu Garden Zuibaichi Qiuxia Garden Guilin Park Botanical Garden Hotels Peace Shanghai Jinjiang Broadway Grand Hyatt Park InterContinental Expo center Shanghai New National Places ofworshipBuddhist Jade Buddha Temple Jing'an Temple Longhua Temple Longhua Pagoda Zhenru Temple Yuanming Jiangtang Baoshan Temple Chenxiang Pavilion Hongfu Temple Yuanjin Temple Xilin Chan Temple Yuanying Pagoda Huzhu Pagoda Songjiang Square Pagoda Donglin Temple Fahua Pagoda Christian Holy Trinity Church Sheshan Basilica St Ignatius Cathedral St Joseph's Church St Nicholas' Church St Peter's Church Other City God Temple Wen Miao Mazu Cultural Palace Jiading Confucian Temple Songjiang Mosque SkyscrapersPudong Oriental Pearl Tower Jin Mao Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai Tower Bocom Financial Towers Shanghai IFC One Lujiazui Bank of Shanghai Puxi K11 Shimao International Plaza Plaza 66 White Magnolia Plaza Shanghai Wheelock Square Tomorrow Square Grand Gateway Shanghai SportsvenuesFootball Shanghai Hongkou Pudong Jinshan Yuanshen Zhabei Indoor Jiangwan Luwan Shanghai Indoor Mercedes-Benz Int'l Gym Oriental Other Tennis Qizhong Motorsport circuit International Street Tianma Cycling Tour of Chongming Island Golf BMW Masters Sheshan Golf Club Horse racing Shanghai Race Club SportsteamsFootball Shenhua Port Jiading Huilong Other Basketball Sharks TransportAirports Hongqiao Pudong Closed Longhua Jiangwan Railwaystation Shanghai Shanghai South Shanghai Hongqiao Ports Port of Shanghai Yangshan Modes Shanghai rail transit Suburban Rail Shanghai Metro Maglev Train Zhangjiang Tram Songjiang Tram Buses in Shanghai Shanghai Ferry Shanghai Public Transport Card Bridges Yangtze River Chonghai Chongqi Yangtze East China Sea Donghai Huangpu River Fengpu Lupu Minpu Nanpu Songpu Waibaidu Xupu Yangpu Stone arch Fangsheng Puji Wan'an Tunnels Bund Tunnel Bund Sightseeing Tunnel Dapu Road Tunnel Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge UniversitiesNational Donghua East Normal East Science and Technology Finance and Economics Fudan International Studies Naval Medical Shanghai Jiaotong Tongji Municipal East Political Science and Law Electric Power Engineering Sciences Fisheries Finance International Business and Economics Leadership Lixin Maritime Music Normal Ocean Open Poly Political Science and Law Dianji Shanghai Science and Technology Sport Tech Theatre Technology Visual Art Private Europe Business German New York Sanda Category

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_(1863)

Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)

["1 Background","2 Preparations","3 Battle","3.1 January 9 and 10","3.2 January 11","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 34°01′00″N 91°20′43″W / 34.01667°N 91.34528°W / 34.01667; -91.34528Part of the American Civil War This article is about the Civil War battle. For the American Revolutionary War battle, see Battle of Arkansas Post (1783). Battle of Arkansas PostPart of the American Civil WarThe Bombardment and Capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark. Jany. 11th 1863 by Currier & IvesDateJanuary 9–11, 1863LocationArkansas Post, Arkansas34°01′00″N 91°20′43″W / 34.01667°N 91.34528°W / 34.01667; -91.34528Result Union victoryBelligerents  United States (Union)  Confederate StatesCommanders and leaders John A. McClernand David D. Porter Thomas J. Churchill Units involved Army of the Mississippi Mississippi Squadron Garrison of Fort HindmanStrength ~30,000 ~5,000Casualties and losses 1,092 60 killed80 wounded4,791 capturedArkansas Postclass=notpageimage| Location within ArkansasvteVicksburg campaign Sinking of USS Cairo Holly Springs Raid Chickasaw Bayou Arkansas Post Yazoo Pass Steele's Bayou expedition Steele's Greenville expedition Grierson's Raid (Battle of Newton's Station) Grand Gulf Snyder's Bluff Port Gibson Raymond Jackson Champion Hill Big Black River Bridge Milliken's Bend Lake Providence Richmond Goodrich's Landing Helena Vicksburg Jackson expedition The Battle of Arkansas Post, also known as Battle of Fort Hindman, was fought from January 9 to 11, 1863, near the mouth of the Arkansas River at Arkansas Post, Arkansas, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. Confederate forces had constructed a fort known as Fort Hindman near Arkansas Post in late 1862. In December of that year, a Union force under the command of Major-General William T. Sherman left for an expedition against Vicksburg, without Major-General John A. McClernand because neither Major-Generals Henry Halleck nor Ulysses S. Grant trusted McClernand. After Sherman's force was repulsed at Chickasaw Bayou, McClernand arrived and took command from Sherman in January 1863. McClernand led an expedition to capture Arkansas Post, despite disapproval from Grant. After arriving near the fort on January 9, Union infantry moved into position on January 10. A major Union naval bombardment of the Confederate fort occurred that evening. Early in the afternoon of January 11, McClernand ordered an infantry assault, which moved close to the Confederate fortifications. Having suffered through severe artillery fire, white flags of surrender began to appear above the Confederate positions around 4 or 4:30 p.m., although the garrison commander, Confederate Brigadier-General Thomas J. Churchill denied ordering the surrender. There was some confusion as the surrender occurred anyway, as one of his brigade commanders initially refused to capitulate. Grant was convinced as to the value of the movement against Arkansas Post after the fact, but reassigned McClernand to corps command. Background Map and plan of the fortification. With Confederate defenses on the Arkansas and the White rivers being minimal, Colonel John W. Dunnington was appointed commander of river defenses within the state on September 28, 1862. Dunnington selected a location for a fortification on the Arkansas River near the settlement of Arkansas Post. Located 0.25 miles (400 m) north of the village, at a point commanding the river on a hairpin curve, the fort mounted three heavy guns – two 9-inch (23 cm) columbiads and one 8 in (20 cm) – and eight lighter guns. The columbiads were originally from the ram CSS Pontchartrain. Known by both the names Fort Hindman and the Post of Arkansas, the fortification was square-shaped, with sides 100 yards (91 m) long. Three buildings, two magazines, and a well were located in the fort. From the fort 720 yd (660 m) west to Post Bayou ran a line of trenches. On December 10, Brigadier-General Thomas J. Churchill was appointed to command the post. Meanwhile, in the state of Mississippi, Grant was moving down the Mississippi Central Railroad with 40,000 men in an attempt to capture the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi that had begun on November 26. On December 5, Halleck suggested a naval operation down the Mississippi River against Vicksburg, using a portion of Grant's force. A naval operation against Vicksburg had been planned since November by McClernand, who believed he would have full command of such a movement. However, Halleck, who distrusted McClernand, used language in the official orders the latter had received to undercut him: McClernand could only use troops not required by Grant. Grant, who had a rocky relationship with McClernand, tabbed Sherman to lead Halleck's proposed maneuver downriver. After Sherman reached Memphis, to prepare for the movement, Halleck informed Grant that President Abraham Lincoln wanted McClernand to command the naval movement. Grant, in turn, knowing that Sherman was expected to begin the expedition in a matter of days, sent McClernand a letter (intentionally eschewing faster telegraph service) offering him a position under his command. Acting Rear-Admiral David D. Porter was in command of the Union Navy portion of the riverine movement towards Vicksburg. Sherman's men left Memphis on December 20. McClernand was still in Illinois and the movement he had intended to command left without him. The same day that Sherman left, Confederate cavalry raids destroyed Grant's supply lines, and he was forced to retreat. Sherman's operation, which contained over 30,000 men, reached the Vicksburg area on Christmas Eve, and sailed up the Yazoo River. After landing on December 26 and 27, the Union soldiers made a frontal attack against Confederate defenses at Chickasaw Bayou on December 29, but were repulsed with heavy losses. Defeated, Sherman's men re-boarded their ships on January 1, 1863, and withdrew from the battlefield. Preparations Further information: Fort Hindman Union order of battle and Fort Hindman Confederate order of battle Operations against Vicksburg, including the Arkansas Post Expedition   Confederate   Union When Sherman reached the Mississippi from the Yazoo, he met McClernand, who was upset about being sidestepped in command of the river expedition. After a discussion between the two officers, McClernand took command of the force, naming it the Army of the Mississippi, with Sherman becoming a subordinate commander in the army. Sherman did not approve of McClernand's appointment to command and in a letter to his wife stated that Lincoln "will get his fill before he is done". In late December, Confederate troops had captured a Union supply steamer, Blue Wing, and sent it back to Arkansas Post. Sherman heard of the raid, and believed that more raids from the position at Arkansas Post were likely. Viewing Arkansas Post as a threat and believing that a victory would restore his men's broken morale, Sherman began planning a movement against the Confederate position. Separately, McClernand had also decided on a movement on Arkansas Post. On the night of January 3/4, the two officers went to speak with Porter about using his naval vessels in the movement. Porter disliked McClernand and his treatment of Sherman, but agreed to the movement for Sherman. Writing about Sherman's support for the plan, Richard L. Kiper wrote that his motives were "somewhat suspect" and likely based on desiring a victory to restore the damage his reputation had taken from Chickasaw Bayou. During this time, McClernand believed that he was an army commander, while he really only held a corps command under Grant. Accordingly, on the morning of January 4, McClernand organized his command into the 13th and 15th Army Corps. Sherman commanded the latter, while the former was under Brigadier-General George W. Morgan, whom Sherman blamed for the defeat at Chickasaw Bayou. Both corps had two divisions: the XIII Corps had those of Brigadier-Generals Andrew J. Smith and Peter J. Osterhaus, while the XV Corps's two were commanded by Brigadier-Generals Frederick Steele and David Stuart. Meanwhile, Churchill had about 5,000 Confederates at Arkansas Post. These men were largely dismounted cavalrymen from Arkansas and Texas, although only about 3,000 were healthy enough to fight due to outbreaks of disease. Most were armed with short-range carbines and shotguns as opposed to longer-range rifles. Churchill's command was divided into three brigades, commanded by Colonels Dunnington, Robert Garland, and James Deshler. Battle January 9 and 10 McClernand's force, which consisted of about 30,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry as well as 40 cannons, began moving upriver on January 5. In order to keep the element of surprise, the Union fleet entered the White River instead of the Arkansas, before using a connecting path between the two rivers to move back into the Arkansas. The infantrymen were moved on transport vessels, with nine warships in support. Three of the vessels were ironclads: USS Baron DeKalb, USS Louisville, and USS Cincinnati. On January 9, Churchill was informed of the approaching Union fleet. He ordered his men to defend an outer set of incomplete rifle pits. A force of Texans from Garland's brigade was sent forward as skirmishers, and the six cannons of Hart's Arkansas Battery were advanced to a position at the rifle pits, near the river. Meanwhile, McClernand's men were being offloaded from their transports about 3 (4.8) or 4 mi (6.4 km) from Arkansas Post, with the process beginning at 5 p.m. Morgan's corps was to advance directly, while Sherman's was to swing around and attack from the northwest. That same day, the Union warships bombarded the Confederate works. On the morning of January 10, Sherman's men finished unloading around 11 a.m. One of Morgan's brigades, under the command of Colonel Daniel W. Lindsey advanced, and took up a position on the other side of the river in order to prevent riverine reinforcements from reaching the Confederates. As Sherman was beginning his flanking movement with Steele's division, McClernand determined that a more direct path looked promising, so Stuart's division was rerouted along it. Steele's men, in turn, found that their flanking path was blocked by an impassable swamp, and that division had to backtrack its path anyway. Porter's ships were also busy that morning, as the ironclads and the gunboat USS Lexington fired on Fort Hindman, while the gunboats USS Black Hawk and USS Rattler fired on the rifle pits. Naval bombardment of Arkansas Post Around 2 p.m., Churchill learned of Sherman's flanking maneuver and decided to withdraw his forces from the outer line, which was quickly reoccupied by Stuart's men. One Union brigade pressed the Confederate retreat until it came under fire from Confederates in the main fort. Morgan's men advanced as well, and the Union lines were filled out with Stuart's men on the right approaching Post Bayou, and Smith's on the left. Confusion during the movements into these positions led to delays. Before the delays had occurred, McClernand had told Porter that his men would be ready to attack at 2 p.m. At 5:30 p.m., McClernand told Porter that his men were finally ready, and the Union vessels advanced towards the fort to bombard it. The three ironclads moved in to close range and were each assigned one of the heavy Confederate guns. Lexington and Black Hawk provided supporting fire. The shooting from the naval vessels was effective, and most of the horses within the Confederate position were killed. Rattler was assigned to move past the fort and bombard it from the other side, but it was damaged when it fouled on a piling in the river and had to withdraw. The Confederate batteries had been silenced, but McClernand did not attack, and it soon became too dark for an assault. While the Confederate position had been badly damaged by the naval fire, Rattler had suffered significant damage, 17 men had become casualties on Baron DeKalb, Cincinnati had been struck 9 times, and Louisville had taken 5 hits. Churchill was informed by Lieutenant-General Theophilus Holmes that he was expected to "hold out till help arrived or all dead". Holmes vacillated and originally denied reinforcements, but then stated that he would send some. A company of Texans reached the Confederate position on the night of January 10. McClernand also made a nighttime movement: a gap existed between Stuart's division and Post Bayou, and Steele's men were brought up from the rear to fill it. January 11 A map of the battle On the morning of January 11, the Confederate completed improvements to improvised breastworks they had been constructing. Deshler's left flank was exposed, so he had the 15th Texas Cavalry repositioned to make the line stronger. Also on that morning, Steele had Brigadier-General Charles E. Hovey's brigade deployed parallel to Post Bayou and to move towards the Arkansas River to finish surrounding the Confederate force. In order to counter this threat, Deshler had men pulled from his various units to act as a skirmish line to defend the area between the flank of the 15th Texas Cavalry and Post Bayou. Hovey and Deshler's men made contact, and exchanged fire. Learning of Hovey's movement, Churchill had the Texans who had arrived the previous night and two companies of Louisiana cavalry defend the line of Post Bayou down to the Arkansas River, and sent the 19th Arkansas Infantry and four guns of Hart's battery to support Deshler. Around noon, another of Steele's brigades, commanded by Brigadier-General John M. Thayer, moved to Hovey's left. Map of Arkansas Post Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program That morning, Sherman had also ordered Stuart to move a brigade forward towards the fort. Stuart sent Colonel Giles A. Smith's brigade forward in a double line, supported by Colonel Thomas Smith's brigade to Giles Smith's left rear. Andrew Jackson Smith's division also moved forward, and Osterhaus's came up from the rear, although only one of his brigades was present, as Lindsey's was still in its blocking position and the third was in the rear guarding the Union transport vessels. Two 20-pounder Parrott rifles were brought forward to engage one of the 9-inch columbiads in the fort, which had given Porter's ships problems the previous day. At 1 p.m., Porter's ships moved towards the fort to again bombard it. The three Union ironclads, supported by Lexington and two other gunboats, fired from the river, while the Union cannons on land joined in as well. Four cannons from the Chicago Mercantile Battery contributed fire, as well. It took only about an hour to wreck one side of the Confederate fort and knock out all three heavy guns. The Union land artillery had orders to fire for thirty minutes after the naval bombardment opened, which was to be followed by an infantry attack three minutes after thirty-minute firing interval. When the infantry attack began, the men were ordered to yell loudly, so that the naval vessels would hear the noise and know to shift their fire to prevent friendly fire. Morgan could observe the progress of the gunboats, while Sherman had to judge by sound. With the Confederates not firing in response to his cannonade, Sherman cut his cannon fire off early and sent his infantry in for the assault. When Hovey's brigade attacked, it came under fire from Confederates on the other side of Post Bayou. To counter this threat, the 17th Missouri Infantry was aligned along Post Bayou. Fire from Deshler's Confederates and two of Hart's pieces halted the Union attack until the 76th Ohio Infantry moved up and drove the Confederate cannon crews off. Hovey suffered an arm wound but remained on the field. To the left, Thayer's brigade was repulsed by the 10th Texas Infantry. Hovey in turn had the 3d Missouri Infantry and the 31st Iowa Infantry attacked the 15th Texas Cavalry, but they were also repulsed. Deshler sent the 19th Arkansas to support the Texans. In Stuart's sector, Giles Smith's brigade came under heavy enfilade fire from Hart's battery, and men had to crawl forward to a wooded position to fire into the battery and silence it. T. K. Smith's brigade aligned on Giles Smith's left and two artillery batteries were brought forward. The two brigades were then held in preparation for a general storming of the Confederate works. To counter the attacks against his line, Deshler requested reinforcements, and was granted parts of three Texas cavalry units from Garland's brigade. As the Union attack moved from the right to the left, Brigadier-General Stephen G. Burbridge's brigade from Morgan's corps advanced. Confederate soldiers fired upon the brigade from a group of huts, but were cleared by an attack of the 23d Wisconsin Infantry. The brigade was forced to halt by fire from Garland's brigade when it closed in on the Confederate position, and Colonel William Landram's brigade was brought up in support. The two brigades fought Garland's men for an hour and a half, with Burbridge's outfit suffering about a third of the Union casualties in the battle. At 3 p.m., Osterhaus sent his single available brigade into the fray, and the Confederate defenders were driven back. The 120th Ohio Infantry attempted to storm the fort, but became pinned down in a ravine by Confederate fire. General Stephen G. Burbridge planting the Union flag after the capture of the post The Union began a heavy artillery barrage, planning to make a general advance once it was over. Porter had Rattler, the gunboat USS Glide, and the ram USS Monarch slip past the fort to fire into it from the rear. Around 4 or 4:30 p.m. white flags of surrender began to fly from Fort Hindman. Garland began to hear that Churchill had ordered the surrender, although the orders did not pass through expected channels. Historian Ed Bearss wrote that he did not believe that Churchill actually issued the order. Churchill himself also denied ordering a capitulation. Seeing the white flags, Sherman ordered Steele to stop fighting and moved to the Confederate position, where he ordered Garland to have his brigade stack arms. In turn, Andrew Jackson Smith had Burbridge advance to the fort. Burbridge went to personally plant a flag on the fort, when Confederate soldiers insisted that the fort had not surrendered until the white flags were pointed out to them. Deshler did not believe that a surrender had occurred, and kept fighting until Union troops called a flag of truce. During the truce, Deshler discussed with Steele and informed him that he intended to keep fighting. Steele informed Sherman of this development, who sent Churchill to talk with Deshler. Eventually, Deshler agreed to surrender after Sherman pointed out that his line had been swamped with Union soldiers and that some of his men had already been disarmed. Aftermath When the surrender was completed, 4,791 Confederates had been captured. Partial returns indicate a further 60 Confederates killed and 80 wounded. The Civil War Battlefield Guide place total Confederate losses as 5,004. McClernand reported capturing 17 cannons, 3,000 stands of infantry weapons, and additional equipment. The men lost at Arkansas Post amount to about a third or fourth of the Confederates then in Arkansas. A few hundred men had managed to escape back to Holmes. Union losses were 1,092 men. McClernand's force had suffered 1,061 casualties, and Porter 31. "Glorious! Glorious! My star is ever in the ascendant." John A. McClernand responding to the victory Grant has originally thought the expedition a waste of time, and had ordered McClernand back to the Vicksburg area as soon as he found out about the Arkansas Post movement. Grant later sent a disapproving letter to Halleck who gave him permission to reassign McClernand. McClernand made plans and orders for a movement against Little Rock, but this was overruled by Grant, who came down the Mississippi to take overall command of the army. Porter and Sherman were able to convince Grant of the military value of the Arkansas Post expedition. Grant later noted that the Confederate force at Arkansas Post could have proved problematic if left untended. On January 18, or 19, the Army of the Mississippi was dissolved, and McClernand became a corps commander under Grant. Part of the battlefield is located within Arkansas Post, although 360 acres (150 ha) have been submerged due to river course changes and the construction of the Arkansas Post Canal. See also American Civil War portalArkansas portal Arkansas in the American Civil War List of American Civil War battles Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863 References Citations ^ Bearss 1959, p. 237. ^ a b House 1998, p. 6. ^ a b Shea & Winschel 2003, p. 56. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 239–240. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 243. ^ a b c Kennedy 1998, p. 154. ^ Miller 2019, p. 220. ^ Miller 2019, pp. 195–196. ^ Miller 2019, pp. 220–222. ^ Miller 2019, p. 236. ^ Shea & Winschel 2003, p. 43. ^ Kennedy 1998, pp. 154, 156. ^ Miller 2019, pp. 256–257. ^ Kiper 1997, p. 62. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 244. ^ Miller 2019, p. 257. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 246–247. ^ Kiper 1997, p. 63. ^ Shea & Winschel 2003, pp. 55–56. ^ a b Bearss 1959, p. 247. ^ Chatelain 2020, p. 210. ^ a b Huffstot 1969, p. 6. ^ a b c Chatelain 2020, p. 211. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 247–248. ^ a b Shea & Winschel 2003, p. 57. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 249. ^ a b Huffstot 1969, p. 7. ^ a b c Kennedy 1998, p. 157. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 250. ^ Kiper 1997, p. 69. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 251–252. ^ a b Huffstot 1969, p. 8. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 252. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 253–255. ^ a b c Bearss 1959, p. 256. ^ a b c d e Christ 2018. ^ Shea & Winschel 2003, pp. 56–57. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 258. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 259. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 259–260. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 260. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 261–262. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 262–263. ^ a b c Huffstot 1969, p. 9. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 263–264. ^ a b Bearss 1959, p. 265. ^ Kiper 1997, p. 72. ^ a b Bearss 1959, pp. 265–267. ^ a b Chatelain 2020, p. 212. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 267–268. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 268. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 268–269. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 269–270. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 270. ^ Bearss 1959, p. 271. ^ a b Huffstot 1969, p. 10. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 272–274. ^ Bearss 1959, pp. 274–275. ^ a b Shea & Winschel 2003, p. 58. ^ Kiper 1997, p. 73. ^ a b c Miller 2019, p. 258. ^ Kiper 1997, p. 68. ^ Shea & Winschel 2003, pp. 58–59. ^ Shea & Winschel 2003, p. 59. ^ Huffstot 1969, p. 11. ^ American Battlefield Protection Program 2010, pp. 6, 18. Sources Bearss, Edward C. (1959). "The Battle of the Post of Arkansas". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 18 (3): 237–279. doi:10.2307/40019212. JSTOR 40019212. Chatelain, Neil P. (2020). Defending the Arteries of Rebellion: Confederate Naval Operations in the Mississippi River Valley, 1861–1865. El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-61121-510-6. Christ, Mark K. (July 19, 2018). "Battle of Arkansas Post". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved September 19, 2021. House, John S. (December 13, 1998). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form – Arkansas Post". National Park Service. Retrieved September 19, 2021. Huffstot, Robert S. (1969). The Battle of Arkansas Post (PDF). National Park Service. Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5. Kiper, Richard L. (1997). "John Alexander McClernand and the Arkansas Post Campaign". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 56 (1): 59–79. doi:10.2307/40031001. JSTOR 40031001. Miller, Donald L. (2019). Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4139-4. Shea, William L.; Winschel, Terrence J. (2003). Vicksburg Is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9344-1. "Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: State of Arkansas" (PDF). American Battlefield Protection Program. December 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2021. External links Media related to Battle of Arkansas Post (1863) at Wikimedia Commons Battle of Arkansas Post (1863) at the Historical Marker Database vteArkansas in the American Civil WarCombatants Confederacy Union Campaigns Little Rock Shelby's Raid Red River Camden Missouri Battles1862 Pea Ridge Whitney's Lane St. Charles Hill's Plantation McGuire's Store Cane Hill Prairie Grove Van Buren 1863 Arkansas Post Fayetteville Chalk Bluff Helena Brownsville Bayou Meto Devil’s Backbone Ashley's Mills Bayou Fourche Pine Bluff 1864 Mount Elba Terre Noire Creek Elkin’s Ferry Prairie D'Ane Poison Spring Marks’ Mills Jenkins’ Ferry Old River Lake Massard Prairie Fort Smith Ashley's Station 1865 Dardanelle Ivey's Ford Aftermath Reconstruction Indian Council at Fort Smith Fourth Military District Brooks–Baxter War Cemeteries Camp Nelson Camp White Sulphur Springs Fayetteville Helena Category Commons

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Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_James_Churchill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_(military)"},{"link_name":"Army of the Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River_Squadron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Arkansas_relief_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Arkansas_relief_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Vicksburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Vicksburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Vicksburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign"},{"link_name":"Sinking of USS Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cairo"},{"link_name":"Holly Springs Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Springs_Raid"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw Bayou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Yazoo Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_Pass_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Steele's Bayou expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele%27s_Bayou_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Steele's Greenville expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele%27s_Greenville_expedition"},{"link_name":"Grierson's Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grierson%27s_Raid"},{"link_name":"Battle of Newton's Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Newton%27s_Station"},{"link_name":"Grand Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Snyder's Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Snyder%27s_Bluff"},{"link_name":"Port Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Raymond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raymond"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Champion Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Champion_Hill"},{"link_name":"Big Black River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Black_River_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Milliken's Bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Milliken%27s_Bend"},{"link_name":"Lake Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Providence"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Goodrich's Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goodrich%27s_Landing"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Helena"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg"},{"link_name":"Jackson expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_expedition"},{"link_name":"Arkansas River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_River"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Post"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"William T. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"John A. McClernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand"},{"link_name":"Henry Halleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck"},{"link_name":"Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Chickasaw Bayou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickasaw_Bayou"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_State_of_America"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_James_Churchill"}],"text":"Part of the American Civil WarThis article is about the Civil War battle. For the American Revolutionary War battle, see Battle of Arkansas Post (1783).Battle of Arkansas PostPart of the American Civil WarThe Bombardment and Capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas Post, Ark. Jany. 11th 1863 by Currier & IvesDateJanuary 9–11, 1863LocationArkansas Post, Arkansas34°01′00″N 91°20′43″W / 34.01667°N 91.34528°W / 34.01667; -91.34528Result\nUnion victoryBelligerents\n United States (Union)\n Confederate StatesCommanders and leaders\n John A. McClernand David D. Porter\n Thomas J. Churchill Units involved\nArmy of the Mississippi\nMississippi Squadron\nGarrison of Fort HindmanStrength\n~30,000\n~5,000Casualties and losses\n1,092\n60 killed80 wounded4,791 capturedArkansas Postclass=notpageimage| Location within ArkansasvteVicksburg campaign\nSinking of USS Cairo\nHolly Springs Raid\nChickasaw Bayou\nArkansas Post\nYazoo Pass\nSteele's Bayou expedition\nSteele's Greenville expedition\nGrierson's Raid\n(Battle of Newton's Station)\nGrand Gulf\nSnyder's Bluff\nPort Gibson\nRaymond\nJackson\nChampion Hill\nBig Black River Bridge\nMilliken's Bend\nLake Providence\nRichmond\nGoodrich's Landing\nHelena\nVicksburg\nJackson expeditionThe Battle of Arkansas Post, also known as Battle of Fort Hindman, was fought from January 9 to 11, 1863, near the mouth of the Arkansas River at Arkansas Post, Arkansas, as part of the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. Confederate forces had constructed a fort known as Fort Hindman near Arkansas Post in late 1862. In December of that year, a Union force under the command of Major-General William T. Sherman left for an expedition against Vicksburg, without Major-General John A. McClernand because neither Major-Generals Henry Halleck nor Ulysses S. Grant trusted McClernand. After Sherman's force was repulsed at Chickasaw Bayou, McClernand arrived and took command from Sherman in January 1863.McClernand led an expedition to capture Arkansas Post, despite disapproval from Grant. After arriving near the fort on January 9, Union infantry moved into position on January 10. A major Union naval bombardment of the Confederate fort occurred that evening. Early in the afternoon of January 11, McClernand ordered an infantry assault, which moved close to the Confederate fortifications. Having suffered through severe artillery fire, white flags of surrender began to appear above the Confederate positions around 4 or 4:30 p.m., although the garrison commander, Confederate Brigadier-General Thomas J. Churchill denied ordering the surrender. There was some confusion as the surrender occurred anyway, as one of his brigade commanders initially refused to capitulate. Grant was convinced as to the value of the movement against Arkansas Post after the fact, but reassigned McClernand to corps command.","title":"Battle of Arkansas Post (1863)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Map_and_inset_ground)_Plan_of_the_Fortification_(Fort_Hindman)_at_Post,_Arkansas,_Surrendered_to_the_U.S._Forces..._-_NARA_-_305724.jpg"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_River_(Arkansas)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959237-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse19986-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200356-3"},{"link_name":"columbiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbiad"},{"link_name":"CSS Pontchartrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Pontchartrain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959239%E2%80%93240-4"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine"},{"link_name":"trenches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_(military)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHouse19986-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959243-5"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg, Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998154-6"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019220-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019195%E2%80%93196-8"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019220%E2%80%93222-9"},{"link_name":"David D. Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019236-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998154-6"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200343-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998154-6"},{"link_name":"Yazoo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazoo_River"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998154,_156-12"}],"text":"Map and plan of the fortification.With Confederate defenses on the Arkansas and the White rivers being minimal, Colonel John W. Dunnington was appointed commander of river defenses within the state on September 28, 1862. Dunnington selected a location for a fortification on the Arkansas River near the settlement of Arkansas Post.[1] \nLocated 0.25 miles (400 m) north of the village, at a point commanding the river on a hairpin curve,[2][3] the fort mounted three heavy guns – two 9-inch (23 cm) columbiads and one 8 in (20 cm) – and eight lighter guns. The columbiads were originally from the ram CSS Pontchartrain.[4] Known by both the names Fort Hindman and the Post of Arkansas, the fortification was square-shaped, with sides 100 yards (91 m) long. Three buildings, two magazines, and a well were located in the fort. From the fort 720 yd (660 m) west to Post Bayou ran a line of trenches.[2] On December 10, Brigadier-General Thomas J. Churchill was appointed to command the post.[5]Meanwhile, in the state of Mississippi, Grant was moving down the Mississippi Central Railroad with 40,000 men in an attempt to capture the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi that had begun on November 26.[6] On December 5, Halleck suggested a naval operation down the Mississippi River against Vicksburg, using a portion of Grant's force.[7] A naval operation against Vicksburg had been planned since November by McClernand, who believed he would have full command of such a movement. However, Halleck, who distrusted McClernand, used language in the official orders the latter had received to undercut him: McClernand could only use troops not required by Grant.[8] Grant, who had a rocky relationship with McClernand, tabbed Sherman to lead Halleck's proposed maneuver downriver. After Sherman reached Memphis, to prepare for the movement, Halleck informed Grant that President Abraham Lincoln wanted McClernand to command the naval movement. Grant, in turn, knowing that Sherman was expected to begin the expedition in a matter of days, sent McClernand a letter (intentionally eschewing faster telegraph service) offering him a position under his command.[9]Acting Rear-Admiral David D. Porter was in command of the Union Navy portion of the riverine movement towards Vicksburg.[10] Sherman's men left Memphis on December 20.[6] McClernand was still in Illinois and the movement he had intended to command left without him.[11] The same day that Sherman left, Confederate cavalry raids destroyed Grant's supply lines, and he was forced to retreat.[6] Sherman's operation, which contained over 30,000 men, reached the Vicksburg area on Christmas Eve, and sailed up the Yazoo River. After landing on December 26 and 27, the Union soldiers made a frontal attack against Confederate defenses at Chickasaw Bayou on December 29, but were repulsed with heavy losses. Defeated, Sherman's men re-boarded their ships on January 1, 1863, and withdrew from the battlefield.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Hindman Union order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hindman_Union_order_of_battle"},{"link_name":"Fort Hindman Confederate order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hindman_Confederate_order_of_battle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vicksburg_Campaign_December_1862-April_1863.pdf"},{"link_name":"Army of the Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019256%E2%80%93257-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiper199762-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959244-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019257-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959246%E2%80%93247-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiper199763-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200355%E2%80%9356-19"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"15th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XV_Corps_(Union_Army)"},{"link_name":"George W. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Andrew J. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Smith"},{"link_name":"Peter J. Osterhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Osterhaus"},{"link_name":"Frederick Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Steele"},{"link_name":"David Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stuart_(Michigan_politician)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959247-20"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"carbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200356-3"},{"link_name":"James Deshler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Deshler"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatelain2020210-21"}],"text":"Further information: Fort Hindman Union order of battle and Fort Hindman Confederate order of battleOperations against Vicksburg, including the Arkansas Post Expedition   Confederate   UnionWhen Sherman reached the Mississippi from the Yazoo, he met McClernand, who was upset about being sidestepped in command of the river expedition. After a discussion between the two officers, McClernand took command of the force, naming it the Army of the Mississippi, with Sherman becoming a subordinate commander in the army.[13] Sherman did not approve of McClernand's appointment to command and in a letter to his wife stated that Lincoln \"will get his fill before he is done\".[14] In late December, Confederate troops had captured a Union supply steamer, Blue Wing, and sent it back to Arkansas Post.[15] Sherman heard of the raid, and believed that more raids from the position at Arkansas Post were likely. Viewing Arkansas Post as a threat and believing that a victory would restore his men's broken morale,[16] Sherman began planning a movement against the Confederate position. Separately, McClernand had also decided on a movement on Arkansas Post. On the night of January 3/4, the two officers went to speak with Porter about using his naval vessels in the movement. Porter disliked McClernand and his treatment of Sherman, but agreed to the movement for Sherman.[17] Writing about Sherman's support for the plan, Richard L. Kiper wrote that his motives were \"somewhat suspect\" and likely based on desiring a victory to restore the damage his reputation had taken from Chickasaw Bayou.[18]During this time, McClernand believed that he was an army commander, while he really only held a corps command under Grant.[19] Accordingly, on the morning of January 4, McClernand organized his command into the 13th and 15th Army Corps. Sherman commanded the latter, while the former was under Brigadier-General George W. Morgan, whom Sherman blamed for the defeat at Chickasaw Bayou. Both corps had two divisions: the XIII Corps had those of Brigadier-Generals Andrew J. Smith and Peter J. Osterhaus, while the XV Corps's two were commanded by Brigadier-Generals Frederick Steele and David Stuart.[20] Meanwhile, Churchill had about 5,000 Confederates at Arkansas Post. These men were largely dismounted cavalrymen from Arkansas and Texas, although only about 3,000 were healthy enough to fight due to outbreaks of disease. Most were armed with short-range carbines and shotguns as opposed to longer-range rifles.[3] Churchill's command was divided into three brigades, commanded by Colonels Dunnington, Robert Garland, and James Deshler.[21]","title":"Preparations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19696-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959247-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatelain2020211-23"},{"link_name":"ironclads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"USS Baron DeKalb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Baron_DeKalb"},{"link_name":"USS Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Louisville_(1861)"},{"link_name":"USS Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cincinnati_(1861)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19696-22"},{"link_name":"rifle pits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle_pit"},{"link_name":"Hart's Arkansas Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Arkansas_Field_Battery"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959247%E2%80%93248-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200357-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959249-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19697-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatelain2020211-23"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998157-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19697-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959250-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiper199769-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959251%E2%80%93252-31"},{"link_name":"USS Lexington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lexington_(1861)"},{"link_name":"USS Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Black_Hawk_(1848)"},{"link_name":"USS Rattler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rattler"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19698-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArkansasPost-Battle2.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959252-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959253%E2%80%93255-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959256-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist2018-36"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959256-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959256-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19698-32"},{"link_name":"Theophilus Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophilus_Holmes"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatelain2020211-23"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200356%E2%80%9357-37"},{"link_name":"company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959258-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959259-39"}],"sub_title":"January 9 and 10","text":"McClernand's force, which consisted of about 30,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry as well as 40 cannons,[22] began moving upriver on January 5. In order to keep the element of surprise, the Union fleet entered the White River instead of the Arkansas, before using a connecting path between the two rivers to move back into the Arkansas.[20] The infantrymen were moved on transport vessels, with nine warships in support.[23] Three of the vessels were ironclads: USS Baron DeKalb, USS Louisville, and USS Cincinnati.[22] On January 9, Churchill was informed of the approaching Union fleet. He ordered his men to defend an outer set of incomplete rifle pits. A force of Texans from Garland's brigade was sent forward as skirmishers, and the six cannons of Hart's Arkansas Battery were advanced to a position at the rifle pits, near the river.[24] Meanwhile, McClernand's men were being offloaded from their transports about 3 (4.8) or 4 mi (6.4 km) from Arkansas Post,[25][26] with the process beginning at 5 p.m.[27] Morgan's corps was to advance directly, while Sherman's was to swing around and attack from the northwest.[23] That same day, the Union warships bombarded the Confederate works.[28]On the morning of January 10, Sherman's men finished unloading around 11 a.m.[27] One of Morgan's brigades, under the command of Colonel Daniel W. Lindsey advanced, and took up a position on the other side of the river in order to prevent riverine reinforcements from reaching the Confederates.[29][30] As Sherman was beginning his flanking movement with Steele's division, McClernand determined that a more direct path looked promising, so Stuart's division was rerouted along it. Steele's men, in turn, found that their flanking path was blocked by an impassable swamp, and that division had to backtrack its path anyway.[31] Porter's ships were also busy that morning, as the ironclads and the gunboat USS Lexington fired on Fort Hindman, while the gunboats USS Black Hawk and USS Rattler fired on the rifle pits.[32]Naval bombardment of Arkansas PostAround 2 p.m., Churchill learned of Sherman's flanking maneuver and decided to withdraw his forces from the outer line, which was quickly reoccupied by Stuart's men. One Union brigade pressed the Confederate retreat until it came under fire from Confederates in the main fort.[33] Morgan's men advanced as well, and the Union lines were filled out with Stuart's men on the right approaching Post Bayou, and Smith's on the left. Confusion during the movements into these positions led to delays.[34] Before the delays had occurred, McClernand had told Porter that his men would be ready to attack at 2 p.m. At 5:30 p.m., McClernand told Porter that his men were finally ready, and the Union vessels advanced towards the fort to bombard it. The three ironclads moved in to close range and were each assigned one of the heavy Confederate guns. Lexington and Black Hawk provided supporting fire.[35] The shooting from the naval vessels was effective, and most of the horses within the Confederate position were killed.[36] Rattler was assigned to move past the fort and bombard it from the other side, but it was damaged when it fouled on a piling in the river and had to withdraw. The Confederate batteries had been silenced, but McClernand did not attack, and it soon became too dark for an assault.[35] While the Confederate position had been badly damaged by the naval fire, Rattler had suffered significant damage,[35] 17 men had become casualties on Baron DeKalb, Cincinnati had been struck 9 times, and Louisville had taken 5 hits.[32]Churchill was informed by Lieutenant-General Theophilus Holmes that he was expected to \"hold out till help arrived or all dead\".[23] Holmes vacillated and originally denied reinforcements, but then stated that he would send some.[37] A company of Texans reached the Confederate position on the night of January 10.[38] McClernand also made a nighttime movement: a gap existed between Stuart's division and Post Bayou, and Steele's men were brought up from the rear to fill it.[39]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"breastworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastworks"},{"link_name":"flank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flank_(military)"},{"link_name":"15th Texas Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Texas_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Charles E. Hovey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_E._Hovey"},{"link_name":"skirmish line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_line"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"19th Arkansas Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Arkansas_Infantry_Regiment_(Dawson%27s)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959259%E2%80%93260-40"},{"link_name":"John M. Thayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Thayer"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959260-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arkansas_Post_Battlefield_Arkansas.jpg"},{"link_name":"American Battlefield Protection Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Battlefield_Protection_Program"},{"link_name":"Giles A. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_A._Smith"},{"link_name":"Thomas Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kilby_Smith"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959261%E2%80%93262-42"},{"link_name":"20-pounder Parrott rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20-pounder_Parrott_rifle"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959262%E2%80%93263-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19699-44"},{"link_name":"Chicago Mercantile Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Mercantile_Independent_Battery_Light_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959263%E2%80%93264-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19699-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959265-46"},{"link_name":"friendly fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendly_fire"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiper199772-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959265-46"},{"link_name":"17th Missouri Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Missouri_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"76th Ohio Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_Ohio_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"10th Texas Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Texas_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959265%E2%80%93267-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatelain2020212-49"},{"link_name":"3d Missouri Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Missouri_Infantry_Regiment_(Union)"},{"link_name":"31st Iowa Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Iowa_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959265%E2%80%93267-48"},{"link_name":"enfilade fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfilade_fire"},{"link_name":"artillery batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959267%E2%80%93268-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959268-51"},{"link_name":"Stephen G. Burbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_G._Burbridge"},{"link_name":"23d Wisconsin Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Wisconsin_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"William Landram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Landram"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959268%E2%80%93269-52"},{"link_name":"120th Ohio Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_Ohio_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959269%E2%80%93270-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArkansasPost-Battle(CivilWar).jpg"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959270-54"},{"link_name":"USS Glide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Glide_(1862)"},{"link_name":"ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ram"},{"link_name":"USS Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monarch"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200357-25"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist2018-36"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot19699-44"},{"link_name":"Ed Bearss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bearss"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959271-55"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist2018-36"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot196910-56"},{"link_name":"flag of truce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_truce"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959272%E2%80%93274-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot196910-56"}],"sub_title":"January 11","text":"A map of the battleOn the morning of January 11, the Confederate completed improvements to improvised breastworks they had been constructing. Deshler's left flank was exposed, so he had the 15th Texas Cavalry repositioned to make the line stronger. Also on that morning, Steele had Brigadier-General Charles E. Hovey's brigade deployed parallel to Post Bayou and to move towards the Arkansas River to finish surrounding the Confederate force. In order to counter this threat, Deshler had men pulled from his various units to act as a skirmish line to defend the area between the flank of the 15th Texas Cavalry and Post Bayou. Hovey and Deshler's men made contact, and exchanged fire. Learning of Hovey's movement, Churchill had the Texans who had arrived the previous night and two companies of Louisiana cavalry defend the line of Post Bayou down to the Arkansas River, and sent the 19th Arkansas Infantry and four guns of Hart's battery to support Deshler.[40] Around noon, another of Steele's brigades, commanded by Brigadier-General John M. Thayer, moved to Hovey's left.[41]Map of Arkansas Post Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection ProgramThat morning, Sherman had also ordered Stuart to move a brigade forward towards the fort. Stuart sent Colonel Giles A. Smith's brigade forward in a double line, supported by Colonel Thomas Smith's brigade to Giles Smith's left rear.[42] Andrew Jackson Smith's division also moved forward, and Osterhaus's came up from the rear, although only one of his brigades was present, as Lindsey's was still in its blocking position and the third was in the rear guarding the Union transport vessels. Two 20-pounder Parrott rifles were brought forward to engage one of the 9-inch columbiads in the fort, which had given Porter's ships problems the previous day.[43] At 1 p.m., Porter's ships moved towards the fort to again bombard it.[44]The three Union ironclads, supported by Lexington and two other gunboats, fired from the river, while the Union cannons on land joined in as well. Four cannons from the Chicago Mercantile Battery contributed fire, as well.[45] It took only about an hour to wreck one side of the Confederate fort and knock out all three heavy guns.[44] The Union land artillery had orders to fire for thirty minutes after the naval bombardment opened, which was to be followed by an infantry attack three minutes after thirty-minute firing interval.[46] When the infantry attack began, the men were ordered to yell loudly, so that the naval vessels would hear the noise and know to shift their fire to prevent friendly fire.[47] Morgan could observe the progress of the gunboats, while Sherman had to judge by sound. With the Confederates not firing in response to his cannonade, Sherman cut his cannon fire off early and sent his infantry in for the assault.[46]When Hovey's brigade attacked, it came under fire from Confederates on the other side of Post Bayou. To counter this threat, the 17th Missouri Infantry was aligned along Post Bayou. Fire from Deshler's Confederates and two of Hart's pieces halted the Union attack until the 76th Ohio Infantry moved up and drove the Confederate cannon crews off. Hovey suffered an arm wound but remained on the field. To the left, Thayer's brigade was repulsed by the 10th Texas Infantry.[48][49] Hovey in turn had the 3d Missouri Infantry and the 31st Iowa Infantry attacked the 15th Texas Cavalry, but they were also repulsed. Deshler sent the 19th Arkansas to support the Texans.[48] In Stuart's sector, Giles Smith's brigade came under heavy enfilade fire from Hart's battery, and men had to crawl forward to a wooded position to fire into the battery and silence it. T. K. Smith's brigade aligned on Giles Smith's left and two artillery batteries were brought forward. The two brigades were then held in preparation for a general storming of the Confederate works.[50] To counter the attacks against his line, Deshler requested reinforcements, and was granted parts of three Texas cavalry units from Garland's brigade.[51]As the Union attack moved from the right to the left, Brigadier-General Stephen G. Burbridge's brigade from Morgan's corps advanced. Confederate soldiers fired upon the brigade from a group of huts, but were cleared by an attack of the 23d Wisconsin Infantry. The brigade was forced to halt by fire from Garland's brigade when it closed in on the Confederate position, and Colonel William Landram's brigade was brought up in support. The two brigades fought Garland's men for an hour and a half, with Burbridge's outfit suffering about a third of the Union casualties in the battle.[52] At 3 p.m., Osterhaus sent his single available brigade into the fray, and the Confederate defenders were driven back. The 120th Ohio Infantry attempted to storm the fort, but became pinned down in a ravine by Confederate fire.[53]General Stephen G. Burbridge planting the Union flag after the capture of the postThe Union began a heavy artillery barrage, planning to make a general advance once it was over.[54] Porter had Rattler, the gunboat USS Glide, and the ram USS Monarch slip past the fort to fire into it from the rear.[25] Around 4 or 4:30 p.m. white flags of surrender began to fly from Fort Hindman.[36][44] Garland began to hear that Churchill had ordered the surrender, although the orders did not pass through expected channels. Historian Ed Bearss wrote that he did not believe that Churchill actually issued the order.[55] Churchill himself also denied ordering a capitulation.[36][56] Seeing the white flags, Sherman ordered Steele to stop fighting and moved to the Confederate position, where he ordered Garland to have his brigade stack arms. In turn, Andrew Jackson Smith had Burbridge advance to the fort. Burbridge went to personally plant a flag on the fort, when Confederate soldiers insisted that the fort had not surrendered until the white flags were pointed out to them. Deshler did not believe that a surrender had occurred, and kept fighting until Union troops called a flag of truce. During the truce, Deshler discussed with Steele and informed him that he intended to keep fighting. Steele informed Sherman of this development, who sent Churchill to talk with Deshler.[57] Eventually, Deshler agreed to surrender after Sherman pointed out that his line had been swamped with Union soldiers and that some of his men had already been disarmed.[56]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBearss1959274%E2%80%93275-58"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998157-28"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist2018-36"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChatelain2020212-49"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200358-59"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1998157-28"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200358-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiper199773-60"},{"link_name":"John A. McClernand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019258-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiper199768-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200358%E2%80%9359-63"},{"link_name":"Little Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrist2018-36"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019258-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2019258-61"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWinschel200359-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuffstot196911-65"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Post Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Post_Canal"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_Battlefield_Protection_Program20106,_18-66"}],"text":"When the surrender was completed, 4,791 Confederates had been captured. Partial returns indicate a further 60 Confederates killed and 80 wounded.[58] The Civil War Battlefield Guide place total Confederate losses as 5,004.[28] McClernand reported capturing 17 cannons, 3,000 stands of infantry weapons, and additional equipment. The men lost at Arkansas Post amount to about a third or fourth of the Confederates then in Arkansas.[36][49] A few hundred men had managed to escape back to Holmes.[59] Union losses were 1,092 men.[28][59] McClernand's force had suffered 1,061 casualties, and Porter 31.[60]\"Glorious! Glorious! My star is ever in the ascendant.\"\n\n\nJohn A. McClernand responding to the victory[61]Grant has originally thought the expedition a waste of time, and had ordered McClernand back to the Vicksburg area as soon as he found out about the Arkansas Post movement.[62] Grant later sent a disapproving letter to Halleck who gave him permission to reassign McClernand.[63] McClernand made plans and orders for a movement against Little Rock, but this was overruled by Grant,[36] who came down the Mississippi to take overall command of the army.[61] Porter and Sherman were able to convince Grant of the military value of the Arkansas Post expedition. Grant later noted that the Confederate force at Arkansas Post could have proved problematic if left untended.[61] On January 18,[64] or 19, the Army of the Mississippi was dissolved, and McClernand became a corps commander under Grant.[65] Part of the battlefield is located within Arkansas Post, although 360 acres (150 ha) have been submerged due to river course changes and the construction of the Arkansas Post Canal.[66]","title":"Aftermath"}]

[{"image_text":"Map and plan of the fortification.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%28Map_and_inset_ground%29_Plan_of_the_Fortification_%28Fort_Hindman%29_at_Post%2C_Arkansas%2C_Surrendered_to_the_U.S._Forces..._-_NARA_-_305724.jpg/305px-%28Map_and_inset_ground%29_Plan_of_the_Fortification_%28Fort_Hindman%29_at_Post%2C_Arkansas%2C_Surrendered_to_the_U.S._Forces..._-_NARA_-_305724.jpg"},{"image_text":"Operations against Vicksburg, including the Arkansas Post Expedition   Confederate   Union","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Vicksburg_Campaign_December_1862-April_1863.pdf/page1-300px-Vicksburg_Campaign_December_1862-April_1863.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Naval bombardment of Arkansas Post","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ArkansasPost-Battle2.jpg/220px-ArkansasPost-Battle2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A map of the battle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_map.jpg/305px-Battle_of_Arkansas_Post_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Arkansas Post Battlefield core and study areas by the American Battlefield Protection Program","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Arkansas_Post_Battlefield_Arkansas.jpg/305px-Arkansas_Post_Battlefield_Arkansas.jpg"},{"image_text":"General Stephen G. Burbridge planting the Union flag after the capture of the post","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ArkansasPost-Battle%28CivilWar%29.jpg/220px-ArkansasPost-Battle%28CivilWar%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Arkansas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arkansas"},{"title":"Arkansas in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of American Civil War battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles"},{"title":"Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Troop engagements of the American Civil War, 1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troop_engagements_of_the_American_Civil_War,_1863"}]

[{"reference":"Bearss, Edward C. (1959). \"The Battle of the Post of Arkansas\". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 18 (3): 237–279. doi:10.2307/40019212. JSTOR 40019212.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bearss","url_text":"Bearss, Edward C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Historical_Quarterly","url_text":"Arkansas Historical Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40019212","url_text":"10.2307/40019212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40019212","url_text":"40019212"}]},{"reference":"Chatelain, Neil P. (2020). Defending the Arteries of Rebellion: Confederate Naval Operations in the Mississippi River Valley, 1861–1865. El Dorado Hills, California: Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-61121-510-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61121-510-6","url_text":"978-1-61121-510-6"}]},{"reference":"Christ, Mark K. (July 19, 2018). \"Battle of Arkansas Post\". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. Retrieved September 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/battle-of-arkansas-post-525/","url_text":"\"Battle of Arkansas Post\""}]},{"reference":"House, John S. (December 13, 1998). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form – Arkansas Post\". National Park Service. Retrieved September 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/66000198_text","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form – Arkansas Post\""}]},{"reference":"Huffstot, Robert S. (1969). The Battle of Arkansas Post (PDF). National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/arpo/historyculture/upload/battle_of_ARPO_Booklet.pdf","url_text":"The Battle of Arkansas Post"}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998). The Civil War Battlefield Guide (2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-74012-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Kennedy_Frances_-_Civil_War_Battlefield_Guide/mode/2up","url_text":"The Civil War Battlefield Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74012-5","url_text":"978-0-395-74012-5"}]},{"reference":"Kiper, Richard L. (1997). \"John Alexander McClernand and the Arkansas Post Campaign\". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 56 (1): 59–79. doi:10.2307/40031001. JSTOR 40031001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40031001","url_text":"10.2307/40031001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40031001","url_text":"40031001"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Donald L. (2019). Vicksburg: Grant's Campaign that Broke the Confederacy. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4139-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_L._Miller","url_text":"Miller, Donald L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4139-4","url_text":"978-1-4516-4139-4"}]},{"reference":"Shea, William L.; Winschel, Terrence J. (2003). Vicksburg Is the Key: The Struggle for the Mississippi River. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-9344-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9344-1","url_text":"978-0-8032-9344-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: State of Arkansas\" (PDF). American Battlefield Protection Program. December 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://npshistory.com/publications/battlefield/cwsac/updates/ar.pdf","url_text":"\"Update to the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields: State of Arkansas\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2019_SEA_Games

Swimming at the 2019 SEA Games

["1 Summary","2 Participating nations","3 Medal table","4 Medalists","4.1 Men","4.2 Women","5 References","6 External links"]

Swimming at the 2019 SEA GamesVenueNew Clark City Aquatics CenterLocationCapas, Tarlac, PhilippinesDate4–9 DecemberNations9← 20172021 → The swimming competitions at the 2019 SEA Games in Manila were held at the New Clark City Aquatics Center from 4 to 9 December 2019. It is one of four aquatic sports at the Games, along with diving, open water swimming, and water polo. Summary Singapore improved on its last SEA Games result and won over half the available gold medals, 23 out of 38, to be the first in swimming events again with a total of 37 medals. Singapore won all the relay events and set 13 Games records and seven Singaporean national records. Vietnam finished in second with 10 gold medals and 25 medals in total. A total of 20 Games records and 35 national records were broken.Medal ceremony for the men's 4×100 m freestyle relay. Medal ceremony for the women's 4×200 m freestyle relay. Filipino swimmer Chloe Isleta (left) competes in the women's 200m backstroke Participating nations  Brunei  Cambodia  Indonesia  Laos  Malaysia  Myanmar  Philippines  Singapore  Thailand  East Timor  Vietnam Medal table   *   Host nation (Philippines)RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Singapore23104372 Vietnam1069253 Malaysia22374 Thailand186155 Philippines*169166 Indonesia16714Totals (6 entries)383838114 Medalists Key MR SEA Games record NR National record Men Event Gold Silver Bronze 50 m freestyle Jonathan Tan Singapore 22.25 MR, NR Teong Tzen Wei Singapore 22.40 Luke Michael Gebbie Philippines 22.62 =NR 100 m freestyle Darren Chua Singapore 49.59 Joseph Schooling Singapore 49.64 Hoàng Quý Phước Vietnam 50.08 200 m freestyle Darren Chua Singapore 1:48.26 Welson Sim Malaysia 1:48.52 Hoàng Quý Phước Vietnam 1:48.59 400 m freestyle Nguyễn Huy Hoàng Vietnam 3:49.08MR Welson Sim Malaysia 3:49.55 Aflah Fadlan Prawira Indonesia 3:52.65 1500 m freestyle Nguyễn Huy Hoàng Vietnam 14:58.14MR, NR Aflah Fadlan Prawira Indonesia 15:15.77NR Nguyễn Hữu Kim Sơn Vietnam 15:18.87 50 m backstroke I Gede Siman Sudartawa Indonesia 25.12MR Quah Zheng Wen Singapore 25.65 Paul Lê Nguyễn Vietnam 25.73 100 m backstroke Quah Zheng Wen Singapore 53.79MR, NR Paul Lê Nguyễn Vietnam 54.98NR I Gede Siman Sudartawa Indonesia 55.68 200 m backstroke Quah Zheng Wen Singapore 2:00.06MR Farrel Armandio Tangkas Indonesia 2:02.75 Khiew Hoe Yean Malaysia 2:03.89 50 m breaststroke Lionel Khoo Singapore 28.15 MR James Deiparine Philippines 28.32 Gagarin Nathaniel Yus Indonesia 28.52 100 m breaststroke James Deiparine Philippines 1:01.46MR, NR Phạm Thanh Bảo Vietnam 1:01.92 Lionel Khoo Singapore 1:01.98 200 m breaststroke Nuttapong Ketin Thailand 2:12.57MR NR Phạm Thanh Bảo Vietnam 2:12.84NR Maximillian Ang Wei Singapore 2:13.96NR 50 m butterfly Teong Tzen Wei Singapore 23.55 Joseph Schooling Singapore 23.61 Glenn Victor Sutanto Indonesia 23.84NR 100 m butterfly Joseph Schooling Singapore 51.84 Quah Zheng Wen Singapore 51.87 Paul Lê Nguyễn Vietnam 53.89 200 m butterfly Quah Zheng Wen Singapore 1:56.61 Navaphat Wongcharoen Thailand 2:00.31 Ong Jung Yi Singapore 2:00.53 200 m individual medley Trần Hưng Nguyên Vietnam 2:02.56NR Darren Chua Singapore 2:02.73 Triady Fauzi Sidiq Indonesia 2:02.81 400 m individual medley Trần Hưng Nguyên Vietnam 4:20.65MR NR Aflah Fadlan Prawira Indonesia 4:21.30NR Nguyễn Hữu Kim Sơn Vietnam 4:26.45 4×100 m freestyle relay  SingaporeDarren Chua (50.05) Jonathan Tan (49.10) Quah Zheng Wen (48.40) Joseph Schooling (49.27) 3:16.82MR  PhilippinesLuke Michael GebbieMaurice Sacho IlustreJean Pierre Sameh KhouzamJarod Jason Hatch 3:22.32 NR  VietnamHoàng Quý Phước Paul Lê Nguyễn Ngô Đình Chuyền Trần Hưng Nguyên 3:22.45 NR 4×200 m freestyle relay  SingaporeQuah Zheng Wen (1:48.50) Joseph Schooling (1:49.91) Jonathan Tan (1:51.15) Darren Chua (1:48.32) 7:17.88MR  VietnamHoàng Quý Phước (1:49.61) Nguyễn Hữu Kim Sơn (1:50.68) Ngô Đình Chuyền (1:50.77) Nguyễn Huy Hoàng (1:50.45) 7:21.51NR  MalaysiaKhiew Hoe Yean (1:52.34) Welson Sim (1:48.93) Arvin Singh Chahal (1:51.46) Keith Lim (1:54.82) 7:27.55 4×100 m medley relay  Singapore Quah Zheng Wen Lionel Khoo Joseph Schooling Darren Chua 3:38.63  IndonesiaI Gede Siman SudartawaTriady Fauzi SidiqGagarin Nathaniel YusGlenn Victor Sutanto 3:43.27  VietnamNgô Đình ChuyềnHoàng Quý PhướcPhạm Thanh BảoTrần Hưng Nguyên 3:44.36 Women Event Gold Silver Bronze 50 m freestyle Amanda Lim Singapore 25.06MR Jenjira Srisaard Thailand 25.32NR Jasmine Alkhaldi Philippines 25.48NR 100 m freestyle Quah Ting Wen Singapore 54.74MR Cherlyn Yeoh Singapore 55.55 Jasmine Alkhaldi Philippines 55.76NR 200 m freestyle Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 2:00.75 Natthanan Junkrajang Thailand 2:00.93 Remedy Rule Philippines 2:01.64 400 m freestyle Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 4:13.20 Gan Ching Hwee Singapore 4:14.56 Natthanan Junkrajang Thailand 4:17.59 800 m freestyle Gan Ching Hwee Singapore 8:41.48 Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 8:48.65 Kamonchanok Kwanmuang Thailand 8:50.23 50 m backstroke Elena Lee Singapore 29.40 Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 29.64 Anak Agung Istri Kania Ratih Atmaja Indonesia 29.77 100 m backstroke Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 1:02.97 Chloe Isleta Philippines 1:03.87 Jasmine Alkhaldi Philippines 1:04.08 200 m backstroke Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 2:15.32 Nurul Fajar Fitriyati Indonesia 2:17.84 Chloe Isleta Philippines 2:18.48 50 m breaststroke Phee Jinq En Malaysia 31.40NR Jenjira Srisaard Thailand 31.41NR Christie Chue Singapore 31.43 100 m breaststroke Phee Jinq En Malaysia 1:08.50MR NR Christie Chue Singapore 1:09.06NR Nisha Kukanakorn Thailand 1:10.70 200 m breaststroke Christie Chue Singapore 2:28.71MR NR Phiangkhwan Pawapotako Thailand 2:31.47 Phee Jinq En Malaysia 2:32.38 50 m butterfly Quah Ting Wen Singapore 26.50 Jenjira Srisaard Thailand 26.64NR Jasmine Alkhaldi Philippines 27.09NR 100 m butterfly Quah Ting Wen Singapore 59.62 Quah Jing Wen Singapore 59.73 Jasmine Alkhaldi Philippines 1:00.39NR 200 m butterfly Quah Jing Wen Singapore 2:10.97MR Remedy Rule Philippines 2:10.99NR Lê Thị Mỹ Thảo Vietnam 2:12.70 200 m individual medley Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 2:15.51 Azzahra Permatahani Indonesia 2:16.84 Jinjutha Pholjamjumrus Thailand 2:18.01 400 m individual medley Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên Vietnam 4:47.85 Jinjutha Pholjamjumrus Thailand 4:48.43 Azzahra Permatahani Indonesia 4:49.55 4×100 m freestyle relay  Singapore Quah Ting Wen (54.80) Quah Jing Wen (56.01) Cherlyn Yeoh (54.96) Amanda Lim (55.15) 3:40.92MR NR  PhilippinesRemedy Rule (56.39) Nicole Oliva (57.10) Xiandi Chua (57.84) Jasmine Alkhaldi (55.72) 3:47.05NR  ThailandKornkarnjana SapianchaiManita SathianchokwisanJenjira SrisaardNatthanan Junkrajang 3:48.30 4×200 m freestyle relay  SingaporeGan Ching Hwee (2:02.30) Quah Ting Wen (2:00.69) Quah Jing Wen (2:02.15) Christie Chue (2:01.86) 8:07.00MR NR  ThailandKornkarnjana Sapianchai (2:03.30) Kamonchanok Kwanmuang (2:05.18) Fonpray Yamsuan (2:03.90) Natthanan Junkrajang (1:59.50) 8:11.88NR  PhilippinesNicole Oliva (2:03.44) Jasmine Alkhaldi (2:04.28) Xiandi Chua (2:04.74) Remedy Rule (2:03.00) 8:15.46NR 4×100 m medley relay  SingaporeElena Lee (1:04.69) Christie Chue (1:08.05) Quah Jing Wen (59.35) Quah Ting Wen (54.96) 4:07.05MR NR  PhilippinesChloe Isleta (1:03.37) Desirae Mangaoang (1:10.77) Remedy Rule (1:00.75) Jasmine Alkhaldi (56.21) 4:11.10NR  ThailandSaovanee BoonamphaiNisha KijkanakornSupasuta SounthornchoteKornkarnjana Sapianchai 4:14.35 References ^ "Detailed Competition Schedule" (PDF). SEAGames PH 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019. External links SEAGames PH 2019 vteEvents at the 2019 SEA Games (Philippines) Aquatics Diving Open water Swimming Water polo Archery Arnis Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Beach handball Billiards and snooker Bowling Boxing Canoeing Chess Cycling Dancesport Duathlon Esports Fencing Figure skating Football Floorball Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Indoor hockey Judo Jujitsu Karate Kickboxing Kurash Lawn bowls Modern pentathlon Muay Thai Netball Obstacle racing Pencak silat Pétanque Polo Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Sambo Sepak takraw Shooting Short track speed skating Skateboarding Soft tennis Softball Squash Surfing Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Underwater hockey Volleyball Waterskiing Weightlifting Wrestling Wushu vteSwimming at the SEA Games 1959 1961 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_integrated_manufacturing

Computer-integrated manufacturing

["1 Overview","2 History","3 Topics","3.1 Key challenges","3.2 Subsystems","3.3 CIMOSA","4 Areas","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

Manufacturing controlled by computers This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Computer-integrated manufacturing" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Manufacturing Systems Integration Program, NIST 2008 Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each part. Manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing. Overview Computer-integrated manufacturing is used in automotive, aviation, space, and ship building industries. The term "computer-integrated manufacturing" is both a method of manufacturing and the name of a computer-automated system in which individual engineering, production, marketing, and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized. In a CIM system functional areas such as design, analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting, inventory control, and distribution are linked through the computer with factory floor functions such as materials handling and management, providing direct control and monitoring of all the operation. CIM is an example of the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in manufacturing. CIM implies that there are at least two computers exchanging information, e.g. the controller of an arm robot and a micro-controller. CIM is most useful where a high level of ICT is used in the company or facility, such as CAD/CAM systems, and the availability of process planning and its data. History The idea of "digital manufacturing" became prominent in the early 1970s, with the release of Dr. Joseph Harrington's book, Computer Integrated Manufacturing. However, it was not until 1984 when computer-integrated manufacturing began to be developed and promoted by machine tool manufacturers and the Computer and Automated Systems Association and Society of Manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME). "CIM is the integration of total manufacturing enterprise by using integrated systems and data communication coupled with new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and personnel efficiency." ERHUM In a literature research was shown that 37 different concepts of CIM were published, most of them from Germany and USA. In a timeline of the 37 publications it is possible to see how the CIM concept developed over time. Also it is quite markable how different the concepts of all publications are. Topics CIM & production control system: Computer Integrated Manufacturing is used to describe the complete automation of a manufacturing plant, with all processes running under computer control and digital information tying them together. Key challenges There are three major challenges to development of a smoothly operating computer-integrated manufacturing system: Integration of components from different suppliers: When different machines, such as CNC, conveyors and robots, are using different communications protocols (In the case of AGVs, even differing lengths of time for charging the batteries) may cause problems. Data integrity: The higher the degree of automation, the more critical is the integrity of the data used to control the machines. While the CIM system saves on labor of operating the machines, it requires extra human labor in ensuring that there are proper safeguards for the data signals that are used to control the machines. Process control: Computers may be used to assist the human operators of the manufacturing facility, but there must always be a competent engineer on hand to handle circumstances which could not be foreseen by the designers of the control software. Subsystems A computer-integrated manufacturing system is not the same as a "lights-out factory", which would run completely independent of human intervention, although it is a big step in that direction. Part of the system involves flexible manufacturing, where the factory can be quickly modified to produce different products, or where the volume of products can be changed quickly with the aid of computers. Some or all of the following subsystems may be found in a CIM operation: Computer-aided techniques: CAD (computer-aided design) CAE (computer-aided engineering) CAM (computer-aided manufacturing) CAPP (computer-aided process planning) CAQ (computer-aided quality assurance) PPC (production planning and control) ERP (enterprise resource planning) A business system integrated by a common database. Devices and equipment required: CNC, Computer numerical controlled machine tools DNC, Direct numerical control machine tools PLCs, Programmable logic controllers Robotics Computers Software Controllers Networks Interfacing Monitoring equipment Technologies: FMS, (flexible manufacturing system) ASRS, automated storage and retrieval system AGV, automated guided vehicle Robotics Automated conveyance systems Others: Lean manufacturing CIMOSA CIMOSA (Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture), is a 1990s European proposal for an open systems architecture for CIM developed by the AMICE Consortium as a series of ESPRIT projects. The goal of CIMOSA was "to help companies to manage change and integrate their facilities and operations to face world wide competition. It provides a consistent architectural framework for both enterprise modeling and enterprise integration as required in CIM environments". CIMOSA provides a solution for business integration with four types of products: The CIMOSA Enterprise Modeling Framework, which provides a reference architecture for enterprise architecture CIMOSA IIS, a standard for physical and application integration. CIMOSA Systems Life Cycle, is a life cycle model for CIM development and deployment. Inputs to standardization, basics for international standard development. CIMOSA according to Vernadat (1996), coined the term business process and introduced the process-based approach for integrated enterprise modeling based on a cross-boundaries approach, which opposed to traditional function or activity-based approaches. With CIMOSA also the concept of an "Open System Architecture" (OSA) for CIM was introduced, which was designed to be vendor-independent, and constructed with standardised CIM modules. Here to the OSA is "described in terms of their function, information, resource, and organizational aspects. This should be designed with structured engineering methods and made operational in a modular and evolutionary architecture for operational use". Areas There are multiple areas of usage: In Industrial and Production engineering In mechanical engineering In electronic design automation (printed circuit board (PCB) and integrated circuit design data for manufacturing) See also Direct numerical control Enterprise integration Enterprise resource planning Flexible manufacturing system Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing Integrated manufacturing database Manufacturing process management Product lifecycle management References ^ Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven (2006), Manufacturing engineering and technology (5th ed.), Prentice Hall, p. 1192, ISBN 978-7-302-12535-8. ^ Laplante, Phillip A. (2005), Comprehensive dictionary of electrical engineering (2nd ed.), CRC Press, p. 136, ISBN 978-0-8493-3086-5. ^ "Flexible Manufacturing Systems". 21 March 2017. ^ Saracoglu, B. O. (2011). "Identification of Technology Performance Criteria for CAD/CAM/CAE/CIM/CAL in Shipbuilding Industry". 2006 Technology Management for the Global Future - PICMET 2006 Conference. pp. 1635–1646. doi:10.1109/PICMET.2006.296739. ISBN 978-1-890843-14-4. S2CID 23963474. ^ http://www.simflow.net/publications/books/cimie-part1.pdf Archived 2020-10-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ Meudt, Tobias; Pohl, Malte; Metternich, Joachim (27 July 2017). "Modelle und Strategien zur Einführung des Computer Integrated Manufac-turing (CIM) – Ein Literaturüberblick". TU Prints: 36. ^ Waldner, Jean-Baptiste (September 1992). Principles of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. London: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 128–p132. ISBN 0-471-93450-X. ^ AMICE Consortium (1991). Open System Architecture for CIM, Research Report of ESPRIT Project 688, Vol. 1, Springer-Verlag, 1989. ^ AMICE Consortium (1991), Open System Architecture, CIMOSA, AD 1.0, Architecture Description, ESPRIT Consortium AMICE, Brussels, Belgium. ^ a b F. Vernadat (1996). Enterprise Modeling and Integration. p.40 ^ Richard C. Dorf, Andrew Kusiak (1994). Handbook of Design, Manufacturing, and Automation. p.1014 Further reading Yoram Koren Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems, McGraw Hill, Inc. 1983, 287 pp, ISBN 0-07-035341-7 Singh, V (1997). The Cim Debacle: Methodologies to Facilitate Software Interoperability. Springer. ISBN 981-3083-21-2. A. de Toni and S. Tonchia, Manufacturing Flexibility: a literature review International Journal of Production Research, 1998, vol. 36, no. 6, 1587–617. Jean-Baptiste Waldner (1992), Principles of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-93450-X Jean-Baptiste Waldner (1990), CIM, les nouvelles perspectives de la production, DUNOD- BORDAS, ISBN 978-2-04-019820-6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). cam-occ, a linux CAM program using OpenCASCADE International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing Authority control databases: National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NIST_Manufacturing_Systems_Integration_Program.jpg"},{"link_name":"NIST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST"},{"link_name":"computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Manufacturing Systems Integration Program, NIST 2008Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process.[1][2] This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each part. Manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing.[3]","title":"Computer-integrated manufacturing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive"},{"link_name":"aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saracoglu-4"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning"},{"link_name":"purchasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing"},{"link_name":"cost accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_accounting"},{"link_name":"inventory control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventory_control"},{"link_name":"materials handling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_handling"},{"link_name":"information and communication technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies"},{"link_name":"CAD/CAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAD/CAM"},{"link_name":"availability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability"}],"text":"Computer-integrated manufacturing is used in automotive, aviation, space, and ship building industries.[4]\nThe term \"computer-integrated manufacturing\" is both a method of manufacturing and the name of a computer-automated system in which individual engineering, production, marketing, and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized.\nIn a CIM system functional areas such as design, analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting, inventory control, and distribution are linked through the computer with factory floor functions such as materials handling and management, providing direct control and monitoring of all the operation.CIM is an example of the implementation of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in manufacturing.CIM implies that there are at least two computers exchanging information, e.g. the controller of an arm robot and a micro-controller.CIM is most useful where a high level of ICT is used in the company or facility, such as CAD/CAM systems, and the availability of process planning and its data.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Society of Manufacturing Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Manufacturing_Engineers"},{"link_name":"efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The idea of \"digital manufacturing\" became prominent in the early 1970s, with the release of Dr. Joseph Harrington's book, Computer Integrated Manufacturing.[5] However, it was not until 1984 when computer-integrated manufacturing began to be developed and promoted by machine tool manufacturers and the Computer and Automated Systems Association and Society of Manufacturing Engineers (CASA/SME).\"CIM is the integration of total manufacturing enterprise by using integrated systems and data communication coupled with new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and personnel efficiency.\" ERHUM\n\nIn a literature research was shown that 37 different concepts of CIM were published, most of them from Germany and USA. In a timeline of the 37 publications it is possible to see how the CIM concept developed over time. Also it is quite markable how different the concepts of all publications are.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer_Integrated_Manufacturing_control_system.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"CIM & production control system: Computer Integrated Manufacturing is used to describe the complete automation of a manufacturing plant, with all processes running under computer control and digital information tying them together.[7]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conveyors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conveyor"},{"link_name":"communications protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocols"},{"link_name":"AGVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Guided_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Data integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity"},{"link_name":"Process control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control"}],"sub_title":"Key challenges","text":"There are three major challenges to development of a smoothly operating computer-integrated manufacturing system:Integration of components from different suppliers: When different machines, such as CNC, conveyors and robots, are using different communications protocols (In the case of AGVs, even differing lengths of time for charging the batteries) may cause problems.\nData integrity: The higher the degree of automation, the more critical is the integrity of the data used to control the machines. While the CIM system saves on labor of operating the machines, it requires extra human labor in ensuring that there are proper safeguards for the data signals that are used to control the machines.\nProcess control: Computers may be used to assist the human operators of the manufacturing facility, but there must always be a competent engineer on hand to handle circumstances which could not be foreseen by the designers of the control software.","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"lights-out factory\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_out_(manufacturing)"},{"link_name":"flexible manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_manufacturing_system"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"computer-aided design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design"},{"link_name":"computer-aided engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_engineering"},{"link_name":"computer-aided manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"computer-aided process planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_process_planning"},{"link_name":"computer-aided quality assurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_quality_assurance"},{"link_name":"production planning and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_management_software"},{"link_name":"enterprise resource planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning"},{"link_name":"CNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNC"},{"link_name":"DNC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_numerical_control"},{"link_name":"PLCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot"},{"link_name":"Computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"Controllers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller"},{"link_name":"Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network"},{"link_name":"Interfacing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfacing"},{"link_name":"flexible manufacturing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_manufacturing_system"},{"link_name":"automated storage and retrieval system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_storage_and_retrieval_system"},{"link_name":"automated guided vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guided_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"Lean manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_manufacturing"}],"sub_title":"Subsystems","text":"A computer-integrated manufacturing system is not the same as a \"lights-out factory\", which would run completely independent of human intervention, although it is a big step in that direction. Part of the system involves flexible manufacturing, where the factory can be quickly modified to produce different products, or where the volume of products can be changed quickly with the aid of computers. Some or all of the following subsystems may be found in a CIM operation:Computer-aided techniques:CAD (computer-aided design)\nCAE (computer-aided engineering)\nCAM (computer-aided manufacturing)\nCAPP (computer-aided process planning)\nCAQ (computer-aided quality assurance)\nPPC (production planning and control)\nERP (enterprise resource planning)\nA business system integrated by a common database.Devices and equipment required:CNC, Computer numerical controlled machine tools\nDNC, Direct numerical control machine tools\nPLCs, Programmable logic controllers\nRobotics\nComputers\nSoftware\nControllers\nNetworks\nInterfacing\nMonitoring equipmentTechnologies:FMS, (flexible manufacturing system)\nASRS, automated storage and retrieval system\nAGV, automated guided vehicle\nRobotics\nAutomated conveyance systemsOthers:Lean manufacturing","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CIMOSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIMOSA"},{"link_name":"open systems architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_systems_architecture"},{"link_name":"AMICE Consortium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMICE_Consortium"},{"link_name":"ESPRIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Strategic_Program_on_Research_in_Information_Technology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"enterprise modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_modeling"},{"link_name":"enterprise integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_integration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vern96-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"enterprise architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture"},{"link_name":"business process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process"},{"link_name":"enterprise modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_modeling"},{"link_name":"function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_model"},{"link_name":"Open System Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_System_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"structured engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structured_engineering&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"evolutionary architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolutionary_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vern96-10"}],"sub_title":"CIMOSA","text":"CIMOSA (Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture), is a 1990s European proposal for an open systems architecture for CIM developed by the AMICE Consortium as a series of ESPRIT projects.[8][9] The goal of CIMOSA was \"to help companies to manage change and integrate their facilities and operations to face world wide competition. It provides a consistent architectural framework for both enterprise modeling and enterprise integration as required in CIM environments\".[10]CIMOSA provides a solution for business integration with four types of products:[11]The CIMOSA Enterprise Modeling Framework, which provides a reference architecture for enterprise architecture\nCIMOSA IIS, a standard for physical and application integration.\nCIMOSA Systems Life Cycle, is a life cycle model for CIM development and deployment.\nInputs to standardization, basics for international standard development.CIMOSA according to Vernadat (1996), coined the term business process and introduced the process-based approach for integrated enterprise modeling based on a cross-boundaries approach, which opposed to traditional function or activity-based approaches. With CIMOSA also the concept of an \"Open System Architecture\" (OSA) for CIM was introduced, which was designed to be vendor-independent, and constructed with standardised CIM modules. Here to the OSA is \"described in terms of their function, information, resource, and organizational aspects. This should be designed with structured engineering methods and made operational in a modular and evolutionary architecture for operational use\".[10]","title":"Topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial and Production engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_Production_engineering"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"electronic design automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_design_automation"},{"link_name":"printed circuit board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"integrated circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"}],"text":"There are multiple areas of usage:In Industrial and Production engineering\nIn mechanical engineering\nIn electronic design automation (printed circuit board (PCB) and integrated circuit design data for manufacturing)","title":"Areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-035341-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-035341-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"981-3083-21-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-3083-21-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-93450-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-93450-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-04-019820-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-04-019820-6"}],"text":"Yoram Koren Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems, McGraw Hill, Inc. 1983, 287 pp, ISBN 0-07-035341-7\nSingh, V (1997). The Cim Debacle: Methodologies to Facilitate Software Interoperability. Springer. ISBN 981-3083-21-2.\nA. de Toni and S. Tonchia, Manufacturing Flexibility: a literature review International Journal of Production Research, 1998, vol. 36, no. 6, 1587–617.\nJean-Baptiste Waldner (1992), Principles of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-93450-X\nJean-Baptiste Waldner (1990), CIM, les nouvelles perspectives de la production, DUNOD- BORDAS, ISBN 978-2-04-019820-6","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"title":"Direct numerical control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_numerical_control"},{"title":"Enterprise integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_integration"},{"title":"Enterprise resource planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planning"},{"title":"Flexible manufacturing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_manufacturing_system"},{"title":"Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Computer-Aided_Manufacturing"},{"title":"Integrated manufacturing database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_manufacturing_database"},{"title":"Manufacturing process management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_process_management"},{"title":"Product lifecycle management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_lifecycle_management"}]

[{"reference":"Kalpakjian, Serope; Schmid, Steven (2006), Manufacturing engineering and technology (5th ed.), Prentice Hall, p. 1192, ISBN 978-7-302-12535-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LRK59pGvDDwC","url_text":"Manufacturing engineering and technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-302-12535-8","url_text":"978-7-302-12535-8"}]},{"reference":"Laplante, Phillip A. (2005), Comprehensive dictionary of electrical engineering (2nd ed.), CRC Press, p. 136, ISBN 978-0-8493-3086-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_UBzZ4coYMkC","url_text":"Comprehensive dictionary of electrical engineering"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3086-5","url_text":"978-0-8493-3086-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Flexible Manufacturing Systems\". 21 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://industrialautomationguide.blogspot.com/2017/03/flexible-manufacturing-systems.html","url_text":"\"Flexible Manufacturing Systems\""}]},{"reference":"Saracoglu, B. O. (2011). \"Identification of Technology Performance Criteria for CAD/CAM/CAE/CIM/CAL in Shipbuilding Industry\". 2006 Technology Management for the Global Future - PICMET 2006 Conference. pp. 1635–1646. doi:10.1109/PICMET.2006.296739. ISBN 978-1-890843-14-4. S2CID 23963474.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPICMET.2006.296739","url_text":"10.1109/PICMET.2006.296739"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890843-14-4","url_text":"978-1-890843-14-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23963474","url_text":"23963474"}]},{"reference":"Meudt, Tobias; Pohl, Malte; Metternich, Joachim (27 July 2017). \"Modelle und Strategien zur Einführung des Computer Integrated Manufac-turing (CIM) – Ein Literaturüberblick\". TU Prints: 36.","urls":[{"url":"http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/6653/","url_text":"\"Modelle und Strategien zur Einführung des Computer Integrated Manufac-turing (CIM) – Ein Literaturüberblick\""}]},{"reference":"Waldner, Jean-Baptiste (September 1992). Principles of Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. London: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 128–p132. ISBN 0-471-93450-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Waldner","url_text":"Waldner, Jean-Baptiste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-93450-X","url_text":"0-471-93450-X"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbiten

Frostbite (2006 film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Special effects","5 Music","6 Release","7 Reception","8 Title","9 Analysis","10 Awards","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Frostbite" 2006 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2006 Swedish filmFrostbitenDirected byAnders BankeWritten byDaniel OjanlatvaProduced byGöran LindströmMagnus PaulssonStarringPetra NielsenGrete HavnesköldJonas KarlströmEmma ÅbergCinematographyChris MarisEdited byKiko C.C. SjöbergMusic byAnthony LledoProductioncompaniesSolid EntertainmentCinepost StudiosCinestar Production AB\Fido Film AB\Film i SkåneFilmpool NordMoviemakers Nord AB\Persson-Mothander FilmSvenska StuntgruppenYggdrasil ABDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date February 6, 2006 (2006-02-06) Running time98 minutesCountrySwedenLanguagesSwedishGermanBudget21 million kr Frostbite (Swedish: Frostbiten) is a 2006 Swedish comedy horror film directed by Anders Banke and written by Daniel Ojanlatva. The film takes place in a small town in northern Sweden during midwinter, making the environment perfect for vampires to hunt townspeople due to the cold weather and small amount of daily sunlight. It is Sweden's first vampire movie. Plot In 1944, during World War II in Ukraine, the remnants of the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking are fleeing from Red Army. They seek shelter in an abandoned cabin. As darkness falls, they are attacked by vampires inhabiting a hidden crypt under the cabin. In present-day Sweden, doctor Annika and her teenage daughter Saga are moving to a town in Lappland, so Annika can work close to the famous geneticist Gerhard Beckert. The polar night has begun, with one month until dawn, much to Saga's dismay. Saga finds a friend in the enigmatic goth girl Vega, who invites her to a party. Saga decides to go, having nothing better to do. At the local hospital, the medical student Sebastian finds some pills which Beckert has been using to treat a comatose patient. Sebastian thinks the pills are drugs and tries them. Rather than getting high, he starts to develop acute hearing and improved vision, is able to talk to dogs and tormented by extreme thirst. Vega shows up at Sebastian's house to pick up the drugs she paid him to provide for the party. Sebastian tells her he has forgotten to get them, but as Sebastian rushes to meet his girlfriend Cornelia's parents, Vega finds the pills and steals them. At the hospital, Annika looks after the coma patient, who suddenly bites her. Annika looks to Beckert for aid, but he knocks her unconscious when he realises what has happened. It turns out that Beckert is the last survivor of the massacred platoon who, after a showdown in the cabin, was left the only survivor along with a child vampire named Maria. Beckert brought Maria to northern Sweden with the intention to create a cure for vampirism, but he eventually changed direction to create a new species of human-vampire hybrids. The pills are capsules of vampire blood Beckert has used to covertly spread and study vampirism. Annika manages to free herself and fight off Beckert who turns into a monstrous vampire form. Annika drives a stake into Beckert's heart and runs him over with an ambulance, destroying him. Vega gives the pills to John, the party host, who consumes a pill. John puts the remainder in a bowl of punch to liven up the party, unwittingly infecting multiple guest including Vega. John eventually turns into a vampire and starts mauling his guests. As others succumb to vampirism, the party turns into a bloodbath. Saga hides in the basement, but is attacked by Vega. Saga manages to escape into the backyard, followed by Vega. Saga impales Vega on a garden gnome, who disgruntledly complains about her undignified death. The police arrive to investigate noise complaints (the neighbours mistake the vampires for drug users), and are soon overrun by the vampires. Saga is driven off in an ambulance as the vampires surround the police. John taunts them by saying Don't worry. This will be over any minute. Dawn is... just a month away! In the ambulance Saga encounters Maria who tells her that they will be sisters. As Saga looks to the driver seat she sees Annika looking back with red vampire eyes. Cast Grete Havnesköld – Saga Petra Nielsen – Annika Carl-Åke Eriksson – Professor Gerard Beckert Emma Åberg – Vega Jonas Karlström – Sebastian Per Löfberg - Young Beckert Mikael Göransson – Jacob Niklas Grönberg – John Nour El-Refai – Cornelia Måns Nathanaelson – Lucas Malin Vulcano – Ukrainian Vampire Aurora Roald – Maria Mikael Tornving – Policeman Isidor Torkar – Cornelia's Father Thomas Hedengran - Doctor Kristian Pehrsson - The Shape Elin Gustavsson - Coma Patient Production The first draft of Frostbiten was finished in 1998. Ander Banke and Magnus Paulsson had been trying to make a Swedish horror film for years but with little success, until a script by Daniel Ojanlatva was sent to them about vampires showing up in Norrland. Daniel Ojanlatva had grown up in Kiruna and thought it was just right to add vampires. Originally the film was set to be a Pulp Fiction-style movie with several stories and characters who went in and out of them. It was going to be called Something Wicked this Way Comes. Pidde Andersson joined the crew and did some work on the dialog and suggested the new title Frostbiten. The movie was mostly shot in Kalix in the winter of 2005 and the board scenes were shot in the Ystad Studios. Anthony Lledo, who had worked with Anders Banke before, was selected to write the score. The producers drew inspiration from vampire films such as The Lost Boys, Fright Night, The Fearless Vampire Killers and Peter Jackson's Bad Taste. Petra Nielsen was cast as Annika; she was always Banke's first choice for the part. Grete Havensköld, who had starred in Astrid Lindgren films as a child, was cast as Annika's daughter Saga. Per Löfberg had been in the hit romcom Ha ett underbart liv and in the cult film Evil Ed and was cast in a then-secret role, and Carl-Åke Eriksson had played small parts in several films and television series was cast as the professor. Most of the cast were selected in open auditions. The film was shot on Kinor cameras. The producers had trouble finding a distributor for the film until Hollywood studio Paramount Pictures took over DVD sales after seeing only the 20 first minutes of the film. In the promotion, mostly through the now defunct Beckert website, moviegoers were deceived that Gerhard Beckert would be the "Abraham van Helsing" of the film. Special effects Frostbiten was the most special-effects-heavy film ever made in Sweden at that time, and two companies were employed to handle them. Swedish effect company Fido Film and Ulitka Post, the same team who did special effects for Night Watch. The special effects were delayed as several of the animators were employed for Peter Jackson's King Kong. Ulitka Post created the opening title, removed wires and created the long, physically impossible take in the cabin scene. Fido Film and Kaj Steveman did all the creature design, created the different vampires, animated the talking mouths on the dogs and created the knife stabbings. CGI and practical effects were heavily mixed. The hideous supervampire that appears at the end was played by actor Kristian Pehrsson wearing a full body suit. The suit took over 6 weeks to make and Pehrsson was unable to defecate and to sit down while wearing it. His ears were glued tightly to his head and every inch of his body was covered in the tight foam latex suit. Over 300 fx shots are in the film, which was the Swedish record until Kenny Begins beat the record. Frostbite is currently the second most effects-heavy Swedish film of all time. Music The music was composed by Anthony Lledo, conducted by Allan Wilson and performed by the Slovak National Symphony Orchestra who later carried on their Swedish vampire legacy by performing the score of Let the Right One In. An album featuring much of the score is available on iTunes Store. The score was very well received by critics. Rue Morgue called it one of the most stirring horror soundtracks in recent years. Missing from the album is Tyomnaja Notch by Leonid Utyosov that is played over the opening credits. The name of the song means "Dark Night". Other than the score the soundtrack is mostly made up of Swedish pop- and rock-music, among those Millencolin, Luleå hardcore punk band Raised Fist, Langhorns, Quit Your Dayjob, Son Kite and then newcomers BWO. Diabolic Scheme by The Hives is played over the closing credits. Frostbiten: The SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Anthony LledoReleasedDecember 6, 2006GenreFilmscoreLength32 minutes LabelMovieScore Media Sweden) "War" 1:23 "Ukraine" 1944 0:53 "Abandoned Cabin" 1:34 "The Vampire" 2:08 "The Coffin" 3:35 "Saga" 0:31 "Stake Through The Heart" 0:48 "Talking Dog / The Kitchen" 2:03 "Rufus, Lord Of Evil" 0:30 "Beckert's Story" 4:48 "Sebastian's Transformation" 1:46 "Lamppost Lunch" 0:42 "You Are One of Us" 1:39 "They're All Dead / John Attacks" 1:43 "The Hunt" 2:19 "There You Are..." 0:56 "Like An X" 0:41 "Annika Stabs Beckert" 0:42 "Hit The Lights" 0:57 "Get The Hell Out Of Here" 0:41 "Maria" 0:45 "Frostbite Trailer" 1:01 Release The film opened at Gothenburg Film Festival on February 3, 2006. At the Cannes Film Festival, the movie was applauded, and sold for distribution to over 40 countries. According to the producers, and to director Anders Banke, Frostbiten became the first horror movie ever to be screened in North Korea. The movie was a big hit in Russia and launched Anders Banke's career in the Russian film industry. In 2020, Njutafilms released the film in Blu-ray in Sweden. Reception In Sweden the film was met with mediocre to negative reviews, with a few exceptions. The movie had average success at the box office in Sweden and seemed to be a failure. After Cannes, Frostbiten was by far the most popular Swedish movie on the foreign markets that year. Svenska Dagbladet gave the film a 3/6 score and praise the cinematography and special effects. Aftonbladet gave it a 3/5 score, calling it an enjoyable horror film. Expressen panned the film, calling it "a meaningless splatterfilm". Swedish film site Moviemix gave the film a 5/6, but said the film did not deliver the splatter climax he wanted at the end. A reviewer for the site Film Threat wrote, "Ever since Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Scream infiltrated the fear-film genre, something's been rotten in Transylvania. Playing horror for winking insider references and juvenile giggles, any real juice has been extracted from the cutting-edge school of cinema that spawned Re-Animator, Dead Alive, and Evil Dead, three brilliant examples of horror that combined ferocious splatter with truly inspired humor. In comparison, Frostbite is too little, too late." Göteborgs Posten gave the film another 3/5 score. as did Cinema and complained over the lack of a true character to the film. Film Forum on the other hand gave it a 4/5 score and cited it as a fresh. IGN gave it a 7 out of 10 score and said that, despite its shortcomings, it was very entertaining. The reviewer also pointed out that the setting was perfect and commented that the Swedish landscapes provided a wonderful backdrop for the movie's dark subject matter and that it looked beautiful in a very gruesome kind of way. The reception was better internationally; Bloody Disgusting gave the film 4/5, calling it a masterpiece, saying that the film had a strong cast, great special effects and the film the most enjoyable vampire film since the 80s, filling in: "The way the screenplay is written is fantastic, as you can see above the film has many plants that grow and flourish into one hell of a film". The horror site Eatmybrains.com gave it 4/5 stars and comments: "Banke’s film exhibits a laid back, droll sensibility perfectly in keeping with its national temperament, and has a unique deadpan sense of the comedic that perfectly complements the material without cheapening it". Film4 gave the film 3.5/5, saying that the wartime neutrality of Sweden theme and anxieties about migration (Becket dishonestly sneaking into Sweden and creating a master race) made the reviewer uncomfortable and it took away some of the fun. Most critics praised Emma Åberg's performance as Vega, saying that she stole every scene she was in. Jonas Karlström also received praise for his part as the unfortunate intern Sebastian and mentioned the scene where the newly vampiric Sebastian meet Cornelia's priest father and is served garlic-braised trout as one of the film's strongest and funniest moments. Frostbiten won the best film award at Fantasporto and collected the several awards at Screamfest. Snarkerati ranked this Frostbite as the 43rd best vampire film based on critic rating statistics and on December 26, 2012 IMDb listed Frostbite as the fourth most popular Swedish horror title. Title The title is an obvious play on frostbite, because the movie takes place in a frozen environment and features vampires who bite people. The original title was Something Wicked This Way Comes after the famous Shakespearean quote. The producers liked the Swedish title Frostbiten more since it was more international, and they could create its English-language title by simply removing the final letter. Teasers and trailers on film festivals therefore wore the name Frostbite. However, it was only called Frostbite in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the movie is called Frostbitten, which is a more precise translation of the original title. Analysis In an analysis of Swedish genre films such as Storm (2005; Swedish title: Tempestade) and Kenny Begins (2009) by Dan Sjöström, Frosbite is discussed in detail. He describes the vampires of Frostbite as representing several different types appearing in the genre; Beckert is in one way the stereotypical mad scientist, but is also a loner vampire in the style of Nosferatu, residing in his castle (in this case the rundown town hospital). He describes the teen vampires as a more sadistic and brutal breed of the undead, an anarchist and aggressive pack straight out of The Lost Boys. Sjöström notes that, rather than joking away the horror, horror and comedy are wrapped tightly together, as in the scene where Saga walks into the aftermath of the bloodbath and encounters John, who laughs grimly at her with a helium voice, or as in the film's infamous "gnome-scene". He lays weight on the fact that, while following traditional vampire mythology closely, the film puts it into context with modern Sweden. In the spirit of Swedish secularism, the priest role in the film is reduced. He argues that if the film had been made in a more religious country, the priest would have been a main character, who would have provided information about the vampires and lead the fight against them. Instead, the teens know everything about vampires and are just surprised that they are real, rather than confused what to do. The filmmakers trust that the audience, much like the teens, know about vampires, so that information on how to fight vampires is obsolete. Sarah Clyne Sundberg of Sweden.se suggested that the film possibly reflected unprocessed Swedish war guilt. She also mentioned that the film had some great visual and verbal puns and described it as good old-fashioned gore fest. Film4 read the film in a similar way, stating: (B)uried somewhere amidst the monstrous transformations and belly laughs is an uncomfortable critique of Sweden's much-vaunted wartime neutrality, and her current anxieties about immigration. For this is the tale of a Nazi soldier finding refuge in Sweden with surprising ease, and continuing unchecked in a eugenics programme of his own (with bloodsuckers as the new master race) - and the locals either fail to notice what's happening in their midst or else fall in line with alarming gusto. Frostbite is analysed along with Let the Right One In in the book New Vampire Cinema. Awards Best Film Fantasporto 2006 Best Score Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006 Best Makeup Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006 Best Special Effects Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006 Special Mention Cinénygma Intl Film Festival 2006 Special Mention for Special Effects Ravenna Nightmare Film Fest 2006 Frostbite was not nominated for any Guldbagge Award. However, awards for best visual effects, make-up and music had not been introduced in 2006. See also 30 Days of Night Vampire film References ^ a b Doughton, KJ (June 7, 2006). "Frostbite". Film Threat. Retrieved February 7, 2013. ^ "Frostbitten (2006) - IMDb" – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Hisnande, blodigt filmäventyr - Nöje - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dyg…". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. ^ "Nu flödar blodet i svensk film". Sydsvenskan. ^ "Symphonic Swede - Mania.com". Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-03. ^ "Frostbite". Golden Scores. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ elwood. "Thread | Filmz". Filmz.dk. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ "Rue Morgue - Issue 65 - March 2007". Kqek.com. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ Banke, Anders (October 6, 2006). " Frosbite (Adam Frey)". Konvas. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. I just got back from the Pyongyang International Film Festival, where Frostbite was the first horror film ever to screen in a North Korean cinema! An incredible experience. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is a country like no other, and the same goes for their film festival. Frostbite is a horror comedy, more funny than scary, but as the comedy elements are often related to popular culture references not present in North Korea, most of the comedy was sort of lost on them, whereas - due to the majority of the audience never having seen a horror film before - the horror elements certainly got a reaction, with 40 year old party officials screaming like little children... ^ ^ Publicerad (2006-02-23). "Recension: Frostbiten (Film) | SvD". Svenska Dagbladet. Svd.se. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ "Aftonbladet: Aftonbladet recensioner: Film". .aftonbladet.se. 2006-02-24. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ Jonas Crambyjonas.cramby@expressen.se (2006-02-22). ""Frostbiten" | Film | Expressen". Expressen.se. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ "Moviemix - En amatörs recensioner". Moviemix.nu. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ "Frostbiten: 3 fyrar - Film - Göteborgs-Posten". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2013-03-20. ^ "Frostbiten » CINEMA". Archived from the original on 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2013-03-20. ^ "Frostbiten (DVD) - Filmforum.se". Archived from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2013-03-20. ^ Ciampaglia, Brandon (18 October 2007). "Frostbitten DVD Review". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ "Frostbitten (V) | | Bloody DisgustingBloody Disgusting". bloody-disgusting.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022. ^ "EAT MY BRAINS - Frostbite (Frostbiten) Review". www.eatmybrains.com. ^ "All 4 Homepage". Film4.com. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ "Top 70 Vampire Movies of All Time". Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-09-20. ^ Sjöström, Dan (2012). Kenny Begins, Frostbiten, Storm: Resultat av åldrande Genrer och Växande Filmproduktion. Gävle: Gävle University College, Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi. ^ "Kenny Begins, Frostbiten, Storm : resultat av åldrande genrer och växande filmproduktion". Hig.diva-portal.org. 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2020-03-15. ^ "Frostbite | Film blog Sweden". Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2012-09-20. ^ "Frostbiten (2006) - SFdb". Sfi.se. Retrieved 2020-03-15. External links Official website (defunct) Frostbiten at IMDb Official UK Myspace

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"comedy horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_horror"},{"link_name":"Anders Banke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Banke"},{"link_name":"northern Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrland"},{"link_name":"midwinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwinter"},{"link_name":"vampires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-threat-1"}],"text":"2006 Swedish filmFrostbite (Swedish: Frostbiten) is a 2006 Swedish comedy horror film directed by Anders Banke and written by Daniel Ojanlatva. The film takes place in a small town in northern Sweden during midwinter, making the environment perfect for vampires to hunt townspeople due to the cold weather and small amount of daily sunlight. It is Sweden's first vampire movie.[1]","title":"Frostbite (2006 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"5th SS Panzer Division Wiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"vampires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampires"},{"link_name":"Lappland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"polar night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_night"},{"link_name":"goth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goth_fashion"},{"link_name":"new species of human-vampire hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_race"}],"text":"In 1944, during World War II in Ukraine, the remnants of the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking are fleeing from Red Army. They seek shelter in an abandoned cabin. As darkness falls, they are attacked by vampires inhabiting a hidden crypt under the cabin.In present-day Sweden, doctor Annika and her teenage daughter Saga are moving to a town in Lappland, so Annika can work close to the famous geneticist Gerhard Beckert. The polar night has begun, with one month until dawn, much to Saga's dismay.Saga finds a friend in the enigmatic goth girl Vega, who invites her to a party. Saga decides to go, having nothing better to do. At the local hospital, the medical student Sebastian finds some pills which Beckert has been using to treat a comatose patient. Sebastian thinks the pills are drugs and tries them. Rather than getting high, he starts to develop acute hearing and improved vision, is able to talk to dogs and tormented by extreme thirst. Vega shows up at Sebastian's house to pick up the drugs she paid him to provide for the party. Sebastian tells her he has forgotten to get them, but as Sebastian rushes to meet his girlfriend Cornelia's parents, Vega finds the pills and steals them.At the hospital, Annika looks after the coma patient, who suddenly bites her. Annika looks to Beckert for aid, but he knocks her unconscious when he realises what has happened. It turns out that Beckert is the last survivor of the massacred platoon who, after a showdown in the cabin, was left the only survivor along with a child vampire named Maria. Beckert brought Maria to northern Sweden with the intention to create a cure for vampirism, but he eventually changed direction to create a new species of human-vampire hybrids. The pills are capsules of vampire blood Beckert has used to covertly spread and study vampirism. Annika manages to free herself and fight off Beckert who turns into a monstrous vampire form. Annika drives a stake into Beckert's heart and runs him over with an ambulance, destroying him.Vega gives the pills to John, the party host, who consumes a pill. John puts the remainder in a bowl of punch to liven up the party, unwittingly infecting multiple guest including Vega. John eventually turns into a vampire and starts mauling his guests. As others succumb to vampirism, the party turns into a bloodbath. Saga hides in the basement, but is attacked by Vega. Saga manages to escape into the backyard, followed by Vega. Saga impales Vega on a garden gnome, who disgruntledly complains about her undignified death. The police arrive to investigate noise complaints (the neighbours mistake the vampires for drug users), and are soon overrun by the vampires. Saga is driven off in an ambulance as the vampires surround the police. John taunts them by saying Don't worry. This will be over any minute. Dawn is... just a month away!In the ambulance Saga encounters Maria who tells her that they will be sisters. As Saga looks to the driver seat she sees Annika looking back with red vampire eyes.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grete Havnesköld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Havnesk%C3%B6ld"},{"link_name":"Petra Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Carl-Åke Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-%C3%85ke_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"Emma Åberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_%C3%85berg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jonas Karlström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Karlstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Per Löfberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_L%C3%B6fberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mikael Göransson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_G%C3%B6ransson"},{"link_name":"Niklas Grönberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Gr%C3%B6nberg"},{"link_name":"Nour El-Refai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour_El-Refai"},{"link_name":"Måns Nathanaelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ns_Nathanaelson"},{"link_name":"Malin Vulcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malin_Levanon"},{"link_name":"Mikael Tornving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_Tornving"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hedengran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hedengran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Grete Havnesköld – Saga\nPetra Nielsen – Annika\nCarl-Åke Eriksson – Professor Gerard Beckert\nEmma Åberg – Vega\nJonas Karlström – Sebastian\nPer Löfberg - Young Beckert\nMikael Göransson – Jacob\nNiklas Grönberg – John\nNour El-Refai – Cornelia\nMåns Nathanaelson – Lucas\nMalin Vulcano – Ukrainian Vampire\nAurora Roald – Maria\nMikael Tornving – Policeman\nIsidor Torkar – Cornelia's Father\nThomas Hedengran - Doctor\nKristian Pehrsson - The Shape\nElin Gustavsson - Coma Patient[2]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norrland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrland"},{"link_name":"Kiruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiruna"},{"link_name":"Pulp Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulp_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Kalix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalix"},{"link_name":"Anthony Lledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Lledo"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"Fright Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fright_Night"},{"link_name":"The Fearless Vampire Killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fearless_Vampire_Killers"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Bad Taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Taste"},{"link_name":"Petra Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Astrid Lindgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrid_Lindgren"},{"link_name":"Per Löfberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_L%C3%B6fberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"romcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Evil Ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Ed"},{"link_name":"Kinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinor"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Abraham van Helsing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_van_Helsing"}],"text":"The first draft of Frostbiten was finished in 1998. Ander Banke and Magnus Paulsson had been trying to make a Swedish horror film for years but with little success, until a script by Daniel Ojanlatva was sent to them about vampires showing up in Norrland. Daniel Ojanlatva had grown up in Kiruna and thought it was just right to add vampires. Originally the film was set to be a Pulp Fiction-style movie with several stories and characters who went in and out of them. It was going to be called Something Wicked this Way Comes. Pidde Andersson joined the crew and did some work on the dialog and suggested the new title Frostbiten. The movie was mostly shot in Kalix in the winter of 2005 and the board scenes were shot in the Ystad Studios. Anthony Lledo, who had worked with Anders Banke before, was selected to write the score. The producers drew inspiration from vampire films such as The Lost Boys, Fright Night, The Fearless Vampire Killers and Peter Jackson's Bad Taste.Petra Nielsen was cast as Annika; she was always Banke's first choice for the part. Grete Havensköld, who had starred in Astrid Lindgren films as a child, was cast as Annika's daughter Saga. Per Löfberg had been in the hit romcom Ha ett underbart liv and in the cult film Evil Ed and was cast in a then-secret role, and Carl-Åke Eriksson had played small parts in several films and television series was cast as the professor. Most of the cast were selected in open auditions. The film was shot on Kinor cameras.The producers had trouble finding a distributor for the film until Hollywood studio Paramount Pictures took over DVD sales after seeing only the 20 first minutes of the film.[3]In the promotion, mostly through the now defunct Beckert website, moviegoers were deceived that Gerhard Beckert would be the \"Abraham van Helsing\" of the film.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Night Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Watch_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Jackson"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"Kaj Steveman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaj_Steveman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kenny Begins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Begins"}],"text":"Frostbiten was the most special-effects-heavy film ever made in Sweden at that time, and two companies were employed to handle them. Swedish effect company Fido Film and Ulitka Post, the same team who did special effects for Night Watch. The special effects were delayed as several of the animators were employed for Peter Jackson's King Kong. Ulitka Post created the opening title, removed wires and created the long, physically impossible take in the cabin scene. Fido Film and Kaj Steveman did all the creature design, created the different vampires, animated the talking mouths on the dogs and created the knife stabbings. CGI and practical effects were heavily mixed. The hideous supervampire that appears at the end was played by actor Kristian Pehrsson wearing a full body suit. The suit took over 6 weeks to make and Pehrsson was unable to defecate and to sit down while wearing it.[4] His ears were glued tightly to his head and every inch of his body was covered in the tight foam latex suit. Over 300 fx shots are in the film, which was the Swedish record until Kenny Begins beat the record. Frostbite is currently the second most effects-heavy Swedish film of all time.","title":"Special effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anthony Lledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Lledo"},{"link_name":"Allan Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allan_Wilson_(conductor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slovak National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovak_National_Symphony_Orchestra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Let the Right One In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_the_Right_One_In_(film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rue Morgue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_Morgue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tyomnaja Notch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyomnaja_Notch"},{"link_name":"Leonid Utyosov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Utyosov"},{"link_name":"Millencolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millencolin"},{"link_name":"Luleå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Raised Fist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raised_Fist"},{"link_name":"Langhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langhorns"},{"link_name":"Quit Your Dayjob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_Your_Dayjob"},{"link_name":"Son Kite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Kite"},{"link_name":"BWO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWO_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Hives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hives"}],"text":"The music was composed by Anthony Lledo, conducted by Allan Wilson and performed by the Slovak National Symphony Orchestra who later carried on their Swedish vampire legacy by performing the score of Let the Right One In. An album featuring much of the score is available on iTunes Store. The score was very well received by critics.[5][6][7] Rue Morgue called it one of the most stirring horror soundtracks in recent years.[8]Missing from the album is Tyomnaja Notch by Leonid Utyosov that is played over the opening credits. The name of the song means \"Dark Night\". Other than the score the soundtrack is mostly made up of Swedish pop- and rock-music, among those Millencolin, Luleå hardcore punk band Raised Fist, Langhorns, Quit Your Dayjob, Son Kite and then newcomers BWO. Diabolic Scheme by The Hives is played over the closing credits.\"War\" 1:23\n\"Ukraine\" 1944 0:53\n\"Abandoned Cabin\" 1:34\n\"The Vampire\" 2:08\n\"The Coffin\" 3:35\n\"Saga\" 0:31\n\"Stake Through The Heart\" 0:48\n\"Talking Dog / The Kitchen\" 2:03\n\"Rufus, Lord Of Evil\" 0:30\n\"Beckert's Story\" 4:48\n\"Sebastian's Transformation\" 1:46\n\"Lamppost Lunch\" 0:42\n\"You Are One of Us\" 1:39\n\"They're All Dead / John Attacks\" 1:43\n\"The Hunt\" 2:19\n\"There You Are...\" 0:56\n\"Like An X\" 0:41\n\"Annika Stabs Beckert\" 0:42\n\"Hit The Lights\" 0:57\n\"Get The Hell Out Of Here\" 0:41\n\"Maria\" 0:45\n\"Frostbite Trailer\" 1:01","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothenburg Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Njutafilms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Njutafilms&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"}],"text":"The film opened at Gothenburg Film Festival on February 3, 2006. At the Cannes Film Festival, the movie was applauded, and sold for distribution to over 40 countries. According to the producers, and to director Anders Banke, Frostbiten became the first horror movie ever to be screened in North Korea.[9] The movie was a big hit in Russia and launched Anders Banke's career in the Russian film industry.[10] In 2020, Njutafilms released the film in Blu-ray in Sweden.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Svenska Dagbladet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Expressen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scream_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"winking insider references","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-joke"},{"link_name":"Re-Animator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Animator"},{"link_name":"Dead Alive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braindead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Evil Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Dead_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-threat-1"},{"link_name":"Göteborgs Posten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6teborgs_Posten&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Bloody Disgusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eatmybrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eatmybrains&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Film4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Fantasporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasporto"},{"link_name":"Screamfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamfest"},{"link_name":"Snarkerati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snarkerati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb"}],"text":"In Sweden the film was met with mediocre to negative reviews, with a few exceptions. The movie had average success at the box office in Sweden and seemed to be a failure.[citation needed] After Cannes, Frostbiten was by far the most popular Swedish movie on the foreign markets that year.Svenska Dagbladet gave the film a 3/6 score and praise the cinematography and special effects.[11] Aftonbladet gave it a 3/5 score, calling it an enjoyable horror film.[12] Expressen panned the film, calling it \"a meaningless splatterfilm\".[13] Swedish film site Moviemix gave the film a 5/6, but said the film did not deliver the splatter climax he wanted at the end.[14] A reviewer for the site Film Threat wrote, \"Ever since Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Scream infiltrated the fear-film genre, something's been rotten in Transylvania. Playing horror for winking insider references and juvenile giggles, any real juice has been extracted from the cutting-edge school of cinema that spawned Re-Animator, Dead Alive, and Evil Dead, three brilliant examples of horror that combined ferocious splatter with truly inspired humor. In comparison, Frostbite is too little, too late.\"[1] Göteborgs Posten gave the film another 3/5 score.[15] as did Cinema and complained over the lack of a true character to the film.[16] Film Forum on the other hand gave it a 4/5 score and cited it as a fresh.[17]IGN gave it a 7 out of 10 score and said that, despite its shortcomings, it was very entertaining. The reviewer also pointed out that the setting was perfect and commented that the Swedish landscapes provided a wonderful backdrop for the movie's dark subject matter and that it looked beautiful in a very gruesome kind of way.[18]The reception was better internationally; Bloody Disgusting gave the film 4/5, calling it a masterpiece, saying that the film had a strong cast, great special effects and the film the most enjoyable vampire film since the 80s, filling in: \"The way the screenplay is written is fantastic, as you can see above the film has many plants that grow and flourish into one hell of a film\".[19] The horror site Eatmybrains.com gave it 4/5 stars and comments: \"Banke’s film exhibits a laid back, droll sensibility perfectly in keeping with its national temperament, and has a unique deadpan sense of the comedic that perfectly complements the material without cheapening it\".[20] Film4 gave the film 3.5/5, saying that the wartime neutrality of Sweden theme and anxieties about migration (Becket dishonestly sneaking into Sweden and creating a master race) made the reviewer uncomfortable and it took away some of the fun.[21]Most critics praised Emma Åberg's performance as Vega, saying that she stole every scene she was in. Jonas Karlström also received praise for his part as the unfortunate intern Sebastian and mentioned the scene where the newly vampiric Sebastian meet Cornelia's priest father and is served garlic-braised trout as one of the film's strongest and funniest moments.Frostbiten won the best film award at Fantasporto and collected the several awards at Screamfest.Snarkerati ranked this Frostbite as the 43rd best vampire film based on critic rating statistics[22] and on December 26, 2012 IMDb listed Frostbite as the fourth most popular Swedish horror title.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"link_name":"famous Shakespearean quote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_wicked_this_way_comes_(phrase)"}],"text":"The title is an obvious play on frostbite, because the movie takes place in a frozen environment and features vampires who bite people. The original title was Something Wicked This Way Comes after the famous Shakespearean quote. The producers liked the Swedish title Frostbiten more since it was more international, and they could create its English-language title by simply removing the final letter. Teasers and trailers on film festivals therefore wore the name Frostbite. However, it was only called Frostbite in the United Kingdom. In the United States, the movie is called Frostbitten, which is a more precise translation of the original title.","title":"Title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"mad scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_scientist"},{"link_name":"Nosferatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Orlok"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"secularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Sweden.se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweden.se&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Film4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film4"}],"text":"In an analysis of Swedish genre films such as Storm (2005; Swedish title: Tempestade) and Kenny Begins (2009) by Dan Sjöström, Frosbite is discussed in detail.[23] He describes the vampires of Frostbite as representing several different types appearing in the genre; Beckert is in one way the stereotypical mad scientist, but is also a loner vampire in the style of Nosferatu, residing in his castle (in this case the rundown town hospital). He describes the teen vampires as a more sadistic and brutal breed of the undead, an anarchist and aggressive pack straight out of The Lost Boys.Sjöström notes that, rather than joking away the horror, horror and comedy are wrapped tightly together, as in the scene where Saga walks into the aftermath of the bloodbath and encounters John, who laughs grimly at her with a helium voice, or as in the film's infamous \"gnome-scene\".He lays weight on the fact that, while following traditional vampire mythology closely, the film puts it into context with modern Sweden. In the spirit of Swedish secularism, the priest role in the film is reduced. He argues that if the film had been made in a more religious country, the priest would have been a main character, who would have provided information about the vampires and lead the fight against them. Instead, the teens know everything about vampires and are just surprised that they are real, rather than confused what to do. The filmmakers trust that the audience, much like the teens, know about vampires, so that information on how to fight vampires is obsolete.\n[24]Sarah Clyne Sundberg of Sweden.se suggested that the film possibly reflected unprocessed Swedish war guilt.[25] She also mentioned that the film had some great visual and verbal puns and described it as good old-fashioned gore fest. Film4 read the film in a similar way, stating: (B)uried somewhere amidst the monstrous transformations and belly laughs is an uncomfortable critique of Sweden's much-vaunted wartime neutrality, and her current anxieties about immigration. For this is the tale of a Nazi soldier finding refuge in Sweden with surprising ease, and continuing unchecked in a eugenics programme of his own (with bloodsuckers as the new master race) - and the locals either fail to notice what's happening in their midst or else fall in line with alarming gusto.Frostbite is analysed along with Let the Right One In in the book New Vampire Cinema.","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fantasporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasporto"},{"link_name":"Screamfest Horror Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamfest_Horror_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Screamfest Horror Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamfest_Horror_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Screamfest Horror Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screamfest_Horror_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Cinénygma Intl Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cin%C3%A9nygma_Intl_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ravenna Nightmare Film Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_Nightmare_Film_Fest&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Guldbagge Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldbagge_Award"}],"text":"Best Film Fantasporto 2006\nBest Score Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006\nBest Makeup Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006\nBest Special Effects Screamfest Horror Film Festival 2006\nSpecial Mention Cinénygma Intl Film Festival 2006\nSpecial Mention for Special Effects Ravenna Nightmare Film Fest 2006[26]Frostbite was not nominated for any Guldbagge Award. However, awards for best visual effects, make-up and music had not been introduced in 2006.","title":"Awards"}]

[]

[{"title":"30 Days of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_Days_of_Night_(film)"},{"title":"Vampire film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_film"}]

[{"reference":"Doughton, KJ (June 7, 2006). \"Frostbite\". Film Threat. Retrieved February 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmthreat.com/reviews/9047/","url_text":"\"Frostbite\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Threat","url_text":"Film Threat"}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbitten (2006) - IMDb\" – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0454457/fullcredits","url_text":"\"Frostbitten (2006) - IMDb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hisnande, blodigt filmäventyr - Nöje - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dyg…\". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120525095359/http://www.ystadsallehanda.se/kultur-och-noje/noje/article701973/Hisnande-blodigt-filmaumlventyr.html","url_text":"\"Hisnande, blodigt filmäventyr - Nöje - Ystads Allehanda - Nyheter dyg…\""},{"url":"http://www.ystadsallehanda.se/kultur-och-noje/noje/article701973/Hisnande-blodigt-filmaumlventyr.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nu flödar blodet i svensk film\". Sydsvenskan.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydsvenskan.se/2005-04-29/nu-flodar-blodet-i-svensk-film","url_text":"\"Nu flödar blodet i svensk film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Symphonic Swede - Mania.com\". Archived from the original on 2012-09-26. Retrieved 2012-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120926161546/http://www.mania.com/symphonic-swede_article_53112.html","url_text":"\"Symphonic Swede - Mania.com\""},{"url":"http://www.mania.com/symphonic-swede_article_53112.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbite\". Golden Scores. Archived from the original on 2010-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101125220841/http://www.goldenscores.com/?a=features&m=modern_scores&id=39","url_text":"\"Frostbite\""}]},{"reference":"elwood. \"Thread | Filmz\". Filmz.dk. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmz.dk/artikler/soundtracks-varme-tv-stjerner-og-kolde-bid","url_text":"\"Thread | Filmz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rue Morgue - Issue 65 - March 2007\". Kqek.com. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kqek.com/mrh_cv/rue_morgue/RM_Mar_07.htm","url_text":"\"Rue Morgue - Issue 65 - March 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Banke, Anders (October 6, 2006). \"[Konvas] Frosbite (Adam Frey)\". Konvas. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013. I just got back from the Pyongyang International Film Festival, where Frostbite was the first horror film ever to screen in a North Korean cinema! An incredible experience. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is a country like no other, and the same goes for their film festival. Frostbite is a horror comedy, more funny than scary, but as the comedy elements are often related to popular culture references not present in North Korea, most of the comedy was sort of lost on them, whereas - due to the majority of the audience never having seen a horror film before - the horror elements certainly got a reaction, with 40 year old party officials screaming like little children...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Banke","url_text":"Banke, Anders"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130415072641/http://konvas.org/pipermail/cinema_konvas.org/2006-October/000387.html","url_text":"\"[Konvas] Frosbite (Adam Frey)\""},{"url":"http://konvas.org/pipermail/cinema_konvas.org/2006-October/000387.html","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_International_Film_Festival","url_text":"Pyongyang International Film Festival"}]},{"reference":"Publicerad (2006-02-23). \"Recension: Frostbiten (Film) | SvD\". Svenska Dagbladet. Svd.se. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.svd.se/kultur/film/frostbiten_23861.svd","url_text":"\"Recension: Frostbiten (Film) | SvD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aftonbladet: Aftonbladet recensioner: Film\". .aftonbladet.se. 2006-02-24. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://wwwc.aftonbladet.se/puls/film/recension/0,1300,2000050244,00.html","url_text":"\"Aftonbladet: Aftonbladet recensioner: Film\""}]},{"reference":"Jonas Crambyjonas.cramby@expressen.se (2006-02-22). \"\"Frostbiten\" | Film | Expressen\". Expressen.se. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.expressen.se/noje/recensioner/film/frostbiten/","url_text":"\"\"Frostbiten\" | Film | Expressen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moviemix - En amatörs recensioner\". Moviemix.nu. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.moviemix.nu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=37:film&id=3852&Itemid=131","url_text":"\"Moviemix - En amatörs recensioner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbiten: 3 fyrar - Film - Göteborgs-Posten\". Archived from the original on 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2013-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131017230541/http://www.gp.se/kulturnoje/film/1.69458-frostbiten-3-fyrar","url_text":"\"Frostbiten: 3 fyrar - Film - Göteborgs-Posten\""},{"url":"http://www.gp.se/kulturnoje/film/1.69458-frostbiten-3-fyrar","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbiten » CINEMA\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-27. Retrieved 2013-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100827153700/http://www.cinema.se/recensioner/frostbiten","url_text":"\"Frostbiten » CINEMA\""},{"url":"http://www.cinema.se/recensioner/frostbiten","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbiten (DVD) - Filmforum.se\". Archived from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2013-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130418061102/http://www.filmforum.se/recensioner/dvd/frostbiten-1.466213.html","url_text":"\"Frostbiten (DVD) - Filmforum.se\""},{"url":"http://www.filmforum.se/recensioner/dvd/frostbiten-1.466213.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ciampaglia, Brandon (18 October 2007). \"Frostbitten DVD Review\". IGN. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2007/10/18/frostbitten-dvd-review","url_text":"\"Frostbitten DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbitten (V) | | Bloody DisgustingBloody Disgusting\". bloody-disgusting.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707111619/http://bloody-disgusting.com/film/110233/frostbitten-v/?tab=bd-review","url_text":"\"Frostbitten (V) | | Bloody DisgustingBloody Disgusting\""},{"url":"http://bloody-disgusting.com/film/110233/frostbitten-v/?tab=bd-review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EAT MY BRAINS - Frostbite (Frostbiten) Review\". www.eatmybrains.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eatmybrains.com/showreview.php?id=230","url_text":"\"EAT MY BRAINS - Frostbite (Frostbiten) Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"All 4 Homepage\". Film4.com. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.film4.com/reviews/2006/frostbite","url_text":"\"All 4 Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 70 Vampire Movies of All Time\". Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006120729/http://snarkerati.com/movie-news/top-70-vampire-movies-of-all-time/","url_text":"\"Top 70 Vampire Movies of All Time\""},{"url":"http://snarkerati.com/movie-news/top-70-vampire-movies-of-all-time/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sjöström, Dan (2012). Kenny Begins, Frostbiten, Storm: Resultat av åldrande Genrer och Växande Filmproduktion. Gävle: Gävle University College, Akademin för utbildning och ekonomi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle_University_College","url_text":"Gävle University College"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenny Begins, Frostbiten, Storm : resultat av åldrande genrer och växande filmproduktion\". Hig.diva-portal.org. 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://hig.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:478446","url_text":"\"Kenny Begins, Frostbiten, Storm : resultat av åldrande genrer och växande filmproduktion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbite | Film blog Sweden\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2012-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100831061418/http://blogs.sweden.se/film/2010/04/25/frostbite/","url_text":"\"Frostbite | Film blog Sweden\""},{"url":"http://blogs.sweden.se/film/2010/04/25/frostbite/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frostbiten (2006) - SFdb\". Sfi.se. Retrieved 2020-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfi.se/sv/svensk-filmdatabas/Item/?itemid=60335&type=MOVIE&iv=Awards","url_text":"\"Frostbiten (2006) - SFdb\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Verco

Joseph Verco

["1 Early years","2 Medical career","3 Scientific interests","4 Legacy","5 References"]

Australian physician and conchologist (1851–1933) Sir Joseph Cooke Verco (1919) Sir Joseph Cooke Verco (1 August 1851 – 26 July 1933) was an Australian physician and conchologist. Early years Verco, born at Fullarton, South Australia, was a son of James Crabb Verco. Both his parents came from Cornwall, UK. He was educated at the J. L. Young's Adelaide Educational Institution, and after spending a year in the South Australian Railways, intending to become a civil engineer, he decided to take up medicine. As he wished to matriculate at the University of London, he found it necessary to do more work in classics and spent a year at St Peter's College, Adelaide for this purpose. At that school he won the Young exhibition, awarded to the best scholar of the year, and then went to London at the beginning of 1870. He obtained his M.R.C.S. in 1874; M.B. in 1875, with scholarship and the gold medals for forensic medicine and medicine; L.R.C.P. in 1875; B.S., with scholarship and gold medal; M.D.; and F.R.C.S. – all in London in 1876. Verco was one of the most brilliant students of his time and a successful career in London was open to him. Medical career Verco was appointed house physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1876, and midwifery assistant in 1877. In 1878 he returned to Adelaide. After a few years of general practice at Adelaide, Verco became recognized as its leading physician, and led a very busy life. From 1882 to 1912 he was honorary physician to the Adelaide hospital, and then honorary consulting physician. In 1898, Samuel Barbour sold his X-ray apparatus for £120 to Verco. He was for several years honorary physician to the Adelaide Children's hospital. He was lecturer in medicine at the University of Adelaide from 1887 to 1915, President of the Adelaide Medical Students' Society in 1904 and 1906–1915, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine 1919-21, and subsequently Dean of the Faculty of Dentistry. He was a member of the council of the University from 1895 to 1902 and 1919 to 1933. He was president of the South Australian branch of the British Medical Association in 1886-7 and 1914-19. For some years before his retirement from practice in 1919, he specialized in consultative work as a physician. He did not do much writing on medical subjects, but with E. C. Stirling wrote the article on hydatid disease in Allbutt's System of Medicine. "This not only collated the early literature, but was illuminated by the authors' personal experience of cases and at the time was recognized as a classic presentation of the subject". Scientific interests Verco's interest in science was not confined to its medical side. He was elected a fellow of the Adelaide Philosophical Society, (subsequently the Royal Society of South Australia) in 1878. From a lad he had been interested in shells and he began his serious study of this subject in 1887. He did a large amount of dredging in the Great Australian Bight of much value to marine biology. He collaborated with Charles Hedley and Professor William A. Haswell in investigating South Australia's continental shelf. His work as a taxonomist included the description of Sepia braggi, the slender cuttlefish. His own collection of shells became a very fine one, and he had an excellent and valuable library of literature on the subject. This collection, including the books, was eventually presented to the South Australian Museum, where Verco spent much time after his retirement as honorary conchologist. He was mentor to Bernard Charles Cotton, who served as the museum's Curator of Molluscs from 1934 to 1962. His general interest in the Royal Society was very great and he was an admirable president. First elected to that office in 1903, he was re-elected year by year, until 1921 when he declined further nomination. As vice-president or member of the council, his connexion was maintained until his death. He started its research and endowment fund with the sum of £1,000 in 1908, and on several other occasions gave financial aid when it was required. Verco was knighted in 1919. The database WoRMS contains 150 marine species named by J.C. Verco, many of which have become synonyms. Legacy The Verco Medal is the highest award granted by the Royal Society of South Australia. The Verco Building at Minda Home (built in 1914) is named for him. References Southcott, R. V., 'Verco, Sir Joseph Cooke (1851–1933)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 12, (MUP), 1990 Serle, Percival (1949). "Verco, Joseph Cooke". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. ^ Vox. (24 October 1946). Our First X-Ray Tube. Out Among The People. The Advertiser. Adelaide. South Australia. Page 10. ^ Editor. (13 March 1901). A Fancy Goods Man’s Failure. Public Examinations. The Daily News. Perth. Western Australia. Page 4. ^ British Medical Journal, 12 August 1933, p. 317. ^ Denis Fairfax, 'Hedley, Charles (1862 - 1926)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, MUP, 1983, pp 252-253. Retrieved 13 March 2009 ^ "Cuttlefish of South Australia". Marine Life Society of South Australia Inc. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2016. ^ Species named by Verco ^ The Verco Medal Royal Society of South Australia. Retrieved 7 April 2021. ^ History Minda Inc. Retrieved 7 April 2021. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Australia People Australia Trove Other SNAC Te Papa (New Zealand)

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Both his parents came from Cornwall, UK. He was educated at the J. L. Young's Adelaide Educational Institution, and after spending a year in the South Australian Railways, intending to become a civil engineer, he decided to take up medicine. As he wished to matriculate at the University of London, he found it necessary to do more work in classics and spent a year at St Peter's College, Adelaide for this purpose. At that school he won the Young exhibition, awarded to the best scholar of the year, and then went to London at the beginning of 1870. He obtained his M.R.C.S. in 1874; M.B. in 1875, with scholarship and the gold medals for forensic medicine and medicine; L.R.C.P. in 1875; B.S., with scholarship and gold medal; M.D.; and F.R.C.S. – all in London in 1876. Verco was one of the most brilliant students of his time and a successful career in London was open to him.[citation needed]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Bartholomew's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Samuel Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Barbour"},{"link_name":"X-ray apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiographic_equipment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Children's hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Children%27s_hospital"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Medical Students' Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adelaide_Medical_Students%27_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Medicine,_University_of_Adelaide&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Dentistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Dentistry,_University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"British Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"E. C. Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Stirling"},{"link_name":"hydatid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinococcosis"},{"link_name":"Allbutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Allbutt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Verco was appointed house physician at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1876, and midwifery assistant in 1877. In 1878 he returned to Adelaide. After a few years of general practice at Adelaide, Verco became recognized as its leading physician, and led a very busy life. From 1882 to 1912 he was honorary physician to the Adelaide hospital, and then honorary consulting physician. In 1898, Samuel Barbour sold his X-ray apparatus for £120 to Verco.[1][2] He was for several years honorary physician to the Adelaide Children's hospital. He was lecturer in medicine at the University of Adelaide from 1887 to 1915, President of the Adelaide Medical Students' Society in 1904 and 1906–1915, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine 1919-21, and subsequently Dean of the Faculty of Dentistry. He was a member of the council of the University from 1895 to 1902 and 1919 to 1933. He was president of the South Australian branch of the British Medical Association in 1886-7 and 1914-19. For some years before his retirement from practice in 1919, he specialized in consultative work as a physician. He did not do much writing on medical subjects, but with E. C. 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He was elected a fellow of the Adelaide Philosophical Society, (subsequently the Royal Society of South Australia) in 1878. From a lad he had been interested in shells and he began his serious study of this subject in 1887. He did a large amount of dredging in the Great Australian Bight of much value to marine biology. He collaborated with Charles Hedley and Professor William A. Haswell in investigating South Australia's continental shelf.[4] His work as a taxonomist included the description of Sepia braggi, the slender cuttlefish.[5] His own collection of shells became a very fine one, and he had an excellent and valuable library of literature on the subject. This collection, including the books, was eventually presented to the South Australian Museum, where Verco spent much time after his retirement as honorary conchologist. He was mentor to Bernard Charles Cotton, who served as the museum's Curator of Molluscs from 1934 to 1962.His general interest in the Royal Society was very great and he was an admirable president. First elected to that office in 1903, he was re-elected year by year, until 1921 when he declined further nomination. As vice-president or member of the council, his connexion was maintained until his death. He started its research and endowment fund with the sum of £1,000 in 1908, and on several other occasions gave financial aid when it was required.[citation needed]Verco was knighted in 1919.The database WoRMS contains 150 marine species named by J.C. Verco, many of which have become synonyms.[6]","title":"Scientific interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verco Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_South_Australia#Verco_Medal_recipients"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Minda Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minda_Home"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Verco Medal is the highest award granted by the Royal Society of South Australia.[7]\nThe Verco Building at Minda Home (built in 1914) is named for him.[8]","title":"Legacy"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pispisa_Khanim_ve_Sichan_bey

Pispisa Khanim ve Sichan bey

["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","3 References"]

1974 filmPispisa Khanim ve Sichan beyDirected byAghanaghi Akhundov, Masud PanahiWritten byAbdulla ShaigMusic byRamiz MirishliDistributed byAzerbaijanfilmRelease date 1974 (1974) Running time10 minsCountrySoviet UnionLanguageAzerbaijani Pispisa Khanim ve Sichan bey (Azerbaijani: Pıspısa xanım və Siçan bəy, English: Miss Pispisa and Mr Mouse), also known as Tig-Tig Khanim, is a 1974 Soviet animated short by Masud Panahi and Aghanaghi Akhundov. The animation was based on Abdulla Shaig's "Tig-tig khanum" fairytale published in 1910. Plot Tig-tig Khanum is a lonely insect who is searching for a friend. After altering her looks, she meets a human shepherd and asks him if they can be friends and what he would do if she makes him angry. He responds that he would hurt her with his flute, so she rejects the shepherd. Tig-tig Khanum finds a wolf and also asks him for friendship, but the wolf threatens to chew her if he gets upset, so she rejects the wolf. Tig-tig Khanum then finds Mouse bey, who accepts her friendship and won't harm her if he gets angry. They dance at a wedding ceremony with the song "Nalbaki" played by the mice. Mouse bey tells Tig-tig Khanum that there's a wedding in the cat king's palace and he'll bring food home, leaving her at home because it's dangerous to go. Tig-tig Khanum gets bored, goes outside, and a hedgehog appears. She tells him Mouse bey abandoned her and she wants to be friends with the hedgehog, but he's satisfied with his own friends. Tig-tig Khanum falls to a river and struggles to swim. She shouts to the cats riding on a passing horse-drawn carriage that she wants to get rescued. The cats repeat Tig-tig Khanum's words; Mouse bey hears them and rushes to the river. He offers his hand to save Tig-tig Khanum, but she rejects due to his negligence. As Mouse bey turns around and walks away, she grabs his tail to escape the river and lets it go. Her appearance reverts due to her wetness and she becomes lonely again. Singer: Flora Karimova Voice cast Zemfira Ismayilova as Pispisa Khanum Aghakhan Salmanov as Janavar References ^ "Tıq-tıq xanım yeni "don"da". www.anl.az (in Azerbaijani). Retrieved 16 August 2014. ^ "Cizgi filmi istehsalı sahəsindəki durğunluq nə ilə bağlıdır?". news.day.az (in Azerbaijani). 22 April 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014. This article about an animated film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tramp_(song)

The Tramp (song)

["1 See also","2 External links","3 References"]

Song"The Tramp"SongLanguageEnglishPublished1913Songwriter(s)Composer: George F. Root Lyricist: Joe Hill "The Tramp" (1913) is, together with "The Preacher and the Slave," one of labor organizer Joe Hill's most well-known songs. The lyrics tell about an able-bodied but unemployed man who wanders around looking for work, but is not welcome anywhere – even in church, Heaven, and Hell – and thus must "keep on a-tramping". The tune is borrowed from the song "Tramp! Tramp! Tramp!", an American Civil War song written in the 1860s by military songwriter George F. Root. Root wrote it for Union soldiers, but the song was so popular that Confederate soldiers wrote their own words, and both sides sang it while marching. That song has appeared in several movies, including Gone with the Wind, and the tune is well-known today as the melody of the Sunday School standard "Jesus Loves the Little Children". "The Tramp" was first published in the Mar 6, 1913 edition (fifth edition) of the Little Red Songbook of the Industrial Workers of the World (also known as the Wobblies). The Wobblies used songs – parodies set to traditional melodies – to help unionize workers. Hill wrote more than 25 such songs and was considered one of the Wobblies' best lyricists. See also Organized labour portal Wobbly lingo External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Tramp Joe Glazer- The Tramp (Joe Hill) on YouTube References ^ Admin, FTOD. "Joe Hill - Freedom From Religion Foundation". ffrf.org. Retrieved 2019-05-02. ^ Piller, Ingrid (2010-11-18). "I dreamed I saw Joe Hill last night". Language on the Move. Retrieved 2019-05-02. ^ a b "The Tramp (JOE HILL) (1913)". www.folkarchive.de. Retrieved 2019-05-02. ^ "The Tramp by Joe Hill, song lyrics". www.protestsonglyrics.net. Retrieved 2019-05-02. ^ "Original versions of The Tramp written by Joe Hill | SecondHandSongs". secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved 2019-05-02. ^ "Song: Jesus Loves the Little Children written by Clarence Herbert Woolston | SecondHandSongs". secondhandsongs.com. Retrieved 2019-05-02. Authority control databases MusicBrainz work

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepping_Out_(Singaporean_TV_series)

Stepping Out (Singaporean TV series)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Accolades","4 References","5 External links"]

Singaporean TV series or program Stepping OutTitle card出路GenrePeriod dramaWritten byNg Kah Huay 黄佳华 Ang Eng Tee 洪荣狄Directed byLoo Yin Kam 卢燕金StarringYvonne LimTerence CaoCynthia KohXie ShaoguangIvy LeeTay Ping HuiOpening theme我吃的起苦 by Power StationCountry of originSingaporeOriginal languageMandarinNo. of episodes30ProductionProducerKwek Leng Soong 郭令送Running time45 Minutes not including commercial breaksOriginal releaseNetworkTCS 8th Frequency (Now MediaCorp TV Channel 8)Release1999 (1999) Stepping Out (Chinese: 出路) is a 1999 Singaporean Mandarin drama series adapted from a historical book, which reran several times like in 2006, 2019 and in 2021. It stars Yvonne Lim , Terence Cao , Cynthia Koh , Xie Shaoguang , Ivy Lee and Tay Ping Hui as the casts of the series. The series focuses on the Chinese immigrant experience in Singapore, and their rough, hard ascent (along with the rest of Singapore) to the present state of wealth and riches that is unprecedented in Singaporean history. The drama begins in China and spans roughly three decades. It was produced following the success of the 1997 period drama The Price of Peace. The story begins at the start of the Chinese Civil War during the 1920s. The chaos and upheaval which entailed caused many Chinese to migrate to Southeast Asia, mainly Malaysia and Singapore, and sets the background for the series. The Hock Lee bus riots and Chinese middle schools riots of the 1950s were referenced and clips of the actual incidents were shown. Plot It is the 1920s, a time of great chaos in China. Poverty was rampant in many regions, forcing many people to seek their fortune in the fabled Southern region known collectively as Nanyang. The story begins with three young men from the Fujian province. A poor oyster collecter named Chen Xia (Terence Cao) wishes to marry his childhood sweetheart, Hong Dou (Cynthia Koh), but struggles to make ends meet. The son of a wealthy tea plantation owner, Jia Fu (Xie Shaoguang) is a wastrel. Lazy and childish, the only saving grace to his character is his thoughtless generosity. In his naivete he loses his inheritance and is left with nothing but the support of his industrious wife, Ju (Ivy Lee). After Tian's (Chunyu Shanshan) father dies on the trip to Nanyang, his widowed mother and his two siblings are forced to live a life of scavenging for food in the wilderness. After his sister is killed and his brother goes missing, he is hired by a rich merchant. His new employer is cruel and his meekness makes him an easy target for bullying, but he finds himself attracted to the man's second wife, Hai Yan (Yvonne Lim). Despite the disparity between their situations and personalities, they each find themselves making the trip to the port of Singapore in Nanyang all with the same purpose: To seek a way out of their circumstances and a better future. Cast Xie Shaoguang as Zhang Jiafu Terence Cao as Chen Xia Cynthia Koh as Hongdou Tay Ping Hui as Liu Mei Yvonne Lim as Hai Yan Ivy Lee as Ah Ju Chunyu Shanshan Chen Huihui Accolades Ceremony Award Nominee Result Ref Star Awards 1999 Show 2 红星大奖 1999 下半场 Best Acto Terence Cao Nominated Xie Shaoguang Won Best Actress Cynthia Koh Won Ivy Lee Nominated Best Supporting Actor Tay Ping Hui Won Chunyu Shanshan 淳于珊珊 Nominated Best Supporting Actress Yvonne Lim Nominated Chen Huihui 陈慧慧 Nominated Best Drama Serial Stepping Out Won Best Theme Song 我吃得起苦 by Power Station Won Star Awards 2007 Top 5 Favourite Dramas最喜爱的五大连续剧 — Won Top 5 References ^ "Sharon Au Meets Ivy Lee In Paris; Gushes Over Ivy's Acting In Stepping Out". 8days. Retrieved 3 April 2023. External links Stepping Out (Chinese) Preceded byStand by Me1998 Star Awards for Best Drama SerialStepping Out1999 Succeeded byHainan Kopi Tales2000 vteStar Awards for Best Drama Serial1990s The Unbeatables (season 1) (1994) Chronicle of Life (1995) Tofu Street (1996) The Price of Peace (1997) Stand by Me (1998) Stepping Out (1999) 2000s Hainan Kopi Tales (2000) Three Women and A Half (2001) Beautiful Connection (2002) Holland V (2003) A Child's Hope II (2004) A New Life (2005) The Shining Star (2006) Metamorphosis (2007) The Little Nyonya (2009) 2010s Together (2010) Breakout (2011) On the Fringe (2011) (2012) Pillow Talk (2013) The Dream Makers (season 1) (2014) The Journey: Tumultuous Times (2015) The Dream Makers (season 2) (2016) Hero (2017) When Duty Calls (2018) Blessings 2 (2019) 2020s − (2020) A Quest to Heal (2021) My Star Bride (2022) Your World in Mine (2023) This Singaporean television-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature%E2%80%93salinity_diagram

Temperature–salinity diagram

["1 References"]

Diagrams used to identify water masses T-S diagram of a station in the North Pacific In oceanography, temperature-salinity diagrams, sometimes called T-S diagrams, are used to identify water masses. In a T-S diagram, rather than plotting each water property as a separate "profile," with pressure or depth as the vertical coordinate, potential temperature (on the vertical axis) is plotted versus salinity (on the horizontal axis). As long as it remains isolated from the surface, where heat or fresh water can be gained or lost, and in the absence of mixing with other water masses, a water parcel's potential temperature and salinity are conserved. Deep water masses thus retain their T-S characteristics for long periods of time, and can be identified readily on a T-S plot. Temperature and salinity combine to determine the potential density of seawater; contours of constant potential density are often shown in T-S diagrams. References ^ Tomczak. "Water Masses in shallow seas". Retrieved 14 November 2012. ^ "Density: sea water mixing and sinking" (PDF). Retrieved 14 November 2012. This geochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This oceanography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mboya

Tom Mboya

["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Political life","4 After independence","5 Assassination","6 Personal life","7 References","8 External links"]

Kenyan politician and independence activist (1930–1969) Tom MboyaMboya in 1962Minister of JusticeIn office1 June 1963 – December 1964Prime MinisterJomo KenyattaPreceded byOffice createdMember of ParliamentIn office1963 – 5 July 1969Preceded byOffice createdSucceeded byMaina WanjingiConstituencyNairobi Central Personal detailsBornThomas Joseph Odhiambo Mboya(1930-08-15)15 August 1930Kilima Mbogo, British East AfricaDied5 July 1969(1969-07-05) (aged 38)Nairobi, KenyaResting placeTom Mboya Mausoleum, Rusinga Island, Homa Bay CountyPolitical partyKenya African National UnionSpousePamela MboyaChildren5 (including Susan)Alma materRuskin CollegeOccupationPoliticianProfessionIndustrial labour administratorCabinetMinister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Minister for Labour Minister for Economic Planning and Development Thomas Joseph Odhiambo Mboya (15 August 1930 – 5 July 1969) was a Kenyan trade unionist, educator, Pan-Africanist, author, independence activist, and statesman. He was one of the founding fathers of the Republic of Kenya. He led the negotiations for independence at the Lancaster House Conferences and was instrumental in the formation of Kenya's independence party – the Kenya African National Union (KANU) – where he served as its first Secretary-General. He laid the foundation for Kenya's capitalist and mixed economy policies at the height of the Cold War and set up several of the country's key labour institutions. Mboya was Minister for Economic Planning and Development when he was assassinated. Mboya's intelligence, charm, leadership, and oratory skills won him admiration from all over the world. He gave speeches, participated in debates and interviews across the world in favour of Kenya's independence from British colonial rule. He also spoke at several rallies in the goodwill of the Civil Rights movement in the United States. In 1958, at the age of 28, Mboya was elected Conference Chairman at the All-African Peoples' Conference convened by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. He helped build the Trade Union Movement in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, as well as across Africa. He also served as the Africa Representative to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). In 1959, Mboya called a conference in Lagos, Nigeria, to form the first All-Africa ICFTU labour organization. Mboya worked with both John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. to create educational opportunities for African students, an effort that resulted in the Kennedy Airlifts of the 1960s enabling East African students to study at American colleges. Notable beneficiaries of this airlift include Wangari Maathai. In 1960, Mboya was the first Kenyan to be featured on the front page cover of Time magazine in a painting by Bernard Safran. Early life A monument in honour of Mboya erected at Moi Avenue, Nairobi His parents Leonardus Ndiege and Marcella Onyango were from the Luo ethnic group of Kenya, and were both low-income sisal cutters working on the colonial farm of Sir William Northrup McMillan, at today's Juja Farm Area. Thomas ("Tom") Joseph Odhiambo Mboya was born at this colonial sisal farm on 15 August 1930, near the town of Thika, in what was called the White Highlands of Kenya. Mboya's father Leonard Ndiege was later promoted as an overseer at this sisal plantation and worked for 25 years. Eventually Leonard and Marcella had seven children, five sons and two daughters. When Mboya was nine years old, his father sent him to a mission school in Kamba region. Education Mboya was educated at various Catholic mission schools. In 1942, he joined St. Mary's School Yala – a Catholic secondary school in Yala, located in Nyanza province where Mboya began his education in English and History. In 1946, he attended the Holy Ghost College (later Mang'u High School), where he passed well enough to proceed to do his Cambridge School Certificate. In 1948, Mboya joined the Royal Sanitary Institute's Medical Training School for Sanitary Inspectors at Nairobi, qualifying as an inspector in 1950. He also enrolled in a certificate course in economics at Efficiency Correspondence College of South Africa. In 1955, he received a scholarship from the Trades Union Congress to attend Ruskin College, where he studied industrial management. After his graduation in 1956, he returned to Kenya and joined politics at a time when the British colonial authorities were gradually suppressing the Mau Mau rebellion spearheaded by the Kenya Land and Freedom Army. Political life Mboya's political life started immediately after he was employed at Nairobi City Council as a sanitary inspector in 1950. During his stint at Nairobi City Council, Mboya was elected as African Staff Association's president and immediately embarked on moulding the association into a trade union named the Kenya Local Government Workers' Union. This made his employer suspicious, but he resigned from his position before he could be laid off. He was, however, able to continue working for the Kenya Labour Workers Union as secretary-general before embarking on his studies in Britain. In 1953, during the Mau Mau War for Independence, Jomo Kenyatta and other leaders of the independence party, Kenya African Union (KAU), were arrested. They asked Mboya to lead the KAU and continue the struggle. However, the government banned the KAU. Mboya then turned to use the trade unions as a platform to fight for independence. He was elected as Secretary General of the Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL), the umbrella body for trade unions in Kenya. In that role, Mboya gave speeches in London and Washington, D.C. opposing British colonial rule in Kenya. He also organized several strikes seeking better working conditions for African workers. At that point, the colonial government nearly closed down the labour movement in the effort to suppress his activities. Mboya reached out to other labour leaders across the world, more so in the ICFTU, including American A. Philip Randolph, with whom he was close. Mboya raised funds to build a headquarters for the KFL. In 1956, after Mboya had returned from the United Kingdom, the colonial government allowed black Africans to run for office and serve in the Legislative Assembly. Tom Mboya was elected from Nairobi. He was elected secretary of the African Caucus (called African Elected Members Organization – AEMO) and continued a campaign for independence, as well as seeking freedom for Jomo Kenyatta and other political prisoners. He used his incredible diplomacy skills to get support for the independence movement from foreign countries. In 1957, he became dissatisfied with the low number of African leaders (only eight out of fifty at the time) in the Legislative council and decided to form his party, the Nairobi People's Convention Party. At that time, Mboya developed a close relationship with Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana who, like Mboya, was a Pan-Africanist. In 1958, during the All-African Peoples' Conference in Ghana, convened by Kwame Nkrumah, Mboya was elected as the Conference Chairman at the age of 28. In 1959, Mboya along with the African-American Students Foundation in the United States organized the Airlift Africa project, through which 81 Kenyan students were flown to the U.S. to study at U.S. universities. Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr., was a friend of Mboya's and a fellow Luo who received a scholarship through the AASF and occasional grants for books and expenses. Barack Obama Sr. was not on the first airlift plane in 1959, because he was headed for Hawaii, not the continental US. In 1960, the Kennedy Foundation agreed to underwrite the airlift, after Mboya visited Senator Jack Kennedy to ask for assistance, and Airlift Africa was extended to Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar (now Tanzania), Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Nyasaland (now Malawi). Some 230 African students received scholarships to study at Class I accredited colleges in the United States in 1960, and hundreds more in 1961–63. In 1961, Jomo Kenyatta was released and, together with Oginga Odinga and Mboya's Nairobi People's Convention Party, joined with Kenya African Union and Kenya Independence Movement and formed the Kenya African National Union (KANU) in an attempt to form a party that would both transcend tribal politics and prepare for participation in the Lancaster House Conference (held at Lancaster House in London) where Kenya's constitutional framework and independence were to be negotiated. As Secretary General of KANU, Mboya headed the Kenyan delegation and designed the flag for the new republic. After independence In the newly independent country, Mboya, who was a pre-independence Minister of Labour since 1962, was appointed by the New Prime Minister, Jomo Kenyatta, as the MP for Nairobi Central Constituency (today, Kamukunji Constituency) and became Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs—a post he held from 1 June 1963, until December 1964. He created the National Social Security Fund, Kenya's social security scheme. He also established an Industrial Court to hear labour-management cases. When Kenya became a republic on 12 December 1964, the new President Kenyatta appointed Tom Mboya to the Economic Planning and Development Ministry and transferred all functions of his former Justice ministry to the office of Attorney General under Charles Mugane Njonjo. Together with his deputy then Mwai Kibaki, he issued Sessional Paper 10, which defined Kenya's form of economic policies, when it was debated and passed by parliament in 1965. Mboya presented the Sessional Paper No. 10 for debate in parliament in April 1965 covering the period of 1964 – 1970 under the title African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya. Kenyatta and Mboya were known advocates of a non-aligned international policy, not wanting blanket application of capitalism while completely abhorring scientific socialism. In 1966,Tom Mboya was removed from the economic planning ministry and Kibaki was appointed for the first time as full Minister for Commerce and Industry. Mboya's development plans at the Economic Planning Ministry were credited for Kenya's development rate of 7%, which was sustained during his tenure as the Planning Minister. Assassination He retained the portfolio as Minister for Economic Planning and Development until his death at the age of 39 when he was gunned down on 5 July 1969 at Government Road (now Moi Avenue), Nairobi CBD, after visiting Chaani's Pharmacy. Nahashon Isaac Njenga Njoroge was convicted for the murder and later hanged. After his arrest, Njoroge asked: "Why don't you go after the big man?" Due to such statements, suspicions arose that Mboya's shooting was a political assassination. Outrage over his assassination led to riots in the major cities of Kenya. President Jomo Kenyatta gave a eulogy at Mboya's requiem mass, saying of his colleague: "Kenya's independence would have been seriously compromised were it not for the courage and steadfastness of Tom Mboya." A statue of Mboya was installed on Moi Avenue, where he was killed, and the nearby busy Victoria Street was renamed Tom Mboya Street in his honour. Mboya left a wife and five children. He is buried in a mausoleum on Rusinga Island, which was built in 1970. Mboya's role in Kenya's politics and transformation is the subject of increasing interest, especially with the prominence of American politician Barack Obama. Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr., was a US-educated Kenyan who benefited from Mboya's scholarship program in the 1960s, going on to get married during his stay there, fathering the future Illinois Senator and President. Obama Sr. had seen Mboya shortly before the assassination and testified at the ensuing trial. Obama Sr. believed he was later targeted in a hit-and-run incident as a result of this testimony. In a 1976 interview, James Jesus Angleton, a retired senior CIA official, expressed his opinion that Mboya was killed by the KGB as part of a Cold War campaign against pro-Western politicians in Africa. In 2023, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who had known Mboya in his boyhood, publicly accused Daniel arap Moi of orchestrating Mboya's assassination. Personal life Tom Mboya married Pamela Odede on Saturday, 20 January 1962 at St. Peter Claver’s Catholic Church on Racecourse Road, in Nairobi. Pamela, a graduate of the University of Makerere, was the daughter of politician Walter Odede. The couple had five children. Their daughters are Maureen Odero, a high court judge in Mombasa and Susan Mboya, a Coca-Cola executive, who continues the education airlift program initiated by Tom Mboya, and is married to former Nairobi governor Evans Kidero. Their sons included Lucas Mboya, and twin brothers Peter (died in a 2004 motorcycle accident) and Patrick (died aged four). After Mboya's death, Pamela had one child, Tom Mboya Jr, with Alphonse Okuku, the brother of Tom Mboya. Pamela died of an illness in January 2009 while seeking treatment in South Africa. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kenya Human Rights Commission, "An evening with Tom Mboya", 2006. ^ Goldsworthy, David (1982), Tom Mboya The Man Kenya wanted to Forget, Heinemann, pp. 191–195. ^ Ogot, Bethwell A., and William Ochieng (1995), Decolonization and Independence in Kenya: 1940 – 1963, East African Publishers, p. 65. ^ Nzau Musau (27 July 2015). "Standard Digital News – Kenya : President Uhuru Kenyatta praises Tom Mboya at state banquet". Standard Digital News. Retrieved 15 February 2016. ^ a b c "Tom Mboya – Biography". Retrieved 15 February 2016. ^ Kwama, Kenneth (1 October 2013). "Standard Digital News – Kenya : Tom Mboya- Kwame Nkrumah row jolts trade union movement". Standard Digital News. Retrieved 15 February 2016. ^ "TIME Magazine Cover: Tom Mboya – Mar. 7, 1960". TIME.com. Retrieved 15 February 2016. ^ "Tom Mboya – Biography". TomMboya.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2008. ^ Ombuor, Joe (4 July 2009). "Mboya's legacy still alive, 40 years later". The Standard. Nairobi, Kenya: Standard Group Limited. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011. ^ Ogot and Ochieng (1995), Decolonization and Independence in Kenya: 1940 – 1963, p. 58. ^ Shachtman, Tom (September 2009). Airlift to America: How Barack Obama Sr., John F. Kennedy, Tom Mboya, and 800 East African Students Changed Their World and Ours. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-57075-0. ^ Center for Multiparty Democracy: Politics and Paliamenterians in Kenya 1944–2007 ^ Tom Mboya (1970). The Challenge of Nationhood. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. p. 39. ISBN 0-435-90081-1. ^ a b Kiplagat, Sam (26 January 2009). "Mboya widow dies in SA after illness". Daily Nation. Nairobi: Nation Media Group. ^ "Kenya: Unanswered Questions". Time. New York City: Time Warner. 5 December 1969. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2011. Four months after the murder of Kenya's brilliant young Economic Planning Minister Tom Mboya, prison officials in Nairobi announced tersely last week that Nahashon Isaac Njenga Njoroge, the Kikuyu tribesman convicted of the shooting, had been hanged secretly "in accordance with the law." The officials refused to disclose the date or details of the execution, but it was reported in Nairobi that Njoroge had died at 3 a.m. on November 8. According to these reports, he went to his death without explaining what he had meant when he asked police after his arrest: 'Why don't you go after the big man?' ^ Ombour, Joe (5 September 2003). "Tombs where great men lie". Daily Nation, Weekend Magazine. ^ Jacobs, Sally (21 September 2008). "A father's charm, absence". The Boston Globe. ^ "CIA | Intelligence service | Cold War | James Angleton interview | This Week | 1976 " (video). youtube.com. Thames News. 12 December 2017. ^ Samuels, David (25 April 2023). "The RFK Jr. Tapes". Tablet. ^ Ombuor, Joe (4 February 2009). "Final journey of an icon, tribute to Pamela Mboya". The Standard. Nairobi, Kenya: Standard Group Limited. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2011. External links Biographical Entry at BlackPast.org "Tom Mboya's response to the plot". Sunday Standard. 11 July 2004. Lumumba information – that could have parted him with Odinga. "The Facts on Grant to American Students Airlift". Archived from the original on 29 October 2004. Includes Background Memorandum prepared by Senator Kennedy's Office, August 1960. "T.J Mboya – A Tribute to One of Yala's proud sons". Archived from the original on 13 November 2006. "Kenya – Tom Mboya's fatal links with CIA". Archived from the original on 3 July 2008. "Tom Mboya's Mausoleum – Rusinga Island, Kenya". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008. vteMinisters of Justice of Kenya Tom Mboya 1963-1969 Charles Njonjo 1978–1982 Kiraitu Murungi 2003-2005 Martha Karua 2006-2009 Mutula Kilonzo 2009-2011 Eugene Wamalwa Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef

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Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"the Kennedy Airlifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kennedy_Airlift"},{"link_name":"Wangari Maathai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Safran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Safran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Thomas Joseph Odhiambo Mboya (15 August 1930 – 5 July 1969) was a Kenyan trade unionist, educator, Pan-Africanist, author, independence activist, and statesman. He was one of the founding fathers of the Republic of Kenya.[1] He led the negotiations for independence at the Lancaster House Conferences[2] and was instrumental in the formation of Kenya's independence party – the Kenya African National Union (KANU) – where he served as its first Secretary-General.[3] He laid the foundation for Kenya's capitalist and mixed economy policies at the height of the Cold War and set up several of the country's key labour institutions.[1] Mboya was Minister for Economic Planning and Development when he was assassinated.Mboya's intelligence, charm, leadership, and oratory skills won him admiration from all over the world.[1] He gave speeches, participated in debates and interviews across the world in favour of Kenya's independence from British colonial rule. He also spoke at several rallies in the goodwill of the Civil Rights movement in the United States.[4] In 1958, at the age of 28, Mboya was elected Conference Chairman at the All-African Peoples' Conference convened by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.[5] He helped build the Trade Union Movement in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, as well as across Africa. He also served as the Africa Representative to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). In 1959, Mboya called a conference in Lagos, Nigeria, to form the first All-Africa ICFTU labour organization.[6]Mboya worked with both John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. to create educational opportunities for African students, an effort that resulted in the Kennedy Airlifts of the 1960s enabling East African students to study at American colleges. Notable beneficiaries of this airlift include Wangari Maathai. In 1960, Mboya was the first Kenyan to be featured on the front page cover of Time magazine in a painting by Bernard Safran.[7]","title":"Tom Mboya"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tom_Mboya_Monument.jpg"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mboya_Monument"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Luo ethnic group of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_people"},{"link_name":"sisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"Sir William Northrup McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Northrup_McMillan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juja Farm Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juja"},{"link_name":"Thika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thika"},{"link_name":"White Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Highlands"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TMBio-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biography-5"},{"link_name":"sisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisal"},{"link_name":"Kamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamba_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A monument in honour of Mboya erected at Moi Avenue, NairobiHis parents Leonardus Ndiege and Marcella Onyango were from the Luo ethnic group of Kenya, and were both low-income sisal cutters working on the colonial farm of Sir William Northrup McMillan, at today's Juja Farm Area. Thomas (\"Tom\") Joseph Odhiambo Mboya was born at this colonial sisal farm on 15 August 1930, near the town of Thika, in what was called the White Highlands of Kenya.[8][5]\nMboya's father Leonard Ndiege was later promoted as an overseer at this sisal plantation and worked for 25 years. Eventually Leonard and Marcella had seven children, five sons and two daughters. When Mboya was nine years old, his father sent him to a mission school in Kamba region.[9]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Mary's School Yala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_School_Yala"},{"link_name":"Mang'u High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mang%27u_High_School"},{"link_name":"Trades Union Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress"},{"link_name":"Ruskin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskin_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biography-5"},{"link_name":"Mau Mau rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Kenya Land and Freedom Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Land_and_Freedom_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Mboya was educated at various Catholic mission schools. In 1942, he joined St. Mary's School Yala – a Catholic secondary school in Yala, located in Nyanza province where Mboya began his education in English and History. In 1946, he attended the Holy Ghost College (later Mang'u High School), where he passed well enough to proceed to do his Cambridge School Certificate. In 1948, Mboya joined the Royal Sanitary Institute's Medical Training School for Sanitary Inspectors at Nairobi, qualifying as an inspector in 1950. He also enrolled in a certificate course in economics at Efficiency Correspondence College of South Africa. In 1955, he received a scholarship from the Trades Union Congress to attend Ruskin College, where he studied industrial management.[5] After his graduation in 1956, he returned to Kenya and joined politics at a time when the British colonial authorities were gradually suppressing the Mau Mau rebellion spearheaded by the Kenya Land and Freedom Army.[citation needed]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evening-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mau Mau War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mau_Mau_War"},{"link_name":"Jomo Kenyatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta"},{"link_name":"Kenya African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_African_Union"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evening-1"},{"link_name":"ICFTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICFTU"},{"link_name":"A. Philip Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jomo Kenyatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evening-1"},{"link_name":"Nairobi People's Convention Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_People%E2%80%99s_Convention_Party"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kwame Nkrumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Pan-Africanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African"},{"link_name":"All-African Peoples' Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-African_Peoples%27_Conference"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr."},{"link_name":"Luo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luo_(family_of_ethnic_groups)"},{"link_name":"continental US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_U.S."},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senator"},{"link_name":"Jack Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)"},{"link_name":"Zanzibar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanzibar"},{"link_name":"Northern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Southern Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Nyasaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyasaland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oginga Odinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oginga_Odinga"},{"link_name":"Nairobi People's Convention Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_People%E2%80%99s_Convention_Party"},{"link_name":"Kenya African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_African_Union"},{"link_name":"Kenya Independence Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Independence_Movement"},{"link_name":"Kenya African National Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_African_National_Union"},{"link_name":"Lancaster House Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_House_Conferences_(Kenya)"},{"link_name":"Lancaster House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster_House"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evening-1"}],"text":"Mboya's political life started immediately after he was employed at Nairobi City Council as a sanitary inspector in 1950. During his stint at Nairobi City Council, Mboya was elected as African Staff Association's president and immediately embarked on moulding the association into a trade union named the Kenya Local Government Workers' Union.[1] This made his employer suspicious, but he resigned from his position before he could be laid off. He was, however, able to continue working for the Kenya Labour Workers Union as secretary-general before embarking on his studies in Britain.[citation needed]In 1953, during the Mau Mau War for Independence, Jomo Kenyatta and other leaders of the independence party, Kenya African Union (KAU), were arrested. They asked Mboya to lead the KAU and continue the struggle. However, the government banned the KAU. Mboya then turned to use the trade unions as a platform to fight for independence. He was elected as Secretary General of the Kenya Federation of Labour (KFL), the umbrella body for trade unions in Kenya. In that role, Mboya gave speeches in London and Washington, D.C. opposing British colonial rule in Kenya. He also organized several strikes seeking better working conditions for African workers. At that point, the colonial government nearly closed down the labour movement in the effort to suppress his activities.[1] Mboya reached out to other labour leaders across the world, more so in the ICFTU, including American A. Philip Randolph, with whom he was close. Mboya raised funds to build a headquarters for the KFL.[citation needed]In 1956, after Mboya had returned from the United Kingdom, the colonial government allowed black Africans to run for office and serve in the Legislative Assembly. Tom Mboya was elected from Nairobi.[10] He was elected secretary of the African Caucus (called African Elected Members Organization – AEMO) and continued a campaign for independence, as well as seeking freedom for Jomo Kenyatta and other political prisoners.[1] He used his incredible diplomacy skills to get support for the independence movement from foreign countries. In 1957, he became dissatisfied with the low number of African leaders (only eight out of fifty at the time) in the Legislative council and decided to form his party, the Nairobi People's Convention Party.[citation needed]At that time, Mboya developed a close relationship with Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana who, like Mboya, was a Pan-Africanist. In 1958, during the All-African Peoples' Conference in Ghana, convened by Kwame Nkrumah, Mboya was elected as the Conference Chairman at the age of 28. In 1959, Mboya along with the African-American Students Foundation in the United States organized the Airlift Africa project, through which 81 Kenyan students were flown to the U.S. to study at U.S. universities. Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr., was a friend of Mboya's and a fellow Luo who received a scholarship through the AASF and occasional grants for books and expenses. Barack Obama Sr. was not on the first airlift plane in 1959, because he was headed for Hawaii, not the continental US. In 1960, the Kennedy Foundation agreed to underwrite the airlift, after Mboya visited Senator Jack Kennedy to ask for assistance, and Airlift Africa was extended to Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar (now Tanzania), Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), and Nyasaland (now Malawi). Some 230 African students received scholarships to study at Class I accredited colleges in the United States in 1960, and hundreds more in 1961–63.[11]In 1961, Jomo Kenyatta was released and, together with Oginga Odinga and Mboya's Nairobi People's Convention Party, joined with Kenya African Union and Kenya Independence Movement and formed the Kenya African National Union (KANU) in an attempt to form a party that would both transcend tribal politics and prepare for participation in the Lancaster House Conference (held at Lancaster House in London) where Kenya's constitutional framework and independence were to be negotiated. As Secretary General of KANU, Mboya headed the Kenyan delegation and designed the flag for the new republic.[1]","title":"Political life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"newly independent country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Kamukunji Constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamukunji_Constituency"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(Kenya)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Challenge-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evening-1"},{"link_name":"Mwai Kibaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evening-1"}],"text":"In the newly independent country, Mboya, who was a pre-independence Minister of Labour since 1962, was appointed by the New Prime Minister, Jomo Kenyatta, as the MP for Nairobi Central Constituency (today, Kamukunji Constituency)[12] and became Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs[13]—a post he held from 1 June 1963, until December 1964. He created the National Social Security Fund, Kenya's social security scheme. He also established an Industrial Court to hear labour-management cases.[1]When Kenya became a republic on 12 December 1964, the new President Kenyatta appointed Tom Mboya to the Economic Planning and Development Ministry and transferred all functions of his former Justice ministry to the office of Attorney General under Charles Mugane Njonjo. Together with his deputy then Mwai Kibaki, he issued Sessional Paper 10, which defined Kenya's form of economic policies, when it was debated and passed by parliament in 1965. Mboya presented the Sessional Paper No. 10 for debate in parliament in April 1965 covering the period of 1964 – 1970 under the title African Socialism and its Application to Planning in Kenya. Kenyatta and Mboya were known advocates of a non-aligned international policy, not wanting blanket application of capitalism while completely abhorring scientific socialism. In 1966,Tom Mboya was removed from the economic planning ministry and Kibaki was appointed for the first time as full Minister for Commerce and Industry. Mboya's development plans at the Economic Planning Ministry were credited for Kenya's development rate of 7%, which was sustained during his tenure as the Planning Minister.[1]","title":"After independence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moi Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moi_Avenue_(Nairobi)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-widow-14"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"big man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_man_(political_science)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jomo Kenyatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomo_Kenyatta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-evening-1"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mboya_Monument"},{"link_name":"Tom Mboya Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mboya_Street"},{"link_name":"mausoleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum"},{"link_name":"Rusinga Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinga_Island"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr."},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"James Jesus Angleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jesus_Angleton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr."},{"link_name":"Daniel arap Moi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_arap_Moi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"He retained the portfolio as Minister for Economic Planning and Development until his death at the age of 39 when he was gunned down on 5 July 1969 at Government Road (now Moi Avenue), Nairobi CBD, after visiting Chaani's Pharmacy.[14] Nahashon Isaac Njenga Njoroge was convicted for the murder and later hanged. After his arrest, Njoroge asked: \"Why don't you go after the big man?\"[15] Due to such statements, suspicions arose that Mboya's shooting was a political assassination.Outrage over his assassination led to riots in the major cities of Kenya. President Jomo Kenyatta gave a eulogy at Mboya's requiem mass, saying of his colleague: \"Kenya's independence would have been seriously compromised were it not for the courage and steadfastness of Tom Mboya.\"[1] A statue of Mboya was installed on Moi Avenue, where he was killed, and the nearby busy Victoria Street was renamed Tom Mboya Street in his honour.Mboya left a wife and five children. He is buried in a mausoleum on Rusinga Island, which was built in 1970.[16]Mboya's role in Kenya's politics and transformation is the subject of increasing interest, especially with the prominence of American politician Barack Obama. Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr., was a US-educated Kenyan who benefited from Mboya's scholarship program in the 1960s, going on to get married during his stay there, fathering the future Illinois Senator and President. Obama Sr. had seen Mboya shortly before the assassination and testified at the ensuing trial. Obama Sr. believed he was later targeted in a hit-and-run incident as a result of this testimony.[17]In a 1976 interview, James Jesus Angleton, a retired senior CIA official, expressed his opinion that Mboya was killed by the KGB as part of a Cold War campaign against pro-Western politicians in Africa.[18]In 2023, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who had known Mboya in his boyhood, publicly accused Daniel arap Moi of orchestrating Mboya's assassination.[19]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mombasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombasa"},{"link_name":"Coca-Cola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_executive"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_County"},{"link_name":"Evans Kidero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evans_Kidero"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-widow-14"}],"text":"Tom Mboya married Pamela Odede on Saturday, 20 January 1962 at St. Peter Claver’s Catholic Church on Racecourse Road, in Nairobi. Pamela, a graduate of the University of Makerere, was the daughter of politician Walter Odede. The couple had five children. Their daughters are Maureen Odero, a high court judge in Mombasa and Susan Mboya, a Coca-Cola executive, who continues the education airlift program initiated by Tom Mboya, and is married to former Nairobi governor Evans Kidero. Their sons included Lucas Mboya, and twin brothers Peter (died in a 2004 motorcycle accident) and Patrick (died aged four).After Mboya's death, Pamela had one child, Tom Mboya Jr, with Alphonse Okuku, the brother of Tom Mboya.[20] Pamela died of an illness in January 2009 while seeking treatment in South Africa.[14]","title":"Personal life"}]

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[{"reference":"Nzau Musau (27 July 2015). \"Standard Digital News – Kenya : President Uhuru Kenyatta praises Tom Mboya at state banquet\". Standard Digital News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/thecounties/article/2000170551/president-uhuru-kenyatta-praises-tom-mboya-at-state-banquet","url_text":"\"Standard Digital News – Kenya : President Uhuru Kenyatta praises Tom Mboya at state banquet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Mboya – Biography\". Retrieved 15 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tommboya.org/index.php/about/biography","url_text":"\"Tom Mboya – Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Kwama, Kenneth (1 October 2013). \"Standard Digital News – Kenya : Tom Mboya- Kwame Nkrumah row jolts trade union movement\". Standard Digital News. Retrieved 15 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000094635/tom-mboya-kwame-nkrumah-row-jolts-trade-union-movement","url_text":"\"Standard Digital News – Kenya : Tom Mboya- Kwame Nkrumah row jolts trade union movement\""}]},{"reference":"\"TIME Magazine Cover: Tom Mboya – Mar. 7, 1960\". TIME.com. Retrieved 15 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19600307,00.html","url_text":"\"TIME Magazine Cover: Tom Mboya – Mar. 7, 1960\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Mboya – Biography\". TomMboya.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071212092533/http://www.tommboya.com/default.asp?pg=2","url_text":"\"Tom Mboya – Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.tommboya.com/default.asp?pg=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ombuor, Joe (4 July 2009). \"Mboya's legacy still alive, 40 years later\". The Standard. Nairobi, Kenya: Standard Group Limited. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052909/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=1144018607&cid=4&ttl=Mboya%E2%80%99s%20legacy%20still%20alive,%2040%20years%20later","url_text":"\"Mboya's legacy still alive, 40 years later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Standard_(Kenya)","url_text":"The Standard"},{"url":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=1144018607&cid=4&ttl=Mboya%E2%80%99s%20legacy%20still%20alive,%2040%20years%20later","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shachtman, Tom (September 2009). Airlift to America: How Barack Obama Sr., John F. Kennedy, Tom Mboya, and 800 East African Students Changed Their World and Ours. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-57075-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/airlifttoamerica00shac","url_text":"Airlift to America: How Barack Obama Sr., John F. Kennedy, Tom Mboya, and 800 East African Students Changed Their World and Ours"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-57075-0","url_text":"978-0-312-57075-0"}]},{"reference":"Tom Mboya (1970). The Challenge of Nationhood. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. p. 39. ISBN 0-435-90081-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann_Educational_Books","url_text":"Heinemann Educational Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-90081-1","url_text":"0-435-90081-1"}]},{"reference":"Kiplagat, Sam (26 January 2009). \"Mboya widow dies in SA after illness\". Daily Nation. Nairobi: Nation Media Group.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nation.co.ke/News/-/1056/520412/-/u1sfu8/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Mboya widow dies in SA after illness\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Nation_(Kenya)","url_text":"Daily Nation"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya: Unanswered Questions\". Time. New York City: Time Warner. 5 December 1969. Archived from the original on 14 December 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2011. Four months after the murder of Kenya's brilliant young Economic Planning Minister Tom Mboya, prison officials in Nairobi announced tersely last week that Nahashon Isaac Njenga Njoroge, the Kikuyu tribesman convicted of the shooting, had been hanged secretly \"in accordance with the law.\" The officials refused to disclose the date or details of the execution, but it was reported in Nairobi that Njoroge had died at 3 a.m. on November 8. According to these reports, he went to his death without explaining what he had meant when he asked police after his arrest: 'Why don't you go after the big man?'","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081214143645/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901644,00.html","url_text":"\"Kenya: Unanswered Questions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner","url_text":"Time Warner"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,901644,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ombour, Joe (5 September 2003). \"Tombs where great men lie\". Daily Nation, Weekend Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationaudio.com/News/DailyNation/Supplements/weekend/05092003/story05091.htm","url_text":"\"Tombs where great men lie\""}]},{"reference":"Jacobs, Sally (21 September 2008). \"A father's charm, absence\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/politics/2008/articles/2008/09/21/a_fathers_charm_absence/","url_text":"\"A father's charm, absence\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIA | Intelligence service | Cold War | James Angleton interview | This Week | 1976 \" (video). youtube.com. Thames News. 12 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTgneJQxCts","url_text":"\"CIA | Intelligence service | Cold War | James Angleton interview | This Week | 1976 \""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_News","url_text":"Thames News"}]},{"reference":"Samuels, David (25 April 2023). \"The RFK Jr. Tapes\". Tablet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/robert-f-kennedy-jr-interview-david-samuels","url_text":"\"The RFK Jr. Tapes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)","url_text":"Tablet"}]},{"reference":"Ombuor, Joe (4 February 2009). \"Final journey of an icon, tribute to Pamela Mboya\". The Standard. Nairobi, Kenya: Standard Group Limited. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220140432/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/sports/InsidePage.php?id=1144005843&cid=159&","url_text":"\"Final journey of an icon, tribute to Pamela Mboya\""},{"url":"http://www.eastandard.net/archives/sports/InsidePage.php?id=1144005843&cid=159&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Mboya's response to the plot\". Sunday Standard. 11 July 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastandard.net/archives/july/sun11072004/reports/rep10070403.htm","url_text":"\"Tom Mboya's response to the plot\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Facts on Grant to American Students Airlift\". Archived from the original on 29 October 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041029084056/http://www.jfklink.com/speeches/jfk/misc60/jfk010860_africangrant.html","url_text":"\"The Facts on Grant to American Students Airlift\""},{"url":"http://www.jfklink.com/speeches/jfk/misc60/jfk010860_africangrant.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"T.J Mboya – A Tribute to One of Yala's proud sons\". Archived from the original on 13 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061113033409/http://yala.epulseone.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=5","url_text":"\"T.J Mboya – A Tribute to One of Yala's proud sons\""},{"url":"http://yala.epulseone.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kenya – Tom Mboya's fatal links with CIA\". Archived from the original on 3 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080703010101/http://www.afroarticles.com/article%2Ddashboard/Article/Kenya%2D%2D%2DTom%2DMboya%2Ds%2Dfatal%2Dlinks%2Dwith%2DCIA/111469","url_text":"\"Kenya – Tom Mboya's fatal links with CIA\""},{"url":"http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article/Kenya---Tom-Mboya-s-fatal-links-with-CIA/111469","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Mboya's Mausoleum – Rusinga Island, Kenya\". Archived from the original on 25 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725010101/http://www.afroarticles.com/article%2Ddashboard/Article/Tom%2DMboya%2Ds%2DMausoleum%2D%2D%2DThe%2Dhistorical%2Dgem%2Dof%2DRusinga%2DIsland%2D%2DKenya/115521","url_text":"\"Tom Mboya's Mausoleum – Rusinga Island, Kenya\""},{"url":"http://www.afroarticles.com/article-dashboard/Article/Tom-Mboya-s-Mausoleum---The-historical-gem-of-Rusinga-Island--Kenya/115521","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Buzzard%27s_Original_Savannah_Band_(album)

Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band (album)

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]

1976 studio album by Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah BandDr. Buzzard's Original Savannah BandStudio album by Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah BandReleased1976 (1976)RecordedFebruary 2, 1976 – March 4, 1976GenreDisco, big band, soulLength34:08LabelRCAProducerSandy LinzerDr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band chronology Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band(1976) Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Meets King Penett(1978) Singles from Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band "Cherchez La Femme"Released: October 23, 1976 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideAThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin Alternative Record Guide9/10 Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band is the debut studio album by Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band. It was released in 1976 by RCA. It peaked at number 22 on the Billboard 200 chart and number 31 on the Top R&B Albums chart. In his book Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco, music writer Peter Shapiro described the album as "one of the most fully realized, dazzling artifacts from the black bohemian intelligentsia". Track listing All tracks are written by August Darnell and Stony Browder Jr., except "Night and Day" written by Cole PorterSide oneNo.TitleLength1."I'll Play the Fool"4:472."Hard Times"4:093."Whispering/Cherchez La Femme/Se Si Bon"5:464."Sunshower"4:02 Side twoNo.TitleLength5."We Got It Made/Night and Day"3:456."You've Got Something/Betcha' the Love Bug Bitcha'"5:387."Sour and Sweet/Lemon in the Honey"6:01 Personnel Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Cory Daye – vocals Don Armando Bonilla – percussion Stony Browder – guitar, keyboards, vocals August Darnell – bass, vocals Andy "Coati Mundi" Hernandez – percussion Mickey Sevilla – drums Charts Chart performance for Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Chart (1976–1977) Peakposition Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 39 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 87 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 13 US Billboard 200 22 US Top R&B Albums (Billboard) 31 References ^ Ruhlmann, William. "Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band – Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band". AllMusic. Retrieved February 9, 2017. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "D". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-026-X. Retrieved February 24, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Coleman, Mark (1992). "Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band". In DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James; George-Warren, Holly (eds.). The Rolling Stone Album Guide (3rd ed.). Random House. pp. 203–04. ISBN 0-679-73729-4. ^ Cooper, Carol (1995). "Kid Creole and the Coconuts". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 207–09. ISBN 0-679-75574-8. ^ a b c "Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band | Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2017. ^ Henderson, Eric (April 15, 2008). "Kid Creole: Going Places: The August Darnell Years 1974 – 1983". Slant Magazine. Retrieved April 2, 2018. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 94. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 5104B". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved October 28, 2020. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band – Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 28, 2020. External links Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band at Discogs (list of releases) vteDr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Cory Daye Stony Browder Mickey Sevilla Andy Hernandez August Darnell Studio albums Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Meets King Penett Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Goes to Washington Calling All Beatniks! Compilation albums The Very Best of Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band The Disco Kids Singles "Cherchez La Femme" Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Family_(Doxaras)

The Holy Family (Doxaras)

["1 Description","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 Bibliography"]

Painting by Panagiotis Doxaras The Holy FamilyGreek: Η Αγία Οικογένεια, Italian: Sacra FamigliaArtistPanagiotis DoxarasYear1700Mediumoil on canvasMovementHeptanese SchoolSubjectJoseph, Virgin Mary, Christ Child, and John the Baptist with angelsDimensions70.1 cm × 58.9 cm (27.6 in × 23.2 in)LocationNational Gallery of Athens, Athens, GreeceOwnerNational Gallery of AthensAccessionK.866WebsiteOfficial Website The Holy Family is an oil painting created by Greek painter Panagiotis Doxaras. He was a prominent member of the Heptanese School. He was also an author. His son Nikolaos Doxaras was also a famous painter. Panayiotis was from a small village named Koutifari, close to Kalamata. He moved to Zakynthos at a young age. He studied painting with famous painter Leos Moskos. He traveled all over the Venetian empire with the famous artist including Venice. He studied painting in Venice for five years. He became a theoretical painter. He wrote several books on painting. He traveled all over the Ionian Islands. He lived in Lefkada, Zakynthos, and Corfu. He frescoed the ceiling of Panagia Faniromeni in Zakynthos. Eighteen of his paintings survived. Panagiotis successfully introduced oil painting into the Greek style. Greek patrons rejected Renaissance-style paintings such as the works of Titian, Tintoretto, and El Greco. Most of the patrons were Greek churches that preferred the Greek style or maniera greca. Italian and Greek patrons also supported the old style. Some of Panayioti's works resemble the Byzantine-influenced Cretan School mixed with the early Heptanese School. He was not successfully able to introduce Renaissance-style paintings but the artist began to introduce slower drying oil paint replacing egg tempera. He was also able to resemble Michael Damaskinos in creating a new movement for Greek painters to follow. The Holy Family is a topic used by countless Greek and Italian painters. Venetian masters such as Titian and Tintoretto painted versions of the Holy Family. El Greco also covered the subject matter in several of his pieces. Historians agree that some paintings are a depiction of the family resting on the flight into egypt. Panayioti's studied countless paintings. He translated Trattato de la pittura de Leonardo da Vinci. He was an admirer of Leonardo da Vinci. His work is a mixture of Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael's Holy Family paintings. Panagioti's was also influenced by the works of Rutilio di Lorenzo Manetti. Although Doxara's Italian Renaissance-style paintings were not as popular as his Greek-style works. The artist's painting style and theories were appreciated during the Modern Greek art movement in the 19th century. His masterpiece is part of the collection of the National Gallery of Athens in Greece. Description The painter chose to use oil paint on canvas. The height of the work is 70.1 cm (27.6 in.) and the width is 58.9 cm (23.2 in.). The traditional holy family is depicted Joseph, the Virgin Mary, the Christ Child, and John the Baptist appear with two angels. The painter utilized the chiaroscuro technique. The central figures are illuminated while Joseph observes the children playing from the middle ground. Two angelic children appear from the clouds. They are part of the illuminated group of subjects. John the Baptist's face is brighter than the rest of his body. All four child-like figures relay innocence. The artist had a firm understanding of light and shadow. Dark blue is the dominant color of the work. The Madonna figure sits on a wooden crate her expression is charismatic and innocent while she watches the children play. The figure exposes similarities to several of Manetti's works. She is glowing with joy as a gold scarf rests over her head. The Christ Child rests on a holy shroud. He peers at his cousin John the Baptist while they touch hands. His child-like innocence is revealed in his small face. Doxaras mastered flesh tones. The Christ Child features yellowish pink or pinkish cream coloration. He has blonde hair. His stomach and legs are clearly accentuated with shadows. His belly button is also visible. The child John the Baptist holds his traditional staff wrapped with a scroll. His face relays the same innocent charm as the Christ Child. To our right, behind the two angels, mountains appear in the background. Gallery Rest on the Flight into Egypt Manetti Madonna and Child Manetti The Holy Family Da Vinci Madonna della Rosa Raphael See also Francesco Vanni References Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Holy Family. ^ Drakopoulou 2010, pp. 272–274. ^ Eugenia Drakopoulou (June 21, 2022). "Doxaras Panagiotis". Institute for Neohellenic Research. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ Staff Writers (June 21, 2022). "The Holy Family, Panagiotis Doxaras". Hellenica World. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ Farago, Claire (2017). Re-Reading Leonardo The Treatise on Painting Across Europe, 1550-1900. New York, New York: Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 9781138261952. ^ Staff Writers (June 21, 2022). "The Holy Family, ca 1700". National Gallery of Athens. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ Speake 2021, p. 1228. Bibliography Drakopoulou, Evgenia (2010). Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450–1830). Τόμος 3: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ . Athens, Greece: Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation. ISBN 978-960-7916-94-5. Speake, Graham (2021). Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition. London And New York: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781135942069. vteHeptanese School (painting)Principal proponents Panagiotis Doxaras Nikolaos Doxaras Nikolaos Kantounis Nikolaos Koutouzis Nikolaos Kallergis Spyridon Ventouras Efstathios Karousos Other artists Andreas Karantinos Gerasimos Pitsamanos Spyridon Sperantzas Stylianos Devaris Stylianos Stavrakis Demetrios Stavrakis Konstantinos Kontarinis Ioannis Korais Stephanos Tzangarolas Ioanni Korai Demetrios Nomikos Spiridione Roma Theodore Poulakis Elias Moskos Outside Ionian Islands Georgios Markou Iakovos Moskos Dionysios of Fourna Makarios Georgios Kastrofylakas Michael Prevelis Ioannis Kornaros Emmanuel Skordilis Antonios Skordilis Christodoulos Kalergis Defterevon Sifnios Major works The Archangel Michael (Poulakis, 1640–1692) Constantine and Helen (I. Moskos, 1665–1721) The Fall of Man (Poulakis, 1640–1692)) The Holy Towel (E. Tzanes, 1659)) Saint Onuphrius (E. Tzanes, 1662)) Jacob’s Ladder (E. Moskos, 1664–1666) The Miracle of the Holy Belt (Poulakis, 1640–1692)) Virgin and Child on Bronze (E. Moskos, 1650–1687) Noah's Ark (Poulakis, 1660–1692) Adoration of the Shepherds (Tzangarolas, 1688–1700) Virgin Glykofilousa with the Akathist Hymn (Tzangarolas, 1700) The Holy Family (P. Doxaras, 1700) Virgin Glykofilousa (Karantinos, 1723) Angel Holding the Body of Christ (Kallergis, 1732) Vision of Constantine (Stavarkis, 1729–1786) Assumption of Mary (N. Doxaras, 1725–1775) The Prophet Jonah (Stavrakis, 1750–1800) The Deposition from the Cross (Stavrakis, 1729-1786) The Holy Trinity (Romas, 1764) Entry of Christ into Jerusalem (Karousos, 1780) A Scene from the Life of John Chrysostom (Ventouras, 1797) Saint Spyridon, John the Baptist, Saint Peter, and Saint George (Koutouzis, 1750–1813) Lamentation of Christ (Kantounis, 1790–1834) Related Hellenic Institute Venice Manolis Hatzidakis Institute of Neohellenic Research

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panagiotis Doxaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Doxaras"},{"link_name":"Heptanese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Doxaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Doxaras"},{"link_name":"Leos Moskos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leos_Moskos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrakopoulou2010272%E2%80%93274-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Tintoretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto"},{"link_name":"El Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco"},{"link_name":"maniera greca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Byzantine"},{"link_name":"Cretan School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_School"},{"link_name":"Heptanese School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Michael Damaskinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Damaskinos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Holy Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Family"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_painting"},{"link_name":"Titian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titian"},{"link_name":"Tintoretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto"},{"link_name":"Holy Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Family"},{"link_name":"El Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco"},{"link_name":"resting on the flight into egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_on_the_Flight_into_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Holy Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Family"},{"link_name":"Rutilio di Lorenzo Manetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutilio_di_Lorenzo_Manetti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Holy Family is an oil painting created by Greek painter Panagiotis Doxaras. He was a prominent member of the Heptanese School. He was also an author. His son Nikolaos Doxaras was also a famous painter. Panayiotis was from a small village named Koutifari, close to Kalamata. He moved to Zakynthos at a young age. He studied painting with famous painter Leos Moskos. He traveled all over the Venetian empire with the famous artist including Venice. He studied painting in Venice for five years. He became a theoretical painter. He wrote several books on painting. He traveled all over the Ionian Islands. He lived in Lefkada, Zakynthos, and Corfu. He frescoed the ceiling of Panagia Faniromeni in Zakynthos. Eighteen of his paintings survived.[1][2]Panagiotis successfully introduced oil painting into the Greek style. Greek patrons rejected Renaissance-style paintings such as the works of Titian, Tintoretto, and El Greco. Most of the patrons were Greek churches that preferred the Greek style or maniera greca. Italian and Greek patrons also supported the old style. Some of Panayioti's works resemble the Byzantine-influenced Cretan School mixed with the early Heptanese School. He was not successfully able to introduce Renaissance-style paintings but the artist began to introduce slower drying oil paint replacing egg tempera. He was also able to resemble Michael Damaskinos in creating a new movement for Greek painters to follow.[3]The Holy Family is a topic used by countless Greek and Italian painters. Venetian masters such as Titian and Tintoretto painted versions of the Holy Family. El Greco also covered the subject matter in several of his pieces. Historians agree that some paintings are a depiction of the family resting on the flight into egypt. Panayioti's studied countless paintings. He translated Trattato de la pittura de Leonardo da Vinci. He was an admirer of Leonardo da Vinci. His work is a mixture of Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael's Holy Family paintings. Panagioti's was also influenced by the works of Rutilio di Lorenzo Manetti. Although Doxara's Italian Renaissance-style paintings were not as popular as his Greek-style works. The artist's painting style and theories were appreciated during the Modern Greek art movement in the 19th century. His masterpiece is part of the collection of the National Gallery of Athens in Greece.[4]","title":"The Holy Family (Doxaras)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Christ Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"chiaroscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaroscuro"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Manetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutilio_di_Lorenzo_Manetti"},{"link_name":"Christ Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Christ Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Christ Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Child"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeake20211228-6"}],"text":"The painter chose to use oil paint on canvas. The height of the work is 70.1 cm (27.6 in.) and the width is 58.9 cm (23.2 in.). The traditional holy family is depicted Joseph, the Virgin Mary, the Christ Child, and John the Baptist appear with two angels. The painter utilized the chiaroscuro technique. The central figures are illuminated while Joseph observes the children playing from the middle ground. Two angelic children appear from the clouds. They are part of the illuminated group of subjects. John the Baptist's face is brighter than the rest of his body. All four child-like figures relay innocence. The artist had a firm understanding of light and shadow. Dark blue is the dominant color of the work. The Madonna figure sits on a wooden crate her expression is charismatic and innocent while she watches the children play. The figure exposes similarities to several of Manetti's works. She is glowing with joy as a gold scarf rests over her head. The Christ Child rests on a holy shroud. He peers at his cousin John the Baptist while they touch hands. His child-like innocence is revealed in his small face. Doxaras mastered flesh tones. The Christ Child features yellowish pink or pinkish cream coloration. He has blonde hair. His stomach and legs are clearly accentuated with shadows. His belly button is also visible. The child John the Baptist holds his traditional staff wrapped with a scroll. His face relays the same innocent charm as the Christ Child. To our right, behind the two angels, mountains appear in the background.[5][6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rutilio_Manetti_-_The_Rest_on_the_Flight_into_Egypt_-_WGA13919.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutilio_di_Lorenzo_Manetti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rutilio_Manetti_-_Madonna_and_Child_with_the_Infant_St_John_the_Baptist_and_St_Catherine_of_Siena_-_WGA13918.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutilio_di_Lorenzo_Manetti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonardo_Da_Vinci_-_Vergine_delle_Rocce_(Louvre).jpg"},{"link_name":"Da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raffaello_Santi_-_Madonna_della_Rosa_(Prado).jpg"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"}],"text":"Rest on the Flight into Egypt Manetti\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadonna and Child Manetti\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Holy Family Da Vinci\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMadonna della Rosa Raphael","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450–1830). 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Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=3ockEAAAQBAJ&dq=Panagiotis+Doxaras&pg=PA1228"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781135942069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135942069"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Heptanese_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Heptanese_School_(painting)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heptanese_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Heptanese School (painting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptanese_School_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Doxaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Doxaras"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Doxaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Doxaras"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Kantounis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Kantounis"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Koutouzis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Koutouzis"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Kallergis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Kallergis"},{"link_name":"Spyridon Ventouras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Ventouras"},{"link_name":"Efstathios Karousos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efstathios_Karousos"},{"link_name":"Andreas Karantinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Karantinos"},{"link_name":"Gerasimos Pitsamanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerasimos_Pitsamanos"},{"link_name":"Spyridon Sperantzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Sperantzas"},{"link_name":"Stylianos Devaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Devaris"},{"link_name":"Stylianos Stavrakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylianos_Stavrakis"},{"link_name":"Demetrios Stavrakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Stavrakis"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Kontarinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Kontarinis"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Korais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Korais"},{"link_name":"Stephanos Tzangarolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanos_Tzangarolas"},{"link_name":"Ioanni Korai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioanni_Korai"},{"link_name":"Demetrios Nomikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrios_Nomikos"},{"link_name":"Spiridione Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiridione_Roma"},{"link_name":"Theodore Poulakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Poulakis"},{"link_name":"Elias Moskos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Moskos"},{"link_name":"Georgios Markou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Markou"},{"link_name":"Iakovos Moskos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakovos_Moskos"},{"link_name":"Dionysios of Fourna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysios_of_Fourna"},{"link_name":"Makarios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarios_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Georgios Kastrofylakas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Kastrofylakas"},{"link_name":"Michael Prevelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Prevelis"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Kornaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kornaros"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Skordilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Skordilis"},{"link_name":"Antonios Skordilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios_Skordilis"},{"link_name":"Christodoulos Kalergis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christodoulos_Kalergis"},{"link_name":"Defterevon Sifnios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defterevon_Sifnios"},{"link_name":"The Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archangel_Michael_(Poulakis)"},{"link_name":"Constantine and Helen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_and_Helen_(Moskos)"},{"link_name":"The Fall of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_Man_(Poulakis)"},{"link_name":"The Holy Towel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Towel_(Tzanes)"},{"link_name":"Saint Onuphrius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Onuphrius_(Tzanes)"},{"link_name":"Jacob’s Ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%E2%80%99s_Ladder_(Moskos)"},{"link_name":"The Miracle of the Holy Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_of_the_Holy_Belt"},{"link_name":"Virgin and Child on Bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_on_Bronze_(Moskos)"},{"link_name":"Noah's Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Poulakis)"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Shepherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds_(Tzangarolas)"},{"link_name":"Virgin Glykofilousa with the Akathist Hymn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Glykofilousa_with_the_Akathist_Hymn_(Tzangarolas)"},{"link_name":"The Holy Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Virgin Glykofilousa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Glykofilousa_(Karantinos)"},{"link_name":"Angel Holding the Body of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Holding_the_Body_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Vision of Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_of_Constantine_(Stavarkis)"},{"link_name":"Assumption of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary_(Doxaras)"},{"link_name":"The Prophet Jonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prophet_Jonah_(Stavrakis)"},{"link_name":"The Deposition from the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deposition_from_the_Cross_(Stavrakis)"},{"link_name":"The Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holy_Trinity_(Romas)"},{"link_name":"Entry of Christ into Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entry_of_Christ_into_Jerusalem_(Karousos)"},{"link_name":"A Scene from the Life of John Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Scene_from_the_Life_of_John_Chrysostom_(Ventouras)"},{"link_name":"Saint Spyridon, John the Baptist, Saint Peter, and Saint George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Spyridon,_John_the_Baptist,_Saint_Peter,_and_Saint_George_(Koutouzis)"},{"link_name":"Lamentation of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ_(Kantounis)"},{"link_name":"Hellenic Institute Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Institute_of_Byzantine_and_Post-Byzantine_Studies_in_Venice"},{"link_name":"Manolis Hatzidakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolis_Hatzidakis"},{"link_name":"Institute of Neohellenic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hellenic_Research_Foundation"}],"text":"Drakopoulou, Evgenia (2010). Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450–1830). Τόμος 3: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ [Greek Painters after the Fall of Constantinople (1450–1830). Volume 3: Averkios - Joseph]. Athens, Greece: Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation. ISBN 978-960-7916-94-5.Speake, Graham (2021). Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition. London And New York: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781135942069.vteHeptanese School (painting)Principal proponents\nPanagiotis Doxaras\nNikolaos Doxaras\nNikolaos Kantounis\nNikolaos Koutouzis\nNikolaos Kallergis\nSpyridon Ventouras\nEfstathios Karousos\nOther artists\nAndreas Karantinos\nGerasimos Pitsamanos\nSpyridon Sperantzas\nStylianos Devaris\nStylianos Stavrakis\nDemetrios Stavrakis\nKonstantinos Kontarinis\nIoannis Korais\nStephanos Tzangarolas\nIoanni Korai\nDemetrios Nomikos\nSpiridione Roma\nTheodore Poulakis\nElias Moskos\nOutside Ionian Islands\nGeorgios Markou\nIakovos Moskos\nDionysios of Fourna\nMakarios\nGeorgios Kastrofylakas\nMichael Prevelis\nIoannis Kornaros\nEmmanuel Skordilis\nAntonios Skordilis\nChristodoulos Kalergis\nDefterevon Sifnios\nMajor works\nThe Archangel Michael (Poulakis, 1640–1692)\nConstantine and Helen (I. Moskos, 1665–1721)\nThe Fall of Man (Poulakis, 1640–1692))\nThe Holy Towel (E. Tzanes, 1659))\nSaint Onuphrius (E. Tzanes, 1662))\nJacob’s Ladder (E. Moskos, 1664–1666)\nThe Miracle of the Holy Belt (Poulakis, 1640–1692))\nVirgin and Child on Bronze (E. Moskos, 1650–1687)\nNoah's Ark (Poulakis, 1660–1692)\nAdoration of the Shepherds (Tzangarolas, 1688–1700)\nVirgin Glykofilousa with the Akathist Hymn (Tzangarolas, 1700)\nThe Holy Family (P. Doxaras, 1700)\nVirgin Glykofilousa (Karantinos, 1723)\nAngel Holding the Body of Christ (Kallergis, 1732)\nVision of Constantine (Stavarkis, 1729–1786)\nAssumption of Mary (N. Doxaras, 1725–1775)\nThe Prophet Jonah (Stavrakis, 1750–1800)\nThe Deposition from the Cross (Stavrakis, 1729-1786)\nThe Holy Trinity (Romas, 1764)\nEntry of Christ into Jerusalem (Karousos, 1780)\nA Scene from the Life of John Chrysostom (Ventouras, 1797)\nSaint Spyridon, John the Baptist, Saint Peter, and Saint George (Koutouzis, 1750–1813)\nLamentation of Christ (Kantounis, 1790–1834)\nRelated\nHellenic Institute Venice\nManolis Hatzidakis\nInstitute of Neohellenic Research","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"title":"Francesco Vanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Vanni"}]

[{"reference":"Eugenia Drakopoulou (June 21, 2022). \"Doxaras Panagiotis\". Institute for Neohellenic Research. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://pandektis.ekt.gr/pandektis/handle/10442/163825","url_text":"\"Doxaras Panagiotis\""}]},{"reference":"Staff Writers (June 21, 2022). \"The Holy Family, Panagiotis Doxaras\". Hellenica World. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Art/en/PDoxarasTheHolyFamily.html","url_text":"\"The Holy Family, Panagiotis Doxaras\""}]},{"reference":"Farago, Claire (2017). Re-Reading Leonardo The Treatise on Painting Across Europe, 1550-1900. New York, New York: Routledge. p. 19. ISBN 9781138261952.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iy4rDwAAQBAJ&dq=Panagiotis+Doxaras&pg=PR19","url_text":"Re-Reading Leonardo The Treatise on Painting Across Europe, 1550-1900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138261952","url_text":"9781138261952"}]},{"reference":"Staff Writers (June 21, 2022). \"The Holy Family, ca 1700\". National Gallery of Athens. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgallery.gr/en/painting-permanent-exhibition/painting/the-school-of-the-ionian-islands/the-holy-family-64699.html","url_text":"\"The Holy Family, ca 1700\""}]},{"reference":"Drakopoulou, Evgenia (2010). Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450–1830). Τόμος 3: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ [Greek Painters after the Fall of Constantinople (1450–1830). Volume 3: Averkios - Joseph]. Athens, Greece: Center for Modern Greek Studies, National Research Foundation. ISBN 978-960-7916-94-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/handle/10442/14845","url_text":"Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450–1830). Τόμος 3: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7916-94-5","url_text":"978-960-7916-94-5"}]},{"reference":"Speake, Graham (2021). Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition. London And New York: Rutledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 9781135942069.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3ockEAAAQBAJ&dq=Panagiotis+Doxaras&pg=PA1228","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135942069","url_text":"9781135942069"}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.nationalgallery.gr/en/painting-permanent-exhibition/painting/the-school-of-the-ionian-islands/the-holy-family-64699.html","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://pandektis.ekt.gr/pandektis/handle/10442/163825","external_links_name":"\"Doxaras Panagiotis\""},{"Link":"http://www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Art/en/PDoxarasTheHolyFamily.html","external_links_name":"\"The Holy Family, Panagiotis Doxaras\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iy4rDwAAQBAJ&dq=Panagiotis+Doxaras&pg=PR19","external_links_name":"Re-Reading Leonardo The Treatise on Painting Across Europe, 1550-1900"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgallery.gr/en/painting-permanent-exhibition/painting/the-school-of-the-ionian-islands/the-holy-family-64699.html","external_links_name":"\"The Holy Family, ca 1700\""},{"Link":"https://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/handle/10442/14845","external_links_name":"Έλληνες Ζωγράφοι μετά την Άλωση (1450–1830). Τόμος 3: Αβέρκιος - Ιωσήφ"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3ockEAAAQBAJ&dq=Panagiotis+Doxaras&pg=PA1228","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Howard_(producer)

Mark Howard (producer)

["1 Career","2 Discography","3 Award nominations and wins","4 Sources","5 References","6 External links"]

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mark HowardMark Howard Berlin 2007Background informationBorn (1964-06-08) 8 June 1964 (age 60)Manchester, EnglandGenresExperimental, rock, ambient, folk, country, bluesOccupation(s)Record producer, EngineerMusical artist Mark Howard (born June 8, 1964 in Manchester, England) is a Canadian record producer, engineer, and mixer, who has worked with artists including Bob Dylan, Tom Waits, The Tragically Hip, Lucinda Williams, Willie Nelson, Marianne Faithfull, Emmylou Harris, U2, Peter Gabriel, R.E.M., Neil Young, Kaizers Orchestra and The Neville Brothers. Career Howard began his career in Hamilton, Ontario, mixing shows in local clubs, and touring across Canada with King Biscuit Boy. After a motorbike accident which left him unable to lift heavy equipment, he began working as an assistant at Grant Avenue Studios. In 1986, while working at Grant Avenue Studio, he met Daniel Lanois and began working on his solo album, Acadie. Lanois invited him to New Orleans to help set up a studio and begin work on The Neville Brothers album Yellow Moon, beginning a 23-year-long musical partnership. Howard worked on mixing, recording and engineering, as well as studio installations. They had studios in New Orleans, Kingsway, Emila Court on St Charles Ave, and a Victorian mansion at 1305 Soniat St, Mexico, and in San Francisco. In 1987, Howard recorded the Neville Brothers' Yellow Moon at Emila Court. In 1989, Bob Dylan's Oh Mercy was recorded on Soniat St. This is the house on Soniat St, New Orleans where Bob Dylan's Oh Mercy was recorded in April, 1989 by Mark Howard. Howard then recorded and mixed Daniel Lanois' debut solo album Acadie. In 1990, Howard recorded Chris Whitley's debut album, Living with the Law at Kingsway Studio and in 1991 recorded and mixed Lanois' second album For the Beauty of Wynona. In 1991, Mark began work on R.E.M.'s Automatic for the People. Whilst at Kingsway Howard worked on records for the Neville Brothers (Brother's Keeper), Peter Gabriel (Us), R.E.M. (Monster), Harold Budd (By the Dawn of the Early Light), and Iggy Pop (American Caesar). In 1993, Howard went solo as a producer, producing The Tragically Hip's Day for Night. He was nominated at the Canadian Juno awards for producer of the year. In 1994, Howard worked on post-production for Emmylou Harris's Wrecking Ball at the studio he shared with Lanois in San Francisco. Howard then opened a studio called the Teatro, in Oxnard, California, in an abandoned 1920s theatre. At this studio Howard and Lanois co-produced the soundtrack to the movie Slingblade, and Howard then produced Chris Whitley's Terra Incognita. In 1995, Howard co-produced with Ian Moore the latter's second studio album, Modernday Folklore. In 1996, Bob Dylan began work with Howard and Lanois on Time Out of Mind at the Teatro, and recorded at Miami's Criteria Studios for a month before returning to the Teatro to finish recording the album. The record went on to win three Grammys, including Album of the Year. In Dylan's acceptance speech, he thanked Mark Howard, commenting that "we got a particular sound on this record which you don't get every day". The Teatro studio in Oxnard, California, an abandoned theatre that Howard turned into a recording studio. In 1997, Howard and Lanois recorded Willie Nelson's Teatro, named after the studio. In July 1998, Howard produced Marianne Faithfull's, Vagabond Ways. Faithfull was introduced to Howard by Bob Dylan, who said to her that "You know Marianne, people like us with funny voices, you have to be very careful who you let produce you." U2 was the last band to record with Howard and Lanois at the Teatro, recording some of All That You Can't Leave Behind. After the Teatro Howard created his own studio at the Paramour Estate in Silver Lake, Los Angeles, which was originally owned by actor and director Antonio Mareno. At Paramour, Howard produced the Lucinda Williams album, World Without Tears, which was nominated for a Grammy award. Whilst at the Paramour Howard produced Vic Chesnutt Silver lake, a track with Eddie Vedder for soundtrack of the movie, I Am Sam, and the beginnings of Tom Waits Real Gone. Howard finished Real Gone at an old school house in northern California. The Paramour Estate in Silver Lake, Los Angeles Discography P=Produced / E=Engineered / M=Mixed / R=Recorded Courtney Marie Andrews, May Your Kindness Remain (Fat Possum) E/M Bob Dylan, Time Out of Mind (Columbia) R/M Bob Dylan, Oh Mercy (Columbia) R Tom Waits, Various Tracks from Orphans (Anti) R/M Tom Waits, Real Gone (Epitaph) R/M Neil Young, Le Noise (Warner) R/M Marianne Faithfull, Vagabond Ways (Virgin) P/R/M Lucinda Williams, World Without Tears (Lost Highway) P/R/M Emmylou Harris, Wrecking Ball (Asylum) R/M Willie Nelson, Teatro (Island) R/M U2, All That You Can't Leave Behind (Interscope) E U2, "Ground Beneath Her Feet" from R/M Million Dollar Hotel Soundtrack (Island) Iggy Pop, Avenue B (Virgin) R/M Iggy Pop, American Caesar (Virgin) R/M Red Hot Chili Peppers, Californication Singles (Warner Bros) R/M R.E.M., Automatic for the People (I.R.S.) R R.E.M., Monster (Warner Bros) R The Tragically Hip, Day for Night (MCA) P/R/M Ian Thornley, Secrets (Anthem) P/R/M Ricki Lee Jones, 3 Tracks on ‘The Evening Of My Best Day’ (V2) M Ricki Lee Jones, The Other Side of Desire (30 Tiger) P/R/M Peter Gabriel, US (Geffen) R Daniel Lanois, Acadie (Warner Bros) R/M Daniel Lanois, For The Beauty of Wynona (Warner Bros) R/M Daniel Lanois, For The Beauty of Wynona (Warner Bros) R/M K.D. Lang, Anywhere but Here soundtrack. (Atlantic) M Robbie Robertson, Storyville (Geffen) R The Neville Brothers, Brothers Keeper (A&M) R Chris Whitley, Living with the Law (Columbia) R All the Pretty Horses Film Soundtrack (Sony) R/M Sling Blade Oscar-winning film soundtrack (Island) P/R/M Kaizers Orchestra, Maskineri (Constanze DA) P Sharon Little, Perfect Time for a Breakdown (CBS Records) Co-P Augie March, Moo, You Bloody Choir (Sony BMG Music, Aus) M Jackie Bristow, (Craving Records) P/M Sam Roberts, (Universal Canada) P/M Amy Corriea, Lakeville (Nettwerk America) R/Co-P/M Ricki Lee Jones, 3 Tracks on ‘The Evening Of My Best Day’ (V2) M Colin James, Traveler (Warner Canada) P/R/M Vic Chesnutt, Silver Lake (New West) P/R/M Bastard Sons of Johnny Cash, Bastard Sons Of Johnny Cash (Ultimatum) P Ana Victoria Tracks for Forthcoming Album (Arista) R Avril Lavigne, "Complicated" R "Sk8ter Boi" R "I’m With You" R From Let Go (Arista) The Waifs, Up All Night (Jarrah) R/M Arid, At The Close Of Every Day (Sony Music Benelux) P/R/M I Am Sam, 1 track from OMPS Sdtrk. "You've Got To Hide Your Love Away" by Eddie Vedder (V2) R/M Diane Tell, Tout De (BMG International) R Natalie Imbruglia, White Lilies Island (BMG) R The Ulfuls, (Toshiba/EMI) P/R/M Chris Whitley, Terra Incognita (Work Group) P/R/M Scott Weiland, Twelve Bar Blues (Atlantic) M Sub-Bionic, Forthcoming Album (Extasy) P/R/M Tito & Tarantula, (cockroach) P/R Holly McNarland, Forthcoming release (Universal) P/R/M Tim Gibbons, Shylingo (Real Records) P/R/M Daryl Johnson, Shake (Real World) P/R/M Ian Moore, Modernday Folklore (Capricorn) P/R/M Marva Wright, Tipitina's (Tipitina's) P/R/M Shannon McNally, Jukebox Sparrows (Capitol) R/M Victoria Williams, Musing of a Creek Dipper (Atlantic) R/M Brian Blade, Fellowship (Blue Note) R/M Luscious Jackson, Fever In Fever Out (Capitol) R/M Lisa Germano, Happiness (4AD) R Harold Budd, By the Dawns Early Light (Opal) R/M Crash Vegas, Red Earth (Sony) R The Wailin' Jennys, Bright Morning Stars (Red House Records) P/R/M Alexz Johnson, A Stranger Time P Mustangs of the West, Time (Blue Élan Records) P/R Award nominations and wins Juno Award Nomination-Producer of the Year - The Tragically Hip - Day for Night 1994 — Mark Howard - Producer, Engineer UK Americana Awards, International Album of The Year 2019 - Courtney Marie Andrews - May Your Kindness Remain - Mark Howard - Producer, Engineer Sources This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Producing Hit Records: Secrets from the Studio by David Farinella Uncut Magazine "Meet the Real Dylan" (Nov. 2008) Chronicles: Volume One - Bob Dylan - 2004 (Simon and Schuster) References ^ a b "Mark Howard". Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 2009-05-15. ^ "The Official Bob Dylan Site". Bobdylan.com. ^ "Recording Studio Is Phantom of the Teatro". Los Angeles Times. September 27, 1998. ^ "uncut.co.uk". Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2016-04-16. Retrieved 2016-11-30. ^ "Bob Dylan 980225a". Expectingrain.com. ^ "Marianne Faithfull-Sylvie Simmons". Archived from the original on 2008-03-11. ^ "U2 > Discography > Albums > All That You Can't Leave Behind". U2.com. ^ "mixonline.com". Archived from the original on 2009-12-21. ^ "acousticguitar.com". Archived from the original on 2008-10-23. ^ "PopMatters". Archived from the original on 2008-07-27. Retrieved 2009-05-13. ^ "20 Signs of Life From 2003". Pastemagazine.com. January 16, 2004. ^ "In Music We Trust - Vic Chesnutt: Silver Lake". Inmusicwetrust.com. External links This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mark Howard on Myspace Mark Howard interviewed by Uncut Magazine on Bob Dylan Article Oh Mercy-Bob Dylan/ Mark Howard Bob Dylan-Whos Who/ interview Mark Howard Chris and Thomas/Mark Howard Interview-EQ Mag Todd interviews Mark Howard-Podcast for Worlds End Producer Management Lucinda Williams Interview/Mark Howard-Pop Matters Music Review Mark Howard, producer of Megabien Entertainment Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Artists MusicBrainz

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Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Kaizers Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizers_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"The Neville Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers"}],"text":"Musical artistMark Howard (born June 8, 1964 in Manchester, England) is a Canadian record producer, engineer, and mixer, who has worked with artists including Bob Dylan, Tom Waits, The Tragically Hip, Lucinda Williams, Willie Nelson, Marianne Faithfull, Emmylou Harris, U2, Peter Gabriel, R.E.M., Neil Young, Kaizers Orchestra and The Neville Brothers.","title":"Mark Howard (producer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"King Biscuit Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Biscuit_Boy"},{"link_name":"Grant Avenue Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grant_Avenue_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-octopusmediaink.com-1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Acadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadie_(album)"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"The Neville Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Yellow Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Moon_(Neville_Brothers_album)"},{"link_name":"Kingsway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingsway_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-octopusmediaink.com-1"},{"link_name":"Yellow Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Moon_(Neville_Brothers_album)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Oh Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Mercy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoniatSt.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Acadie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acadie_(album)"},{"link_name":"Chris Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Living with the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_with_the_Law_(album)"},{"link_name":"Kingsway Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingsway_Studio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"For the Beauty of Wynona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_the_Beauty_of_Wynona"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"Automatic for the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_for_the_People"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_(Peter_Gabriel_album)"},{"link_name":"Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_(R.E.M._album)"},{"link_name":"Harold Budd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Budd"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"American Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Caesar_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Tragically Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragically_Hip"},{"link_name":"Day for Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_for_Night_(Tragically_Hip_album)"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Wrecking Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_Ball_(Emmylou_Harris_album)"},{"link_name":"Oxnard, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxnard,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Slingblade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingblade"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chris Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Time Out of Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_of_Mind_(Bob_Dylan_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Criteria Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_Studios"},{"link_name":"Album of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Album_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TeatroStudio.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Teatro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_(Willie_Nelson_album)"},{"link_name":"Marianne Faithfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull"},{"link_name":"Vagabond Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagabond_Ways"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"All That You Can't Leave Behind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_That_You_Can%27t_Leave_Behind"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Paramour Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramour_Estate"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mareno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Mareno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucinda Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinda_Williams"},{"link_name":"World Without Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Without_Tears"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Vic Chesnutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Chesnutt"},{"link_name":"Silver lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eddie Vedder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Vedder"},{"link_name":"I Am Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Sam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Real Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Gone_(album)"},{"link_name":"Real Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Gone_(album)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParamourEstate.jpeg"}],"text":"Howard began his career in Hamilton, Ontario, mixing shows in local clubs, and touring across Canada with King Biscuit Boy. After a motorbike accident which left him unable to lift heavy equipment, he began working as an assistant at Grant Avenue Studios.[1] In 1986, while working at Grant Avenue Studio, he met Daniel Lanois and began working on his solo album, Acadie. Lanois invited him to New Orleans to help set up a studio and begin work on The Neville Brothers album Yellow Moon, beginning a 23-year-long musical partnership. Howard worked on mixing, recording and engineering, as well as studio installations. They had studios in New Orleans, Kingsway, Emila Court on St Charles Ave, and a Victorian mansion at 1305 Soniat St, Mexico, and in San Francisco.[1] In 1987, Howard recorded the Neville Brothers' Yellow Moon at Emila Court. In 1989, Bob Dylan's Oh Mercy was recorded on Soniat St.[2]This is the house on Soniat St, New Orleans where Bob Dylan's Oh Mercy was recorded in April, 1989 by Mark Howard.Howard then recorded and mixed Daniel Lanois' debut solo album Acadie. In 1990, Howard recorded Chris Whitley's debut album, Living with the Law at Kingsway Studio and in 1991 recorded and mixed Lanois' second album For the Beauty of Wynona. In 1991, Mark began work on R.E.M.'s Automatic for the People. Whilst at Kingsway Howard worked on records for the Neville Brothers (Brother's Keeper), Peter Gabriel (Us), R.E.M. (Monster), Harold Budd (By the Dawn of the Early Light), and Iggy Pop (American Caesar).In 1993, Howard went solo as a producer, producing The Tragically Hip's Day for Night. He was nominated at the Canadian Juno awards for producer of the year. In 1994, Howard worked on post-production for Emmylou Harris's Wrecking Ball at the studio he shared with Lanois in San Francisco.Howard then opened a studio called the Teatro, in Oxnard, California,[3] in an abandoned 1920s theatre. At this studio Howard and Lanois co-produced the soundtrack to the movie Slingblade,[citation needed] and Howard then produced Chris Whitley's Terra Incognita. In 1995, Howard co-produced with Ian Moore the latter's second studio album, Modernday Folklore.In 1996, Bob Dylan began work with Howard and Lanois on Time Out of Mind at the Teatro,[4] and recorded at Miami's Criteria Studios for a month before returning to the Teatro to finish recording the album. The record went on to win three Grammys, including Album of the Year. In Dylan's acceptance speech, he thanked Mark Howard, commenting that \"we got a particular sound on this record which you don't get every day\".[5][6]The Teatro studio in Oxnard, California, an abandoned theatre that Howard turned into a recording studio.In 1997, Howard and Lanois recorded Willie Nelson's Teatro, named after the studio. In July 1998, Howard produced Marianne Faithfull's, Vagabond Ways. Faithfull was introduced to Howard by Bob Dylan, who said to her that \"You know Marianne, people like us with funny voices, you have to be very careful who you let produce you.\"[7]U2 was the last band to record with Howard and Lanois at the Teatro, recording some of All That You Can't Leave Behind.[8]After the Teatro Howard created his own studio at the Paramour Estate in Silver Lake, Los Angeles,[9] which was originally owned by actor and director Antonio Mareno. At Paramour, Howard produced the Lucinda Williams album, World Without Tears,[10] which was nominated for a Grammy award.[11][12] Whilst at the Paramour Howard produced Vic Chesnutt Silver lake,[13] a track with Eddie Vedder for soundtrack of the movie, I Am Sam,[citation needed] and the beginnings of Tom Waits Real Gone. Howard finished Real Gone at an old school house in northern California.The Paramour Estate in Silver Lake, Los Angeles","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Courtney Marie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Marie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"May Your Kindness Remain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Your_Kindness_Remain"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Time Out of Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_of_Mind_(Bob_Dylan_album)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Oh Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Mercy"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Tom Waits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits"},{"link_name":"Real Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Gone_(album)"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Le Noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Noise"},{"link_name":"Marianne Faithfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull"},{"link_name":"Lucinda Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinda_Williams"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"U2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U2"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Iggy Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iggy_Pop"},{"link_name":"Red Hot Chili Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hot_Chili_Peppers"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"The Tragically Hip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tragically_Hip"},{"link_name":"Ian Thornley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Thornley"},{"link_name":"Secrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_(Ian_Thornley_album)"},{"link_name":"Ricki Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricki_Lee_Jones"},{"link_name":"Ricki Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricki_Lee_Jones"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us_(Peter_Gabriel_album)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"K.D. Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.D._Lang"},{"link_name":"Anywhere but Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anywhere_but_Here_(film)"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Storyville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyville_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Neville Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Chris Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Living with the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_with_the_Law_(album)"},{"link_name":"All the Pretty Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sling Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_Blade"},{"link_name":"Kaizers Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizers_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Sharon Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Little"},{"link_name":"Augie March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augie_March"},{"link_name":"Jackie Bristow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackie_Bristow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sam Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Roberts_(singer-songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Amy Corriea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amy_Corriea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ricki Lee Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricki_Lee_Jones"},{"link_name":"Colin James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_James"},{"link_name":"Vic Chesnutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Chesnutt"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake_(album)"},{"link_name":"Bastard Sons of Johnny Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_Sons_of_Johnny_Cash"},{"link_name":"Ana Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Avril Lavigne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avril_Lavigne"},{"link_name":"The Waifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waifs"},{"link_name":"Arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid"},{"link_name":"I Am Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Sam"},{"link_name":"Diane Tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Tell"},{"link_name":"Natalie Imbruglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Imbruglia"},{"link_name":"The Ulfuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ulfuls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chris Whitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whitley"},{"link_name":"Terra Incognita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Incognita_(Chris_Whitley_album)"},{"link_name":"Scott Weiland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Weiland"},{"link_name":"Sub-Bionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sub-Bionic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tito & Tarantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_%26_Tarantula"},{"link_name":"Holly McNarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_McNarland"},{"link_name":"Tim Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Gibbons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daryl Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ian Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Moore_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Modernday Folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernday_Folklore"},{"link_name":"Marva Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marva_Wright"},{"link_name":"Shannon McNally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_McNally"},{"link_name":"Jukebox Sparrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox_Sparrows"},{"link_name":"Victoria Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Williams"},{"link_name":"Brian Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Blade"},{"link_name":"Luscious Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luscious_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Fever In Fever Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever_In_Fever_Out"},{"link_name":"Lisa Germano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Germano"},{"link_name":"Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_(Lisa_Germano_album)"},{"link_name":"Harold Budd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Budd"},{"link_name":"Crash Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Red Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Earth_(Crash_Vegas_album)"},{"link_name":"The Wailin' Jennys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wailin%27_Jennys"},{"link_name":"Alexz Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexz_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mustangs of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustangs_of_the_West&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"P=Produced / E=Engineered / M=Mixed / R=RecordedCourtney Marie Andrews, May Your Kindness Remain (Fat Possum) E/M\nBob Dylan, Time Out of Mind (Columbia) R/M\nBob Dylan, Oh Mercy (Columbia) R\nTom Waits, Various Tracks from Orphans (Anti) R/M\nTom Waits, Real Gone (Epitaph) R/M\nNeil Young, Le Noise (Warner) R/M\nMarianne Faithfull, Vagabond Ways (Virgin) P/R/M\nLucinda Williams, World Without Tears (Lost Highway) P/R/M\nEmmylou Harris, Wrecking Ball (Asylum) R/M\nWillie Nelson, Teatro (Island) R/M\nU2, All That You Can't Leave Behind (Interscope) E\nU2, \"Ground Beneath Her Feet\" from R/M Million Dollar Hotel Soundtrack (Island)\nIggy Pop, Avenue B (Virgin) R/M\nIggy Pop, American Caesar (Virgin) R/M\nRed Hot Chili Peppers, Californication Singles (Warner Bros) R/M\nR.E.M., Automatic for the People (I.R.S.) R\nR.E.M., Monster (Warner Bros) R\nThe Tragically Hip, Day for Night (MCA) P/R/M\nIan Thornley, Secrets (Anthem) P/R/M\nRicki Lee Jones, 3 Tracks on ‘The Evening Of My Best Day’ (V2) M\nRicki Lee Jones, The Other Side of Desire (30 Tiger) P/R/M\nPeter Gabriel, US (Geffen) R\nDaniel Lanois, Acadie (Warner Bros) R/M\nDaniel Lanois, For The Beauty of Wynona (Warner Bros) R/M\nDaniel Lanois, For The Beauty of Wynona (Warner Bros) R/M\nK.D. Lang, Anywhere but Here soundtrack. (Atlantic) M\nRobbie Robertson, Storyville (Geffen) R\nThe Neville Brothers, Brothers Keeper (A&M) R\nChris Whitley, Living with the Law (Columbia) R\nAll the Pretty Horses Film Soundtrack (Sony) R/M\nSling Blade Oscar-winning film soundtrack (Island) P/R/M\nKaizers Orchestra, Maskineri (Constanze DA) P\nSharon Little, Perfect Time for a Breakdown (CBS Records) Co-P\nAugie March, Moo, You Bloody Choir (Sony BMG Music, Aus) M\nJackie Bristow, (Craving Records) P/M\nSam Roberts, (Universal Canada) P/M\nAmy Corriea, Lakeville (Nettwerk America) R/Co-P/M\nRicki Lee Jones, 3 Tracks on ‘The Evening Of My Best Day’ (V2) M\nColin James, Traveler (Warner Canada) P/R/M\nVic Chesnutt, Silver Lake (New West) P/R/M\nBastard Sons of Johnny Cash, Bastard Sons Of Johnny Cash (Ultimatum) P\nAna Victoria Tracks for Forthcoming Album (Arista) R\nAvril Lavigne, \"Complicated\" R \"Sk8ter Boi\" R \"I’m With You\" R From Let Go (Arista)\nThe Waifs, Up All Night (Jarrah) R/M\nArid, At The Close Of Every Day (Sony Music Benelux) P/R/M\nI Am Sam, 1 track from OMPS Sdtrk. \"You've Got To Hide Your Love Away\" by Eddie Vedder (V2) R/M\nDiane Tell, Tout De (BMG International) R\nNatalie Imbruglia, White Lilies Island (BMG) R\nThe Ulfuls, (Toshiba/EMI) P/R/M\nChris Whitley, Terra Incognita (Work Group) P/R/M\nScott Weiland, Twelve Bar Blues (Atlantic) M\nSub-Bionic, Forthcoming Album (Extasy) P/R/M\nTito & Tarantula, (cockroach) P/R\nHolly McNarland, Forthcoming release (Universal) P/R/M\nTim Gibbons, Shylingo (Real Records) P/R/M\nDaryl Johnson, Shake (Real World) P/R/M\nIan Moore, Modernday Folklore (Capricorn) P/R/M\nMarva Wright, Tipitina's (Tipitina's) P/R/M\nShannon McNally, Jukebox Sparrows (Capitol) R/M\nVictoria Williams, Musing of a Creek Dipper (Atlantic) R/M\nBrian Blade, Fellowship (Blue Note) R/M\nLuscious Jackson, Fever In Fever Out (Capitol) R/M\nLisa Germano, Happiness (4AD) R\nHarold Budd, By the Dawns Early Light (Opal) R/M\nCrash Vegas, Red Earth (Sony) R\nThe Wailin' Jennys, Bright Morning Stars (Red House Records) P/R/M\nAlexz Johnson, A Stranger Time P\nMustangs of the West, Time (Blue Élan Records) P/R","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juno Award Nomination-Producer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Richardson_Producer_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"The Tragically Hip - Day for Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_for_Night_(Tragically_Hip_album)"},{"link_name":"Courtney Marie Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Marie_Andrews"},{"link_name":"May Your Kindness Remain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Your_Kindness_Remain"}],"text":"Juno Award Nomination-Producer of the Year - The Tragically Hip - Day for Night 1994 — Mark Howard - Producer, Engineer\nUK Americana Awards, International Album of The Year 2019 - Courtney Marie Andrews - May Your Kindness Remain - Mark Howard - Producer, Engineer","title":"Award nominations and wins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncut Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Chronicles: Volume One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicles:_Volume_One"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"}],"text":"Producing Hit Records: Secrets from the Studio by David Farinella\nUncut Magazine \"Meet the Real Dylan\" (Nov. 2008)\nChronicles: Volume One - Bob Dylan - 2004 (Simon and Schuster)","title":"Sources"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_von_Levetzow

Ulrike von Levetzow

["1 Life","2 Legacy","3 References","4 Publications"]

1821 portrait Theodore Ulrike Sophie von Levetzow, known as Baroness Ulrike von Levetzow (4 February 1804 in Leipzig – 13 November 1899 in Třebívlice) was a friend and the last love of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Life She was born in Leipzig in Saxony, the daughter of the ducal Mecklenburg-Schwerin chamberlain and later Hofmarschall Joachim Otto Ulrich von Levetzow and his wife Amalie. The seventeen-year-old girl first met Goethe in 1821 at Mariánské Lázně and again at Karlovy Vary in 1822 and 1823. The poet, then 72, was so carried away with her wit and beauty that he thought for a time of marrying her and urged Grand Duke Karl August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach to ask for her hand in his name. Rejected, he left for Thuringia and addressed to her the poems which he afterward called Trilogie der Leidenschaft. These poems include the famous Marienbad Elegy. Ulrike later confessed she was not prepared to marry and angrily denied a liaison with Goethe. She remained unmarried all her life and died at the age of 95 at Třebívlice Castle in Bohemia, which she inherited after the death of her mother. Legacy Goethe's infatuation with Ulrike is the subject of Martin Walser's novel A Man in Love, published in 2008. References ^ Markovits, Benjamin (10 September 2019). "The Obsession That Inspired Great Poetry, if Not Great Romance". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 May 2023. Publications Suphan, Goethe Jahrbuch, volume xxi (Frankfort, 1900) Kirschoer, Erinnerungen an Goethes Ulrike und an die Familie von Levetzow-Rauch (Aussig, 1904) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States Czech Republic People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

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The seventeen-year-old girl first met Goethe in 1821 at Mariánské Lázně and again at Karlovy Vary in 1822 and 1823. The poet, then 72, was so carried away with her wit and beauty that he thought for a time of marrying her and urged Grand Duke Karl August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach to ask for her hand in his name. Rejected, he left for Thuringia and addressed to her the poems which he afterward called Trilogie der Leidenschaft. These poems include the famous Marienbad Elegy.Ulrike later confessed she was not prepared to marry and angrily denied a liaison with Goethe. She remained unmarried all her life and died at the age of 95 at Třebívlice Castle in Bohemia, which she inherited after the death of her mother.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Walser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Walser"},{"link_name":"A Man in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_in_Love_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Goethe's infatuation with Ulrike is the subject of Martin Walser's novel A Man in Love, published in 2008.[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Gilman, D. 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C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Publications"}]

[{"image_text":"1821 portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ulrike_von_Levetzow.jpg/220px-Ulrike_von_Levetzow.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Type_166

Short Admiralty Type 166

["1 Development","2 Design","3 Operators","4 Specifications","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Type 166 Short Admiralty Type 166 on HMS Ark Royal, 1916. Role Torpedo-bomber and reconnaissance floatplaneType of aircraft National origin  United Kingdom Manufacturer Short Brothers First flight 1916 Primary user Royal Naval Air Service Number built 26 The Short Type 166 was a 1910s British two-seat reconnaissance, bombing and torpedo-carrying folder seaplane, designed by Short Brothers. Development The Short Type 166 was designed as a 'folder' aircraft to operate from the Ark Royal as a torpedo-bomber. Six aircraft, known within Shorts as the Type A, were originally ordered before the outbreak of World War I, and were assigned the Admiralty serial numbers 161 to 166. As was normal at the time, the type was designated the Admiralty Type 166, after the naval serial number of the last aircraft in the batch. Sometimes, the aircraft are referred to as the Short S.90 (S.90 was the manufacturer's serial number of the first aircraft, naval serial 161). The Type 166 was similar to the earlier Short Type 136, but slightly larger, and was designed from the start as a torpedo carrier, although it was never used in that rôle. Design The Type 166 was a two-bay biplane with twin wooden pontoon floats, with a water rudder fitted to the tail float, plus a stabilizing float mounted near the wingtip under each lower wing. It was powered by a nose-mounted 200 hp (149 kW) Salmson engine. A follow-on order for 20 aircraft was assembled by Westland Aircraft at its Yeovil factory. The Westland-built aircraft did not have provision for a torpedo, but could carry three 112 lb bombs, and were fitted to carry radio equipment. There was also a Lewis gun in the rear cockpit, that was operated by the observer. Operators  Greece Hellenic Navy  United Kingdom Royal Naval Air Service Specifications Data from Westland History, Barnes & JamesGeneral characteristics Crew: two Length: 40 ft 7 in (12.38 m) Wingspan: 57 ft 3 in (17.45 m) Height: 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) Wing area: 575 sq ft (53.4 m2) Empty weight: 3,500 lb (1,588 kg) Gross weight: 4,580 lb (2,077 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Salmson 2M7 14-cyl. 2-row water-cooled radial piston engine, 199.9 hp (149.1 kW) Performance Maximum speed: 65 mph (105 km/h, 56 kn) Endurance: 4 hours See also Related lists List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service List of flying boats and floatplanes References Notes ^ a b c Barnes & James, p.101. ^ a b Westland History – Short 166 ^ Barnes & James, p.106 ^ Bruce 1957, p.482. Bibliography Barnes, C.H.; James, D.N (1989). Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London: Putnam. p. 560. ISBN 0-85177-819-4. Bruce, J.M. (1957). British Aeroplanes 1914–18. London: Putnam. Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions. Flight International 1956 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Short Type 166. Short Admiralty Type 166 at flyingmachines.ru vteShort Brothers aircraftPre-1921 Biplane No.1 Biplane No.2 Biplane No.3 Short-Wright biplane Dunne D.5 Improved S.27 Triple-Twin Tandem-Twin Triple-Tractor Bomber Sporting Type Silver Streak Early 'S'sequence: S.26 S.27 S.28 S.29 S.32 S.33 S.34 S.35 S.36 S.38 S.39 S.41 S.43 S.44 S.45 S.48 S.49 S.50 S.51 S.52 S.53 S.62 S.80 S.81 'N' sequence: N.1B N.2A N.2B N.3 Admiralty Types: 3 42 74 81 135 136 166 184 301 310 320 827 830 Post-1921sequence S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4 S.5 S.6 S.7 S.8 S.8/8 S.10 S.11 S.12 S.14 S.15 S.16 S.17 L.17 S.18 S.19 S.20 S.21 S.22 S.23 S.24 S.25 S.26 S.27 S.28 S.29 S.30 S.31 S.32 S.33 S.34 S.35 S.36 S.37 S.38 S.39 S.40 S.41 S.42 S.43 S.44 S.45 (I) S.45 (II) S.46 S.47 S.48 S.312 S.B.A.Csequence SA.1 SA.2 SA.3 SA.4 SA.5 SA.6 SA.7 SA.8 SA.9 SB.1 SB.2 SB.3 SB.4 SB.5 SB.6 SB.7 SB.8 SB.9 SC.1 SC.2 SC.3 SC.4 SC.5 SC.6 SC.7 SC.8 SC.9 SD.1 SD.2 SD.3-30/330 SD.3-60/360 Names Belfast Bomber 'C-Class' Calcutta Chamois Cockle Cromarty Crusader Empire 'Folder' 'G-Class' Gnosspelius Gull Gurnard Kent Knuckleduster Mercury Maia Mussel Nimbus Rangoon Sandringham Sarafand Satellite Scion Scion Senior Scylla Seaford Sealand Seamew 'Shamrock' Sherpa (SB.4) Sherpa (C-23) Shetland Shirl 'Shrimp' Silver Streak Singapore Skyvan Solent Sperrin Sporting Type Springbok Stirling Sturgeon (I) Sturgeon (II) Sunderland Tandem-Twin Triple-Tractor Triple-Twin Tucano Valetta By typeAirships: R31 R32 R38 Bombers: Bomber Seamew Shirl Sperrin Stirling Sturgeon Experimental: M4 scale Stirling Gnosspelius Gull SB.1 SB.4 Sherpa SB.5 SC.1 SC.9 Silver Streak Fighters: Gurnard Gliders: Nimbus Racers: Crusader Maritime patrol &reconnaissance: Empire/'C-Class' 'G-Class' Singapore Rangoon Sarafand Shetland Springbok Sturgeon (I) Sturgeon (II) Sunderland Seaford Trainers: S.27 Improved S.27 S.38 Sturgeon Tucano Transports& airliners: 330 360 Belfast Short Empire G-Class Hythe Kent Short-Mayo Composite Sandringham Scion Scion Senior Scylla Sealand Shetland Solent Sherpa Skyvan Valetta Under licence Bristol Britannia English Electric Canberra Felixstowe F.3 Felixstowe F.5 vteAdmiralty aircraft type numbers 3 32 42 74 81 135 136 137 166 179 184 806 807 827 830 840 860 880 1000 1600 8200 9400 9700 9901

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_You_Die

Today You Die

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Legal troubles","4 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]

2005 American action film This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Today You Die" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article is missing information about the film's reception. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Today You DieDVD coverDirected byDon E. FauntLeRoyWritten byKevin MooreStory byDanny LernerProduced byRandall EmmettGeorge FurlaDanny LernerSteven SeagalStarringSteven SeagalTreachSarah BuxtonMari MorrowNick MancusoRobert MianoCinematographyDon E. FauntLeRoyEdited byRobert FerrettiMusic bySteve EdwardsProductioncompaniesMillennium FilmsNu ImageEmmett/Furla FilmsDistributed bySony Pictures Home EntertainmentRelease date September 13, 2005 (2005-09-13) Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Today You Die is a 2005 American action film directed and shot by Don E. FauntLeRoy. The film stars Steven Seagal, who also produces with Randall Emmett, George Furla and Danny Lerner. It co-stars Treach, Sarah Buxton, Mari Morrow, Nick Mancuso and Robert Miano. The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on September 13, 2005. Plot Harlan Banks (Steven Seagal) is a Robin Hood-esque thief who has always picked his own jobs and tried to pull heists that would leave him room to help out others. The work keeps getting riskier, and at the urging of his girlfriend Jada (Mari Morrow), Banks has decided to pull one final job, going in with some men who are planning a $20 million robbery. After the heist goes bad, Banks heads to Las Vegas, where Jada wants him to get a real job. On the way to town, Banks and Jada passed a children's hospital displaying a going out of business sign. Banks gets a job driving an armored car for a man, Max (Kevin Tighe). The job is not exactly legitimate, and Bruno (Robert Miano), Banks' partner for the job, shoots a security guard, resulting in a chase through the Las Vegas Strip in the armored van. However, Banks is stopped and sent to prison, where he befriends an inmate known as "Ice Kool" (Treach). With Ice's help, Banks escapes, determined to hunt Max down. Along the way, Banks meets a federal agent named Saunders (Nick Mancuso), and it turns out that Saunders, who is in league with Max, is the man behind the setup. So Banks sets out to take down both Saunders and Max with a job. Cast Steven Seagal as Harlan Banks Treach as "Ice Kool" Sarah Buxton as FBI Agent Rachel Knowles Mari Morrow as Jada Nick Mancuso as FBI Agent Saunders Robert Miano as Bruno Kevin Tighe as Max Jamie McShane as Vincent Lawrence Turner as Garret Brett Rice as Taggert Mitch Laue as The UNC-Wilmington Legend Lance J. Mancuso as Casino Guard Chloë Grace Moretz as Little Girl Elayn J. Taylor as Old Tarot Reader Hawthorne James as Derrick David Fryberger as Cop Morann Peri as Cop Partner John Gulino as Marshall Smalls as "Dinky-D" Darren Ting as Ming Lee John Wister as Rusty Lesley-Anne Down as Bank Manager J. Anthony Pena as Hispanic Lisa Guerrero as Reporter Brian Jay as The Bartender Jerry Trimble as Garret's Gang #1 J. J. Perry as Thug Les Weldon as Helicopter Pilot Randy Couture as Vincent's Bodyguard #1 Legal troubles The producers of Today You Die filed lawsuits against Seagal because of experiences during the filming. Producers at Nu Image and Kill Master Productions alleged that Seagal, while filming this and Mercenary for Justice, arrived at the set late, left early, and re-wrote scripts without their permission, among other things. However, Seagal disputed the suit, and he countersued against producers, claiming fraud and breach of contract. As of January 2006, it appears the legal issues had not been resolved. Home media The DVD of the film was released in Region 1 in the United States on September 13, 2005, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2006. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. References ^ "Today You Die". Video Detective. Retrieved July 9, 2020. External links Today You Die at IMDb Today You Die at AllMovie

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The film stars Steven Seagal, who also produces with Randall Emmett, George Furla and Danny Lerner. It co-stars Treach, Sarah Buxton, Mari Morrow, Nick Mancuso and Robert Miano. The film was released on direct-to-DVD in the United States on September 13, 2005.[1]","title":"Today You Die"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Seagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Seagal"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Mari Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Kevin Tighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Tighe"},{"link_name":"Robert Miano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Miano"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip"},{"link_name":"Treach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treach"},{"link_name":"Nick Mancuso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mancuso"}],"text":"Harlan Banks (Steven Seagal) is a Robin Hood-esque thief who has always picked his own jobs and tried to pull heists that would leave him room to help out others. The work keeps getting riskier, and at the urging of his girlfriend Jada (Mari Morrow), Banks has decided to pull one final job, going in with some men who are planning a $20 million robbery.After the heist goes bad, Banks heads to Las Vegas, where Jada wants him to get a real job. On the way to town, Banks and Jada passed a children's hospital displaying a going out of business sign. Banks gets a job driving an armored car for a man, Max (Kevin Tighe). The job is not exactly legitimate, and Bruno (Robert Miano), Banks' partner for the job, shoots a security guard, resulting in a chase through the Las Vegas Strip in the armored van.However, Banks is stopped and sent to prison, where he befriends an inmate known as \"Ice Kool\" (Treach). With Ice's help, Banks escapes, determined to hunt Max down. Along the way, Banks meets a federal agent named Saunders (Nick Mancuso), and it turns out that Saunders, who is in league with Max, is the man behind the setup. So Banks sets out to take down both Saunders and Max with a job.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Seagal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Seagal"},{"link_name":"Treach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treach"},{"link_name":"Sarah Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_G._Buxton"},{"link_name":"Mari Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Nick Mancuso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mancuso"},{"link_name":"Robert Miano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Miano"},{"link_name":"Kevin Tighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Tighe"},{"link_name":"Jamie McShane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_McShane"},{"link_name":"Chloë Grace Moretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB_Grace_Moretz"},{"link_name":"Lesley-Anne Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley-Anne_Down"},{"link_name":"Jerry Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Trimble"},{"link_name":"J. J. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Perry"},{"link_name":"Randy Couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Couture"}],"text":"Steven Seagal as Harlan Banks\nTreach as \"Ice Kool\"\nSarah Buxton as FBI Agent Rachel Knowles\nMari Morrow as Jada\nNick Mancuso as FBI Agent Saunders\nRobert Miano as Bruno\nKevin Tighe as Max\nJamie McShane as Vincent\nLawrence Turner as Garret\nBrett Rice as Taggert\nMitch Laue as The UNC-Wilmington Legend\nLance J. Mancuso as Casino Guard\nChloë Grace Moretz as Little Girl\nElayn J. Taylor as Old Tarot Reader\nHawthorne James as Derrick\nDavid Fryberger as Cop\nMorann Peri as Cop Partner\nJohn Gulino as Marshall\nSmalls as \"Dinky-D\"\nDarren Ting as Ming Lee\nJohn Wister as Rusty\nLesley-Anne Down as Bank Manager\nJ. Anthony Pena as Hispanic\nLisa Guerrero as Reporter\nBrian Jay as The Bartender\nJerry Trimble as Garret's Gang #1\nJ. J. Perry as Thug\nLes Weldon as Helicopter Pilot\nRandy Couture as Vincent's Bodyguard #1","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercenary for Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary_for_Justice"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Today_You_Die&action=edit"}],"text":"The producers of Today You Die filed lawsuits against Seagal because of experiences during the filming. Producers at Nu Image and Kill Master Productions alleged that Seagal, while filming this and Mercenary for Justice, arrived at the set late, left early, and re-wrote scripts without their permission, among other things. However, Seagal disputed the suit, and he countersued against producers, claiming fraud and breach of contract. As of January 2006[update], it appears the legal issues had not been resolved.","title":"Legal troubles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Region 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_region_code#1"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"}],"text":"The DVD of the film was released in Region 1 in the United States on September 13, 2005, and also Region 2 in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2006. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.","title":"Home media"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Today You Die\". Video Detective. Retrieved July 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.videodetective.com/movie/today-you-die-19035","url_text":"\"Today You Die\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayub_Kalule

Ayub Kalule

["1 Boxing career","2 Professional boxing record","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Ugandan boxer (born 1954) Ayub KaluleBorn (1954-01-06) 6 January 1954 (age 70)Kampala, Protectorate of UgandaNationalityUgandanOther namesGentlemanStatisticsWeight(s) Light middleweight Middleweight Height5 ft 9 in (175 cm)Reach73 in (185 cm)StanceSouthpaw Boxing recordTotal fights50Wins46Wins by KO23Losses4 Medal record Men's Boxing Representing  Uganda World Amateur Championships 1974 Havana Light Welterweight Commonwealth Games 1974 Christchurch Lightweight Ayub Kalule (born 6 January 1954) is a retired boxer from Uganda, who first came to prominence when he won the Amateur World Welterweight Title at the inaugural 1974 World Championships in Havana, Cuba. As a professional, he held the WBA and The Ring light middleweight titles from 1979 until 1981. Boxing career Born in Kampala, he began his professional boxing career in 1976 when he won a four-round decision over Kurt Hombach in Copenhagen, Denmark. Kalule would be based out of Denmark for the rest of his career. He then won 29 more victories, achieving 30 wins, 0 losses. Included in those victories were defeats of Alipata Korovou for the Commonwealth Middleweight Title and a 10-round decision of former US Gold Medalist Sugar Ray Seales. On 24 October 1979, Kalule was in Akita, Japan to take on Masashi Kudo for the Lineal and WBA Junior middleweight titles. Kalule easily outboxed the champion and thus captured the coveted world championship crown. He then successfully defended the title four times before taking on the legendary Sugar Ray Leonard on 25 June 1981 in the Houston Astrodome. A virtual unknown in the United States, Kalule was considered little more than a courier waiting to deliver the belt to Leonard. The fight proved much more difficult for Leonard as Kalule repeatedly landed straight lefts and fought on an almost even ground for the first five or six rounds. Slowly Leonard started to take control and in the 9th round ended the fight and Kalule's reign as WBA Champion. Kalule fought on until the beginning of 1986 and managed to win the European Middleweight Title and defend it successfully against future world champion Sumbu Kalambay. Prior to that, he received another shot at the WBA Jr Middleweight Title held at that time by Davey Moore. Kalule put up a very good fight, but again was KO'd, this time in the 10th round. Ayub's career ended on 5 February 1986 when he lost the European Middleweight Title to Herol Graham. He finished his career with a very impressive record of 46–4 with 23 KOs. Professional boxing record 50 fights 46 wins 4 losses By knockout 23 4 By decision 23 0 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 50 Loss 46–4 Herol Graham TKO 10 (12), 2:10 Feb 5, 1986 City Hall, Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, UK Lost European middleweight title 49 Win 46–3 Sumbu Kalambay SD 12 Dec 19, 1985 Palazzo dello Sport, Ancona, Italy Retained European middleweight title 48 Win 45–3 Pierre Joly TKO 8 (12) Jun 20, 1985 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark Won vacant European middleweight title 47 Win 44–3 Mauro Fernandes da Cruz TKO 4 (8) Mar 9, 1985 K.B. Hallen, Copenhagen, Denmark 46 Win 43–3 Lindell Holmes PTS 8 Nov 9, 1984 K.B. Hallen, Copenhagen, Denmark 45 Win 42–3 Wayne Caplette TKO 3 (8) Oct 5, 1984 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 44 Win 41–3 Jimmy Price TKO 1 (10) Apr 25, 1984 Alexandra Pavilion, Muswell Hill, London, England, UK 43 Loss 40–3 Mike McCallum RTD 7 (10), 3:00 Nov 13, 1982 Sands Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey, US 42 Loss 40–2 Davey Moore TKO 10 (15), 2:58 Jul 17, 1982 Ballys Park Place Hotel Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, US For WBA junior-middleweight title 41 Win 40–1 Oscar Albarado TKO 2 (10) Apr 30, 1982 Brondby Hallen, Brondby, Denmark 40 Win 39–1 Jacques Chinon PTS 10 Feb 26, 1982 K.B. Hallen, Copenhagen, Denmark 39 Win 38–1 O'Dell Leonard PTS 8 Nov 13, 1981 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 38 Win 37–1 Andoni Amana PTS 10 Oct 9, 1981 K.B. Hallen, Copenhagen, Denmark 37 Loss 36–1 Sugar Ray Leonard KO 9 (15), 3:06 Jun 25, 1981 Astrodome, Houston, Texas, US Lost WBA and The Ring junior-middleweight titles 36 Win 36–0 Pat Hallacy PTS 10 Mar 5, 1981 Brondby Hallen, Brondby, Denmark 35 Win 35–0 Bushy Bester UD 15 Sep 6, 1980 Aarhus Stadion, Aarhus, Denmark Retained WBA and The Ring junior-middleweight titles 34 Win 34–0 Marijan Beneš UD 15 Jun 12, 1980 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark Retained WBA and The Ring junior-middleweight titles 33 Win 33–0 Emiliano Villa RTD 11 (15), 3:00 Apr 17, 1980 Brondby Hallen, Brondby, Denmark Retained WBA and The Ring junior-middleweight titles 32 Win 32–0 Steve Gregory UD 15 Dec 6, 1979 Brondby Hallen, Brondby, Denmark Retained WBA and The Ring junior-middleweight titles 31 Win 31–0 Masashi Kudo UD 15 Oct 24, 1979 City Gymnasium, Akita City, Japan Won WBA and The Ring junior-middleweight titles 30 Win 30–0 David Love PTS 10 Sep 6, 1979 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 29 Win 29–0 Ray Hammond PTS 8 Jun 28, 1979 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 28 Win 28–0 Obdulio Rogelio Zarza PTS 10 May 27, 1979 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 27 Win 27–0 Monty Betham TKO 4 (10) Mar 15, 1979 Brondby Hallen, Brondby, Denmark 26 Win 26–0 Ho Joo KO 2 (10) Feb 15, 1979 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 25 Win 25–0 Kevin Finnegan UD 10 Dec 7, 1978 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 24 Win 24–0 Sugar Ray Seales MD 10 Nov 9, 1978 Brondby Hallen, Brondby, Denmark 23 Win 23–0 Reggie Ford KO 5 (15) Sep 14, 1978 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark Retained Commonwealth middleweight title 22 Win 22–0 Milton Owens TKO 6 (10), 1:00 Aug 10, 1978 Glyngoere Hallen, Glyngoere, Denmark 21 Win 21–0 Al Korovou TKO 14 (15), 1:00 May 25, 1978 Brondby Hallen, Brondby, Denmark Won Commonwealth middleweight title 20 Win 20–0 Idrissa Konate TKO 7 (12) Apr 27, 1978 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 19 Win 19–0 Tsutomu Hagusa TKO 3 (10) Mar 16, 1978 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 18 Win 18–0 Johnny Baldwin PTS 10 Mar 2, 1978 Vejle, Denmark 17 Win 17–0 Jose Hernandez TKO 5 (10) Feb 9, 1978 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 16 Win 16–0 Rennie Pinder PTS 8 Jan 26, 1978 Chateau Neuf, Oslo, Norway 15 Win 15–0 Bonifacio Ávila TKO 4 (10) Jan 5, 1978 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 14 Win 14–0 Ralph Palladin PTS 10 Dec 8, 1977 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 13 Win 13–0 Miguel Ángel Castellini TKO 3 (10) Nov 3, 1977 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 12 Win 12–0 Alvin Anderson TKO 9 (10) Oct 6, 1977 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 11 Win 11–0 Rudy Robles PTS 10 Sep 8, 1977 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 10 Win 10–0 Elisha Obed PTS 10 Jun 2, 1977 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 9 Win 9–0 Jose Duran TKO 7 (10) Apr 28, 1977 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 8 Win 8–0 Aroldo Olivares TKO 6 (10) Mar 31, 1977 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 7 Win 7–0 Mimoun Mohatar PTS 10 Feb 24, 1977 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 6 Win 6–0 Damiano Lassandro TKO 3 (10) Jan 20, 1977 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 5 Win 5–0 Larry Paul KO 2 (10) Dec 9, 1976 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 4 Win 4–0 Gualberto Fernandez KO 1 (6) Nov 19, 1976 Randers Hallen, Randers, Denmark 3 Win 3–0 Trevor Francis PTS 6 Oct 9, 1976 Forum, Copenhagen, Denmark 2 Win 2–0 Wayne Bennett KO 5 (6) Jun 3, 1976 Idraetshuset, Copenhagen, Denmark 1 Win 1–0 Kurt Hombach PTS 4 Apr 8, 1976 Forum, Copenhagen, Denmark See also List of world light-middleweight boxing champions References ^ "Ayub Kalule - Lineal Junior Middleweight Champion". The Cyber Boxing Zone Encyclopedia. ^ "Sugar Ray Leonard became boxing's only double title-holder Thursday..." United Press International. Retrieved 12 October 2022. ^ "Moore Stops Kalule in 10th to Keep Title". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 October 2022. External links Boxing record for Ayub Kalule from BoxRec (registration required) Boxing-Records Ayub Kalule - CBZ Profile Sporting positions Regional boxing titles Preceded byAl Korovou Commonwealth middleweight champion 25 May 1978 – 1978Vacated VacantTitle next held byTony Sibson VacantTitle last held byTony Sibson EBU middleweight champion 20 June 1985 – 5 February 1986 Succeeded byHerol Graham World boxing titles Preceded byMasashi Kudo WBA super welterweight champion 24 October 1979 – 25 June 1981 Succeeded bySugar Ray Leonard The Ring super welterweight champion 24 October 1979 – 25 June 1981 vteWorld amateur boxing champions – men's light welterweight 1974–2001: up to 63.5 kg 2003–2017: up to 64 kg 2019: up to 63 kg 2021–present: up to 63.5 kg 1974:  Ayub Kalule (UGA) 1978:  Valery Lvov (URS) 1982:  Carlos García (CUB) 1986:  Vassili Shyshov (URS) 1989:  Igor Ruzhnikov (URS) 1991:  Konstantin Tszyu (URS) 1993:  Héctor Vinent (CUB) 1995:  Héctor Vinent (CUB) 1997:  Dorel Simion (ROU) 1999:  Muhammad Abdullaev (UZB) 2001:  Diógenes Luna (CUB) 2003:  Willy Blain (FRA) 2005:  Serik Sapiyev (KAZ) 2007:  Serik Sapiyev (KAZ) 2009:  Roniel Iglesias (CUB) 2011:  Éverton Lopes (BRA) 2013:  Merey Akshalov (KAZ) 2015:  Vitaly Dunaytsev (RUS) 2017:  Andy Cruz Gómez (CUB) 2019:  Andy Cruz Gómez (CUB) 2021:  Andy Cruz Gómez (CUB) 2023:  Ruslan Abdullaev (UZB) vteCommonwealth Games Boxing Champions in Men's Lightweight 1930 – 1938: up to 61 kg 1950: up to 62 kg 1954 – 2018: up to 60 kg 1930: James Rolland (SCO) 1934: Leonard Cook (AUS) 1938: Harry Groves (ENG) 1950: Ronald Latham (ENG) 1954: Piet van Staden (SRH) 1958: Dick McTaggart (SCO) 1962: Eddie Blay (GHA) 1966: Anthony Andeh (NGR) 1970: Abayomi Adeyemi (NGR) 1974: Ayub Kalule (UGA) 1978: Gerry Hamill (NIR) 1982: Hussein Khalili (KEN) 1986: Asif Dar (CAN) 1990: Godfrey Nyakana (UGA) 1994: Michael Strange (CAN) 1998: Raymond Narh (GHA) 2002: Jamie Arthur (WAL) 2006: Frankie Gavin (ENG) 2010: Tom Stalker (ENG) 2014: Charlie Flynn (SCO) 2018: Harry Garside (AUS) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data

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[]

[{"title":"List of world light-middleweight boxing champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_light-middleweight_boxing_champions"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Bath_College

Bath College

["1 History","1.1 Merger with Norton Radstock College in 2015","2 Curriculum","3 City Centre campus","4 Somer Valley campus","5 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°22′47″N 2°21′45″W / 51.379722°N 2.3625°W / 51.379722; -2.3625This article is about the further education college. For the former public school, see Bath College (English public school). Further education college in Bath, Somerset, EnglandBath CollegeAllen Building, City Centre campusLocationBath, Somerset, BA1 1UPEnglandCoordinates51°22′47″N 2°21′45″W / 51.379722°N 2.3625°W / 51.379722; -2.3625InformationTypeFurther education collegeEstablished1892; 132 years ago (1892)Local authorityBath and North East SomersetDepartment for Education URN130558 TablesOfstedReportsPrincipal & Chief ExecutiveMartin SimGenderMixedAge16+EnrolmentApprox. 9,000Websitewww.bathcollege.ac.uk The Macaulay building Bath College is a further education college in the centre of Bath, Somerset and in Westfield, Somerset, England. It was formed in April 2015 by the merger of City of Bath College and Norton Radstock College. The College also offers Higher Education courses and has its own Undergraduate building. History The college was formed in 1892 under the combined names of Bath City Science, Art, and Technical Schools. Its creation arose out of the need to encourage young people to take an interest in the sciences, and for them to be made aware of the technical innovations that were occurring at the end of the 19th century. In April 1896 these new Schools, including Bath Municipal Technical College, occupied the new north extension of the Guildhall, Bath. In 1910 Long Acre, Walcot was taken over as additional accommodation for technical training, mainly as a domestic science college. In 1914 the Old Jail at Twerton was converted and opened as Twerton Technical Institute. In 1927 a Junior Bath Technical School opened at Bath Technical College and in 1929 a Junior School of Art (Bath School of Art and Design) followed, with the Junior School of Homecrafts being established in 1933. In 1934 the Domestic Science College moved from Long Acre, Walcot to Brougham Hayes, Lower Oldfield Park. This building, built in 1832 as a barracks, housed the Somerset Industrial School for Boys from 1866. These Technical Schools evolved into the Bath Technical College, which moved from the North Wing of the Guildhall in 1935 to Lower Borough Walls, taking over the buildings that were vacated when the Royal United Hospital moved to the new hospital in Combe Park. In 1955 work began on building the current Avon Street campus, which was first opened in 1960, followed by a move into extensions and the main building in 1963. The Kingsmead building, sports hall and theatre were opened in 1973. The Allen Building was opened in spring 1993. In 2009, City of Bath College had approximately 2,000 full-time and more than 6,000 part-time students. Merger with Norton Radstock College in 2015 In late 2014, the college decided to merge with the Norton Radstock College which had had years of financial problems and poor Ofsted reports. In March 2015 the merger was confirmed, and, from April 2015, the merged college has been named Bath College. The Bath campus is named Bath College City Centre, and the campus at Westfield near Radstock – about 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Bath – is named Bath College Somer Valley. Curriculum The College offers a range of vocational courses covering business and professional courses, computing, IT, media, performing arts, music, catering and hospitality, hairdressing, beauty and complementary therapy, floristry, construction, engineering, carpentry, stonemasonry, sport, travel and tourism, uniformed public services, art and design. In January 2013, Ofsted once again graded the College's Art and Design department as 'outstanding' and the rest of the college was graded as 'good'. Courses are also offered at a range of levels from Entry Level through to Foundation Degrees, HNDs and professional qualifications. The college has offered the University of Bath's International Foundation Year for over 15 years. This course is a one-year intensive programme for students outside the EU to gain entry into the University of Bath. It offers routes into all undergraduate programmes at the University with the exception of Architecture to gain entry. City Centre campus The MAPA blockThis article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Lists out of date details of the buildings. Please help update this City Centre campus to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2020) The College occupies several buildings. The Allen building houses the refectory and the Shrubbery restaurant, a training restaurant for catering students. Macaulay building houses the learning resource centre, the Student Advice Centre, additional learning support departments, the student participation team and the students' union. Herschel building was formerly the sixth form centre, and now houses art, media and the College management team. The Westgate building currently houses Sixth Form classes; the classrooms are also used as exam rooms. The Construction Skills Centre at Bath Trade Park provides carpentry and stonemasonry workshops, plus classrooms and study areas. MAPA, designed by Bath practice Aaron Evans Architects, was the newest building until recently. It is home to the College's music and performing arts courses and replaces the Gainsborough building. This building is split into three sections: performing arts takes around half of the space with its rehearsal room, performance space and sprung-floor mirrored dance studio. Music is next door with three professional recording studios, performance venue, four rehearsal rooms and film editing facilities. College House is mostly staff offices and the International Office. In early 2011, Kings building, which used to house the gym, was demolished to make way for a new three-storey building called the Roper Building. This building now houses the main entrance, the hair and beauty training academies and the Higher Education Centre. Somer Valley campus The Westfield campus serves the towns and villages of the former Somerset Coalfield, including Camerton, Peasedown St John, Radstock, Kilmersdon, Midsomer Norton and Paulton. The site has a Construction Skills Centre and a Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND) Centre, Wellow House, for pre-entry students. Notable alumni Emma Pierson, actress (Hotel Babylon, Grange Hill) Jason Gardener, athlete (60m / 100m) Nathan Catt, Bath Rugby player Danny Byrd, Drum and bass DJ and producer Gabrielle Aplin, singer-songwriter Sophie Anderson, pornographic actress and model References ^ a b James Crawley (7 April 2015). "Bath College officially launches with merged campuses in Bath and Westfield". Bath Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015. ^ a b "City of Bath College and Norton Radstock College merge". BBC. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015. ^ a b Saunders, Anne (10 July 2017). "Celebrating 125 years: The history behind Bath College and why it opened". Bath College. Retrieved 9 February 2019. ^ "Somerset Industrial School, Lower Bristol Road 1832". Central Library Collection. Bath in Time. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2010. ^ "Somerset Certified Industrial School, Bath". The National Archives. Retrieved 17 June 2018. ^ A potted History of the RUH Retrieved 20 August 2009 ^ Medical Heritage "Royal United Hospital". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010. Retrieved 20 August 2009 ^ "Bath: City of Bath College". The Independent. London. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009. ^ "City of Bath College to merge with Norton Radstock College". City of Bath College. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. ^ "City of Bath College to merge with Norton Radstock College". Bath Chronicle. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014. ^ Nancy Connolly (23 March 2015). "New name for City of Bath College". Bath Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015. ^ "Profile of City of Bath College". Universities UK.net. Retrieved 6 September 2009. ^ "Campuses". Bath College. Retrieved 17 June 2018. ^ "Construction Skills Centre". Bath College. Retrieved 29 January 2020. ^ "College opens state-of-the-art SEND Centre thanks to £300k investment". Bath Echo. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bath College (English public school)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_College_(English_public_school)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobc-macaulay.jpg"},{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"Bath, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Westfield, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Norton Radstock College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Radstock_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathchron-20150407-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-20150407-2"},{"link_name":"Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate"}],"text":"This article is about the further education college. For the former public school, see Bath College (English public school).Further education college in Bath, Somerset, EnglandThe Macaulay buildingBath College is a further education college in the centre of Bath, Somerset and in Westfield, Somerset, England. It was formed in April 2015 by the merger of City of Bath College and Norton Radstock College.[1][2] The College also offers Higher Education courses and has its own Undergraduate building.","title":"Bath College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"Bath Municipal Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Bath_Technical_School"},{"link_name":"Guildhall, Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhall,_Bath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathcollege-20170710-3"},{"link_name":"Walcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcot,_Bath"},{"link_name":"domestic science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_science"},{"link_name":"Twerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twerton"},{"link_name":"Bath School of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Domestic Science College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_College_of_Domestic_Science"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Royal United Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_United_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathcollege-20170710-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-8"}],"text":"The college was formed in 1892 under the combined names of Bath City Science, Art, and Technical Schools. Its creation arose out of the need to encourage young people to take an interest in the sciences, and for them to be made aware of the technical innovations that were occurring at the end of the 19th century. In April 1896 these new Schools, including Bath Municipal Technical College, occupied the new north extension of the Guildhall, Bath.[3]In 1910 Long Acre, Walcot was taken over as additional accommodation for technical training, mainly as a domestic science college. In 1914 the Old Jail at Twerton was converted and opened as Twerton Technical Institute. In 1927 a Junior Bath Technical School opened at Bath Technical College and in 1929 a Junior School of Art (Bath School of Art and Design) followed, with the Junior School of Homecrafts being established in 1933. In 1934 the Domestic Science College moved from Long Acre, Walcot to Brougham Hayes, Lower Oldfield Park. This building, built in 1832 as a barracks, housed the Somerset Industrial School for Boys from 1866.[4][5]These Technical Schools evolved into the Bath Technical College, which moved from the North Wing of the Guildhall in 1935 to Lower Borough Walls, taking over the buildings that were vacated when the Royal United Hospital moved to the new hospital in Combe Park.[6][7]In 1955 work began on building the current Avon Street campus, which was first opened in 1960, followed by a move into extensions and the main building in 1963. The Kingsmead building, sports hall and theatre were opened in 1973. The Allen Building was opened in spring 1993.[3]In 2009, City of Bath College had approximately 2,000 full-time and more than 6,000 part-time students.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norton Radstock College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Radstock_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Westfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Radstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radstock"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathchron-20150323-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bathchron-20150407-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-20150407-2"}],"sub_title":"Merger with Norton Radstock College in 2015","text":"In late 2014, the college decided to merge with the Norton Radstock College which had had years of financial problems and poor Ofsted reports.[9][10]In March 2015 the merger was confirmed, and, from April 2015, the merged college has been named Bath College. The Bath campus is named Bath College City Centre, and the campus at Westfield near Radstock – about 7 miles (11 km) southwest of Bath – is named Bath College Somer Valley.[11][1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"University of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath"}],"text":"The College offers a range of vocational courses covering business and professional courses, computing, IT, media, performing arts, music, catering and hospitality, hairdressing, beauty and complementary therapy, floristry, construction, engineering, carpentry, stonemasonry, sport, travel and tourism, uniformed public services, art and design. In January 2013, Ofsted once again graded the College's Art and Design department as 'outstanding' and the rest of the college was graded as 'good'. Courses are also offered at a range of levels from Entry Level through to Foundation Degrees, HNDs and professional qualifications.[12]The college has offered the University of Bath's International Foundation Year for over 15 years. This course is a one-year intensive programme for students outside the EU to gain entry into the University of Bath. It offers routes into all undergraduate programmes at the University with the exception of Architecture to gain entry.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobc-mapa.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The MAPA blockThe College occupies several buildings.[13] The Allen building houses the refectory and the Shrubbery restaurant, a training restaurant for catering students. Macaulay building houses the learning resource centre, the Student Advice Centre, additional learning support departments, the student participation team and the students' union. Herschel building was formerly the sixth form centre, and now houses art, media and the College management team. The Westgate building currently houses Sixth Form classes; the classrooms are also used as exam rooms. The Construction Skills Centre at Bath Trade Park provides carpentry and stonemasonry workshops, plus classrooms and study areas.MAPA, designed by Bath practice Aaron Evans Architects, was the newest building until recently. It is home to the College's music and performing arts courses and replaces the Gainsborough building. This building is split into three sections: performing arts takes around half of the space with its rehearsal room, performance space and sprung-floor mirrored dance studio. Music is next door with three professional recording studios, performance venue, four rehearsal rooms and film editing facilities. College House is mostly staff offices and the International Office.In early 2011, Kings building, which used to house the gym, was demolished to make way for a new three-storey building called the Roper Building. This building now houses the main entrance, the hair and beauty training academies and the Higher Education Centre.","title":"City Centre campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerton,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Peasedown St John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasedown_St_John"},{"link_name":"Radstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radstock"},{"link_name":"Kilmersdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmersdon"},{"link_name":"Midsomer Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midsomer_Norton"},{"link_name":"Paulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Special Educational Needs and Disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_educational_needs_and_disability"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The Westfield campus serves the towns and villages of the former Somerset Coalfield, including Camerton, Peasedown St John, Radstock, Kilmersdon, Midsomer Norton and Paulton. The site has a Construction Skills Centre[14] and a Special Educational Needs and Disability (SEND) Centre, Wellow House, for pre-entry students.[15]","title":"Somer Valley campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emma Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Pierson"},{"link_name":"Hotel Babylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Babylon_(BBC_series)"},{"link_name":"Grange Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hill"},{"link_name":"Jason Gardener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Gardener"},{"link_name":"Nathan Catt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Catt"},{"link_name":"Bath Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Danny Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Drum and bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_and_bass"},{"link_name":"Gabrielle Aplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabrielle_Aplin"},{"link_name":"Sophie Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Anderson_(actress)"}],"text":"Emma Pierson, actress (Hotel Babylon, Grange Hill)\nJason Gardener, athlete (60m / 100m)\nNathan Catt, Bath Rugby player\nDanny Byrd, Drum and bass DJ and producer\nGabrielle Aplin, singer-songwriter\nSophie Anderson, pornographic actress and model","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[{"image_text":"The Macaulay building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cobc-macaulay.jpg/170px-Cobc-macaulay.jpg"},{"image_text":"The MAPA block","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cobc-mapa.jpg/220px-Cobc-mapa.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"James Crawley (7 April 2015). \"Bath College officially launches with merged campuses in Bath and Westfield\". Bath Chronicle. Archived from the original on 15 July 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150715043431/http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/Bath-College-officially-launches-merged-campuses/story-26294667-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Bath College officially launches with merged campuses in Bath and Westfield\""},{"url":"http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/Bath-College-officially-launches-merged-campuses/story-26294667-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City of Bath College and Norton Radstock College merge\". BBC. 7 April 2015. Retrieved 7 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-32202187","url_text":"\"City of Bath College and Norton Radstock College merge\""}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Anne (10 July 2017). \"Celebrating 125 years: The history behind Bath College and why it opened\". Bath College. Retrieved 9 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bathcollege.ac.uk/news/40790","url_text":"\"Celebrating 125 years: The history behind Bath College and why it opened\""}]},{"reference":"\"Somerset Industrial School, Lower Bristol Road 1832\". Central Library Collection. Bath in Time. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 19 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111005182925/http://www.bathintime.co.uk/image.php?id=205216&idx=23&fromsearch=true","url_text":"\"Somerset Industrial School, Lower Bristol Road 1832\""},{"url":"http://www.bathintime.co.uk/image.php?id=205216&idx=23&fromsearch=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Somerset Certified Industrial School, Bath\". The National Archives. Retrieved 17 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/7e0df460-6d4e-41d7-afcf-743ab9ec1ee6","url_text":"\"Somerset Certified Industrial School, Bath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal United Hospital\". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716182426/http://www.medicalheritage.co.uk/Bath/RUH.htm","url_text":"\"Royal United Hospital\""},{"url":"http://www.medicalheritage.co.uk/Bath/RUH.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bath: City of Bath College\". The Independent. London. 6 July 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/student/into-university/az-uni-colleges/bath-city-of-bath-college-458858.html","url_text":"\"Bath: City of Bath College\""}]},{"reference":"\"City of Bath College to merge with Norton Radstock College\". City of Bath College. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224192601/http://www.citybathcoll.ac.uk/news-and-events/recent-news/city-of-bath-college-to-merge-with-norton-radstock-college.html","url_text":"\"City of Bath College to merge with Norton Radstock College\""},{"url":"http://www.citybathcoll.ac.uk/news-and-events/recent-news/city-of-bath-college-to-merge-with-norton-radstock-college.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City of Bath College to merge with Norton Radstock College\". Bath Chronicle. 26 November 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141224194637/http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/City-Bath-College-merge-Norton-Radstock-College/story-24737157-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"City of Bath College to merge with Norton Radstock College\""},{"url":"http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/City-Bath-College-merge-Norton-Radstock-College/story-24737157-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nancy Connolly (23 March 2015). \"New name for City of Bath College\". Bath Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153635/http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/New-City-Bath-College/story-26216828-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"New name for City of Bath College\""},{"url":"http://www.bathchronicle.co.uk/New-City-Bath-College/story-26216828-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of City of Bath College\". Universities UK.net. Retrieved 6 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uk-universities.net/Colleges/City-of-Bath-College.html","url_text":"\"Profile of City of Bath College\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campuses\". Bath College. Retrieved 17 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bathcollege.ac.uk/college-information/campuses","url_text":"\"Campuses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Construction Skills Centre\". Bath College. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bathcollege.ac.uk/college-information/construction-skills-centre","url_text":"\"Construction Skills Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"College opens state-of-the-art SEND Centre thanks to £300k investment\". Bath Echo. 12 December 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bathecho.co.uk/news/education/college-state-art-send-centre-300k-investment-87682/","url_text":"\"College opens state-of-the-art SEND Centre thanks to £300k investment\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samiopoula

Samiopoula

["1 Geography","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 37°37′41″N 26°47′38″E / 37.628°N 26.794°E / 37.628; 26.794SamiopoulaNative name: ΣαμιοπούλαSamiopoula as seen from mount Bournias on the south of Samos islandSamiopoulaGeographyCoordinates37°37′41″N 26°47′38″E / 37.628°N 26.794°E / 37.628; 26.794ArchipelagoNorth AegeanAdministrationGreeceRegionNorth AegeanRegional unitSamosDemographicsPopulation5 (2001)Additional informationPostal code931 xxArea code(s)227x0Vehicle registrationMO Samiopoula (Greek: Σαμιοπούλα) is a Greek islet located on the south of Samos Island and at a distance of 0.85 km (0.46 nmi). It is under the authority of the regional unit of Samos and the local jurisdiction of the municipal unit of Pythagoreio. The 2001 census reported a population of five inhabitants. The name Samiopoula is a derivative of Samos (in Greek Σάμος) and literally means "small Samos". Geography The islet measures approximately 2.15 km (1.34 mi) in length and .7 km (0.43 mi) in width. There are few buildings on Samiopoula, mainly the small parish churches of Agia Pelagia (in Greek Αγία Πελαγία) and of the Ascension of Christ (in Greek: Αναλήψεως του Σωτήρος), a small tavern and few small houses and shelters. Electricity and telephone services are provided via underwater cables from nearby Samos. Photovoltaic systems provide some alternative electrical power. There are few cisterns on the island and rainwater is conserved throughout winter. Most of the terrain is rocky with very few trees and several species of wild bushes, shrubs and wildflowers. Wild goats out-number the few inhabitants by far, even when visitors and tourists storm the little island during the summer season. The islet is easily accessible during the tourist season via daily excursions from the ports of Pythagoreio and Ormos Marathokampou. The only beach on the island, Psalida (in Greek Ψαλίδα), is quite small and may be crowded during peak summer season though it offers uniquely beautiful white sands and turquoise waters. Sailing boats typically approach the islet through the small bay of Katsakas (in Greek Κατσακάς) which is sheltered by the prevailing north-westerly winds. Visitors arriving at Katsakas bay, Samiopoula Psalida beach on the island of Samiopoula References External links Map of Samos Showing Samiopoula Choiseul Gouffier,"Voyage pittoresque de la Grece, 1782, vol I" Official website of Municipality of Pythagoreio (in Greek) vteAegean SeaGeneralCountries  Greece  Turkey Other Aegean civilizations Aegean dispute Aegean Islands Greek islands Turkish islands Aegean IslandsCyclades Ananes Amorgos Anafi Andros Antimilos Antiparos Daskalio Delos Despotiko Donousa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Irakleia Kardiotissa Kea Keros Kimolos Koufonisia Kythnos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Polyaigos Rineia Santorini Schoinoussa Serifopoula Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Syros Therasia Tinos Vous Aegean SeaDodecanese Agathonisi Arkoi Armathia Alimia Astakida Astypalaia Çatalada Chamili Farmakonisi Gaidaros Gyali Halki Imia Kalolimnos Kalymnos Kandelioussa Kara Ada Karpathos Kasos Kinaros Kos Küçük Tavşan Adası Leipsoi (Lipsi) Leros Levitha (Lebynthos) Nimos Nisyros Pacheia Patmos Platy Pserimos Rhodes Salih Ada Saria Symi Syrna Telendos Tilos Zaforas North Aegean Agios Efstratios Agios Minas Ammouliani Ayvalık Islands Büyük Ada Chios Chryse Cunda Foça Islands Fournoi Korseon Icaria Imbros Koukonesi Lemnos Lesbos Megalonisi (Nisiopi) Metalik Ada Oinousses Pasas Psara Samiopoula Samos Samothrace Tenedos Thasos Thymaina Uzunada Zourafa Saronic Aegina Agios Georgios Agistri Dokos Hydra Poros Psyttaleia Salamis Spetses Sporades Adelfoi Islets Agios Georgios Skopelou Alonnisos Argos Skiathou Dasia Erinia Gioura Grammeza Kyra Panagia Lekhoussa Peristera Piperi Psathoura Repi Sarakino Skandili Skantzoura Skiathos Skopelos Skyropoula Skyros Tsoungria Valaxa Cretan Afentis Christos Agia Varvara Agioi Apostoloi Agioi Pantes Agioi Theodoroi Agios Nikolaos Anavatis Arnaouti Aspros Volakas Avgo Crete Daskaleia Dia Diapori Dionysades Elasa Ftena Trachylia Glaronisi Gramvousa Grandes Kalydon (Spinalonga) Karavi Karga Katergo Kavallos Kefali Kolokythas Koursaroi Kyriamadi Lazaretta Leon Mavros Mavros Volakas Megatzedes Mochlos Nikolos Palaiosouda Peristeri Peristerovrachoi Petalida Petalouda Pontikaki Pontikonisi Praso (Prasonisi) Prosfora Pseira Sideros Souda Valenti Vryonisi Other Ionian Islands Antikythera Kythira Euboea Makronisos Authority control databases: Geographic Pleiades

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[{"image_text":"Aegean Sea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aegean_with_legends.svg/150px-Aegean_with_legends.svg.png"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorrin_%22Whitey%22_Harrison

Whitey Harrison

["1 References"]

American surfer (1913–1993) Lorrin Carrell "Whitey" Harrison (24 April 1913 – 8 September 1993) was an American surfer and surf equipment innovator. Born in Garden Grove, California to Frederick Earl Harrison and Lillie Cornelia (Sanford) Harrison, Lorrin "Whitey" Harrison soon moved to Santa Ana Canyon, where he went by horse and wagon through Aliso Canyon to reach the ocean at Laguna Beach. He credited his interest in surfing to a trip to Redondo Beach in 1920 when he saw people surfing standing up for the first time. He built his first surf board in fifth grade, a 5-foot, 18-inch-wide plank covered with canvas. This would be his basic design for later boards. Through the late 1920s and 1930s, Harrison was one of a small number of Orange County surfers living what would later be called the surfing lifestyle. In 1931, Harrison went to work for a manufacturer of prefabricated homes in Los Angeles. As a side business, the company, named Pacific Ready-Cut Homes, made surfboards - because they had the equipment to laminate together wooden blanks. Harrison would complete four boards a day for a monthly salary of $100. These surfboards were called "Swastika Boards" and they sold for about $25 each. In 1932, Harrison stowed away to Hawaii, succeeding on his second attempt aboard the "President Jackson." While in Waikiki, Harrison worked as a beach boy and was in the company of other surfers, including the Father of Surfing, Duke Kahanamoku. Back in California, Harrison experimented with fins, and later, with polyurethane foam. On 25 December 1935, Lorrin married Muriel Lambert (1915-1945). On 3 August 1946, Harrison married his second wife, Cecilia Yorba, from one of California's pioneering Spanish families. He moved into her family's historic late 18th century cattle ranch in San Juan Capistrano and began testing and collecting all forms of surfs. The family barn, built around 1890, grew into a sort of laboratory as well as museum of the development and evolution of surfing equipment throughout the mid-20th century. In addition to building surfboards, Harrison worked as a lifeguard, commercial diver. Harrison was also instrumental in bringing the outrigger canoe to the West Coast as a sport. In 1984, Harrison suffered a heart attack and underwent quadruple bypass surgery. Within months, he was back in the water. Known to local younger surfers as the old guy in the straw hat—another Hawaiian symbol with which Harrison is affiliated—he appeared in the early '90s in a national Armor All commercial, a Life magazine profile and as a guest on the "Late Night with David Letterman" television show. In 1993, Harrison, vacationing in Hawaii with family, died after suffering a second heart attack. His ashes were spread in the Pacific Ocean at Hawaii. References ^ Legendary surfer Whitey Harrison ^ Surfline Lorrin "Whitey" Harrison ^ Surf Museum: Lorrin Whitey Harrison

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_B._Steel

Thomas B. Steel

["1 Selected publications","2 References"]

American computer scientist Thomas Brevard Steel Jr. (born 1929) is an American computer scientist. His parents were Thomas Brevard Steel and Maudelle Vinson. The elder Steel studied classics at the University of Texas. After graduating in 1915, he served in the United States Army during World War I, and through 1923. Steel Sr. enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley in 1924, then served the University of California system as assistant recorder starting in 1926. Steel Sr. succeeded James Sutton in the position in 1929. The role was re-titled registrar and secretary of the senate in 1933. After the United States entered World War II, Steel Sr. was recruited to complete classified duties for the United States Navy. In 1944, he returned to the University of California as registrar and senate secretary. Steel Sr. formally split the roles into two job titles in 1955, and remained as secretary until his retirement in 1959. Steel Jr. was born in 1929, three years after his parents married. He was a founding member of the SHARE users' group. Steel Jr. was also associated with the American Federation of Information Processing Societies, and served as its representative to a number of the International Federation for Information Processing's technical subcommittees and subgroups. He was active in the Association for Computing Machinery and specialized in the enforcement of standards. Steel Jr. was awarded the ACM's Distinguished Service Award in 1977, and named an ACM fellow in 1994. He lived in New York City and worked for the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, then headquartered at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, as an international standards representative. Selected publications Belnap, Nuel D.; Steel Jr., Thomas B. (1976). The Logic of Questions and Answers. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300019629. References ^ a b c "Thomas Brevard Steel, Systemwide". University of California. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ a b c Lee, J. A. N. "Thomas B. Steel". IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ "Steel honored by ACM award". Computerworld. 3 October 1977. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ "Joseph Frederico Seiler Weds Mary Stuart Steel". New York Times. 22 June 1981. Retrieved 4 February 2022. ^ Reviews include: Kielkopf, Charles F. (September 1978). "The Logic of Questions and Answers. Nuel D. Belnap, Jr., Thomas B. Steel, Jr". Philosophy of Science. 45 (3): 490–491. doi:10.1086/288828. Harrah, David (June 1978). "Nuel D. Belnap Jr., and Thomas B. Steel Jr. The logic of questions and answers. Yale University Press, New Haven and London1976, vii + 209 pp. - Urs Egli and Hubert Schleichert. Bibliography of the theory of questions and answers. Therein, pp. 155–200". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 43 (2): 379–380. doi:10.2307/2272838. JSTOR 2272838. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Netherlands Academics Association for Computing Machinery CiNii DBLP Other IdRef

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_(South_Carolina_politician)

John Campbell (South Carolina politician)

["1 Sources"]

American politician John CampbellMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 4th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845Preceded bySamuel W. TrottiSucceeded byAlexander D. SimsMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843Preceded byThomas R. MitchellSucceeded byTheodore GourdinIn officeMarch 4, 1829 – March 3, 1831Preceded byRobert B. CampbellSucceeded byJoseph A. Woodward Personal detailsBornunknownMarlboro County, South CarolinaDiedMay 19, 1845Parnassus, South CarolinaResting placeBlenheim, South CarolinaPolitical partyJacksonianOther politicalaffiliationsNullifier, DemocraticAlma materSouth Carolina CollegeProfessionlawyer, politician John Campbell (unknown – died May 19, 1845) was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina, brother of Robert Blair Campbell. Born near Brownsville, Marlboro County, South Carolina, Campbell had graduated from South Carolina College (now the University of South Carolina) in Columbia in 1819. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Brownsville, South Carolina. He moved to Parnassus, Marlboro District, and continued the practice of law. Campbell was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress (March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1831). Campbell was elected as a Nullifies to the Twenty-fifth Congress and as a Democrat to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843). He served as Chairman of the Committee on Elections (Twenty-sixth Congress), Committee on District of Columbia (Twenty-eighth Congress). He died in Parnassus (now Blenheim), Marlboro County, South Carolina, on May 19, 1845. He was interred in a private cemetery near Blenheim, South Carolina. Sources United States Congress. "John Campbell (id: C000090)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byThomas R. Mitchell Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 3rd congressional district 1829–1831 Succeeded byThomas R. Mitchell Preceded byRobert B. Campbell Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 3rd congressional district 1837–1843 Succeeded byJoseph A. Woodward Preceded bySamuel W. Trotti Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 4th congressional district 1843–1845 Succeeded byAlexander D. Sims vteChairmen of the United States House Committee on the District of Columbia Lewis Love Van Horne Lewis Kent Tucker Herbert Kent Alexander Powers Doddridge Washington Chinn Shepard Bouldin W. Johnson Underwood Campbell Hunter Chapman Inge Brown Ficklin Hamilton Matteson Dodd Goode Carter Conkling Lovejoy Dumont Ingersoll Cook Starkweather Hale Buckner Blackburn Hunton Neal Barbour Hemphill Grout Hemphill Heard Babcock Smith B. Johnson Mapes Zihlman Focht Reed Zihlman Norton Palmisano Randolph McMillan Dirksen McMillan Simpson McMillan Diggs Dellums Stark  This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States People US Congress

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He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Brownsville, South Carolina. He moved to Parnassus, Marlboro District, and continued the practice of law.Campbell was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress (March 4, 1829 – March 3, 1831). Campbell was elected as a Nullifies to the Twenty-fifth Congress and as a Democrat to the three succeeding Congresses (March 4, 1837 – March 3, 1843). He served as Chairman of the Committee on Elections (Twenty-sixth Congress), Committee on District of Columbia (Twenty-eighth Congress).He died in Parnassus (now Blenheim), Marlboro County, South Carolina, on May 19, 1845. 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Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cost_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Underwood"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_(1795%E2%80%931845)"},{"link_name":"Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter"},{"link_name":"Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grant_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Inge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Williams_Inge"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_G._Brown"},{"link_name":"Ficklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_B._Ficklin"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomas_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Matteson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsamus_B._Matteson"},{"link_name":"Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Goode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Goode_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_C._Carter"},{"link_name":"Conkling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling"},{"link_name":"Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"Dumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Dumont"},{"link_name":"Ingersoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebon_C._Ingersoll"},{"link_name":"Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_C._Cook"},{"link_name":"Starkweather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Starkweather"},{"link_name":"Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Hale"},{"link_name":"Buckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylett_Hawes_Buckner"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Clay_Stiles_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Hunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eppa_Hunton"},{"link_name":"Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_S._Neal"},{"link_name":"Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Barbour_Jr."},{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Hemphill"},{"link_name":"Grout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_W._Grout"},{"link_name":"Hemphill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Hemphill"},{"link_name":"Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_T._Heard"},{"link_name":"Babcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Babcock"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_William_Smith"},{"link_name":"B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Mapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_E._Mapes"},{"link_name":"Zihlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Nicholas_Zihlman"},{"link_name":"Focht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_K._Focht"},{"link_name":"Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_F._Reed"},{"link_name":"Zihlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Nicholas_Zihlman"},{"link_name":"Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Teresa_Norton"},{"link_name":"Palmisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_L._Palmisano"},{"link_name":"Randolph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennings_Randolph"},{"link_name":"McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McMillan"},{"link_name":"Dirksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Dirksen"},{"link_name":"McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McMillan"},{"link_name":"Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sid_Simpson"},{"link_name":"McMillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._McMillan"},{"link_name":"Diggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Diggs"},{"link_name":"Dellums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Dellums"},{"link_name":"Stark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Stark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg"},{"link_name":"public domain material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1699536#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/6706153954929405680009"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1165573148"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no89013321"},{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000090"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"John Campbell (id: C000090)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.vteChairmen of the United States House Committee on the District of Columbia\nLewis\nLove\nVan Horne\nLewis\nKent\nTucker\nHerbert\nKent\nAlexander\nPowers\nDoddridge\nWashington\nChinn\nShepard\nBouldin\nW. Johnson\nUnderwood\nCampbell\nHunter\nChapman\nInge\nBrown\nFicklin\nHamilton\nMatteson\nDodd\nGoode\nCarter\nConkling\nLovejoy\nDumont\nIngersoll\nCook\nStarkweather\nHale\nBuckner\nBlackburn\nHunton\nNeal\nBarbour\nHemphill\nGrout\nHemphill\nHeard\nBabcock\nSmith\nB. Johnson\nMapes\nZihlman\nFocht\nReed\nZihlman\nNorton\nPalmisano\nRandolph\nMcMillan\nDirksen\nMcMillan\nSimpson\nMcMillan\nDiggs\nDellums\nStarkThis article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States CongressAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nPeople\nUS Congress","title":"Sources"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_artist

Tattoo artist

["1 Apprenticeships","2 Artwork","3 Tools","4 Tattoo studio","4.1 Policies and regulations","5 Representation in popular culture","6 \"Scratchers\"","7 See also","8 References"]

Individual who applies permanent decorative tattoos This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tattoo artist" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tattoo artist working at the Florence Tattoo Convention, 2010 A tattoo artist (also tattooer or tattooist) is an individual who applies permanent decorative tattoos, often in an established business called a "tattoo shop", "tattoo studio" or "tattoo parlour". Tattoo artists usually learn their craft via an apprenticeship under a trained and experienced mentor. Apprenticeships A tattoo artist traditionally earns the title by completing an apprenticeship under the strict guidelines of an experienced senior tattoo artist. A tribal tattoo apprenticeship can last as long as five years. The apprentice will be trained in sanitation and proper safety techniques, typically during the first six months to a year of the apprenticeship. During this time, the apprentice is not allowed to tattoo, but will be expected to maintain the cleanliness of the studio and learn by observation. The cost of apprenticing can range from free labor around the shop to tens of thousands of dollars. Apprentices are generally expected to be excellent at drawing, with an ability to excel at customizing design ideas and genres, as well as various other styles of art in general. Artwork Tattoo artists create original tattoo designs for their customers, tattooists use flash (pre-drawn, stock images) or variations of known designs. Tools "Rollomatic" tattoo machine used for lining Some of the tools of the trade have greatly evolved while some have stayed the same, such as the tattoo machine. The traditional machine has not changed from its original design and/or concept. With the rise of new machine designs, however, both air- and electric-powered tools such as the rotary and pneumatic tattoo machine have made their way into the industry. A practitioner may also use many different needle sets, such as round liner needles, round shader needles, flat shaders, and magnum (mag) needles. The number of needles attached to the needle bar change, as well. For instance, magnum needle groups range from 5 to 55 needles on one bar. A practitioner must have the basic tools to provide a tattoo. All other items at the artist's disposal are as different as each tattoo. Basic tools include the tattoo machine, power supply, clip cord, foot pedal, grip, tips, grip stem, needles, and tattoo ink. In the UK equipment must only be sold to registered studios who are provided a certificate by their local environmental health department. Tattoo studio Policies and regulations Tattoo studio in Hückeswagen, Germany Tattoo studio in Oulu, Finland The properly equipped tattoo studio will use biohazard containers for objects that have come into contact with blood or bodily fluids, sharps containers for old needles, and an autoclave for sterilizing tools. Certain jurisdictions also require studios by law to have a sink in the work area supplied with both hot and cold water. Proper hygiene requires a body modification artist to wash his or her hands before starting to prepare a client for the stencil, between clients, after a tattoo has been completed, and at any other time where cross contamination can occur. The use of single use disposable gloves is also mandatory. In some countries and U.S. states it is illegal to tattoo a minor even with parental consent, and it is usually not allowed to tattoo impaired persons (e.g. someone intoxicated or under the influence of drugs), people with contraindicated skin conditions, those who are pregnant or nursing, or those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity. Before the tattooing begins the client is asked to approve the position of the applied stencil. After approval is given the artist will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into disposable ink caps which are discarded after each client). Also, all areas which may be touched with contaminated gloves will be wrapped in clear plastic to prevent cross-contamination. Equipment that cannot be autoclaved (such as countertops, machines, and furniture) will be cleaned with a low level disinfectant and then wiped with an approved high level disinfectant. The local health department can/will do a hands on inspection of tattoo studios every 4 months in the state of Tennessee. The venue will be graded based on the areas being inspected. If the studio passes an inspection, the health department will sign off on a passing scorecard and the studio will be required to show their score publicly. If the studio fails an inspection, they will be given the opportunity to correct the mistakes (if minor) or be fined (major health risks) and can also be placed out of business on the spot. Also, the possession of a working autoclave is mandatory in most states. An autoclave is a medical sterilization device used to sterilize stainless steel. The autoclave itself will be inspected by the health department and required to submit weekly spore tests. However, if these jurisdictions are up to date, they will not require an autoclave if the practitioners are using 100% disposable tubes and grips which are made of plastic and some grips are made of rubber. These come pre-sterilized for one time use. Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, generally helps artists to be aware of the latest trends. However, many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association. While specific requirements to become a tattooist vary between jurisdictions, many mandate only formal training in blood-borne pathogens, and cross contamination. The local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions. For example, according to the health departments in Oregon and Hawaii, tattoo artists in these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions, as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon state without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is considered a felony offense. Representation in popular culture Even though the practice of tattooing dates back thousands of years, in the 90s there was a social stigma around tattooing and their practitioners. Many tattoo artists as well as people that had tattoos were perceived as social outsiders. In recent years media coverage on and have transformed how modern society feels about tattooing and tattoo artists. Reality TV shows such as Ink Master, Miami Ink and LA Ink created a "hype" around the subject of tattooing which ultimately educated the public on the art of tattooing in detail. These events did not only make tattoos socially acceptable but created a "trend" and "catapulted" tattoos into popular culture. Nowadays, in the United States alone, more than a quarter of the population has at least one tattoo, in other countries that number reaches even higher. As the popularity of Reality TV shows grew, so did the idolization of the tattoo artists these shows featured. Artists like Kat Von D and Ami James attained a celebrity status, which drove other media icons such as Rihanna and David Beckham to get tattooed by them. Tattoo artists also gained great popularity due to social media. Today, most tattoo artists display their art on social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, and Pinterest. Many tattoo artists have gained thousands of followers, admirers, and clientele through these platforms. "Scratchers" People who tattoo without proper training in the art of tattooing are commonly known as "scratchers". Scratchers often operate from home, but may also operate from an unlicensed studio. In addition, scratchers may offer reduced rates to attract customers away from professional tattoo shops. In the US, practicing without a license is a criminal offense in many states. The practice of tattooing without proper training also carries serious health risks. Studies have shown that there is a significant risk of contracting Hepatitis C when tattoos are carried out using cheap, non-sterilized tattooing equipment. These risks are found to be higher on unregulated premises. In the UK, Plymouth City Council launched a campaign in 2014 to crack down on scratchers operating within the city "in an attempt to reduce infection and injury through better awareness and training around infection control". See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tattoo artists and Tattoo studios. List of tattoo artists Tattoo convention References ^ "Apprenticeships FAQ: (Frequently Asked Questions) – Big Tattoo Planet Community Forum". www.bigtattooplanet.com. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ Sapp, Jessica L.C. (Spring 2016). "Evaluation of Tattoo Artists' Perceptions of Tattoo Regulations in the United States". Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1410 – via Digital Commons@Georgia Southern University. ^ Sky, Adam. "Before You Ask Me For An Apprenticeship". Swallows&Daggers. Retrieved 17 July 2015. ^ Hudson, Karen L. (30 May 2019). "How To Become a Tattoo Artist". liveaboutdotcom. Retrieved 27 August 2019. ^ "Pneumatic Tattoo Machine". Tattoo Machine Advisor. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ Amazing Tattoos – http://www.amazing-tattoos.com/ ^ "History of Tattoos: A Complete Timeline". AuthorityTattoo. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2020. ^ Barron, Lee (26 October 2020). Tattoos and Popular Culture. Emerald Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-83909-218-3. ^ "United States – number of tattoos 2019". Statista. Retrieved 4 November 2020. ^ Thobo-Carlsen, Mik; ContributorEntrepreneur; investor; Speaker, Public; passionate (27 October 2014). "How Tattoos Went From Subculture to Pop Culture". HuffPost. Retrieved 4 November 2020. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help) ^ Staff, Inked Mag. "Social Media Tips for Tattoo Artists". Tattoo Ideas, Artists and Models. Retrieved 4 November 2020. ^ "'Scratchers:' They're illegal and they could be putting your health at risk" ^ "Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Through Tattooing and Piercing: A Critical Review" ^ "Tattoo 'scratchers' targeted in Plymouth raid" vteTattoos and tattooingTopics Body art Body modification Conventions Flash Health effects History Religious perspectives Removal Types LED Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process and technique Artist Cover-up Ink UV Machine Microblading Process of tattooing Traditions and practicesAustronesian Atayal (Ptasan) Bornean Filipino (Batok) Māori (Tā moko) Marquesan Mentawai Rapa Nui Samoan (Malu, Peʻa) European Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sicanjecode: hrv promoted to code: hr ) Mainland Asian Burmese (Htoe kwincode: mya promoted to code: my ) Chinese Khmer/Laos/Thai (Yantra) South Korean Japanese Ainu (Anchi-piri) Yamato (Irezumi, Horimono) Ryukyuan (Hajichi) Middle Eastern Kurdish/Yazidi (Deq) Native American Inuit (Kakiniitcode: iku promoted to code: iu , Tavluguncode: ipk promoted to code: ik ) Osage Haudenosaunee North African Ancient Egyptian/Nubian Berber Coptic Other contexts Animal Branding (sex trafficking) Criminal Nazi concentration camps Prison Sailor Tattooed lady Styles and designs Black-and-gray Blackout Chinese calligraphy Five dots Nautical star New school Old school Soundwave Teardrop Trash polka Bodily location Body suit Cornea Face Genital Knuckle Lower-back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in... European countries the United States Authority control databases: National Latvia 2 Czech Republic 2

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Tattoo artists usually learn their craft via an apprenticeship under a trained and experienced mentor.","title":"Tattoo artist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A tattoo artist traditionally earns the title by completing an apprenticeship under the strict guidelines of an experienced senior tattoo artist. A tribal tattoo apprenticeship can last as long as five years.[1] The apprentice will be trained in sanitation and proper safety techniques, typically during the first six months to a year of the apprenticeship. During this time, the apprentice is not allowed to tattoo, but will be expected to maintain the cleanliness of the studio and learn by observation.[2] The cost of apprenticing can range from free labor around the shop to tens of thousands of dollars.[3] Apprentices are generally expected to be excellent at drawing, with an ability to excel at customizing design ideas and genres, as well as various other styles of art in general.[4]","title":"Apprenticeships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_flash"}],"text":"Tattoo artists create original tattoo designs for their customers, tattooists use flash (pre-drawn, stock images) or variations of known designs.","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Rollomatic%27_liner.JPG"},{"link_name":"tattoo machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_machine"},{"link_name":"tattoo machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_machine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"tattoo ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_ink"}],"text":"\"Rollomatic\" tattoo machine used for liningSome of the tools of the trade have greatly evolved while some have stayed the same, such as the tattoo machine. The traditional machine has not changed from its original design and/or concept. With the rise of new machine designs, however, both air- and electric-powered tools such as the rotary and pneumatic tattoo machine have made their way into the industry.[5] \nA practitioner may also use many different needle sets, such as round liner needles, round shader needles, flat shaders, and magnum (mag) needles. The number of needles attached to the needle bar change, as well. For instance, magnum needle groups range from 5 to 55 needles on one bar. A practitioner must have the basic tools to provide a tattoo. All other items at the artist's disposal are as different as each tattoo. Basic tools include the tattoo machine, power supply, clip cord, foot pedal, grip, tips, grip stem, needles, and tattoo ink. In the UK equipment must only be sold to registered studios who are provided a certificate by their local environmental health department.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tattoo studio"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%BCckeswagen_-_Marktstra%C3%9Fe_09_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hückeswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCckeswagen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tattoo_Studio_Oulu_20091129.JPG"},{"link_name":"Oulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oulu"},{"link_name":"biohazard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazard"},{"link_name":"sharps containers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharps_container"},{"link_name":"needles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_needle"},{"link_name":"autoclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave"},{"link_name":"cross contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_contamination"},{"link_name":"stencil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Policies and regulations","text":"Tattoo studio in Hückeswagen, GermanyTattoo studio in Oulu, FinlandThe properly equipped tattoo studio will use biohazard containers for objects that have come into contact with blood or bodily fluids, sharps containers for old needles, and an autoclave for sterilizing tools. Certain jurisdictions also require studios by law to have a sink in the work area supplied with both hot and cold water.Proper hygiene requires a body modification artist to wash his or her hands before starting to prepare a client for the stencil, between clients, after a tattoo has been completed, and at any other time where cross contamination can occur. The use of single use disposable gloves is also mandatory. In some countries and U.S. states it is illegal to tattoo a minor even with parental consent, and it is usually not allowed to tattoo impaired persons (e.g. someone intoxicated or under the influence of drugs), people with contraindicated skin conditions, those who are pregnant or nursing, or those incapable of consent due to mental incapacity. Before the tattooing begins the client is asked to approve the position of the applied stencil. After approval is given the artist will open new, sterile needle packages in front of the client, and always use new, sterile or sterile disposable instruments and supplies, and fresh ink for each session (loaded into disposable ink caps which are discarded after each client). Also, all areas which may be touched with contaminated gloves will be wrapped in clear plastic to prevent cross-contamination. Equipment that cannot be autoclaved (such as countertops, machines, and furniture) will be cleaned with a low level disinfectant and then wiped with an approved high level disinfectant.The local health department can/will do a hands on inspection of tattoo studios every 4 months in the state of Tennessee. The venue will be graded based on the areas being inspected. If the studio passes an inspection, the health department will sign off on a passing scorecard and the studio will be required to show their score publicly. If the studio fails an inspection, they will be given the opportunity to correct the mistakes (if minor) or be fined (major health risks) and can also be placed out of business on the spot.Also, the possession of a working autoclave is mandatory in most states. An autoclave is a medical sterilization device used to sterilize stainless steel. The autoclave itself will be inspected by the health department and required to submit weekly spore tests. However, if these jurisdictions are up to date, they will not require an autoclave if the practitioners are using 100% disposable tubes and grips which are made of plastic and some grips are made of rubber. These come pre-sterilized for one time use.Membership in professional organizations, or certificates of appreciation/achievement, generally helps artists to be aware of the latest trends. However, many of the most notable tattooists do not belong to any association. While specific requirements to become a tattooist vary between jurisdictions, many mandate only formal training in blood-borne pathogens, and cross contamination. The local department of health regulates tattoo studios in many jurisdictions. For example, according to the health departments in Oregon and Hawaii, tattoo artists in these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions, as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon state without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is considered a felony offense.[6]","title":"Tattoo studio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"social stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ink Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_Master"},{"link_name":"Miami Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Ink"},{"link_name":"LA Ink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LA_Ink"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kat Von D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_Von_D"},{"link_name":"Ami James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_James"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"David Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Pinterest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinterest"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Even though the practice of tattooing dates back thousands of years,[7] in the 90s there was a social stigma around tattooing and their practitioners.[8] Many tattoo artists as well as people that had tattoos were perceived as social outsiders.In recent years media coverage on [TV] and [social media] have transformed how modern society feels about tattooing and tattoo artists. Reality TV shows such as Ink Master, Miami Ink and LA Ink created a \"hype\" around the subject of tattooing which ultimately educated the public on the art of tattooing in detail. These events did not only make tattoos socially acceptable but created a \"trend\" and \"catapulted\" tattoos into popular culture. Nowadays, in the United States alone, more than a quarter of the population has at least one tattoo, in other countries that number reaches even higher.[9]As the popularity of Reality TV shows grew, so did the idolization of the tattoo artists these shows featured. Artists like Kat Von D and Ami James attained a celebrity status, which drove other media icons such as Rihanna and David Beckham to get tattooed by them.[10]Tattoo artists also gained great popularity due to social media. Today, most tattoo artists display their art on social media platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, and Pinterest. Many tattoo artists have gained thousands of followers, admirers, and clientele through these platforms.[11]","title":"Representation in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Hepatitis C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Plymouth City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"People who tattoo without proper training in the art of tattooing are commonly known as \"scratchers\". Scratchers often operate from home, but may also operate from an unlicensed studio. In addition, scratchers may offer reduced rates to attract customers away from professional tattoo shops. In the US, practicing without a license is a criminal offense in many states.[12]The practice of tattooing without proper training also carries serious health risks. Studies have shown that there is a significant risk of contracting Hepatitis C when tattoos are carried out using cheap, non-sterilized tattooing equipment. These risks are found to be higher on unregulated premises.[13]In the UK, Plymouth City Council launched a campaign in 2014 to crack down on scratchers operating within the city \"in an attempt to reduce infection and injury through better awareness and training around infection control\".[14]","title":"\"Scratchers\""}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_best_bid_and_offer

National best bid and offer

["1 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "National best bid and offer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO) is a regulation by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission that requires brokers to execute customer trades at the best available (lowest) ask price when buying securities, and the best available (highest) bid price when selling securities, as governed by Regulation NMS. For example, if the offer (or "ask") price for a stock is $25.00 for 100 shares of a stock on one exchange and $24.50 for 100 shares of the same stock on another exchange, and a broker has a customer who wishes to purchase 150 shares of the stock, then the broker is required to purchase all of the shares available at $24.50 on behalf of the customer before purchasing any of the shares available at $25.00. Additionally, if an order for 150 shares is sent directly to the first exchange, it is required under most circumstances to route the first 100 shares of the order to the other exchange, where the shares are available at a cheaper price. References ^ "17 CFR § 242.600 - NMS security designation and definitions". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2020-02-28. This economic term article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest

Morocco in the Eurovision Song Contest

["1 Background","2 1980 participation","3 Future","4 Participation overview","5 References"]

Morocco in the Eurovision Song Contest Participating broadcasterRadiodiffusion-Télévision Marocaine (RTM)Participation summaryAppearances1First appearance1980Last appearance1980Highest placement18th: 1980 Participation history 19801981 – 2024 External linksMorocco's page at Eurovision.tv Morocco participated in the Eurovision Song Contest for its first and only time at the 1980 contest. Its selected song "Bitakat Hob", sung in Arabic and performed by Samira Bensaïd, placed second to last. The country has not returned to the contest since. Background The Eurovision Song Contest is an annual international song competition held by the Eurovision broadcasting organisation since 1956, with participants representing primarily European countries. Each participating country submits an original song to be performed on live television and radio, then casts votes for the other countries' songs to determine the winner. Since its inception, entry to the contest has been open to all members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), a group also containing countries in North Africa and the Middle East. Before Morocco's 1980 participation, Tunisia (at the 1977 contest) was the only African country that had intended to compete, with it even being drawn to perform fourth, however, it eventually withdrew from the contest. 1980 participation Record cover for "Bitakat Hob", with text noting it as the Moroccan entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1980. Morocco's first and only participation in the Eurovision Song Contest was in 1980, when the contest was held in The Hague, Netherlands. Its entry was organized by Moroccan broadcaster and EBU member, Radiodiffusion-Télévision Marocaine (RTM; now known under the name Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision), which had previously broadcast select contests in the 1960s and 1970. The broadcaster selected the song "Bitakat Hob", performed by Moroccan singer Samira Bensaïd. It is a moderately up-tempo number, with clear influences from Western disco and Arabic overtones. Bensaïd sings of the need for peace among the world's nations, taking the role of "the children of the world" to describe a vision of a society free of war and hate. It was interpreted as a message of peace addressed to Israel and the Arab countries. Jean Claudric conducted the orchestra for the entry. The song was performed fifth on the night. At the close of voting, it had received 7 points, all of them from Italy, placing 18th in a field of 19, and ahead of perennial last-place recipient Finland. The country's second-to-last place was a disappointment for Moroccan public television, which decided never to participate in the contest again. Samira Said's career did not suffer, however, as she went on to become one of the leading Arab recording artists of the 20th century. She recorded a French version of the song "Message d'amour", found on the B-side of the single and in 1980, Filippos Nikolaou released a Greek cover version "Tosi kardia, tosi agapi" (Greek: "Τόση καρδιά, τόση αγάπη"). "Bitakat Hob" was the first Eurovision song to include Arabic lyrics, and remains the only one sung entirely in Arabic. Points awarded to Morocco at the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 Score Country 12 points 10 points 8 points 7 points  Italy 6 points 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point Points awarded by Morocco at the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 Score Country 12 points  Turkey 10 points  Germany 8 points  United Kingdom 7 points   Switzerland 6 points  Sweden 5 points  Spain 4 points  Norway 3 points  Austria 2 points  Denmark 1 point  France Future A second Moroccan broadcaster, 2M TV, has expressed their intention to join the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Should their application be successful, Morocco would be eligible to return to the contest with an alternative broadcaster. In May 2018, Israeli Minister of Communications Ayoob Kara announced his intention to invite countries of the Arab world to participate in the 2019 contest in Tel Aviv, but Morocco was not on the list of participating countries released on 7 November 2018. Following the signing of the normalization agreement between Israel and Morocco on 10 December 2020, Eran Sikurel, a politician and radio host working at the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (IPBC), called on Moroccan broadcaster SNRT to return to the contest on his Twitter account, but no response was received. Participation overview Year Artist Song Language Final Points 1980 Samira Bensaïd "Bitakat Hob" (بطاقة حب) Arabic 18 7 References ^ O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3. ^ a b "32 years ago today- Morocco's only ever participation". Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2020. ^ "32 years ago today- Morocco's only ever participation". Eurovision.tv. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ And the conductor is... Jean Claudric ^ a b c "Results of the Final of The Hague". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021. ^ Eurovision Cover – Bitakat hob (Greek). ^ "2MTV aims to full EBU membership". Oikotimes. 12 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008. ^ Kuipers, Michael (12 July 2007). "Morocco to return in the next few years?". ESCToday. Retrieved 5 September 2008. ^ "Commercial channel interested to join Eurovision Song Contest". Oikotimes. 31 August 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008. ^ Akhasvil, Sopon (3 June 2014). "With the IBA in peril, Israel may withdraw in 2015". Wiwibloggs.com. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 4 June 2014. ^ Cobb, Ryan (22 May 2018). "Israeli Minister "to invite" Arabic nations, including Tunisia, to take part in Eurovision 2019". escxtra.com. Retrieved 2 December 2019. ^ "Morocco: Normalizes diplomatic relations with Israel | First step to return to Eurovision?". EurovisionFun. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2021. ^ Eran Sikurel (10 December 2020). "הרשו לי לנצל את ההזדמנות ולפנות לרשות השידור המרוקאית: Morocco. Peace is Here. Israel and the Eurovision community wants you back in the game" (Tweet) (in Hebrew and English). Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via Twitter. vteEurovision Song Contest Entries 1956–2003 2004–present History Host cities Languages LGBT visibility LGBT participants Political controversies Presenters Rules Voting Winners Discography Contests 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 CountriesActive Albania Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal San Marino Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Inactive Andorra Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Hungary Monaco Montenegro Morocco North Macedonia Romania Slovakia Turkey Ineligible Belarus Russia Former Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia Debut attempts Lebanon Liechtenstein Tunisia Relations Armenia–Azerbaijan Russia–Ukraine NationalselectionsCurrent Albania Denmark Estonia Finland Georgia Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Norway Portugal Serbia Spain Sweden Ukraine Former Armenia Australia Georgia Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Israel Israel Song Festival Kdam Eurovision The X Factor Israel Malta Netherlands North Macedonia Poland Krajowe Eliminacje Szansa na Sukces Russia Serbia and Montenegro Serbia Slovakia Spain United Kingdom Yugoslavia Other awards Marcel Bezençon Awards OGAE OGAE Second Chance Contest Barbara Dex Award (1997–2021) You're a Vision Award (2022–) Special showsEBU Eurovision Song Contest Previews Songs of Europe (1981) Kvalifikacija za Millstreet (1993) Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest (2005) Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits (2015) EurovisionAgain (2020–2021) Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light (2020) National Die Grand Prix Hitliste (2006) Het Grote Songfestivalfeest (2019, 2022–) Der kleine Song Contest (2020) ESC 2020 – das deutsche Finale (2020) Eurovision: Come Together (2020) Sveriges 12:a (2020) Category

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The country has not returned to the contest since.","title":"Morocco in the Eurovision Song Contest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Eurovision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_(network)"},{"link_name":"live television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_television"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_radio"},{"link_name":"European Broadcasting Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union"},{"link_name":"1977 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Connor-1"}],"text":"The Eurovision Song Contest is an annual international song competition held by the Eurovision broadcasting organisation since 1956, with participants representing primarily European countries. Each participating country submits an original song to be performed on live television and radio, then casts votes for the other countries' songs to determine the winner. Since its inception, entry to the contest has been open to all members of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), a group also containing countries in North Africa and the Middle East. Before Morocco's 1980 participation, Tunisia (at the 1977 contest) was the only African country that had intended to compete, with it even being drawn to perform fourth, however, it eventually withdrew from the contest.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samira_Bensa%C3%AFd_-_Bithaqat_Khub.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32years-2"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRT"},{"link_name":"Samira Bensaïd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samira_Said"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980detailed-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32years-2"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980detailed-5"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1980detailed-5"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"}],"text":"Record cover for \"Bitakat Hob\", with text noting it as the Moroccan entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1980.Morocco's first and only participation in the Eurovision Song Contest was in 1980,[2] when the contest was held in The Hague, Netherlands. Its entry was organized by Moroccan broadcaster and EBU member, Radiodiffusion-Télévision Marocaine (RTM; now known under the name Société Nationale de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision), which had previously broadcast select contests in the 1960s and 1970.The broadcaster selected the song \"Bitakat Hob\", performed by Moroccan singer Samira Bensaïd. It is a moderately up-tempo number, with clear influences from Western disco and Arabic overtones. Bensaïd sings of the need for peace among the world's nations, taking the role of \"the children of the world\" to describe a vision of a society free of war and hate. It was interpreted as a message of peace addressed to Israel and the Arab countries.[3] Jean Claudric conducted the orchestra for the entry.[4]The song was performed fifth on the night. At the close of voting, it had received 7 points, all of them from Italy, placing 18th in a field of 19, and ahead of perennial last-place recipient Finland.[5][2]The country's second-to-last place was a disappointment for Moroccan public television, which decided never to participate in the contest again. Samira Said's career did not suffer, however, as she went on to become one of the leading Arab recording artists of the 20th century. She recorded a French version of the song \"Message d'amour\", found on the B-side of the single and in 1980, Filippos Nikolaou released a Greek cover version \"Tosi kardia, tosi agapi\" (Greek: \"Τόση καρδιά, τόση αγάπη\").[6]\"Bitakat Hob\" was the first Eurovision song to include Arabic lyrics, and remains the only one sung entirely in Arabic.Points awarded to Morocco at the Eurovision Song Contest 1980[5]\n\n\nScore\n\nCountry\n\n\n12 points\n\n\n\n\n10 points\n\n\n\n\n8 points\n\n\n\n\n7 points\n\n Italy\n\n\n6 points\n\n\n\n\n5 points\n\n\n\n\n4 points\n\n\n\n\n3 points\n\n\n\n\n2 points\n\n\n\n\n1 point\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPoints awarded by Morocco at the Eurovision Song Contest 1980[5]\n\n\nScore\n\nCountry\n\n\n12 points\n\n Turkey\n\n\n10 points\n\n Germany\n\n\n8 points\n\n United Kingdom\n\n\n7 points\n\n  Switzerland\n\n\n6 points\n\n Sweden\n\n\n5 points\n\n Spain\n\n\n4 points\n\n Norway\n\n\n3 points\n\n Austria\n\n\n2 points\n\n Denmark\n\n\n1 point\n\n France","title":"1980 participation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2M TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2M_TV"},{"link_name":"European Broadcasting Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ayoob Kara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayoob_Kara"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019"},{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"normalization agreement between Israel and Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Public_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"SNRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNRT"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A second Moroccan broadcaster, 2M TV, has expressed their intention to join the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Should their application be successful, Morocco would be eligible to return to the contest with an alternative broadcaster.[7][8][9][10] In May 2018, Israeli Minister of Communications Ayoob Kara announced his intention to invite countries of the Arab world to participate in the 2019 contest in Tel Aviv,[11] but Morocco was not on the list of participating countries released on 7 November 2018.Following the signing of the normalization agreement between Israel and Morocco on 10 December 2020,[12] Eran Sikurel, a politician and radio host working at the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation (IPBC), called on Moroccan broadcaster SNRT to return to the contest on his Twitter account, but no response was received.[13]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Participation overview"}]

[{"image_text":"Record cover for \"Bitakat Hob\", with text noting it as the Moroccan entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1980.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Samira_Bensa%C3%AFd_-_Bithaqat_Khub.jpg/200px-Samira_Bensa%C3%AFd_-_Bithaqat_Khub.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"O'Connor, John Kennedy (2007). The Eurovision Song Contest: The Official History. UK: Carlton Books. p. 68. ISBN 978-1-84442-994-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Books","url_text":"Carlton Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84442-994-3","url_text":"978-1-84442-994-3"}]},{"reference":"\"32 years ago today- Morocco's only ever participation\". Eurovision.tv. European Broadcasting Union. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/story/32-years-ago-today-morocco-s-only-ever-participation","url_text":"\"32 years ago today- Morocco's only ever participation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union","url_text":"European Broadcasting Union"}]},{"reference":"\"32 years ago today- Morocco's only ever participation\". Eurovision.tv. 19 April 2012. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/story/32-years-ago-today-morocco-s-only-ever-participation","url_text":"\"32 years ago today- Morocco's only ever participation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of the Final of The Hague\". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/event/the-hague-1980/final/results/morocco","url_text":"\"Results of the Final of The Hague\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412105315/https://eurovision.tv/event/the-hague-1980/final/results/morocco","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2MTV aims to full EBU membership\". Oikotimes. 12 July 2007. Archived from the original on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 17 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120195318/http://www.oikotimes.com/v2/index.php?file=articles&id=398","url_text":"\"2MTV aims to full EBU membership\""},{"url":"http://www.oikotimes.com/v2/index.php?file=articles&id=398","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kuipers, Michael (12 July 2007). \"Morocco to return in the next few years?\". ESCToday. Retrieved 5 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/8972","url_text":"\"Morocco to return in the next few years?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commercial channel interested to join Eurovision Song Contest\". Oikotimes. 31 August 2008. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 6 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906193756/http://www.oikotimes.com/v2/index.php?file=articles&id=4003","url_text":"\"Commercial channel interested to join Eurovision Song Contest\""},{"url":"http://www.oikotimes.com/v2/index.php?file=articles&id=4003","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Akhasvil, Sopon (3 June 2014). \"With the IBA in peril, Israel may withdraw in 2015\". Wiwibloggs.com. European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 4 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wiwibloggs.com/2014/06/03/israel-withdraw-2015/52317/","url_text":"\"With the IBA in peril, Israel may withdraw in 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Cobb, Ryan (22 May 2018). \"Israeli Minister \"to invite\" Arabic nations, including Tunisia, to take part in Eurovision 2019\". escxtra.com. Retrieved 2 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://escxtra.com/2018/05/22/israeli-arabic-tunisia-eurovision/","url_text":"\"Israeli Minister \"to invite\" Arabic nations, including Tunisia, to take part in Eurovision 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morocco: Normalizes diplomatic relations with Israel | First step to return to Eurovision?\". EurovisionFun. 11 December 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovisionfun.com/en/2020/12/morocco-normalizes-diplomatic-relations-with-israel-first-step-to-return-to-eurovision/","url_text":"\"Morocco: Normalizes diplomatic relations with Israel | First step to return to Eurovision?\""}]},{"reference":"Eran Sikurel [@EranCicurel] (10 December 2020). \"הרשו לי לנצל את ההזדמנות ולפנות לרשות השידור המרוקאית: Morocco. Peace is Here. Israel and the Eurovision community wants you back in the game\" [Allow me to take this opportunity to address the Moroccan Broadcasting Authority: Morocco. Peace is here. Israel and the Eurovision community wants you back in the game.] (Tweet) (in Hebrew and English). Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/EranCicurel/status/1337096316208500736","url_text":"\"הרשו לי לנצל את ההזדמנות ולפנות לרשות השידור המרוקאית: Morocco. Peace is Here. Israel and the Eurovision community wants you back in the game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]

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